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reduce the number of airfields available to the aircraft. Braking will also become less effective due to a reduction in the frictional force between the tires and the ground. In addition, the decrease in the size of the tire, and hence the size of the wheel, could pose a problem if internal brakes are to be fitted inside the wheel rims. The arguments against higher pressure are of such a nature that commercial operators generally prefer the lower pressures in order to maximize tire life and minimize runway stress. To prevent punctures from stones
Philippine Airlines had to operate their
671:
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2057:). The connection may be a firm one in which any movement of the controls turns the steering wheel (and vice versa), or it may be a soft one in which a spring-like mechanism twists the steering wheel but does not force it to turn. The former provides positive steering but makes it easier to skid the steering wheel; the latter provides softer steering (making it easy to overcontrol) but reduces the probability of skidding. Aircraft with retractable gear may disable the steering mechanism wholly or partially when the gear is retracted.
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triggered if the aircraft touches the ground with forward or lateral motion, or touches down on one corner of the landing gear due to sloping ground or the craft's flight attitude. The resulting violent oscillations may cause the rotors or other parts to catastrophically fail, detach, and/or strike other parts of the airframe; this can destroy the aircraft in seconds and critically endanger persons unless the pilot immediately initiates a takeoff or closes the throttle and reduces rotor pitch. Ground resonance was cited in 34
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miles from touchdown and the landing gear is the dominant airframe noise source, followed by deployed highlift devices. With engines at a reduced power setting on the approach it is necessary to reduce airframe noise to make a significant reduction to total aircraft noise. The addition of add-on fairings is one approach for reducing the noise from the landing gear with a longer term approach to address noise generation during initial design.
1548:) with sideways retracting main gear, the main gear that retracted into the wings was raked forward in the "down" position for better ground handling, with a retracted position that placed the main wheels at some distance aft of their position when downairframeâthis led to a complex angular geometry for setting up the "pintle" angles at the top ends of the struts for the retraction mechanism's axis of rotation. with some aircraft, like the
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3247:, built in early 2019âhad three fixed landing legs with replaceable shock absorbers. In order to reduce mass of the flight vehicle and the payload penalty for a reusable design, the long-term plan is for Super Heavy to land directly back at the launch site on special ground equipment that is part of the launch mount, but initial testing of the large booster is expected to occur with landing legs.
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2038:
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the boosters turn back to Earth, landing each softly on the ground. The center core will continue to fire until stage separation, after which its legs will deploy and land it back on Earth as well. The landing legs are made of state-of-the-art carbon fiber with aluminum honeycomb. The four legs stow along the sides of each core during liftoff and later extend outward and down for landing.
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mounted on the cross-axle. During the retraction cycle a folding strut was raised by a hydraulic jack. The bottom part of the folding strut drew the Y-bearer upwards. Functioning via a lever-and-gear arrangement, a pushrod positioned parallel to the Y-bearer acted upon another gear segment mounted to the oleo leg's hinge pin and rotated it about this as the Y-bearer was drawn upwards.
2007:(the use of independent brakes on opposite sides of the aircraft to turn the aircraft by slowing one side more sharply than the other). Aircraft with tricycle landing gear usually have a steering linkage with the nosewheel (especially in large aircraft), but some allow the nosewheel to pivot freely and use differential braking and/or the rudder to steer the aircraft, like the
1680:. In this arrangement the main landing gear's shock absorption was taken up by a vertically sliding bungee cord-sprung upper member. The vertical post along which the upper member slid to take landing shocks also had its lower end as the rotation point for the forward end of the main wheel's suspension fork, allowing the main gear to pivot on moderate crosswind landings.
1112:
parts of the aircraft. Additional spray control may be needed using spray strips or inverted gutters. A step is added to the hull, just behind the center of gravity, to stop water clinging to the afterbody so the aircraft can accelerate to flying speed. The step allows air, known as ventilation air, to break the water suction on the afterbody. Two steps were used on the
2066:
Differential braking requires considerable skill. In aircraft with several methods of steering that include differential braking, differential braking may be avoided because of the wear it puts on the braking mechanisms. Differential braking has the advantage of being largely independent of any movement or skidding of the nose or tailwheel.
547:
3263:) depending on their landing gear. Pod landers are designed to land in any orientation after which they may bounce and roll before coming to rest at which time they have to be given the correct orientation to function. The whole vehicle is enclosed in crushable material or airbags for the impacts and may have opening petals to right it.
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large airliners, for example, the tiller is often used as the sole means of steering during taxi, and then the rudder is used to steer during takeoff and landing, so that both aerodynamic control surfaces and the landing gear can be controlled simultaneously when the aircraft is moving at aerodynamic speeds.
2828:
Provided that the wheel load and configuration of the landing gear remain unchanged, the weight and volume of the tire will decrease with an increase in inflation pressure. From the flotation standpoint, a decrease in the tire contact area will induce a higher bearing stress on the pavement which may
749:
long-range bomber of 1916, used eighteen wheels for its undercarriage, split between two wheels on its nose gear struts, and sixteen wheels on its main gear unitsâsplit into four side-by-side quartets each, two quartets of wheels per sideâunder each tandem engine nacelle, to support its loaded weight
5622:
The Falcon 9 first stage carries landing legs which will deploy after stage separation and allow for the rocket's soft return to Earth. The four legs are made of state-of-the-art carbon fiber with aluminum honeycomb. Placed symmetrically around the base of the rocket, they stow along the side of the
5484:
the space race is flaring back into life, and it's not massive institutions such as Nasa that are in the running. The old view that human space flight is so complex, difficult and expensive that only huge government agencies could hope to accomplish it is being disproved by a new breed of flamboyant
3033:
Rotorcraft with fully articulated rotors typically have shock-absorbing landing gear designed to prevent ground resonance; however, poor landing gear maintenance and improperly inflated tires may contribute to the phenomenon. Helicopters with skid-type landing gear are less prone to ground resonance
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to deploy the landing gear into the down and locked position. To accomplish this the pilot activates a switch or mechanical handle in the cockpit, which releases the up-lock. Gravity then pulls the landing gear down and deploys it. Once in position the landing gear is mechanically locked and safe to
2907:
Malfunctions or human errors (or a combination of these) related to retractable landing gear have been the cause of numerous accidents and incidents throughout aviation history. Distraction and preoccupation during the landing sequence played a prominent role in the approximately 100 gear-up landing
2028:
When an aircraft is steered on the ground exclusively using the rudder, it needs a substantial airflow past the rudder, which can be generated either by the forward motion of the aircraft or by propeller slipstream. Rudder steering requires considerable practice to use effectively. Although it needs
1918:
sides in the war: its single oleo strut was only attached to the lower end of its Y-form main retraction struts, handling the twinned main gear wheels, and folding by swiveling downwards and aftwards during retraction to "fold" the maingear's length to shorten it for stowage in the engine nacelle it
1634:
which has four main wheel bogies (two forward and two aft) underneath the fuselage and a small outrigger wheel supporting each wing-tip. The B-52's landing gear is also unique in that all four pairs of main wheels can be steered. This allows the landing gear to line up with the runway and thus makes
1504:
Some main landing gear struts on World War II aircraft, in order to allow a single-leg main gear to more efficiently store the wheel within either the wing or an engine nacelle, rotated the single gear strut through a 90° angle during the rearwards-retraction sequence to allow the main wheel to rest
1163:
High speed impacts in rough water between the hull and wave flanks may be reduced using hydro-skis which hold the hull out of the water at higher speeds. Hydro skis replace the need for a boat hull and only require a plain fuselage which planes at the rear. Alternatively skis with wheels can be used
1132:
is a STOL amphibian with blown flaps and all control surfaces. The ability to land and take-off at relatively low speeds of about 45 knots and the hydrodynamic features of the hull, long length/beam ratio and inverted spray gutter for example, allow operation in wave heights of 15 feet. The inverted
992:
Beaching gear is detachable wheeled landing gear that allows a non-amphibious floatplane or flying boat to be maneuvered on land. It is used for aircraft maintenance and storage and is either carried in the aircraft or kept at a slipway. Beaching gear may consist of individual detachable wheels or a
5648:
The Falcon Heavy first stage center core and boosters each carry landing legs, which will land each core safely on Earth after takeoff. After the side boosters separate, the center engine in each will burn to control the booster's trajectory safely away from the rocket. The legs will then deploy as
2065:
Differential braking depends on asymmetric application of the brakes on the main gear wheels to turn the aircraft. For this, the aircraft must be equipped with separate controls for the right and left brakes (usually on the rudder pedals). The nose or tail wheel usually is not equipped with brakes.
1598:
or bicycle layout is used on the Hawker
Siddeley Harrier, which has two main-wheels behind a single nose-wheel under the fuselage and a smaller wheel near the tip of each wing. On second generation Harriers, the wing is extended past the outrigger wheels to allow greater wing-mounted munition loads
1111:
For take-off a step and planing bottom are required to lift from the floating position to planing on the surface. For landing a cleaving action is required to reduce the impact with the surface of the water. A vee bottom parts the water and chines deflect the spray to prevent it damaging vulnerable
2867:
Airport community noise is an environmental issue which has brought into focus the contribution of aerodynamic noise from the landing gear. A NASA long-term goal is to confine aircraft objectional noise to within the airport boundary. During the approach to land the landing gear is lowered several
1974:
is a long-term (after 2030) concept of flying without landing gear. It is one of many aviation technologies being proposed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Leaving the landing gear on the ground reduces weight and drag. Leaving it behind after take-off was done for a different reason, i.e. with
1839:
Light helicopters use simple landing skids to save weight and cost. The skids may have attachment points for wheels so that they can be moved for short distances on the ground. Skids are impractical for helicopters weighing more than four tons. Some high-speed machines have retractable wheels, but
106:
Some unusual landing gear have been evaluated experimentally. These include: no landing gear (to save weight), made possible by operating from a catapult cradle and flexible landing deck: air cushion (to enable operation over a wide range of ground obstacles and water/snow/ice); tracked (to reduce
2074:
A tiller in an aircraft is a small wheel or lever, sometimes accessible to one pilot and sometimes duplicated for both pilots, that controls the steering of the aircraft while it is on the ground. The tiller may be designed to work in combination with other controls such as the rudder or yoke. In
1123:
One goal of seaplane designers was the development of an open ocean seaplane capable of routine operation from very rough water. This led to changes in seaplane hull configuration. High length/beam ratio hulls and extended afterbodies improved rough water capabilities. A hull much longer than its
618:
4389:
During retraction the nosewheel had to turn through 90 degrees, which was achieved by means of a mechanism in the head of the wheel fork. On retraction, a spring-loaded level with pulley, which limited deflection to 60 degrees by means of a locking hook and stop, was folded into the fuselage and
539:
was given four separate and independent hydraulic systems (when previous airliners had two) and four main landing gear posts (when previous airliners had two). Safe landing would be possible if two main gear legs were torn off provided they were on opposite sides of the fuselage. In the case of
531:
Pilots confirming that their landing gear is down and locked refer to "three greens" or "three in the green.", a reference to the electrical indicator lights (or painted panels of mechanical indicator units) from the nosewheel/tailwheel and the two main gears. Blinking green lights or red lights
5736:
The April 17 F9R Dev 1 flight, which lasted under 1 min., was the first vertical landing test of a production-representative recoverable Falcon 9 v1.1 first stage, while the April 18 cargo flight to the ISS was the first opportunity for SpaceX to evaluate the design of foldable landing legs and
4885:
The Ju 288's landing gear was most innovative in its design. A Y-shaped bearer was mounted in the engine nacelle with its upper arms hinged. At the bottom end of this bearer was the shock absorber leg, which was likewise hinged. Two double-brake wheels, with (metric) size 1015 x 380 tires, were
2871:
Airline specifications require an airliner to reach up to 90,000 take-offs and landings and roll 500,000 km on the ground in its lifetime. Conventional landing gear is designed to absorb the energy of a landing and does not perform well at reducing ground-induced vibrations in the airframe
1951:
in 1951. Track-type gear was also tested using a C-47, C-82 and B-50. A much heavier aircraft, an XB-36, was made available for further tests, although there was no intention of using it on production aircraft. The stress on the runway was reduced to one third that of the B-36 four-wheel bogie.
1475:
jet reconnaissance bomber. The main disadvantage to using the takeoff dolly/trolley and landing skid(s) system on German World War II aircraftâintended for a sizable number of late-war German jet and rocket-powered military aircraft designsâwas that aircraft would likely be scattered all over a
1449:
and jettison them when airborne for improved streamlining without the complexity, weight and space requirements of a retraction mechanism. The wheels are sometimes mounted onto axles that are part of a separate "dolly" (for main wheels only) or "trolley" (for a three-wheel set with a nosewheel)
761:
cargo aircraft, which used a row of eleven "twinned" fixed wheel sets directly under the fuselage centerline to handle heavier loads while on the ground. Many of today's large cargo aircraft use this arrangement for their retractable main gear setups, usually mounted on the lower corners of the
3025:
of the airframe, causing the entire aircraft to violently shake or wobble in contact with the ground. Ground resonance occurs when shock is continuously transmitted to the turning rotors through the landing gear, causing the angles between the rotor blades to become uneven; this is typically
4557:
A significant advantage of this aircraft was its rough-field landing gear. With the landing gear in the compressed position, the eleven pairs of wheels mounted on independently-sprung legs beneath the fuselage, together with the wide-track main landing gear (8.4 meter, 27 ft 6 in
3707:
A significant advantage of this aircraft was its rough-field landing gear. With the landing gear in the compressed position, the eleven pairs of wheels mounted on independently-sprung legs beneath the fuselage, together with the wide-track main landing gear (8.4 meter, 27 ft 6 in
1710:
were equipped with "kneeling" nose gear consisting of small steerable auxiliary wheels on short struts located forward of the primary nose gear, allowing the aircraft to be taxied tail-high with the primary nose gear retracted. This feature was intended to enhance safety aboard
1572:
could move 20 inches between a forward and aft position. The forward position was used for take-off to give a longer lever-arm for pitch control and greater nose-up attitude. The aft position was used to reduce landing bounce and reduce risk of tip-back during ground handling.
2912:, is an accident that results from the pilot forgetting to lower the landing gear, or being unable to do so because of a malfunction. Although rarely fatal, a gear-up landing can be very expensive if it causes extensive airframe/engine damage. For propeller-driven aircraft a
2815:
365:
The taildragger arrangement was common during the early propeller era, as it allows more room for propeller clearance. Most modern aircraft have tricycle undercarriages. Taildraggers are considered harder to land and take off (because the arrangement is usually
1731:, partially retracts against a bumper to assist in loading and unloading of cargo using ramps through the forward, "tilt-up" hinged fuselage nose while stationary on the ground. The aircraft also tilts backwards. The Messier twin-wheel main units fitted to the
1128:, the Martin M-270, was tested with a new hull with a greater length/beam ratio of 15 obtained by adding 6 feet to both the nose and tail. Rough-sea capability can be improved with lower take-off and landing speeds because impacts with waves are reduced. The
3194:
was built with extensible landing gear. The prototype was flown four timesâwith all landing attempts successfulâin 2014 for low-altitude tests before being self-destructed for safety reasons on a fifth test flight due to a blocked engine sensor port.
1782:
is aft of the main gear due to design decisions stemming from efforts to reduce overall weight, systems complexity and drag; to prevent the fuselage from tilting back when unloaded, the aircraft has a unique fully retractable vertical tail strut with
509:
505:
532:
indicate the gear is in transit and neither up and locked or down and locked. When the gear is fully stowed up with the up-locks secure, the lights often extinguish to follow the dark cockpit philosophy; some airplanes have gear up indicator lights.
540:
power failure in a light aircraft, an emergency extension system is always available. This may be a manually operated crank or pump, or a mechanical free-fall mechanism which disengages the uplocks and allows the landing gear to fall under gravity.
2343:
1556:, even mandating that the main gear struts lengthened as they were extended to give sufficient ground clearance for their large four-bladed propellers. One exception to the need for this complexity in many WW II fighter aircraft was Japan's famous
374:
rather than correct itself), and usually require special pilot training. A small tail wheel or skid/bumper may be added to a tricycle undercarriage to prevent damage to the underside of the fuselage if over-rotation occurs on take-off leading to a
507:
2840:
A rough general rule for required tire pressure is given by the manufacturer in their catalog. Goodyear for example advises the pressure to be 4% higher than required for a given weight or as fraction of the rated static load and inflation.
789:-10 with 443,000 lb (201 t) supported on eight wheels on two legs. The heavier, 558,000 lb (253 t), DC-10-30/40 were able to operate from the same thickness pavements with a third main leg for ten wheels, like the first
3864:
2946:. This led to Scandinavian retiring all of its Dash 8s. The cause of these incidents was a locking mechanism that failed to work properly. This also caused concern for the aircraft for many other airlines that found similar problems,
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3053:
reported. Dangers include a lack of oxygen at high altitude, temperatures well below freezing, crush injury or death from the gear retracting into its confined space, and falling out of the compartment during takeoff or landing.
2224:
401:(CG) under the fuselage with outriggers on the wings. This is used when there is no convenient location on either side of the fuselage to attach the main undercarriage or to store it when retracted. Examples include the
508:
1476:
military airfield after they had landed from a mission, and would be unable to taxi on their own to an appropriately hidden "dispersal" location, which could easily leave them vulnerable to being shot up by attacking
769:
had most of its weight on two main wheels, which needed runways at least 22 in (56 cm) thick. Production aircraft used two four-wheel bogies, allowing the aircraft to use any airfield suitable for a B-29.
617:
394:. Some aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear have a fixed tailwheel. Hoerner estimated the drag of the Bf 109 fixed tailwheel and compared it with that of other protrusions such as the pilot's canopy.
1876:
For light aircraft a type of landing gear which is economical to produce is a simple wooden arch laminated from ash, as used on some homebuilt aircraft. A similar arched gear is often formed from spring steel. The
1715:
by redirecting the hot exhaust blast upwards, and to reduce hangar space requirements by enabling the aircraft to park with its nose underneath the tail of a similarly equipped jet. Kneeling gear was used on the
1683:
Manually-adjusted main-gear units on the B-52 can be set for crosswind take-offs. It rarely has to be used from SAC-designated airfields which have major runways in the predominant strongest wind direction. The
1750:
Aircraft landing gear includes devices to prevent fuselage contact with the ground by tipping back when the aircraft is being loaded. Some commercial aircraft have used tail props when parked at the gate. The
993:
cradle that supports the entire aircraft. In the former case, the beaching gear is manually attached or detached with the aircraft in the water; in the latter case, the aircraft is maneuvered onto the cradle.
5103:
3048:
Unauthorized passengers have been known to stowaway on larger aircraft by climbing a landing gear strut and riding in the compartment meant for the wheels. There are extreme dangers to this practice, with
528:
Most retractable gear is hydraulically operated, though some is electrically operated or even manually operated on very light aircraft. The landing gear is stowed in a compartment called a wheel well.
2872:
during landing ground roll, taxi and take-off. Airframe vibrations and fatigue damage can be reduced using semi-active oleos which vary damping over a wide range of ground speeds and runway quality.
259:
cost. A suitably-designed wheel can support 30 t (66,000 lb), tolerate a ground speed of 300 km/h and roll a distance of 500,000 km (310,000 mi) ; it has a 20,000 hours
3336:
1881:
was among the first aircraft to use spring steel landing gear. The main advantage of such gear is that no other shock-absorbing device is needed; the deflecting leaf provides the shock absorption.
535:
Redundant systems are used to operate the landing gear and redundant main gear legs may also be provided so the aircraft can be landed in a satisfactory manner in a range of failure scenarios. The
592:
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3237:âis expected to have landing legs on its first stage called Super Heavy like Falcon 9 but also has landing legs on its reusable second stage, a first for launch vehicle second stages. The first
2707:
3190:
with a large fixed landing gear in order to test low-altitude vehicle dynamics and control for vertical landings of a near-empty orbital first stage. A second-generation test vehicle called
573:
307:
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2014:
Some aircraft require that the pilot steer by using rudder pedals; others allow steering with the yoke or control stick. Some allow both. Still others have a separate control, called a
900:
521:
To decrease drag in flight, undercarriages retract into the wings and/or fuselage with wheels flush with the surrounding surface, or concealed behind flush-mounted doors; this is called
1653:
during takeoff. During landing, the forward gear must not touch the runway first, otherwise the rear gear will slam down and may cause the aircraft to bounce and become airborne again.
2633:
349:, where there are two main wheels towards the front of the aircraft and a single, much smaller, wheel or skid at the rear. The same helicopter arrangement is called tricycle tailwheel.
2984:
In the event of a failure of the aircraft's landing gear extension mechanism a backup is provided. This may be an alternate hydraulic system, a hand-crank, compressed air (nitrogen),
1197:
416:
Quadricycle gear is similar to bicycle but with two sets of wheels displaced laterally in the fore and aft positions. Raymer classifies the B-52 gear as quadricycle. The experimental
5525:
2848:, and not subsequently diluted with more than 5% oxygen, to prevent auto-ignition of the gas which may result from overheating brakes producing volatile vapors from the tire lining.
1212:
3304:
1370:
R raised the aircraft flutter speed to 550 kn (1,020 km/h). The bogies oscillated within the nacelle under the control of dampers and springs as an anti-flutter device.
1164:
for land-based aircraft which start and end their flight from a beach or floating barge. Hydro-skis with wheels were demonstrated as an all-purpose landing gear conversion of the
3273:
For landing on low-gravity bodies landing gear may include hold-down thrusters, harpoon anchors and foot-pad screws, all of which were incorporated in the design of comet-lander
2504:{\displaystyle F_{\text{n}}={\frac {l_{\text{m}}}{l_{\text{m}}+l_{\text{n}}}}(W-L)+{\frac {h_{\text{cg}}}{l_{\text{m}}+l_{\text{n}}}}\left({\frac {a_{\text{x}}}{g}}W-D+T\right).}
99:. Landing gear must be strong enough to support the aircraft and its design affects the weight, balance and performance. It often comprises three wheels, or wheel-sets, giving a
506:
83:
For aircraft, the landing gear supports the craft when it is not flying, allowing it to take off, land, and taxi without damage. Wheeled landing gear is the most common, with
1035:
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3210:/aluminum extensible landing legs is approximately 18 metres (60 ft), and weigh less than 2,100 kilograms (4,600 lb); the deployment system uses high-pressure
2820:
To ensure that the rated loads will not be exceeded in the static and braking conditions, a seven percent safety factor is used in the calculation of the applied loads.
2049:
Some aircraft link the yoke, control stick, or rudder directly to the wheel used for steering. Manipulating these controls turns the steering wheel (the nose wheel for
3348:
3227:
864:
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1831:
used a take-off dolly that was jettisoned on take-off; these gliders then landed on a fixed skid. This configuration is necessarily accompanied with a taildragger.
1900:
The limited space available to stow landing gear has led to many complex retraction mechanisms, each unique to a particular aircraft. An early example, the German
558:
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of a liquid-rocket-engine orbital booster. After a single successful booster recovery in 2015, and several in 2016, the recovery of SpaceX booster stages became
2673:
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The landing gear on fixed-wing aircraft that land on aircraft carriers have a higher sink-rate requirement because the aircraft are flown onto the deck with no
938:
STOL aircraft have a higher sink-rate requirement if a carrier-type, no-flare landing technique has to be adopted to reduce touchdown scatter. For example, the
682:
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884:
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785:-200 with four tires on two legs main landing gears required a 20 in (51 cm) thick pavement. The thickness rose to 25 in (64 cm) for a
1136:
Low speed maneuvring is necessary between slipways and buoys and take-off and landing areas. Water rudders are used on seaplanes ranging in size from the
5462:
4053:
1676:
design of 1908. It was later used in the much more famous Blériot XI Channel-crossing aircraft of 1909 and also copied in the earliest examples of the
989:
or amphibian usually has two distinct landing gears, namely a "boat" hull/floats and retractable wheels, which allow it to operate from land or water.
757:, mounted to the fuselage lower sides as retractable main gear units on modern designsâwere first seen during World War II, on the experimental German
5038:. NASA CR-205551. Vol. MAD 96-09-01 (revised March 1, 1997 ed.). Blacksburg, Virginia: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
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airflow past the rudder, it has the advantage of not needing any friction with the ground, which makes it useful for aircraft on water, snow or ice.
1700:
cargo/transport aircraft were designed to kneel. This made it easier to load and unload cargo, and improved taxiing over ditches and on soft ground.
4574:
2931:
railings were added to the length of the fuselage; they were adequate to support the aircraft without damage if it was landed on a grassy surface.
2887:, an Airbus A320, making an emergency landing on runway 25L at Los Angeles International Airport in 2005 after the front landing gear malfunctioned
1791:. The strut is not intended for taxiing or flight, when the weight of the crew, passengers, cargo and fuel provide the necessary fore-aft balance.
1484:
reconnaissance aircraft, which fall away after take-off and drop to earth; the aircraft then relies on titanium skids on the wingtips for landing.
1227:
655:
3286:, however, both harpoons and the hold-down thruster failed, resulting in the craft bouncing before landing for good at a non-optimal orientation.
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91:
needed to operate from snow/ice/water and skids for vertical operation on land. Retractable undercarriages fold away during flight, which reduces
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5260:
5681:
F9R (pronounced F-niner) shows a little leg. Design is a nested, telescoping piston w A frame... High pressure helium. Needs to be ultra light.
3206:âincludes a lightweight, deployable landing gear for the booster stage: a nested, telescoping piston on an A-frame. The total span of the four
1342:
420:
had quadricycle gear located in the engine nacelles to allow unrestricted access beneath the fuselage for attaching a large freight container.
4675:
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4501:
1116:. A step increases the drag in flight. The drag contribution from the step can be reduced with a fairing. A faired step was introduced on the
697:
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2113:
and wheels from manufacturer's catalog and industry standards found in the
Aircraft Yearbook published by the Tire and Rim Association, Inc.
1314:
1005:
5900:
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3255:
Spacecraft designed to land safely on extraterrestrial bodies such as the Moon or Mars are known as either legged landers (for example the
3186:
to pursue this objective. As part of this program, SpaceX built, and flew eight times in 2012â2013, a first-generation test vehicle called
1423:
When an airplane needs to land on surfaces covered by snow, the landing gear usually consists of skis or a combination of wheels and skis.
5788:
1067:
1500:
with its raked-forward main gear, and rearward-angled main wheel position (when retracted) indicated by the just-visible open wheel door
919:
361:
Was the first bomber aircraft with twin wheels on a single shock absorber. The same helicopter arrangement is called tricycle nosewheel.
6645:
6291:
5934:
4939:
1505:"flat" above the lower end of the main gear strut, or flush within the wing or engine nacelles, when fully retracted. Examples are the
1179:
In the 1950s hydro-skis were envisaged as a ditching aid for large piston-engined aircraft. Water-tank tests done using models of the
4926:
4487:
4406:
3796:
3479:
118:, the landing gear usually only supports the vehicle on landing and during subsequent surface movement, and is not used for takeoff.
5104:
FAA Ruling: Use of
Nitrogen or Other Inert Gas for Tire inflation in Lieu of Air, Docket No. 26147 Amendment No. 25-78 RIN 2120-AD87
2919:
Some aircraft have a stiffened fuselage underside or added features to minimize structural damage in a wheels-up landing. When the
2833:
aircraft with pressures as low as the tire manufacturer would permit. However, too low a pressure can lead to an accident as in the
3561:
2675:
are positive, the maximum nose gear load occurs at low speed. Reverse thrust decreases the nose gear load, and hence the condition
1529:
family of twin-engined business aircraft also shares this feature on the main gears, which retract aft into the ends of the engine
4728:
3999:
1152:. Hydroflaps, submerged at the rear of the afterbody, act as a speed brake or differentially as a rudder. A fixed fin, known as a
4957:
4336:
3900:
2855:
tire pressures are 260 psi (1.8 MPa) on ship and 210 psi (1.4 MPa) ashore. En-route deflation is used in the
1560:
fighter, whose main gear stayed at a perpendicular angle to the centerline of the aircraft when extended, as seen from the side.
1097:
121:
Given their varied designs and applications, there exist dozens of specialized landing gear manufacturers. The three largest are
1191:
concluded that chances of survival and rescue would be greatly enhanced by preventing critical damage associated with ditching.
831:
has a four-wheel bogie under each wing with two sets of six-wheel bogies under the fuselage. The 640 t (1,410,000 lb)
5150:
525:
If the wheels do not retract completely but protrude partially exposed to the airstream, it is called a semi-retractable gear.
277:
5403:
2965:
successfully landed with its nose gear turned 90 degrees sideways, resulting in a shower of sparks and flame after touchdown.
5918:
5876:
5834:
4430:
3615:
3513:
670:
5694:
2094:
2003:
produced by the aircraft to turn it) with a freely pivoting tail wheel, or by a steering linkage with the tail wheel, or by
1931:
Increased contact area can be obtained with very large wheels, many smaller wheels or track-type gear. Tracked gear made by
1688:
has swivelling 6-wheel main units for crosswind landings and castoring rear units to prevent tire scrubbing on tight turns.
6685:
5129:
4715:
4450:
4315:
4298:
3779:
3762:
3728:
3678:
3223:
3027:
215:
5959:
469:
6640:
6585:
6450:
5556:
4799:
3942:
Tank tests of a flying-boat model equipped with several types of fairing designed to reduce the air drag of the main step
3050:
3043:
2810:{\displaystyle F_{\text{n}}={\frac {l_{\text{m}}+h_{\text{cg}}({\frac {a_{\text{x}}}{g}})}{l_{\text{m}}+l_{\text{n}}}}W.}
2635:
on dry concrete vary from 0.35 for a simple brake system to 0.45 for an automatic brake pressure control system. As both
1299:
187:
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4469:
3810:
1020:
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950:
234:
194:
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322:
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incidents that occurred each year in the United States between 1998 and 2003. A gear-up landing, also known as a
7019:
5181:
Dobrzynski, Werner; Chow, Leung Choi; Smith, Malcolm; Boillot, Antoine; Dereure, Olivier; Molin, Nicolas (2010).
3534:
3171:
1889:
1553:
1176:
prototype fighter. The skis incorporated small wheels, with a third wheel on the fuselage, for ground handling.
546:
6675:
6273:
5470:
2604:
971:
has a lower fuselage with the shape of a boat hull giving it buoyancy. Wing-mounted floats or stubby wing-like
357:, where there are two main wheels (or wheel assemblies) under the wings and a third smaller wheel in the nose.
172:
2859:
to suit airfield conditions at the destination but adds excessive complication to the landing gear and wheels
201:
5720:
5485:
space privateers, who are planning to send humans out beyond the Earth's orbit for the first time since 1972.
3579:
2969:
2943:
2121:
The choice of the main wheel tires is made on the basis of the static loading case. The total main gear load
777:
business jet, with four wheels supporting 44,000 lb (20 t), needed a 10 in (25 cm) thick
292:
168:
6968:
1254:
439:
413:
uses a similar arrangement, except that the fore and aft gears each have two twin-wheel units side by side.
6958:
6799:
6054:
2852:
2045:
is visible as a semi-circular manual control to the left of the yoke in this photo of a Boeing 727 cockpit.
484:
1920:
816:
for the heavier 380 t (840,000 lb) Airbus A340-500/-600. The up to 775,000 lb (352 t)
4578:
4262:
4248:
3926:
2834:
1760:
183:
5164:
4997:
4562:) and the levered-suspension nose wheel, endowed the aircraft with outstanding rough field capabilities.
4169:
3973:
3941:
3673:
747 Creating The World's First Jumbo Jet And Other
Adventures From A Life In Aviation, Joe Sutter 2006,
3238:
2109:
The specified selection criterion, e.g., minimum size, weight, or pressure, are used to select suitable
1823:. Monowheel gear is also used on some powered aircraft, where drag reduction is a priority, such as the
1815:
usually have a single wheel, retractable or fixed, centered under the fuselage, which is referred to as
454:
397:
A third arrangement (known as tandem or bicycle) has the main and nose gear located fore and aft of the
6680:
6635:
6326:
4276:
3382:
2962:
2938:
is notorious for its landing gear problems. There were three incidents involved, all of them involving
2884:
1337:. Other features are related to catapult take-off requirements for specific aircraft. For example, the
417:
329:
4761:
4661:
3230:
by 2017. Landing legs had become an ordinary operational part of orbital spaceflight launch vehicles.
2083:
709:
7024:
6866:
6710:
6660:
3901:"svenska flygmotor | combat biplane | viggen | 1967 | 0650 | Flight Archive"
3014:
1526:
1042:
341:
5182:
4401:
U.S. Naval Air
Superiority Development Of Shipborne Jet Fighters 1943â1962, Tommy H. Thomason 2007,
3110:
1975:
military objectives, during World War II using the "dolly" and "trolley" arrangements of the German
1603:
6650:
6203:
6133:
5439:
4749:
4694:
4645:
4520:
3365:
3150:
2577:
1717:
1082:
982:
has two or three streamlined floats. Amphibious floats have retractable wheels for land operation.
5635:
4209:
2851:
Naval aircraft use different pressures when operating from a carrier and ashore. For example, the
2313:
2279:
2252:
2124:
1742:
helicopter is able to kneel to fit inside the cargo hold of a transport aircraft and for storage.
854:
has a twin-wheel main gear inflated to 15.7 bar (228 psi), while the 280 t (620,000 lb)
6978:
6953:
6715:
6695:
6620:
6510:
6480:
6455:
6321:
6286:
5976:
3267:
3218:. The first test of the extensible landing gear was successfully accomplished in April 2014 on a
3091:, which take off vertically and are destroyed on falling back to earth. With some exceptions for
1672:
One very early undercarriage incorporating castoring for crosswind landings was pioneered on the
1585:
1352:
on take-off is subjected to loads of 0.5g which also last for much longer than a landing impact.
805:
801:
786:
161:
73:
3712:) and the levered-suspension nose wheel, gave the aircraft outstanding rough field capabilities.
3342:
Mars
Science Laboratory showing rover's wheels which acted as landing gear for initial touchdown
6993:
6794:
6690:
6515:
6331:
3092:
2896:
1915:
1646:
1477:
1180:
371:
248:
122:
4420:
3142:
technology, when orbital space transport has been the exclusive preserve of national-monopoly
1840:
most use fixed wheels for their robustness, and to avoid the need for a retraction mechanism.
1378:
Some experimental aircraft have used gear from existing aircraft to reduce program costs. The
835:, the largest cargo aircraft, had 4 wheels on the twin-strut nose gear units like the smaller
6973:
6891:
6881:
6386:
6098:
3371:
3124:
2973:
2939:
2050:
1724:, but was found to be of little use operationally, and was omitted from later Navy fighters.
1721:
1545:
1395:
742:
725:
353:
260:
130:
5151:
http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/webclient/StreamGate?folder_id=0&dvs=1575683504592~592
5030:
1221:
showing two steps on the hull, a skeg at the second step and spray strips under the forebody
6938:
6741:
6535:
6346:
6301:
5761:
3580:"Fluid-Dynamic Drag: Practical Information on Aerodynamic Drag and Hydrodynamic Resistance"
3266:
Features for landing and movement on the surface were combined in the landing gear for the
3199:
3099:
2947:
1627:
1518:
1465:
1458:
1435:
1379:
1320:
1173:
1137:
926:
793:-100, weighing 700,000 lb (320 t) on four legs and 16 wheels. The similar-weight
476:
256:
208:
8:
6917:
6824:
6540:
6248:
6077:
5793:
4909:
4897:
4542:
3388:
3327:
3275:
3256:
3161:
3135:
3106:
2856:
2830:
2678:
1910:, had a complex "folding" main landing gear unlike any other aircraft designed by either
1788:
1739:
1685:
1631:
1514:
1480:
fighters. A related contemporary example are the wingtip support wheels ("pogos") on the
1349:
1338:
986:
808:
airliner and the same configuration was used on the initial 275 t (606,000 lb)
564:
115:
5765:
5500:"SpaceX wrapping up Falcon 9 second stage investigation as it moves on from Grasshopper"
4075:
3558:
2950:
ordered all Dash 8s with 10,000 or more hours to be grounded, it was soon found that 19
1450:
chassis. Landing is done on skids or similar simple devices (fixed or retractable). The
1156:, has been used for directional stability. A skeg, was added to the second step on the
6625:
6605:
6600:
6574:
6485:
6426:
6198:
5229:
5205:
4357:
4010:
3621:
3491:
Power The Pratt and
Whitney Canada Story, Kenneth H. Sullivan and Larry Milberry 1989,
3187:
2658:
2638:
2557:
2537:
2517:
2232:
2088:
1812:
1704:
1569:
1510:
942:, with landing gear designed for a 5m/sec impact, could use a carrier-type landing and
380:
5789:"SpaceX readying Starhopper for hops in Texas as Pad 39A plans materialize in Florida"
4101:
4038:
3646:
1661:
6933:
6670:
6615:
6595:
6525:
6520:
6505:
6193:
5914:
5872:
5830:
5125:
5064:
5039:
4922:
4874:
4851:
4779:
4711:
4684:
4635:
4605:
4546:
4510:
4483:
4446:
4426:
4402:
4378:
4311:
4294:
4081:(Report). Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division. September 2004. p. 13
3792:
3775:
3758:
3724:
3696:
3674:
3625:
3611:
3509:
3492:
3475:
3430:
3408:
3219:
3022:
2955:
2935:
1940:
1936:
1804:
1636:
579:
126:
5609:
5209:
4463:
1696:
Both the nosegear and the wing-mounted main landing gear of the World War II German
6988:
6871:
6545:
6440:
6163:
6138:
6081:
5906:
5864:
5822:
5769:
5197:
4215:
3603:
3021:, in which the unbalanced rotor system vibrates at a frequency coinciding with the
3018:
3005:
2920:
1853:
1828:
1712:
1599:
to be carried, or to permit wing-tip extensions to be bolted on for ferry flights.
1549:
1538:
1497:
1492:
1451:
1341:
was pulled down onto its tail-skid to set the required nose-up attitude. The naval
1275:
1233:
1203:
1188:
1169:
1149:
1129:
1117:
975:
are added for stability. Sponsons are attached to the lower sides of the fuselage.
778:
774:
406:
6046:
4194:
4170:
Flight tests of the hydrodynamic characteristics of a
Japanese "Emily" flying boat
3960:
Flight tests of the hydrodynamic characteristics of a
Japanese "Emily" flying boat
3178:, have included the explicit design of landing gear into orbital booster rockets.
2900:
2148:
is calculated assuming that the aircraft is taxiing at low speed without braking:
871:
134:
6998:
6963:
6814:
6735:
6700:
6665:
6460:
6108:
5773:
4234:
3974:
Bibliography and review of information relating to the hydrodynamics of seaplanes
3959:
3597:
3565:
3260:
3234:
3164:
2891:
1971:
1960:
1650:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1290:
1165:
943:
358:
6366:
6233:
3067:
2219:{\displaystyle F_{\text{m}}={\frac {l_{\text{n}}}{l_{\text{m}}+l_{\text{n}}}}W.}
1649:
for takeoff, the forward gear must be long enough to give the wings the correct
842:
6983:
6843:
6560:
6118:
6113:
4921:
Magnesium Overcast The Story of the Convair B-36, Dennis R. Jenkins 2001â2002,
3723:
Magnesium Overcast The Story of the Convair B-36, Dennis R. Jenkins 2001-2002,
3508:
Magnesium Overcast The Story of the Convair B-36, Dennis R. Jenkins 2001â2002,
3143:
3088:
2304:
2102:
1944:
1907:
1893:
1824:
1779:
1756:
1611:
1557:
1534:
939:
891:
836:
832:
754:
642:
628:
599:
461:
427:
111:
92:
21:
This article is about aircraft landing gear. For semitrailer landing gear, see
6764:
5970:
5432:
5231:
5201:
4803:
3791:
Airbus A380 Superjumbo Of The 21 St Century, Guy Norris ans Mark Wagner 2010,
1799:
1610:. This configuration proved so manoeuvrable that it was also selected for the
907:
583:
34:
7013:
6912:
6851:
6655:
6590:
6228:
6208:
6123:
5910:
5868:
5826:
5081:
4731:(Report). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. September 1996
4147:
3215:
3154:
3146:
3102:
2924:
2909:
1522:
1383:
1367:
1334:
1218:
1157:
1145:
1125:
1113:
1103:
1088:
766:
314:
5335:
5043:
4219:
2601:
is the height of aircraft cg from the static groundline. Typical values for
1666:
1431:
68:. For aircraft it is generally needed for both. It was also formerly called
6948:
6819:
6809:
6784:
6749:
6530:
6500:
6470:
6436:
6416:
6406:
6401:
6371:
6306:
6173:
6143:
6103:
6022:. University of Technology, Iraq: Mechanical Department/Aeronautical Branch
4826:
4482:
Flying American Combat Aircraft The Cold War, Edited by Robin Higham 2005,
3207:
3203:
2976:
due to technical failures; all 231 people on board escaped without injury.
1980:
1752:
1728:
1697:
1677:
1673:
1641:
1607:
1506:
1481:
1472:
1391:
1387:
1363:
Some aircraft have a requirement to use the landing-gear as a speed brake.
1184:
1073:
1058:
1026:
794:
758:
491:
446:
402:
26:
4116:
3030:
incident and accident reports in the United States between 1990 and 2008.
6896:
6779:
6495:
6351:
6035:
5998:. Hamburg, Germany: Hamburg Open Online University (HOOU). pp. 19â20
4235:
Model ditching investigations of three airplanes equipped with hydro-skis
3376:
3139:
3131:
2985:
2951:
2913:
2054:
2008:
1992:
1955:
1932:
1911:
1707:
1305:
1260:
1141:
968:
911:
828:
821:
809:
746:
410:
22:
5857:
Ball, Andrew; Garry, James; Lorenz, Ralph; Kerzhanovich, Viktor (2007).
5815:
Ball, Andrew; Garry, James; Lorenz, Ralph; Kerzhanovich, Viktor (2007).
5230:
The Office of the NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System (January 2004).
5124:
Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982â1983, Edited by John W. R. Taylor,
4054:
Is There A Role For Modern Day Seaplanes in Open Ocean Search and Rescue
3450:
1581:
6886:
6774:
6769:
6725:
6720:
6555:
6490:
6465:
6421:
6396:
6381:
6316:
6178:
6168:
4956:
4559:
3709:
3243:
3114:
3080:
3010:
2928:
1878:
1861:
1848:
1755:
had a critical CG location which required a ground handling strut. The
1011:
996:
979:
817:
790:
782:
689:
661:
646:
536:
514:
423:
384:
376:
299:
175: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
53:
39:
3379:, a low-pressure landing gear tire allowing landings on rough surfaces
1827:. Much like the Me 163 rocket fighter, some gliders from prior to the
1345:
needed an extending nosewheel leg to set the wing attitude at launch.
1124:
width also reduced drag in flight. An experimental development of the
6943:
6861:
6789:
6754:
6610:
6391:
6376:
6356:
6311:
6296:
6253:
6238:
6223:
6158:
6128:
5960:"Standard Naming Convention for Aircraft Landing Gear Configurations"
5737:
upgraded thrusters that control the stage during its initial descent.
5623:
vehicle during liftoff and later extend outward and down for landing.
5283:
3607:
3175:
3087:
Landing gear has traditionally not been used on the vast majority of
3017:
may experience a dangerous and self-perpetuating phenomenon known as
2098:
2000:
1948:
1766:
1355:
Helicopters may have a deck-lock harpoon to anchor them to the deck.
284:
5433:"Wheel-well Stowaways Risk Lethal Levels of Hypoxia and Hypothermia"
5183:"Experimental assessment of low noise landing gear component design"
4604:. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc. p. 12.
4148:
The effect of hydroflaps on the pitching and braking of flying boats
3742:
3533:. Airbus-Deutschland GmbH. The Evolution of a System. Archived from
3075:
3071:
Falcon 9 descending, just after landing legs were extended, May 2017
2903:
after its nose gear failed to deploy prior to landing, 13 March 2007
2880:
2110:
1919:
was mounted in. However, the single pivot-point design also led to
1896:
V1 first prototype, showing its complex "folding" main undercarriage
1735:
and other cargo aircraft can tilt forward or backward as necessary.
1471:
troop glider, and the first eight "trolley"-using prototypes of the
1382:
lifting body used the nose/main gear from the North American T-39 /
150:
6856:
6829:
6804:
6570:
6550:
6411:
6341:
6258:
6183:
6153:
6089:
4762:
http://everyspec.com/MIL-STD/MIL-STD-1700-1799/MIL-STD-1791C_55770/
4662:
http://everyspec.com/MIL-STD/MIL-STD-1700-1799/MIL-STD-1791C_55770/
4358:"Aerostories: Arado 234, July - August 1944: no ordinary missions."
3958:
Ferguson, J. A.; Seibels, R. E.; Corber, R. J. (1 September 1949).
3191:
3168:
2845:
2310:
The choice of the nose wheel tires is based on the nose wheel load
1902:
1732:
1544:
On most World War II single-engined fighter aircraft (and even one
962:
953:
used long-stroke legs to land from a steep approach with no float.
875:
733:
As aircraft weights have increased more wheels have been added and
391:
252:
96:
88:
49:
4445:
Air Force Legends Number 201 The Martin XB-51, Scott Libis, 1998,
6630:
6281:
6263:
6188:
2992:
2844:
Tires of many commercial aircraft are required to be filled with
1530:
1446:
972:
851:
820:
has twelve main wheels on two three-axles bogies, like the later
603:
65:
61:
57:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5392:
4750:
http://everyspec.com/MIL-SPECS/MIL-SPECS-MIL-L/MIL-L-87139_8546/
4390:
turned through ninety degrees after making contact with a guide.
4327:
3391:, an early example of an airplane with retractable landing gear.
3368:, an early example of an airplane with retractable landing gear.
3354:
Mars Pathfinder showing one of three petals and deflated airbags
1588:
GR7. Tandem undercarriage with extra support wheels under wings.
1366:
Flexible mounting of the stowed main landing-gear bogies on the
858:-900 has a four-wheel main gear inflated to 17.1 bar (248 psi).
6336:
6243:
6218:
6148:
4100:
Odedra, Jessaji; Hope, Geoff; Kennell, Colen (September 2004).
3871:
3835:
3211:
3179:
2958:
planes, this did cause several hundred flights to be canceled.
2042:
2016:
1996:
1976:
1784:
1594:
812:-200/300, which evolved in a complete four-wheel undercarriage
734:
387:
100:
4774:
Gordon, Yefim; Komissarov, Dmitry; Komissarov, Sergey (2004).
3314:
lander during a ground test encased in its cluster of air bags
1248:
Stroukoff YC-123E showing hydro-skis on pantobase landing gear
1172:. A seaplane designed from the outset with hydro-skis was the
6759:
6361:
6213:
5526:"SpaceX Retires Grasshopper, New Test Rig To Fly in December"
5389:
4776:
OKB Ilyushin: a History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft
4293:
Tupolev Tu-22 Blinder, Sergey Burdin & Alan E Dawes2006,
1771:
1630:. A variation of the multi tandem layout is also used on the
1415:
999:
are able to land on water using floats or a hull and floats.
813:
797:, with 24 wheels, needs an 18 in (46 cm) pavement.
251:(MTOW) and 1.5 to 1.75% of the aircraft cost, but 20% of the
5580:"SpaceX Leases Pad in New Mexico for Next Grasshopper Tests"
5364:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5356:
4265:. Flight International. 4 December 1976. pp. 1630â1635.
3927:"de havilland | 1961 | 0430 | Flight Archive"
2037:
1278:
showing inverted spray gutter from nose to behind propellers
5856:
5814:
4778:. Hinkley, England: Midland Publishing. pp. 255, 270.
4710:
Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982â83, John W.R. Taylor,
3128:
3119:
3095:
1865:
1153:
855:
5752:
Musk, Elon (1 March 2018). "Making Life Multi-Planetary".
5180:
4773:
3233:
The newest launch vehicle under development at SpaceXâthe
1293:
showing revised spray suppressor compared to that on US-1A
1133:
gutters channel spray to the rear of the propeller discs.
641:
Aircraft landing gear includes wheels equipped with solid
76:. For aircraft, Stinton makes the terminology distinction
5353:
5063:"Test Pilot" Tony Blackman, Grub Street Publishing 2009,
4377:. Atglen, PA USA: Schiffer Publishing. pp. 141â142.
3811:"The World's Largest Cargo Plane Can Swallow a 737 Whole"
3474:
Farnborough and the Fleet Air Arm, Geoffrey Cooper 2008,
1563:
753:
Multiple "tandem wheels" on an aircraftâparticularly for
84:
5935:"Problems hit Philae after historic first comet landing"
1537:
and the forward-retracting nose gear strut on the later
5413:. Federal Aviation Administration. 2000. pp. 11â17
3757:
Airbus A340 And A330, Guy Norris and Mark Wagner 2001,
3695:. Atglen, PA USA: Schiffer Publishing. pp. 40â42.
2087:
Two mechanics replacing a main landing gear wheel on a
370:, that is, a small deviation from straight-line travel
5165:
NASA's Subsonic Jet Transport Noise Reduction Research
5163:
Powell, Clemans A.; Preisser, John S. (January 2000).
5032:
Landing Gear Integration in Aircraft Conceptual Design
4998:
Landing Gear Integration in Aircraft Conceptual Design
4910:
https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971
4898:
https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1943/1943
4729:
Landing Gear Integration in Aircraft Conceptual Design
3330:
showing anchoring harpoons (2) and foot-pad screws (3)
3138:
vehicles during the early decades since the advent of
1606:
to evaluate its use on Martin's first jet bomber, the
1604:
a specially-modified Martin B-26 Marauder (the XB-26H)
800:
The twin-wheel unit on the fuselage centerline of the
5747:
5745:
4873:. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing. pp. 175â177.
4175:(Report). NASA. 1 September 1949. p. Figure 3(d)
3957:
3599:
Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, Sixth Edition
3149:. Each spaceflight system through 2015 had relied on
2710:
2681:
2661:
2641:
2607:
2580:
2560:
2540:
2520:
2346:
2316:
2282:
2255:
2235:
2157:
2127:
1864:
aircraft use landing gear located in their tails for
5821:. Cambridge University Press. p. 72,74,75,147.
5311:. Biggles Software. 29 December 2011. Archived from
4102:"Use of Seaplanes and Integration within a Sea Base"
1487:
1373:
1206:
V showing step on wing float and faired step on hull
703:
Simple spring steel bar, used on many light aircraft
688:
Rubber discs in compression with trailing link of a
336:Wheeled undercarriages normally come in two types:
6076:
5333:
5284:"Warsaw airport back to work after plane emergency"
379:. Aircraft with tail-strike protection include the
5742:
5721:"SpaceX Plans For Multiple Reusable Booster Tests"
5666:
5628:
4076:Use of Seaplanes and Integration within a Sea Base
3407:The Design Of The Aeroplane, Darrol Stinton 1983,
2809:
2693:
2667:
2647:
2627:
2593:
2566:
2546:
2526:
2503:
2329:
2295:
2268:
2241:
2218:
2140:
1656:
737:thickness has increased to keep within the runway
5454:
4099:
3649:. 11 September 1950 – via Internet Archive.
2999:
2954:Dash 8s had locking mechanism problems, so did 8
1947:. Bonmartini, in Italy, fitted tracked gear to a
1533:. The rearward-retracting nosewheel strut on the
7011:
6010:
5972:How to change the landing gear of an Airbus A380
4117:"Beriev A-40, Be-200, & Be-103 Flying Boats"
3740:
3198:The orbital-flight version of the test vehiclesâ
2923:was converted for a military spotting role (the
1541:similarly rotated 90 degrees as they retracted.
6013:"5: Undercarriage (Landing Gear) Layout Design"
5602:
3182:has initiated and funded a multimillion-dollar
2020:, used for steering on the ground exclusively.
1906:combat aircraft design competition winner, the
5695:"SpaceX Brings a Booster Safely Back to Earth"
5162:
4033:
4031:
3661:AMT Airframe Handbook Volume 2 (FAA-H-8083-31)
3134:), landing gear have been largely absent from
2979:
2307:(cg) to the main and nose gear, respectively.
2303:are the distance measured from the aircraft's
1921:numerous incidents of collapsed maingear units
1602:A tandem layout was evaluated by Martin using
1457:Historical examples include the "dolly"-using
1343:McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II in UK service
631:landing gear extension and retraction, ex-situ
6062:
5557:"Falcon 9 test vehicle destroyed in accident"
3998:Pepper, P.A.; Kaplan, L. (23 December 1966).
3298:Apollo Lunar Module showing landing gear legs
247:The landing gear represents 2.5 to 5% of the
5981:complete replacement of landing gear systems
5780:
5654:
4041:. 23 June 1952 – via Internet Archive.
3997:
3979:(Report). NASA. 1 September 1945. p. 25
3774:Civil Aircraft In Colour, Hiroshi Seo 1984,
1691:
874:has an additional main undercarriage on the
430:or wheels depending on their size and role.
5712:
5686:
5548:
5491:
4802:. Europa Aircraft Ltd. 2011. Archived from
4310:The X-Planes X-1 To X-31, Jay Miller 1988,
4028:
3653:
3525:
1665:The "castoring" main gear arrangement on a
1441:with its two-wheel takeoff "dolly" in place
78:undercarriage (British) = landing gear (US)
6069:
6055:
5975:(YouTube). Emirates Airline. 28 May 2018.
5863:. Cambridge University Press. p. 76.
5571:
5517:
5281:
5239:Call Back Aviation Safety Reporting System
5096:
5029:Chai, Sonny T.; Mason, William H. (1996).
4868:
4536:
4425:(2 ed.). Pen and Sword. p. 312.
4372:
3690:
3184:reusable launch system development program
946:to reduce its scatter from 300 m to 100m.
664:(pressurized gas or oil) with torque links
5028:
4683:. Conmilit Press Ltd. pp. 432, 434.
4145:
4000:"Survey on Seaplane Hydro-Ski Technology"
3808:
3220:Falcon 9 returning from an orbital launch
2628:{\displaystyle {\frac {a_{\text{x}}}{g}}}
2105:main-gear wheels and tires, February 1944
1348:The landing gear for an aircraft using a
263:and a 60,000 hours or 20 year life time.
235:Learn how and when to remove this message
5989:"Summary: Aircraft Design in a Nutshell"
5692:
5368:
5334:Stellan F. Hilmerby (24 November 2009).
5327:
5275:
5074:
5057:
5003:(Report). NASA. 1 March 1997. p. 30
4940:"History of Aircraft Track Landing Gear"
4249:"1971 | 0062 | Flight Archive"
4208:Sherman, Frederick S. (September 1956).
3074:
3066:
2991:A free-fall or gravity drop system uses
2890:
2879:
2093:
2082:
2036:
1954:
1888:
1847:
1798:
1765:
1660:
1580:
1491:
1430:
1414:
841:
724:
502:
33:
5660:
5082:"Goodyear Aviation Technical Resources"
5024:
5022:
5020:
5018:
4958:International Air Transport Association
4207:
4104:. Defense Technical Information Center.
3577:
3429:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 269.
2060:
1807:glider shows its monowheel landing gear
956:
567:have twin-wheel main landing gear legs.
38:The retractable main landing gear of a
16:Undercarriage of aircraft or spacecraft
7012:
5979:from the original on 8 November 2021.
5786:
5718:
5663:"SpaceX shows a leg for the "F-niner""
5460:
5282:Scislowska, Monika (3 November 2011).
4792:
4321:
4232:
4114:
3939:
3595:
3174:to governmental space initiatives has
2862:
1564:Variable axial position of main wheels
1328:
890:Wing and fuselage undercarriages on a
750:of almost 12 t (26,000 lb).
6050:
5577:
5554:
5523:
5497:
4599:
3744:Synthesis of Subsonic Airplane Design
3663:. Washington DC: FAA. pp. 13â24.
3578:Hoerner, Dr.-Ing. Sighard F. (1965).
3424:
2823:
1991:There are several types of steering.
1236:showing outline of hydroflaps at rear
729:Wheel arrangements of large airliners
5898:
5751:
5084:. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company
5015:
4127:from the original on 22 January 2022
3596:Raymer, Daniel (30 September 2018).
3120:vertical takeoff, horizontal landing
3028:National Transportation Safety Board
846:Front Landing Gear of the Boeing 767
513:Retraction of the landing gear of a
266:
173:adding citations to reliable sources
144:
25:. For the Devin the Dude album, see
6036:"Aircraft Systems: Aircraft Wheels"
5693:Belfiore, Michael (22 April 2014).
5425:
5371:"How Things Work: Ground Resonance"
4673:
4634:. Conmilit Press Ltd. p. 435.
4624:
4575:"North American NA-141 Fury (FJ-1)"
4509:. Conmilit Press Ltd. p. 436.
4499:
4418:
4237:(Report) – via ntrs.nasa.gov.
3962:(Report) – via ntrs.nasa.gov.
3947:(Report) – via ntrs.nasa.gov.
3747:, Delft University Press, Fig. 10-5
3044:List of wheel-well stowaway flights
2078:
1778:The unladen CG of the rear-engined
827:The 575 t (1,268,000 lb)
602:often have compartments similar to
498:
72:by some manufacturers, such as the
13:
5986:
5860:Planetary Landers and Entry Probes
5818:Planetary Landers and Entry Probes
4577:. Yanks Air Museum. Archived from
4470:Lookout Mountain Air Force Station
4233:Fisher, Lloyd J. (25 April 1950).
3940:Havens, Robert F. (1 April 1945).
3062:
2895:All Nippon Airways Flight 1603, a
2337:during braking at maximum effort:
2249:is the weight of the aircraft and
1966:
1774:resting on its extended tail strut
781:. The 210,000 lb (95 t)
636:
552:Retractable landing gear animation
14:
7036:
5952:
5937:. New Scientist. 14 November 2014
5902:Planetary Landers and Entry Probe
5369:Garrison, Peter (December 2008).
4422:Pegasus: The Heart of the Harrier
4051:
3809:Tarantola, Andrew (6 June 2013).
3153:boosters to begin each ascent to
1871:
1639:easier (using a technique called
1488:Rearwards and sideways retraction
1374:Gear common to different aircraft
1014:floatplane with amphibious floats
951:de Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou
738:
720:
5927:
5892:
5850:
5808:
5524:Klotz, Irene (17 October 2013).
5461:Hanlon, Michael (11 June 2013).
4764:Table III, Figures B-71 and B-95
4602:FH Phantom/F2H Banshee in action
4333:"Messerschmitt Me 163B-1a Komet"
4329:Canada Aviation and Space Museum
4211:Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics
3385:of jetliners and other aircraft.
3347:
3335:
3319:
3303:
3291:
2916:may require an engine overhaul.
1645:). Since tandem aircraft cannot
1576:
1358:
1313:
1298:
1283:
1268:
1253:
1241:
1226:
1211:
1196:
1096:
1081:
1066:
1050:
1034:
1019:
1004:
933:
918:
899:
883:
863:
850:The 97 t (214,000 lb)
708:
696:
681:
669:
654:
611:
591:
572:
557:
545:
483:
468:
453:
438:
321:
306:
291:
276:
149:
6011:Al-Hussaini, A.A. (2014â2015).
5787:Baylor, Michael (2 June 2019).
5498:Foust, Jeff (18 October 2013).
5301:
5261:NTSB Identification: LAX05IA312
5253:
5223:
5174:
5156:
5144:
5135:
5118:
4990:
4950:
4932:
4915:
4903:
4891:
4862:
4844:
4824:
4818:
4767:
4755:
4743:
4721:
4704:
4674:Niu, Michael Chun-Yung (1998).
4667:
4655:
4625:Niu, Michael Chun-Yung (1998).
4618:
4593:
4567:
4530:
4500:Niu, Michael Chun-Yung (1998).
4493:
4476:
4456:
4439:
4412:
4395:
4366:
4351:
4304:
4287:
4269:
4255:
4241:
4226:
4201:
4187:
4162:
4139:
4108:
4093:
4068:
4045:
3991:
3966:
3951:
3933:
3919:
3893:
3865:"A350 aircraft characteristics"
3857:
3829:"A321 aircraft characteristics"
3821:
3802:
3785:
3768:
3751:
3734:
3717:
3684:
3667:
3639:
3589:
3224:controlled ocean soft touchdown
2970:LOT Polish Airlines Flight LO16
2116:
1959:Experimental tracked gear on a
1939:in 1938 for taxi tests, then a
1884:
1745:
1657:Crosswind landing accommodation
1614:. It was also used on the U-2,
160:needs additional citations for
6979:In-flight entertainment system
6676:Horizontal situation indicator
5996:Aircraft Design: Lecture Notes
5905:. Cambridge University Press.
5555:Foust, Jeff (23 August 2014).
4800:"Europa XS Monowheel Overview"
3571:
3552:
3519:
3502:
3485:
3468:
3443:
3418:
3401:
3259:) or pod landers (for example
3000:Ground resonance in rotorcraft
2770:
2750:
2701:results in the maximum value:
2411:
2399:
1983:A prototype jet recon-bomber.
1834:
1401:
1061:flying boat with beaching gear
1:
5719:Norris, Guy (28 April 2014).
5661:Lindsey, Clark (2 May 2013).
4115:Goebel, Greg (1 April 2021).
3395:
3222:and was the first successful
3160:Advances during the 2010s in
3057:
2972:successfully belly landed at
2594:{\displaystyle h_{\text{cg}}}
1923:for its prototype airframes.
1843:
1720:and on early versions of the
1445:Some aircraft use wheels for
1426:
1144:Hydro flaps were used on the
1045:with landing gear on the side
676:Oleo strut with trailing link
645:on light planes, and air/oil
582:main legs have multiple-axle
6959:Environmental control system
5774:10.1089/space.2018.29013.emu
5638:. SpaceX News. 12 April 2013
5463:"Roll up for the Red Planet"
5404:"Rotorcraft Flying Handbook"
4871:German Aircraft Landing Gear
4869:Sengfelder, GĂŒnther (1993).
4539:German Aircraft Landing Gear
4537:Sengfelder, GĂŒnther (1993).
4375:German Aircraft Landing Gear
4373:Sengfelder, GĂŒnther (1993).
4146:Feuerbach, Theodore (1951).
3838:. April 2020. Archived from
3693:German Aircraft Landing Gear
3691:Sengfelder, GĂŒnther (1993).
3037:
2875:
2853:Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye
2330:{\displaystyle F_{\text{n}}}
2296:{\displaystyle l_{\text{n}}}
2269:{\displaystyle l_{\text{m}}}
2141:{\displaystyle F_{\text{m}}}
1794:
1029:floatplane with three floats
762:central fuselage structure.
7:
5899:Ball, Andrew (2007). "26".
5612:. SpaceX News. 29 July 2013
4363:. Retrieved: 16 March 2016.
3359:
3123:(VTHL) approach (e.g., the
2980:Emergency extension systems
2835:Nigeria Airways Flight 2120
1995:aircraft may be steered by
1986:
1761:Boeing C-17 Globemaster III
839:, and 28 main gear wheels.
804:-30/40 was retained on the
140:
48:is the undercarriage of an
10:
7043:
6636:Course deviation indicator
6327:Electro-hydraulic actuator
5578:Leone, Dan (13 May 2013).
5106:(Report). 26 February 1993
4944:Air Force Materiel Command
4677:Airframe Structural Design
4628:Airframe Structural Design
4503:Airframe Structural Design
4039:"Aviation Week 1952-06-23"
3874:. May 2020. Archived from
3647:"Aviation Week 1950-09-11"
3526:Gerd Roloff (April 2002).
3383:Undercarriage arrangements
3250:
3041:
3003:
2963:JetBlue Airways Flight 292
2944:SK1209, SK2478, and SK2867
2885:JetBlue Airways Flight 292
1999:alone (depending upon the
1926:
1787:wheels to allow towing or
1546:German heavy bomber design
1168:, known as the Panto-base
960:
418:Fairchild XC-120 Packplane
330:Fairchild XC-120 Packplane
20:
6926:
6905:
6867:Conventional landing gear
6838:
6734:
6569:
6435:
6272:
6088:
5309:"Boeing 757 Landing Gear"
5202:10.1260/1475-472X.9.6.763
3741:Egbert Torenbeek (1976),
3096:vertical-landing vehicles
2899:, resting on its nose at
2069:
2053:, and the tail wheel for
2032:
2023:
1811:To minimize drag, modern
1263:showing deep vee forebody
1043:Consolidated PBY Catalina
925:Main landing gear of the
779:flexible asphalt pavement
342:Conventional landing gear
283:Conventional/taildragger
6651:Flight management system
5911:10.1017/CBO9780511536052
5869:10.1017/CBO9780511536052
5827:10.1017/CBO9780511536052
5440:Flight Safety Foundation
5377:. Air and Space Magazine
5340:Stellans Flightsim Pages
3427:A Dictionary of Aviation
3425:Wragg, David W. (1973).
3366:Dayton-Wright RB-1 Racer
3034:than those with wheels.
3015:fully articulated rotors
1856:showing its landing gear
1718:North American FJ-1 Fury
894:, shortly before landing
6954:Emergency oxygen system
6716:Turn and slip indicator
6511:Leading-edge droop flap
6481:Drag-reducing aerospike
6456:Adaptive compliant wing
6451:Active Aeroelastic Wing
4220:10.5962/bhl.title.38156
4195:"Aircraft landing gear"
3528:"Aircraft Landing Gear"
3389:Verville Racer Aircraft
3268:Mars Science Laboratory
2961:On September 21, 2005,
2101:groundcrew servicing a
1586:Hawker Siddeley Harrier
1568:The main wheels on the
1454:used this arrangement.
1406:
1323:showing twin hydro-skis
802:McDonnell Douglas DC-10
787:McDonnell Douglas DC-10
74:Glenn L. Martin Company
7020:Aircraft undercarriage
6994:Passenger service unit
6795:Self-sealing fuel tank
6691:Multi-function display
5965:. FAA. 6 October 2005.
4007:Department of the Navy
3111:Lunar Lander Challenge
3084:
3072:
2904:
2897:Bombardier Dash 8 Q400
2888:
2811:
2695:
2669:
2649:
2629:
2595:
2568:
2548:
2528:
2505:
2331:
2297:
2270:
2243:
2220:
2142:
2106:
2091:
2046:
1963:
1897:
1857:
1821:monowheel landing gear
1808:
1775:
1669:
1589:
1501:
1442:
1420:
1181:Lockheed Constellation
1106:with inflatable floats
847:
730:
518:
249:maximum takeoff weight
123:Safran Landing Systems
95:, allowing for faster
42:
6974:Ice protection system
6892:Tricycle landing gear
6882:Landing gear extender
6099:Aft pressure bulkhead
5699:MIT Technology Review
3602:. AIAA. p. 230.
3372:Landing gear extender
3239:prototype of Starship
3125:Space Shuttle orbiter
3078:
3070:
2988:or free-fall system.
2974:Warsaw Chopin Airport
2968:On November 1, 2011,
2940:Scandinavian Airlines
2894:
2883:
2812:
2696:
2670:
2650:
2630:
2596:
2569:
2549:
2529:
2506:
2332:
2298:
2271:
2244:
2221:
2143:
2097:
2086:
2051:tricycle landing gear
2040:
1979:B rocket fighter and
1958:
1892:
1851:
1802:
1769:
1727:The nosewheel on the
1722:McDonnell F2H Banshee
1664:
1584:
1495:
1459:Messerschmitt Me 163
1434:
1418:
1396:General Dynamics F-16
845:
743:Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI
728:
512:
372:will tend to increase
354:Tricycle landing gear
261:time between overhaul
131:Raytheon Technologies
37:
6939:Auxiliary power unit
6347:Flight control modes
5241:. No. 292. NASA
4962:"Technology Roadmap"
4419:Dow, Andrew (2015).
4056:(Report). p. 35
2948:Bombardier Aerospace
2708:
2679:
2659:
2639:
2605:
2578:
2558:
2538:
2518:
2344:
2314:
2280:
2253:
2233:
2155:
2125:
2061:Differential braking
2005:differential braking
1628:Sud Aviation Vautour
1519:Messerschmitt Me 210
1466:Messerschmitt Me 321
1464:rocket fighter, the
1380:Martin-Marietta X-24
1321:Convair F2Y Sea Dart
1308:showing water rudder
1174:Convair F2Y Sea Dart
1138:Republic RC-3 Seabee
957:Operation from water
927:Antonov An-225 Mriya
906:The 20-wheeled main
649:on larger aircraft.
477:Boeing CH-47 Chinook
169:improve this article
6918:Escape crew capsule
6825:War emergency power
6696:Pitotâstatic system
6541:Variable-sweep wing
6249:Vertical stabilizer
5794:NASASpaceFlight.com
5766:2018NewSp...6....2M
5590:on 3 September 2013
4856:www5a.biglobe.ne.jp
4600:Mesko, Jim (2002).
4581:on 18 December 2015
4543:Schiffer Publishing
4339:on 18 February 2009
4277:"New life for lynx"
4150:(Report). p. 4
3540:on 22 November 2008
3455:Aviation Dictionary
3257:Apollo Lunar Module
3107:Armadillo Aerospace
2863:Future developments
2857:Lockheed C-5 Galaxy
2831:Hawker Siddeley 748
2694:{\displaystyle T=0}
2574:is the thrust, and
1763:use ramp supports.
1740:Boeing AH-64 Apache
1686:Lockheed C-5 Galaxy
1632:B-52 Stratofortress
1515:Grumman F6F Hellcat
1339:Blackburn Buccaneer
1329:Shipboard operation
987:amphibious aircraft
773:A relatively light
565:Narrowbody aircraft
460:Tricycle nosewheel
445:Tricycle tailwheel
6626:Attitude indicator
6606:Airspeed indicator
6601:Aircraft periscope
5671:on 31 October 2014
5559:. NewSpace Journal
5536:on 21 October 2013
4827:"Skids or Wheels?"
4806:on 5 December 2008
4545:. pp. 40â42.
4263:"Ski Jump Harrier"
4016:on 29 January 2020
3564:2021-03-10 at the
3085:
3073:
2905:
2889:
2824:Inflation pressure
2807:
2691:
2665:
2645:
2625:
2591:
2564:
2544:
2524:
2501:
2327:
2293:
2266:
2239:
2216:
2138:
2107:
2092:
2089:Lockheed P-3 Orion
2047:
1964:
1898:
1858:
1809:
1776:
1670:
1637:crosswind landings
1590:
1570:Vought F7U Cutlass
1511:Vought F4U Corsair
1502:
1496:A Royal Air Force
1443:
1421:
1160:flying boat hull.
848:
731:
606:for the main gear.
519:
405:spy plane and the
381:B-29 Superfortress
116:spacecraft landers
43:
7007:
7006:
6934:Aircraft lavatory
6671:Heading indicator
6616:Annunciator panel
6596:Air data computer
6506:Leading-edge cuff
6042:. 8 October 2019.
5920:978-0-521-82002-8
5878:978-0-521-82002-8
5836:978-0-521-82002-8
5232:"Gear Up Checkup"
5053:– via NASA.
4927:978 1 58007 129 1
4488:978 0 8117 3238 3
4432:978-1-84884-042-3
4407:978 1 58007 110 9
3797:978 0 7603 3838 4
3617:978-1-62410-490-9
3514:978-1-58007-129-1
3480:978 1 85780 306 8
3279:for redundancy.
3113:vehicle), or for
3023:natural frequency
2996:use for landing.
2956:Austrian Airlines
2936:Bombardier Dash 8
2799:
2795:
2782:
2768:
2762:
2747:
2734:
2718:
2668:{\displaystyle D}
2648:{\displaystyle L}
2623:
2617:
2588:
2567:{\displaystyle T}
2547:{\displaystyle D}
2527:{\displaystyle L}
2476:
2470:
2454:
2450:
2437:
2426:
2397:
2393:
2380:
2369:
2354:
2324:
2305:center of gravity
2290:
2263:
2242:{\displaystyle W}
2208:
2204:
2191:
2180:
2165:
2135:
2103:Heinkel He 177A's
1941:Fairchild Cornell
1937:Westland Lysander
1805:Schleicher ASG 29
1713:aircraft carriers
745:, a large German
715:Simple steel tube
622:
580:Widebody aircraft
523:retractable gear.
510:
399:center of gravity
267:Gear arrangements
245:
244:
237:
219:
127:Collins Aerospace
107:runway loading).
56:that is used for
7032:
7025:Aircraft systems
6989:Navigation light
6969:Hydraulic system
6944:Bleed air system
6872:Drogue parachute
6546:Vortex generator
6164:Interplane strut
6071:
6064:
6057:
6048:
6047:
6043:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6017:
6007:
6005:
6003:
5993:
5987:Scholz, Dieter.
5983:
5966:
5964:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5942:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5896:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5784:
5778:
5777:
5749:
5740:
5739:
5733:
5731:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5676:
5670:
5665:. Archived from
5658:
5652:
5651:
5645:
5643:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5619:
5617:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5586:. Archived from
5575:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5532:. Archived from
5521:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5504:NewSpace Journal
5495:
5489:
5488:
5480:
5478:
5469:. Archived from
5458:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5437:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5408:
5400:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5366:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5315:on 24 March 2009
5305:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5236:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5187:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5142:
5139:
5133:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5078:
5072:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5037:
5026:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5008:
5002:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4977:
4971:. Archived from
4966:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4936:
4930:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4771:
4765:
4759:
4753:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4725:
4719:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4700:on 11 July 2011.
4699:
4693:. Archived from
4682:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4651:on 11 July 2011.
4650:
4644:. Archived from
4633:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4526:on 11 July 2011.
4525:
4519:. Archived from
4508:
4497:
4491:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4460:
4454:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4416:
4410:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4370:
4364:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4335:. Archived from
4325:
4319:
4308:
4302:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4281:Flightglobal.com
4273:
4267:
4266:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4174:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4080:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4052:Brown, David R.
4049:
4043:
4042:
4035:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4015:
4009:. Archived from
4004:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3978:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3905:flightglobal.com
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3880:
3869:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3845:on 27 March 2019
3844:
3833:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3806:
3800:
3789:
3783:
3772:
3766:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3738:
3732:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3688:
3682:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3608:10.2514/4.104909
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3575:
3569:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3532:
3523:
3517:
3506:
3500:
3489:
3483:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3422:
3416:
3405:
3351:
3339:
3323:
3307:
3295:
3155:orbital velocity
3019:ground resonance
3006:Ground resonance
2952:Horizon Airlines
2921:Cessna Skymaster
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2609:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2462:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2079:Tires and wheels
1935:was fitted to a
1879:Cessna Airmaster
1854:Convair XFY Pogo
1829:Second World War
1550:P-47 Thunderbolt
1539:Cessna Skymaster
1452:SNCASE Baroudeur
1411:
1410:
1317:
1302:
1287:
1276:Shin Meiwa US-1A
1272:
1257:
1245:
1234:Martin SeaMaster
1230:
1215:
1204:Short Sunderland
1200:
1189:Lockheed Neptune
1170:Stroukoff YC-134
1150:Martin SeaMaster
1130:Shin Meiwa US-1A
1118:Short Sunderland
1100:
1085:
1070:
1054:
1038:
1023:
1008:
922:
903:
887:
867:
775:Lockheed JetStar
712:
700:
685:
673:
658:
624:
623:
595:
576:
561:
549:
511:
499:Retractable gear
487:
472:
457:
442:
407:Harrier jump jet
325:
310:
295:
280:
240:
233:
229:
226:
220:
218:
177:
153:
145:
7042:
7041:
7035:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7030:
7029:
7010:
7009:
7008:
7003:
6999:Ram air turbine
6964:Flight recorder
6922:
6901:
6834:
6815:Thrust reversal
6739:
6730:
6701:Radar altimeter
6666:Head-up display
6576:
6565:
6461:Anti-shock body
6443:
6431:
6292:Artificial feel
6274:Flight controls
6268:
6134:Fabric covering
6084:
6080:components and
6075:
6034:
6025:
6023:
6020:Aircraft Design
6015:
6001:
5999:
5991:
5969:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5950:
5940:
5938:
5933:
5932:
5928:
5921:
5897:
5893:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5855:
5851:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5813:
5809:
5799:
5797:
5785:
5781:
5750:
5743:
5729:
5727:
5717:
5713:
5703:
5701:
5691:
5687:
5674:
5672:
5659:
5655:
5641:
5639:
5634:
5633:
5629:
5615:
5613:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5593:
5591:
5576:
5572:
5562:
5560:
5553:
5549:
5539:
5537:
5522:
5518:
5508:
5506:
5496:
5492:
5476:
5474:
5473:on 12 June 2013
5459:
5455:
5445:
5443:
5442:. MayâJune 1997
5435:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5416:
5414:
5406:
5402:
5401:
5390:
5380:
5378:
5375:airspacemag.com
5367:
5354:
5344:
5342:
5332:
5328:
5318:
5316:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5292:
5290:
5280:
5276:
5266:
5264:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5244:
5242:
5234:
5228:
5224:
5214:
5212:
5185:
5179:
5175:
5167:
5161:
5157:
5149:
5145:
5141:MIL87139, p. 24
5140:
5136:
5123:
5119:
5109:
5107:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5087:
5085:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5062:
5058:
5048:
5046:
5035:
5027:
5016:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4964:
4955:
4951:
4946:. 30 July 2019.
4938:
4937:
4933:
4920:
4916:
4908:
4904:
4896:
4892:
4881:
4867:
4863:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4835:
4833:
4823:
4819:
4809:
4807:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4786:
4772:
4768:
4760:
4756:
4748:
4744:
4734:
4732:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4709:
4705:
4697:
4691:
4680:
4672:
4668:
4660:
4656:
4648:
4642:
4631:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4598:
4594:
4584:
4582:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4553:
4535:
4531:
4523:
4517:
4506:
4498:
4494:
4481:
4477:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4417:
4413:
4400:
4396:
4385:
4371:
4367:
4356:
4352:
4342:
4340:
4326:
4322:
4318:, p.169 and 190
4309:
4305:
4292:
4288:
4283:. 16 July 2002.
4275:
4274:
4270:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4231:
4227:
4214:. p. 189.
4206:
4202:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4153:
4151:
4144:
4140:
4130:
4128:
4113:
4109:
4098:
4094:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4059:
4057:
4050:
4046:
4037:
4036:
4029:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4002:
3996:
3992:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3956:
3952:
3944:
3938:
3934:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3910:
3908:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3807:
3803:
3790:
3786:
3773:
3769:
3756:
3752:
3739:
3735:
3722:
3718:
3703:
3689:
3685:
3672:
3668:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3628:
3618:
3594:
3590:
3582:
3576:
3572:
3566:Wayback Machine
3557:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3524:
3520:
3507:
3503:
3490:
3486:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3423:
3419:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3362:
3355:
3352:
3343:
3340:
3331:
3324:
3315:
3312:Mars Pathfinder
3308:
3299:
3296:
3282:In the case of
3261:Mars Pathfinder
3253:
3165:space transport
3089:launch vehicles
3065:
3063:Launch vehicles
3060:
3051:numerous deaths
3046:
3040:
3008:
3002:
2982:
2878:
2865:
2826:
2792:
2788:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2744:
2740:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2614:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2585:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2447:
2443:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2390:
2386:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2081:
2072:
2063:
2035:
2026:
1989:
1972:Ground carriage
1969:
1967:Ground carriage
1961:B-36 Peacemaker
1929:
1887:
1874:
1846:
1837:
1797:
1748:
1694:
1692:"Kneeling" gear
1659:
1651:angle of attack
1620:Yakovlev Yak-25
1616:Myasishchev M-4
1579:
1566:
1554:Grumman Bearcat
1490:
1429:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1376:
1361:
1331:
1324:
1318:
1309:
1303:
1294:
1291:Shin Meiwa US-2
1288:
1279:
1273:
1264:
1258:
1249:
1246:
1237:
1231:
1222:
1216:
1207:
1201:
1166:Fairchild C-123
1107:
1101:
1092:
1086:
1077:
1071:
1062:
1057:Non-amphibious
1055:
1046:
1039:
1030:
1024:
1015:
1009:
965:
959:
936:
929:
923:
914:
904:
895:
888:
879:
868:
723:
716:
713:
704:
701:
692:
686:
677:
674:
665:
659:
643:shock absorbers
639:
637:Shock absorbers
632:
625:
612:
607:
596:
587:
577:
568:
562:
553:
550:
503:
501:
494:
488:
479:
473:
464:
458:
449:
443:
332:
326:
317:
311:
302:
296:
287:
281:
269:
241:
230:
224:
221:
178:
176:
166:
154:
143:
112:launch vehicles
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7040:
7039:
7028:
7027:
7022:
7005:
7004:
7002:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6984:Landing lights
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6930:
6928:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6915:
6909:
6907:
6906:Escape systems
6903:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6848:
6846:
6844:arresting gear
6836:
6835:
6833:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6800:Splitter plate
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6746:
6744:
6732:
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6119:Cruciform tail
6116:
6114:Crack arrestor
6111:
6106:
6101:
6095:
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6086:
6085:
6074:
6073:
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5954:
5953:External links
5951:
5949:
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5926:
5919:
5891:
5877:
5849:
5835:
5807:
5779:
5741:
5711:
5685:
5653:
5636:"Landing Legs"
5627:
5610:"Landing Legs"
5601:
5570:
5547:
5516:
5490:
5453:
5424:
5388:
5352:
5336:"Landing Gear"
5326:
5300:
5274:
5263:(Report). NTSB
5252:
5222:
5196:(6): 763â786.
5173:
5155:
5143:
5134:
5117:
5095:
5073:
5056:
5014:
4989:
4978:on 14 May 2014
4949:
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4541:. Atglen, PA:
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4121:airvectors.net
4107:
4092:
4067:
4044:
4027:
3990:
3965:
3950:
3932:
3918:
3892:
3881:on 31 May 2019
3856:
3820:
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3784:
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3750:
3733:
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3666:
3652:
3638:
3616:
3588:
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3551:
3518:
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3484:
3467:
3451:"Landing gear"
3442:
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3399:
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3309:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3290:
3252:
3249:
3147:space programs
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3042:Main article:
3039:
3036:
3004:Main article:
3001:
2998:
2981:
2978:
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2176:
2170:
2161:
2131:
2118:
2115:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2041:The nose gear
2034:
2031:
2025:
2022:
1988:
1985:
1968:
1965:
1945:Douglas Boston
1928:
1925:
1908:Junkers Ju 288
1886:
1883:
1873:
1872:Light aircraft
1870:
1845:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1825:Europa Classic
1817:monowheel gear
1796:
1793:
1780:Ilyushin IL-62
1757:Lockheed C-130
1747:
1744:
1693:
1690:
1658:
1655:
1612:B-47 Stratojet
1578:
1575:
1565:
1562:
1535:Heinkel He 219
1527:Aero Commander
1489:
1486:
1428:
1425:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1375:
1372:
1360:
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1330:
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1033:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1010:
1003:
961:Main article:
958:
955:
940:Saab 37 Viggen
935:
932:
931:
930:
924:
917:
915:
905:
898:
896:
892:Boeing 747-400
889:
882:
880:
869:
862:
837:Antonov An-124
833:Antonov An-225
765:The prototype
755:cargo aircraft
722:
721:Large aircraft
719:
718:
717:
714:
707:
705:
702:
695:
693:
687:
680:
678:
675:
668:
666:
660:
653:
638:
635:
634:
633:
626:
610:
608:
600:cargo aircraft
597:
590:
588:
578:
571:
569:
563:
556:
554:
551:
544:
517:after take-off
500:
497:
496:
495:
489:
482:
480:
474:
467:
465:
462:Sikorsky CH-54
459:
452:
450:
444:
437:
435:
363:
362:
350:
334:
333:
327:
320:
318:
312:
305:
303:
297:
290:
288:
282:
275:
273:
268:
265:
243:
242:
184:"Landing gear"
157:
155:
148:
142:
139:
70:alighting gear
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7038:
7037:
7026:
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6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6927:Other systems
6925:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6913:Ejection seat
6911:
6910:
6908:
6904:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6857:Arrestor hook
6855:
6853:
6852:Aircraft tire
6850:
6849:
6847:
6845:
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6837:
6831:
6828:
6826:
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6682:
6679:
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6667:
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6662:
6659:
6657:
6656:Glass cockpit
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
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6629:
6627:
6624:
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6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6591:Air data boom
6589:
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6398:
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6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6372:Rudder pedals
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
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6350:
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6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
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6240:
6237:
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6232:
6230:
6229:Trailing edge
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6209:Stressed skin
6207:
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5783:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5748:
5746:
5738:
5726:
5725:Aviation Week
5722:
5715:
5700:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5669:
5664:
5657:
5650:
5637:
5631:
5624:
5611:
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5589:
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5551:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5520:
5505:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5486:
5472:
5468:
5467:The Telegraph
5464:
5457:
5441:
5434:
5428:
5412:
5405:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5376:
5372:
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5341:
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5304:
5289:
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5262:
5256:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5190:Aeroacoustics
5184:
5177:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5147:
5138:
5131:
5130:0 86720 621 7
5127:
5121:
5105:
5099:
5083:
5077:
5070:
5069:9781906502362
5066:
5060:
5045:
5041:
5034:
5033:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5019:
4999:
4993:
4974:
4970:
4963:
4960:(June 2014).
4959:
4953:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4928:
4924:
4918:
4911:
4906:
4899:
4894:
4887:
4882:
4880:0-88740-470-7
4876:
4872:
4865:
4857:
4853:
4847:
4832:
4828:
4825:Cox, Taylor.
4821:
4805:
4801:
4795:
4787:
4785:1-85780-187-3
4781:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4758:
4751:
4746:
4730:
4724:
4717:
4716:0 7106 0748 2
4713:
4707:
4696:
4692:
4690:962-7128-04-X
4686:
4679:
4678:
4670:
4663:
4658:
4647:
4643:
4641:962-7128-04-X
4637:
4630:
4629:
4621:
4613:
4611:0-89747-444-9
4607:
4603:
4596:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4563:
4561:
4554:
4552:0-88740-470-7
4548:
4544:
4540:
4533:
4522:
4518:
4516:962-7128-04-X
4512:
4505:
4504:
4496:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4451:0 942612 00 0
4448:
4442:
4434:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4415:
4409:, pp. 106/107
4408:
4404:
4398:
4391:
4386:
4384:0-88740-470-7
4380:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4359:
4354:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4317:
4316:0 517 56749 0
4313:
4307:
4300:
4299:1 84415 241 3
4296:
4290:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4264:
4258:
4250:
4244:
4236:
4229:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4204:
4196:
4190:
4171:
4165:
4149:
4142:
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4122:
4118:
4111:
4103:
4096:
4077:
4071:
4055:
4048:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4012:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3975:
3969:
3961:
3954:
3943:
3936:
3928:
3922:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3860:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3781:
3780:0 7106 0346 0
3777:
3771:
3764:
3763:0 7603 0889 6
3760:
3754:
3746:
3745:
3737:
3730:
3729:1 58007 042 6
3726:
3720:
3713:
3711:
3704:
3702:0-88740-470-7
3698:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3679:0 06 088241 7
3676:
3670:
3662:
3656:
3648:
3642:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3592:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3559:Article title
3555:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3499:, pp. 193/194
3498:
3497:0-921022-01-8
3494:
3488:
3482:, pp. 197â205
3481:
3477:
3471:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3438:
3436:9780850451634
3432:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3413:0-632-01877-1
3410:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3350:
3345:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3326:Comet lander
3322:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3301:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3216:working fluid
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3117:that use the
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3069:
3055:
3052:
3045:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3007:
2997:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:O-2 Skymaster
2922:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2910:belly landing
2902:
2901:KĆchi Airport
2898:
2893:
2886:
2882:
2873:
2869:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2821:
2804:
2801:
2789:
2785:
2776:
2765:
2756:
2741:
2737:
2728:
2721:
2712:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2662:
2642:
2620:
2611:
2582:
2561:
2554:is the drag,
2541:
2534:is the lift,
2521:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2464:
2457:
2444:
2440:
2431:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2387:
2383:
2374:
2363:
2357:
2348:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2284:
2257:
2236:
2213:
2210:
2198:
2194:
2185:
2174:
2168:
2159:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2129:
2114:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1895:
1891:
1882:
1880:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1860:Experimental
1855:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1801:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1587:
1583:
1577:Tandem layout
1574:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:Junkers Ju 88
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1494:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1453:
1448:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1417:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1384:Northrop T-38
1381:
1371:
1369:
1368:Tupolev Tu-22
1364:
1359:In-flight use
1356:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:landing flare
1322:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1219:Kawanishi H8K
1214:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1158:Kawanishi H8K
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:Martin Marlin
1143:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1126:Martin Marlin
1121:
1119:
1115:
1114:Kawanishi H8K
1105:
1104:Schweizer 300
1099:
1094:
1090:
1089:Sikorsky HH-3
1084:
1079:
1076:with sponsons
1075:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1002:
1001:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
988:
983:
981:
976:
974:
970:
964:
954:
952:
947:
945:
941:
934:STOL aircraft
928:
921:
916:
913:
909:
908:undercarriage
902:
897:
893:
886:
881:
877:
873:
866:
861:
860:
859:
857:
853:
844:
840:
838:
834:
830:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
768:
767:Convair XB-36
763:
760:
756:
751:
748:
744:
740:
739:loading limit
736:
727:
711:
706:
699:
694:
691:
684:
679:
672:
667:
663:
657:
652:
651:
650:
648:
644:
630:
609:
605:
601:
594:
589:
585:
581:
575:
570:
566:
560:
555:
548:
543:
542:
541:
538:
533:
529:
526:
524:
516:
493:
486:
481:
478:
471:
466:
463:
456:
451:
448:
441:
436:
433:
432:
431:
429:
425:
421:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
386:
382:
378:
373:
369:
360:
356:
355:
351:
348:
347:"taildragger"
344:
343:
339:
338:
337:
331:
324:
319:
316:
315:AV-8B Harrier
309:
304:
301:
294:
289:
286:
279:
274:
271:
270:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
239:
236:
228:
217:
214:
210:
207:
203:
200:
196:
193:
189:
186: â
185:
181:
180:Find sources:
174:
170:
164:
163:
158:This section
156:
152:
147:
146:
138:
136:
135:HĂ©roux-Devtek
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
108:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
30:
29:
24:
19:
6949:Deicing boot
6877:Landing gear
6876:
6839:
6820:Townend ring
6810:Thrust lever
6785:NACA cowling
6750:Autothrottle
6742:fuel systems
6740:devices and
6531:Stall strips
6501:Krueger flap
6471:Channel wing
6417:Wing warping
6407:Stick shaker
6402:Stick pusher
6322:Dual control
6307:Centre stick
6174:Leading edge
6144:Flying wires
6104:Cabane strut
6039:
6024:. Retrieved
6019:
6000:. Retrieved
5995:
5980:
5971:
5939:. Retrieved
5929:
5901:
5894:
5882:. Retrieved
5859:
5852:
5840:. Retrieved
5817:
5810:
5798:. Retrieved
5792:
5782:
5757:
5753:
5735:
5728:. Retrieved
5724:
5714:
5702:. Retrieved
5698:
5688:
5680:
5673:. Retrieved
5668:the original
5656:
5647:
5640:. Retrieved
5630:
5621:
5614:. Retrieved
5604:
5592:. Retrieved
5588:the original
5583:
5573:
5561:. Retrieved
5550:
5538:. Retrieved
5534:the original
5529:
5519:
5507:. Retrieved
5503:
5493:
5483:
5482:
5475:. Retrieved
5471:the original
5466:
5456:
5444:. Retrieved
5427:
5415:. Retrieved
5410:
5379:. Retrieved
5374:
5343:. Retrieved
5339:
5329:
5317:. Retrieved
5313:the original
5303:
5291:. Retrieved
5287:
5277:
5265:. Retrieved
5255:
5243:. Retrieved
5238:
5225:
5213:. Retrieved
5193:
5189:
5176:
5158:
5146:
5137:
5120:
5108:. Retrieved
5098:
5086:. Retrieved
5076:
5059:
5047:. Retrieved
5031:
5005:. Retrieved
4992:
4980:. Retrieved
4973:the original
4968:
4952:
4943:
4934:
4917:
4905:
4893:
4884:
4870:
4864:
4855:
4846:
4834:. Retrieved
4830:
4820:
4808:. Retrieved
4804:the original
4794:
4775:
4769:
4757:
4745:
4733:. Retrieved
4723:
4706:
4695:the original
4676:
4669:
4657:
4646:the original
4627:
4620:
4601:
4595:
4583:. Retrieved
4579:the original
4569:
4556:
4538:
4532:
4521:the original
4502:
4495:
4478:
4464:
4458:
4441:
4421:
4414:
4397:
4388:
4374:
4368:
4360:
4353:
4341:. Retrieved
4337:the original
4323:
4306:
4289:
4280:
4271:
4257:
4243:
4228:
4210:
4203:
4189:
4177:. Retrieved
4164:
4152:. Retrieved
4141:
4129:. Retrieved
4120:
4110:
4095:
4083:. Retrieved
4070:
4058:. Retrieved
4047:
4018:. Retrieved
4011:the original
4006:
3993:
3981:. Retrieved
3968:
3953:
3935:
3921:
3909:. Retrieved
3904:
3895:
3883:. Retrieved
3876:the original
3859:
3847:. Retrieved
3840:the original
3823:
3814:
3804:
3787:
3770:
3753:
3743:
3736:
3719:
3706:
3692:
3686:
3669:
3660:
3655:
3641:
3629:. Retrieved
3598:
3591:
3573:
3554:
3542:. Retrieved
3535:the original
3521:
3504:
3487:
3470:
3458:. Retrieved
3454:
3445:
3426:
3420:
3403:
3311:
3283:
3281:
3274:
3272:
3265:
3254:
3242:
3232:
3208:carbon fiber
3204:Falcon Heavy
3197:
3159:
3144:governmental
3118:
3086:
3079:
3047:
3032:
3009:
2990:
2983:
2967:
2960:
2933:
2918:
2906:
2870:
2866:
2850:
2843:
2839:
2827:
2819:
2513:
2309:
2228:
2120:
2117:Gear loading
2108:
2073:
2064:
2055:taildraggers
2048:
2027:
2015:
2013:
2004:
1990:
1981:Arado Ar 234
1970:
1930:
1901:
1899:
1885:Folding gear
1875:
1859:
1838:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1777:
1753:Douglas C-54
1749:
1746:Tail support
1737:
1729:Lockheed C-5
1726:
1708:jet fighters
1702:
1698:Arado Ar 232
1695:
1682:
1678:Etrich Taube
1674:Bleriot VIII
1671:
1642:crab landing
1640:
1608:Martin XB-48
1601:
1593:
1591:
1567:
1543:
1507:Curtiss P-40
1503:
1482:Lockheed U-2
1473:Arado Ar 234
1468:
1460:
1456:
1444:
1438:
1422:
1392:Northrop F-5
1388:Grumman X-29
1377:
1365:
1362:
1354:
1347:
1332:
1185:Douglas DC-4
1178:
1162:
1135:
1122:
1110:
1074:Dornier Do X
1059:Short Solent
1027:Nakajima E8N
995:
991:
984:
977:
966:
948:
937:
849:
826:
799:
795:Lockheed C-5
772:
764:
759:Arado Ar 232
752:
732:
640:
534:
530:
527:
522:
520:
492:Robinson R44
475:Quadricycle
447:Sikorsky R-4
422:
415:
403:Lockheed U-2
396:
367:
364:
352:
346:
340:
335:
328:Quadricycle
246:
231:
222:
212:
205:
198:
191:
179:
167:Please help
162:verification
159:
120:
109:
105:
82:
77:
69:
46:Landing gear
45:
44:
28:Landing Gear
27:
18:
6897:Tundra tire
6780:Intake ramp
6711:Transponder
6496:Gurney flap
6437:Aerodynamic
6352:Fly-by-wire
6234:Triple tail
6026:14 November
5760:(1): 2â11.
4982:28 February
4912:- 2630.html
4900:- 2372.html
4560:wheel track
4361:Aerostories
3911:22 November
3885:24 November
3849:24 November
3815:gizmodo.com
3731:, pp. 14/15
3710:wheel track
3460:30 November
3377:Tundra tire
3188:Grasshopper
3172:competition
3140:spaceflight
3115:spaceplanes
3098:(e.g., the
2986:pyrotechnic
2914:prop strike
2009:Cirrus SR22
1993:Taildragger
1868:operation.
1835:Helicopters
1703:Some early
1402:Other types
1306:Beriev A-40
1261:Harbin SH-5
1142:Beriev A-40
1041:Amphibious
997:Helicopters
969:flying boat
912:Airbus A380
829:Airbus A380
822:Airbus A350
810:Airbus A340
747:World War I
647:oleo struts
434:Helicopters
426:use skids,
424:Helicopters
411:Boeing B-52
377:tail strike
257:maintenance
23:semitrailer
7014:Categories
6887:Oleo strut
6775:Inlet cone
6770:Gascolator
6736:Propulsion
6726:Yaw string
6721:Variometer
6577:instrument
6556:Wing fence
6491:Gouge flap
6466:Blown flap
6422:Yaw damper
6397:Stabilator
6382:Side-stick
6317:Dive brake
6204:Stabilizer
6179:Lift strut
6169:Jury strut
6002:2 November
5941:6 November
5884:6 November
5842:6 November
5540:26 October
5530:Space News
5509:26 October
5477:26 October
5417:6 November
5381:6 November
5293:13 January
5267:6 November
5245:6 November
5215:6 November
5110:6 November
5088:6 November
5049:25 October
5007:6 November
4735:6 November
4664:FIGURE B-6
4585:23 January
4179:6 November
4154:6 November
4131:5 February
4085:6 November
4060:6 November
3983:6 November
3631:6 November
3396:References
3244:Starhopper
3151:expendable
3093:suborbital
3081:Starhopper
3058:Spacecraft
3011:Rotorcraft
2942:, flights
2929:fiberglass
1862:tailsitter
1844:Tailsitter
1667:Blériot XI
1427:Detachable
1419:Wheel-skis
1012:Cessna 208
980:floatplane
818:Boeing 777
791:Boeing 747
783:Boeing 727
690:Mooney M20
662:Oleo strut
598:High-wing
537:Boeing 747
515:Boeing 727
385:Boeing 727
359:PZL.37 ĆoĆ
300:Cessna 152
225:April 2018
195:newspapers
54:spacecraft
40:Boeing 747
6862:Autobrake
6790:NACA duct
6765:Fuel tank
6755:Drop tank
6738:controls,
6621:Astrodome
6611:Altimeter
6476:Dog-tooth
6441:high-lift
6392:Spoileron
6377:Servo tab
6357:Gust lock
6312:Deceleron
6297:Autopilot
6254:Wing root
6239:Twin tail
6224:Tailplane
6159:Hardpoint
6129:Empennage
6092:structure
6040:AeroSavvy
5754:New Space
5584:SpaceNews
5563:23 August
5170:(Report).
4852:"Ju288ăźè"
4831:helis.com
4718:, p. 394
3626:114292835
3127:, or the
3038:Stowaways
2876:Accidents
2482:−
2406:−
2099:Luftwaffe
2001:prop wash
1949:Piper Cub
1795:Monowheel
1785:castering
1705:U.S. Navy
1390:from the
1091:on water
629:Lancaster
627:Video of
298:Tricycle
285:Piper Cub
272:Airplanes
129:(part of
97:airspeeds
6830:Wet wing
6805:Throttle
6551:Vortilon
6412:Trim tab
6342:Flaperon
6332:Elevator
6287:Airbrake
6259:Wing tip
6184:Longeron
6154:Fuselage
6090:Airframe
6078:Aircraft
5977:Archived
5730:27 April
5704:25 April
5642:2 August
5594:3 August
5288:NBC News
5210:55847377
5132:, p. 376
5071:, p. 177
5044:39005288
4969:iata.org
4465:The B-47
4331:(n.d.).
4125:Archived
4020:10 March
3799:, p. 135
3681:, p. 129
3562:Archived
3360:See also
3235:Starship
3200:Falcon 9
3192:F9R Dev1
3167:, where
2846:nitrogen
1987:Steering
1903:Bomber B
1789:pushback
1770:Unladen
1733:Transall
1531:nacelles
1386:and the
1350:ski-jump
973:sponsons
963:Seaplane
876:fuselage
872:A340-600
604:sponsons
428:pontoons
392:Concorde
368:unstable
313:Bicycle
253:airframe
141:Aircraft
103:effect.
50:aircraft
6840:Landing
6631:Compass
6579:systems
6571:Avionic
6561:Winglet
6444:devices
6387:Spoiler
6282:Aileron
6264:Wingbox
6189:Nacelle
6139:Fairing
6082:systems
5762:Bibcode
5616:30 July
5446:15 June
5411:faa.gov
4836:3 March
4490:, p. 32
4472:. 1950.
3782:, p. 11
3568:TABLE 1
3516:, p. 17
3415:, p. 63
3251:Landers
3228:routine
3214:as the
3176:emerged
3162:private
3136:orbital
2993:gravity
1927:Tracked
1813:gliders
1447:takeoff
1436:Me 163B
1140:to the
852:A321neo
490:Skided
255:direct
209:scholar
66:landing
62:takeoff
58:taxiing
6575:flight
6536:Strake
6367:Rudder
6337:Elevon
6302:Canard
6244:V-tail
6219:T-tail
6149:Former
6109:Canopy
5917:
5875:
5833:
5800:3 June
5345:13 May
5319:13 May
5208:
5153:, p. 5
5128:
5067:
5042:
4929:, p.17
4925:
4877:
4810:13 May
4782:
4714:
4687:
4638:
4608:
4549:
4513:
4486:
4453:, p. 2
4449:
4429:
4405:
4381:
4343:13 May
4314:
4301:, p.71
4297:
3907:. 1967
3872:Airbus
3836:Airbus
3795:
3778:
3765:, p.29
3761:
3727:
3699:
3677:
3624:
3614:
3544:23 May
3512:
3495:
3478:
3433:
3411:
3328:Philae
3284:Philae
3276:Philae
3212:helium
3180:SpaceX
3100:Masten
2514:where
2229:where
2070:Tiller
2043:tiller
2033:Direct
2024:Rudder
2017:tiller
1997:rudder
1977:Me 163
1943:and a
1916:Allied
1894:Ju 288
1647:rotate
1624:Yak-28
1595:tandem
1525:. The
1478:Allied
1469:Gigant
910:of an
878:belly.
741:. The
735:runway
584:bogies
409:. The
388:trijet
211:
204:
197:
190:
182:
133:) and
101:tripod
89:floats
6760:FADEC
6646:EICAS
6521:Slats
6362:HOTAS
6214:Strut
6016:(PDF)
5992:(PDF)
5963:(PDF)
5675:2 May
5436:(PDF)
5407:(PDF)
5235:(PDF)
5206:S2CID
5186:(PDF)
5168:(PDF)
5036:(PDF)
5001:(PDF)
4976:(PDF)
4965:(PDF)
4698:(PDF)
4681:(PDF)
4649:(PDF)
4632:(PDF)
4524:(PDF)
4507:(PDF)
4173:(PDF)
4079:(PDF)
4014:(PDF)
4003:(PDF)
3977:(PDF)
3945:(PDF)
3879:(PDF)
3868:(PDF)
3843:(PDF)
3832:(PDF)
3622:S2CID
3583:(PDF)
3538:(PDF)
3531:(PDF)
3013:with
2111:tires
1933:Dowty
1772:Il-62
1461:Komet
1439:Komet
1120:III.
814:bogie
806:MD-11
216:JSTOR
202:books
6842:and
6706:TCAS
6686:ISIS
6641:EFIS
6586:ACAS
6573:and
6526:Slot
6486:Flap
6439:and
6427:Yoke
6199:Spar
6124:Dope
6028:2018
6004:2018
5943:2022
5915:ISBN
5886:2022
5873:ISBN
5844:2022
5831:ISBN
5802:2019
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