160:
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22:
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1984:
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876:) six-engine transport of the 1980s was 84 m (276 ft) long, with an 88 m (289 ft) wingspan. It holds the world payload record, after transporting 428,834 lb (194,516 kg) of goods, and has flown 100 t (220,000 lb) loads commercially. With a maximum loaded weight of 550–700 t (1,210,000–1,540,000 lb), it was also the heaviest aircraft built to date. It could cruise at 500 mph (800 km/h; 430 kn). The aircraft was destroyed during the
1751:
2062:
1457:
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1819:
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For an unpowered aircraft, the maximum flight time is limited by factors such as weather conditions and pilot endurance. Many aircraft types are restricted to daylight hours, while balloons are limited by their supply of lifting gas. The range can be seen as the average ground speed multiplied by the
1833:
An aircraft that is unstable tends to diverge from its intended flight path and so is difficult to fly. A very stable aircraft tends to stay on its flight path and is difficult to maneuver. Therefore, it is important for any design to achieve the desired degree of stability. Since the widespread use
1057:
drift with the wind, though normally the pilot can control the altitude, either by heating the air or by releasing ballast, giving some directional control (since the wind direction changes with altitude). A wing-shaped hybrid balloon can glide directionally when rising or falling; but a spherically
1030:
are heavier-than-air aircraft that do not employ propulsion once airborne. Take-off may be by launching forward and downward from a high location, or by pulling into the air on a tow-line, either by a ground-based winch or vehicle, or by a powered "tug" aircraft. For a glider to maintain its forward
739:
is an aircraft body shaped to produce lift. If there are any wings, they are too small to provide significant lift and are used only for stability and control. Lifting bodies are not efficient: they suffer from high drag, and must also travel at high speed to generate enough lift to fly. Many of the
437:
is not usually regarded as an aerodyne because it does not depend on the air for its lift (and can even fly into space); however, many aerodynamic lift vehicles have been powered or assisted by rocket motors. Rocket-powered missiles that obtain aerodynamic lift at very high speed due to airflow over
3210:
652:
have a rotor turned by an engine-driven shaft. The rotor pushes air downward to create lift. By tilting the rotor forward, the downward flow is tilted backward, producing thrust for forward flight. Some helicopters have more than one rotor and a few have rotors turned by gas jets at the tips. Some
305:
was reported as referring to "ships of the air," with smaller passenger types as "Air yachts." In the 1930s, large intercontinental flying boats were also sometimes referred to as "ships of the air" or "flying-ships". — though none had yet been built. The advent of powered balloons, called
1909:
is a vertical force applied at a distance forward or aft from the aerodynamic center of the aircraft, causing the aircraft to pitch up or down. Control systems are also sometimes used to increase or decrease drag, for example to slow the aircraft to a safe speed for landing.
3303:… Operational flexibility: … The A350-900 Ultra Long Range (ULR) is the latest variant of the A350 Family. Capable of flying 9,700 nautical miles (18,000 kilometres) non-stop, the A350-900ULR offers the longest range of any commercial airliner in service today. …
665:
have unpowered rotors, with a separate power plant to provide thrust. The rotor is tilted backward. As the autogyro moves forward, air blows upward across the rotor, making it spin. This spinning increases the speed of airflow over the rotor, to provide lift.
1447:
Lighter-than-air types are characterised by one or more gasbags, typically with a supporting structure of flexible cables or a rigid framework called its hull. Other elements such as engines or a gondola may also be attached to the supporting structure.
366:, must find some way to push air or gas downwards so that a reaction occurs (by Newton's laws of motion) to push the aircraft upwards. This dynamic movement through the air is the origin of the term. There are two ways to produce dynamic upthrust —
2167:, called an Experimental Certificate in United States parlance. This often implies that the aircraft is testing new aerospace technologies, though the term also refers to amateur-built and kit-built aircraft, many of which are based on proven designs.
2611:, p51. Notes an agreement between ICAO and IMO that WIGs come under the jurisdiction of the International Maritime Organisation although there an exception for craft with a sustained use out of ground effect (OGE) to be considered as aircraft.
1486:
the wings are attached to a rotating vertical shaft. Smaller designs sometimes use flexible materials for part or all of the structure, held in place either by a rigid frame or by air pressure. The fixed parts of the structure comprise the
1303:, where the rotor disc can be angled slightly forward so that a proportion of its lift is directed forwards. The rotor may, like a propeller, be powered by a variety of methods such as a piston engine or turbine. Experiments have also used
862:, a hybrid blimp, with helicopter and fixed-wing features, and reportedly capable of speeds up to 90 mph (140 km/h; 78 kn), and an airborne endurance of two weeks with a payload of up to 22,050 lb (10,000 kg).
905:
wooden flying boat transport with a greater wingspan (94m/260ft) than any current aircraft and a tail height equal to the tallest (Airbus A380-800 at 24.1m/78ft) — flew only one short hop in the late 1940s and never flew out of
1882:
and are usually part of the wing or mounted on, or integral with, the associated stabilizing surface. Their development was a critical advance in the history of aircraft, which had until that point been uncontrollable in flight.
314:
being the largest and most famous. There were still no fixed-wing aircraft or non-rigid balloons large enough to be called airships, so "airship" came to be synonymous with these aircraft. Then several accidents, such as the
3218:
1410:
The approach to structural design varies widely between different types of aircraft. Some, such as paragliders, comprise only flexible materials that act in tension and rely on aerodynamic pressure to hold their shape. A
2027:
Non-combat aircraft are not designed for combat as their primary function, but may carry weapons for self-defense. Non-combat roles include search and rescue, reconnaissance, observation, transport, training, and
585:
vehicles are generally not considered aircraft. They "fly" efficiently close to the surface of the ground or water, like conventional aircraft during takeoff. An example is the
Russian ekranoplan nicknamed the
2391:
1274:
Compared to engines using propellers, jet engines can provide much higher thrust, higher speeds and, above about 40,000 ft (12,000 m), greater efficiency. They are also much more fuel-efficient than
1679:
and altitude. The term can also refer to other assessments of aircraft performance such as maneuverability. When an aircraft is abused, for instance by diving it at too-high a speed, it is said to be flown
2036:
Most military aircraft are powered heavier-than-air types. Other types, such as gliders and balloons, have also been used as military aircraft; for example, balloons were used for observation during the
1332:, which traveled up into space where air-breathing engines cannot work (rockets carry their own oxidant). Rockets have more often been used as a supplement to the main power plant, typically for the
3521:
1684:, something considered foolhardy since it has been taken beyond the design limits which have been established by the manufacturer. Going beyond the envelope may have a known outcome such as
929:
jet airliner/transport (the 747-200B was, at its creation in the 1960s, the heaviest aircraft ever built, with a maximum weight of over 400 t (880,000 lb)), and the double-decker
275:, which is less dense than the surrounding air. When the weight of this is added to the weight of the aircraft structure, it adds up to the same weight as the air that the craft displaces.
171:
go back many centuries; however, the first manned ascent — and safe descent — in modern times took place by larger hot-air balloons developed in the 18th century. Each of the two
263:
to float in the air in much the same way that ships float on the water. They are characterized by one or more large cells or canopies, filled with a relatively low-density gas such as
2623:
282:, were first invented in ancient China prior to the 3rd century BC and used primarily in cultural celebrations, and were only the second type of aircraft to fly, the first being
783:, among others. A few experimental designs rely entirely on engine thrust to provide lift throughout the whole flight, including personal fan-lift hover platforms and jetpacks.
2720:
2242:
306:
dirigible balloons, and later of rigid hulls allowing a great increase in size, began to change the way these words were used. Huge powered aerostats, characterized by a
3514:
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2000:
A military aircraft is any aircraft that is operated by a legal or insurrectionary armed service of any type. Military aircraft can be either combat or non-combat:
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1834:
of digital computers, it is increasingly common for designs to be inherently unstable and rely on computerised control systems to provide artificial stability.
3507:
1430:
techniques, where the skin of the aircraft is stiff enough to share much of the flight loads. In a true monocoque design there is no internal structure left.
3454:
3283:
2521:
1035:, gain height from updrafts such as thermal currents. The first practical, controllable example was designed and built by the British scientist and pioneer
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4754:
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1072:
are balloon-kite hybrids that are shaped and tethered to obtain kiting deflections, and can be lighter-than-air, neutrally buoyant, or heavier-than-air.
354:
was adopted along with the shape. In modern times, any small dirigible or airship is called a blimp, though a blimp may be unpowered as well as powered.
4774:
2442:
1565:
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protocols and physical and economic constraints. For many types of aircraft the design process is regulated by national airworthiness authorities.
1259:. These mechanically simple engines produce no thrust when stationary, so the aircraft must be launched to flying speed using a catapult, like the
287:
598:
to remain airborne with minimal pilot power, but this is only because they are so underpowered—in fact, the airframe is capable of flying higher.
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4779:
4659:
2112:
1757:
Flight dynamics is the science of air vehicle orientation and control in three dimensions. The three critical flight dynamics parameters are the
1415:
similarly relies on internal gas pressure, but may have a rigid basket or gondola slung below it to carry its payload. Early aircraft, including
471:. Whereas a fixed-wing aircraft relies on its forward speed to create airflow over the wings, a kite is tethered to the ground and relies on the
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opposing its motion. Control surfaces or other techniques may also be used to affect these forces directly, without inducing any rotation.
1841:, which act similarly to the feathers on an arrow. These stabilizing surfaces allow equilibrium of aerodynamic forces and to stabilise the
332:
is regarded as the definition of an airship (which may then be rigid or non-rigid). Non-rigid dirigibles are characterized by a moderately
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has been achieved, but has not become a practical means of transport. Unmanned aircraft and models have also used power sources such as
981:
Prior to the X-43A, the fastest recorded powered airplane flight, and still the record for the fastest manned powered airplane, was the
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2509: — "air-ship," "vessel" referring to a VTOL compound rotorcraft (not clear from the reference if it might be an aerostat hybrid.)
4809:
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4734:
4714:
4704:
2639:"Airlander 10, the world's largest aircraft, takes off for the first time," 19 August 2016, CBS News (TV) retrieved 22 November 2016.
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2189:
A model aircraft is a small unmanned type made to fly for fun, for static display, for aerodynamic research or for other purposes. A
1031:
air speed and lift, it must descend in relation to the air (but not necessarily in relation to the ground). Many gliders can "soar",
4719:
2456:
3692:
For full-size aircraft with powered rotors the rotor is normally tilted to achieve thrust (e.g. in a helicopter). Some toys (e.g.
2998:
2972:
954:
The fastest recorded powered aircraft flight and fastest recorded aircraft flight of an air-breathing powered aircraft was of the
670:
are unpowered autogyros, which are towed to give them forward speed or tethered to a static anchor in high-wind for kited flight.
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4709:
4694:
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1837:
A fixed wing is typically unstable in pitch, roll, and yaw. Pitch and yaw stabilities of conventional fixed wing designs require
2502:
411:
is tethered to the ground and relies on the speed of the wind over its wings, which may be flexible or rigid, fixed, or rotary.
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4649:
1478:
for stability and control, and an undercarriage for takeoff and landing. Engines may be located on the fuselage or wings. On a
319:
in 1937, led to the demise of these airships. Nowadays a "balloon" is an unpowered aerostat and an "airship" is a powered one.
1611:, or by internal combustion engines of other types, or using other fuels. A very few have been powered, for short flights, by
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2322:
2004:
Combat aircraft are aircraft designed to destroy enemy equipment using its own armament. Combat aircraft divide broadly into
1879:
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2125:(where the pilot is not paid for time or expenses) and commercial use, and involving a wide range of aircraft types such as
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carried out the first true manned, controlled flight in 1853. The first powered and controllable fixed-wing aircraft (the
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fighter even saw action in the Second World War. Since then, they have been restricted to research aircraft, such as the
1936:
1867:
A balloon is typically very stable in pitch and roll due to the way the payload is slung underneath the center of lift.
5537:
4849:
4724:
2837:
1799:
Pitch is a rotation about the sideways horizontal axis giving an up-down movement of the aircraft nose measured by the
1064:
are aircraft that are tethered to the ground or other object (fixed or mobile) that maintains tension in the tether or
1146:(airscrews) to create thrust in a forward direction. The propeller is usually mounted in front of the power source in
4893:
4604:
3349:
3326:
1897:. The control systems include actuators, which exert forces in various directions, and generate rotational forces or
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591:
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1940:
1926:
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aircraft functions as an aeroplane during normal (horizontal) flight and as a helicopter during low-speed flight.
3451:
3107:
2518:
1185:
and is still used in many smaller aircraft. Some types use turbine engines to drive a propeller in the form of a
191:
3482:
1810:
Flight dynamics is concerned with the stability and control of an aircraft's rotation about each of these axes.
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5105:
4562:
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33:
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of heavily loaded aircraft, but also to provide high-speed dash capability in some hybrid designs such as the
241:
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sometimes called "rotary wings." A wing is a flat, horizontal surface, usually shaped in cross-section as an
21:
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907:
595:
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1987:
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767:). Most types transition to fixed-wing lift for horizontal flight. Classes of powered lift types include
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136:
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3242:
https://web.archive.org/web/20100601204507/http://www.access.gpo.gov/ecfr/graphics/pdfs/ec28se91.001.pdf
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350:; in windy weather, this both reduces the strain on the tether and stabilizes the balloon. The nickname
5512:
5467:
5158:
4336:
4273:
4251:
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3757:
1806:
Yaw is a rotation about the vertical axis giving a side-to-side movement of the nose known as sideslip.
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The largest aircraft by weight and largest regular fixed-wing aircraft ever built, as of 2016, was the
858:
The largest aircraft by dimensions and volume (as of 2016) is the 302 ft (92 m) long
British
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1777:
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1115:
175:
led to great technical advances. Consequently, the history of aircraft can be divided into five eras:
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have wings that provide some or all of the lift in forward flight. They are nowadays classified as
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take off and land vertically using powered lift and transfer to aerodynamic lift in steady flight.
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to give a reasonably smooth aeroshell stretched over a rigid frame. Later aircraft employed semi-
1381:") comprises the main load-bearing elements and associated equipment, as well as flight controls.
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1317:
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705:
689:
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185:
128:
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is one of the longest-range airliners, capable of flights of more than halfway around the world.
1098:. Engine fuel is stored in tanks, usually in the wings but larger aircraft also have additional
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rely on the same general rule to achieve stability, the aft surface being the stabilising one.
1612:
1268:
1173:
Many kinds of power plant have been used to drive propellers. Early airships used man power or
1090:
although rubber and manpower have also been used. Most aircraft engines are either lightweight
1020:
942:
894:
transport, weighing, loaded, over 380 t (840,000 lb). The 8-engine, piston/propeller
846:
557:
302:
230:
1725:
For a powered aircraft the time limit is determined by the fuel load and rate of consumption.
1392:") (if it is powered) comprises the power source and associated equipment, as described above.
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The two main aerodynamic forces acting on any aircraft are lift supporting it in the air and
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1412:
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An experimental aircraft is one that has not been fully proven in flight, or that carries a
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1279:. As a consequence nearly all large, high-speed or high-altitude aircraft use jet engines.
1154:
1091:
1068:; they rely on virtual or real wind blowing over and under them to generate lift and drag.
866:
798:
employ horizontal-axis wings, in which airflow across a spinning rotor generates lift. The
741:
310:
outer framework and separate aerodynamic skin surrounding the gas bags, were produced, the
154:
2769:
1796:
of a ship) giving an up-down movement of the wing tips measured by the roll or bank angle.
1671:
The flight envelope of an aircraft refers to its approved design capabilities in terms of
996:
jet fixed-wing aircraft, having reached 3,530 km/h (2,193 mph) on 28 July 1976.
951:, which re-entered the atmosphere at nearly Mach 25 or 17,500 mph (28,200 km/h)
8:
5749:
5656:
5372:
5080:
4909:
2630:
16 August 2016, London 'Daily
Telegraph' via Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
2264:
2092:
1709:
1696:
1479:
1329:
1039:, whom many recognise as the first aeronautical engineer. Common examples of gliders are
982:
895:
891:
877:
587:
475:
blowing over its wings to provide lift. Kites were the first kind of aircraft to fly and
447:
382:
316:
148:
97:
57:
2365:
5457:
5437:
5432:
5406:
5317:
5258:
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4406:
4143:
3696:) do have a powered rotor with no means to tilt the rotor to produce horizontal thrust.
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2134:
2104:
2095:
include types designed for scheduled and charter airline flights, carrying passengers,
2038:
1902:
1685:
1580:
1337:
1233:
1040:
1010:
922:
612:
510:
405:
is a wing made of fabric or thin sheet material, often stretched over a rigid frame. A
913:
The largest civilian airplanes, apart from the above-noted An-225 and An-124, are the
575:
has no fuselage, though it may have small blisters or pods. The opposite of this is a
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1995:
1983:
1968:
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of the aircraft, and thus rotate the aircraft in pitch, roll, or yaw. For example, a
1858:
1758:
1733:
1536:(if any), and accessories essential to the functioning of the engine or motor (e.g.:
1401:
comprise the electrical and electronic control, navigation and communication systems.
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1027:
800:
487:
93:
1215:
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2005:
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1015:
985:, rocket-powered airplane at Mach 6.7 or 7,274 km/h (4,520 mph) on 3 October 1967.
967:
890:(world's second-largest airplane, also used as a civilian transport), and American
772:
749:
625:
479:
around 500 BC. Much aerodynamic research was done with kites before test aircraft,
423:
390:
4878:
3054:
Third
Edition, ASA (Aviation Supplies & Academics), Newcastle, Washington, USA
2314:
2170:
2103:. The larger passenger-carrying types are the airliners, the largest of which are
1971:, which includes not just combat types but many types of supporting aircraft, and
5830:
5795:
5646:
5567:
5532:
5497:
5292:
4940:
4067:
3977:
3463:
3458:
3448:- online collection with a particular focus on history of aircraft and spacecraft
3435:
3030:
Webster's Third New
International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged,
2868:
2841:
2814:
2706:
2656:
2627:
2556:
2525:
2506:
2424:
2405:
2395:
2384:
2372:
2344:
2146:
2046:
2017:
1944:
1906:
1842:
1800:
1701:
1666:
1616:
1608:
1541:
1533:
1363:
1260:
1087:
1086:
Powered aircraft have one or more onboard sources of mechanical power, typically
579:, which has no wings, though it may have small stabilizing and control surfaces.
499:
347:
301:
was used for large, powered aircraft designs — usually fixed-wing. In 1919,
272:
101:
5198:
5065:
2888:
113:. The science of aviation, including designing and building aircraft, is called
5815:
5675:
5392:
4950:
4945:
3736:
2184:
2149:
to name a few. The vast majority of aircraft today are general aviation types.
2076:
2013:
1972:
1956:
1914:
1894:
1890:
1549:
1174:
993:
813:
124:
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2678:
657:
to counteract the rotation of the main rotor, and to aid directional control.
286:, which were first invented in ancient China over two thousand years ago (see
5845:
5744:
5683:
5487:
5422:
5060:
5040:
4955:
3193:
2834:
2537:
1967:
Aircraft are produced in several different types optimized for various uses;
1864:
A rotary wing is typically unstable in yaw, requiring a vertical stabiliser.
1853:
layout, the main aft wing replaces the canard foreplane as pitch stabilizer.
1792:
Roll is a rotation about the longitudinal axis (equivalent to the rolling or
1600:
1576:
1537:
1420:
1036:
948:
914:
873:
805:
745:
491:
307:
1750:
1470:
Heavier-than-air types are characterised by one or more wings and a central
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2050:
1584:
1456:
1225:
1210:
1182:
1044:
971:
902:
859:
759:
735:
725:
678:
576:
540:
398:
371:
367:
343:
333:
328:. Sometimes this term is applied only to non-rigid balloons, and sometimes
73:
65:
2735:
2559:"Ships of the Air" referring to Pan Am's Boeing Clipper flying-boat fleet.
1369:
The key parts of an aircraft are generally divided into three categories:
5728:
5611:
5327:
5183:
3644:
2190:
2042:
1854:
1793:
1557:
1345:
1248:
1120:
1095:
1048:
975:
930:
918:
827:
697:
572:
480:
457:
279:
115:
3066:
2012, Federal
Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation
1688:
or entry to a non-recoverable spin (possible reasons for the boundary).
486:
The first heavier-than-air craft capable of controlled free-flight were
5718:
5606:
5601:
5557:
5552:
5387:
5322:
5297:
5253:
5228:
5213:
5148:
5010:
5000:
4453:
4052:
3708:
3659:
3622:
3595:
3129:
3064:
2012 Federal
Aviation Regulations for Aviation Maintenance Technicians,
2852:, Washington, D.C., Updated: 6 August 2004. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
2528:"Ships of the air," "Air yachts" – passenger landplanes large and small
2294:
2289:
2274:
1932:
1827:
1529:
1507:
1500:
1483:
1464:
1389:
1294:
1288:
1166:
926:
795:
667:
654:
648:
633:
607:
548:
544:
386:
172:
135:. Aircraft may be classified by different criteria, such as lift type,
81:
26:
2540:– "ship of the airs," "flying-ship," referring to a large flying-boat.
1951:
compared to other forms of travel and high altitude aircraft generate
547:, and any variations along the span (including the important class of
16:
Vehicle or machine that is able to fly by gaining support from the air
5775:
5693:
5621:
5586:
5442:
5223:
5208:
5188:
5143:
5128:
5085:
5070:
5055:
4990:
4960:
3716:
3681:
1846:
1823:
1521:
1475:
1427:
1186:
1125:
1099:
1065:
955:
933:"super-jumbo" jet airliner (the world's largest passenger airliner).
822:
comprises multiple wings which rotate together around a central axis.
818:
776:
701:
684:
518:
336:
gasbag with stabilizing fins at the back. These soon became known as
246:
3749:
1362:
according to many factors such as customer and manufacturer demand,
763:
types rely on engine-derived lift for vertical takeoff and landing (
509:(if any), fixed-wing aircraft are in general characterized by their
5688:
5661:
5636:
5402:
5382:
5243:
5173:
5090:
5015:
4985:
4921:
4310:
4102:
3677:
3655:
3650:
3640:
3555:
3529:
3118:
3116:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
2621:"World's largest aircraft the Airlander makes maiden flight in UK,"
1952:
1672:
1628:
1596:
1588:
1488:
1471:
1442:
1433:
The key structural parts of an aircraft depend on what type it is.
1397:
1378:
1264:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1133:
1103:
963:
693:
661:
641:
637:
617:
526:
495:
461:
363:
311:
268:
260:
256:
225:
203:
132:
109:
77:
61:
2946:
2848:, NASA SP-468, 1985, Scientific and Technical Information Branch,
1505:
The source of motive power for an aircraft is normally called the
5462:
5113:
5095:
5020:
4300:
3635:
2844:, in Chapter 13, "Jet Transports," in Part II, "The Jet Age," in
2269:
2142:
2096:
1719:
1715:
1641:
1416:
1304:
1190:
809:
752:
748:, were lifting bodies, though the Space Shuttle is not, and some
522:
394:
324:
298:
207:
120:
85:
69:
49:
3113:
3013:
1975:, which include all non-military types, experimental and model.
1845:
of pitch and yaw. They are usually mounted on the tail section (
1818:
708:
horizontal for vertical flight and vertical for forward flight.
5168:
5075:
5050:
4980:
4305:
3732:
3535:
3161:
2743:"The World's Largest Aircraft Might Lose its Title to a Blimp,"
2009:
1604:
1545:
1513:
1276:
1256:
1069:
978:
9.68 or 6,755 mph (10,870 km/h) on 16 November 2004.
434:
419:
264:
168:
53:
3174:
2784:"Photos show world's largest cargo plane destroyed in Ukraine"
5591:
5193:
5045:
3187:
2100:
1645:
1592:
1517:
338:
89:
3477:
2650:"The world's largest aircraft crashes after 2nd test flight"
2460:
1939:
mode of transportation in some circumstances. Aircraft have
385:
being kept in the air by the forward movement of wings, and
3617:
2892:
2849:
2818:
1482:
the wings are rigidly attached to the fuselage, while on a
1333:
1263:, or a rocket, for example. Other engine types include the
1061:
947:
The fastest fixed-wing aircraft and fastest glider, is the
784:
768:
764:
472:
468:
407:
378:
283:
3445:
1236:, and accelerate the exhaust rearwards to provide thrust.
988:
The fastest manned, air-breathing powered airplane is the
568:
aircraft can change its wing configuration during flight.
414:
With powered lift, the aircraft directs its engine thrust
2664:
2436:
Cooley
Airship of 1910, also called the Cooley monoplane.
131:
may be remotely controlled or self-controlled by onboard
3095:
3093:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
2846:
Quest for
Performance: The Evolution of Modern Aircraft
2375:"Air-ship" referring to a compound aerostat/rotorcraft.
1058:
shaped balloon does not have such directional control.
851:
The smallest aircraft are toys/recreational items, and
536:
Wing support — Braced or cantilever, rigid or flexible.
3402:. London, England: Jane's Publishing Company Limited.
2032:. These aircraft are often variants of civil aircraft.
1714:
The range is the distance an aircraft can fly between
76:
from its engines. Common examples of aircraft include
3284:"Airbus-A350-Family-Facts-and-Figures April-2024.pdf"
3090:
3069:
3035:
2947:"current record, Powered Aeroplanes, Absolute, Speed"
2667:, the Cable News Network. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
2486:, Picador (2009), p. 163. Wright brothers' "airship."
1181:
was used for virtually all fixed-wing aircraft until
107:
The human activity that surrounds aircraft is called
3145:
2700:"Watch the world's biggest plane land in Australia,"
1251:. Those with no rotating turbomachinery include the
624:
Rotorcraft, or rotary-wing aircraft, use a spinning
483:, and computer modelling programs became available.
4908:
3321:, p. 194. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997.
2315:"Aircraft — Define Aircraft at Dictionary.com"
397:. To fly, air must flow over the wing and generate
60:. It counters the force of gravity by using either
2709:16 May 2016, Fox News. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
2243:List of aviation, aerospace and aeronautical terms
1947:considerations, however. They are also relatively
1321:have occasionally been experimented with, and the
1310:
804:uses a rotating cylinder, obtaining lift from the
3560:
3184:1989 ed., Portland House / Random House, New York
1893:for a vehicle's orientation (attitude) about its
1722:, as limited by the time it can remain airborne.
883:The largest military airplanes are the Ukrainian
755:obtain lift from the airflow over a tubular body.
467:The forerunner of the fixed-wing aircraft is the
5843:
3110:, Washington, D.C., retrieved September 12, 2022
3057:
2721:"World's biggest airplane lands at Bush airport"
2427:– "air ship" referring to Whitehead's aeroplane.
1474:. The fuselage typically also carries a tail or
1239:Different jet engine configurations include the
3319:Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition
2921:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2753:, Washington, D.C.. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
2538:The Sydney Morning Herald, Monday 11 April 1938
513:. The most important wing characteristics are:
357:
219:
3362:"Airline Handbook Chapter 5: How Aircraft Fly"
3276:
3032:1993, Merriam-Webster, Springfield, Mass., USA
2911:"Fastest aircraft, air-breathing engine: X-43"
2337:
554:Location of the horizontal stabilizer, if any.
4894:
3765:
3515:
3198:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
3156:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
3140:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2772:Aerospaceweb.org. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
2712:
2633:
2107:. Some of the smaller types are also used in
2929:"Fastest speed in a non-spacecraft aircraft"
2855:
2829:
2827:
2756:
1640:and related equipment, including electronic
1232:, which take in air, burn fuel with it in a
297:was originally any aerostat, while the term
3336:
3334:
2693:
2408:"airship," – referring to an HTA aeroplane.
2111:, and some of the larger types are used as
1955:, which experimental evidence suggests may
4901:
4887:
3772:
3758:
3522:
3508:
3485:- free aviation terms, phrases and jargons
3385:
3383:
3104:Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
1931:Aircraft permit long distance, high speed
1878:enable the pilot to control an aircraft's
1571:Powered aircraft are typically powered by
1353:
1116:Powered aircraft § Propeller aircraft
835:
322:A powered, steerable aerostat is called a
3715:with novel thrust / lift solutions (e.g.
3211:"eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations"
2824:
2642:
2614:
2345:"Different Kinds & Types of Aircraft"
2012:, with several in-between types, such as
1655:
1158:. Variations of propeller layout include
560:— positive, zero, or negative (anhedral).
167:Flying model craft and stories of manned
3331:
3313:
3311:
3087:1980, Jane's, London / New York / Sydney
2801:
2718:
2169:
2089:types, however there are some overlaps.
2060:
1982:
1817:
1695:
1455:
1214:
1119:
1014:
715:
711:
611:
451:
240:
229:
182:, from the earliest experiments to 1914.
158:
20:
3711:are not included in the table, nor are
3429:The Evolution of Modern Aircraft (NASA)
3397:
3380:
3194:"Electrified Aircraft Propulsion" (EAP)
2886:
2880:
2121:is a catch-all covering other kinds of
1920:
5844:
3001:from the original on 14 September 2010
2899:from the original on 23 November 2016.
2770:"Ask Us – Largest Plane in the World,"
2605:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2418:The Bridgeport Herald, August 18, 1901
2355:from the original on 21 November 2016.
1736:is among the longest range airliners.
816:, while the mechanically more complex
628:with aerofoil cross-section blades (a
4882:
4521:
4520:
4474:
4030:
4029:
4012:
3791:
3779:
3753:
3503:
3308:
2987:
2781:
2719:Rumbaugh, Andrea (18 November 2016).
2689:from the original on 4 November 2016.
1746:Flight dynamics (fixed-wing aircraft)
1349:obtains thrust by flapping its wings.
1109:
1004:
831:obtains thrust by flapping its wings.
4252:Douglas / McDonnell Douglas
3200:(NASA), retrieved September 12, 2022
3158:(NASA), retrieved September 12, 2022
3142:(NASA), retrieved September 12, 2022
2889:"Speed Regimes: Hypersonic Re-Entry"
2445:from the original on 2 November 2013
2193:is a replica of some larger design.
2174:A model aircraft, weighing six grams
1962:
1247:, sometimes with the addition of an
346:, this shape was widely adopted for
2568:Michael Halloran and Sean O'Meara,
1839:horizontal and vertical stabilisers
1305:jet nozzles at the rotor blade tips
1075:
974:experimental research aircraft, at
362:Heavier-than-air aircraft, such as
45:
13:
4013:
3169:The National Air and Space Museum,
2975:from the original on 25 March 2015
2808:"World's Second Largest Aircraft,"
2570:Wing in Ground Effect Craft Review
2325:from the original on 28 March 2015
1749:
1739:
1660:
925:cargo transport derivative of the
917:cargo transport derivative of the
901:"Spruce Goose" — an American
438:their bodies are a marginal case.
214:
14:
5863:
3417:
3340:Aviation Publishers Co. Limited,
3052:Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms,
2165:Special Airworthiness Certificate
1941:environmental and climate impacts
1765:which pass through the vehicle's
1179:internal combustion piston engine
740:research prototypes, such as the
632:) to provide lift. Types include
123:aircraft are flown by an onboard
4279:
4278:
4268:
4267:
4257:
4256:
4246:
4245:
4235:
4234:
4224:
4223:
4213:
4212:
4202:
4201:
3731:) or balloon-wing hybrids (e.g.
3446:Smithsonian Air and Space Museum
3400:Jane's Aerospace Dictionary 1987
3182:Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation,
2676:
1927:Environmental impact of aviation
1297:, have a powered rotary wing or
789:Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig
620:is the most produced rotorcraft.
460:, the world's largest passenger
4475:
3354:
3344:, p. 10 (27th revised edition)
3233:
3203:
3108:Federal Aviation Administration
2957:
2939:
2903:
2862:"Airbus reviews A380 schedule,"
2775:
2670:
2562:
2543:
2531:
2519:Auckland Star, 24 February 1919
2473:– a heavier-than-air monoplane.
2152:
1638:aircraft flight control systems
1311:Other types of powered aircraft
1282:
1204:
506:
278:Small hot-air balloons, called
192:Aviation between the World Wars
5811:In-flight entertainment system
5508:Horizontal situation indicator
3471:
3180:Taylor, Michael J.H., editor:
3126:1974, Frederick Fell, New York
2512:
2489:
2476:
2430:
2411:
2378:
2359:
2307:
722:Lunar Landing Research Vehicle
640:, and various hybrids such as
498:or aeroplane) was invented by
374:in the form of engine thrust.
1:
3452:Amazing Early Flying Machines
3171:1979 / 1984, Abrams, New York
3136:"Internal Combustion Engine,"
2877:. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
2821:. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
2439:"Unbelievable Flying Objects"
2300:
1644:instrumentation, navigation,
1152:but can be mounted behind in
999:
787:research designs include the
682:types and not as rotorcraft.
601:
441:
72:, or, in a few cases, direct
5791:Environmental control system
4088:Flying boats and floatplanes
3422:
1813:
1599:. A very few are powered by
1451:
1436:
1405:
1220:Lockheed Martin F-22A Raptor
358:Heavier-than-air – aerodynes
220:Lighter than air – aerostats
139:(if any), usage and others.
56:by gaining support from the
7:
3792:
3609:Tethered (static or towed)
3085:Jane's Aerospace Dictionary
2782:Shead, Sam (4 April 2022).
2550:Smithsonian, America by air
2498:The angel of the Revolution
2233:List of individual aircraft
2196:
2081:Civil aircraft divide into
1978:
1622:
1573:internal combustion engines
704:aircraft have their rotors/
377:Aerodynamic lift involving
252:over Manhattan in the 1930s
10:
5868:
5468:Course deviation indicator
5159:Electro-hydraulic actuator
3567:Lift: Lighter than air gas
2833:Loftin, Laurence K., Jr.,
2182:
2156:
2074:
1993:
1924:
1870:
1743:
1707:
1664:
1633:The avionics comprise any
1626:
1498:
1440:
1419:, often employed flexible
1286:
1208:
1161:contra-rotating propellers
1113:
1079:
1008:
940:
844:
771:jet aircraft (such as the
605:
539:Wing planform — including
445:
223:
210:, 1945 to the present day.
152:
146:
142:
5758:
5737:
5699:Conventional landing gear
5670:
5566:
5401:
5267:
5104:
4920:
4832:
4600:
4591:
4533:
4529:
4516:
4481:
4470:
4427:
4399:
4373:
4345:
4324:
4316:Four-engined jet aircraft
4293:
4194:
4152:
4126:
4040:
4036:
4025:
4021:
4008:
3798:
3787:
3670:
3559:
3551:
3546:
3370:Air Transport Association
3196:, Glenn Research Center,
3124:A Dictionary of Aviation,
2965:"Guided Tours of the BGA"
2891:. Glenn Research Center,
2248:
1729:maximum time in the air.
1293:Some rotorcraft, such as
936:
644:and compound rotorcraft.
500:Wilbur and Orville Wright
381:is the most common, with
5483:Flight management system
3457:13 December 2009 at the
3434:27 December 2007 at the
3122:Wragg, David W. editor:
2813:22 November 2016 at the
2705:22 November 2016 at the
2679:"Fly Drive Aanbiedingen"
2655:22 November 2016 at the
2626:22 November 2016 at the
2505:22 February 2014 at the
2457:"Round Aircraft Designs"
2404:22 February 2014 at the
2371:23 February 2014 at the
2228:List of fighter aircraft
2201:
2178:
2070:Swiss air rescue service
2056:
1691:
1494:
1460:Airframe diagram for an
1424:aircraft fabric covering
1334:rocket-assisted take off
1230:airbreathing jet engines
990:Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
389:by spinning wing-shaped
163:Aviation in 19th century
129:unmanned aerial vehicles
5786:Emergency oxygen system
5548:Turn and slip indicator
5343:Leading-edge droop flap
5313:Drag-reducing aerospike
5288:Adaptive compliant wing
5283:Active Aeroelastic Wing
3996:unmanned aerial vehicle
3154:Glenn Research Center,
3138:Glenn Research Center,
2867:2 February 2017 at the
2751:Smithsonian Institution
2555:18 January 2014 at the
2394:3 December 2013 at the
2127:business jets (bizjets)
1876:Flight control surfaces
1354:Design and construction
1318:Rocket-powered aircraft
1269:Pratt & Whitney J58
840:
836:Size and speed extremes
781:Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey
690:Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey
490:. A glider designed by
5826:Passenger service unit
5627:Self-sealing fuel tank
5523:Multi-function display
4169:Maximum takeoff weight
3987:human-powered aircraft
3705:Ground-effect vehicles
3581:Unpowered free flight
3398:Gunston, Bill (1987).
2933:Guinness World Records
2915:Guinness World Records
2835:"Wide-Body Transports"
2238:List of large aircraft
2223:List of civil aircraft
2213:Flight altitude record
2175:
2072:
1991:
1957:alter weather patterns
1830:
1754:
1705:
1656:Flight characteristics
1650:communications systems
1467:
1222:
1136:
1130:DeHavilland Twin Otter
1024:
1021:Rolladen-Schneider LS4
943:Flight airspeed record
847:List of large aircraft
744:, which led up to the
729:
688:aircraft (such as the
621:
505:Besides the method of
477:were invented in China
464:
422:aircraft, such as the
303:Frederick Handley Page
253:
238:
164:
37:
34:most produced aircraft
5806:Ice protection system
5724:Tricycle landing gear
5714:Landing gear extender
4931:Aft pressure bulkhead
4381:Early flying machines
3713:experimental aircraft
3573:Lift: Unpowered rotor
2745:, 18 September 2015,
2524:24 March 2014 at the
2423:3 August 2013 at the
2399:altereddimensions.net
2208:Early flying machines
2173:
2159:Experimental aircraft
2064:
1986:
1821:
1753:
1699:
1562:engine cooling system
1459:
1323:Messerschmitt Me 163
1218:
1177:. The more practical
1149:tractor configuration
1123:
1092:reciprocating engines
1018:
872:. That Soviet-built (
719:
712:Other methods of lift
615:
583:Wing-in-ground-effect
455:
428:Lockheed Martin F-35B
244:
233:
162:
24:
5771:Auxiliary power unit
5179:Flight control modes
4449:Light-sport aircraft
3627:(None – see note 2)
3604:(None – see note 2)
3576:Lift: Powered rotor
3389:Gunston 1986, p. 274
3028:Gove, P.B., editor:
2731:on 23 November 2016.
2280:Personal air vehicle
1921:Environmental impact
1682:outside the envelope
1462:AgustaWestland AW101
1195:Human-powered flight
1155:pusher configuration
742:Martin Marietta X-24
592:Man-powered aircraft
155:Timeline of aviation
5750:Escape crew capsule
5657:War emergency power
5528:Pitot–static system
5373:Variable-sweep wing
5081:Vertical stabilizer
3483:Aviation Dictionary
3050:Crane, D., editor:
2917:. 16 November 2004.
2887:Benson, Tom (ed.).
2840:7 June 2013 at the
2749:, Smithsonian.com,
2484:The Balloon Factory
2389:wright-brothers.org
2349:wingsoverkansas.com
2265:Air traffic control
2093:Commercial aircraft
1887:Aerospace engineers
1849:), although in the
1710:Range (aeronautics)
1613:human muscle energy
1480:fixed-wing aircraft
1330:North American X-15
1267:and the dual-cycle
983:North American X-15
892:Lockheed C-5 Galaxy
878:Russo-Ukrainian War
674:Compound rotorcraft
588:Caspian Sea Monster
448:Fixed-wing aircraft
383:fixed-wing aircraft
317:Hindenburg disaster
149:History of aviation
137:aircraft propulsion
5458:Attitude indicator
5438:Airspeed indicator
5433:Aircraft periscope
4845:WWI Central Powers
4337:Regional airliners
3694:balloon helicopter
3342:From the Ground Up
2874:The New York Times
2659:, 24 August 2016,
2572:, DSTO, Australia
2255:Aircraft hijacking
2176:
2105:wide-body aircraft
2073:
2068:helicopter of the
2039:American Civil War
2022:attack helicopters
1992:
1935:and may be a more
1903:aerodynamic center
1831:
1759:angles of rotation
1755:
1734:Airbus A350-900ULR
1706:
1648:, monitoring, and
1607:propulsion, or by
1468:
1338:Saunders-Roe SR.53
1234:combustion chamber
1223:
1201:and rubber bands.
1140:Propeller aircraft
1137:
1110:Propeller aircraft
1025:
1011:Unpowered aircraft
1005:Unpowered aircraft
923:Boeing Dreamlifter
921:jet airliner, the
730:
622:
517:Number of wings —
511:wing configuration
465:
254:
239:
206:, also called the
180:Pioneers of flight
165:
38:
5839:
5838:
5766:Aircraft lavatory
5503:Heading indicator
5448:Annunciator panel
5428:Air data computer
5338:Leading-edge cuff
4876:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4860:World War II jets
4828:
4827:
4523:Military aircraft
4512:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4486:By date and usage
4466:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4358:Regional airliner
4058:Electric aircraft
4031:By characteristic
4004:
4003:
3781:Lists of aircraft
3747:
3746:
3729:flettner airplane
3665:
3664:
3409:978-0-7106-0365-4
3264:Missing or empty
2935:. 3 October 1967.
2725:Houston Chronicle
2683:flydrivereizen.nl
2648:Kottasova, Ivana
2496:George Griffith,
2285:Powered parachute
2260:Aircraft spotting
2049:were used during
1996:Military aircraft
1969:military aircraft
1963:Uses for aircraft
1859:tailless aircraft
1767:center of gravity
1386:propulsion system
801:Flettner airplane
566:variable geometry
348:tethered balloons
330:dirigible balloon
48:: aircraft) is a
5859:
5821:Navigation light
5801:Hydraulic system
5776:Bleed air system
5704:Drogue parachute
5378:Vortex generator
4996:Interplane strut
4903:
4896:
4889:
4880:
4879:
4598:
4597:
4531:
4530:
4518:
4517:
4472:
4471:
4282:
4281:
4271:
4270:
4260:
4259:
4249:
4248:
4238:
4237:
4227:
4226:
4216:
4215:
4205:
4204:
4038:
4037:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4010:
4009:
3789:
3788:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3751:
3750:
3740:
3697:
3685:
3613:Tethered balloon
3570:Lift: Fixed wing
3549:
3548:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3501:
3500:
3494:
3413:
3390:
3387:
3378:
3377:
3376:on 20 June 2010.
3372:. Archived from
3366:Airline Handbook
3358:
3352:
3338:
3329:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3288:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3267:
3262:
3260:
3252:
3250:
3244:. Archived from
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3217:. Archived from
3207:
3201:
3191:
3185:
3178:
3172:
3165:
3159:
3149:
3143:
3133:
3127:
3120:
3111:
3097:
3088:
3078:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3048:
3033:
3026:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2884:
2878:
2859:
2853:
2831:
2822:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2754:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2727:. Archived from
2716:
2710:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2674:
2668:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2631:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2604:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2580:. Archived from
2579:
2566:
2560:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2516:
2510:
2493:
2487:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2459:. Archived from
2454:
2452:
2450:
2434:
2428:
2415:
2409:
2382:
2376:
2366:US patent 467069
2363:
2357:
2356:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2311:
2218:List of aircraft
2147:hot air balloons
2119:General aviation
2109:general aviation
2053:to land troops.
2047:military gliders
2030:aerial refueling
1702:Boeing 777-200LR
1534:thrust reversers
1142:use one or more
1088:aircraft engines
1082:Powered aircraft
1076:Powered aircraft
773:Harrier jump jet
424:Harrier jump jet
368:aerodynamic lift
198:Second World War
102:hot air balloons
52:that is able to
47:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5842:
5841:
5840:
5835:
5831:Ram air turbine
5796:Flight recorder
5754:
5733:
5666:
5647:Thrust reversal
5571:
5562:
5533:Radar altimeter
5498:Head-up display
5408:
5397:
5293:Anti-shock body
5275:
5263:
5124:Artificial feel
5106:Flight controls
5100:
4966:Fabric covering
4916:
4912:components and
4907:
4877:
4864:
4824:
4587:
4578:Submarine-borne
4573:Maritime patrol
4525:
4500:
4477:
4458:
4437:
4423:
4395:
4369:
4341:
4320:
4289:
4190:
4179:very light jets
4162:
4148:
4122:
4032:
4017:
4000:
3794:
3783:
3778:
3748:
3743:
3721:Flying Bedstead
3703:
3691:
3675:
3666:
3542:
3528:
3495:s aviation page
3492:
3474:
3459:Wayback Machine
3436:Wayback Machine
3425:
3420:
3410:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3381:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3339:
3332:
3316:
3309:
3296:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3265:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3251:on 1 June 2010.
3248:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3221:on 2 April 2012
3209:
3208:
3204:
3192:
3188:
3179:
3175:
3167:Bryan, C.D.B.:
3166:
3162:
3150:
3146:
3134:
3130:
3121:
3114:
3098:
3091:
3079:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3049:
3036:
3027:
3014:
3004:
3002:
2997:. Hq.nasa.gov.
2993:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2953:. 28 July 1976.
2945:
2944:
2940:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2885:
2881:
2871:29 April 2008,
2869:Wayback Machine
2860:
2856:
2842:Wayback Machine
2832:
2825:
2815:Wayback Machine
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2780:
2776:
2768:
2757:
2740:
2736:
2717:
2713:
2707:Wayback Machine
2698:
2694:
2675:
2671:
2657:Wayback Machine
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2628:Wayback Machine
2619:
2615:
2598:
2597:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2575:"Archived copy"
2573:
2567:
2563:
2557:Wayback Machine
2548:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2526:Wayback Machine
2517:
2513:
2507:Wayback Machine
2494:
2490:
2481:
2477:
2466:
2464:
2463:on 2 April 2012
2455:
2448:
2446:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2425:Wayback Machine
2416:
2412:
2406:Wayback Machine
2396:Wayback Machine
2385:Ezekiel Airship
2383:
2379:
2373:Wayback Machine
2364:
2360:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2251:
2204:
2199:
2187:
2181:
2161:
2155:
2079:
2059:
2018:attack aircraft
2014:fighter-bombers
1998:
1981:
1965:
1945:fuel efficiency
1929:
1923:
1907:pitching moment
1891:control systems
1880:flight attitude
1873:
1843:flight dynamics
1816:
1801:angle of attack
1748:
1742:
1740:Flight dynamics
1712:
1694:
1669:
1667:Flight envelope
1663:
1661:Flight envelope
1658:
1631:
1625:
1617:Gossamer Condor
1609:electric motors
1566:engine controls
1542:ignition system
1503:
1497:
1454:
1445:
1439:
1408:
1356:
1313:
1291:
1285:
1261:V-1 flying bomb
1213:
1207:
1199:electric motors
1118:
1112:
1084:
1078:
1013:
1007:
1002:
945:
939:
885:Antonov An-124
867:Antonov An-225
849:
843:
838:
714:
610:
604:
450:
444:
360:
228:
222:
217:
215:Methods of lift
200:, 1939 to 1945.
194:, 1918 to 1939.
188:, 1914 to 1918.
186:First World War
157:
151:
145:
74:downward thrust
17:
12:
11:
5:
5865:
5855:
5854:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5816:Landing lights
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5762:
5760:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5741:
5739:
5738:Escape systems
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5680:
5678:
5676:arresting gear
5668:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5632:Splitter plate
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5578:
5576:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5414:
5412:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5279:
5277:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5110:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4951:Cruciform tail
4948:
4946:Crack arrestor
4943:
4938:
4933:
4927:
4925:
4918:
4917:
4906:
4905:
4898:
4891:
4883:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4815:United Kingdom
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4660:Czech Republic
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4535:
4527:
4526:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4491:By tail number
4488:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4276:
4265:
4254:
4243:
4232:
4221:
4210:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4186:Large aircraft
4183:
4182:
4181:
4174:Light aircraft
4171:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4083:Rocket-powered
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4044:
4042:
4034:
4033:
4019:
4018:
4015:Civil aircraft
4006:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3989:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3785:
3784:
3777:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3737:hybrid airship
3699:
3698:
3687:
3686:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3653:
3648:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3593:
3588:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3534:by methods of
3527:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3486:
3480:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3449:
3443:
3441:Virtual Museum
3438:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3418:External links
3416:
3415:
3414:
3408:
3392:
3391:
3379:
3353:
3330:
3307:
3293:. Airbus. 2024
3275:
3240:. 1 June 2010
3232:
3202:
3186:
3173:
3160:
3144:
3128:
3112:
3089:
3068:
3056:
3034:
3012:
2986:
2956:
2938:
2920:
2902:
2879:
2854:
2823:
2817:28 July 2013,
2800:
2774:
2755:
2741:Lewis, Danny,
2734:
2711:
2692:
2669:
2641:
2632:
2613:
2587:on 22 May 2013
2561:
2542:
2530:
2511:
2488:
2475:
2429:
2410:
2377:
2358:
2336:
2319:Dictionary.com
2305:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2185:Model aircraft
2183:Main article:
2180:
2177:
2157:Main article:
2154:
2151:
2077:Civil aviation
2075:Main article:
2058:
2055:
2034:
2033:
2025:
1994:Main article:
1980:
1977:
1973:civil aircraft
1964:
1961:
1937:fuel efficient
1925:Main article:
1922:
1919:
1895:center of mass
1872:
1869:
1828:Boeing 747-200
1815:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1797:
1744:Main article:
1741:
1738:
1708:Main article:
1693:
1690:
1665:Main article:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1627:Main article:
1624:
1621:
1550:exhaust system
1499:Main article:
1496:
1493:
1453:
1450:
1441:Main article:
1438:
1435:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1393:
1382:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1341:
1312:
1309:
1287:Main article:
1284:
1281:
1209:Main article:
1206:
1203:
1114:Main article:
1111:
1108:
1080:Main article:
1077:
1074:
1009:Main article:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
994:reconnaissance
941:Main article:
938:
935:
845:Main article:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
832:
823:
814:cross-flow fan
792:
779:, such as the
756:
713:
710:
606:Main article:
603:
600:
562:
561:
558:Dihedral angle
555:
552:
537:
534:
446:Main article:
443:
440:
359:
356:
224:Main article:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
211:
201:
195:
189:
183:
147:Main article:
144:
141:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5864:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5759:Other systems
5757:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5745:Ejection seat
5743:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5689:Arrestor hook
5687:
5685:
5684:Aircraft tire
5682:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5569:
5565:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5488:Glass cockpit
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5423:Air data boom
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5404:
5400:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5204:Rudder pedals
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5061:Trailing edge
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5041:Stressed skin
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4904:
4899:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4821:
4820:United States
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4563:Carrier-based
4561:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4515:
4497:
4496:Most-produced
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4473:
4469:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4444:Business jets
4442:
4441:
4439:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:Rotor-powered
4398:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4332:Jet airliners
4330:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4294:Engine number
4292:
4286:
4277:
4275:
4266:
4264:
4255:
4253:
4244:
4242:
4233:
4231:
4222:
4220:
4211:
4209:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4073:Human-powered
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4007:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3770:
3768:
3763:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3496:
3491:
3490:New Scientist
3487:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:Airliners.net
3476:
3475:
3466:
3465:
3461:slideshow by
3460:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3411:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3395:
3386:
3384:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3350:0-9690054-9-0
3347:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3328:
3327:1-56027-287-2
3324:
3320:
3317:Crane, Dale:
3314:
3312:
3304:
3292:
3285:
3279:
3271:
3258:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3220:
3216:
3215:gpoaccess.gov
3212:
3206:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3183:
3177:
3170:
3164:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3081:Gunston, Bill
3077:
3075:
3073:
3065:
3060:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2858:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2645:
2636:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2608:
2602:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2479:
2462:
2458:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2194:
2192:
2186:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1703:
1698:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1587:-- typically
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1546:intake system
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1512:and includes
1511:
1509:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1449:
1444:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1358:Aircraft are
1348:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:steam engines
1171:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1132:adapted as a
1131:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:George Cayley
1034:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1012:
997:
995:
991:
986:
984:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
950:
949:Space Shuttle
944:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
915:Airbus Beluga
911:
909:
908:ground effect
904:
900:
899:
893:
889:
888:
881:
879:
875:
874:Ukrainian SSR
871:
870:
863:
861:
856:
854:
853:nano aircraft
848:
830:
829:
824:
821:
820:
815:
811:
807:
806:Magnus effect
803:
802:
797:
793:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:
757:
754:
751:
747:
746:Space Shuttle
743:
738:
737:
732:
731:
727:
723:
718:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
686:
681:
680:
675:
671:
669:
664:
663:
658:
656:
651:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
619:
614:
609:
599:
597:
596:ground effect
594:also rely on
593:
589:
584:
580:
578:
574:
569:
567:
559:
556:
553:
550:
546:
542:
538:
535:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:
514:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
492:George Cayley
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
463:
459:
454:
449:
439:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
409:
404:
403:flexible wing
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:
335:
331:
327:
326:
320:
318:
313:
309:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
251:
250:
243:
237:
232:
227:
209:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
176:
174:
170:
161:
156:
150:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
119:
117:
112:
111:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
43:
35:
31:
28:
23:
19:
5781:Deicing boot
5709:Landing gear
5652:Townend ring
5642:Thrust lever
5617:NACA cowling
5582:Autothrottle
5574:fuel systems
5572:devices and
5363:Stall strips
5333:Krueger flap
5303:Channel wing
5249:Wing warping
5239:Stick shaker
5234:Stick pusher
5154:Dual control
5139:Centre stick
5006:Leading edge
4976:Flying wires
4936:Cabane strut
4855:World War II
4780:South Africa
4386:Experimental
4363:regional jet
4195:Manufacturer
4063:Flying wings
3600:autorotation
3531:
3489:
3462:
3399:
3374:the original
3365:
3356:
3341:
3318:
3302:
3295:. Retrieved
3290:
3278:
3266:|title=
3246:the original
3235:
3223:. Retrieved
3219:the original
3214:
3205:
3189:
3181:
3176:
3168:
3163:
3147:
3131:
3123:
3103:
3084:
3063:
3059:
3051:
3029:
3003:. Retrieved
2989:
2977:. Retrieved
2968:
2959:
2941:
2932:
2923:
2914:
2905:
2882:
2872:
2857:
2845:
2803:
2791:. Retrieved
2787:
2777:
2746:
2737:
2729:the original
2724:
2714:
2695:
2682:
2677:July, Dyre.
2672:
2660:
2644:
2635:
2616:
2589:. Retrieved
2582:the original
2569:
2564:
2545:
2533:
2514:
2497:
2491:
2483:
2482:Frater, A.;
2478:
2465:. Retrieved
2461:the original
2447:. Retrieved
2432:
2413:
2380:
2361:
2348:
2339:
2327:. Retrieved
2318:
2309:
2188:
2162:
2153:Experimental
2117:
2113:VIP aircraft
2091:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2051:World War II
2035:
2020:, including
1999:
1988:Boeing B-17E
1966:
1930:
1912:
1885:
1874:
1866:
1863:
1836:
1832:
1809:
1783:
1776:
1770:
1756:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1713:
1681:
1670:
1634:
1632:
1601:rocket power
1585:fossil fuels
1570:
1528:, (if any),
1506:
1504:
1469:
1446:
1432:
1409:
1396:
1385:
1374:
1368:
1357:
1344:
1324:
1316:
1298:
1292:
1273:
1238:
1226:Jet aircraft
1224:
1211:Jet aircraft
1205:Jet aircraft
1183:World War II
1172:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1138:
1096:gas turbines
1085:
1060:
1053:
1045:hang gliders
1032:
1026:
987:
980:
972:lifting body
959:
953:
946:
912:
903:World War II
897:
886:
882:
868:
864:
860:Airlander 10
857:
850:
826:
817:
799:
760:Powered lift
758:
736:lifting body
734:
726:powered lift
683:
679:powered lift
677:
673:
672:
660:
659:
647:
646:
629:
623:
581:
577:lifting body
570:
563:
541:aspect ratio
504:
485:
481:wind tunnels
466:
432:
413:
406:
402:
376:
372:powered lift
361:
351:
344:World War II
337:
329:
323:
321:
292:
280:sky lanterns
277:
255:
248:
166:
114:
108:
106:
66:dynamic lift
41:
39:
29:
18:
5729:Tundra tire
5612:Intake ramp
5543:Transponder
5328:Gurney flap
5269:Aerodynamic
5184:Fly-by-wire
5066:Triple tail
4840:WWI Entente
4800:Switzerland
4755:Philippines
4740:New Zealand
4605:Afghanistan
4476:Other lists
4139:Narrow-body
4134:Double-deck
4078:Prone-pilot
4053:Bush planes
3645:ornithopter
3472:Information
2467:7 September
2449:10 February
2191:scale model
2066:Agusta A109
2043:World War I
1855:Tandem wing
1769:, known as
1677:load factor
1558:lubrication
1554:fuel system
1530:jet nozzles
1346:ornithopter
1295:helicopters
1249:afterburner
1167:ducted fans
1049:paragliders
1019:Sailplane (
931:Airbus A380
919:Airbus A300
896:Hughes H-4
828:ornithopter
796:rotor wings
698:tail-sitter
668:Rotor kites
649:Helicopters
634:helicopters
630:rotary wing
573:flying wing
549:delta wings
543:, angle of
458:Airbus A380
334:aerodynamic
288:Han Dynasty
204:Postwar era
116:aeronautics
88:(including
82:helicopters
62:static lift
36:in history.
5719:Oleo strut
5607:Inlet cone
5602:Gascolator
5568:Propulsion
5558:Yaw string
5553:Variometer
5409:instrument
5388:Wing fence
5323:Gouge flap
5298:Blown flap
5254:Yaw damper
5229:Stabilator
5214:Side-stick
5149:Dive brake
5036:Stabilizer
5011:Lift strut
5001:Jury strut
4625:Bangladesh
4454:Flying car
4419:Tiltrotors
4407:Rotorcraft
4241:Bombardier
4098:Supersonic
3709:hovercraft
3660:helicopter
3623:Rotor kite
3598:, etc. in
3596:Helicopter
3291:airbus.com
3152:"Engines,"
3100:"Glossary"
3083:, editor:
2793:25 January
2747:Smart News
2301:References
2295:Spaceplane
2290:Spacecraft
2275:Flying car
2099:and other
2083:commercial
1901:about the
1763:three axes
1635:electronic
1583:) burning
1508:powerplant
1501:Propulsion
1484:rotorcraft
1465:helicopter
1390:powerplant
1289:Rotorcraft
1283:Rotorcraft
1144:propellers
1134:floatplane
1100:fuel tanks
1041:sailplanes
1000:Propulsion
968:hypersonic
966:-powered,
927:Boeing 747
777:tiltrotors
750:supersonic
724:relies on
706:propellers
655:tail rotor
608:Rotorcraft
602:Rotorcraft
531:multiplane
507:propulsion
442:Fixed-wing
418:downward.
416:vertically
387:rotorcraft
173:World Wars
153:See also:
127:, whereas
98:paramotors
27:Cessna 172
5694:Autobrake
5622:NACA duct
5597:Fuel tank
5587:Drop tank
5570:controls,
5453:Astrodome
5443:Altimeter
5308:Dog-tooth
5273:high-lift
5224:Spoileron
5209:Servo tab
5189:Gust lock
5144:Deceleron
5129:Autopilot
5086:Wing root
5071:Twin tail
5056:Tailplane
4991:Hardpoint
4961:Empennage
4924:structure
4790:Sri Lanka
4700:Indonesia
4620:Australia
4615:Argentina
4431:Executive
4311:Trimotors
4144:Wide-body
4108:Triplanes
4103:Trimotors
4048:Aerobatic
3717:coleopter
3682:tiltrotor
3530:Types of
2591:24 August
2135:homebuilt
1990:in flight
1953:contrails
1847:empennage
1824:empennage
1814:Stability
1522:propeller
1476:empennage
1452:Aerodynes
1437:Aerostats
1428:monocoque
1406:Structure
1375:structure
1187:turboprop
1128:-engined
1126:turboprop
1066:kite line
992:, a U.S.
956:NASA X-43
819:cyclogyro
702:coleopter
685:Tiltrotor
662:Autogyros
642:gyrodynes
638:autogyros
519:Monoplane
364:airplanes
342:. During
325:dirigible
312:Zeppelins
257:Aerostats
133:computers
78:airplanes
5852:Aircraft
5846:Category
5662:Wet wing
5637:Throttle
5383:Vortilon
5244:Trim tab
5174:Flaperon
5164:Elevator
5119:Airbrake
5091:Wing tip
5016:Longeron
4986:Fuselage
4922:Airframe
4910:Aircraft
4850:Interwar
4805:Thailand
4765:Portugal
4750:Pakistan
4730:Malaysia
4640:Bulgaria
4391:X-planes
4374:Research
4301:Twinjets
4274:Ilyushin
4127:Fuselage
4113:Unmanned
3803:pre-1914
3702:Note 3:
3690:Note 2:
3678:tiltwing
3674:Note 1:
3656:Gyrodyne
3651:Autogyro
3641:Airplane
3632:Powered
3561:Aerodyne
3556:Aerostat
3532:aircraft
3467:magazine
3455:Archived
3432:Archived
3257:cite web
3106:(PHAK),
3005:26 March
2999:Archived
2995:"ch10-3"
2973:Archived
2969:nasa.gov
2897:Archived
2865:Archived
2838:Archived
2811:Archived
2703:Archived
2687:Archived
2661:CNN Tech
2653:Archived
2624:Archived
2601:cite web
2553:Archived
2522:Archived
2503:Archived
2443:Archived
2421:Archived
2402:Archived
2392:Archived
2369:Archived
2353:Archived
2323:Archived
2197:See also
2143:warbirds
2131:trainers
2006:fighters
1979:Military
1889:develop
1673:airspeed
1629:Avionics
1623:Avionics
1597:jet fuel
1589:gasoline
1560:system,
1489:airframe
1472:fuselage
1443:Aerostat
1417:airships
1398:avionics
1379:airframe
1360:designed
1265:motorjet
1253:pulsejet
1245:turbofan
1241:turbojet
1104:fuselage
1055:Balloons
964:scramjet
898:Hercules
753:missiles
694:tiltwing
618:Mil Mi-8
527:triplane
496:airplane
462:airliner
395:aerofoil
269:hydrogen
261:buoyancy
245:Airship
236:balloons
234:Hot air
226:Aerostat
110:aviation
86:airships
42:aircraft
5672:Landing
5463:Compass
5411:systems
5403:Avionic
5393:Winglet
5276:devices
5219:Spoiler
5114:Aileron
5096:Wingbox
5021:Nacelle
4971:Fairing
4914:systems
4770:Romania
4735:Morocco
4710:Ireland
4685:Germany
4675:Finland
4665:Denmark
4610:Albania
4568:Fighter
4556:Torpedo
4434:Private
4412:utility
4306:Trijets
4285:Tupolev
4263:Embraer
4219:Antonov
4068:Gliders
3978:Gliders
3793:By name
3725:Avrocar
3636:Airship
3586:balloon
3584:(Free)
3552:
3423:History
3297:18 June
3225:1 April
2979:1 April
2387:(1902)
2329:1 April
2270:Airport
2139:gliders
2123:private
2087:general
2010:bombers
1943:beyond
1899:moments
1871:Control
1794:heeling
1761:around
1720:landing
1716:takeoff
1686:flutter
1642:cockpit
1615:(e.g.:
1581:turbine
1538:starter
1413:balloon
1277:rockets
1191:propfan
1102:in the
1070:Kytoons
1028:Gliders
960:Pegasus
812:uses a
810:FanWing
653:have a
523:biplane
488:gliders
433:A pure
299:airship
295:balloon
273:hot air
208:Jet Age
143:History
94:gliders
70:airfoil
64:or the
50:vehicle
32:is the
30:Skyhawk
5407:flight
5368:Strake
5199:Rudder
5169:Elevon
5134:Canard
5076:V-tail
5051:T-tail
4981:Former
4941:Canopy
4810:Turkey
4795:Sweden
4775:Russia
4760:Poland
4745:Norway
4715:Israel
4690:Greece
4680:France
4645:Canada
4635:Brazil
4630:Belize
4593:Nation
4583:Tanker
4551:Bomber
4546:Attack
4353:Racers
4283:
4272:
4261:
4250:
4239:
4230:Boeing
4228:
4217:
4208:Airbus
4206:
4156:Weight
3733:kytoon
3647:, etc.
3591:Glider
3536:thrust
3406:
3348:
3325:
2500:, 1893
2249:Topics
2045:, and
1933:travel
1851:canard
1605:ramjet
1577:piston
1564:, and
1514:engine
1364:safety
1257:ramjet
937:Speeds
887:Ruslan
808:. The
775:) and
700:, and
435:rocket
420:V/STOL
391:rotors
370:, and
339:blimps
265:helium
169:flight
121:Crewed
100:, and
90:blimps
68:of an
5592:FADEC
5478:EICAS
5353:Slats
5194:HOTAS
5046:Strut
4785:Spain
4725:Japan
4720:Italy
4695:India
4670:Egypt
4655:China
4650:Chile
4325:Range
3903:Li-Lz
3898:La-Lh
3873:Go-Gz
3848:Co-Cz
3843:Cd-Cn
3833:Br-Bz
3828:Bf-Bo
3818:An-Az
3813:Ai-Am
3493:'
3287:(PDF)
3249:(PDF)
2585:(PDF)
2578:(PDF)
2202:Lists
2179:Model
2101:cargo
2057:Civil
1949:noisy
1826:of a
1772:pitch
1692:Range
1646:radar
1595:) or
1593:avgas
1526:rotor
1518:motor
1495:Power
1421:doped
1325:Komet
1300:rotor
1062:Kites
869:Mriya
794:Some
626:rotor
545:sweep
529:, or
379:wings
352:blimp
308:rigid
284:kites
271:, or
249:Akron
125:pilot
5674:and
5538:TCAS
5518:ISIS
5473:EFIS
5418:ACAS
5405:and
5358:Slot
5318:Flap
5271:and
5259:Yoke
5031:Spar
4956:Dope
4705:Iran
4534:Role
4159:Size
4118:VTOL
4093:STOL
4041:Type
3992:List
3983:List
3868:G-Gn
3838:C-Ca
3823:B-Be
3808:0-Ah
3735:and
3727:and
3707:and
3618:Kite
3540:lift
3538:and
3464:Life
3404:ISBN
3346:ISBN
3323:ISBN
3299:2024
3270:help
3227:2015
3007:2010
2981:2015
2893:NASA
2850:NASA
2819:NASA
2795:2023
2788:CNBC
2607:link
2593:2012
2469:2011
2451:2014
2331:2015
2145:and
2097:mail
2085:and
2041:and
2016:and
2008:and
1915:drag
1857:and
1822:The
1782:and
1778:roll
1732:The
1718:and
1700:The
1532:and
1395:The
1384:The
1373:The
1343:The
1255:and
1243:and
1228:use
1164:and
1047:and
1033:i.e.
976:Mach
962:, a
841:Size
825:The
785:VTOL
769:VTOL
765:VTOL
720:The
616:The
473:wind
469:kite
426:and
408:kite
401:. A
399:lift
259:use
247:USS
25:The
5513:INS
5493:GPS
5348:LEX
5026:Rib
4833:Era
4541:AEW
4346:Use
3994:of
3985:of
3680:or
3102:in
2951:FAI
2665:CNN
2663:on
1785:yaw
1619:).
1579:or
1568:).
1524:or
1516:or
1189:or
1094:or
692:),
590:".
456:An
290:).
92:),
58:air
54:fly
46:pl.
40:An
5848::
3739:).
3723:,
3719:,
3676:A
3658:,
3643:,
3382:^
3368:.
3364:.
3333:^
3310:^
3301:.
3289:.
3261::
3259:}}
3255:{{
3213:.
3115:^
3092:^
3071:^
3037:^
3015:^
2971:.
2967:.
2949:.
2931:.
2913:.
2895:.
2826:^
2786:.
2758:^
2723:.
2685:.
2681:.
2603:}}
2599:{{
2441:.
2351:.
2347:.
2321:.
2317:.
2141:,
2137:,
2133:,
2129:,
2115:.
1959:.
1788:.
1775:,
1675:,
1652:.
1603:,
1556:,
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1548:,
1544:,
1540:,
1520:,
1491:.
1388:("
1377:("
1307:.
1271:.
1193:.
1170:.
1124:A
1106:.
1051:.
1043:,
970:,
958:A
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880:.
855:.
733:A
696:,
636:,
571:A
564:A
551:).
525:,
521:,
502:.
293:A
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104:.
96:,
84:,
80:,
4902:e
4895:t
4888:v
3973:Z
3968:Y
3963:X
3958:W
3953:V
3948:U
3943:T
3938:S
3933:R
3928:Q
3923:P
3918:O
3913:N
3908:M
3893:K
3888:J
3883:I
3878:H
3863:F
3858:E
3853:D
3773:e
3766:t
3759:v
3523:e
3516:t
3509:v
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3272:)
3268:(
3229:.
3009:.
2983:.
2797:.
2609:)
2595:.
2471:.
2453:.
2333:.
2024:.
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