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function of parts and components. Overhaul (O) refers to extensive maintenance, the complete refurbishment of the aircraft, and upgrades in avionics, which can take several weeks to complete." Airlines are legally obligated to certify airworthiness, meaning that a civil aviation authority must approve an aircraft suitable for safe flight operations. MRO firms are responsible for this process, thoroughly checking and documenting all components' repairs while tracking mechanical, propulsion, and electronic parts. Aviation regulators oversee maintenance practices in the country of aircraft registration, manufacture, or current location. All aircraft maintenance activities must adhere to international regulations that mandate standards.
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electricity to build up in the airship. Changes to the coating formulation reduced the risk of further
Hindenburg type accidents. Although there have been periodic initiatives to revive their use, airships have seen only niche application since that time. There had been previous airship accidents that were more fatal, for instance, a
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614:. It flew over one million miles, including an around-the-world flight in August 1929. However, the dominance of the Zeppelins over the airplanes of that period, which had a range of only a few hundred miles, was diminishing as airplane design advanced. The "Golden Age" of the airships ended on May 6, 1937. That year the
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formation â cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation. Clouds can have both a cooling and warming effect. They reflect some of the sun's rays back into space, but also block some of the heat radiated by Earth's surface. On average, both thin natural cirrus clouds
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Annex 13 as an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until such time as all such persons have disembarked, in which a person is fatally or seriously injured, the aircraft sustains damage
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A maintenance, repair, and overhaul organization (MRO) is a firm that ensures airworthiness or air transport. According to a 2024 article, "maintenance (M) involves inspecting, cleaning, oiling, and changing aircraft parts after a certain number of flight hours. Repair (R) is restoring the original
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caught fire, killing 36 people. The cause of the
Hindenburg accident was initially blamed on the use of hydrogen instead of helium as the lift gas. An internal investigation by the manufacturer revealed that the coating used in the material covering the frame was highly flammable and allowed static
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in the United States typically requires an associate or bachelor's degree from the Air
Traffic Collegiate Training Initiative. The FAA also requires extensive training, along with medical examinations and background checks. Some controllers are required to work weekend, night, and holiday shifts.
729:
was tested without success in front of two officials from the French War ministry. The report on the trials was not publicized until 1910, as they had been a military secret. In
November 1906, Ader claimed to have made a successful flight on October 14, 1897, achieving an "uninterrupted flight" of
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ATC do not control all flights. The majority of VFR (Visual Flight Rules) flights in North
America are not required to contact ATC (unless they are passing through a busy terminal area or using a major airport), and in many areas, such as northern Canada and low altitude in northern Scotland, air
775:
to be profitable carrying passengers exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger airline service. By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, and there were numerous qualified pilots available. During World War II one of the first jet engines was developed by
1559:
Air traffic control (ATC) involves communication with aircraft to help maintain separation â that is, they ensure that aircraft are sufficiently far enough apart horizontally or vertically for no risk of collision. Controllers may co-ordinate position reports provided by pilots, or in high
1440:
Aviation safety means the state of an aviation system or organization in which risks associated with aviation activities, related to, or in direct support of the operation of aircraft, are reduced and controlled to an acceptable level. It encompasses the theory, practice, investigation, and
663:" a reality. Newspapers and magazines published photographs of Lilienthal gliding, favorably influencing public and scientific opinion about the possibility of flying machines becoming practical. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing. His flight attempts in
1244:
have been built to meet ever increasing capability requirements. Manufacturers of military aircraft compete for contracts to supply their government's arsenal. Aircraft are selected based on factors like cost, performance, and the speed of production.
1441:
categorization of flight failures, and the prevention of such failures through regulation, education, and training. It can also be applied in the context of campaigns that inform the public as to the safety of air travel.
725:. It was reportedly the first manned, powered, heavier-than-air flight of a significant distance (50 m (160 ft)) but insignificant altitude from level ground. Seven years later, on October 14, 1897, Ader's
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or structural failure or the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible. An accident in which the damage to the aircraft is such that it must be written off, or in which the plane is destroyed, is called a
1088:
agreements have resulted in increased competition and choice for consumers, coupled with falling prices for airlines. The combination of high fuel prices, low fares, high salaries, and crises such as the
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Control towers (including tower, ground control, clearance delivery, and other services), which control aircraft within a small distance (typically 10â15 km horizontal, and 1,000 m vertical) of an
2924:
Grewe, V.; D. Brunner; M. Dameris; J. L. Grenfell; R. Hein; D. Shindell; J. Staehelin (July 2001). "Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes".
1069:. Large networks of specialized parts suppliers from around the world support these manufacturers, who sometimes provide only the initial design and final assembly in their own plants. The Chinese
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Each country regulates aviation differently, but general aviation usually falls under different regulations depending on whether it is private or commercial and on the type of equipment involved.
752:
Aircraft began to transport people and cargo as designs grew larger and more reliable. The Wright brothers took aloft the first passenger, Charles Furnas, one of their mechanics, on May 14, 1908.
803:, both private and commercial, as thousands of pilots were released from military service and many inexpensive war-surplus transport and training aircraft became available. Manufacturers such as
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have also become increasingly popular for recreational use, since in most countries that allow private aviation, they are much less expensive and less heavily regulated than certified aircraft.
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1601:(IFR), when they may be in weather conditions that do not allow the pilots to see other aircraft. However, in very high-traffic areas, especially near major airports, aircraft flying under
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In addition to separation from other aircraft, ATC may provide weather advisories, terrain separation, navigation assistance, and other services to pilots, depending on their workload.
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on March 27, 1977, when 583 people died when two Boeing 747 jumbo jets, operated by Pan Am and KLM collided on a runway in Los Rodeos airport, now known as
Tenerife North.
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and, increasingly, of smaller aircraft as well. Pilots can navigate much more accurately and view terrain, obstructions, and other nearby aircraft on a map or through
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Aircraft operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly
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is defined as an occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft that affects or could affect the safety of operations.
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propulsion started to appear for smaller commuter planes, making it possible to serve small-volume routes in a much wider range of weather conditions.
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became the first aircraft to transport passengers and cargo over great distances. The best known aircraft of this type were manufactured by the German
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2318:
1817:. Vol. II. (1906), pp. 103â104, verse 111. Translated by Arthur George Warner and Edmond Warner. London. Kegan Paul, Trench, TrĂŒbner & Co. Ltd
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Hans con Ohain, and accomplished the world's first jet-powered flight in 1939. The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first
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the first air plane production company in the world. Lilienthal is often referred to as either the "father of aviation" or "father of flight".
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737:
made the first successful powered, controlled and sustained airplane flight on
December 17, 1903, a feat made possible by their invention of
749:, heavier-than-air powered aircraft had become practical for reconnaissance, artillery spotting, and even attacks against ground positions.
2009:
English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft.
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The most important recent developments for small aircraft (which form the bulk of the GA fleet) have been the introduction of advanced
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for more than two decades, but the most important lasting innovations have taken place in instrumentation and control. The arrival of
635:
set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.
589:. The usefulness of balloons was limited because they could only travel downwind. It was immediately recognized that a steerable, or
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was coined by the French writer and former naval officer
Gabriel La Landelle in 1863. He originally derived the term from the verb
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Many small aircraft manufacturers serve the general aviation market, with a focus on private aviation and flight training.
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546:(428â347 BC). Later, somewhat more credible claims of short-distance human flights appear, such as the winged flights of
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The modern age of aviation began with the first untethered human lighter-than-air flight on
November 21, 1783, of a
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1988:
899:, opening the possibility of an aviation market capable of leaving the Earth's atmosphere. Meanwhile, the need to
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1709:, and turbine engines and diesel engines â neither of which require lead â are appearing on some newer
465:
in the early 1900s. Since that time, aviation has been technologically revolutionized by the introduction of the
2607:"Adversarial Service Networks: A Study of Service Firms' Response to Manufacturer-led Servitization in Aviation"
88:
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453:. Some of the most significant advancements in aviation technology came with the controlled gliding flying of
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1944:
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Terminal controllers, who control aircraft in a wider area (typically 50â80 km) around busy airports
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around 300 metres (980 feet). Although widely believed at the time, these claims were later discredited.
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1924:
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for the earliest powered, heavier-than-air flight. The first recorded powered flight was carried out by
3385:
3194:
2592:, "In Homeland Security" on the strategic advantage of the SR-71 blackbird. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
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1646:) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to aviation: for instance,
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767:'s transpacific flight the following year. One of the most successful designs of this period was the
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have driven many older airlines to government-bailouts, bankruptcy or mergers. At the same time,
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During the 1920s and 1930s great progress was made in the field of aviation, including the first
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354:
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are used primarily as reconnaissance fixed-wing aircraft, though many also carry payloads (e.g.
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flew the first human-powered dirigible in 1784 and crossed the
English Channel in one in 1785.
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in 1896; then a large step in significance came with the construction of the first powered
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2643: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
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There are five major manufacturers of civil transport aircraft (in alphabetical order):
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traffic control services are not available even for IFR flights at lower altitudes.
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2475:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton London New York: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
1962:
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Boeing, Airbus, Ilyushin and Tupolev concentrate on wide-body and narrow-body jet
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were used as surveillance aircraft as early as the 18th century. Over the years,
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in January 2011. The Boeing 777 is a popular choice for airlines that operate a
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was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful flights with
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on 23 August 1921, but the Hindenburg was the first to be captured on newsreel.
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expanded production to provide light aircraft for the new middle-class market.
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3044: by Wirths, Oliver; TĂłth,ZsĂłfia; Diaz Ruiz, Carlos available under the
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2736:
1683:
1675:
1662:
1630:, operating powered aircraft (from airliners to hot air balloons) releases
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has increased research into aircraft powered by alternative fuels, such as
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554:(11th century, recorded in the 12th century), and the hot-air Passarola of
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671:" is considered to be the first airplane in series production, making the
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airframes and quieter, more efficient engines have become available, and
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1705:(TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded
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1132:
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By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning with the
799:
After World War II, especially in North America, there was a boom in
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164:
2874:
2840:"It turns out planes are even worse for the climate than we thought"
44:
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2555:"China's COMAC delivers first ARJ21 jet plane to domestic airline"
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Center controllers, who control aircraft en route between airports
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Early dirigible developments included machine-powered propulsion (
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control and in-house development of an engine with a sufficient
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which permitted a major form of transport throughout the world.
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1889:, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. eae379,
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There are early legends of human flight such as the stories of
445:
Aviation began in the 18th century with the development of the
411:
150:
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has also recently entered the civil transport market with its
16:
Design, development, production, operation and use of aircraft
1881:
Torenbeek, Egbert; La Rocca, Gianfranco (December 15, 2010),
1698:
1694:, which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.
1561:
1416:
1342:
1320:
1286:
430:
types, morphable wings, wing-less lifting bodies, as well as
1649:
717:
on October 9, 1890, in his bat-winged, fully self-propelled
2605:
Wirths, Oliver; TĂłth, ZsĂłfia; Diaz Ruiz, Carlos A. (2024).
2445:
1862:
1631:
1512:, on September 17, 1908, resulting in injury to the pilot,
1477:
1412:
1408:
1290:
1270:
876:
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in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight and the "
532:
449:, an apparatus capable of atmospheric displacement through
2875:"On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production"
1605:(VFR) are also required to follow instructions from ATC.
1338:
1269:'s primary function is to destroy other aircraft. (e.g.
2868:
1874:
1790:"Aviation ou Navigation aerienne par G. de La Landelle"
1560:
traffic areas (such as the United States) they may use
1792:. E. Dentu. June 6, 1863 – via Internet Archive.
1597:
ATC is especially important for aircraft flying under
1516:, and death of the passenger, Signal Corps Lieutenant
1381:
aircraft obtain information about enemy forces. (e.g.
1065:, while Bombardier, Embraer and Sukhoi concentrate on
952:
Civil aviation includes all non-military flying, both
19:
This article is about aircraft. For the cocktail, see
1820:
895:
became the first privately funded aircraft to make a
822:, though the first widely used passenger jet was the
2739:. The Investigation Process Research Resource Site.
2658:
Kinnison, Harry A.; Siddiqui, Tariq "Terry" (2013).
1989:"Sir George Carley (British Inventor and Scientist)"
1796:
1736:
1725:
were a problem with supersonic aircraft such as the
1721:, mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing.
1590:
between continents, generally without radar service.
1359:
are used to transport hardware and personnel. (e.g.
861:
displays, have dramatically changed the cockpits of
857:, and increasingly small and powerful computers and
30:"Air transport" redirects here. For other uses, see
2604:
1453:
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2102:
2041:
489:for "to fly"), itself derived from the Latin word
1880:
1575:There are generally four different types of ATC:
1520:. The worst aviation accident in history was the
1337:targets, such as factories and oil fields. (e.g.
1256:remains unsurpassed in many areas of performance.
1149:. General aviation may include business flights,
3413:
2657:
2022:DLR baut das erste Serien-Flugzeug der Welt nach
1504:The first fatal aviation accident occurred in a
1181:, air ambulance, crop dusting, charter flights,
690:, 1896) and improved speed and maneuverability (
1586:Oceanic controllers, who control aircraft over
1185:, police air patrols and forest fire fighting.
923:, with flying prototypes becoming more common.
410:includes the activities surrounding mechanical
2766:"Definitions of Key Terms Used by AirSafe.com"
2760:
2758:
1670:Aircraft operating at high altitudes near the
1141:includes all non-scheduled civil flying, both
3128:
2407:
1260:
538:in Persian myth, and the flying automaton of
388:
2074:"The Lilienthal glider project â DLR Portal"
1832:
1717:Another environmental impact of aviation is
3108:Aviation, aerospace, and aeronautical terms
2755:
2498:"The 20 Most Produced Aircraft Of All Time"
2473:Aircraft propulsion and gas turbine engines
1945:"The Hindenburg, Before and After Disaster"
1210:to make small aircraft lighter and faster.
701:First powered and controlled flight by the
3135:
3121:
3019:. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers.
3012:
2225:"Remembering Germany's first "flying man""
1885:, in Blockley, Richard; Shyy, Wei (eds.),
1868:
1634:and other pollutants into the atmosphere.
1494:Convention on International Civil Aviation
1080:Until the 1970s, most major airlines were
763:'s solo transatlantic flight in 1927, and
395:
381:
2953:
2622:
2522:
2410:"1908: The Year the Airplane Went Public"
1202:) that were formerly found only in large
1046:, based in Russia, with its subsidiaries
926:
550:(810â887, recorded in the 17th century),
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
2972:
2523:Kingsbury, Kathleen (October 11, 2007).
2470:
1826:
1687:and contrails have a net warming effect.
1648:
1544:
1463:
1247:
1126:
996:
973:
871:
795:is the most produced aircraft in history
786:
757:transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown
696:
637:
565:
140:
2993:
2737:"International Investigation Standards"
2711:"Foreign Part-145 Organisations | EASA"
2664:(2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
1802:
1615:
745:. Only a decade later, at the start of
3414:
2307:from the original on February 4, 2012.
2263:from the original on February 26, 2022
2259:. SciHi BlogSciHi Blog. May 23, 2020.
2205:from the original on February 26, 2022
2175:from the original on February 26, 2022
2145:from the original on February 26, 2022
2054:from the original on December 20, 2021
1534:
1425:deliver warheads, normally explosives.
869:, even at night or in low visibility.
3116:
2905:from the original on November 6, 2020
2600:
2598:
2565:from the original on December 3, 2015
1887:Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering
1419:). Cargo aircraft are in development.
1153:, private aviation, flight training,
780:aircraft and the first liquid-fueled
610:The most successful Zeppelin was the
2821:"Aviation and the Global Atmosphere"
2686:"Inside MRO | Aviation Week Network"
1925:"The Accident to H.M. Airship R. 38"
1221:
67:adding citations to reliable sources
38:
2998:(in French). Morlaix: Skol Vreizh.
2996:Dictionnaire d'histoire de Bretagne
2837:
2827:from the original on June 29, 2007.
2776:from the original on April 20, 2012
2743:from the original on April 27, 2012
2504:from the original on April 14, 2021
2289:from the original on March 8, 2012.
2135:"Like a bird | MTU AEROREPORT"
1999:from the original on March 11, 2009
1969:from the original on April 13, 2009
1116:
626:
561:
518:
13:
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2452:from the original on April 6, 2012
2321:. October 20, 2007. Archived from
2257:"Otto Lilienthal, the Glider King"
2237:from the original on March 2, 2021
2084:from the original on March 7, 2022
1850:from the original on June 28, 2021
1179:foot-launched powered hang gliders
903:the aviation industry to face the
14:
3433:
3052:
2994:Cassard, Jean-Christophe (2008).
2850:from the original on July 5, 2019
2422:from the original on May 25, 2012
2408:Tom D. Crouch (August 29, 2008).
2348:L'homme, l'air et l'espace, p. 96
2275:
2195:"In perspective: Otto Lilienthal"
2115:from the original on July 3, 2022
931:
642:Lilienthal in mid-flight, Berlin
3093:
3081:
3069:
3058:
3040: This article incorporates
3035:
2638:
2442:"This Month in Exploration: May"
2301:"FLYING MACHINES â Clement Ader"
2283:"Clement Ader â French inventor"
1760:Environmental impact of aviation
1739:
1697:Most light piston aircraft burn
1622:Environmental impact of aviation
1460:Aviation accidents and incidents
1454:Aviation accidents and incidents
1333:are generally used against more
963:
659:, therefore making the idea of "
364:
43:
2966:
2917:
2879:Journal of Geophysical Research
2862:
2831:
2813:
2800:U.S. Bureau Of Labor Statistics
2796:"Occupational Outlook Handbook"
2788:
2729:
2703:
2678:
2661:Aviation Maintenance Management
2651:
2624:10.1016/j.indmarman.2024.04.004
2611:Industrial Marketing Management
2577:
2547:
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2489:
2464:
2434:
2401:
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2329:
2319:"EADS N.V. â Eole/ClĂ©ment Ader"
2311:
2293:
2249:
2217:
2187:
2157:
2127:
2105:"Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam"
2096:
2066:
2044:"Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam"
2035:
2032:2017. Retrieved: March 3, 2017.
2014:
1981:
1955:
1444:
1405:Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)
673:Maschinenfabrik Otto Lilienthal
511:For a chronological guide, see
54:needs additional citations for
3309:Accidents / incidents
3086:Learning materials related to
2976:Aviation: Reaching for the Sky
2359:"The Last Piece of the Puzzle"
1937:
1917:
1808:
1782:
1626:Like all activities involving
556:Bartholomeu Lourenço de Gusmão
32:Air transport (disambiguation)
1:
3098:The dictionary definition of
2946:10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0
2165:"DPMA | Otto Lilienthal"
1933:. March 2, 1922. p. 139.
1682:, both of which can increase
1429:
669:Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat
643:
3066:travel guide from Wikivoyage
1895:10.1002/9780470686652.eae379
1028:, based in the United States
843:supersonic passenger service
472:
7:
2869:Lin, X.; Trainer, M. &
2471:El-Sayed, Ahmed F. (2017).
2415:Air & Space/Smithsonian
2339:. London, NMSO 2003, p. 75.
1840:"Balloon flight | aviation"
1732:
1564:to see aircraft positions.
1303:earth-bound targets. (e.g.
1044:United Aircraft Corporation
575:Lakehurst Naval Air Station
10:
3438:
3227:Civil Aviation Authorities
2028:November 26, 2018, at the
1883:"Civil Transport Aircraft"
1765:Index of aviation articles
1678:) emit aerosols and leave
1661:. These may contribute to
1657:left by high-altitude jet
1619:
1550:Air traffic control towers
1538:
1457:
1433:
1261:Types of military aviation
1225:
1206:, and the introduction of
1120:
1009:Amsterdam Schiphol Airport
967:
941:
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510:
504:
500:
29:
18:
3358:
3308:
3272:
3153:
3013:De Angelis, Gina (2001).
2979:. The Oliver Press, Inc.
2588:October 29, 2020, at the
1522:Tenerife airport disaster
985:taxiing on the tarmac of
851:Global Positioning System
771:, which became the first
302:Green transport hierarchy
25:Aviation (disambiguation)
3401:Most-produced rotorcraft
2103:Otto-Lilienthal-Museum.
2042:Otto-Lilienthal-Museum.
1815:The ShĂĄhnĂĄma of FirdausĂ
1775:
855:satellite communications
593:, balloon was required.
493:("bird") and the suffix
181:Armored fighting vehicle
2926:Atmospheric Environment
2899:10.1029/JD093iD12p15879
2388:www.wright-brothers.org
2363:www.wright-brothers.org
2199:Cobaltrecruitment.co.uk
1844:Encyclopedia Britannica
1599:instrument flight rules
1510:Fort Myer, Virginia, US
958:scheduled air transport
765:Charles Kingsford Smith
686:, 1852), rigid frames (
355:Transportation planning
3396:Most-produced aircraft
2973:Berliner, Don (1996).
2233:. September 20, 2011.
1666:
1569:air traffic controller
1556:
1485:
1297:Ground attack aircraft
1257:
1135:
1012:
994:
927:Operations of aircraft
888:
796:
706:
649:
578:
432:lighter-than-air craft
287:Cycling infrastructure
277:Bicycle transportation
216:Personal rapid transit
153:
23:. For other uses, see
3242:Registration prefixes
2561:. November 29, 2015.
1652:
1548:
1467:
1251:
1130:
1000:
977:
942:Further information:
875:
790:
743:power-to-weight ratio
711:many competing claims
700:
692:Alberto Santos-Dumont
641:
595:Jean-Pierre Blanchard
569:
340:Sustainable transport
297:Free public transport
144:
3316:Commercial airliners
3190:Flight test centresâ
3078:at Wikimedia Commons
2844:www.newscientist.com
2384:"1903 Wright Engine"
2335:Gibbs-Smith, C. H.,
2325:on October 20, 2007.
2171:. December 2, 2021.
2109:Lilienthal-museum.de
2048:Lilienthal-museum.de
1770:Timeline of aviation
1616:Environmental impact
1588:international waters
1361:C-17 Globemaster III
1091:September 11 attacks
587:Montgolfier brothers
552:Eilmer of Malmesbury
513:Timeline of aviation
371:Transport portal
149:in 1978 operated by
63:improve this article
3210:Helicopter airlines
2938:2001AtmEn..35.3421G
2891:1988JGR....9315879L
2717:. December 17, 2014
2535:on October 31, 2010
2525:"Eyes on the Skies"
1603:visual flight rules
1541:Air traffic control
1535:Air traffic control
1275:Eurofighter Typhoon
1208:composite materials
944:Commercial aviation
719:fixed-wing aircraft
705:, December 17, 1903
507:History of aviation
226:Powered exoskeleton
159:Part of a series on
21:Aviation (cocktail)
3195:Test pilot schools
2838:Le Page, Michael.
2715:www.easa.europa.eu
1963:"Aviation History"
1951:. August 25, 2023.
1871:, pp. 87â101.
1692:nitrogen compounds
1667:
1557:
1499:hull loss accident
1492:is defined by the
1486:
1357:Transport aircraft
1258:
1216:homebuilt aircraft
1175:aerial photography
1136:
1067:regional airliners
1013:
995:
991:wide-body aircraft
891:On June 21, 2004,
889:
835:composite material
820:de Havilland Comet
797:
707:
650:
579:
221:pipeline transport
154:
3409:
3408:
3074:Media related to
3005:978-2-915623-45-1
2885:(D12): 15879â88.
2671:978-0-07-180502-5
2482:978-1-4665-9517-0
1904:978-0-470-75440-5
1701:, which contains
1554:Amsterdam Airport
1529:aviation incident
1490:aviation accident
1299:are used against
1242:military aircraft
1228:Military aviation
1222:Military aviation
1183:traffic reporting
1113:have flourished.
1099:low-cost carriers
1040:, based in Brazil
1034:, based in Canada
1022:, based in Europe
849:electronics, the
761:Charles Lindbergh
571:LZ 129 Hindenburg
485:(an unsuccessful
405:
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3205:Defunct airlines
3178:Aircraft engines
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1636:Greenhouse gases
1518:Thomas Selfridge
1470:USAF Thunderbird
1417:MQ-1C Gray Eagle
1267:Fighter aircraft
1139:General aviation
1123:General aviation
1117:General aviation
987:Heathrow Airport
954:general aviation
948:Private aviation
867:synthetic vision
833:Since the 1960s
801:general aviation
661:heavier than air
648:
645:
627:Heavier than air
585:designed by the
562:Lighter than air
548:Abbas ibn Firnas
519:Early beginnings
436:hot air balloons
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2030:Wayback Machine
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1480:aircraft at an
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1436:Aviation safety
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1305:Panavia Tornado
1263:
1234:
1226:Main articles:
1224:
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1071:ACAC consortium
1005:Airbus A330-323
980:United Airlines
972:
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950:
940:
934:
929:
735:Wright brothers
703:Wright brothers
653:Otto Lilienthal
646:
629:
583:hot air balloon
564:
527:in Greek myth,
521:
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463:Wright brothers
455:Otto Lilienthal
447:hot air balloon
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3091:
3090:at Wikiversity
3079:
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3016:The Hindenburg
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1703:tetraethyllead
1695:
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1674:(mainly large
1643:
1640:carbon dioxide
1620:Main article:
1617:
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1539:Main article:
1536:
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1514:Orville Wright
1506:Wright Model A
1458:Main article:
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1232:Aerial warfare
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1121:Main article:
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1077:regional jet.
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1007:taking off at
1002:Delta Airlines
983:Boeing 777-200
968:Main article:
965:
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938:Civil aviation
936:Main article:
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1828:
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1805:, p. 77.
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1096:
1095:SARS pandemic
1092:
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1082:flag carriers
1078:
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1011:in July 2017.
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964:Air transport
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885:solar powered
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688:David Schwarz
685:
684:Henri Giffard
680:
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662:
658:
654:
640:
636:
634:
633:George Cayley
631:In 1799, Sir
624:
622:
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613:
612:Graf Zeppelin
608:
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559:
558:(1685â1724).
557:
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231:Rapid transit
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196:Human-powered
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83:
80: â
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
26:
22:
3285:Experimental
3143:
3100:
3034:
3033:
3015:
2995:
2975:
2967:Bibliography
2929:
2925:
2919:
2907:. Retrieved
2882:
2878:
2864:
2852:. Retrieved
2843:
2833:
2815:
2803:. Retrieved
2799:
2790:
2778:. Retrieved
2769:
2745:. Retrieved
2731:
2719:. Retrieved
2714:
2705:
2693:. Retrieved
2689:
2680:
2660:
2653:
2637:
2614:
2610:
2579:
2567:. Retrieved
2558:
2549:
2537:. Retrieved
2533:the original
2528:
2518:
2506:. Retrieved
2491:
2472:
2466:
2454:. Retrieved
2436:
2424:. Retrieved
2413:
2403:
2391:. Retrieved
2387:
2378:
2366:. Retrieved
2362:
2353:
2344:
2336:
2331:
2323:the original
2313:
2295:
2277:
2265:. Retrieved
2251:
2239:. Retrieved
2228:
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2198:
2189:
2177:. Retrieved
2168:
2159:
2147:. Retrieved
2138:
2129:
2117:. Retrieved
2108:
2098:
2086:. Retrieved
2077:
2068:
2056:. Retrieved
2047:
2037:
2021:
2016:
2008:
2001:. Retrieved
1992:
1983:
1971:. Retrieved
1957:
1948:
1939:
1928:
1919:
1908:, retrieved
1886:
1876:
1864:
1852:. Retrieved
1843:
1834:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1803:Cassard 2008
1798:
1784:
1716:
1684:cirrus cloud
1663:cirrus cloud
1653:Water vapor
1625:
1610:
1607:
1596:
1574:
1567:Becoming an
1566:
1558:
1528:
1526:
1508:aircraft at
1503:
1498:
1489:
1487:
1448:
1445:Aviation MRO
1439:
1375:Surveillance
1235:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1171:hang gliding
1138:
1137:
1079:
1060:
1014:
951:
921:solar energy
893:SpaceShipOne
890:
832:
817:
798:
769:Douglas DC-3
754:
751:
732:
715:Clément Ader
708:
681:
672:
651:
630:
609:
599:
580:
522:
494:
490:
482:
478:
476:
444:
419:
407:
406:
185:
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
3321:by location
2805:December 4,
2770:AirSafe.com
1755:Aeronautics
1723:Sonic booms
1198:(including
1163:parachuting
1159:paragliding
1151:air charter
1075:Comac ARJ21
919:, and even
913:electricity
901:decarbonize
897:spaceflight
883:researches
847:solid-state
747:World War I
647: 1895
621:British R38
428:rotary-wing
292:Engineering
282:Cyclability
3328:Fatalities
3280:Air forces
3252:Rotorcraft
2569:August 12,
2508:January 3,
2456:August 21,
2426:August 21,
1993:Britannica
1949:Britannica
1672:tropopause
1665:formation.
1628:combustion
1430:Air safety
1212:Ultralight
1155:ballooning
1147:commercial
1086:open skies
1032:Bombardier
824:Boeing 707
813:Beechcraft
793:Cessna 172
739:three-axis
709:There are
616:Hindenburg
424:fixed-wing
418:industry.
246:Supersonic
147:Boeing 747
119:March 2015
89:newspapers
78:"Aviation"
3381:Endurance
3046:CC BY 4.0
2871:Liu, S.C.
2645:CC BY 4.0
2633:0019-8501
2539:April 26,
2393:March 29,
2368:March 29,
1680:contrails
1659:airliners
1655:contrails
1476:from his
1369:Mil Mi-26
1347:Mirage IV
1335:strategic
1317:J-22 Orao
1204:airliners
1133:Piper Cub
1107:Southwest
1063:airliners
863:airliners
841:provided
828:turboprop
759:in 1919,
727:Avion III
723:Ader Ăole
607:company.
591:dirigible
536:Kay KÄvus
487:neologism
477:The word
473:Etymology
422:includes
165:Transport
3422:Aviation
3416:Category
3376:Distance
3371:Altitude
3366:Airspeed
3345:Military
3290:Missiles
3273:Military
3264:Timeline
3217:Airports
3200:Airlines
3161:Aircraft
3144:Aviation
3101:aviation
3088:Aviation
3076:Aviation
3048:license.
2903:Archived
2873:(1988).
2848:Archived
2825:Archived
2774:Archived
2741:Archived
2647:license.
2586:Archived
2563:Archived
2502:Archived
2450:Archived
2420:Archived
2337:Aviation
2305:Archived
2287:Archived
2267:March 4,
2261:Archived
2241:March 5,
2235:Archived
2209:March 5,
2203:Archived
2179:March 4,
2173:Archived
2149:March 4,
2143:Archived
2119:March 4,
2113:Archived
2088:March 4,
2082:Archived
2058:March 4,
2052:Archived
2026:Archived
2003:July 26,
1997:Archived
1973:July 26,
1967:Archived
1848:Archived
1733:See also
1727:Concorde
1638:such as
1583:airport.
1482:air show
1474:ejecting
1423:Missiles
1301:tactical
1238:balloons
1196:avionics
1101:such as
1093:and the
1048:Ilyushin
917:hydrogen
839:Concorde
773:airliner
694:, 1901)
605:Zeppelin
544:Tarentum
540:Archytas
479:aviation
459:airplane
451:buoyancy
440:airships
434:such as
420:Aircraft
416:aircraft
414:and the
408:Aviation
345:Timeline
326:Personal
256:Vactrain
3359:Records
3300:Weapons
3237:Museums
3232:Gliders
3154:General
2934:Bibcode
2887:Bibcode
2854:July 5,
2617:: 166.
2559:Reuters
2169:Dpma.de
1910:June 6,
1854:June 6,
1484:in 2003
1399:MiG-25R
1331:Bombers
1236:Simple
1167:gliding
1143:private
1111:WestJet
1103:Ryanair
1052:Tupolev
1038:Embraer
970:Airline
909:ethanol
887:flight.
782:rockets
657:gliders
529:Jamshid
501:History
461:by the
321:Private
312:Outline
307:History
103:scholar
3386:Firsts
3064:Flying
3023:
3002:
2983:
2780:May 7,
2747:May 7,
2721:May 6,
2695:May 6,
2668:
2631:
2479:
2078:Dlr.de
1930:Flight
1901:
1472:pilot
1415:, and
1383:RC-135
1349:, and
1289:, and
1283:MiG-29
1056:Sukhoi
1054:, and
1026:Boeing
1020:Airbus
881:Helios
811:, and
805:Cessna
721:, the
677:Berlin
665:Berlin
577:, 1936
525:Icarus
495:-ation
412:flight
331:Public
317:Public
264:Topics
151:Pan Am
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
3391:Large
3171:civil
3147:lists
1776:Notes
1707:mogas
1699:avgas
1562:radar
1395:OH-58
1343:Tu-95
1325:Su-25
1321:AH-64
1287:Su-27
1131:1940
809:Piper
483:avier
241:Space
206:Water
191:Cable
172:Modes
110:JSTOR
96:books
3295:UAVs
3042:text
3021:ISBN
3000:ISBN
2981:ISBN
2911:2019
2856:2019
2807:2023
2782:2012
2749:2012
2723:2024
2697:2024
2666:ISBN
2629:ISSN
2571:2022
2541:2010
2529:Time
2510:2021
2477:ISBN
2458:2012
2446:NASA
2428:2012
2395:2024
2370:2024
2269:2022
2243:2022
2211:2022
2181:2022
2151:2022
2121:2022
2090:2022
2060:2022
2005:2009
1975:2009
1912:2021
1899:ISBN
1856:2021
1632:soot
1478:F-16
1413:RQ-4
1409:MQ-9
1397:and
1377:and
1367:and
1351:B-52
1323:and
1313:Il-2
1309:A-10
1291:F-22
1279:F-15
1271:F-35
1252:The
1230:and
1214:and
1145:and
1109:and
956:and
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877:NASA
791:The
733:The
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531:and
491:avis
438:and
426:and
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201:Land
82:news
2950:hdl
2942:doi
2895:doi
2619:doi
2615:119
1891:doi
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