Propaganda - Knowledge

165: 1003: 1160: 27: 1506: 1360:(BBG) to be released within U.S. borders for the Archivist of the United States. The Smith-Mundt Act, as amended, provided that "the Secretary and the Broadcasting Board of Governors shall make available to the Archivist of the United States, for domestic distribution, motion pictures, films, videotapes, and other material 12 years after the initial dissemination of the material abroad (...) Nothing in this section shall be construed to prohibit the Department of State or the Broadcasting Board of Governors from engaging in any medium or form of communication, either directly or indirectly, because a United States domestic audience is or may be thereby exposed to program material, or based on a presumption of such exposure." Public concerns were raised upon passage due to the relaxation of prohibitions of domestic propaganda in the United States. 786:, a type of clandestine operation in which the identity of the sponsoring government is hidden). In scale, these different types of propaganda can also be defined by the potential of true and correct information to compete with the propaganda. For example, opposition to white propaganda is often readily found and may slightly discredit the propaganda source. Opposition to grey propaganda, when revealed (often by an inside source), may create some level of public outcry. Opposition to black propaganda is often unavailable and may be dangerous to reveal, because public cognizance of black propaganda tactics and sources would undermine or backfire the very campaign the black propagandist supported. 747: 738:"Convention on the Use of Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace" tried to create the standards for a liberal international public sphere. The Convention encouraged empathetic and neighborly radio broadcasts to other nations. It called for League prohibitions on international broadcast containing hostile speech and false claims. It tried to define the line between liberal and illiberal policies in communications, and emphasized the dangers of nationalist chauvinism. With Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia active on the radio, its liberal goals were ignored, while free speech advocates warned that the code represented restraints on free speech. 1028: 1794: 1106: 1923:) define propaganda as the use of non-rational arguments to either advance or undermine a political ideal, and use disinformation as an alternative name for undermining propaganda. While others consider them to be separate concepts altogether. One popular distinction holds that disinformation also describes politically motivated messaging designed explicitly to engender public cynicism, uncertainty, apathy, distrust, and paranoia, all of which disincentivize citizen engagement and mobilization for social or political change. 1539:. The field includes many theories and approaches to understanding persuasion. For example, communication theory points out that people can be persuaded by the communicator's credibility, expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness. The elaboration likelihood model, as well as heuristic models of persuasion, suggest that a number of factors (e.g., the degree of interest of the recipient of the communication), influence the degree to which people allow superficial factors to persuade them. Nobel Prize–winning psychologist 1395: 790:

filling people's minds with approved information, but by preventing people from being confronted with opposing points of view. What sets propaganda apart from other forms of advocacy is the willingness of the propagandist to change people's understanding through deception and confusion rather than persuasion and understanding. The leaders of an organization know the information to be one sided or untrue, but this may not be true for the rank and file members who help to disseminate the propaganda.

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techniques include "name calling" (using derogatory labels), "bandwagon" (expressing the social appeal of a message), or "glittering generalities" (using positive but imprecise language). With the rise of the internet and social media, Renee Hobbs identified four characteristic design features of many forms of contemporary propaganda: (1) it activates strong emotions; (2) it simplifies information; (3) it appeals to the hopes, fears, and dreams of a targeted audience; and (4) it attacks opponents.

925: 794: 5724: 1097: 1052:" used during World War II and the Vietnam War, respectively), avoiding some words or language or by making allegations of enemy atrocities. The goal of this was to demoralize the opponent into thinking what was being projected was actually true. Most propaganda efforts in wartime require the home population to feel the enemy has inflicted an injustice, which may be fictitious or may be based on facts (e.g., the sinking of the passenger ship 1741: 872: 340: 1088:), people will be eager to have them extinguished, and are therefore receptive to the reassurances of those in power. For this reason, propaganda is often addressed to people who are already sympathetic to the agenda or views being presented. This process of reinforcement uses an individual's predisposition to self-select "agreeable" information sources as a mechanism for maintaining control over populations. 680: 767:, political or commercial purposes through the controlled transmission of one-sided messages (which may or may not be factual) via mass and direct media channels." The definition focuses on the communicative process involved – or more precisely, on the purpose of the process, and allow "propaganda" to be interpreted as positive or negative behavior depending on the perspective of the viewer or listener. 1269: 1145: 1141:

recycled in the media and in the educational system, without the need for direct governmental intervention on the media. Such permeating propaganda may be used for political goals: by giving citizens a false impression of the quality or policies of their country, they may be incited to reject certain proposals or certain remarks or ignore the experience of others.

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democracy or a fascist dictatorship or a Parliament or a Communist dictatorship. The people can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders. That is easy. All you have to do is tell them they are being attacked and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism and exposing the country to danger. It works the same way in any country.

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protective coloration in such names as 'public relations council,' 'specialist in public education,' 'public relations adviser.' " In 1949, political science professor Dayton David McKean wrote, "After World War I the word came to be applied to 'what you don't like of the other fellow's publicity,' as Edward L. Bernays said...."

5728: 5726: 5731: 5730: 5725: 5732: 539:. Apart from its war films, Hollywood did its part to boost American morale in a film intended to show how stars of stage and screen who remained on the home front were doing their part not just in their labors, but also in their understanding that a variety of peoples worked together against the Axis menace: 1257:

examples of "covert" propaganda because they take on the appearance of objective information rather than the appearance of propaganda, which is misleading. Federal law specifically mandates that any advertisement appearing in the format of a news item must state that the item is in fact a paid advertisement.

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Of all the potential targets for propaganda, children are the most vulnerable because they are the least prepared with the critical reasoning and contextual comprehension they need to determine whether a message is a propaganda or not. The attention children give their environment during development,

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country's industry. Propaganda posters were used because regular general radio broadcasting was yet to commence and TV technology was still under development). The assumption is that, if people believe something false, they will constantly be assailed by doubts. Since these doubts are unpleasant (see

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In the early 20th century, the invention of motion pictures (as in movies, diafilms) gave propaganda-creators a powerful tool for advancing political and military interests when it came to reaching a broad segment of the population and creating consent or encouraging rejection of the real or imagined

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Propaganda has become more common in political contexts, in particular, to refer to certain efforts sponsored by governments, political groups, but also often covert interests. In the early 20th century, propaganda was exemplified in the form of party slogans. Propaganda also has much in common with

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observed that newspapers were not expected to be independent organs of information when they began to play an important part in political life in the late 1700s, but were assumed to promote the views of their owners or government sponsors. In the 20th century, the term propaganda emerged along with

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Haifeng Huang argues that propaganda is not always necessarily about convincing a populace of its message (and may actually fail to do this) but instead can also function as a means of intimidating the citizenry and signalling the regime's strength and ability to maintain its control and power over

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by the German Navy in World War I). The home population must also believe that the cause of their nation in the war is just. In these efforts it was difficult to determine the accuracy of how propaganda truly impacted the war. In NATO doctrine, propaganda is defined as "Information, especially of a

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that "The conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in democratic society. Those who manipulate this unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible government which is the true ruling power of our country. We are governed,

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the target group. This may begin with a simple transmission, such as a leaflet or advertisement dropped from a plane or an advertisement. Generally, these messages will contain directions on how to obtain more information, via a website, hotline, radio program, etc. (as it is seen also for selling

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released without conditions Latin prisoners that he had treated generously to their native cities, where they helped to disseminate his propaganda. The Romans on the other hand tried to portray Hannibal as a person devoid of humanity and would soon lose the favour of gods. At the same time, led by

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The propagandist seeks to change the way people understand an issue or situation for the purpose of changing their actions and expectations in ways that are desirable to the interest group. Propaganda, in this sense, serves as a corollary to censorship in which the same purpose is achieved, not by

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A wide range of materials and media are used for conveying propaganda messages, which changed as new technologies were invented, including paintings, cartoons, posters, pamphlets, films, radio shows, TV shows, and websites. More recently, the digital age has given rise to new ways of disseminating

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and "fear ideology". The first three (ownership, funding, and sourcing) are generally regarded by the authors as being the most important. Although the model was based mainly on the characterization of United States media, Chomsky and Herman believe the theory is equally applicable to any country

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and the appearance of greater media fluidity, propaganda institutions, practices and legal frameworks have been evolving in the US and Britain. Briant shows how this included expansion and integration of the apparatus cross-government and details attempts to coordinate the forms of propaganda for

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Roderick Hindery argues that propaganda exists on the political left, and right, and in mainstream centrist parties. Hindery further argues that debates about most social issues can be productively revisited in the context of asking "what is or is not propaganda?" Not to be overlooked is the link

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In the journalistic context, advertisements evolved from the traditional commercial advertisements to include also a new type in the form of paid articles or broadcasts disguised as news. These generally present an issue in a very subjective and often misleading light, primarily meant to persuade

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In the Soviet Union during the Second World War, the propaganda designed to encourage civilians was controlled by Stalin, who insisted on a heavy-handed style that educated audiences easily saw was inauthentic. On the other hand, the unofficial rumors about German atrocities were well founded and

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Propaganda against other religions in the same community or propaganda intended to keep political power in the hands of a religious elite can incite religious hate on a global or national scale. It could make use of many propaganda mediums. War, terrorism, riots, and other violent acts can result

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famous Bureau of Public Information (or 'Inflammation') helped to din into the public mind the fact that propaganda existed. ... The public's discovery of propaganda has led to a great of lamentation over it. Propaganda has become an epithet of contempt and hate, and the propagandists have sought

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NOAH ADAMS: The European Center for War, Peace and the News Media, based in London, has received word from Belgrade that no pictures of mass Albanian refugees have been shown at all, and that the Kosovo humanitarian catastrophe is only referred to as the one made up or over-emphasised by Western

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were received as documents in evidence because they document the practices of the Nazis The following is an example of a propagandistic math problem recommended by the National Socialist Essence of Education: "The Jews are aliens in Germany—in 1933 there were 66,606,000 inhabitants in the German

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explains that "Hitler...puts no limit on what can be done by propaganda; people will believe anything, provided they are told it often enough and emphatically enough, and that contradicters are either silenced or smothered in calumny." This was to be true in Germany and backed up with their army

1554:'s 1931 article "A psychological definition of propaganda", "he four principles followed in propaganda are: (1) rely on emotions, never argue; (2) cast propaganda into the pattern of "we" versus an "enemy"; (3) reach groups as well as individuals; (4) hide the propagandist as much as possible." 695:

was originally a neutral term for the dissemination of information in favor of any given cause. During the 20th century, however, the term acquired a thoroughly negative meaning in western countries, representing the intentional dissemination of often false, but certainly "compelling" claims to

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a cyber-strategy was implemented using bots to direct US voters to Russian political news and information sources, and to spread politically motivated rumors and false news stories. At this point it is considered commonplace contemporary political strategy around the world to implement bots in

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and not the more obvious ones used in traditional commercial advertisements. If the reader believes that a paid advertisement is in fact a news item, the message the advertiser is trying to communicate will be more easily "believed" or "internalized". Such advertisements are considered obvious

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Naturally, the common people don't want war; neither in Russia nor in England nor in America, nor for that matter in Germany. That is understood. But, after all, it is the leaders of the country who determine the policy and it is always a simple matter to drag the people along, whether it is a

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what they learn at school, such disinformation will be repeated by journalists as well as parents, thus reinforcing the idea that the disinformation item is really a "well-known fact", even though no one repeating the myth is able to point to an authoritative source. The disinformation is then

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Propaganda can often be recognized by the rhetorical strategies used in its design. In the 1930s, the Institute for Propaganda Analysis identified a variety of propaganda techniques that were commonly used in newspapers and on the radio, which were the mass media of the time period. Propaganda

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is a form of propaganda that refers to the act of an individual convincing themself of something, no matter how irrational that idea may be. Self propaganda makes it easier for individuals to justify their own actions as well as the actions of others. Self-propaganda often works to lessen the

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to reach audiences outside Lebanon. Banners and billboards were commissioned in commemoration of the war, along with various merchandise items with Hezbollah's logo, flag color (yellow), and images of Nasrallah. T-shirts, baseball caps and other war memorabilia were marketed for all ages. The

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markings). The term propaganda may also refer to false information meant to reinforce the mindsets of people who already believe as the propagandist wishes (e.g., During the First World War, the main purpose of British propaganda was to encourage men to join the army, and women to work in the

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defines it as "the deliberate manipulation of representations (including text, pictures, video, speech etc.) with the intention of producing any effect in the audience (e.g. action or inaction; reinforcement or transformation of feelings, ideas, attitudes or behaviours) that is desired by the

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By the 1990s, the topic of propaganda was no longer a part of public education, having been relegated to a specialist subject. Secondary English educators grew fearful of the study of propaganda genres, choosing to focus on argumentation and reasoning instead of the highly emotional forms of

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flanked by children. The text reads: "Children! Learning, at home and in school, the worship of the Fatherland, you will bring all chances of success to life. Only love builds and, strongly loving Brazil, you will lead it to the greatest of destinies among Nations, fulfilling the desires of

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provided a broad definition of the term propaganda, writing it as: "the expression of opinions or actions carried out deliberately by individuals or groups with a view to influencing the opinions or actions of other individuals or groups for predetermined ends and through psychological

234:'s 2011 guidance for military public affairs defines propaganda as "information, ideas, doctrines, or special appeals disseminated to influence the opinion, emotions, attitudes, or behaviour of any specified group in order to benefit the sponsor, either directly or indirectly". 5734: 1616:

framed propaganda in relation to larger themes about the relationship between humans and technology. Media messages did not serve to enlighten or inspire, he argued. They merely overwhelm by arousing emotions and oversimplifying ideas, limiting human reasoning and judgement.

5733: 1894:... were circulated during the late 1930s) and contained depictions of Jews as devils, child molesters and other morally charged figures. Slogans such as "Judas the Jew betrayed Jesus the German to the Jews" were recited in class. During the Nuremberg Trial, 1320:(GAO), an arm of the United States Congress, refers to as "covert propaganda." Propaganda is divided into two in political situations, they are preparation, meaning to create a new frame of mind or view of things, and operational, meaning they instigate actions. 1678: – to other businesses (advertisers) and that benefit from access to information from government and corporate sources to produce their content. The theory postulates five general classes of "filters" that shape the content that is presented in news media: 1060:

biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view." Within this perspective, the information provided does not need to be necessarily false but must be instead relevant to specific goals of the "actor" or "system" that performs it.

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disseminated over one million books to Soviet readers over the span of 15 years, including novels by George Orwell, Albert Camus, Vladimir Nabakov, James Joyce, and Pasternak in an attempt to promote anti-communist sentiment and sympathy of Western values.

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campaigns by governments, which are intended to encourage or discourage certain forms of behavior (such as wearing seat belts, not smoking, not littering, and so forth). Again, the emphasis is more political in propaganda. Propaganda can take the form of

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approach. Richard Alan Nelson provides a definition of the term: "Propaganda is neutrally defined as a systematic form of purposeful persuasion that attempts to influence the emotions, attitudes, opinions, and actions of specified target audiences for

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propagandist." The same author explains the importance of consistent terminology across history, particularly as contemporary euphemistic synonyms are used in governments' continual efforts to rebrand their operations such as 'information support' and

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in Britain: Writing in 1928, Lasswell observed, "In democratic countries the official propaganda bureau was looked upon with genuine alarm, for fear that it might be suborned to party and personal ends. The outcry in the United States against Mr.

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as "things that must be disseminated", in some cultures the term is neutral or even positive, while in others the term has acquired a strong negative connotation. The connotations of the term "propaganda" can also vary over time. For example, in

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argues that, "Propaganda is making puppets of us. We are moved by hidden strings which the propagandist manipulates." In the 1920s and 1930s, propaganda was sometimes described as all-powerful. For example, Bernays acknowledged in his book

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was formed to introduce methods of instruction for high school and college students, helping learners to recognize and desist propaganda by identifying persuasive techniques. This work built upon classical rhetoric and it was informed by

1707:, a digital learning platform for teaching and learning about contemporary propaganda. The study of contemporary propaganda is growing in secondary education, where it is seen as a part of language arts and social studies education. 1464:

frequently appeared on postage stamps in Germany and some of the occupied nations. A British program to parody these, and other Nazi-inspired stamps, involved airdropping them into Germany on letters containing anti-Nazi literature.

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accuse the leaders of what they consider cults of using propaganda extensively to recruit followers and keep them. Hadden argued that ex-members of cults and the anti-cult movement are committed to making these movements look bad.

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Some time has been spent analyzing the means by which the propaganda messages are transmitted. That work is important but it is clear that information dissemination strategies become propaganda strategies only when coupled with

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is communication that is primarily used to influence or persuade an audience to further an agenda, which may not be objective and may be selectively presenting facts to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using

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and create hatred toward a supposed enemy, either internal or external, by creating a false image in the mind of soldiers and citizens. This can be done by using derogatory or racist terms (e.g., the racist terms

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throughout Europe, and in particular within Germany, caused new ideas, thoughts, and doctrine to be made available to the public in ways that had never been seen before the 16th century. During the era of the

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and critiqued by some scholars. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013 (section 1078 (a)) amended the US Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948 (popularly referred to as the

545:(1943) features one segment meant to dispel Americans' mistrust of the Soviets, and another to dispel their bigotry against the Chinese. Polish filmmakers in Great Britain created the anti-Nazi color film 1175:

convincing. Stalin was a Georgian who spoke Russian with a heavy accent. That would not do for a national hero so starting in the 1930s all new visual portraits of Stalin were retouched to erase his

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blamed each other for obscure and degrading origins, cruelty, cowardice, oratorical and literary incompetence, debaucheries, luxury, drunkenness and other slanders. This defamation took the form of

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The term is essentially contested and some have argued for a neutral definition, arguing that ethics depend on intent and context, while others define it as necessarily unethical and negative.

4200: 332:). Academic Barbara Diggs-Brown conceives that the negative connotations of the term "propaganda" are associated with the earlier social and political transformations that occurred during the 4397: 1227:, each of which can be thought of as propaganda that promotes a commercial product or shapes the perception of an organization, person, or brand. For example, after claiming victory in the 1853:

as one of their special audience for its propaganda messages. Schools and texts mirrored what the Nazis aimed of instilling in German youth through the use and promotion of racial theory.

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and social scientific studies of propaganda and persuasion. In the 1950s, propaganda theory and education examined the rise of American consumer culture, and this work was popularized by

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purposes among other goals). The strategy intends to initiate the individual from information recipient to information seeker through reinforcement, and then from information seeker to

731:. Other scholars also see benefits to acknowledging that propaganda can be interpreted as beneficial or harmful, depending on the message sender, target audience, message, and context. 7183: 7103: 2970: 778:, propaganda is defined as either white, grey or black. White propaganda openly discloses its source and intent. Grey propaganda has an ambiguous or non-disclosed source or intent. 1260:

Edmund McGarry illustrates that advertising is more than selling to an audience but a type of propaganda that is trying to persuade the public and not to be balanced in judgement.

5464: 4462: 1492:. The company initially denied breaking laws but later admitted breaking UK law, the scandal provoking a worldwide debate on acceptable use of data for propaganda and influence. 1215:

Simply enough the covenant specifically is not defining the content of propaganda. In simplest terms, an act of propaganda if used in a reply to a wartime act is not prohibited.

164: 1666: 4975: 8970: 303:, stir up patriotic feelings in the population of his empire (he was the first ruler who utilized one-sided battle reports – the early predecessors of modern newspapers or 8980: 8975: 336:

movement of 1789 to 1799 between the start and the middle portion of the 19th century, in a time where the word started to be used in a nonclerical and political context.

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due to the process of developing their understanding of the world, causes them to absorb propaganda indiscriminately. Also, children are highly imitative: studies by

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society; by investing significant resources into propaganda, the regime can forewarn its citizens of its strength and deterring them from attempting to challenge it.

7208: 415:. Goebbels mentions propaganda as a way to see through the masses. Symbols are used towards propaganda such as justice, liberty and one's devotion to one's country. 48:

to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is being presented. Propaganda can be found in a wide variety of different contexts.

7044: 7039: 7034: 4512: 1640:. It argues that the way in which commercial media institutions are structured and operate (e.g. through advertising revenue, concentration of media ownership, or 999:

Post–World War II usage of the word "propaganda" more typically refers to political or nationalist uses of these techniques or to the promotion of a set of ideas.

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In the 1980s, academics recognized that news and journalism could function as propaganda when business and government interests were amplified by mass media. The

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During the 1930s, educators in the United States and around the world became concerned about the rise of anti-Semitism and other forms of violent extremism. The

300: 1316:. In the case of the United States, there is also an important legal (imposed by law) distinction between advertising (a type of overt propaganda) and what the 6727: 4228:"Algorithms, bots, and political communication in the US 2016 election: The challenge of automated political communication for election law and administration" 1872: 1863:, headed a publishing house that disseminated anti-Semitic propaganda picture books in schools during the Nazi dictatorship. This was accomplished through the 6500: 289:(Roman rhetorical genre of the invective) which was decisive for shaping the Roman public opinion at this time. Another early example of propaganda was from 293:. The emperor would send some of his men ahead of his army to spread rumors to the enemy. In many cases, his army was actually smaller than his opponents'. 7369: 5022: 4531: 1191: 4281: 1723:

felt by individuals when their personal actions or the actions of their government do not line up with their moral beliefs. Self-propaganda is a type of

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In the wake of this, the internet has become a prolific method of distributing political propaganda, benefiting from an evolution in coding called bots.

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activities. In English, the cognate began taking a pejorative or negative connotation in the mid-19th century, when it was used in the political sphere.

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External Communication in Social Media During Asymmetric Conflicts A Theoretical Model and Empirical Case Study of the Conflict in Israel and Palestine

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Poster in a North Korean primary school targeting the United States military. The Korean text reads: "Are you playing the game of catching these guys?"

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had been coupled with psychological profiling using illegally obtained social media data for political campaigns in the United States in 2016 to aid

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Williamson, Samuel R.; Balfour, Michael (Winter 1980). "Propaganda in War, 1939–1945: Organisations, Policies and Publics in Britain and Germany".

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David Goodman, "Liberal and Illiberal Internationalism in the Making of the League of Nations Convention on Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace."

2290: 1612: 817:. Caption reads: "Don't frighten us Pope, with your ban, and don't be such a furious man. Otherwise we shall turn around and show you our rears." 408: 3810:

Eksteins, Modris; Balfour, Michael (October 1980). "Propaganda in War, 1939–1945: Organisations, Policies and Publics in Britain and Germany".

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about the history of certain groups or foreign countries may be encouraged or tolerated in the educational system. Since few people actually

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Auerbach, Jonathan, and Russ Castronovo: "Thirteen Propositions about Propaganda." The Oxford Handbook of Propaganda Studies, December 2013.

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Kunczic, Michael (9 August 2016). "Public Relations in Kriegzeiten – Die Notwendigkeit von Lüge und Zensur". In Preußer, Heinz-Peter (ed.).

7215: 1547:. That is, in a society of mass information, people are forced to make decisions quickly and often superficially, as opposed to logically. 858:

from it. It can also conceal injustices, inequities, exploitation, and atrocities, leading to ignorance-based indifference and alienation.

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Propaganda is sometimes evaluated based on the intention and goals of the individual or institution who created it. According to historian

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is treated as a more neutral or positive term, though it can be used pejoratively through protest or other informal settings within China.

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is viewed by most historians as an early example of propaganda. Another striking example of propaganda during ancient history is the last

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Propaganda can also be turned on its makers. For example, postage stamps have frequently been tools for government advertising, such as

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Identifying propaganda has always been a problem. The main difficulties have involved differentiating propaganda from other types of

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The 20th century has been characterized by three developments of great political importance: the growth of democracy, the growth of

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in the early 1940s were designed to create a patriotic mindset and convince viewers that sacrifices needed to be made to defeat the

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Kosar, Kevin R., Public Relations and Propaganda: Restrictions on Executive Branch Activities, CRS Report RL32750, February 2005.

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as well as some similar non-English terms retain neutral or positive connotations. For example, in official party discourse,

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approach, but historically, propaganda had been a neutral descriptive term of any material that promotes certain opinions or

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nations. Through a front organization called the Bedford Publishing Company, the CIA through a covert department called the

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Outside the realm of official discourse, however, propaganda (xuanchuan), is occasionally used in a negative way...(p. 195)

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Propaganda was often used to influence opinions and beliefs on religious issues, particularly during the split between the

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Garcia, Hugo. "Reluctant liars? Public debates on propaganda and democracy in twentieth-century Britain (ca. 1914–1950)",

4435: 398:(1925) Hitler expounded his theory of propaganda, which provided a powerful base for his rise to power in 1933. Historian 9030: 7178: 6581: 6388: 5498:, 6th edn. California: Sage Publications, 2014. A detailed overview of the history, function, and analyses of propaganda. 5375:, eds. P. Rennick, S. Cunningham, & R.H. Johnson. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Pub., 2010, pp. 83–96. 3863: 1999: 1002: 7953: 7084: 6649: 5667: 5596: 5399:

Modern Propaganda : The art of influencing society, individuals, and the news media through digital communication.

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Le conflit propagandiste entre Octavien et Marc Antoine: De l'usage politique de la uituperatio entre 44 et 30 a. C. n.

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Le conflit propagandiste entre Octavien et Marc Antoine. De l'usage politique de la uituperatio entre 44 et 30 a. C. n

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of the medium, reliance on advertising revenue, access to news sources, threat of litigation and commercial backlash (

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the rise of mass media, including newspapers and radio. As researchers began studying the effects of media, they used

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Briant, Emma Louise (April 2015). "Allies and Audiences Evolving Strategies in Defense and Intelligence Propaganda".

4141: 3942: 3506: 3439: 3242: 3206: 2252: 2202: 1780: 1594: 982: 911: 676:, the word "propaganda" usually refers to the most common manipulative media in business terms – "advertising". 67:

propaganda, for example, bots and algorithms are currently being used to create computational propaganda and fake or

9139: 8729: 8546: 8450: 7419: 6764: 4971: 3889: 1727:. Self-propaganda can have a negative impact on those who perpetuate the beliefs created by using self-propaganda. 1445:. Identifying these messages is a necessary prerequisite to study the methods by which those messages are spread. 1317: 989: 296: 4582: 4417:"Facebook knew Cambridge Analytica was misusing users' data three years ago and only banned the company this week" 3902: 8083: 7237: 6566: 6534: 6039: 5247: 4833: 3990:(1947). In an interview with Gilbert in Göring's jail cell during the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials (18 April 1946) 3844:

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO Standardization Agency AAP-6 – Glossary of terms and definitions, 2-P-9.

1829:. The use of propaganda in schools was highly prevalent during the 1930s and 1940s in Germany in the form of the 1577:

was revealed to have applied them with millions of people's breached Facebook data to encourage them to vote for

1409:

Common media for transmitting propaganda messages include news reports, government reports, historical revision,

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government sponsored the Russian film industry with the purpose of making propaganda films (e.g., the 1925 film

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Lasswell, Harold. Propaganda Technique in the World War. K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company, Limited, 1927.

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The first large-scale and organised propagation of government propaganda was occasioned by the outbreak of the

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Primitive forms of propaganda have been a human activity as far back as reliable recorded evidence exists. The

1825:, formal education and standardized television programming can be seen as using propaganda for the purpose of 453:

ideals). In WWII, Nazi filmmakers produced highly emotional films to create popular support for occupying the

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revealed advances in digital propaganda techniques showing that online human intelligence techniques used in

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say his "majestic new image was devised appropriately to depict the leader of all times and of all peoples."

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prohibits any propaganda for war as well as any advocacy of national or religious hatred that constitutes

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Fox, J. C., 2007, "Film propaganda in Britain and Nazi Germany : World War II cinema.", Oxford:Berg.

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Callanan, James D. The Evolution of The CIA's Covert Action Mission, 1947–1963. Durham University. 1999.

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Books as Weapons: Propaganda, Publishing, and the Battle for Global Markets in the Era of World War II.

4205:'Anti-Propaganda' Ban Repealed, Freeing State Dept. To Direct Its Broadcasting Arm at American Citizens 3305: 1417:, radio, television, and posters. Some propaganda campaigns follow a strategic transmission pattern to 1273: 937: 385: 168: 107: 56: 5266: 5011:. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army. 31 August 1979. Archived from the original on 24 May 2001. 2072: 1561:

have become significant in understanding and planning propaganda campaigns, these include for example

1118:(1992–95) presented as an actual photograph from the scene of, as stated in report below the image, a 1071:

operations in which the identity of the operatives is depicted as those of an enemy nation (e.g., The

228:

our minds are molded, our tastes formed, our ideas suggested, largely by men we have never heard of."

30:

A poster that was used to encourage Americans to car-share in order to conserve oil for the US during

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became popular, especially for winning over youthful audiences and aiding the U.S. war effort, e.g.,

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and make him a more generalized Soviet hero. Only his eyes and famous moustache remained unaltered.

968:, extensive campaigns of propaganda were carried out by both sides. To dissolve the Roman system of 782:

purports to be published by the enemy or some organization besides its actual origins (compare with

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had a flourishing network of newspapers and printers who specialized in the topic on behalf of the

4282:"North Korea's America-hating postage stamps are mini-masterpieces of anti-imperialist propaganda" 3557: 3020: 2681: 1919:

Whether and to what degree disinformation and propaganda overlap is subject to debate. Some (like

605:

stressed the importance of propaganda. Propaganda was used extensively by Communist forces in the

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propaganda found in advertising and political campaigns. In 2015, the European Commission funded

1437:, since propagandists use arguments that, while sometimes convincing, are not necessarily valid. 1337: 882: 806: 728: 445: 1235:

campaigned for broader popularity among Arabs by organizing mass rallies where Hezbollah leader

9040: 8903: 8831: 8796: 8508: 8225: 8108: 7978: 7491: 7002: 6964: 6929: 6654: 6395: 6311: 6029: 5999: 5949: 5874: 5787: 4868: 3958: 1573:. Behavioural methodologies then became subject to great controversy in 2016 after the company 550: 308: 3932: 3919:

had his likeness softened on propaganda posters to reduce his Georgian facial characteristics.

3723: 3606: 3579: 3496: 2579: 2545: 2444: 2438: 2412:

Kuehl, Dan (10 March 2014). "Chapter 1: Propaganda in the Digital Age". In Snow, Nancy (ed.).

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analyses commercial mass media as businesses that sell a product – access to readers and

1009:

propaganda poster encouraging men in the United States to enlist and fight Germany as part of

531:. Others were intended to help Americans understand their Allies in general, as in films like 9003: 8883: 8766: 8756: 8739: 8695: 8593: 8513: 8473: 8329: 8324: 8063: 7910: 7905: 7706: 7347: 7152: 6941: 6737: 6659: 6644: 6539: 6471: 6463: 6400: 6356: 6326: 6291: 6217: 6024: 5989: 5939: 5919: 5776: 5624: 4379:"Exposing Cambridge Analytica: 'It's been exhausting, exhilarating, and slightly terrifying'" 3640: 3429: 2758: 2125: 2009: 1964: 1481: 1389: 1309: 1253: 1064: 1035:" posters, this iconic piece of propaganda tries to warn citizens against giving out secrets. 1032: 827: 644:

and other non-Serbs). Serb media made a great effort in justifying, revising or denying mass

515: 348: 243: 198: 5081:

The Black Game: British Subversive Operations Against the German During the Second World War

4609:"Review of Alex Carey, Taking the Risk out of Democracy: Propaganda in the US and Australia" 4102: 3454: 299:

was the first ruler to utilize the power of the printing press for propaganda – in order to

9020: 8923: 8826: 8761: 8670: 8665: 8561: 8503: 8488: 8359: 8291: 8113: 8103: 8098: 8078: 8023: 7973: 7066: 6634: 5954: 5864: 5589:

Illusions of Freedom: Thomas Merton and Jacques Ellul on Technology and the Human Condition

5554:

The Discourse of Propaganda: Case Studies from the Persian Gulf War and the 'War on Terror'

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research are used to generate propaganda. Many of these same techniques can be found under

1282: 1085: 1072: 593: 352: 249: 4918: 4548:

Huang, Haifeng. "Propaganda as signaling." Comparative Politics 47, no. 4 (2015): 419–444.

307:– targeting the mass.) and influence the population of his enemies. Propaganda during the 8: 9124: 8933: 8863: 8364: 8125: 8048: 7983: 7948: 7862: 7725: 7643: 7470: 7394: 7129: 6959: 6747: 6664: 6601: 6351: 6054: 5884: 5859: 5809: 5753: 5371:

Cunningham Stanley B. "Reflections on the Interface Between Propaganda and Religion", in

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invented one kind of psychological warfare targeting the enemies. During his war against

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Critical Thinking in Clinical Practice: Improving the Quality of Judgments and Decisions

2398: 1870:

The League encouraged the teaching of racial theory. Picture books for children such as

1683: 389: 132:. Its activity was aimed at "propagating" the Catholic faith in non-Catholic countries. 9134: 9008: 8746: 8724: 8719: 8637: 8632: 8588: 8339: 8296: 8235: 8137: 8013: 7867: 7534: 6835: 6825: 6639: 6493: 6366: 6341: 6180: 6014: 6009: 5994: 5819: 5016: 4845: 4814: 4681: 4646: 4182: 4133: 4129: 4050: 3827: 3792: 3697: 3401: 3248: 3212: 3174: 3125: 3117: 2849: 2814: 2739: 2526: 2518: 2064: 1558: 1372: 1304: 1240: 1148: 846: 506: 436: 344: 263: 192:

to explain how people could be influenced by emotionally-resonant persuasive messages.

2714:

Cole, Richard G. (1975). "The Reformation in Print: German Pamphlets and Propaganda".

2180: 1105: 656:

In the early 20th century the term propaganda was used by the founders of the nascent

8928: 8888: 8841: 8660: 8642: 8530: 8374: 8319: 8147: 8018: 7958: 7851: 7772: 7566: 7551: 7478: 7272: 6954: 6435: 6415: 6383: 6264: 6242: 6197: 6165: 6064: 5979: 5909: 5804: 5663: 5634: 5610: 5592: 5474: 5402: 5384: 5199: 5180: 5161: 5139: 5117: 5098: 5056: 5050: 5035: 4806: 4777: 4747: 4720: 4685: 4636: 4249: 4186: 4147: 4137: 4074: 3938: 3729: 3701: 3677: 3646: 3612: 3502: 3461: 3435: 3408: 3366: 3345:"Teaching about Propaganda: An Examination of the Historical Roots of Media Literacy" 3238: 3202: 3178: 3129: 3049: 2937: 2764: 2743: 2731: 2687: 2653: 2619: 2585: 2551: 2530: 2510: 2473: 2448: 2417: 2325: 2303: 2272: 2248: 2216: 2135: 2040: 2004: 1845:, the education system was thoroughly co-opted to indoctrinate the German youth with 1793: 1692: 1641: 1599: 1551: 1524: 1469: 1430: 1164: 945: 842: 735: 617: 572:, television, and radio programming to influence their own citizens, each other, and 356: 321: 267: 223: 189: 6103: 1804: 1208: 8950: 8846: 8836: 8603: 8520: 8334: 8230: 8157: 8132: 8093: 7938: 7895: 7826: 7696: 7588: 6554: 6529: 6378: 6346: 6271: 6079: 6034: 5894: 5829: 5814: 5411: 5354: 5153: 4834:"Poisoning young minds in Nazi Germany: children and propaganda in the Third Reich" 4673: 4608: 4493: 4308: 4239: 4174: 4042: 3819: 3784: 3689: 3356: 3166: 3113: 3109: 2841: 2806: 2723: 2502: 2354:"Are We Victims of Propaganda, Our Invisible Masters: A Debate with Edward Bernays" 2208: 2131: 2025: 2020: 1854: 1671: 1625: 1621: 1540: 1325: 1244: 1236: 1228: 1224: 1123: 1014: 779: 657: 598: 490: 466: 462: 369: 274: 5032:

Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic

4937:

The Menace of Unreality: How the Kremlin Weaponizes Information, Culture and Money

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Philip M. Taylor, 1990, "Munitions of the mind: A history of propaganda", Pg. 170.

2615:

Six Centuries of Master Prints: Treasures from the Herbert Greer French Collection

1695:

structure, and the model has subsequently been applied by other scholars to study

1648:

that make them act as propaganda for powerful political and commercial interests:

419:

saw continued use of propaganda as a weapon of war, building on the experience of

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Taking the Risk out of Democracy: Corporate Propaganda versus Freedom and Liberty

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Publicity and Diplomacy: With Special Reference to England and Germany, 1890–1914

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Cengage Advantage Books: Strategic Public Relations: An Audience-Focused Approach

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Taylor, Philip M. (2002). "Strategic Communications or Democratic Propaganda?".

2392: 775: 628:. Propaganda was used to create fear and hatred, and particularly to incite the 8898: 8813: 8803: 8791: 8702: 8675: 8620: 8566: 8349: 8270: 8162: 8028: 8008: 7998: 7809: 7483: 7242: 7124: 6752: 6405: 6185: 6175: 6138: 6134: 5959: 5869: 5854: 5799: 5678:

Toxic Sludge Is Good for You! Lies, Damn Lies and the Public Relations Industry

5288: 5131: 4874: 4301:"Stalin on Stamps and other Philatelic Materials: Design, Propaganda, Politics" 3693: 3361: 3344: 2506: 2388: 2035: 1989: 1979: 1826: 1814: 1724: 1687: 1516: 1473: 1423: 1364: 1133: 1040: 1031:

Soviet "Ne Boltai" poster. Translates to "Don't Chatter". Similar to American "

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McCombs, M. E. & D. L. Shaw. "The agenda-setting function of mass media",

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Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present

4964:

DISTINGUISHING DISINFORMATION FROM PROPAGANDA, MISINFORMATION, AND "FAKE NEWS"

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Yourman, Julius (November 1939). "Propaganda Techniques Within Nazi Germany".

1859: 1511: 1096: 9118: 8998: 8945: 8873: 8714: 8525: 8401: 8240: 8195: 8142: 8058: 7963: 7819: 7384: 7342: 6732: 6336: 6276: 5904: 5899: 5655: 5511: 5421: 5219: 5088: 4899:. Chapel Hill & London: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. p. 119. 4810: 4586: 4376: 4253: 4178: 3963:

United Nations Human Rights: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights

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Doob, L.W. (1949), Public Opinion and Propaganda, London: Cresset Press p 240

2735: 2514: 2068: 1822: 1818: 1633: 1603: 1341: 1277: 1137: 1053: 957: 831: 814: 813:. Title: Kissing the Pope's Feet. German peasants respond to a papal bull of 810: 673: 613: 582: 481: 440: 403:

making it difficult to allow other propaganda to flow in. Most propaganda in

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Manipulating the Masses: Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of American Propaganda

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Propaganda may be administered in insidious ways. For instance, disparaging

19:

This article is about the biased form of communication. For other uses, see

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Propaganda in Twentieth Century War and Politics: An Annotated Bibliography

5316: 5070:

Hindery, Roderick. "The Anatomy of Propaganda within Religious Terrorism".

4650: 4630: 4532:"Facebook and Cambridge Analytica face mounting pressure over data scandal" 3292:

The Case Against the Modern World: A Crash Course in Traditionalist Thought

2975: 2727: 2298:. Trans. Konrad Kellen & Jean Lerner from original 1962 French edition 1984: 1944: 1878: 1846: 1842: 1830: 1629: 1578: 1562: 1485: 1457: 1418: 1410: 1368: 1345: 1184: 1122:. The image is derived from an 1879 "Orphan on mother's grave" painting by 924: 793: 710: 684: 602: 597:

portray the use of propaganda in fictional dystopian societies. During the

561: 557: 470: 458: 416: 404: 399: 373: 290: 31: 8442: 4664:

Fleming, David (2019). "Fear of persuasion in the English language arts".

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The New Cambridge Modern History: volume XII The Era of Violence 1890–1945

2212: 376:

came to echo this view, believing that it had been a primary cause of the

8856: 8786: 8615: 8493: 8431: 8386: 7900: 7836: 7656: 7546: 7516: 7277: 6757: 6742: 6586: 6301: 6252: 6222: 6069: 6019: 5934: 5924: 5879: 5834: 4677: 4313: 4015: 2956:"Franciszka and Stefan Themerson: Calling Mr. Smith (1943) – artincinema" 2097: 2030: 1477: 1449: 1115: 1010: 929: 723: 606: 587: 573: 528: 494: 454: 372:

suggested that British propaganda had been instrumental in their defeat.

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in 1914. After the defeat of Germany, military officials such as General

282: 68: 5745: 5349:

The New Propaganda: The Dictatorship of Palaver in Contemporary Politics

4818: 2493:

Davison, W. Phillips (1971). "Some Trends in International Propaganda".

2155: 1039:

Propaganda is a powerful weapon in war; in certain cases, it is used to

9070: 9060: 8818: 8583: 8576: 8477: 8053: 7988: 7814: 7793: 7748: 7701: 7691: 7573: 7526: 7404: 6854: 6830: 6561: 6420: 6410: 6306: 6281: 5944: 5849: 5793: 5381:

A History of Japanese Journalism: State of Affairs and Affairs of State

4436:"Cambridge Analytica denies breaking any laws in Facebook data scandal" 4054: 3831: 3796: 3121: 2818: 2522: 1974: 1969: 1765: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1696: 1528: 1313: 1287: 1195: 1068: 965: 896: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 755: 645: 498: 394: 339: 259: 206: 202: 140: 7439: 6890: 2853: 985:, they organized elaborate religious rituals to protect Roman morale. 8751: 8685: 8652: 8416: 7842: 7799: 7782: 7778: 7633: 7613: 7521: 7496: 7399: 7389: 7108: 6799: 6321: 6237: 6212: 6207: 5582:

Propaganda without Propagandists? Six Case Studies in U.S. Propaganda

5470: 5295:. New York: H. Liveright, 1928. (See also version of text at website 4513:"Barack Obama to bring Whitehall's 'nudge' theory to the White House" 4497: 2244: 1959: 1679: 1675: 1312:, posters, TV, and radio broadcasts and can also extend to any other 1232: 1152: 664: 641: 450: 152: 89: 4629:

Pedro-Carañana, Joan; Broudy, Daniel; Klaehn, Jeffery, eds. (2018).

4455:"Cambridge Analytica's parent pleads guilty to breaking UK data law" 4337: 4046: 3823: 3788: 2810: 1740: 1371:

can be used for many things, including populating social media with

871: 9085: 8707: 8625: 8421: 7879: 7686: 7666: 7618: 7603: 7541: 7501: 7424: 7414: 7310: 7139: 5974: 5839: 5116:(4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc. 5052:

Berlin Calling: American Broadcasters in Service to the Third Reich

4797:

Goutam, Urvashi (2014). "Pedagogical Nazi Propaganda (1939–1945)".

4377:

Carole Cadwalladr, as told to Lee Glendinning (29 September 2018).

4033:

McGarry, Edmund D. (1958). "The Propaganda Function in Marketing".

2845: 1934: 977: 835: 764: 633: 565: 524: 278: 60: 4484:

Biddle, W. W. (1931). "A psychological definition of propaganda".

2495:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

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in a way that he hoped would make Americans angry and support the

672:

and some Spanish language speaking countries, particularly in the

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Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests

6969: 6840: 6259: 6232: 6170: 5964: 5824: 5738:

How does propaganda change our beliefs? Lecture by Etienne Augé (

4398:"Research on Leave.EU and Cambridge Analytica strategy published" 3554:"The Religious Movements Page: Conceptualizing "Cult" and "Sect"" 2649:

Marketing Maximilian: The Visual Ideology of a Holy Roman Emperor

1939: 1434: 1168: 961: 696:

support or justify political actions or ideologies. According to

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industry to refer to their people. Literally translated from the

625: 486: 457:

and attacking Poland. The 1930s and 1940s, which saw the rise of

209:

through the development and cultivation of propaganda materials.

3100:

Lasswell, Harold D. (1928). "The Function of the Propagandist".

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Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1934–1941

4226:

Howard, Philip N.; Woolley, Samuel; Calo, Ryan (3 April 2018).

3572: 1461: 1453: 993: 973: 953: 679: 637: 520: 270: 106:. Originally this word derived from a new administrative body ( 5692:

Information Politics and Propaganda in Authoritarian Societies

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Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media

4632:

The Propaganda Model Today: Filtering Perception and Awareness

4402:

UK Parliamentary Committee on Digital, Culture Media and Sport

4126:

Indoctrination and self-deception or free and critical thought

3306:"This WWII Cartoon Taught Soldiers How to Avoid Certain Death" 1667:

Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media

1120:"Serbian boy whose whole family was killed by Bosnian Muslims" 7968: 7787: 7717: 7203: 6049: 3476:

In Latin, the title reads "Hic oscula pedibus papae figuntur"

1821:

and Sheila A. Ross in the 1960s indicated that, to a degree,

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A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States

5177:

A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States

3331:

A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States

1867:, of which 97% of all German teachers were members in 1937. 1144: 952:

as well as other mythical images to incite feelings against

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Age of Propaganda: The Everyday Use and Abuse of Persuasion

5556:. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. 5418:, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1963, 537 pages. 4530:

Cadwalladr, Carole; Graham-Harrison, Emma (19 March 2018).

3886:

Motherland in Danger: Soviet Propaganda during World War II

1660:

as a means of protecting corporate power against democracy.

1636:

exist in mass media that are shaped by structural economic

1332: 1049: 949: 759: 629: 231: 135:

From the 1790s, the term began being used also to refer to

5575:

Weapons of Mass Persuasion: Marketing the War Against Iraq

4628: 2971:"Is Literature 'the Most Important Weapon of Propaganda'?" 2440:

The Ancient World: Readings in Social and Cultural History

5328:

Media Control: The Spectacular Achievements of Propaganda

5311:

Techniques of Persuasion: From Propaganda to Brainwashing

4529: 4305:

The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies

1248:

uniformity of messaging helped define Hezbollah's brand.

1045: 948:, the Athenians exploited the figures from stories about 5630:

Propaganda, Inc.: Selling America's Culture to the World

2288:

Ellul, Jacques (1965). Introduction by Konrad Kellen in

2207:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 22–24, 195. 2127:

Strategic Public Relations: An Audience-Focused Approach

1155:

symbolizes the British-American alliance in World War I.

4701:

Mind Over Media: Propaganda Education for a Digital Age

4622: 4360:"10 WWII Stamp Forgeries Used as Psychological Warfare" 3749: 2436: 2102:

Mind Over Media: Propaganda Education for a Digital Age

1836: 3959:"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" 3930: 3201:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 9. 1896:

Trust No Fox on his Green Heath and No Jew on his Oath

1873:

Trust No Fox on his Green Heath and No Jew on his Oath

6501:

After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News

6133: 4070:

How to Be a Spy: The World War II SOE Training Manual

3021:"Vietnamese propaganda reflections from 1945 to 2000" 1610:. European theologian Jacques Ellul's landmark work, 1375:

and posts with a range of sophistication. During the

51:

Beginning in the twentieth century, the English term

7370:

Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act

6698: 4020:

The Hizbullah Phenomenon: Politics and Communication

3678:"Politische parolen und propaganda im Hannibalkrieg" 3498:

Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531–46

3456:

Luther's Last Battles: Politics And Polemics 1531-46

2581:

Images of Nations and International Public Relations

2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 1336:

foreign and domestic audiences, with new efforts in

1192:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

928:

A famous example of propaganda, this poster made by

205:

are linked as humans use communication as a form of

5568:

Endless Propaganda: The Advertising of Public Goods

5508:. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1997. 5416:

Propagande et pressions en politique internationale

5111: 4954: 2319: 2241:

Red Tourism in China: Commodification of Propaganda

1543:won the Nobel prize for his theory that people are 473:, created one of the best-known propaganda movies, 6473:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy 4943:, Institute of Modern Russia, 2014, archived from 3400: 1906: 1588: 1500: 1324:between propaganda, indoctrination, and terrorism/ 1280:that influence mass audiences. An example was the 1252:rather than inform. Normally they use only subtle 1223:Propaganda shares techniques with advertising and 523:and advocates the value of freedom. Some American 7025:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine 6577:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine 5034:. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. 4869:"Propaganda and Children during the Hitler Years" 4225: 3774: 3038: 3018: 2996: 2612:Museum, Cincinnati Art; Becker, David P. (1993). 2108: 1803:(New State) regime depicting Brazilian president 1456:on numerous Soviet stamps is another example. In 1198:to discrimination, hostility or violence by law. 9116: 6920:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos 5518:. Orchard Park, New York: Broadview Press, 2002. 5021:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4765: 4763: 4635:. Vol. 8. University of Westminster Press. 4232:Journal of Information Technology & Politics 4002:American Thought and Culture in the 21st Century 3076:"English translation of Portuguese 'propaganda'" 2416:. Louisiana State University Press. p. 12. 1468:In 2018 a scandal broke in which the journalist 1340:. These were subject to contestation within the 960:was even portrayed as an Athenian, whose mother 5538:Moran, T. "Propaganda as Pseudocommunication", 4330:"Propaganda & Espionage Philately – Part I" 3809: 3192: 3190: 3188: 2832:Cantril, Hadley (1938). "Propaganda Analysis". 1890:were widely circulated (over 100,000 copies of 465:, are arguably the "Golden Age of Propaganda". 409:Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda 5570:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. (2000) 5112:Jowett, Garth S.; O'Donnell, Victoria (2006). 5009:Psychological Operations Field Manual No. 33-1 4716:A Mask for Privilege: Anti-Semitism in America 3760:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFüssel202010–12 ( 2437:Nagle, D. Brendan; Stanley M Burstein (2009). 1063:Propaganda is also one of the methods used in 98:, meaning 'to spread' or 'to propagate', thus 8458: 7733: 7455: 7233:Election denial movement in the United States 6119: 6095: 5761: 5577:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004. 4760: 4486:The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 4073:. Toronto: Dundurn Press. 2004. p. 192. 3524:"Trouvère Poets: Reflectors of Societal Zeal" 3228: 3226: 1808:exaltation nestled in every Brazilian heart." 1509:Public reading of the anti-Semitic newspaper 5680:. Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995. 5462: 5426:Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes 5215:"Psychological warfare waged in Afghanistan" 5160:. Washington, D.C.: Infantry Journal Press. 4266:Garth S. Jowett and Victoria J.: O'Donnell, 3428:Oberman, Heiko Augustinus (1 January 1994). 3185: 2611: 2291:Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes 1914:Disinformation § Comparisons with propaganda 1849:ideology. From the 1920s on, the Nazi Party 1613:Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes 648:committed by Serb forces during these wars. 564:both used propaganda extensively during the 501:, referring the song's name to the Soviet's 343:A 1918 Finnish propaganda leaflet signed by 8961:Political polarization in the United States 8472: 6453: 5563:. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1992. 5494:Jowett, Garth S. & Victoria O'Donnell. 4167:The International Journal of Press/Politics 3755: 3237:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 2756: 2652:. Princeton University Press. p. 235. 2320:Jowett, Garth; O'Donnell, Victoria (2012). 2123: 609:as means of controlling people's opinions. 93: 8465: 8451: 7740: 7726: 7462: 7448: 6905:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines 6126: 6112: 5768: 5754: 5713:, vol. 33, no. 3 (2019), pp. 383–404. 5704:"Two Ways of Looking at Propaganda" (2006) 5690:Rosenfeld, Bryn; Wallace, Jeremy (2024). " 5281:Altheide, David L. & John M. Johnson. 5152: 4911:Can public diplomacy survive the internet? 4799:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 4298: 3900: 3671: 3669: 3645:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 68. 3223: 2968: 2310:(1973 edition by Vintage Books, New York). 2059: 2057: 1903:Reich, of whom 499,682 (.75%) were Jews." 632:population against the other ethnicities ( 88:is a modern Latin word, the neuter plural 9014:Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal 8201:Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder 5775: 5559:Pratkanis, Anthony & Elliot Aronson. 5549:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1996. 5516:Propaganda & The Ethics of Persuasion 4312: 4243: 3605:Magill, Frank Northen (23 January 2003). 3488: 3448: 3360: 3303: 3147:, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1949. 2387: 1781:Learn how and when to remove this message 912:Learn how and when to remove this message 328:(and to a lesser extent on behalf of the 7258:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection 5722: 5378: 5366:The Idea of Propaganda: A Reconstruction 5344:. 3 vols. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1998. 4769: 4739: 4557: 3099: 2161:. Oxford University Press. December 2020 1792: 1504: 1393: 1267: 1158: 1143: 1026: 1001: 923: 792: 745: 678: 338: 163: 25: 7469: 7057:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies 5654: 5651:. Bloomington, IN: EDINFO Press. (1994) 5048: 5029: 4960: 4831: 4825: 4663: 4414: 4123: 4032: 3903:"10 Facts You Didn't Know About Stalin" 3675: 3666: 3494: 3427: 3421: 3034:. Thailand: Mahidol University: 87–116. 2831: 2796: 2577: 2543: 2492: 2467: 2324:(5th ed.). Sage Publications Inc. 2279:New York: Barnes and Noble Books (1949) 2204:The Globalization of Chinese Propaganda 2124:Diggs-Brown, Barbara (12 August 2011). 2054: 16:Communication used to influence opinion 9117: 7184:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election 6975:Soviet influence on the peace movement 6572:Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war 5684: 5193: 5174: 5136:The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind 5130: 5087: 4796: 4510: 4483: 4395: 4164: 4022:. Oxford University Press. p. 84. 4014: 3728:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 275. 3638: 3604: 3521: 3232: 3196: 3156: 2679: 2645: 2344: 1286:(Journal) news cast, which criticised 126:Congregation for Propagating the Faith 9056:Psychological effects of Internet use 8446: 7721: 7443: 7331: 6909:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign 6697: 6610: 6518: 6452: 6149: 6107: 6094: 5749: 5676:Stauber, John & Sheldon Rampton. 5212: 4743:Propaganda in the Helping Professions 4740:Gambrill, Eileen (20 February 2012). 4698: 4465:from the original on 21 February 2021 4452: 4433: 4279: 3721: 3611:. Taylor & Francis. p. 422. 3586:. Union of International Associations 3431:The Impact of the Reformation: Essays 3398: 3383: 3342: 3304:McNearney, Allison (29 August 2018). 2618:. Cincinnati Art Museum. p. 68. 2411: 2200: 2096: 2063: 1452:'s extensive issues. The presence of 651: 179:title: "Together we will crush him!". 173:27th SS Volunteer Division Langemarck 104:the things which are to be propagated 8189:Right-wing authoritarian personality 5623: 5602: 5351:. White Plains, N.Y. Longman. (1993) 5078: 4511:Wright, Oliver (16 September 2015). 4327: 4099:Propaganda and Critical Thought Blog 3019:Sophana Srichampa (30 August 2007). 2783:Robert Ensor in David Thomson, ed., 2713: 2683:Gutenberg and the Impact of Printing 2092: 2090: 1837:Anti-Semitic propaganda for children 1763:adding citations to reliable sources 1734: 894:adding citations to reliable sources 865: 9031:Digital media use and mental health 7179:1995 CIA disinformation controversy 6389:State-sponsored Internet propaganda 5435:. Louisiana State University Press. 5069: 4897:Genocide and the Politics of Memory 4560:Propaganda Technique in World War I 4415:Merelli, Annalisa (17 March 2018). 3392: 3349:Journal of Media Literacy Education 3046:"Serbian Propaganda: A Closer Look" 2680:Füssel, Stephan (29 January 2020). 2369:. Forum Publishing Company: 142–150 2238: 2000:Overview of 21st century propaganda 1276:can be found in television, and in 734:David Goodman argues that the 1936 553:and about lies of Nazi propaganda. 13: 6650:Misinformation related to abortion 5696:Annual Review of Political Science 5323:. New York: Pantheon Books. (1988) 5241: 1865:National Socialist Teachers League 1710: 1569:then adopted by the UK Government 435:enemy. In the years following the 14: 9156: 9036:Effects of violence in mass media 8735:Smartphones and pedestrian safety 6867:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea 6480:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation 5633:. New York: Seven Stories Press. 5606:Propaganda and American Democracy 5368:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002. 5179:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 4981:from the original on 7 April 2022 4866: 4770:Gambrill, Eileen (6 March 2006). 4453:Lomas, Natasha (9 January 2019). 3901:Smithfield, Brad (30 July 2015). 2997:prudentiapolitica (20 May 2014). 2550:(in German). BRILL. p. 242. 2414:Propaganda and American Democracy 2232: 2194: 2087: 1888:The Poodle-Pug-Dachshund-Pinscher 1595:Institute for Propaganda Analysis 197:manipulations." Garth Jowett and 9009:2021 Facebook company files leak 8730:Mobile phones and driving safety 7420:United States Information Agency 6699:Operations and events by country 5347:Combs James E. & Nimmo Dan, 5285:. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1980. 4972:National Endowment for Democracy 4928: 4902: 4889: 4860: 4832:Corelli, Marie (May–June 2002). 4790: 4746:. Oxford University Press, USA. 4733: 4719:. Transaction Publishers. 1949. 4707: 4692: 4657: 3999: 3642:Word And Image In Ancient Greece 3343:Hobbs, Renee (9 November 2014). 3235:Propaganda and Counter-terrorism 3199:Propaganda and Counter-terrorism 2799:Journal of Educational Sociology 2763:. Cengage Learning. p. 48. 2269:Politics and the Press 1780-1850 1912:This section is an excerpt from 1739: 1429:A number of techniques based in 1318:Government Accountability Office 1104: 1095: 988:In the early sixteenth century, 870: 8981:2020 U.S. presidential election 8976:2016 U.S. presidential election 7020:Information war against Ukraine 6567:International Jewish conspiracy 6535:Congo Free State propaganda war 5459:Cornell University Press, 2010. 5313:. Harmondsworth: Pelican, 1963. 5213:Young, Emma (10 October 2001). 4601: 4580:, Australian social scientist, 4566: 4551: 4542: 4523: 4504: 4477: 4446: 4427: 4408: 4389: 4370: 4352: 4321: 4292: 4273: 4260: 4219: 4193: 4158: 4117: 4087: 4061: 4026: 4008: 3993: 3977: 3951: 3931:Zhores A. Medvedev and (2003). 3924: 3894: 3878: 3856: 3847: 3838: 3803: 3768: 3715: 3639:Rutter, Keith (31 March 2020). 3632: 3598: 3546: 3515: 3501:. Fortress Press. p. 199. 3479: 3470: 3377: 3336: 3323: 3297: 3284: 3268: 3259: 3150: 3137: 3102:International Journal of Ethics 3093: 3068: 3048:. 12 April 1999. Archived from 3012: 2990: 2962: 2948: 2930: 2904: 2895: 2869: 2860: 2825: 2790: 2777: 2750: 2716:Archive for Reformation History 2707: 2673: 2639: 2605: 2578:Kunczik, Michael (6 May 2016). 2571: 2537: 2486: 2461: 2430: 2405: 2381: 2338: 2313: 1907:Comparisons with disinformation 1750:needs additional citations for 1589:Propaganda theory and education 1501:Persuasion in social psychology 1403:Industrial Workers of the World 1358:Broadcasting Board of Governors 1239:combined elements of the local 1177:Georgian facial characteristics 1007:Destroy this Mad Brute: Enlist— 881:needs additional citations for 851:Christian counter-cult movement 845:has argued that members of the 717: 479:. In 1942, the propaganda song 427:, as well as the United States 297:Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I 212:In a 1929 literary debate with 114:created in 1622 as part of the 71:and spread it on social media. 8184:Authoritarian leadership style 7747: 7332: 7248:Information Operations Roadmap 7158:Psychological Warfare Division 6728:Chinese information operations 6677:Water fluoridation controversy 5662:. Princeton University Press. 5591:. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock. 5005:"Appendix I: PSYOP Techniques" 4572:"Letter from Noam Chomsky" to 4434:Musil, Steven (9 April 2018). 4396:Briant, Emma (16 April 2018). 4299:Kolchinsky, Alexander (2013). 4000:Snow, Nacny. "US PROPAGANDA". 3812:The American Historical Review 3434:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 3114:10.1086/intejethi.38.3.2378152 2282: 2261: 2173: 2148: 2016:Category:Propaganda by country 1664:First presented in their book 1531:. Social psychologists can be 1218: 964:would avenge Troy. During the 622:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 423:, by Goebbels and the British 378:collapse of morale and revolts 311:, helped by the spread of the 201:theorize that propaganda and 159: 121:Congregatio de Propaganda Fide 1: 9130:Barriers to critical thinking 8547:Betteridge's law of headlines 8089:Social construction of gender 7355:Active Measures Working Group 7013:during the Russo-Georgian War 6980:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B 5603:Snow, Nancy (10 March 2014). 5198:. New York: Albert A. Knopf. 5175:Nelson, Richard Alan (1996). 5049:Edwards, John Carver (1991). 4245:10.1080/19331681.2018.1448735 3725:A Companion to the Punic Wars 3722:Hoyos, Dexter (26 May 2015). 3608:Dictionary of World Biography 2757:Diggs-Brown, Barbara (2011). 2686:. Routledge. pp. 10–12. 2443:. Pearson Education. p. 2397:. Liveright: Horace. p. 2181:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 2047: 1383: 1018: 797:Woodcuts (1545) known as the 704:in the United States and the 578:Office of Policy Coordination 253: 9066:Social aspects of television 8966:Social media use in politics 8611:Missing white woman syndrome 8084:Rally 'round the flag effect 7238:The Freedom Fighter's Manual 6915:Fake news in the Philippines 6519: 6287:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt 6040:Rally 'round the flag effect 5915:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt 5740:Erasmus University Rotterdam 5710:Contemporary British History 5535:(London: John Gifford, 1938) 5463:Hirschberger, Bernd (2021). 5330:. Seven Stories Press, 1997. 5267:Resources in other libraries 5030:Bytwerk, Randall L. (2004). 4280:Quito, Anne (30 June 2017). 3937:. I.B. Tauris. p. 248. 3522:Fisher, Lane (7 July 2022). 3233:Briant, Emma Louise (2015). 3197:Briant, Emma Louise (2015). 2877:"Fono.fi – Äänitetietokanta" 1882:(translated into English as 1557:More recently, studies from 1114:Serbian propaganda from the 821: 549:(1943) about Nazi crimes in 74: 7: 8572:Least objectionable program 8287:Asch conformity experiments 8004:Identification (psychology) 7365:Counter Misinformation Team 7360:Counter disinformation unit 6810:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht 6297:Forgery as covert operation 5357:, Culbert, and Welch, eds. 5194:Shirer, William L. (1942). 4268:Propaganda & Persuasion 3777:Political Science Quarterly 3145:Party and Pressure Politics 2969:Nick Romeo (17 June 2014). 1995:Music and political warfare 1955:Central Intelligence Agency 1927: 1730: 1380:achieving political goals. 1296:emotive and loaded language 1263: 683:Poster of the 19th-century 616:, propaganda was used as a 503:Minister of Foreign Affairs 425:Political Warfare Executive 334:French Revolutionary period 21:Propaganda (disambiguation) 10: 9161: 8912:Algorithmic radicalization 8302:Stanford prison experiment 8044:Normative social influence 7375:The Disinformation Project 6805:Propaganda in Nazi Germany 6161:Algorithmic radicalization 5609:. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. 5525:36, no. 2 (1972): 176–187. 5379:De Lange, William (2023). 5342:Encyclopedia of Propaganda 5337:. London: Scarecrow, 1996. 5306:. Brussels: Latomus, 2016. 5074:(March–April 2003): 16–19. 4996: 4917:, May 2017, archived from 4583:"Letter from Noam Chomsky" 4364:Best Masters in Psychology 4124:Hindery, Roderick (2001). 4004:: 97–98 – via JSTOR. 3864:"Pravda za Uroša Predića!" 3694:10.1524/klio.2006.88.2.397 3362:10.23860/jmle-2016-06-02-5 2584:. Routledge. p. 158. 2507:10.1177/000271627139800102 1911: 1387: 861: 585:'s contemporaneous novels 241: 237: 78: 18: 9026:Cultural impact of TikTok 8991: 8897: 8812: 8651: 8539: 8484: 8310: 8279: 8251:Normalization of deviance 8213: 8179:Authoritarian personality 8171: 7931: 7888: 7762: 7755: 7642: 7589:Parsimony (Occam's razor) 7477: 7338: 7327: 7298: 7292:Bolivarian Army of Trolls 7286: 7268:Tobacco industry playbook 7199:CIA Kennedy assassination 7171: 7117: 7091: 7079: 6993: 6940: 6928: 6897: 6885: 6873: 6861: 6849: 6818: 6792: 6780: 6720: 6708: 6704: 6693: 6525: 6514: 6459: 6448: 6332:Manipulation (psychology) 6156: 6150: 6145: 6101: 6096:Links to related articles 5783: 5496:Propaganda and Persuasion 5431:Hamilton, John M. (2020) 5262:Resources in your library 5114:Propaganda and Persuasion 5094:Brave New World Revisited 4776:. John Wiley & Sons. 4558:Lasswell, Harold (1927). 3530:. Truvere. Archived from 3511:– via Google Books. 3495:Edwards, Mark U. (2004). 3444:– via Google Books. 3171:10.1080/14616700220145641 2912:"Calling Mr. Smith – LUX" 2787:(1st edition 1960), p 84. 2322:Propaganda and Persuasion 2159:Oxford English Dictionary 1797:A 1938 propaganda of the 1571:Behavioural Insights Team 1495: 1067:, which may also involve 469:, a filmmaker working in 429:Office of War Information 277:(44–30 BCE) during which 55:became associated with a 9098:Violence and video games 9076:Social impact of YouTube 8956:Knowledge gap hypothesis 8879:Social-desirability bias 8772:Information–action ratio 8261:Preference falsification 7380:East StratCom Task Force 7194:9/11 conspiracy theories 6191:List of cognitive biases 5523:Public Opinion Quarterly 5297:www.historyisaweapon.com 5275: 4844:(4): 228. Archived from 4574:Covert Action Quarterly, 4207:. Techdirt. 15 July 2013 4179:10.1177/1940161214552031 4095:"About Roderick Hindery" 3756:Füssel, 2020 & 10–12 3276:Journal of World History 2201:Edney, Kingsley (2014). 2104:. New York: W.W. Norton. 1921:U.S. Department of State 1624:is a theory advanced by 1426:through indoctrination. 1292:Polish People's Republic 803:Depictions of the Papacy 741: 519:(1942), which ridicules 355:to surrender during the 262:) detailing the rise of 146:Non-English cognates of 128:), or informally simply 9140:Political communication 9051:Mass shooting contagion 8499:Evolutionary psychology 7923:Tyranny of the majority 7306:Public opinion brigades 7263:Niger uranium forgeries 7253:Litter boxes in schools 6623:COVID-19 misinformation 6545:Free energy suppression 6454:Books and documentaries 6228:Euphemistic misspeaking 5845:Cartographic propaganda 5449:4 December 2020 at the 5319:& Herman Edward S. 5283:Bureaucratic Propaganda 3890:excerpt and text search 3458:By Mark U. Edwards, Jr. 2073:Encyclopædia Britannica 1950:Cartographic propaganda 1443:propagandistic messages 1338:strategic communication 729:strategic communication 706:Ministry of Information 533:Know Your Ally: Britain 446:The Battleship Potemkin 9041:Fascination with death 8904:Political polarization 8832:Availability heuristic 8797:Television consumption 8226:Communal reinforcement 7979:False consensus effect 7052:2016 Brexit referendum 6401:Scientific fabrication 6312:Historical negationism 6030:Propaganda of the deed 6000:New generation warfare 5950:Historical negationism 5788:Accusation in a mirror 5743: 5649:Channels of Propaganda 5584:. Hampton Press, 2001. 5545:Nelson, Richard Alan. 5373:The Future of Religion 5364:Cunningham Stanley B. 5154:Linebarger, Paul M. A. 4961:Jackson, Dean (2018), 3580:"Religious propaganda" 3460:Fortress Press, 2004. 3399:Zeman, Zbynek (1978). 3278:31.1 (2020): 165-193. 2728:10.14315/arg-1975-jg07 2646:Silver, Larry (2008). 2468:Borgies, Loïc (2016). 2239:Lin, Chunfeng (2023). 1884:The Poisonous Mushroom 1809: 1691:that shares the basic 1662: 1644:) creates an inherent 1567:Obama Campaign in 2008 1565:which was used by the 1527:includes the study of 1520: 1406: 1299: 1290:in the then-communist 1213: 1171: 1156: 1036: 1024: 941: 818: 751: 688: 551:German-occupied Europe 361: 180: 94: 35: 9004:Criticism of Facebook 8884:Social influence bias 8767:Information pollution 8757:Information explosion 8740:Texting while driving 8696:Low information voter 8594:Pink-slime journalism 8330:Anti-social behaviour 8325:Anti-authoritarianism 8064:Pluralistic ignorance 7911:National conservatism 7906:Left-wing nationalism 7889:Governmental pressure 7644:Theories of deduction 7348:Fact-checking website 7153:Operation Mass Appeal 7135:Clockwork Orange plot 6645:Mental illness denial 6540:Climate change denial 6357:Psychological warfare 6327:Internet manipulation 6292:Firehose of falsehood 6218:Disinformation attack 6025:Psychological warfare 5990:Monumental propaganda 5940:Glittering generality 5920:Firehose of falsehood 5777:Propaganda techniques 5737: 5580:Shanahan, James, ed. 5473:: transcript Verlag. 5158:Psychological Warfare 5055:. New York: Praeger. 4699:Hobbs, Renee (2020). 4328:Friedman, Herbert A. 3384:Hobbs, Renee (2020). 3329:Richard Alan Nelson, 3080:collinsdictionary.com 2213:10.1057/9781137382153 2010:Psychological warfare 1965:Firehose of falsehood 1851:targeted German youth 1796: 1650: 1608:The Hidden Persuaders 1508: 1482:psychological warfare 1397: 1390:Propaganda techniques 1388:Further information: 1271: 1254:propaganda techniques 1200: 1162: 1147: 1065:psychological warfare 1033:Loose Lips Sink Ships 1030: 1005: 927: 828:Roman Catholic Church 796: 749: 682: 342: 244:History of propaganda 167: 29: 9021:Criticism of Netflix 8827:Availability cascade 8762:Information overload 8671:Attention management 8666:Attention inequality 8562:Human-interest story 8504:Behavioral modernity 8489:Cognitive psychology 8292:Breaching experiment 8079:Operant conditioning 8024:Mere exposure effect 6487:Who's Who in the CIA 5865:Demonizing the enemy 5660:How Propaganda Works 5647:Sproule J. Michael, 5504:Lohrey, Andrew, ed. 5097:. New York: Harper. 5079:Howe, Ellic (1982). 4678:10.58680/ce201930223 4314:10.5195/cbp.2013.184 4035:Journal of Marketing 3676:Stepper, R. (2006). 3584:Encyclopedia.uia.org 3407:. Orbis Publishing. 3294:, 2016, pp. 202–204. 2999:"Prudentia Politica" 2472:. Éditions Latomus. 2350:Leach, Henry Goddard 2346:Martin, Everett Dean 2067:(17 February 2016). 1759:improve this article 1721:cognitive dissonance 1699:in other countries. 1658:corporate propaganda 1656:, and the growth of 1646:conflict of interest 1431:social psychological 1086:cognitive dissonance 1073:Bay of Pigs Invasion 890:improve this article 594:Nineteen Eighty-Four 493:, making fun of the 407:was produced by the 250:Behistun Inscription 8934:Post-truth politics 8864:Mean world syndrome 8172:Individual pressure 8049:Passing (sociology) 7984:Fear of missing out 7949:Closure (sociology) 7863:Enemy of the people 7471:Philosophical logic 7189:Conspiracy theories 7130:Double-Cross System 7099:Conspiracy theories 6960:Operation INFEKTION 6748:Internet Water Army 6602:Strategy of tension 6467:by Ion Mihai Pacepa 6352:Post-truth politics 6055:Shooting and crying 5885:Emotive conjugation 5860:Cult of personality 5810:Atrocity propaganda 5685:Essays and articles 5397:DelHagen, Jacob M. 5355:Cull, Nicholas John 5227:on 13 February 2002 4848:on 21 February 2021 3884:Karel C. Berkhoff, 3290:Daniel J Schwindt, 2834:The English Journal 2547:Krieg in den Medien 2302:. Knopf, New York. 1575:Cambridge Analytica 1490:Cambridge Analytica 1413:, books, leaflets, 832:Protestant churches 476:Triumph of the Will 388:in 1918 (see also: 318:American Revolution 218:Everett Dean Martin 116:Counter-Reformation 8747:Influence-for-hire 8725:Media multitasking 8720:Human multitasking 8638:Tabloid television 8589:Media manipulation 8340:Civil disobedience 8297:Milgram experiment 8236:Creeping normality 8138:Social integration 8074:Psychosocial issue 8014:Invented tradition 7868:Enemy of the state 7535:Unity of opposites 7085:HIV/AIDS denialism 7062:Trolls from Olgino 6836:Paid news in India 6826:Fake news in India 6640:HIV/AIDS denialism 6494:Merchants of Doubt 6367:Military deception 6342:Media manipulation 6181:Circular reporting 6015:Oversimplification 5995:Moralistic fallacy 5744: 5627:(4 January 2011). 5573:Rutherford, Paul, 5566:Rutherford, Paul, 5542:2 (1979): 181–197. 5438:Hale, Oron James. 5340:Cole, Robert, ed. 4950:on 3 February 2019 4340:on 7 February 2020 4134:Edwin Mellen Press 4130:Lewiston, New York 4105:on 2 December 2020 3934:The Unknown Stalin 3560:on 7 February 2006 3333:(1996) pp. 232–233 3159:Journalism Studies 2938:"Calling Mr Smith" 1810: 1693:political economic 1606:in his 1957 book, 1559:behavioral science 1521: 1407: 1377:2016 U.S. election 1373:automated messages 1305:public information 1300: 1190:Article 20 of the 1172: 1157: 1079:planes painted in 1037: 1025: 942: 847:anti-cult movement 819: 809:, commissioned by 752: 689: 652:Public perceptions 620:by governments of 542:Stage Door Canteen 516:Der Fuehrer's Face 507:Vyacheslav Molotov 497:'s failure in the 437:October Revolution 362: 347:circulated by the 345:General Mannerheim 199:Victoria O'Donnell 181: 36: 9112: 9111: 9106: 9105: 8929:Fake news website 8889:Spiral of silence 8842:Confirmation bias 8661:Attention economy 8643:Yellow journalism 8531:Social psychology 8440: 8439: 8320:Alternative media 8209: 8208: 8148:Spiral of silence 8019:Memory conformity 7959:Consensus reality 7852:Persona non grata 7773:Damnatio memoriae 7715: 7714: 7567:List of fallacies 7552:Explanatory power 7479:Critical thinking 7437: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7323: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7273:Operation Shocker 7075: 7074: 6955:K-1000 battleship 6786:Operation Neptune 6689: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6510: 6509: 6444: 6443: 6436:Yellow journalism 6384:counterpropaganda 6265:List of fallacies 6198:Conspiracy theory 6166:Alternative facts 6088: 6087: 5980:Managing the news 5805:Appeal to emotion 5735: 5640:978-1-60980-082-6 5616:978-0-8071-5415-1 5587:Shaw Jeffrey M., 5552:Oddo, J. (2018). 5480:978-3-8394-5509-8 5248:Library resources 5205:978-5-9524-0081-8 5186:978-0-313-29261-3 5167:978-0-405-04755-8 5145:978-0-14-004531-4 5138:. Penguin Books. 5123:978-1-4129-0897-9 5104:978-0-06-080984-3 5083:. London: Futura. 5062:978-0-275-93905-2 5041:978-0-87013-710-5 4895:Hirsch, Herbert. 4783:978-0-471-78112-7 4753:978-0-19-532500-3 4726:978-1-4128-1615-1 4201:"Smith-Mundt Act" 4080:978-1-55002-505-7 3735:978-1-119-02550-4 3652:978-0-7486-7985-0 3618:978-1-57958-040-7 3466:978-0-8006-3735-4 3414:978-0-85613-312-1 3028:Mon-Khmer Studies 2770:978-0-534-63706-4 2693:978-1-351-93187-8 2659:978-0-691-13019-4 2625:978-0-931537-15-8 2591:978-1-136-68902-4 2557:978-94-012-0230-5 2479:978-90-429-3459-7 2454:978-0-205-69187-6 2423:978-0-8071-5416-8 2389:Bernays L, Edward 2308:978-0-394-71874-3 2267:Arthur Aspinall, 2222:978-1-349-47990-0 2141:978-0-534-63706-4 2041:Spin (propaganda) 2005:Political warfare 1791: 1790: 1783: 1642:access to sources 1600:suggestion theory 1552:William W. Biddle 1525:social psychology 1476:and the academic 1470:Carole Cadwalladr 1435:logical fallacies 1401:propaganda (1911 1165:Winston Churchill 1163:Poster depicting 946:Peloponnesian War 938:Revolutionary War 922: 921: 914: 843:Jeffrey K. Hadden 758:, and avoiding a 736:League of Nations 618:military strategy 547:Calling Mr. Smith 382:German home front 357:Finnish Civil War 322:American colonies 190:suggestion theory 9152: 8951:Knowledge divide 8847:Crowd psychology 8837:Bandwagon effect 8604:Public relations 8521:Media psychology 8467: 8460: 8453: 8444: 8443: 8365:Devil's advocate 8335:Auto-segregation 8231:Countersignaling 8158:Toxic positivity 8133:Social influence 8094:Social contagion 7939:Bandwagon effect 7896:Authoritarianism 7760: 7759: 7742: 7735: 7728: 7719: 7718: 7697:Platonic realism 7464: 7457: 7450: 7441: 7440: 7329: 7328: 7148:MMR autism fraud 7031:On US elections 6965:Operation Toucan 6938: 6937: 6706: 6705: 6695: 6694: 6660:anti-vaccination 6608: 6607: 6555:Holocaust denial 6530:Bermuda Triangle 6516: 6515: 6450: 6449: 6379:black propaganda 6347:Potemkin village 6272:False accusation 6248:list of websites 6147: 6146: 6128: 6121: 6114: 6105: 6104: 6092: 6091: 6080:White propaganda 6035:Public relations 6010:Overcomplication 5895:False accusation 5830:Black propaganda 5820:Beautiful people 5815:Bandwagon effect 5770: 5763: 5756: 5747: 5746: 5736: 5673: 5644: 5620: 5529:Mackenzie, A. J. 5491: 5489: 5487: 5412:Dimitri Kitsikis 5394: 5390:978-94-92722-393 5299:: "Propaganda.") 5236: 5234: 5232: 5223:. Archived from 5209: 5190: 5171: 5149: 5127: 5108: 5084: 5075: 5066: 5045: 5026: 5020: 5012: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4980: 4969: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4942: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4924:on 30 March 2019 4923: 4916: 4906: 4900: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4838:Social Education 4829: 4823: 4822: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4767: 4758: 4757: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4585:. Archived from 4570: 4564: 4563: 4555: 4549: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4498:10.1037/h0074944 4481: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4336:. 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Archived from 2908: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2794: 2788: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2358: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2317: 2311: 2286: 2280: 2277:978-0-2-08012401 2265: 2259: 2258: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2156:"propaganda, n." 2152: 2146: 2145: 2132:Cengage Learning 2121: 2106: 2105: 2094: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2061: 2026:Public diplomacy 2021:Propaganda model 1857:, the editor of 1855:Julius Streicher 1786: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1766: 1743: 1735: 1672:propaganda model 1626:Edward S. Herman 1622:propaganda model 1545:cognitive misers 1541:Herbert A. Simon 1326:counterterrorism 1245:classical Arabic 1237:Hassan Nasrallah 1229:2006 Lebanon War 1225:public relations 1211: 1178: 1169:British Bulldog" 1151:arm-in-arm with 1108: 1099: 1023: 1020: 983:Q.Fabius Maximus 917: 910: 906: 903: 897: 874: 866: 841:The sociologist 780:Black propaganda 658:public relations 599:Cuban Revolution 537:Our Greek Allies 491:Continuation War 467:Leni Riefenstahl 463:Second World War 390:Dolchstoßlegende 370:Erich Ludendorff 275:Roman civil wars 258: 255: 97: 9160: 9159: 9155: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9150: 9149: 9115: 9114: 9113: 9108: 9107: 9102: 8987: 8902: 8893: 8869:Negativity bias 8817: 8808: 8777:One weird trick 8691:Cognitive miser 8647: 8540:Media practices 8535: 8480: 8471: 8441: 8436: 8407:Insubordination 8355:Culture jamming 8345:Cosmopolitanism 8306: 8275: 8246:Internalization 8205: 8167: 7927: 7918:Totalitarianism 7884: 7751: 7746: 7716: 7711: 7682:Logical atomism 7638: 7531:Socratic method 7482: 7473: 7468: 7438: 7429: 7334: 7315: 7294: 7282: 7167: 7163:Zinoviev letter 7113: 7087: 7071: 6995:Post-Soviet era 6989: 6950:Active Measures 6933: 6924: 6893: 6881: 6869: 6857: 6845: 6814: 6788: 6776: 6716: 6714:Jihadunspun.com 6700: 6681: 6606: 6582:New World Order 6550:Genocide denial 6521: 6506: 6455: 6440: 6362:Memetic warfare 6152: 6141: 6132: 6097: 6089: 6084: 5970:Loaded language 5779: 5774: 5723: 5687: 5670: 5641: 5617: 5533:Propaganda Boom 5485: 5483: 5481: 5455:Hench, John B. 5451:Wayback Machine 5391: 5326:Chomsky, Noam. 5302:Borgies, Loïc. 5289:Bernays, Edward 5278: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5242:Further reading 5239: 5230: 5228: 5206: 5187: 5168: 5146: 5132:Le Bon, Gustave 5124: 5105: 5063: 5042: 5014: 5013: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4993: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4967: 4959: 4955: 4947: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4921: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4903: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4878: 4865: 4861: 4851: 4849: 4830: 4826: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4697: 4693: 4666:College English 4662: 4658: 4643: 4627: 4623: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4592: 4590: 4589:on 10 July 2012 4581: 4571: 4567: 4562:. 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Press. 4556: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4528: 4524: 4517:The Independent 4509: 4505: 4482: 4478: 4468: 4466: 4451: 4447: 4432: 4428: 4413: 4409: 4394: 4390: 4375: 4371: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4326: 4322: 4297: 4293: 4278: 4274: 4265: 4261: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4208: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4163: 4159: 4144: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4047:10.2307/1247829 4031: 4027: 4013: 4009: 3998: 3994: 3988:Nuremberg Diary 3984:Gustave Gilbert 3982: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3929: 3925: 3912: 3910: 3899: 3895: 3883: 3879: 3869: 3867: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3824:10.2307/1868905 3808: 3804: 3789:10.2307/2150639 3773: 3769: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3720: 3716: 3706: 3704: 3674: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3637: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3603: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3537: 3535: 3534:on 5 April 2023 3520: 3516: 3509: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3403:Selling the War 3397: 3393: 3386:Mind Over Media 3382: 3378: 3341: 3337: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3302: 3298: 3289: 3285: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3245: 3231: 3224: 3209: 3195: 3186: 3155: 3151: 3142: 3138: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3055: 3053: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3023: 3017: 3013: 3003: 3001: 2995: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2967: 2963: 2958:. 21 June 2015. 2954: 2953: 2949: 2942:Centre Pompidou 2936: 2935: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2886: 2884: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2830: 2826: 2811:10.2307/2262307 2795: 2791: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2755: 2751: 2712: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2678: 2674: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2644: 2640: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2610: 2606: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2576: 2572: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2542: 2538: 2491: 2487: 2480: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2410: 2406: 2386: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2356: 2343: 2339: 2332: 2318: 2314: 2287: 2283: 2266: 2262: 2255: 2237: 2233: 2223: 2199: 2195: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2164: 2162: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2142: 2122: 2109: 2095: 2088: 2078: 2076: 2065:Smith, Bruce L. 2062: 2055: 2050: 2045: 1930: 1925: 1924: 1917: 1909: 1839: 1787: 1776: 1770: 1767: 1756: 1744: 1733: 1716:Self-propaganda 1713: 1711:Self-propaganda 1705:Mind Over Media 1654:corporate power 1634:systemic biases 1591: 1519:, Germany, 1935 1503: 1498: 1399:Anti-capitalist 1392: 1386: 1365:Software agents 1354:Smith-Mundt Act 1272:Propaganda and 1266: 1221: 1212: 1207: 1181:Zhores Medvedev 1176: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1101: 1100: 1081:Cuban Air Force 1021: 956:. For example, 934:Boston Massacre 918: 907: 901: 898: 887: 875: 864: 824: 805:in English, by 799:Papstspotbilder 784:black operation 744: 720: 702:Creel Committee 698:Harold Lasswell 654: 461:states and the 413:Joseph Goebbels 366:First World War 301:build his image 256: 246: 240: 194:Harold Lasswell 185:Arthur Aspinall 169:Nazi Propaganda 162: 112:Catholic Church 83: 81:Propaganda Fide 77: 46:loaded language 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9158: 9148: 9147: 9145:Public opinion 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9110: 9109: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9089: 9088: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9017: 9016: 9011: 9001: 8995: 8993: 8992:Related topics 8989: 8988: 8986: 8985: 8984: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8942: 8941: 8936: 8926: 8921: 8920: 8919: 8908: 8906: 8899:Digital divide 8895: 8894: 8892: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8860: 8859: 8854: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8823: 8821: 8814:Cognitive bias 8810: 8809: 8807: 8806: 8804:Sticky content 8801: 8800: 8799: 8794: 8792:Binge-watching 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8717: 8712: 8711: 8710: 8703:Digital zombie 8700: 8699: 8698: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8676:Attention span 8673: 8668: 8663: 8657: 8655: 8649: 8648: 8646: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8629: 8628: 8621:Sensationalism 8618: 8613: 8608: 8607: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8586: 8581: 8580: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8567:Junk food news 8564: 8554: 8549: 8543: 8541: 8537: 8536: 8534: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8517: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8496: 8491: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8470: 8469: 8462: 8455: 8447: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8378: 8377: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8350:Counterculture 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8316: 8314: 8312:Anticonformity 8308: 8307: 8305: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8283: 8281: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8273: 8271:Social reality 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8217: 8215: 8211: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8192: 8191: 8186: 8175: 8173: 8169: 8168: 8166: 8165: 8163:Untouchability 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8129: 8128: 8123: 8122: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8101: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8029:Milieu control 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8009:Indoctrination 8006: 8001: 7999:Herd mentality 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7935: 7933: 7932:Group pressure 7929: 7928: 7926: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7914: 7913: 7908: 7898: 7892: 7890: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7871: 7870: 7865: 7855: 7848: 7847: 7846: 7839: 7829: 7824: 7823: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7810:Cancel culture 7807: 7797: 7790: 7785: 7776: 7768: 7766: 7757: 7753: 7752: 7745: 7744: 7737: 7730: 7722: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7652:Constructivism 7648: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7570: 7569: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7488: 7486: 7484:informal logic 7475: 7474: 7467: 7466: 7459: 7452: 7444: 7435: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7351: 7350: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7325: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7313: 7308: 7302: 7300: 7296: 7295: 7290: 7288: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7243:Habbush letter 7240: 7235: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7218: 7213: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7186: 7181: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7125:Bell Pottinger 7121: 7119: 7118:United Kingdom 7115: 7114: 7112: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7095: 7093: 7089: 7088: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7048: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7010: 6999: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6946: 6944: 6935: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6901: 6899: 6895: 6894: 6889: 6887: 6883: 6882: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6822: 6820: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6796: 6794: 6790: 6789: 6784: 6782: 6781:Czechoslovakia 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6767: 6762: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6753:PLA Unit 61398 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6724: 6722: 6718: 6717: 6712: 6710: 6702: 6701: 6691: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6679: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6628:by governments 6620: 6614: 6612: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6512: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6476: 6469: 6465:Disinformation 6460: 6457: 6456: 6446: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6364: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6257: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6186:Cognitive bias 6183: 6178: 6176:Cherry picking 6173: 6168: 6163: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6143: 6142: 6139:misinformation 6135:Disinformation 6131: 6130: 6123: 6116: 6108: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5960:Indoctrination 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5870:Disinformation 5867: 5862: 5857: 5855:Cherry picking 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5800:Appeal to fear 5797: 5790: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5773: 5772: 5765: 5758: 5750: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5705: 5702:Brown, John H. 5699: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5674: 5669:978-0691173429 5668: 5656:Stanley, Jason 5652: 5645: 5639: 5621: 5615: 5600: 5597:978-1625640581 5585: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5536: 5526: 5519: 5512:Marlin, Randal 5509: 5502: 5499: 5492: 5479: 5460: 5453: 5436: 5429: 5422:Ellul, Jacques 5419: 5409: 5395: 5389: 5383:. Toyo Press. 5376: 5369: 5362: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5333:Cole, Robert. 5331: 5324: 5314: 5309:Brown, J.A.C. 5307: 5300: 5286: 5277: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5210: 5204: 5191: 5185: 5172: 5166: 5150: 5144: 5128: 5122: 5109: 5103: 5089:Huxley, Aldous 5085: 5076: 5067: 5061: 5046: 5040: 5027: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4953: 4927: 4901: 4888: 4875:Nizkor Project 4859: 4824: 4789: 4782: 4759: 4752: 4732: 4725: 4706: 4703:. W.W. Norton. 4691: 4672:(6): 508–541. 4656: 4641: 4621: 4600: 4565: 4550: 4541: 4522: 4503: 4492:(3): 283–295. 4476: 4445: 4426: 4407: 4388: 4369: 4351: 4320: 4291: 4272: 4270:(5th ed. 2011) 4259: 4218: 4192: 4173:(2): 145–165. 4157: 4142: 4116: 4086: 4079: 4060: 4041:(2): 131–132. 4025: 4007: 3992: 3976: 3950: 3943: 3923: 3909:. Timera Media 3893: 3877: 3866:. e-novine.com 3855: 3846: 3837: 3802: 3767: 3748: 3734: 3714: 3688:(2): 397–407. 3665: 3651: 3631: 3617: 3597: 3571: 3545: 3514: 3507: 3487: 3478: 3469: 3447: 3440: 3420: 3413: 3391: 3376: 3335: 3322: 3296: 3283: 3267: 3258: 3243: 3222: 3207: 3184: 3165:(3): 437–441. 3149: 3136: 3108:(3): 258–268. 3092: 3067: 3052:on 4 June 2013 3037: 3011: 2989: 2961: 2947: 2929: 2903: 2894: 2868: 2859: 2846:10.2307/806063 2840:(3): 217–221. 2824: 2805:(3): 148–163. 2789: 2776: 2769: 2749: 2706: 2692: 2672: 2658: 2638: 2624: 2604: 2590: 2570: 2556: 2536: 2485: 2478: 2460: 2453: 2429: 2422: 2404: 2380: 2348:(March 1929). 2337: 2331:978-1412977821 2330: 2312: 2281: 2260: 2253: 2231: 2221: 2193: 2172: 2147: 2140: 2107: 2086: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2036:Smear campaign 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1990:Misinformation 1987: 1982: 1980:Internet troll 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1918: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1838: 1835: 1827:indoctrination 1815:Albert Bandura 1805:Getúlio Vargas 1789: 1788: 1747: 1745: 1738: 1732: 1729: 1725:self deception 1712: 1709: 1688:anti-communism 1590: 1587: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1474:whistleblowers 1424:opinion leader 1385: 1382: 1349:Public Affairs 1344:, resisted by 1265: 1262: 1220: 1217: 1209:Hermann Göring 1205: 1134:disinformation 1113: 1112: 1103: 1102: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1015:Harry R. Hopps 972:and the Greek 920: 919: 878: 876: 869: 863: 860: 834:or during the 823: 820: 743: 740: 719: 716: 653: 650: 313:printing press 305:neue zeitungen 242:Main article: 239: 236: 214:Edward Bernays 161: 158: 79:Main article: 76: 73: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9157: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9122: 9120: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9087: 9084: 9083: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9006: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8999:Computer rage 8997: 8996: 8994: 8990: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8971:United States 8969: 8968: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8946:Filter bubble 8944: 8940: 8939:United States 8937: 8935: 8932: 8931: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8918: 8915: 8914: 8913: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8905: 8900: 8896: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8874:Peer pressure 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8849: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8815: 8811: 8805: 8802: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8789: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8722: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8715:Doomscrolling 8713: 8709: 8706: 8705: 8704: 8701: 8697: 8694: 8693: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8654: 8650: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8627: 8624: 8623: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8591: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8559: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8538: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8526:Media studies 8524: 8522: 8519: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8486: 8483: 8479: 8478:human factors 8475: 8468: 8463: 8461: 8456: 8454: 8449: 8448: 8445: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8402:Individualism 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8313: 8309: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8278: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8241:Herd behavior 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8212: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8196:Control freak 8194: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8180: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8170: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8143:Socialization 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8127: 8124: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8059:Peer pressure 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8039:Normalization 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7964:Culture shock 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7930: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7903: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7887: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7844: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7834: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7821: 7820:Deplatforming 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7795: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7774: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7761: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7743: 7738: 7736: 7731: 7729: 7724: 7723: 7720: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7645: 7641: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7568: 7565: 7564: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7465: 7460: 7458: 7453: 7451: 7446: 7445: 7442: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7385:FactCheck.org 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7343:Fact-checking 7341: 7340: 7337: 7330: 7326: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7172:United States 7170: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7116: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7021: 7018: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6939: 6936: 6931: 6927: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6817: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6733:50 Cent Party 6731: 6730: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6696: 6692: 6678: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6609: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6524: 6517: 6513: 6503: 6502: 6498: 6496: 6495: 6491: 6489: 6488: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6451: 6447: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6337:Media culture 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6277:False dilemma 6275: 6273: 6270: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6199: 6196: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6155: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6129: 6124: 6122: 6117: 6115: 6110: 6109: 6106: 6100: 6093: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5905:False dilemma 5903: 5901: 5900:False balance 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5795: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5766: 5764: 5759: 5757: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5741: 5718: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5612: 5608: 5607: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5579: 5576: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5562: 5558: 5555: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5493: 5482: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5467: 5461: 5458: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5407:9780998315607 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5382: 5377: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5318: 5317:Chomsky, Noam 5315: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5301: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5280: 5279: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5226: 5222: 5221: 5220:New Scientist 5216: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5115: 5110: 5106: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5073: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5010: 5006: 5002: 5001: 4977: 4973: 4966: 4965: 4957: 4946: 4939: 4938: 4931: 4920: 4913: 4912: 4905: 4898: 4892: 4877: 4876: 4870: 4867:Mills, Mary. 4863: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4805:: 1018–1026. 4804: 4800: 4793: 4785: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4766: 4764: 4755: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4736: 4728: 4722: 4718: 4717: 4710: 4702: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4642:9781912656172 4638: 4634: 4633: 4625: 4610: 4604: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4561: 4554: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4526: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4441: 4437: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4315: 4310: 4306: 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Both sides 567: 563: 559: 554: 552: 548: 544: 543: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 517: 512: 509:. 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Retrieved 2069:"Propaganda" 2012:(aka Psyops) 1985:Mind control 1945:Brainwashing 1900:Der Giftpilz 1899: 1895: 1892:Trust No Fox 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879:Der Giftpilz 1877: 1871: 1869: 1858: 1847:anti-Semitic 1843:Nazi Germany 1840: 1831:Hitler Youth 1811: 1798: 1777: 1771:January 2009 1768: 1757:Please help 1752:verification 1749: 1714: 1701: 1670:(1988), the 1665: 1663: 1651: 1630:Noam Chomsky 1619: 1611: 1607: 1592: 1583: 1579:Donald Trump 1563:nudge theory 1556: 1549: 1533:sociologists 1522: 1510: 1488:by the firm 1486:Donald Trump 1467: 1458:Nazi Germany 1447: 1442: 1439: 1428: 1419:indoctrinate 1411:junk science 1408: 1362: 1330: 1322: 1301: 1281: 1274:manipulation 1259: 1250: 1222: 1214: 1201: 1189: 1185:Roy Medvedev 1173: 1138:double-check 1131: 1126:(alongside). 1119: 1062: 1055: 1038: 1006: 998: 990:Maximilian I 987: 943: 908: 899: 888:Please help 883:verification 880: 856: 840: 825: 802: 798: 788: 776:Zbyněk Zeman 773: 769: 753: 733: 721: 718:Contestation 692: 691:In English, 690: 685:Scandinavist 655: 611: 603:Fidel Castro 592: 586: 562:Soviet Union 555: 546: 540: 536: 532: 514: 485:was made in 480: 474: 471:Nazi Germany 459:totalitarian 444: 433: 417:World War II 405:Nazi Germany 400:Robert Ensor 393: 374:Adolf Hitler 363: 304: 295: 291:Genghis Khan 286: 247: 230: 222: 211: 182: 177:anti-semitic 151: 147: 145: 136: 134: 129: 125: 119: 108:congregation 103: 99: 85: 84: 65: 57:manipulative 52: 50: 40: 39: 37: 32:World War II 8857:Moral panic 8787:Screen time 8616:News values 8552:Gatekeeping 8494:Externality 8432:Shock value 8387:Eclecticism 8280:Experiments 7901:Nationalism 7837:Civil death 7756:Enforcement 7657:Dialetheism 7547:Explanation 7517:Credibility 7278:Yellow rain 6898:Philippines 6758:Spamouflage 6743:Little Pink 6597:Rothschilds 6587:Red mercury 6302:Gaslighting 6253:Lying press 6223:Doublespeak 6070:Weasel word 6020:Plain folks 5935:Gish gallop 5925:Flag-waving 5880:Doublespeak 5875:Dog whistle 5835:Blood libel 5625:Snow, Nancy 4881:22 February 4852:22 February 4651:j.ctv7h0ts6 3969:2 September 3134:pp. 260–261 3063:propaganda. 3056:21 December 2982:28 February 2881:www.fono.fi 2373:22 February 2300:Propagandes 2031:Sharp power 1860:Der Stürmer 1800:Estado Novo 1512:Der Stürmer 1478:Emma Briant 1450:North Korea 1219:Advertising 1124:Uroš Predić 1116:Bosnian War 1022: 1917 930:Paul Revere 765:ideological 724:Emma Briant 612:During the 607:Vietnam War 588:Animal Farm 574:Third World 529:Axis Powers 489:during the 455:Sudetenland 351:urging the 309:Reformation 287:uituperatio 283:Mark Antony 160:Definitions 69:biased news 9125:Propaganda 9119:Categories 9071:Social bot 9061:Sealioning 8819:Conformity 8599:Propaganda 8584:Media bias 8577:Soft media 8221:Compliance 8214:Conformity 8114:Hysterical 8104:Behavioral 8069:Propaganda 8054:Patriotism 7989:Groupthink 7815:Censorship 7794:Homo sacer 7749:Conformity 7702:Pragmatism 7692:Nominalism 7599:Propaganda 7574:Hypothesis 7527:Antithesis 7405:PolitiFact 7333:Opposition 7209:Sandy Hook 7008:on Estonia 6942:Soviet era 6855:Team Jorge 6831:Godi-media 6592:Reptilians 6562:Illuminati 6421:Truthiness 6411:Social bot 6374:Propaganda 6307:Half-truth 6282:False flag 5945:Half-truth 5850:Censorship 5794:Ad hominem 5486:11 October 5293:Propaganda 5253:Propaganda 4578:Alex Carey 4469:24 October 4459:TechCrunch 4334:PsyWar.Org 4109:4 December 3818:(4): 876. 3783:(4): 715. 3741:7 February 3707:7 February 3658:7 February 3624:7 February 3590:9 November 3564:4 December 2922:30 January 2722:: 93–102. 2699:7 February 2665:7 February 2631:7 February 2597:7 February 2563:7 February 2394:Propaganda 2048:References 1975:Incitement 1970:Hate media 1697:media bias 1529:persuasion 1472:, several 1384:Techniques 1288:capitalism 1196:incitement 1069:false flag 1041:dehumanize 966:Punic Wars 902:April 2021 756:persuasion 693:propaganda 670:Portuguese 646:war crimes 499:Winter War 449:glorifies 395:Mein Kampf 257: 515 224:Propaganda 207:soft power 203:persuasion 183:Historian 171:poster of 148:propaganda 137:propaganda 130:Propaganda 100:propaganda 86:Propaganda 61:ideologies 53:propaganda 41:Propaganda 9135:Deception 8752:Infodemic 8686:Clickbait 8653:Attention 8509:Cognition 8417:Rebellion 8375:Political 8256:Obedience 8126:Emotional 8099:Addiction 7843:Vogelfrei 7800:Ostracism 7783:Dissenter 7779:Dissident 7672:Formalism 7634:Vagueness 7614:Relevance 7609:Reasoning 7522:Dialectic 7497:Ambiguity 7400:NewsGuard 7395:Logically 7390:Full Fact 7287:Venezuela 7221:Fake news 7109:AK Trolls 6800:Funkspiel 6322:Infodemic 6238:Fake news 6213:Denialism 6208:Deception 5955:Ideograph 5910:Fake news 5540:Et Cetera 5471:Bielefeld 5428:. (1965). 5017:cite book 4811:2249-1937 4686:201379873 4254:1933-1681 4187:145697213 3702:190002621 3388:. Norton. 3371:2167-8715 3179:144546254 3130:145021449 3085:2 January 2744:163518886 2736:0003-9381 2531:145332403 2515:0002-7162 2362:The Forum 2245:Routledge 1960:Fake news 1680:ownership 1676:audiences 1233:Hezbollah 1153:Uncle Sam 1149:Britannia 1056:Lusitania 1054:RMS 822:Religious 665:gerundive 642:Albanians 570:used film 525:war films 511:animation 451:Communist 330:Loyalists 153:xuanchuan 110:) of the 95:propagare 90:gerundive 75:Etymology 9086:Neophile 8708:Phubbing 8626:Hot take 8514:Mismatch 8422:Red team 8360:Deviance 7880:Shunning 7687:Logicism 7667:Finitism 7619:Rhetoric 7604:Prudence 7542:Evidence 7502:Argument 7492:Analysis 7425:USAFacts 7415:StopFake 7311:Force 47 7216:COVID-19 7140:Euromyth 6891:Peñabots 6765:COVID-19 6670:COVID-19 6655:Vaccines 6520:Examples 6406:Smearing 5975:Newspeak 5840:Buzzword 5658:(2016). 5447:Archived 5231:5 August 5156:(1948). 5134:(1895). 5091:(1958). 5072:Humanist 4976:archived 4819:44158487 4576:quoting 4463:Archived 4307:(2301). 4152:45784333 4018:(2014). 3913:23 April 3315:29 March 3143:p. 113, 2887:13 March 2501:: 1–13. 2391:(1928). 2165:20 April 2100:(2020). 2079:23 April 1935:Agitprop 1928:See also 1731:Children 1346:Pentagon 1310:leaflets 1283:Dziennik 1264:Politics 1206:— 978:Hannibal 836:Crusades 830:and the 687:movement 634:Bosniaks 566:Cold War 560:and the 495:Red Army 326:Patriots 279:Octavian 264:Darius I 92:form of 9046:Griefer 8852:Mobbing 8681:Chumbox 8633:Spiking 8370:Dissent 8153:Teasing 8119:Suicide 8034:Mobbing 7827:Outcast 7707:Realism 7594:Premise 7584:Opinion 7579:Inquiry 7562:Fallacy 7299:Vietnam 6970:Seat 12 6841:OpIndia 6793:Germany 6260:Fallacy 6233:Factoid 6171:Big lie 5965:Lawfare 5930:Framing 5825:Big lie 5442:(1940) 4997:Sources 4614:6 March 4593:1 April 4055:1247829 3888:(2012) 3832:1868905 3797:2150639 3528:Truvere 3310:HISTORY 3280:excerpt 3122:2378152 3004:6 March 2819:2262307 2523:1038915 2352:(ed.). 2271:, p. v 2186:6 March 1940:Big lie 1686:), and 1405:poster) 1241:dialect 1048:" and " 962:Nemesis 944:In the 862:Wartime 711:Creel's 626:Croatia 487:Finland 380:in the 268:Persian 266:to the 238:History 141:secular 8427:Satire 8392:Hermit 7994:Hazing 7832:Outlaw 7629:Theory 7507:Belief 7410:Snopes 7226:online 7146:Lancet 7092:Turkey 6930:Russia 6886:Mexico 6874:Kuwait 6850:Israel 6709:Canada 6665:autism 6611:Health 6243:online 6060:Slogan 5698:27(1). 5666: 5637: 5613: 5599:(2014) 5595: 5477: 5444:online 5405: 5387: 5361:(2003) 5250:about 5202: 5183: 5164: 5142: 5120: 5101: 5059: 5038: 4985:31 May 4817: 4809: 4780: 4750: 4723: 4684: 4649: 4639: 4421:Quartz 4344:1 July 4286:Quartz 4252: 4211:1 June 4185: 4150: 4140: 4077: 4053: 3941: 3830: 3795: 3732: 3700: 3649: 3615: 3505: 3464: 3438: 3411: 3369: 3251: 3241: 3215: 3205: 3177: 3128: 3120: 2854:806063 2852: 2817: 2767: 2742: 2734: 2690: 2656: 2622: 2588: 2554: 2529: 2521: 2513: 2476: 2451: 2420: 2328: 2306: 2296:xi–xii 2294:, pp. 2275: 2251: 2219: 2138: 1898:, and 1886:) and 1638:causes 1496:Models 1462:Hitler 1454:Stalin 1415:movies 1331:Since 1314:medium 1294:using 1167:as a " 994:Venice 974:poleis 954:Sparta 760:biased 638:Croats 521:Hitler 441:Soviet 411:under 392:). 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