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secularism." Despite the predictions of the "secularization theorists" like Marx and Weber, "modern" or secular processes have not meant the demise of religion and have actually proved to be quite compatible with religion—have even led, at least in the short term, to a surprising revival of religion. The problem with earlier secularization theories is that they presumed that secularization was a single, all-encompassing, and unidirectional phenomenon. However, as Peter
Glasner has more recently shown, "secular" and "secularization" embrace a variety of diverse processes and responses, not all of which—indeed, few of which—are inherently antithetical to religion, Glasner identifies ten different versions of secularization, organized in terms of whether their thrust is primarily institutional, nonnative, or cognitive... The upshot of this analysis is that secularism most assuredly does not translate simply and directly into atheism. Many good theists support the secularization of the American government in the form of the "separation of church and state," and all of them go about at least part of their day without doing religion.
406:
different type of experience when all particular beliefs are optional. A plethora of competing religious and irreligious worldviews open up, each rendering the other more "fragile". This condition in turn entails for Taylor that even clearly religious beliefs and practices are experienced in a qualitatively different way when they occur in a secular social context. In Taylor's sense of the term, a society could in theory be highly "secular" even if nearly all of its members believed in a deity or even subscribed to a particular religious creed; secularity here has to do with the conditions, not the prevalence, of belief, and these conditions are understood to be shared across a given society, irrespective of belief or lack thereof.
1241:
139:. Scholars recognize that secularity is structured by Protestant models of Christianity, shares a parallel language to religion, and intensifies Protestant features such as iconoclasm, skepticism towards rituals, and emphasizes beliefs. In doing so, secularism perpetuates Christian traits under a different name.
466:
In the first part of this book we will chart the slow, unsteady development of political secularism (Set 2) across time and space. You might be surprised to see that we'll trace its origins to the Bible. From there we will watch how secularism's core principles emerged, in dribs and drabs, during the
643:
The point is that the sacred/secular dichotomy is, like most dichotomies, false. "Secular" certainly does not mean "atheistic" or without religion, definitely not anti-religion; in fact, as I illustrate in a chapter in the second volume of this collection, there is a proud tradition of "Islamic
405:
are no longer underpinned by communally-accepted religious facts. All religious beliefs or irreligious philosophical positions are, in a secular society, held with an awareness that there are a wide range of other contradictory positions available to any individual; belief in general becomes a
354:
In many cultures, there is little dichotomy between "natural" and "supernatural", "religious" and "not-religious", especially since people have beliefs in other supernatural or spiritual things irrespective of belief in God or gods. Other cultures stress practice of ritual rather than belief.
307:
such as Jack David Eller, secularity is best understood not as being "anti-religious", but as being "religiously neutral" since many activities in religious bodies are secular themselves, and most versions of secularity do not lead to irreligiosity.
121:. Many activities in religious bodies are secular, and though there are multiple types of secularity or secularization, most do not lead to irreligiosity. Linguistically, a process by which anything becomes secular is named
359:. Attempts to define either the "secular" or the "religious" in non-Western societies, accompanying local modernization and Westernization processes, were often and still are fraught with tension. Due to all these factors,
326:
One can regard eating and bathing as examples of secular activities, because there may not be anything inherently religious about them. Nevertheless, some religious traditions see both eating and bathing as
323:
are both
Western concepts that were formed under the influence of Christian theology, other cultures do not necessarily have words or concepts that resemble or are equivalent to them.
150:
are both
Western concepts that were formed under the influence of Christian theology, other cultures do not necessarily have words or concepts that resemble or are equivalent to them.
355:
Conceptions of both "secular" and "religious", while sometimes having some parallels in local cultures, were generally imported along with
Western worldviews, often in the context of
393:). For Taylor, this third sense of secularity is the unique historical condition in which virtually all individuals – religious or not – have to contend with the fact that their
409:
Taylor's thorough account of secularity as a socio-historical condition, rather than the absence or diminished importance of religion, has been highly influential in subsequent
532:
299:, priests who were defined as the Church's geographically-delimited diocesan clergy and not a part of the diasporal monastic orders. This arrangement continues today. The
90:, there were even secular clergy. Furthermore, secular and religious entities were not separated in the medieval period, but coexisted and interacted naturally. The word
101:
Today, anything that is not directly connected with religion may be considered secular, in other words, neutral to religion. Secularity does not mean
467:
Christian Middle Ages, the
Protestant Reformation, and the Enlightenment. Secularism, some might be surprised to learn, has a religious genealogy.
808:
From God to
Climate Change: The journey of Albert Garnier's 30-year mission in China to scientist son Ben's fight with the riddle of the world
162:
was not related or linked to religion, but was a freestanding term in Latin that would relate to any mundane endeavour. However, the term,
221:, to denote the coming and going of the ages, the grant of eternal life, and the long duration of created things from their beginning to
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381:
understands and discusses the secularity of
Western societies less in terms of how much of a role religion plays in public life (
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Iversen, Hans Raun (2013). "Secularization, Secularity, Secularism". In
Runehov, Anne L. C.; Oviedo, Lluis (eds.).
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as a general term of reference was much deprecated in social sciences, and is used carefully and with qualifications.
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19:
This article is about secularity in the sense of being unrelated to religion. For clergy who are not monks, see
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does not necessarily imply hostility or rejection of God or religion, though some use the term this way (see "
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1184:
1026:
372:
142:
Most cultures around the world do not have tension or dichotomous views of religion and secularity. Since
566:. Toronto: Published by University of Toronto Press in association with the Medieval Academy of America.
289:", below); Martin Luther used to speak of "secular work" as a vocation from God for most Christians.
697:
695:
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389:), than as a "backdrop" or social context in which religious belief is no longer taken as a given (
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has been a part of the
Christian church's history, which even developed in the medieval period
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to indicate separation from specifically religious affairs and involvement in temporal ones.
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183:
24:
1065:; Galen, Luke W.; Pasquale, Frank L. (2016). "Secularity Around the World".
311:
The idea of a dichotomy between religion and the secular originated in the
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217:, was used in the early Christian church (and is still used today), in the
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advocated for secularity by separation of church and state. According to
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The Crisis of Church and State, 1050-1300 : With
Selected Documents
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682:
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332:
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286:
136:
131:
83:
1095:; Shook, John R. (2017). "Introduction: The Study of Secularism". In
894:
Calhoun, Craig; Jeurgensmeyer, Mark; Van Antwerpen, Jonathan (2011).
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through the context of a religion, performing corporal and spiritual
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782:
Introducing Anthropology of Religion : Culture to the Ultimate
506:
Introducing Anthropology of Religion : Culture to the Ultimate
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348:
277:
260:
71:
661:
The Secular Paradox : On the Religiosity of the Not Religious
627:
Eller, Jack (2010). "What is Atheism?". In Zuckerman, Phil (ed.).
129:; and any concept or ideology promoting the secular may be termed
893:
340:
187:
23:. For the legal status of countries in relation to religion, see
716:
714:
995:(2017). "The Imagined War Between Secularism and Religion". In
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Atheism and Secularity. Volume 1: Issues, Concepts, Definitions
336:
831:
711:
234:
208:
202:
75:
42:
1067:
The Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies
70:), is the state of being unrelated or neutral in regards to
734:"CHURCH FATHERS: Against Heresies, II.34.3 (St. Irenaeus)"
331:, therefore making them religious activities within those
1169:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
918:
Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity
1139:. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. 2116–2121.
385:), or how religious a society's individual members are (
1061:
985:
Recognizing the Non-religious: Reimagining the Secular
866:
705:
686:
417:, particularly as older sociological narratives about
1003:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 71–84.
960:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 499ff.
952: (2017). "Varieties of Secular Experience". In
933:. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. pp. 1–18.
135:, a term generally applied to the ideology dictating
1103:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–17.
351:
are examples of religious (non-secular) activities.
255:
or denoted a period of about one hundred years. The
605:
798:
663:. New York: New York University Press. p. 8.
631:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger. pp. 12–13.
925:Eller, Jack David (2010). "What Is Atheism?". In
74:. The origins of secularity can be traced to the
1257:
527:
525:
278:Modern and historical understandings of the term
1167:How (Not) to Be Secular: Reading Charles Tayor
1091:
883:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. pp. 1–24.
720:
991:
837:
701:
522:
125:, though the term is mainly reserved for the
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78:itself. The concept was fleshed out through
1035:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press.
589:On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State
239:
177:
163:
137:no religious influence on the public sphere
45:
784:(Third ed.). Routledge. p. 282.
654:
652:
508:(Third ed.). Routledge. p. 282.
1075:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199924950.001.0001
658:
591:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
339:derived from religious text or doctrine,
757:The Secular Clergy in England, 1066–1216
748:
481:The Secular Clergy in England, 1066-1216
1187:(2009). "The Polysemy of the Secular".
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1183:
1137:Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions
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349:religious seminary school or monastery
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1069:. New York: Oxford University Press.
966:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.31
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924:
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429:have come under increased criticism.
16:State of being separate from religion
1109:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.1
1009:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.5
912:
867:Zuckerman, Galen & Pasquale 2016
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706:Zuckerman, Galen & Pasquale 2016
687:Zuckerman, Galen & Pasquale 2016
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250:of a generation, belonging to an age
982:
611:
13:
1127:
811:. Paragon Publishing. p. 51.
14:
1282:
1233:
1101:The Oxford Handbook of Secularism
1001:The Oxford Handbook of Secularism
958:The Oxford Handbook of Secularism
744:from the original on Apr 3, 2024.
738:New Advent, Fathers of the Church
1239:
898:. Oxford: Oxford UP. p. 21.
545:10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_SIM_124156
537:Religion Past and Present Online
98:as used in a religious context.
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887:
872:
857:, esp. pp. ix–xiv, 65, 76.
843:
773:
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1145:10.1007/978-1-4020-8265-8_1024
580:
555:
497:
472:
450:Berlinerblau, Jacques (2022).
443:
153:
94:has a meaning very similar to
1:
1244:The dictionary definition of
432:
191:
176:being the genitive plural of
920:. Stanford University Press.
437:
209:
7:
759:. Oxford University Press.
587:Strayer, Joseph R. (2016).
483:. Oxford University Press.
10:
1287:
987:. Oxford University Press.
780:Eller, Jack David (2022).
721:Zuckerman & Shook 2017
659:Blankholm, Joseph (2022).
504:Eller, Jack David (2022).
210:eis toĂąs aionas ton aiáą“nĹŤn
204:εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων
203:
18:
1099:; Shook, John R. (eds.).
1055:The Paradox of Liberation
999:; Shook, John R. (eds.).
956:; Shook, John R. (eds.).
853:, esp. pp. 205–210;
259:doctrine that God exists
127:secularization of society
1057:. Yale University Press.
879:Taylor, Charles (2007).
755:Thomas, Hugh M. (2014).
479:Thomas, Hugh M. (2014).
305:cultural anthropologists
1163:Smith, James K. A.
562:Tierney, Brian (1988).
403:sense of life's meaning
158:Historically, the word
629:Atheism and Secularity
452:Secularism: The Basics
411:philosophy of religion
313:European Enlightenment
240:
178:
164:
46:
1201:10.1353/sor.2009.0046
896:Rethinking Secularism
551:on December 28, 2019.
539:. Brill. April 2011.
415:sociology of religion
315:. Furthermore, since
116:unrelated to religion
1266:Religion and society
805:Garnier, T. (2022).
367:Taylorian secularity
199:original Koine Greek
993:Juergensmeyer, Mark
983:Lee, Lois (2015).
869:, pp. 19, 51.
838:Juergensmeyer 2017
702:Juergensmeyer 2017
347:, and attending a
182:) as found in the
166:saecula saeculorum
1176:978-0-8028-6761-2
1154:978-1-4020-8265-8
1118:978-0-19-998845-7
1084:978-0-19-992494-3
1042:978-0-674-02676-6
1018:978-0-19-998845-7
975:978-0-19-998845-7
940:978-0-313-35183-9
840:, pp. 74–79.
818:978-1-78222-969-8
614:, pp. 31–37.
375:in his 2007 book
80:Christian history
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547:. Archived from
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1093:Zuckerman, Phil
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1063:Zuckerman, Phil
1051:Walzer, Michael
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357:colonialism
341:worshipping
335:. Saying a
333:world views
301:Waldensians
213:), e.g. at
154:Definitions
88:Middle Ages
39:secularness
35:the secular
1260:Categories
824:2023-04-27
433:References
329:sacraments
287:secularism
231:secularity
219:doxologies
195: 410
173:saeculĹŤrum
132:secularism
84:modern era
31:Secularity
1225:140869368
1209:1944-768X
851:Asad 2003
438:Footnotes
257:Christian
197:) of the
86:. In the
82:into the
1217:40972206
1165:(2014).
1053:(2015).
1029:(2007).
916:(2003).
742:Archived
740:. 1885.
612:Lee 2015
399:morality
317:religion
265:medieval
241:saeculum
179:saeculum
144:religion
72:religion
47:saeculum
1247:secular
929:(ed.).
361:secular
321:secular
291:Secular
283:Secular
272:secular
270:to use
227:Secular
201:phrase
188:Vulgate
186:in the
160:secular
148:secular
96:profane
92:secular
55:worldly
33:, also
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425:, and
395:values
337:prayer
111:, but
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1213:JSTOR
401:, or
237:word
235:Latin
76:Bible
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1205:ISSN
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849:See
813:ISBN
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456:ISBN
413:and
319:and
263:led
229:and
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1197:doi
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