History of Christianity

1652: 4032: 1724: 3396: 2580: 2540: 2453: 2651: 48: 3633: 4447: 3508: 2617: 4114: 2363: 4472: 2131: 1855: 4439: 2709: 4359: 7249:, p. 545: "In one of the most momentous precedents of his reign, during Constantine’s twentieth anniversary celebrations in 325, some 250 bishops assembled at Nicaea in the emperor’s presence and at his order to settle difficult issues of contention across the empire about the date of Easter, episcopal succession and Christology. Constantine made a point of deferring to the bishops. He did not preside himself and only took his seat when they did, but it was the emperor who had summoned the council, and the sanctions that followed for the small number of dissenters including Arius were also imposed by him." 3839: 3187:. Once begun, the Albigensian Crusade (1209–1229) quickly took a political turn. The king's army seized and occupied strategic lands of nobles who had not supported the heretics, but had been in the good graces of the Church. Throughout the campaign, Innocent vacillated, sometimes taking the side favouring crusade, then siding against it and calling for its end. It did not end until 1229. The campaign no longer had crusade status. The entire region was brought under the rule of the French king, thereby creating southern France. Catharism continued for another hundred years (until 1350). 3725: 2925: 2476:(527–565), no Roman "Christian empire" existed. Under Justinian, subjects were left without doubt that they lived in a Christian state. Until the time of Justinian, the Byzantine emperors practiced a policy of tolerance toward all religions. Justinian's religious policies reflected his conviction that the unity of the Empire presupposed unity of faith. He persecuted pagans and religious minorities and purged the governmental bureaucracy of those who disagreed with him. He regulated everything in religion, and in law, even interfering in papal elections. 2276: 3329: 1672: 3106: 3203:, this includes the Episcopal Inquisition (1184–1230) and the Papal Inquisition (1230s–1240s), though these courts had no actual joint leadership or organization. Created as needed, they were not permanent institutions but were limited to specific times and places. The Medieval Inquisition brought somewhere between 8,000 and 40,000 people to interrogation and sentence. Death sentences were a relatively rare occurrence. The penalty imposed most often by Medieval Inquisitorial courts was an act of penance which could include public confession. 2968: 3141:, Urban responded (1095) with an appeal to European Christians to "go to the aid of their brethren in the Holy Land". Urban's message had tremendous popular appeal, and there was much enthusiasm supporting it. It was new and novel and tapped into powerful aspects of folk religion. Voluntary poverty and its renunciation of self-will, along with a longing for the genuine "apostolic life," flourished in the late eleventh and twelfth centuries connecting pilgrimage, charity, remission of sins, and a willingness to fight. 2390: 2862: 3619: 3029: 3227: 3165:. This cultural status guaranteed Christians rights of protection, but discriminated against them through legal inferiority. Various Christian communities adopted different strategies for preserving their identity while accommodating their rulers. Some withdrew from interaction, others converted, while some sought outside help. By the end of the eleventh-century, Christianity was in full retreat in Mesopotamia and inner Iran. Some Christian communities further to the east continued to exist. 5274:, the literature says Constantine ordered the burning of the idols, the destruction of the altar, and erection of a church on the spot of the temple. The archaeology of the site shows that Constantine's church, along with its attendant buildings, occupied a peripheral sector of the precinct leaving the rest unhindered. A number of non-religious elements coincided to end the temples. Earthquakes caused destruction. Civil conflict and external invasions also destroyed many temples and shrines. 4264: 5748:

with Protestants to fight other Catholics and vice versa. Historian Barbara Diefendorf argues that religious motives were always mixed with other motives, but the simple fact of Catholics fighting Catholics and Protestants fighting Protestants is not sufficient to prove the absence of religious motives. According to Marxist theorist Henry Heller, there was "a rising tide of commoner hostility to noble oppression and growing perception of collusion between Protestant and Catholic nobles".

3734: 3925:. Anglicans and other Christian moderates also wrote and argued for toleration. In the 1690s, many humanists were rethinking on a political level all of the State's reasons for persecution. This third group also began advocating for religious toleration. Over the next two and a half centuries, many treaties and political declarations of tolerance followed, until concepts of freedom of religion, freedom of speech and freedom of thought became established in most western countries. 2571:

became more and more organized from 600 to 1100. The formation of these organized bodies of believers gradually carved out social spaces with authority separate from political and familial authority, thereby revolutionizing social history. Medical practice was highly important, and medieval monasteries are best known for their contributions to medical care. For the majority of the faithful in the early Middle Ages of both East and West, the saint was first and foremost the monk.

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Records show the belief in magic had remained so widespread among the rural people, it has convinced some historians that Christianization had not been as successful as previously supposed. The main pressure to prosecute witches came from the common people, and trials were mostly civil trials. There is broad agreement that approximately 100,000 people were prosecuted, of which 80% were women, and that 40,000 to 50,000 people were executed between 1561 and 1670.

28438: 1922: 4693: 3266: 4735: 730: 2750: 2835:. Following the rise of secular governments and increasing papal power in the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries, intolerance also became one of the defining features of the Middle Ages. The church faced powerful challenges that prompted vigorous political confrontation throughout this period. In the "long fourteenth century", papal power stopped increasing, while kings continued to substantively gain and consolidate power for themselves. 2159: 28427: 4707: 4749: 790: 2047: 5670:(1320–1384), an English scholastic philosopher and theologian, attended the Council of Constance and urged the Church to give up its property (which produced much of the Church's wealth), and to once again embrace poverty and simplicity, to stop being subservient to the state and its politics, and to deny papal authority. He was accused of heresy, convicted and sentenced to death, but died before implementation. The 5837:

magazines and newspapers, on TV and radio" to eradicate religion. The Russian Orthodox Church suffered unprecedented persecution. From 1927 on, the League of Militant Atheists published anti-religious literature in large quantities. During the 1930s, violence was used. Bishops, priests, and lay believers were arrested, shot and sent to labour camps. Churches were closed, destroyed, converted to other uses.

5247:, were Christian. Christian emperors wanted the empire to become a Christian empire, and they used empirical law to make it easier to be Christian and harder to be pagan. Many previous scholars have seen such laws as implying the establishment of Christianity as the state religion forcing the conversion of non-believers. However, twenty-first century scholarship has brought this older view into question. 4721: 3702:(Sweden, Norway and Denmark) occurred in two stages. In the first stage, missionaries arrived on their own, without secular support, in the ninth-century. Next, a secular ruler would take charge of Christianization in their territory. This stage ended once a defined and organized ecclesiastical network was established. By 1350, Scandinavia was an integral part of Western Christendom. 2705:(451 CE), and Nestorian churches which came from the desert monasteries. After these regions came under Islamic rule, persecution of non-Muslims was devastating to the Chalcedonian churches in the cities. The monastic background of the Nestorians made their churches more remote, so they often escaped direct attention making them the most able to survive and cultivate new traditions. 1648:, along the trade and travel routes followed by merchants, soldiers, and migrating tribes, moving from fewer than 50,000 adherents to over a million in the hundred years between 150 and 250. Driven by a universalist logic, Christianity has been, from its beginnings, a missionary faith with global aspirations, leading it to become a part of the history of a great many civilizations. 3298:(1237–1241) in a French court, over contents that mocked the central figures of Christianity. This resulted in Talmudic Judaism being seen as so different from biblical Judaism that old Augustinian obligations to leave the Jews alone no longer applied. As townfolk gained a measure of political power around 1300, they became one of Jewry's greatest enemies charging Jews with 2639:

with Christian churches concentrated in northern Iraq, the foothills of the Zagros, and in the trading posts of the Persian Gulf. Ethiopia and Himyar (the Hadramawt in modern Yemen) were long-settled civilizations that were literate and even monotheist, and Christians and Jews competed for their conversion. With the rise of Islam, the Nestorian church moved east to China.

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cases, some inquisitors were murdered. Riots and public opposition formed against Dominicans as the Medieval Inquisition became stridently contested both in and outside the Church. The universities of Oxford and Prague became particular sites of controversy as they produced some of the church's greatest inquisitorial legal experts as well as some of its most bitter foes.

3979:, practiced by kings who were supported by Catholicism, gave rise to a virulent anti-clerical, anti-Catholic, and anti-Christian sentiment that emerged in the 1680s. Critique of Christianity began among the more extreme Protestant reformers who were enraged by fear, tyranny and persecution. Thereafter, every level of European society began to embrace secularisation. 2346:

form of government; therefore the chief duty of all ancient monarchs was to gain heavenly favor. However, after the restrictions on Christianity were removed, emperor and bishop began to share responsibility for maintaining relations with the divine. This caused a shift in power dynamics, since "who speaks for God" was a significant issue in Late Antiquity.

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Presbyterians, Episcopalians and by the government itself. The majority of native children did not attend boarding school. Of those that did, many did so in response to requests sent by native families to the Federal government, while many others were forcibly taken from their homes. For indigenous populations in Canada and the US, the history of

3246:, the last major polytheistic population in Europe, had been raiding surrounding countries for several centuries, and subduing them was what mattered most to the Eastern-European nobles. (These rulers saw crusade as a tool for territorial expansion, alliance building, and the empowerment of their own nascent church and state.) In 1147, Eugenius' 4152:, began to campaign, write, and spread pamphlets against the trade and slavery itself. In the years after the American Revolution, black congregations led by black preachers provided an institutional base for keeping abolitionism alive. By the early nineteenth-century, American Protestants had organized the first 3937:"Catholic Christianity became a global religion through the Spanish and Portuguese colonial empires in the sixteenth century and French missionaries in the seventeenth and eighteenth." However, Christian missionaries and colonial empires had separate agendas which were often in direct opposition to each other. 5747:

points out that many historians argue these ‘‘wars of religion’’ were not primarily religious, but were more about state-building, nationalism, and economics. If they had been motivated most deeply by religion, Catholics and Protestants would fight each other, whereas Catholics often formed alliances

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developed a combined social gospel and liberation theology that mixes Christianity with questions of civil rights, aspects of the Black Power movement, and responses to black Muslims claiming Christianity was a "White man's" religion. Spreading to the United Kingdom, then parts of Africa, confronting

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Powerful and pervasive ecclesiastical reform developed from medieval critiques of the church, but the institutional unity of the church was shattered. Church critics of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries had challenged papal authority. Kings and councils asserting their own power had also created

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Popes from 1159 to 1303 were predominantly lawyers not theologians. As the political power of the papacy increased, the church of 1000 - 1300 became a more imposing institution with a more defined formal theology. Early and Late Antique Christianity had been both inclusive and exclusive with no canon

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argued against the persecution of the Jewish people, and a relative peace existed between Jews and Christians until the thirteenth-century. Although anti-Semitic violence erupted occasionally, attacks on Jews by mobs, local leaders and lower-level clergy were carried out without the support of church

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by the Pharisees, the sect which had rejected Jesus while he was alive. The religious, social, and political climate of the area was diverse and often characterized by turmoil. Romans of this era feared civil disorder, giving their highest regard to peace, harmony and order. Piety equalled loyalty to

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The Middle Ages can be seen as holding characteristics that led to modern civilization. Institutional centralization produced bureaucratic clerics who, along with Mendicant monks and the elite from the international universities, became central to developing early-modern concepts of power, authority

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sacked Rome, invaded Britain, Gaul, and Iberia, and seized land. Such disruption made fewer public funds and private donations available to support expensive pagan festivals and temples. Temples were neglected. Neglect led to progressive decay, which contributed to the recycling of salvaged building

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to the forefront. Wars have had contradictory effects on the church, sometimes producing a loss of faith in human solutions to human suffering, an upsurge in religiosity and patriotism, or an alienation from Christianity. For the first time since the pre-Constantian era, Christian pacifism became an

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While sentiment is widespread that ecumenism at the upper levels of leadership has stalled, the trend at the local level has been toward discussion and prayer meetings, pulpit exchanges, shared social action and an increase in inter-marriage. Almost 40% of couples married since 2010, compared to 19%

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Before 1945, about a third of the people in the world were Christians with about half of those Roman Catholic. About 80% of all Christians lived in Europe, Russia and the Americas. By 2000, the percentage of Christians in the West dropped to around 40 percent, while the proportion living in Asia and

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and its aftermath included legal assurances of religious freedom and a general turn to religious plurality in the new country. In the decades following the American revolution, France also experienced revolution, and by 1794, radical revolutionaries attempted to violently ‘de-Christianize’ France in

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The new Christian religious structure was imposed upon the socio-political and economic fabric of the land by the authority of the state's rulers. The Rus' dukes maintained control of the church which was financially dependent upon them. While monasticism was the dominant form of piety, Christianity

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A widespread literate religious culture was slow to develop in Medieval Christianity, though vague notions of its mysteries were common. The means and methods of teaching a mostly illiterate populace included mystery plays (which had developed out of the mass), wall paintings, vernacular sermons and

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The western church spoke Latin, while the East spoke and wrote in at least five languages. Theological differences were becoming pronounced. The manner in which western and eastern churches related to the State differed. In the Roman west, the church condemned Roman culture as sinful, kept itself as

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The conversion of Constantine allied a monotheistic religion with a global power, both with ambitions of universality. In the Roman Empire of late antiquity, the state was seen as a religious institution with no separation between "secular" and "religious". Monarchy was thought to be the only viable

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Fourth century Christianity was dominated by its many conflicts defining and dealing with heresy and orthodoxy. In the fourth century, the writings of the church fathers and the letters of bishops emerged as sources of authority on orthodoxy and identity, in addition to apostolic authority, and they

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In Late Antiquity, Christianity turned the existing network of diverse Christian communities into an organization that mirrored the structure of the Roman Empire. Often referred to as the "golden age" of patristic Christianity, Christians of this era compiled many of Christianity's greatest works as

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allowed inquisitors to search out moral and religious "crimes" even when there was no accuser, and in theory, this granted them extraordinary powers. In practice, without local secular support, their task became so overwhelmingly difficult that inquisitors themselves became endangered. In the worst

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Crusading gave ordinary Christians a tangible means of expressing brotherhood with the East and promoted the sense of a "joined-up Christendom". It had spiritual merit for those who went as a direct result of the "dangers, the time, the cost, and the sheer physical and mental effort" that crusading

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in Alexandria, Egypt. Twentieth-century scholars have traditionally seen this as evidence of a tide of violent Christian iconoclasm that continued throughout the 390s and into the 400s. However, twenty-first century archaeological evidence for the violent destruction of temples in the fourth to the

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Christianity is still diverse, and Christians still disagree, but the grounds have changed to topics that engage the deepest and most controversial issues of our times - "race, gender, colonialism, and liberation" - bringing these to the forefront of the larger more traditional Christian agenda. In

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Compulsory resettlement returned many Greek Orthodox to Constantinople. While Islamic law did not recognize the Patriarch as a "juristic person", nor acknowledge the Orthodox Church as an institution, it did identify the Orthodox Church with the Greek community, and concern for stability allowed it

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and more. Reconciling Aristotelian logical reasoning with Christian faith created a revolution in thinking called scholasticism, (a departure from Augustinian thinking which had dominated the church for centuries). This process elevated reason, reconciled it with faith, and formed the first chapter

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Barbarian invasion, deportation, and neglect also produced large “unchurched” populations mixed within, and at the edges of, this largely Christian world. In these scattered spots, Christianity became one religion among many. Its residual aspects often mutated with local types of paganism as it did

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was also pervasive and unifying. Medieval writers and ordinary folk used the term to identify themselves, their religious culture, and even their civilization. Still, religion was not a uniform pious version of Christianity. The church, before the end of the tenth-century, left room for common folk

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There is no consensus on the origins of Christianity beyond Byzantium in Asia or East Africa. Though it is scattered throughout these areas by the fourth-century, there is little documentation and no complete record. Asian and African Christians did not have access to structures of power, and their

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Constantine's policy toward non-Christians was "toleration with limits", so in general, conflict between these groups was more rhetorical than actual – with a few exceptions. Constantine was vigorous in reclaiming church properties that had previously been confiscated by the government, and he used

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Early Christianity's teachings on morality have been cited as a major factor in its growth. In contrast to traditional Roman social stratification, early Christian communities were highly inclusive being open to men and women, rich and poor, slave and free. In groups formed by Paul the Apostle, the

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In a study of sermon content, William Skiles says "Confessing Church pastors opposed the Nazi regime on three fronts... first, they expressed harsh criticism of Nazi persecution of Christians and the German churches; second, they condemned National Socialism as a false ideology that worships false

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Highly authoritarian and totalitarian governments have brought about crises and decline in churches in many areas. From 1945 into the 1980's, the world's first Marxist super-power, along with the many other communist governments, pursued anti-religious policies that were often violent. In 2013, 17

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In 2000, approximately one quarter of all Christians worldwide were part of Pentecostalism and its associated movements. By 2025, Pentecostals are expected to constitute one-third of the nearly three billion Christians worldwide making it the largest branch of Protestantism and the fastest growing

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The world's largest religion has been Christianity since the eighteenth century. After 1945, it grew and expanded in the Third World and in eastern Europe (after the collapse of communism). Its population center shifted to the global east and south, but it remains the world's largest religion into

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In places like Connecticut and Massachusetts, where one denomination received state funding, churches now began to lobby local legislatures to end that inequity. In 1791, the United States became the first Christian nation to mandate the separation of church and state. Theological pluralism became

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Luther's theses challenged the church's selling of indulgences, the authority of the Pope, and various teachings of the late medieval Catholic church. This act of defiance and its social, moral, and theological criticisms brought Western Christianity to a new understanding of salvation, tradition,

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Many cultural, geographical, geopolitical, and linguistic differences between East and West existed for centuries. There were disagreements over whether the Eastern Patriarch could claim a universal jurisdiction in the East to match Rome’s jurisdiction in the West. There were differences in ritual

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Christianity in the 600s was well established in the western kingdoms of the Franks in Gaul, and the Visigoths in Iberia, along the Rhine river in what would become Germany, out to the edge of Central Asia, as far as Zerang and Qandahar in modern Afghanistan, and into the Sassanian Persian Empire,

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In 600, there was great diversity in monastic life in both East and West even though the basic characteristics of monastic spirituality - asceticism, the goal of spiritual perfection, a life of wandering or physical toil, radical poverty, preaching, and prayer - had become established. Monasteries

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The Church of this age was seen by its supporters as a universal church. Patriarchs in the East first extended papal power and influence beyond Rome as they frequently looked to the bishop of Rome to resolve disagreements for them. Yet, the tendency for East and West to grow apart was also already

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Intersection with the state also boosted the church's authority and wealth, and for the next 800 years, the western church struggled between recognition of the State as willed by God, and defense of the church's autonomy and spiritual superiority to the world. For many centuries the Eastern church

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Christians distributed bread to the hungry, nurtured the sick, and showed the poor great generosity. They redefined family through their approach to death and burial which expanded the audience to include the extended Christian community. Christians had no sacrificial cult, and this set them apart

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Christianity is growing rapidly in China, and the rest of Southeast Asia, especially Korea, where it grew faster after colonialism than before it. A rapid expansion of charismatic Christianity began in the 1980s, leading Asia to rival Latin America in the population of Charismatic and Pentecostal

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emerged (c. 1650 – c. 1800), pioneered by Protestants, using historicism and human reason making study of the Bible more scholarly, secular, and democratic. Depending upon how radical the individual scholar was, this produced different and often conflicting views, posing particular problems for a

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Leaders of the church were recognized by the Islamic state as administrative agents charged with supervising its Christian subjects and collecting their taxes. Compulsory taxes, higher and higher payments to the sultan in hopes of receiving his appointment to the Patriarchate, and other financial

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Political organization of the papacy evolved between the fourth and tenth centuries. The growing presence and involvement of the aristocracy in the papal bureaucracy, an increase in papal land-holdings from the second half of the sixth into the seventh-century, and changes in their administration

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expressing tolerance for all religions. The Edict was a pluralist policy, and throughout the Roman Empire of the fourth to sixth centuries, people shifted between a variety of religious groups in a kind of "religious marketplace". Constantine did not make Christianity the official state religion.

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Protestant missionaries had a significant role in shaping multiple nations, cultures and societies as well as in making Christianity a global religion. Women made major contributions. A missionary's first job was to get to know the indigenous people and work with them to translate the Bible into

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in that it imagined a liberal State that embraced political and cultural tolerance and freedom. Later, liberalism embraced seventeenth-century rationalism, which was attempting to 'wean' Christianity from its "irrational cultic" roots. This liberalism lost touch with the fundamental necessity of

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For most of its existence, the Byzantine Empire was the largest and most prosperous polity of the Christian world. The wealth and safety of its capitol Constantinople, were seen, even by distant outsiders, as resulting directly from the religious devotion of its inhabitants. After suffering many

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treatises, and saints' lives in epic form. Rituals, art, literature, and cosmology were shaped by Christian norms but also contained some pre-Christian elements. Christian motifs could function in non-Christian ways, while practices of non-Christian origin became endowed with Christian meaning.

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succeeded to the papacy in 590, the claim of Rome's supremacy over the rest of the church as stemming from Peter himself was well established. Gregory held that papal supremacy concerned doctrine and discipline within the church, but large sections of both the Western and Eastern church remained

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Christians of the fourth-century believed Constantine's conversion was evidence the Christian God had conquered the polytheist gods in Heaven. This "triumph of Christianity" became the primary Christian narrative in writings of the late antique age in spite of Christians representing only ten to

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Among the many great orators and philosophers of the fourth and fifth centuries, prose was primary. Still, a hybrid form of poetry written in traditional classic forms with Latin style and Christian concepts began to emerge. The Christian innovation of mixing genrés demonstrated the synthesis of

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Bishoprics were lifetime appointments, so a king could better control their powers and revenues than those of hereditary noblemen. Even better, he could leave the post vacant and collect the revenues himself, theoretically in trust for the new bishop, or give a bishopric to compensate a helpful

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Preceded by mission schools, the Federal government began a boarding school system in 1819, (before there was a public school system (1869)), for the purposes of education and assimilation of Native Americans. Funded by the federal government, schools were run by Catholics, Quakers, Methodists,

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Most missionaries avoided politics, yet they also generally identified themselves with the indigenous people amongst whom they worked and lived. On the one hand, vocal missionaries challenged colonial oppression and defended human rights, even opposing their own governments in matters of social

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The causes of these wars were mixed. Many scholars see them as fought to obtain security and freedom for differing religious confessions, however, most have interpreted these wars as struggles for political independence that coincided with the break up of medieval empires into the modern nation

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Attitudes and behaviours against the clergy identify the period from around 1100 to 1349 as an era of “anticlerical revolution". Multiple strands of criticism of the clergy between 1100 and 1520 were voiced by clerics themselves. Such criticism condemned abuses and sought a more spiritual, less

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The educated leaders of the church were advisors and estate managers for the church, kings, and nobles, often acting as judges and negotiating treaties. The clergy, and the laity, became "more literate, more worldly, and more self-assertive" and they did not always agree with the hierarchy. The

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The most powerful and effective criticism of Christianity in the twentieth century has been the charge that it has been too closely identified with the rich and powerful, and too ready to legitimate the status quo. These political criticisms have had a far wider impact than those deriving from

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In this period, Christianity became a global religion, but it also faced major challenges. Further important aspects of Christian history are seen in the breakdown of denominational boundaries, the impact of war, and particular Christian movements aiding the oppressed. In all these areas, five

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of the local language. These were used to teach in missionary schools resulting in the spread of literacy. On the one hand, the political legacies of colonialism include political instability, violence and ethnic exclusion, which is also linked to civil strife and civil war. On the other hand,

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did not exist. While historians have been unable to pinpoint a single cause of what became known as the "witch frenzy", scholars have noted that, without changing church doctrine, a new but common stream of thought developed at every level of society that witches were both real and malevolent.

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In 1900, under colonial rule, there were just under 9 million Christians in Africa. By 1960, and the end of colonialism, there were about 60 million. By 2005, African Christians had increased to 393 million, about half of the continent's total population at that time. Population in Africa has

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Soviet authorities used "persecution, arrests and trials, imprisonment in psychiatric hospitals, house raids and searches, confiscations of Bibles and New Testaments and other Christian literature, disruption of worship services by the militia and KGB, slander campaigns against Christians in

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Even so, Constantine took important steps that supported and protected Christianity. He gave bishops judicial power and established equal footing for Christian clergy by granting them the same immunities polytheistic priests had long enjoyed. By intervening in church disputes, he initiated a

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Some claimed the clergy did little to help the suffering, although the high mortality rate amongst clerics indicates many continued to care for the sick. Other medieval folk claimed it was the "corrupted" and "vice-ridden" clergy that had caused the many calamities that people believed were

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describes as "uniformly vehement" with "frequently horrifying" penalties, evidencing the intent of "terrorizing" the populace into accepting its removal. Sacrifice, a central rite of virtually all religious groups in the pre-Christian Mediterranean, largely disappeared before the end of the

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claimed Constantine destroyed all the temples; then he said Theodisius destroyed them all; then he said Constantine converted them all to churches. Temple destruction is attested to in 43 written sources, but only 4 are confirmed by archaeology. For example, at the sacred oak and spring at

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The challenges of secularism, and the changing moral climate of the 1960's and 1970's, caused controversy within the churches concerning sexual ethics, gender, and exclusivity. A growing demand for greater individual freedom led to new forms of religion which embrace the sacred as a deeper

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Despite oppression and martyrdom under hostile rule, the Orthodox churches of the twentieth-century continued to contribute to theology, spirituality, liturgy, music, and art. Kenworthy adds that "Important movements within the church have been the revival of a Eucharistic ecclesiology, of

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Constantine and his successors, attempted to fit the Church into their political program. The church resisted. Their objection forms the first clearly articulated limitation on the scope of a ruler’s power by making a case for a sphere of religious authority separate from state authority.

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precedent for ecclesiastical councils. Constantine devoted imperial and public funds to building multiple churches, endowed his churches with wealth and lands, and provided revenue for their clergy and upkeep. By the late fourth-century, there were churches in essentially all Roman cities.

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The conquest of 1453 had effectively destroyed the Orthodox Church as an institution of the Christian empire inaugurated by Constantine, sealing off Greek-speaking Orthodoxy from the West for almost a century and a half. However, the spiritual and cultural influence of the Eastern church,

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From the ninth to the eleventh-century, western Christendom encompassed a loose federation of churches across the European continent under the spiritual headship of the Pope. However, the Pope had no clearly established authority over those churches, and he gave little general direction.

3854:. Resembling a military company in its hierarchy, discipline, and obedience, their vow of loyalty to the Pope set them apart from other monastic orders, leading them to be called "the shock troops of the papacy". Jesuits soon became the Church's chief weapon against Protestantism. The 5233:

has put forth a thesis that heretical forms of Christianity were brought into line by a powerful, united, Roman church forcing its will on others. However, William Vinzent has written that unity and universal power did not yet exist in the church in the city of Rome in these early

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Crusades led to the development of national identities in European nations, increased division with the East, and produced cultural change. Hotly debated by historians, the single most important contribution of the crusades to Christian history was, possibly, the invention of the

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is part of the history of a great many civilizations. Its influence has been both vast and inextricably intertwined with the histories of the many cultures it has inhabited. Throughout its history, Christianity has been a source of social services; it has introduced and furthered

3370:) were spying and conspiring with Muslims to sabotage the new state. Five years later, in October 1483, a papal bull conceded control of the Spanish Inquisition to the Spanish crown. It became the first national, unified and centralized institution of the nascent Spanish state. 5826:

By October 1944, 45% of all pastors and 98% of non-ordained vicars and candidates had been drafted into military service; 117 German pastors of Jewish descent served at this time, and yet at least 43% fled Nazi Germany because it became impossible for them to continue in their

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First-century Christian writings in Koine Greek, including Gospels containing accounts of Jesus' ministry, letters of Paul, and letters attributed to other early Christian leaders, had considerable authority even in the formative period. When discussion began about creating a

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was foundational and remained influential in Palestine, Syria, and Asia Minor into the second and third centuries. Judaism and Christianity diverged over disagreements about Jewish law, Jewish insurrections against Rome which Christians did not support, and the development of

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Crusading involved the church in certain paradoxes: Gregorian reform was grounded in distancing spirituality from the secular and the political, while crusade made the church dependent upon financing from aristocrats and kings for the most political of all activities: war.

4019:. However, the urbanisation and industrialisation that was hand in hand with capitalism had created a plethora of new problems. In Europe and North America, both Protestants and Catholics provided massive aid to the poor, supporting family welfare, medicine and education. 3073:

took a political turn. Gregory recorded a series of statements asserting that the church must be the higher of the two powers of church and state, and that the church must no longer be treated as a servant to the state. Disobedience to the Pope became equated with heresy.

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From the 950s to the 980s, polytheism among the Kievan Rus declined, while many social and economic changes fostered the spread of the new religious ideology known as Christianity. The event associated with the conversion of the Rus' has traditionally been the baptism of

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adopted the style of the ancient Byzantine imperial court a generation after Constantinople fell to the Turks. This gained Ivan support among the late fifteenth and early sixteenth-century Rus elite who saw themselves as the New Israel and Moscow as the new Jerusalem.

2510:

became the first country to adopt Christianity as its state religion. In an environment where the religious group was without cultural or political power, the merging of church and state is thought to represent ethnic identity. In the fourth century, Asia Minor, and

2146:

Law, literature, rituals, and institutions indicate that converting the empire to Christianity was a complex, long-term, slow-paced, and uneven process with no single moment or event to mark when the Roman state might have chosen Christianity as its state religion.

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In 1439, a reunion agreement between the Eastern and Western church was made. However, there was popular resistance in the East, so it wasn't until 1452 that the decree of union was officially published in Constantinople. It was overthrown the very next year by the

2555:

Throughout this period, a symbiotic relationship existed between ecclesiastical institutions and civil governments. Churches were dependent upon lay rulers, and it was those rulers - not the Pope - who determined who received what ecclesiastical job on their lands.

4600:

By the twentieth-century, the nineteenth-century revolutions that established the Serbian, Greek, Romanian, and Bulgarian nations had changed Orthodoxy from a universal church into a series of national churches that became subordinate to nationalism and the state.

1967:

Christianity in its first 300 years was highly exclusive. Believing was the crucial and defining characteristic that set a "high boundary" that strongly excluded non-believers. This has been cited as a crucial factor in maintaining Christian independence in the

1393:

and emancipation. Christianity has impacted the status of women, children and the poor, race and gender, and issues of justice and injustice. Art and architecture, music and philosophy, family life, marriage, and even our views on sex have been affected by it.

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which remains the basis of civil law in many modern states. Justinian made donations to the church, established foundations, and watched over church property. He supported the rights of bishops, priests and abbots, and monastic life. Justinian rebuilt the

2244:

emerged, claiming that Christianity had displaced Judaism as God's chosen people. Supersessionism was never official or universally held, but replacement theology has been part of Christian thought through much of history. Many attribute the emergence of

5550:

Many Roman Catholic fundamentals - "the meaning of the sacraments, the just price and reward for labour, the terms of Christian marriage, the nature of clerical celibacy and the appropriate lifestyle for priests" - were conceived in the twelfth century.

2503:

institutions developed without state support. Practising the Christian faith in these regions sometimes brought opposition and persecution. Asian Christianity never developed the social, intellectual and political power of Byzantium or the Latin West.

4273:

In the early twenties century, European states were politically separating church and state, while also establishing authoritarian governments and state supported churches. Such consanguinity would, after 1945, implicate the church in abuses of power.

3256:

followed intermittently, with and without papal support, from 1147 to 1316. Priests and clerics developed a pragmatic acceptance of the forced conversions perpetrated by the nobles, despite the continued theological emphasis on voluntary conversion.

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to exist. The monastery at Mt. Athos prospered from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries. Ottomans were largely tolerant, and wealthy Byzantines who entered monastic life there were allowed to keep some control over their property until 1568.

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In many cases, throughout this period, Christianity was weakened by social and political change. By the Nineteenth and Twentieth centuries, the influence of anticlerical socialism and communism produced secession and disruption in many locations.

2405:

defended the government's action. Augustine's authority on coercion was undisputed for over a millennium in Western Christianity, and according to Peter Brown, "it provided the theological foundation for the justification of medieval persecution".

4551:

The common threat of secularisation and a recognition of the destructive potential of religious hatred has encouraged co-operation between churches. Collaboration between Protestants and Catholics made little progress until 11 October 1962, when

4066:

and literacy. Developing nation-wide organizations was pioneering, and many businesses adopted the practice leading to the consolidations and mergers that reshaped the American economy of the nineteenth-century. The second awakening produced the

2401:, a Christian sect, developed. They refused - sometimes violently - to accept back into the Church those Catholics who had recanted their faith under persecution. After many appeals, the empire responded with force, and in 408 in his Letter 93, 5503:, and parts of Central Asia. A vibrant Asian Christianity with nineteen metropolitans (and eighty-five bishops), centred on Seleucia (just south of Baghdad), flourished in the eighth century. The rural areas of Upper Egypt were all Nestorian. 4571:

stating that Roman Catholic ecumenical goals are to establish full communion amongst all the various Christian churches including Protestants. Amongst Evangelicals, there is no agreed upon definition, strategy or goal for ecumenism. Different

1690:" which produced localized persecution by mobs and governors. The first reference to persecution by a Roman Emperor is under Nero, probably in 64 AD, in the city of Rome. Scholars conjecture that the Apostles Peter and Paul were killed then. 5283:

Much of the decline of paganism in the late empire can be tied to economics. The economic crisis of the third century produced a decline of urbanism and prosperity. Further economic disruption in the fourth and fifth centuries occurred when

5361:

Manichaeism rose in southern Mesopotamia in the third century and expanded as a form of Christianity from the fourth to sixth centuries in almost all parts of the Roman empire, especially Syria, Mesopotamia, Egypt, North Africa and Italy.

4512:

Muslim majority states reported 28 of the 29 types of religious discrimination against 45 of the 47 religious minorities in their countries, including Christianity. Anti-Christian persecution has become a consistent human rights concern.

2181:

In Roman culture, the legal record on marriage and family shows no drive toward Christianization, yet Christianity did present a new voice on divorce, the required remarriage of widows, and the established Roman sexual double-standard.

3195:

Moral misbehavior and heresy, by the folk and clerics, were prosecuted by inquisitorial courts that were composed of both church and civil authorities. Inquisitors did not possess absolute power, nor were they universally supported.

2231:

Significant Jewish communities existed throughout the Christian Roman empire. Jews and Christians were both religious minorities, claiming the same inheritance, competing in a direct and sometimes violent clash. In the fourth-century,

4254:

shows a continuum of experiences ranging from happiness and refuge to suffering, forced assimilation, mistreatment and abuse. Over time, missionaries came to respect the virtues of native culture, and spoke against national policies.

3992:

what some scholars have termed a "deliberate genocidal policy of extermination" in the Vendée region. When Napoleon came to power, he acknowledged Catholicism as the majority view and tried to make it dependent upon the state. The

4455:

Africa rose to 32 percent. In the Twenty-first century, the majority of Christians live outside North America and Western Europe. White Christians are a global minority, and slightly over half of worldwide Christians are female.

3881:

Reforming zeal and Catholic denial spread through much of Europe and became entangled with local politics. The quarreling royal houses, already involved in dynastic disagreements, became polarized into the two religious camps.

3690:

writes that "The cruel martyrdom of Catholics in China, Indochina, Japan and Korea, another heroic missionary country, was connected to local fears of European invasion and conquest, which in some cases were not unjustified."

2950:

contained ideas that provided the foundation of much modern law and politics. Renaissance also included the revival of the scientific study of natural phenomena. Historians of science see this as the beginning of what led to

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Christian monasticism had emerged in the third-century, and by the fifth-century, it had become a dominant force in all areas of late antique culture. During the sixth century, it flourished nearly everywhere Christianity

4206:

The Roman Catholic Church became increasingly centralized, conservative, and focused on loyalty to the Pope. Early in the Twentieth century, the Pope required Catholic Bible scholars who used biblical criticism to take an

5423:. From peasant to pope, all were required to rest on Sunday and feast days, attend mass, fast at specified times, take communion at Easter, pay various fees, tithes and alms for the needy, and receive last rites at death. 2600:

that brought an increase in wealth, gradually shifted popes from being beneficiaries of patronage to becoming patrons themselves. The papacy in the eighth and ninth centuries exercised power like that of an aristocrat.

4458:

In the latter half of the twentieth century, the church's power was still concentrated in Europe and North America. Global growth has led Western Christians to be more inclusive of non-Western forms of Christianity.

2936:

Between 1150 and 1200, intrepid monks travelled to formerly Muslim locations in Sicily and Spain. Fleeing Muslims had abandoned their libraries, and among the treasure trove of books, the searchers found the works of

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and British Evangelicalism, and was a response to the extreme rationalism of biblical criticism, the anti-Christian tenets of the Enlightenment and its threat of assimilation by the modern state. Beginning among the

2193:

Twenty-first century scholarship is largely turning away from the idea of an epic “conflict between pagans and Christians” in Late Antiquity. Still, Constantine did write laws against sacrifice using language that

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The prince appointed the clergy to positions in government service, satisfied their material needs, determined who would fill the higher ecclesiastical positions, and directed the synods of bishops in the Kievan

5315:

sixth centuries is limited to a handful of sites. The Serapeum was the only Graeco-Roman temple destroyed by violence in this period leaving Roman temples in Egypt "among the best preserved in the ancient world".

2004:

The Church as an institution began its formation quickly and with some flexibility in these early centuries before Constantine and the Council of Nicaea in 325. Christian writings from the first-century mention

4054:(1800–1830s) extolled moral reform as the Christian alternative to armed revolution. These reformers established nation-wide societies, separate from any individual church, to begin social movements concerning 23128: 1785:, North Africa, and the city of Rome. It spread (in its Arian form) in the Germanic world during the latter part of the third-century, and probably reached Roman Britain by the third-century at the latest. 25178: 5440:

and libraries. They practiced classical craft and artistic skills, while maintaining an intellectual and spiritual culture that developed and taught new skills and technologies. In the early sixth century,

4203:, a theology against liberalism with a reevaluation of Reformation teachings, began uniting moderates of both sides. In the 1940s, "new-evangelicalism" established itself as separate from fundamentalism. 3685:

The sixteenth-century success of Christianity in Japan was followed by one of the greatest persecutions in Christian history. Sixteenth-century missions to China were undertaken primarily by the Jesuits.

4628:, and focused on the community's sins, in an effort to expose institutionalized sin and redeem the institutions of society. Liberation theology has been especially active in aiding Latin American poor. 3383:

Frankfurt's Jews flourished between 1453 and 1613 despite harsh discrimination. They were restricted to one street, subject to strict rules if they wished to leave this territory and forced to wear a

5402:

which advocated sharing government of the church between the Patriarchs of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, and the Pope of Rome. The Pope opposed this idea, advocating instead for the

3339:

The medieval Catholic church never advocated the full expulsion of all the Jews from Christendom, nor did the Church ever repudiate Augustine's doctrine of Jewish witness, but new canon law from the

5209:

became the leader of the twelve disciples that Jesus had trained. Tradition, and some evidence, supports Peter as the organizer and founder of the Church in Rome which already existed by 57 AD when

4156:. Christian reformers in both England and America, African Americans themselves, and the new American republic eventually produced the "gradual but comprehensive abolition of slavery" in the West. 3387:

as a sign of their identity. Within the community they maintained some self-governance. They had their own laws, leaders and a Rabbinical school that functioned as a religious and cultural centre.

2986:, the first institutions of higher education since the sixth-century, were formed into self-governing corporations chartered by popes and kings. Bologna, Oxford and Paris were among the earliest ( 26615: 23658:

Thomas, Charles (1997). "Evidence for Christianity in Roman Britain. The Small Finds. By CF Mawer. BAR British Series 243. Tempus Reparatum, Oxford, 1995. Pp. vi+ 178, illus. ISBN 0-8605-4789-2".

2916:) presented a significant and impactful change in understanding a monk's calling. Instead of prayer and contemplation, they saw their vocation as a charge to go out and actively reform the world. 5344:’ developed as a middle ground, so as not to exclude all who disagreed as ‘heretic’. Schisms within the churches of the Nicene tradition broke out after the Council of Chalcedon in 451 wrote the 3376:

Anti-Judaism had become part of the Inquisition in Portugal before the end of the fifteenth-century, and forced conversion led many Jewish converts to India where they suffered as targets of the

2185:

The codex (the ancestor of modern books) was consistently used by Christians as early as the first century. The church in Egypt had most likely invented the papyrus codex by the second century.

4643:

dedicated to transforming the churches and society. In the last years of the twentieth-century, the re-examination of old religious texts through diversity, otherness, and difference developed

1651: 24770: 3564:

Catholic monks developed the first forms of Western musical notation leading to the development of classical music and its derivatives, up to and including modern music. Scholars revealed the

2807:

in the process. This became the educational foundation for all Slavic nations and influenced the spiritual, religious, literary and cultural development of the entire region for generations.

2170:

Constantine's sponsorship produced an exuberant burst of Christian art and architecture, frescoes, mosaics, and hieroglyphic type drawings, though classicism experienced a short revival under

25319: 3306:, ritual murder, poisoning wells and causing the plague, and various other crimes. Although subordinate to religious, economic and social themes, racial concepts also reinforced hostility. 1956:

available to ordinary people and even slaves whom Roman culture deemed incapable of ethical reflection. Romans saw sexual morality as determined by social and political status, power, and

616: 25068: 4584:

Hugh MacLeod's view, "A liberal Catholic is likely to have a lot in common with a liberal Methodist", and this commonality is only likely to increase with the influence of the internet.

2325:

Additional and ongoing theological controversies led the Armenian, Assyrian, and Egyptian churches to withdraw from Nicaean Catholicism, and instead, combine into what is today known as

15685:

Bremmer, Jan N. (2020). "2: Priestesses, Pogroms and Persecutions: Religious Violence in Antiquity in a Diachronic Perspective". In Raschle, Christian R.; Dijkstra, Jitse H. F. (eds.).

4308:, which had a long tradition of nationalism and support of the state, supported the Nazis when they came to power. A smaller contingent, about a third of German Protestants, formed the 3495:

The combination of catastrophic events, inside and outside the church, undermined its moral authority and constitutional legitimacy opening it to local fights of authority and control.

2417:

began in the early fifth-century through missionary activity and without coercion. Christianity had become an established minority faith in some parts of Britain in the second-century.

1918:. These became founding doctrines of Christianity. From its beginnings, the church has held baptism and the celebration of the eucharist (the Last Supper) as its two primary rituals. 10243:, p. 65: "Many of the medieval universities in Western Europe were born under the aegis of the Catholic Church, usually as cathedral schools or by papal bull as Studia Generali" 4681:, short term amateur volunteers, and traditional long-term bi-lingual, bi-cultural professionals who focus on evangelism and local development and not on 'civilizing' native people. 2608:, and other powerful lay founders of monasteries, placed their institutions under the protection of the papacy in the tenth-century thereby facilitating another rise in papal power. 2465:

separate as possible, and struggled to resist State control. This is in pointed contrast with Eastern Christianity which acclaimed harmony with Greek culture, and whose emperors and

16707: 5648:

Scholars have generally referred to "anticlericalism" even though the term is considered biased, and there is a lack of consensus on its elements and form in pre-Reformation Europe.

2850:

law in its first five centuries; canon law in the Middle Ages became a large and highly complex system of laws which largely omitted early principles of inclusivity and tolerance.

4401:

Historian Scott Kenworthy describes the persecution of the Russian Orthodox church under communism as "unparalleled by any in Christian history". In the first five years after the

24726: 2080:

to separate books seen as authoritative from those that were not, there were disputes over whether or not to include some of them. A list of accepted books was established by the

3662:

on Kulikovo Field near the Don River, there defeating the Mongols. This began the fusing of state power and religious mission that eventually transformed the Kievan Rus into the

26323: 4953: 2174:

and in the Theodosian renaissance (circa 400). While classical and Christian culture coexisted into the seventh century, Christian imagery gradually replaced classical images.

1718: 15417: 2178:

Christianity and classic culture that was taking place in the broader culture, while new Christian methods of interpreting and explaining, not simply recording, history began.

5951:. It has suffered from accusations of financial fraud and sex scandals around the world, but it is most heavily challenged by Christian evangelicals who question its theology. 4508:

In the U.S., Pew has reported that, "As recently as the early 1990s, about 90% of U.S. adults identified as Christians. But today, about two-thirds of adults are Christians".

24999: 5243:

Substantial growth in the third and fourth centuries made Christianity the Empire's majority religion by the mid-fourth-century. All Roman emperors after Constantine, except

1709:, took place in 303–311. There was periodic persecution of Christians by Persian Sassanian authorities, and the term "Hellene" became equated with pagan during this period. 3573:

During the Late Middle Ages, groups of laymen and non-ordained secular clerics sought a more sincere spiritual life. A vernacular religious culture for the laity arose. The

2199:

fourth-century. Traditional cults continued to flourish in some areas, for enough years, that there is no date, or even decade, for scholars to say "when paganism ended".

2354:

demonstrated more ability to work its way through power issues between church and state (than did its Western counterparts) by proclaiming a unanimity of church and state.

25230: 24891: 5256:

In the Theodosian Code, stamping out paganism has fewer entries than regulating the public postal service, and such legislation had one primary target: animal sacrifice.

24804: 3161:

Between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries, the Christian churches in Egypt, Syria and Iraq became subject to fervently Muslim militaristic regimes. Christians were

4674:

According to historian Lammin Sanneh, Protestant missionaries began the "largest, most diverse and most vigorous movement of cultural renewal in history" of Africa.

4671:

emerged globally from multiple sources. It analyzes structures of power and ideology in order to recover what colonialism erased or suppressed in indigenous cultures.

27638: 26968: 26117: 20481: 19443: 18661: 18196: 4386:. Criticism of atheism was strictly forbidden and sometimes led to imprisonment. Some actions against Orthodox priests and believers included torture, being sent to 4140:

which had begun in the sixteenth century. Moral objections had arisen immediately but had small impact. By the eighteenth-century, the Religious Society of Friends (

3050:

The church appointed its bishops and abbots, but it was the nobles who owned the land and had control over who got "invested" into a paying job on their land. Under

21798: 17665: 25346: 25166: 17524:"The Shaping and Reshaping of the Relationship between Church and State from Late Antiquity to the Present: A Historical Perspective through the Lens of Canon Law" 1739:

in the hundred years between 150 and 250 when it moved from fewer than 50,000 adherents to over a million. This provided enough adopters for its growth rate to be

1600:

In the twenty-first century, traditional Christianity has declined in the West, while new forms have developed and expanded throughout the world. Today, there are

22547: 16263: 5718:

The oldest Ottoman document lists 57 bishoprics in Constantinople of 1483. By 1525, bishoprics had decreased to fifty, and only forty are recorded from 1641–1651.

4487:

continued to grow with the percentage of Christians remaining at about half in 2022. This expansion has been labeled a "fourth great age of Christian expansion".

2203:

fifteen percent of the empire's population in 313. As a minority, triumph did not, generally, involve an increase in violence aimed at the polytheistic majority.

2116:

they transformed and defined its art, culture, and literature, along with its theology, philosophy and politics through its internal and external relationships.

1554:

in 1453. The fall of the Byzantine Empire put an end to the institutional Christian Church as established under Constantine, though it survived in altered form.

20598: 5817:

gods; and third, they challenged Nazi anti-Semitic ideology by supporting Jews as the chosen people of God and Judaism as a historic foundation of Christianity".

5687:, was influenced by Wycliffe and spoke out against the abuses and corruption he saw in the Catholic Church there. He was also accused of heresy and condemned to 3444:

called for the resignation of both popes, electing a third to replace them. Both Popes refused to resign, leaving the Church with three popes. Five years later,

24694:

Zurlo, Gina A. (2020). "1 A Demographic Profile of Christianity in East and Southeast Asia". In Ross, Kenneth R.; Alvarez, Francis D.; Johnson, Todd M. (eds.).

5432:

Medieval monasteries provided orphanages, hostels (inns) for travelers, distributed food during famine, and regularly provided food to the poor. They supported

27181: 20021: 4913: 28556: 5600:

emerged, (empathy with the human Christ and his suffering), producing compassion toward others. The opening of the Holy Land helped spread veneration of the

3091:. Eventually, Henry received absolution. The conflict of investiture lasted five decades with a disputed outcome. A similar controversy occurred in England. 1476:

expressing tolerance for all religions. He did not make Christianity the state religion, but he did provide crucial support. Constantine called the first of

3218:

inquisitions were created as permanent State controlled bureaucracies. As political institutions, they had a much broader reach than previous inquisitions.

27673: 25531:

The following links provide quantitative data related to Christianity and other major religions, including rates of adherence at different points in time:

20997:

Micheau, Françoise (2006). "Eastern Christianities (eleventh to fourteenth century): Copts, Melkites, Nestorians and Jacobites". In Angold, Michael (ed.).

17458:

Dunning, Benjamin H. (2015). "Book review Reviewed Work(s): From Shame to Sin: The Christian Transformation of Sexual Morality in Late Antiquity by Kyle".

15626:

Father Arseny, 1893–1973: Priest, Prisoner, Spiritual Father: Being the Narratives Compiled by the Servant of God Alexander Concerning His Spiritual Father

4315:

Nazis interfered in The Confessing Church's affairs, harassed its members, executed mass arrests and targeted well known pastors like Martin Niemöller and

3469:

worldly, clergy. However, there is a constancy of complaint in the historical record that indicates most attempts at reform between 1300 and 1500 failed.

1365:

and spurred economic development. Christian history includes instances of intolerance and violence, yet even those examples can be seen as contributing to

23870:

The Horns of Hattin Proceedings of the 2nd Conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East, Jerusalem and Haifa, 2-6 July, 1987

21119: 20136: 3762:

Though there was no actual schism until 1521, the Protestant Reformation (1517–1648) has been described (since the nineteenth-century) as beginning when

3677:(1536 - 1595) was the first Eastern patriarch to visit north-eastern Europe. Ending his visit in Moscow, he founded the Orthodox patriarchate of Russia. 24919: 22220: 17505:

The Church in Rome in the First Century: An Examination of Various Controverted Questions Relating to its History, Chronology, Literature and Traditions

5882:

is recognized as more vigorously Christian than any place in the United Kingdom. There is revival in East Africa, and vigorous women's movements called

25043: 4426:

institutions have been of international significance: the papacy, the Ecumenical movement, the missionary movement, Pentecostalism, and Independency.

25587: 24762: 17741: 3274:

losses to Islam, the eleventh-century began a period of relative peace and prosperity that lasted until April of 1204, when western crusaders in the

3066:, and Pope Gregory VII, over who had the right to invest a bishop or abbot, but more generally, it was over control of the church and its revenues. 20694:"The Power of Religious Activism in Tocqueville's America: The Second Great Awakening and the Rise of Temperance and Abolitionism in New York State" 15891: 2827:

In this era, Christian history is characterized by tremendous religious devotion, reform, technological advancement, the intellectual revolution of

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understanding of the self. This spirituality is private and individualistic, and differs radically from Christian tradition, dogma and ritual. The

25307: 3577:

worked toward the ideal of a pious society of ordinary non-ordained people. Inside and outside the church, women were central to these movements.

1723: 21869: 21267: 5854:, was suppressed for forty years, and has now become the largest independent church in Africa with upwards of 3 million members. In 2019, 65% of 3987:

The historical watershed of 1760 to 1830 saw the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution, the American Revolution and the French Revolution. The

2374:

that allowed the sick to be cared for in a special building at the monastery by those dedicated to their care. This gave the sick benefits which

1480:. Christianity was both defined and transformed in Late Antiquity in what is sometimes called the "golden age" of Patristic Christianity. By the 606: 25404: 24825:"Medieval Sourcebook: Iconoclastic Council, 754 – Epitome of the definition of the iconoclastic Conciliabulum, held in Constantinople, A.D. 754" 24602: 4639:

The feminist movement of the mid to late Twentieth century began with an anti-Christian ethos, but soon developed a significant and influential

3831:(1534–1549), the first in a series of 10 reforming popes from 1534 to 1605. A list of books detrimental to faith or morals was established, the 28474: 26333: 26080: 25060: 24787: 16192:

The Roman Empire: Essays on the Constitutional History from the Accession of Domitian (81 A.D.) to the Retirement of Nicephorus III (1081 A.D.)

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Ferzoco, George (2001). "The Changing face of Tradition: Monastic Education in the Middle Ages". In Ferzoco, George; Muessig, Carolyn (eds.).

5968:

responded in the 1970s by recasting evangelical concepts in political terms that included racial separation. In the twenty-first century, the

5449:

which would become the most common monastic rule, the starting point for others, and would impact politics and law throughout the Middle Ages.

28141: 27264: 25892: 25484: 25267: 25198: 25108: 22183: 20296: 4663:

After World War II, Christian missionaries played a transformative role for many colonial societies, moving them toward independence through

2141:

became emperor in the West, declared himself a Christian, and in 313, just two years after the close of Diocletian's persecution, issued the

1444: 1335: 5639:

Initially, inquisition was so severe that the Pope attempted to shut it down. Ferdinand is said to have threatened the Pope to prevent that.

5306:

is believed to have commissioned the destruction of temples in the territory around Constantinople. According to Peter Brown, this inspired

3278:

stormed, captured, and looted Constantinople. It was a severe blow. Byzantine territories were divided among the Crusaders establishing the

26600: 19215: 17256:

Dorfmann-Lazarev, Igor (2008). "Beyond empire I: Eastern Christianities from the Persian to the Turkish conquest, 604–1071". In Noble, T.;

17122: 5013: 5008: 24944: 23431:(2007). "Religious dynamics between Christians and Jews in late antiquity (312–640)". In Casiday, Augustine; Norris, Frederick W. (eds.). 16690: 5340:(680–681) were attempts to explain Jesus' human and divine natures as either one (or two) separate (or unified) natures. The category of ‘ 4520:

formed as an adaptation of Pentecostalism and has moved away from the Reformation view of biblical authority to the authority of personal

28913: 27064: 23604: 22797: 22009: 19693: 19280: 3395: 2125: 25514: 25376: 24722: 17792: 5265:

While Eusebius also credited Constantine with temple destruction, as well as ending sacrifice, sources conflict. The ancient chronicler

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also appears to have had its origins in a conspiracy by local leaders to liquidate their debts along with their creditors. In 1283, the

2724:

banned the pictorial representation of Christ, saints, and biblical scenes, destroying much early art history. The West condemned Leo's

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evolved between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries and became a true cultural force that influenced art, literature and philosophy.

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justice for 500 years. On the other hand, there are an equal number of examples of missionaries cooperating with colonial governments.

24836: 22837: 3610:(1520 – 1566), the patriarchate had become a part of the Ottoman system, and continued to have great influence in the Orthodox world. 1608:, and most widespread religion. Within the last century, the centre of growth has shifted from West to East and from the North to the 27648: 25943: 23738:

Outsider Designations and Boundary Construction in the New Testament: Early Christian Communities and the Formation of Group Identity

15401: 14656:

Vikings and the Danelaw: Select Papers from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Viking Congress, Nottingham and York, 21-30 August 1997

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permeated daily life for both peasants and elites who identified themselves as Christian while keeping many pre-Christian practices.

1155: 25291: 23557:

Tapie, Matthew (2017). "Christ, Torah, and the Faithfulness of God: The Concept of Supersessionism in "The Gifts and the Calling"".

18997:

Helvétius, Anne-Marie; Kaplan, Michel (2008). "Asceticism and its institutions". In Noble, Thomas F. X.; Smith, Julia M. H. (eds.).

15723:

Brita, Antonella (2020). "Genres of Ethiopian-Eritrean Christian Literature with a Focus on Hagiography". In Kelly, Samantha (ed.).

15080: 5366:(440–61) was the only pope to openly oppose the sect, but the severe persecution instigated by emperor Justinian I marked their end. 4405:, one journalist reported that 28 bishops and 1,200 priests were executed. Others report that 8,000 people were killed in 1922. The 2095:

Spanning two millennia, the Bible has become one of the most influential works ever written, having contributed to the formation of

2043:

puts forth the view that institutionalization began very early when itinerant preaching first transformed into resident leadership.

29479: 27600: 27552: 27109: 27059: 26366: 25979: 20556: 20435:

Lyman, J. Rebecca (2007). "Heresiology: The invention of 'heresy' and 'schism'". In Augustine Casiday; Frederick W. Norris (eds.).

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The Lost History of Christianity: The Thousand-Year Golden Age of the Church in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia — and How It Died

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the Church to its original form as found in the book of Acts. Restorationism gave rise to the Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement,

799: 25149: 16597:

Romans, Barbarians, and the Transformation of the Roman World: Cultural Interaction and the Creation of Identity in Late Antiquity

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Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2009). "Romania and Romanians in Europe: A Historical Perspective". In Boari, Vasile; Gherghina, Sergiu (eds.).

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Brown, Alan (2007). "The intellectual debate between Christians and pagans". In Casiday, Augustine; Norris, Frederick W. (eds.).

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Turkish Atrocities: Statements of American Missionaries on the Destruction of Christian Communities in Ottoman Turkey, 1915–1917

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and the Latin takeover of the Eastern church. By 1261, the Byzantines had recaptured a much weakened and poorer Constantinople.

27530: 27520: 27284: 27216: 27084: 26328: 26236: 25967: 25887: 25835: 25633: 21878: 4933: 4828: 4168:(1600–1750), an upsurge in skepticism subjected everything in western culture to systematic doubt including religious beliefs. 3183:, joined in 1209 in a military campaign that was promulgated as necessary for eliminating the Albigensian heresy also known as 2466: 1469: 716: 663: 25220: 24883: 21200:

Muir, Steven C. (2006). "10: "Look how they love one another" Early Christian and Pagan Care for the sick and other charity".

19211:"The Spiritual Turn and the Decline of Tradition:The Spread of Post-Christian Spirituality in 14 Western Countries, 1981–2000" 18710:"Christianising Pagan Worlds in Conversion-Era Ireland: Archaeological Evidence for the Origins of Irish Ecclesiastical Sites" 17889:

Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Iben (2009). "Pope Honorius III and Mission and Crusades in the Baltic Region". In Murray, Alan V. (ed.).

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were prevalent in America. They have not described themselves as a reform movement but have, instead, described themselves as

3858:(1545–1563) denied each Protestant claim, and laid the foundation of Roman Catholic policies up to the twenty-first century. 28109: 25845: 25580: 25024: 24975: 24869: 24703: 24684: 24665: 24638: 24558: 24527: 24499: 24480: 24458: 24434: 24412: 24354: 24288: 24269: 24250: 24231: 24209: 24190: 24163: 24133: 24112: 24093: 24051: 23994: 23975: 23924: 23889: 23851: 23832: 23793: 23772: 23745: 23709: 23598: 23547: 23492: 23448: 23418: 23395: 23332: 23313: 23294: 23272: 23253: 23118: 23084: 23065: 23043: 22984: 22903: 22879: 22857: 22791: 22767: 22737: 22718: 22699: 22677: 22643: 22594: 22575: 22507: 22479: 22460: 22433: 22393: 22345: 22295: 22240: 22064: 22003: 21979: 21957: 21938: 21919: 21826: 21738: 21719: 21688: 21652: 21556: 21537: 21516: 21486: 21464: 21445: 21418: 21399: 21377: 21343: 21297: 21228: 21209: 21190: 21171: 21105: 21050: 21028: 21006: 20987: 20965: 20946: 20911: 20889: 20862: 20843: 20824: 20805: 20774: 20743: 20682: 20658: 20631: 20540: 20491: 20458: 20425: 20366: 20347: 20321: 20252: 20230: 20211: 20189: 20161: 20100: 20069: 19990: 19954: 19930: 19911: 19877: 19853: 19826: 19807: 19788: 19769: 19742: 19687: 19666: 19644: 19609: 19578: 19542: 19517: 19498: 19477: 19429: 19403: 19384: 19333: 19311: 19292: 19269: 19250: 19116: 19095: 19044: 19025: 19006: 18987: 18937: 18918: 18899: 18880: 18861: 18831: 18812: 18793: 18774: 18755: 18647: 18613: 18594: 18572: 18550: 18531: 18512: 18493: 18445: 18407: 18383: 18364: 18338: 18331:

Roots of Theological Anti-Semitism German Biblical Interpretation and the Jews, from Herder and Semler to Kittel and Bultmann

18319: 18300: 18252: 18233: 18182: 18155: 18126: 18078: 18063: 17938: 17919: 17900: 17879: 17860: 17822: 17766: 17697: 17659: 17633: 17599: 17563: 17512: 17490: 17448: 17417: 17328: 17296: 17277: 17221: 17202: 17183: 17152: 17083: 17064: 16999: 16980: 16954: 16935: 16845: 16823: 16801: 16779: 16679: 16604: 16574: 16552: 16504: 16483: 16459: 16440: 16418: 16396: 16377: 16358: 16339: 16312: 16293: 16239: 16176: 16157: 16138: 16116: 16089: 16034: 16008: 15977: 15958: 15939: 15819: 15784: 15765: 15734: 15713: 15694: 15634: 15561: 15542: 15514: 15378: 15357: 15323: 15299: 15275: 15202: 15181: 15162: 15140: 15105: 15054: 15028: 14986: 14967: 14940: 14905: 14875: 14828: 14805: 14786: 14767: 14716: 14694: 14664: 5038: 4883: 25546: 24533: 24384: 24057: 23985:

Van Engen, John (2018). "The Church in the Fifteenth Century". In Oberman, Heiko; Brady, Thomas A.; Tracy, James D. (eds.).

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Map of the Roman empire with distribution of Christian congregations of the first three centuries displayed for each century

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Louth, Andrew (2008). "The emergence of Byzantine Orthodoxy, 600–1095". In Noble, Thomas F. X.; Smith, Julia M. H. (eds.).

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Hall, Stuart (2007). "Institutions in the pre-Constantinian ecclēsia". In Casiday, Augustine; Norris, Frederick W. (eds.).

18003: 5217:, described themselves as "disciples of the Lord" and followers "of the Way". According to Acts 9 and 11, the disciples at 5003: 4677:

The missionary movement of the twenty-first century has transformed into a multi-cultural, multi-faceted global network of

638: 16254:"Sermons to young people by Father George Calciu-Dumitreasa. Given at the Chapel of the Romanian Orthodox Church Seminary" 15704:

Brink, Stefan (2004). "New Perspectives on the Christianization of Scandinavia and the Organization of the Early Church".

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Membership in Christendom began with baptism at birth. Participants were required to have a rudimentary knowledge of the

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began from 1857 and was most notable for taking awakening throughout the world, especially in English speaking countries.

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Trombley, Frank (2007). "Christianity and paganism, II: Asia Minor". In Casiday, Augustine; Norris, Frederick W. (eds.).

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Kienzle, Beverly Mayne (2009). "Religious poverty and the search for perfection". In Rubin, Miri; Simons, Walter (eds.).

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was imminent. This sentiment ran throughout society and became intertwined with anticlerical and anti-papal sentiments.

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moved to Avignon in southern France in search of relief from Rome's factional politics. Seven popes resided there in the

1231: 601: 28526: 25336: 16099:

Bundy, David (2007). "Early Asian and East African Christianities". In Casiday, Augustine; Norris, Frederick W. (eds.).

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Rubenson, Samuel (2007). "Asceticism and monasticism, I: Eastern". In Casiday, Augustine; Norris, Frederick W. (eds.).

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Nicholson, Graham (1960). "The Understanding of Papal Supremacy as revealed in the Letters of Pope Gregory the Great".

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Desan, Suzanne (2006). "The French Revolution and religion, 1795–1815". In Brown, Stewart J.; Tackett, Timothy (eds.).

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Chopp, Rebecca S.; Regan, Ethna (2013). "Latin American Liberation Theology". In Ford, David F.; Muers, Rachel (eds.).

16253: 15899: 4963: 4788: 4336: 2819:, also known as the "Great Schism" of 1054, which separated the Church into Western Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. 2647:

were introduced by Scandinavian settlers. Suppression of paganism is first recorded in England in the mid 7th century.

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Spater, Jeremy; Tranvik, Isak (1 November 2019). "The Protestant Ethic Reexamined: Calvinism and Industrialization".

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Sacris Erudiri. Jaarboek voor Godsdienstgeschiedenis. A Journal on the Inheritance of Early and Medieval Christianity

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Marty, Martin (2006). "The American Revolution and religion, 1765–1815". In Brown, Stewart; Tackett, Timothy (eds.).

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Casiday, Augustine; Norris, Frederick W. (2007). "Introduction". In Casiday, Augustine; Norris, Frederick W. (eds.).

14050:: "A study of the religious lives of university students in Beijing published in a mainland Chinese academic journal 5706: 5218: 4928: 4173:

literal Bible interpretation which had emerged in the 1820s. This eventually produced liberalism and fundamentalism.

3347:

supported discrimination as secular rulers repeatedly confiscated Jewish property and evicted Jews from their lands.

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Praet, Danny (1992). "Explaining the Christianization of the Roman Empire. Older theories and recent developments".

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Pluskowski, Aleks (2011). "The Archaeology of Paganism". In Helena Hamerow; David A. Hinton; Sally Crawford (eds.).

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Drake, H. A. (2007). "The church, society and political power". In Casiday, Augustine; Norris, Frederick W. (eds.).

5709:, and the manuscripts they carried with them, were important factors in generating literary renaissance in the West. 2650: 1668:

family, class, city and emperor. This was demonstrated through the practices and rituals of the old religious ways.

29474: 29413: 29008: 28845: 28402: 26832: 26731: 26190: 25723: 25718: 25713: 25708: 25703: 25698: 25693: 25688: 25683: 25678: 25673: 25668: 25573: 24173:

Ward, W. (2006). "Evangelical awakenings in the North Atlantic world". In Brown, Stewart; Tackett, Timothy (eds.).

19345:"The origins of Christianity in the territory of Czech and Slovak republics within the contexts of written sources" 17950:"Spatial constraints on the diffusion of religious innovations: The case of early Christianity in the Roman Empire" 6006:: "It has become the largest of the world's religions and, geographically, the most widely diffused of all faiths." 5851: 5379:(492-496) formulated the principle of "two powers", and as the papacy developed, it often challenged state control. 5333: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5119: 4768: 4251: 4195:. In 1925, supporters of a relatively new, loosely organized, and undisciplined fundamentalism participated in the 4185:

faith and ritual in maintaining Christianity, which eventually led to its decline and the birth of fundamentalism.

4181: 4121:

escaped and became an advocate for abolitionism, racial equality, women's rights, and alcohol temperance. Pictured

3784:

condemned Luther and officially banned citizens of the Holy Roman Empire from defending or propagating his ideas.

2844: 1960:. Christianity impacted Roman sexuality through its teachings on freewill, divorce, and the remarriage of widows. 1617: 1558: 951: 673: 25522: 22709:

Sanneh, Lamin O. (2016). "Bible Translation, Culture, and Religion". In Sanneh, Lamin; McClymond, Michael (eds.).

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Kitromilides, Paschalis (2006). "Orthodoxy and the west: Reformation to Enlightenment". In Angold, Michael (ed.).

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Costambeys, Marios (2000). "Property, ideology and the territorial power of the papacy in the early Middle Ages".

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Barnett, S. J. (1999). "Where Was Your Church before Luther? Claims for the Antiquity of Protestantism Examined".

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in 2013 showed Christianity to be the religion that interested students most and was the most active on campuses."

4347:. An ober-procurator appointed by the tsar ran the committee which governed the Church between 1721 and 1918: the 29438: 29041: 28906: 27669: 27567: 27535: 26917: 26647: 26386: 26343: 26226: 26216: 26026: 25989: 25663: 25658: 25653: 25648: 25643: 25638: 25628: 25540: 25315: 22307: 21729:

Pohl, Walter; Wood, Ian (2015). "Introduction". In Gantner, Clemens; McKitterick, Rosamond; Meeder, Sven (eds.).

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Housing the Stranger in the Mediterranean World: Lodging, Trade, and Travel in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages

15470: 5858:

in Northern Africa across from Spain identified themselves as Roman Catholic. In the early twenty-first century,

5569:

noble. For the church, ending this would better separate church from state, help with reform, and provide better

5337: 5307: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 4978: 4363: 3699: 2832: 2625: 2311: 408: 23535: 16514:

Chinnici, Joseph P. (2012). "Ecumenism, Civil Rights, and the Second Vatican Council: The American Experience".

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in 397. For Christians, these became the "New Testament", and the Hebrew Scriptures became the "Old Testament".

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Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2007). "Christianity and Manichaeism". In Casiday, Augustine; Norris, Frederick W. (eds.).

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apartheid in South Africa, Black theology explains Christianity as liberation for this life not just the next.

2815:

and Nestorianism. There was a general lack of charity and respect on both sides. Eventually, this produced the

1382: 611: 556: 27328: 21139: 20114: 16428: 15384: 3835:, which included the works of Luther, Calvin and other Protestants along with writings condemned as obscene. 2746:(1050–1080) reached into the church and outward into society setting new standards for marriage and divorce. 29433: 29342: 28765: 28755: 28460: 28168: 27490: 27221: 27211: 26975: 26632: 26430: 26400: 26241: 26092: 26045: 25783: 24911: 23842:

Truran, Margaret (2000). "Benedictine Thought". In Hastings, Adrian; Mason, Alistair; Pyper, Hugh S. (eds.).

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Cross, Richard (2001). "A Recent Contribution on the Distinction between Monophysitism and Chalcedonianism".

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Althoff, Gerd (2019b). "Communicating Papal Primacy: the Impact of Gregory VII's Ideas (11th–13th Century)".

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Theorists such as John Kelsay and James Turner Johnson argue that these religious wars were varieties of the

5213:

arrived there. Paul was a persecutor of the church who later became a follower. The Jerusalem church, led by

4938: 4678: 4610: 4446: 4435:

the Twenty-first century with roughly 2.4 billion followers comprising around 31.2% of the world population.

4153: 3976: 3866: 3674: 3632: 3477: 3445: 3344: 3088: 2605: 1849: 1736: 1732: 1012: 996: 746: 317: 271: 239: 25259: 25035: 20502: 16060:

Bukowska, Aneta (2012). "The Origins of Christianity in Poland. Actual Research on the Church Archaeology".

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to stage a procession in 392 ridiculing statues of pagan gods, which turned into a riot which destroyed the

4290:

governments had hidden "pagan intentions" and expressed the irreconcilability of the Catholic position with

3861:

Monastic reform also led to the development of new, yet orthodox forms of spirituality, such as that of the

3711:

challenges to church authority, while vernacular gospels created problems for the church amongst the laity.

2669:

were converted into mosques. Violent persecutions of Christians were common and reached their climax in the

2616: 2579: 28173: 27250: 26410: 25552: 24200:

Watts, Edward (2015). "Education: Speaking, Thinking and Socializing". In Johnson, Scott Fitzgerald (ed.).

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Lacopo, Frank P. (2016). "Medieval Europe and the Culture of Contempt in the Age of the Lateran Councils".

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From Monastery to Hospital: Christian Monasticism & the Transformation of Health Care in Late Antiquity

16186: 4998: 4497: 4319:. Bonhoeffer, a pacifist, was arrested, found guilty in the conspiracy to assassinate Hitler and executed. 3885:

Wars ranging from international wars to internal conflicts, began in the Holy Roman Empire with the minor

3636: 3340: 3313:

while being exempt from taxes and other financial laws themselves. This attracted jealousy and resentment.

3063: 3036: 2901:) that impacted building techniques thereafter. Technological advancements contributed to economic growth. 2362: 2288: 1693:

It is well documented that from 250-311, religious sentiment in the Roman Empire rose. In 250, the emperor

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Herrin, Judith (2009). "Book Burning as purification". In Rousseau, Philip; Papoutsakis, Emmanuel (eds.).

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as "they who come nearer than does any other group to having been the 'founders' of scientific economics".

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Kolbaba, Tia M. (2008). "Latin and Greek Christians". In Noble, Thomas F. X.; Smith, Julia M. H. (eds.).

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Kenworthy, Scott M. (2008). "Beyond Schism: Restoring Eastern Orthodoxy to the History of Christianity".

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Cameron, Averil (2006b). "Constantine and the 'peace of the church'". In Mitchell, M.; Young, F. (eds.).

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The History of the Renaissance World: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Conquest of Constantinople

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The First Christians in Their Social Worlds Social-scientific Approaches to New Testament Interpretation

16639:(December 1998). "Puritanism and Liberty Revisited: The Case for Toleration in the English Revolution". 5541:

and orthodoxy. Unlike modernity, the Middle Ages were also dominated by the presuppositions of religion.

3996:

resulted in Eastern Orthodox church leaders rejecting Enlightenment ideas as too dangerous to embrace.

2811:

such as the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist, and differences in points of doctrine such as the

29448: 29443: 28899: 28354: 28316: 27803: 26425: 26293: 26097: 20923:"'And we forbeodað eornostlice ælcne hæðenscipe': Wulfstan and Late Anglo-Saxon and Norse 'Heathenism'" 20267:"The 'Attraction of Women' in/to Early Judaism and Christianity: Gender and the Politics of Conversion" 20050:

Lavan, Luke; Mulryan, Michael (2011). "Preliminary Material". In Lavan, Luke; Mulryan, Michael (eds.).

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Since the 1400's, those who became Protestant had steadfastly sought toleration for heresy, blasphemy,

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Poppe, Andrzej (1991). "Christianity and Ideological change in Kievan Rus': The First Hundred Years".

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Pennington, K. (2007). "The growth of church law". In Casiday, Augustine; Norris, Frederick W (eds.).

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Historian of race and religion, Paul Harvey, says that, in 1960s America, "The religious power of the

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says Protestantism contributed to the development of banking across Northern Europe and gave birth to

2211:

temple in Jerusalem. There was no legislation forcing the conversion of pagans until the reign of the

2089: 29418: 29172: 29133: 28820: 28745: 28397: 28387: 28349: 28104: 27914: 27882: 27836: 27813: 27204: 26687: 26151: 26041: 25393: 24572: 18949: 18461: 18356: 16584: 16279: 4858: 4798: 4305: 4068: 3975:

The era of absolutist states followed the breakdown of Christian universalism. Abuses from political

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Zachariadou, Elizabeth (2006). "The Great Church in captivity 1453–1586". In Angold, Michael (ed.).

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Löhr, Winrich (2007). "Western Christianities". In Casiday, Augustine; Norris, Frederick W. (eds.).

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The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 7: Enlightenment, Reawakening and Revolution 1660–1815

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Horrell, David (1997). "Leadership Patterns and the Development of Ideology in Early Christianity".

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gifts, corrupted the process and impoverished Christians. Conversion became an attractive solution.

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declared the pope alone could invest bishops in 1075. Henry IV rejected the decree. This led to his

2249:

to this doctrine, while others make a distinction between supersessionism and modern anti-Semitism.

28810: 28750: 28377: 28282: 28277: 28092: 28057: 27983: 27939: 27934: 27731: 27557: 27402: 27299: 27294: 27226: 27194: 27089: 26769: 26582: 26075: 26011: 24422: 18007: 17343: 16169:

History of the Later Roman Empire, Vol. 2: From the Death of Theodosius I to the Death of Justinian

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Brown, Christopher (2006). "Christianity and the campaign against slavery and the slave trade". In

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Sedlar, Jean W. (1995). "King Saint Stephen of Hungary. By György Györffy. Trans. Peter Doherty".

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Radical change in the political standing of the pope took place between 1046 and 1122 through the

3827:

The Roman Catholic Church soon struck back, launching its own Catholic Reformation beginning with

3429:

to succeed Gregory. The French cardinals did not approve, so they held a second conclave electing

1678:

flogged in the presence of Emperor Diocletian. Byzantine artwork, from the crypt of the church of

1455:

texts were written and church government was loosely organized in its first centuries, though the

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Van Engen, John H. (2008). "Conclusion: Christendom, c. 1100". In Noble, TFX; Smith, JMH (eds.).

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Muers, Rachel (2013). "Feminism, Gender, and Theology". In Ford, David F.; Muers, Rachel (eds.).

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Pagans and Christians in the Late Roman Empire: New Evidence, New Approaches (4th–8th centuries)

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Brown, Peter (1976). "Eastern and western Christendom in late antiquity: a parting of the way".

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spearheaded a petition demanding restitution of usury and urging the Jewish expulsion in 1290.

2828: 1456: 29247: 29076: 28805: 28788: 28693: 28681: 28673: 28509: 28382: 27973: 27831: 27773: 27664: 27643: 27408: 27157: 27044: 26662: 26283: 26204: 26180: 25612: 25367: 24936: 23034:; Moore, Stephen D. (2007). "Introduction". In Segovia, Fernando F.; Moore, Stephen D. (eds.). 20698: 18947:

Heller, Henry (1996). "Putting History Back into the Religious Wars: A Reply to Mack P. Holt".

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Cooper, Michael T. (2005). "Colonialism, neo-colonialism and forgotten missiological lessons".

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An Endless Line of Splendor: Revivals and Their Leaders from the Great Awakening to the Present

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Christianisierung Europas: Entstehung, Entwicklung und Konsolidierung im archäologischen Befund

15023:. Vol. 4: The Period of the Witch Trials. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 5626: 5488: 5446: 4566: 4557: 4192: 4107: 4051: 3587: 3351: 3215: 2885:

became the leading centre of reform in Western monasticism into the early twelfth-century. The

1705:

pursued similar policies later that decade. The last and most severe official persecution, the

1605: 1566: 1551: 1488: 1163: 1077: 1022: 956: 591: 403: 286: 25508: 23582: 22781: 22747: 22355:

Rosenthal, Judah M. (1956). "The Talmud on Trial: The Disputation at Paris in the Year 1240".

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Jacoby, David (1999). "The Latin empire of Constantinople and the Frankish states in Greece".

18627: 18166: 16766:(2016). "Chapter 12 The Prosperity Gospel: Debating Charisma, Controversy and Capitalism". In 15504: 4438: 4301:

In Poland, Catholic priests were arrested and Polish priests and nuns were executed en masse.

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Maxwell, Jaclyn (2015). "Paganism and Christianization". In Johnson, Scott Fitzgerald (ed.).

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There Is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ: Religious Violence in the Christian Roman Empire

17777: 17647: 14726: 5961: 5792: 5691:. After his death, Hus became a powerful symbol of Czech nationalism and the impetus for the 5556: 5018: 4983: 4893: 4868: 4818: 4813: 4668: 4580:

before 1960, have married someone outside of their faith, according to Pew Research Center.

4220:

their local language. Approximately 90% were completed. The process also generated a written

4165: 4091: 4040: 4004: 3918: 3530: 3373:

Of those condemned by the Inquisition of Valencia before 1530, ninety-two percent were Jews.

3355: 3054:(1073–1085), the Roman Catholic Church was determined to end this duality. This produced the 2956: 2565: 1911: 1462: 541: 347: 332: 256: 145: 110: 81: 56: 22426:

The Origin of Heresy: A History of Discourse in Second Temple Judaism and Early Christianity

22139: 20551: 20175: 19285:

The Crusades and the Military Orders: Expanding the Frontiers of Medieval Latin Christianity

18116: 17948:

Fousek, Jan; Kaše, Vojtěch; Mertel, Adam; Výtvarová, Eva; Chalupa, Aleš (26 December 2018).

17010: 16222: 4113: 3780:

the individual, and personal experience in relationship with God. Edicts handed down by the

2685:

Towards the end of the sixth-century, two main kinds of Christian communities had formed in

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Rubin, Miri; Simons, Walter (2009). "Introduction". In Rubin, Miri; Simons, Walter (eds.).

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The Global War on Christians: Dispatches from the Front Lines of Anti-Christian Persecution

5744: 5692: 5573:, but ending lay investiture would also reduce the power of the Holy Roman Emperor and the 5329: 5023: 4918: 4808: 4648: 4524:. Begun in the twentieth-century's last decades, it has become a trans-national movement. 4471: 4282: 4177: 4137: 4072: 4008: 3902: 3804: 3538: 3453: 3430: 3248: 3200: 3110: 2816: 2721: 2702: 2485: 2418: 2026: 1897: 1875: 1854: 1597:, the dissolution of slavery in the west, and the long-term impact of Protestant missions. 1582: 1547: 1543: 1523: 1406: 1358: 1273: 976: 936: 367: 140: 21060:

Moravcsik, Gyula (December 1947). "The Role of the Byzantine Church in Medieval Hungary".

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Cistercians, Heresy, and Crusade in Occitania, 1145–1229: Preaching in the Lord's Vineyard

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promotes racial reconciliation and has become a powerful force in American religious life.

2425:

displaced Christianity in fifth century south-eastern Britain. Irish missionaries went to

1766:). Egyptian Christianity probably began in the first-century in Alexandria. As it spread, 910: 8: 29347: 29277: 29220: 29137: 28963: 28860: 28698: 28625: 28620: 28518: 28483: 28431: 28407: 28392: 28311: 28301: 28287: 28267: 28257: 28227: 28207: 28136: 27867: 27696: 27623: 27453: 27382: 27309: 27166: 27147: 26887: 26882: 26809: 26527: 26502: 26381: 26361: 26308: 26209: 26107: 26004: 25972: 25916: 25525:

online series in association with Faculty of Theology, Uni. of Oxford from September 2011

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Western colonialism | Definition, History, Examples, & Effects | Britannica

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The Murder of William of Norwich : The Origins of the Blood Libel in Medieval Europe

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Divided by Faith Religious Conflict and the Practice of Toleration in Early Modern Europe

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When the Church Was a Family: Recapturing Jesus' Vision for Authentic Christian Community

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Cultures in contact: Scandinavian settlement in England in the ninth and tenth centuries

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The Occitan War: A Military and Political History of the Albigensian Crusade, 1209–1218

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The End of the Pagan City: Religion, Economy, and Urbanism in Late Antique North Africa

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adopted a five year plan in 1932 "aimed at the total eradication of religion by 1937".

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in the early 18th century had placed the Orthodox authorities under the control of the

4169: 3792: 3768: 3752: 3724: 3669: 3644: 3332: 3100: 3033: 2893:. Between the eleventh and the thirteenth centuries, the church built cathedrals using 2713: 2552:

with folk beliefs who held an inherent faith without complete doctrinal understanding.

2402: 2330: 2326: 2233: 2104: 1980:

The teachers, leaders and philosophers of early Christianity wrote about first-century

1910:, and after his death and burial, his disciples proclaimed they had seen him alive and 1702: 1671: 1629: 1613: 1262: 836: 473: 466: 357: 352: 337: 222: 150: 60: 26185: 24573:"Funerary Monuments and Collective Identity: From Roman Family to Christian Community" 23208: 23132: 22489: 14839: 3999:

Scholars have identified a positive correlation between the rise of Protestantism and

1655:

The Oxford and Cambridge Acts of the Apostles – Paul the Apostle's missionary journeys

1451:

movement that became established by the third-century both in and outside the empire.

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Extensive online resources for the study of global church history (Tyndale Seminary).

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Handbook of European History 1400-1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance and Reformation

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The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924

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God & Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science

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President of Lithuania: Prisoner of the Gulag: a Biography of Aleksandras Stulginskis

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writes that many native cultures responded to Protestant missions with "movements of

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painting by Jacopo Vignali - Saint Gregory the Great - from Walters museum collection

2528: 2494:(which cost 20,000 pounds of gold) and Byzantine culture blossomed during his reign. 2480: 2434: 2422: 2383: 2334: 2163: 1915: 1867: 1801: 1771: 1527: 1485: 1481: 1398: 1366: 1278: 1134: 1036: 1031: 924: 698: 668: 648: 581: 531: 459: 276: 135: 125: 30: 26902: 25503:

From AD 33 to the Reformation by Rev. J. C Robertson, M.A., Canon of Canterbury

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The Penguin History of the Church: Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages

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From Shame to Sin: The Christian Transformation of Sexual Morality in Late Antiquity

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For over 300 years, many Christians in Europe and North America participated in the

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Colonialism opened the door for Christian mission in many new regions. According to

3252:

gave eastern nobility indulgences for the first of the Baltic wars (1147–1316). The

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Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century

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Righteous Persecution: Inquisition, Dominicans, and Christianity in the Middle Ages

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Religious Violence Between Christians and Jews: Medieval Roots, Modern Perspectives

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traditions. At the same time, a collection of loosely related groups that included

3533:, directly commissioning many individual works and supporting many artists such as 3239: 3051: 2905: 2743: 2739: 2262: 2171: 2085: 1930: 1775: 1731:

Beginning with less than 1000 people, Christianity had grown to around one hundred

1664: 1539: 1519: 1511: 1503: 1304: 1283: 1242: 1226: 1108: 683: 576: 327: 199: 130: 24723:"Why the Chinese government is targeting young Christians in its latest crackdown" 24657: 24630: 24182: 24085: 23764: 23728: 23110: 22833: 22452: 21508: 21163: 20881: 20797: 20650: 20439:. Vol. 2, Constantine to C.600. Cambridge University Press. pp. 296–314. 19845: 18853: 18225: 18167:"The Changing Face of Christian Proselytization: New Actors from the Global South" 17269: 16927: 16331: 16000: 15811: 15453: 15132: 15008: 5587:

took. Being a part of crusading also carried a sense of historical responsibility.

5471:

Intense missionary activity between the fifth and eighth centuries led to eastern

4564:

of the Catholic Church. On 21 November 1964, the Second Vatican Council published

2924: 47: 29362: 29337: 29125: 29108: 28953: 28815: 28773: 28663: 28296: 28202: 27993: 27691: 27172: 27074: 27012: 26754: 26705: 26251: 25906: 25478: 25203: 25194: 24965: 24568: 24517: 24344: 24123: 24029: 23783: 23385: 23209:"Protests from the Pulpit: The Confessing Church and the Sermons of World War II" 23133:"'Greek Catholic'–'Orthodox'–'Soviet': a symbiosis or a conflict of identitites?" 22893: 22633: 22629: 22497: 22121: 21989: 21678: 21642: 21333: 21287: 21150:(2007). "Peace without concord: Religious toleration in theory and practice". In 20733: 20672: 20668: 20530: 20448: 20240: 20171: 20051: 19980: 19944: 19867: 19568: 19532: 19488: 19106: 18715:

Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy: Archaeology, Culture, History, Literature

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Christians. Increasing numbers of young people in China are becoming Christians.

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massacred Jews in Germany in search of supplies, loot, and protection money. The

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A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages

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The Bauer Thesis Examined: The Geography of Heresy in the Early Christian Church

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and other Russian revolutionaries saw the Church, like the tsarist state, as an

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arose in the late Nineteenth and early Twentieth century as a reaction against

3838: 3403:(1316–1334) (by Giuseppe Franchi) who was referred to as "the banker of Avignon" 2272:

were often used to identify and condemn heretics in a highly combative manner.

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From Sacrament to Contract Marriage, Religion, and Law in the Western Tradition

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From Apostles to Bishops: The Development of the Episcopacy in the Early Church

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From Clement to Origen: The Social and Historical Context of the Church Fathers

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Procopius of Caesarea: Tyranny, History, and Philosophy at the End of Antiquity

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Decolonizing Christianity: Religion and the End of Empire in France and Algeria

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Global Pentecostalism: An Inquiry into the Cultural Dimensions of Globalization

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Religious Violence in the Ancient World From Classical Athens to Late Antiquity

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A turning point in Jewish-Christian relations took place in June 1239 when the

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The Early Middle Ages were characterized by diversity, however, the concept of

2516: 2142: 2077: 2058: 1945: 1887: 1735:

consisting of an average of seventy members each, by the year 100. It achieved

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Walters, Philip (10 November 2005). "A survey of Soviet religious policy". In

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The Emergence of Monasticism: From the Desert Fathers to the Early Middle Ages

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materials that became common in Late Antiquity. In many instances, such as in

3787:

The three primary traditions to emerge directly from the Reformation were the

3105: 2587:

Popes led the sixth century response to the invasion of northern Italy by the

2378:

illness, transformed health care, and led to the founding of the first public

1062: 29468: 29408: 29207: 28602: 28569: 28217: 28148: 27998: 27706: 27346: 27341: 27079: 27016: 27005: 26892: 26779: 26682: 26670: 26534: 26507: 26447: 25926: 25746: 25135: 24879: 24742: 24618: 24364: 23459: 23365: 23357: 23224: 22889: 22777: 22267: 22208: 22147: 21786: 21768: 21638: 21618: 20729: 20619: 20245:

The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America

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Polemic in the Book of Hebrews: Anti-Judaism, Anti-Semitism, Supersessionism?

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Heretic Lives: Medieval Heresy from Bogomil and the Cathars to Wyclif and Hus

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Until the 1300s, the official position of the Roman Catholic Church was that

3828: 3781: 3763: 3743: 3457: 3426: 3318: 3138: 3122: 3070: 2913: 2375: 2371: 2280: 2266: 2054: 2040: 1570: 1515: 1466: 1452: 1113: 876: 480: 387: 184: 179: 25451: 25308:"Understanding the rapid rise of Charismatic Christianity in Southeast Asia" 25086:"Interfaith marriage is common in U.S., particularly among the recently wed" 24046:. Vol. 5, c.1198–c.1300. Cambridge University Press. pp. 256–276. 23907: 23622:"Why were the disciples first called 'Christians' at Antioch? (Acts 11, 26)" 23570: 23265:

The First Great Awakening: Redefining Religion in British America, 1725–1775

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Power and Conversion. A Comparative Study of Christianization in Scandinavia

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Managing the University Campus: Information to Support Real Estate Decisions

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Ecumenism and Interreligious Dialogue: Unitatis Redintegratio, Nostra Aetate

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data shows a 10% yearly growth in Chinese Christian populations since 1979.

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and cultural liberation" that generated many beneficial long-term effects.

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In a defining moment in 1380, a coalition of Russian polities headed by the

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soon followed. Saints Cyril and Methodius translated the Bible, developing

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Tilley, Maureen (2006). "North Africa". In Mitchell, M.; Young, F. (eds.).

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Schacter, Jacob J. (2011). Carlebach, Elisheva; Schacter, Jacob J. (eds.).

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Defending Constantine The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom

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The Elect Methodists: Calvinistic Methodism in England and Wales, 1735–1811

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The Mission of the Portuguese Augustinians to Persia and Beyond (1602-1747)

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transformed the American conception of race." Then the social power of the

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Twentieth-century history with its multiple wars have brought questions of

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traditional iconography, of monastic life and spiritual traditions such as

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of the 15th and 16th centuries, the Church was a leading patron of art and

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reclamation to justify the destruction of some Greco-Roman temples such as

1825: 1817: 1644:, in the second quarter of the first century. They swiftly spread into the 1641: 1609: 1378: 1118: 900: 810: 436: 209: 89: 25565: 23917:

Religious Rivalries in the Early Roman Empire and the Rise of Christianity

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Christian distribution globally based on PEW research in 2011

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Various catastrophic circumstances, combined with a growing

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Bronze coin with image of Justinian the Great, 6th century

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Thereafter, he was said to be 1441:diverging gradually from Judaism 788: 728: 29480:History of religion by religion 29439:History of Western civilization 29042:Christianity in the Middle Ages 27536:First seven ecumenical councils 25316:Singapore Management University 25288:Find Easy population & more 25248:"All Religions (global totals)" 24475:. Westminster John Knox Press. 24453:. Westminster John Knox Press. 23788:(2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. 23736:Trebilco, Paul Raymond (2017). 23413:. Routledge. pp. 101–120. 23308:. University of Toronto Press. 22783:History of the Christian Church 22308:The Journal of Southern History 21952:(reprint ed.). Routledge. 21413:(reprint ed.). Routledge. 21256:10.1179/1462317X14Z.00000000093 21238:Murphy, James Bernard (2014b). 20933:. Brepols Publishers: 461–500. 20529:; Mudge, Lewis Seymour (2008). 20376:Longwell, Horace Craig (1928). 20039:Grand Valley Journal of History 18871:Haskins, Charles Homer (1971). 18826:. 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In the mid to late 1990s, 4597:advocated Christian option. 4498:Council on Foreign Relations 4467:Africa (19th–21st centuries) 4228:of native traditions, and a 3913:Modern concepts of tolerance 3637:Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv 2535:Early Middle Ages (600–1000) 2341:Relation of Church and State 617:Unitarians and Universalists 7: 29393:Russian invasion of Ukraine 29004:Crisis of the Third Century 28110:Views on poverty and wealth 26081:Eastern Orthodox opposition 25553:Fourth-Century Christianity 25392:Valkenburgh, Sarah (1994). 24912:"The First Great Awakening" 24006:Journal of Medieval History 23846:. Oxford University Press. 23782:Trombley, Frank R. (2001). 23464:Anglican Theological Review 23304:Smelyansky, Eugene (2020). 23248:. Oxford University Press. 23207:Skiles, William S. (2017). 23152:10.1080/0963749042000252214 23140:Religion, State and Society 22694:. Oxford University Press. 22424:Royalty, Robert M. (2013). 22357:The Jewish Quarterly Review 22340:. Oxford University Press. 21948:Rankin, David Ivan (2016). 21757:Investigaciones Geográficas 21683:. Brill. pp. 403–438. 21289:The Frankish World, 750–900 20581:Marcocci, Giuseppe (2013). 20507:Toronto Journal of Theology 19866:; Lambroza, Shlomo (2004). 19600:Kaldellis, Anthony (2012). 19493:. Oxford University Press. 18894:. Oxford University Press. 18784:Harris, Harriet A. (1998). 18628:"The Matrix of Apocalyptic" 18545:. Oxford University Press. 18293:The Fundamentalist Movement 18115:Frassetto, Michael (2007). 17759:Medieval Monastic Education 17652:Renaissance and Reformation 16152:. Oxford University Press. 16148:Burnside, Jonathan (2011). 15729:. Brill. pp. 252–281. 15197:. Oxford University Press. 14927:. Brill. pp. 189–202. 14892:. Brill. pp. 173–188. 13712:United States Congress 1985 13435:, pp. 1–3, 6, 185–190. 10145:Lindberg & Numbers 1986 9106:Helvétius & Kaplan 2008 8989:Helvétius & Kaplan 2008 8845:Helvétius & Kaplan 2008 8809:Helvétius & Kaplan 2008 8303:Helvétius & Kaplan 2008 6772:, pp. abstract, 14–18. 5483:, China, and the coasts of 4684: 4658: 4605:Particularizng Emancipation 4407:League of Militant Atheists 4366:in Moscow on the orders of 4189:Fundamentalist Christianity 3844:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 3833:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 3335:in Europe from 1100 to 1600 3206:Between 1478 and 1542, the 3199:Jointly referred to as the 3019:The Church in Confrontation 2754:St. Cyril and St. Methodius 2213:Eastern Emperor Justinian I 2154:Art, literature and culture 1892: 1844:Early beliefs and practices 1630:first Christian communities 1573:. Reform, and the Catholic 10: 29496: 29449:Military history of Europe 29444:Maritime history of Europe 28355:World Evangelical Alliance 28317:Traditionalist Catholicism 26098:Art patronage of Julius II 25501:Sketches of Church History 25497:: Church as an Institution 24549:Wylen, Stephen M. (1995). 24103:Vlach, Michael J. (2010). 23476:10.1177/000332861609800303 22925:Seagrave, S. Adam (2009). 22848:Schott, Jeremy M. (2008). 22201:10.1177/239693930002400201 20958:The First Urban Christians 20900:McLoughlin, William Gerald 20769:. Mayfield Publishing Co. 20501:Macdonald, Stuart (2015). 20450:The Reformation: A History 20285:10.1177/0142064X9902107202 19819:The earliest English kings 19537:. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. 19068:10.1177/004056399505600206 18805:Byzantium and the Crusades 18522:Haas, Christopher (2002). 17811:Flannery, John M. (2013). 17686:Bromiley, Geoffrey William 17009:Cropp, Glynnis M. (2007). 16187:Bussell, Frederick William 15191:Barnett, Victoria (1992). 15043:Pregled hrvatske povijesti 14870:. Crown Publishing Group. 14796:Aguzzi, Steven D. (2017). 14633: 12780:Doyle & Hightower 2003 11326:, pp. 37, 57–59, 182. 8917:Woods & Canizares 2012 7555:, pp. 10, 17, 42, 50. 7091:Sághy & Schoolman 2017 5052: 5047: 4879:English Benedictine Reform 4784:Christianization of Europe 4138:Trans-Atlantic slave trade 3955: 3503:Western Church and society 3172: 3098: 2963:Education and universities 2842: 2775:(modern Iran), Russia and 2563: 2256: 2189:Relations with polytheists 2123: 2107:, literacy and education. 2068: 1847: 1796:in the Parthian Empire in 1781:Early Christianity was in 1716: 1589:through its connection to 1367:European cultural identity 65: 37: 28: 29419:Genetic history of Europe 29401: 29206: 29022: 28962: 28929: 28833: 28764: 28736: 28718: 28711: 28672: 28644: 28611: 28583: 28555: 28517: 28508: 28490: 28420: 28370: 28350:World Council of Churches 28325: 28243: 28127: 28118: 28073: 27858: 27842: 27837:Latter Day Saint movement 27822: 27782: 27682: 27663: 27609: 27566: 27511: 27417: 27396: 27355: 27323: 27280: 27190: 27025: 26944: 26873: 26808: 26730: 26661: 26601:Calvinist–Arminian debate 26575: 26342: 26225: 26061: 25952: 25834: 25732: 25621: 25603: 25489:: Christianity in History 25456:(Television production). 25453:A History of Christianity 25284:"Religion in Africa 2022" 24423:Williams, George Huntston 24317:10.1017/S0009838800043962 23825:10.1017/CHOL9780521812443 23441:10.1017/CHOL9780521812443 22931:The Review of Metaphysics 22760:10.1017/CHOL9780521812443 22034:. Macmillan and Company. 21974:. John Wiley & Sons. 21584:10.1080/07481188808252226 20906:. Yale University Press. 20519:10.3138/tjt.30.suppl_1.29 20133:10.5840/faithphil20112821 19762:10.1017/CHOL9780521811064 19105:Holmes, J. Derek (1981). 18950:French Historical Studies 18807:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 18803:Harris, Jonathan (2014). 18736:10.3318/priac.2017.117.07 18728:10.3318/priac.2017.117.07 18399:The Story of Christianity 17910:Fontaine, Darcie (2016). 17761:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 17412:. John Wiley & Sons. 16965:Croix, G. E. M. de Sainte 16655:10.1017/S0018246X98008103 16569:. London: Penguin Books. 16250:Calciu-Dumitreasa, George 16230:Cairns, Earle E. (2015). 16109:10.1017/CHOL9780521812443 16082:10.1017/CHOL9780521811064 16029:. Yale University Press. 15883:10.1017/S0424208400006574 15871:Studies in Church History 15708:. ISD. pp. 163–175. 15367:Bayliss, Richard (2004). 14933:10.1163/9789004415317_015 14898:10.1163/9789004415317_015 14760:10.1007/978-3-319-11803-1 14201:, pp. 280, 287, 290. 14160:Houtman & Aupers 2007 14148:Houtman & Aupers 2007 14100:Houtman & Aupers 2007 13592:Klier & Lambroza 2004 13546:, pp. 40, 59, 79–81. 13164:Matthews & Platt 1998 12828:Spater & Tranvik 2019 12756:Matthews & Platt 1998 12722:, pp. 265, 268, 270. 12327:Matthews & Platt 1998 12291:Matthews & Platt 1998 12279:Matthews & Platt 1998 12264:Matthews & Platt 1998 12252:Matthews & Platt 1998 11783:Matthews & Platt 1998 11759:Matthews & Platt 1998 11723:Matthews & Platt 1998 11648:Matthews & Platt 1998 11585:Matthews & Platt 1998 11489:Matthews & Platt 1998 11428:, pp. 375, 559, 561. 10600:Matthews & Platt 1998 10253:Matthews & Platt 1998 10099:, pp. 210, 214, 216. 9908:Matthews & Platt 1998 9503:, pp. 4–7, 342, 345. 9411:Matthews & Platt 1998 8143:, pp. 279, 281, 289. 7222:, pp. 538, 544, 546. 7106:Casiday & Norris 2007 6509:Casiday & Norris 2007 6311:, pp. 87–88, 99–100. 6135:Casiday & Norris 2007 5495:which spread over modern 5338:Sixth ecumenical councils 4859:Criticism of Christianity 4799:Christianity and paganism 4537:Diversity and commonality 4527:Hugh McLeod writes that, 4490: 4306:German Evangelical Church 4069:Latter Day Saint movement 3680: 3613: 2472:Before Byzantine Emperor 2429:(563) and converted many 1975: 1972:Roman religious culture. 1713:Early geographical spread 1579:European wars of religion 1478:seven ecumenical councils 1387:tolerance and intolerance 28378:Anti-Christian sentiment 27558:Christian biblical canon 27090:Christian existentialism 25059:Monter, William (2023). 24937:"Fall of Constantinople" 24908:Heyrman, Christine Leigh 24494:. Taylor & Francis. 23704:. Taylor & Francis. 23698:Thompson, James Westfall 23502:Swanson, Robert (2021). 23358:10.1177/0010414019830721 23075:Sharpe, Richard (1995). 23060:. Taylor & Francis. 22529:Rummel, Eric O. (2006). 22494:de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde 22231:Robert, Dana L. (2009). 22055:Rawlings, Helen (2006). 21769:10.14198/INGEO2019.72.05 21409:Onnekink, David (2016). 20956:Meeks, Wayne A. (2003). 20382:The Philosophical Review 19941:Köstenberger, Andreas J. 19817:Kirby, David P. (2000). 19459:Jenkins, Philip (2008). 19001:. Cambridge University. 18693:10.1525/ca.2017.36.2.183 18589:. Taylor & Francis. 18329:Gerdmar, Anders (2009). 18243:Gaddis, Michael (2005). 17522:Eichbauer, M.H. (2022). 17439:Dunn, Dennis J. (2016). 17231:Dixon, C. Scott (2017). 17111:10.1177/0032329217704434 16738:(1). E.J. Brill: 78–92. 16387:Cameron, Averil (2017). 16349:Cameron, Averil (2015). 16303:Cameron, Averil (1993). 15834:Journal of Roman Studies 15373:. Oxford: Archaeopress. 14838:Albert, Eleanor (2018). 14577:Segovia & Moore 2007 14565:Segovia & Moore 2007 14349:Interfaith marriage 2015 14189:, pp. 277, 289–290. 14024:Anderson & Tang 2005 13811:PEW Research Center 2022 13106:, pp. 521–523, 524. 13080:Mannion & Mudge 2008 13029:Masters & Young 2022 12852:Weber & Kalberg 2012 12746:, pp. 272–273, 279. 12488:, pp. 227–233, 242. 12182:, pp. 535–536, 553. 11909:, pp. 176–177, 179. 11725:, pp. 299, 308–319. 11251:, p. 374 fn43; 368. 10691:, pp. 229, 235–236. 10554:, pp. 284–285, 294. 9544:, pp. 20–23, 29–30. 9307:Morris & Ze'evi 2019 9177:, pp. 627–628, 643. 9066:, pp. 378–379, 380. 9054:, p. 367; 372; 376. 9042:, pp. 380, 393–394. 8652:, pp. 119–122, 125. 8305:, pp. 279–280, 298. 7775:Lavan & Mulryan 2011 7481:Lavan & Mulryan 2011 7418:Lavan & Mulryan 2011 7321:, pp. 362, 371–372. 7210:, pp. 362–365, 378. 6484:, pp. 331, 334–335. 5559:became required for all. 5308:Theophilus of Alexandria 5286:various Germanic peoples 5184: 4944:History of Protestantism 4794:Christianity and Judaism 4341:Church reform of Peter I 3929:Colonialism and missions 3805:Evangelical Rationalists 3608:Süleyman the Magnificent 3323:Archbishop of Canterbury 3157:In Mesopotamia and Egypt 2763:Beginning under emperor 2645:Nordic forms of paganism 2409:In Late Antiquity, King 2227:Saint Augustine Portrait 2120:Influence of Constantine 1733:small household churches 1707:Diocletianic Persecution 1472:. In 313, he issued the 1447:, the faith spread as a 40:Timeline of Christianity 29475:History of Christianity 29424:History of Christianity 28432:Christianity portal 27591:Investiture Controversy 25597:History of Christianity 25541:Historical Christianity 25515:Encyclopædia Britannica 25252:World Religion Database 25146:Encyclopedia Britannica 24996:Encyclopædia Britannica 24941:Encyclopædia Britannica 24823:Halsall, Paul (2021) . 24747:Encyclopedia Britannica 24675:Zagorin, Perez (2003). 24427:The Radical Reformation 24304:The Classical Quarterly 23915:Vaage, Leif E. (2006). 23620:Taylor, Justin (1994). 23581:; Slape, Emily (2016). 23571:10.6017/scjr.v12i1.9802 22566:Sabo, Theodore (2018). 22539:Perspectives on History 22057:The Spanish Inquisition 21850:10.1163/221023991X00038 21761:San Vicente del Raspeig 21479:Early modern liberalism 21219:Mundy, John H. (2000). 20939:10.1484/m.sem-eb.3.3720 18909:Heather, Peter (2007). 18708:Harney, Lorcan (2017). 18171:Hackett, Rosalind I. J. 17461:The Journal of Religion 17399:10.1093/ehr/118.475.178 16882:10.1111/1468-0254.00075 16812:Constable, Olivia Remie 16744:10.1163/157006798X00043 16516:U.S. Catholic Historian 16285:The Last Pagans of Rome 15756:Brodman, James (2009). 15406:ESI Working Paper 16–13 15172:Baird, William (1992). 14840:"Christianity in China" 14639:Books & periodicals 13433:Eder & Reyhner 2017 11288:Tarver & Slape 2016 11021:Fonnesberg-Schmidt 2007 11009:Fonnesberg-Schmidt 2007 10973:Fonnesberg-Schmidt 2009 10937:Fonnesberg-Schmidt 2007 10925:Fonnesberg-Schmidt 2007 10450:, p. 346; 347-349. 10171:, p. 538; 547-549. 9986:Rubin & Simons 2009 9938:Rubin & Simons 2009 9821:Rubin & Simons 2009 9767:Rubin & Simons 2009 8883:, pp. ix, 244–245. 8449:, pp. 35, 120–121. 6586:, pp. 4, 235, 238. 5801:American Evangelicalism 5782:It had roots in German 5487:and Indonesia adopting 5460:investiture controversy 5346:Chalcedonian Definition 4653:Asian feminist theology 4421:Christianity since 1945 4329:Russian Orthodox Church 4259:Christianity and Nazism 3983:Late modern (1750–1945) 3895:Second Schmalkaldic War 3567:Donation of Constantine 3345:Fourth Lateran councils 3294:was put "on trial", by 3269:Latin Empire after 1204 3056:Investiture controversy 3045:Investiture controversy 2823:Middle Ages (1000–1500) 2742:in the 800s. In Italy, 2736:Carolingian Renaissance 2659:Eastern Orthodox Church 2497: 2308:First Council of Nicaea 2304:orthodox trinitarianism 2285:First Council of Nicaea 2253:Relations with heretics 2219:Relations with the Jews 1772:Christianity in Antioch 1680:Santa Maria in Via Lata 1577:, were followed by the 1350:history of Christianity 1164:New religious movements 29248:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 28383:Christian universalism 27774:Western Rite Orthodoxy 27619:Protestant Reformation 27158:Fourth Great Awakening 27045:Second Great Awakening 26284:Fall of Constantinople 26076:Development of primacy 25509:"Church History" 25477:28 August 2019 at the 25403:. The Concord Review. 25368:Holocaust Encyclopedia 25061:"Witch Trials, Europe" 24522:. Regnery Publishing. 24122:Vlasto, A. P. (1970). 23458:Strout, Shawn (2016). 22732:. Netherlands: Brill. 22605:Salzman, Michele Renee 22268:10.1093/jts/os-L.2.155 22250:Roberts, C. H (1949). 21332:Noll, Mark A. (1997). 20767:The Western Humanities 20699:Social Science History 20486:. London: Allen Lane. 20247:. OUP. pp. 1–10. 20206:. InterVarsity Press. 20091:Law, David R. (2012). 19731:Kienzle, Beverly Mayne 19343:Ivanič, Peter (2016). 19260:Hunter, Dard (1978) . 19155:10.1353/earl.1998.0035 18928:Heimert, Alan (2006). 18842:Harvey, Susan Ashbrook 18486:A History of Byzantium 18291:Gasper, Louis (2020). 18165:Freston, Paul (2008). 18144:Frend, W.H.C. (2020). 17406:Dunn, Marilyn (2003). 17099:Politics & Society 16642:The Historical Journal 14743:10.1093/monist/onab005 14727:Adams, Robert Merrihew 14439:Chopp & Regan 2013 13616:Calciu-Dumitreasa 1983 12966:Jones & White 2012 9259:Higham & Ryan 2013 8423:Higham & Ryan 2013 8182:, pp. xiii, xvii. 7186:, pp. xxx, xxxii. 6229:, pp. 14, 44, 47. 6176:, pp. 96–99, 101. 5627:Fourth Lateran Council 5489:Nestorian Christianity 5447:Rule of Saint Benedict 4620:the Social Gospel and 4587: 4567:Unitatis Redintegratio 4558:Second Vatican Council 4548: 4534: 4483: 4477:neo-charismatic church 4451: 4443: 4375: 4312:which opposed Nazism. 4270: 4154:anti-slavery societies 4128: 4087: 4052:Second Great Awakening 4036: 3847: 3772:to the church door in 3658:faced the army of the 3639: 3629: 3623:The Baptism of Kievans 3588:Fall of Constantinople 3522: 3488:- led folk to believe 3404: 3336: 3270: 3231: 3130: 3047: 2975: 2933: 2878: 2877:during the Middle Ages 2760: 2717: 2716:during the Middle Ages 2682: 2635: 2584: 2544: 2519:, as did Ethiopia and 2457: 2448:The East and Justinian 2394: 2367: 2291: 2228: 2167: 2135: 2061: 2013: 1933: 1868:preaching and teaching 1859: 1728: 1683: 1656: 1567:Protestant Reformation 1552:fall of Constantinople 74: 29328:Industrial Revolution 28841:Evolution of morality 28041:Anointing of the Sick 27153:Reformed epistemology 27095:Third Great Awakening 27065:Seventh-day Adventist 26986:First Great Awakening 26859:Book of Common Prayer 26653:Protestant work ethic 26196:Independent Catholics 26147:Monastery dissolution 25199:"Cross meets Kremlin" 24986:Jan Pelikan, Jaroslav 24786:Fahmy, Dalia (2022). 24034:McKitterick, Rosamond 22956:Jewish Social Studies 22026:Rauschenbusch, Walter 21929:Rahner, Hugo (2013). 21136:10.1558/bsor.v41i3.22 20815:Mayer, T. F. (2014). 20730:Mathew, Arnold Harris 20616:Mitchell, Margaret M. 20154:The Later Middle Ages 19798:King, Ursula (2001). 19737:. UK: Boydell Press. 19173:Sociology of Religion 19037:The Anglo-Saxon world 18822:Harvey, Paul (2016). 18264:Sociological Analysis 18216:; Simons, W. (eds.). 18056:Pagans and Christians 17849:Riley-Smith, Jonathan 17622:Esler, Philip Francis 17048:10.1353/tho.2001.0001 16870:Early Medieval Europe 16670:Coffey, John (2014). 16567:The Northern Crusades 16470:Cassidy, Edward Idris 15968:Brown, Peter (2003). 15949:Brown, Peter (1992). 15890:Brown, Peter (1993). 14172:Palmer-Fernandes 1991 14048:America magazine 2018 12830:, pp. 1963–1994. 12696:Aguilera-Barchet 2015 11551:, pp. 15–17, 21. 11515:, pp. 9, 11, 12. 11011:, pp. 65, 75–77. 9655:, pp. 1119–1120. 9399:Dorfmann-Lazarev 2008 9331:Dorfmann-Lazarev 2008 9319:Dorfmann-Lazarev 2008 8485:, pp. xiii, xiv. 7948:, pp. 2, 4, 8–9. 7184:Papaconstantinou 2016 7130:Papaconstantinou 2016 5962:civil rights movement 5658:punishments from God. 5525:further east to China 5019:Second Temple Judaism 4984:Positive Christianity 4894:Germanic Christianity 4869:Dutch Reformed Church 4819:Christianity in Syria 4814:Christianity in Egypt 4669:postcolonial theology 4544: 4529: 4474: 4449: 4441: 4361: 4266: 4166:Scientific revolution 4116: 4092:Third Great Awakening 4085: 4041:First Great Awakening 4034: 4005:Protestant work ethic 3841: 3803:, Spiritualists, and 3635: 3621: 3510: 3398: 3331: 3319:York massacre of 1190 3268: 3229: 3133:When Eastern Emperor 3108: 3069:In this controversy, 3031: 2970: 2957:scientific revolution 2927: 2864: 2752: 2711: 2653: 2619: 2582: 2566:Christian monasticism 2542: 2455: 2392: 2365: 2278: 2226: 2161: 2139:Constantine the Great 2133: 2049: 1924: 1857: 1848:Further information: 1804:by the Black Sea, in 1726: 1674: 1654: 1486:missionary activities 1463:Constantine the Great 57:National Roman Museum 50: 29383:European debt crisis 29378:European integration 29318:Age of Enlightenment 29158:Republic of Florence 28495:Timeline of religion 28484:History of religions 28362:Nondenominationalism 28235:Role in civilization 27702:Independent Catholic 27644:Relations with Islam 27624:Catholic Reformation 26976:Edicts of toleration 26785:Three Forms of Unity 26550:Bohemian Reformation 26123:Catholic Reformation 25980:Roman state religion 25799:Council of Jerusalem 25547:Reformation Timeline 25401:schoolinfosystem.org 25266:. 19 December 2011. 25222:The Wars of Religion 25134:Nowell, Charles E.; 24490:Wood, Cindy (2016). 24341:Wilken, Robert Louis 23862:Tyerman, Christopher 23508:History of Religions 23352:(13–14): 1963–1994. 23079:. Penguin Classics. 23032:Segovia, Fernando F. 22336:Rose, E. M. (2015). 21992:(13 December 1999). 21142:on 25 February 2014. 20445:MacCulloch, Diarmaid 20221:Leone, Anna (2013). 20120:Faith and Philosophy 19682:. Liturgical Press. 19527:Judge, E.A. (2010). 18587:Sociology On Culture 17717:History of Religions 17287:Dowley, Tim (2018). 16689:Cohan, Sara (2005). 16167:Bury, J. B. (2013). 15151:Bachrach, Bernard S. 14705:Abulafia, Anna Sapir 14150:, pp. 305, 315. 13930:, pp. 284, 285. 13534:, pp. 4, 22–23. 13190:, pp. 201, 118. 12932:, pp. 329, 347. 12254:, pp. 329, 335. 11948:, pp. 187, 191. 11936:, pp. 181, 184. 11845:, pp. 171, 173. 11638:, pp. 375, 574. 11239:, pp. 110, 111. 11071:, pp. 525, 536. 11047:, pp. 1–2, 8–9. 10751:, pp. 365, 368. 10643:, pp. 373, 381. 9730:, pp. 214, 223. 9568:, pp. 126, 129. 9138:, pp. 324, 374. 8893:Pohl & Wood 2015 8787:, pp. 173, 175. 8242:, pp. xiii–xiv. 8155:, pp. 405, 421. 7825:, pp. 418, 421. 7606:, pp. 132, 353. 7159:, pp. 538, 544. 6898:, pp. 297, 309. 6886:, pp. 337, 338. 6523:, pp. 351, 353. 6110:, pp. 200, 217. 5745:William T. Cavanaugh 5024:Second Temple Period 4919:History of Calvinism 4809:Christianity in Asia 4649:"mujerista" theology 4339:. Nevertheless, the 4283:Mit brennender Sorge 4180:was synonymous with 4148:, Presbyterians and 4073:Restoration Movement 4009:economic development 3893:(1546–1547) and the 3602:Constantinople, and 3525:During the European 3519:St. Peter's Basilica 3490:the end of the world 3454:Council of Constance 3249:Divina dispensatione 3230:Baltic Tribes c 1200 3201:Medieval Inquisition 3111:Kingdom of Jerusalem 2984:western universities 2703:Council of Chalcedon 2486:Corpus Juris Civilis 2166:, made around 300 AD 2019:), as overseers and 1912:raised from the dead 1904: AD 30–33 1618:twenty-first century 1583:Age of Enlightenment 1544:Western Christianity 1524:Western Roman Empire 1414: AD 30–33 937:Comparative religion 782:History of religions 454:Independent Catholic 29348:Revolutions of 1848 29278:Early modern France 29059:Anglo-Saxon England 28964:Classical antiquity 28699:Kardecist spiritism 28408:Unlimited atonement 28393:Cultural Christians 27832:Jehovah's Witnesses 27454:Sermon on the Mount 27383:Christian tradition 27310:Lists of Christians 27148:Liberation theology 27055:Jehovah's Witnesses 26888:Radical Reformation 26616:Resistance theories 26503:Christian mysticism 26498:Early Scholasticism 26210:Ecclesial community 26108:Counter-Reformation 25973:Constantinian shift 25448:Diarmaid MacCulloch 25342:The Washington Post 25318:. 27 October 2017. 25290:. 26 October 2022. 25217:Parker, N. 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Leiden: Brill. 19992:978-1-136-90247-5 19956:978-0-8054-4365-3 19932:978-1-139-05422-5 19913:978-0-521-88952-0 19900:Koenig, Harold G. 19879:978-0-521-52851-1 19864:Klier, John Doyle 19855:978-1-139-05408-9 19828:978-0-415-24211-0 19809:978-1-58768-012-0 19802:. Paulist Press. 19790:978-1-498-27636-8 19771:978-1-139-05602-1 19744:978-1-903153-00-0 19689:978-0-8146-5376-0 19668:978-0-674-03930-8 19646:978-0-300-18051-0 19611:978-0-8122-0241-0 19580:978-0-19-006725-0 19544:978-3-16-150572-0 19519:978-0-7083-2502-5 19500:978-0-19-027753-6 19479:978-90-04-10722-9 19431:978-0-19-976746-5 19405:978-1-139-05573-4 19386:978-0-521-81605-2 19335:978-0-8028-0843-1 19313:978-0-19-027753-6 19294:978-963-9241-42-8 19271:978-0-486-23619-3 19252:978-0-7486-6817-5 19118:978-0-8245-0047-4 19097:978-0-8028-6840-4 19046:978-0-300-12534-4 19027:978-0-7546-6553-3 19008:978-1-139-05422-5 18989:978-1-4336-6843-2 18939:978-1-59752-614-2 18920:978-0-19-532541-6 18901:978-0-19-860024-4 18882:978-0-674-76075-2 18863:978-0-521-81239-9 18833:978-0-226-41549-9 18814:978-1-78093-736-6 18795:978-0-19-826960-1 18776:978-0-19-027753-6 18757:978-0-674-07277-0 18649:978-0-521-21929-7 18615:978-1-139-05413-3 18596:978-1-134-45237-8 18574:978-0-8264-1630-8 18552:978-0-19-028074-1 18533:978-0-8018-7033-0 18514:978-0-691-24513-3 18495:978-1-4443-5997-8 18447:978-90-04-15309-7 18409:978-0-06-185589-4 18385:978-0-8014-8759-0 18366:978-0-521-81456-0 18340:978-90-04-16851-0 18321:978-0-395-56087-7 18302:978-3-11-231758-7 18254:978-0-520-24104-6 18235:978-1-139-05602-1 18184:978-1-84553-228-4 18157:978-1-5326-9755-5 18128:978-1-86197-744-1 18074:Franck, Thomas M. 18065:978-0-394-55495-2 17940:978-1-118-83496-1 17921:978-1-107-11817-1 17902:978-0-7546-6483-3 17881:978-90-04-15502-2 17862:978-0-19-820435-0 17824:978-90-04-24382-8 17768:978-1-4411-4340-2 17699:978-90-04-12654-1 17661:978-0-8028-0050-3 17644:Estep, William R. 17635:978-0-415-11122-5 17601:978-0-85315-355-9 17586:Engels, Frederick 17565:978-9986-757-41-2 17514:978-1-55635-846-3 17501:Edmundson, George 17492:978-0-8061-5991-1 17450:978-3-319-32566-8 17419:978-1-4051-0641-2 17330:978-1-139-05413-3 17298:978-1-5064-4597-7 17279:978-0-521-81775-2 17223:978-1-139-05412-6 17204:978-90-5972-487-7 17185:978-3-95489-570-0 17154:978-2-87723-651-5 17085:978-1-5381-5295-9 17066:978-0-521-86484-8 17001:978-0-19-027753-6 16982:978-0-19-927812-1 16956:978-0-472-11474-0 16937:978-1-139-05408-9 16857:Global Missiology 16847:978-0-521-63871-5 16825:978-1-139-44968-7 16803:978-0-8020-8218-3 16781:978-90-04-31078-0 16681:978-1-317-88442-2 16606:978-0-7546-6814-5 16576:978-0-14-026653-5 16554:978-1-118-83496-1 16506:978-0-88029-116-3 16485:978-0-8091-4338-2 16478:. Paulist Press. 16461:978-1-139-05413-3 16442:978-0-226-09535-6 16420:978-0-521-16641-6 16398:978-0-281-07614-7 16379:978-1-4094-5738-1 16360:978-1-136-67306-1 16341:978-1-139-05483-6 16314:978-0-674-51194-1 16295:978-0-19-974727-6 16241:978-1-4982-2340-9 16178:978-0-486-14339-2 16159:978-0-19-975921-7 16140:978-0-415-96966-6 16118:978-1-139-05413-3 16091:978-1-139-05602-1 16036:978-0-300-14016-3 16019:Brown, Raymond E. 16010:978-0-521-81775-2 15979:978-0-631-22137-1 15960:978-0-299-13344-3 15941:978-0-521-30200-5 15821:978-1-139-05412-6 15786:978-1-139-05413-3 15767:978-0-8132-1580-8 15736:978-90-04-41943-8 15715:978-2-503-51085-9 15696:978-1-108-84921-0 15636:978-0-88141-180-5 15563:978-0-307-42348-1 15544:978-1-4094-4659-0 15516:978-1-57181-430-2 15380:978-1-84171-634-3 15359:978-0-393-05976-2 15346:Bauer, Susan Wise 15325:978-1-137-01347-7 15301:978-1-884630-04-0 15277:978-0-664-25778-1 15204:978-0-19-512118-6 15183:978-1-4514-2017-3 15164:978-0-8166-0814-0 15142:978-1-139-05412-6 15107:978-0-7546-5961-7 15056:978-953-6044-01-6 15039:Antoljak, Stjepan 15030:978-0-8122-3617-0 14988:978-1-870345-43-9 14969:978-0-8122-4133-4 14942:978-9-00441-531-7 14907:978-9-00441-531-7 14877:978-0-770-43737-4 14830:978-0-19-533473-9 14807:978-1-317-11190-0 14788:978-0-19-027753-6 14769:978-3-319-11802-4 14718:978-1-34942-499-3 14696:978-2-503-50978-5 14666:978-1-78570-453-6 14579:, pp. 6, 11. 14405:, pp. 24–28. 14252:, pp. 16–23. 13978:, pp. 89–90. 13738:, pp. 14–15. 13558:, pp. 22–23. 13360:, pp. 68–70. 13043:, pp. 51–53. 12968:, p. xi; xv. 12734:, pp. 13–15. 12110:, pp. 14–15. 12083:, pp. 14–15. 11946:Kitromilides 2006 11895:Kitromilides 2006 11807:Kitromilides 2006 11669:, pp. 58–77. 11539:, pp. 15–17. 11527:, pp. 9, 11. 11314:, pp. 52–53. 11227:, pp. 56–59. 11131:, pp. 68–72. 10985:Christiansen 1997 10961:Christiansen 1997 10566:, pp. 4, 22. 10426:, pp. 15–16. 10402:, pp. 61–86. 10342:, pp. 51–52. 10147:, pp. 5, 12. 10087:, pp. 46–47. 10075:, p. 1, 5–6. 9742:, p. intro.. 9401:, pp. 66–67. 9321:, pp. 65–66. 9237:, pp. 32–41. 9213:, pp. 11–13. 9165:, p. 2; 6-8. 9015:, pp. 49–50. 8943:, pp. 68–69. 8859:, pp. 35–36. 8835:, pp. 66–68. 8563:Constantelos 1964 8437:, pp. 30–33. 8011:, pp. 30–32. 7888:, pp. 78–80. 7237:, pp. 55–56. 7006:, pp. 36–37. 6862:, p. 68;108. 6697:, pp. 20–21. 6446:Fousek et al 2018 6436:, pp. 30–31. 6054:, pp. 50–58. 5992:Pew Research 2011 5970:Prosperity Gospel 5767:Joseph Schumpeter 5763:Hugh Trevor-Roper 5575:European nobility 5304:Maternus Cynegius 5182: 5181: 5064: 5063: 4864:Donation of Pepin 4645:womanist theology 4641:Feminist theology 4518:Prosperity gospel 4430:A global religion 4323:Russian Orthodoxy 4310:Confessing Church 4077:Holiness movement 3994:French Revolution 3971:The Enlightenment 3903:Thirty Years' War 3817:Swiss Reformation 3559:Leonardo da Vinci 3399:Portrait of Pope 3254:Northern Crusades 3238:was called after 3060:Holy Roman Empire 2982:From the 1100's, 2899:flying buttresses 2805:Cyrillic alphabet 2481:Code of Justinian 2435:Gregorian mission 2423:Germanic paganism 2335:Eastern Orthodoxy 2164:catacombs of Rome 1984:, second century 1872:Jesus of Nazareth 1862:According to the 1528:Eastern Orthodoxy 1482:Early Middle Ages 1346: 1345: 1196: 1195: 987:Ancient Near East 925:Study of religion 771: 770: 624: 623: 597:Latter Day Saints 582:Iglesia ni Cristo 547:United Protestant 532:Plymouth Brethren 467:Oriental Orthodox 32:Christian History 18:Christian history 16:(Redirected from 29487: 29323:Great Divergence 29238:Age of Discovery 29183:Late Middle Ages 29153:High Middle Ages 29064:Byzantine Empire 29047:Christianization 29037:Migration Period 28972:Classical Greece 28944:Neolithic Europe 28916: 28909: 28902: 28893: 28892: 28716: 28715: 28515: 28514: 28477: 28470: 28463: 28454: 28453: 28440: 28439: 28430: 28429: 28273:Environmentalism 28223:Church buildings 28125: 28124: 27940:Eastern Orthodox 27935:Eastern Catholic 27847: 27846: 27814:Eastern Catholic 27792:Eastern Orthodox 27680: 27679: 27601:Age of Discovery 27586:East–West Schism 27484:Great Commission 27415: 27414: 27267: 27260: 27253: 27244: 27243: 26659: 26658: 26046:Non-Chalcedonian 26027:Constantinople I 25819:General epistles 25814:Pauline epistles 25794:Paul the Apostle 25772:Great Commission 25590: 25583: 25576: 25567: 25566: 25519: 25511: 25468: 25466: 25464: 25430: 25419: 25417: 25415: 25409: 25398: 25388: 25386: 25384: 25358: 25356: 25354: 25331: 25329: 25327: 25303: 25301: 25299: 25279: 25277: 25275: 25255: 25242: 25240: 25238: 25212: 25207:. Archived from 25197:(24 June 2001). 25195:Ostling, Richard 25190: 25188: 25186: 25161: 25159: 25157: 25130: 25128: 25126: 25121:on 22 March 2015 25120: 25113: 25100: 25098: 25096: 25080: 25078: 25076: 25055: 25053: 25051: 25030: 25011: 25009: 25007: 24981: 24956: 24954: 24952: 24931: 24929: 24927: 24903: 24901: 24899: 24875: 24848: 24846: 24844: 24819: 24817: 24815: 24799: 24797: 24795: 24782: 24780: 24778: 24758: 24756: 24754: 24738: 24736: 24734: 24709: 24690: 24671: 24644: 24614: 24612: 24610: 24578:The Art Bulletin 24569:Yasin, Ann Marie 24564: 24545: 24543: 24541: 24505: 24486: 24464: 24440: 24418: 24407:. IVP Academic. 24396: 24394: 24392: 24336: 24294: 24275: 24256: 24237: 24215: 24196: 24169: 24146: 24144: 24142: 24118: 24099: 24069: 24067: 24065: 24021: 24000: 23981: 23962: 23930: 23911: 23895: 23873: 23857: 23838: 23811: 23809: 23807: 23778: 23751: 23732: 23715: 23693: 23654: 23641: 23616: 23614: 23612: 23574: 23553: 23531: 23498: 23479: 23454: 23424: 23401: 23377: 23338: 23319: 23300: 23278: 23259: 23240: 23238: 23236: 23203: 23201: 23199: 23178: 23176: 23174: 23168: 23137: 23124: 23090: 23071: 23049: 23027: 23002:(4): 1119–1120. 22990: 22971: 22969: 22967: 22946: 22921: 22919: 22917: 22885: 22863: 22844: 22842: 22819: 22809: 22807: 22805: 22773: 22743: 22724: 22705: 22688:Sanneh, Lamin O. 22683: 22661: 22659: 22657: 22624: 22600: 22581: 22562: 22560: 22558: 22552: 22535: 22525: 22523: 22521: 22485: 22466: 22439: 22420: 22399: 22380: 22351: 22332: 22301: 22279: 22246: 22227: 22225: 22180: 22167: 22122:Strier, Karen B. 22116:(October 2004). 22109: 22070: 22051: 22021: 22019: 22017: 21990:Rappaport, Helen 21985: 21963: 21944: 21925: 21906: 21893: 21891: 21889: 21883: 21866: 21853: 21832: 21813: 21811: 21809: 21803: 21780: 21759:(72). Alicante: 21754: 21744: 21725: 21706: 21704: 21702: 21670: 21668: 21666: 21634: 21632: 21630: 21595: 21562: 21543: 21522: 21492: 21470: 21451: 21424: 21405: 21383: 21361: 21359: 21357: 21328: 21315: 21313: 21311: 21284:Nelson, Janet L. 21279: 21277: 21275: 21234: 21215: 21196: 21177: 21143: 21138:. Archived from 21111: 21085: 21068:(3/4): 134–151. 21056: 21034: 21012: 20993: 20976:Meyendorff, John 20971: 20952: 20917: 20895: 20868: 20849: 20830: 20811: 20780: 20761: 20759: 20757: 20725: 20715: 20688: 20664: 20637: 20610: 20608: 20606: 20577: 20575: 20573: 20546: 20522: 20497: 20476: 20474: 20472: 20440: 20431: 20412: 20410: 20408: 20372: 20353: 20327: 20308: 20306: 20304: 20258: 20241:Levack, Brian P. 20236: 20217: 20195: 20180:. Translated by 20167: 20148: 20146: 20144: 20106: 20087: 20085: 20083: 20046: 20033: 20031: 20029: 20008: 20006: 20004: 19972: 19970: 19968: 19936: 19917: 19895: 19893: 19891: 19859: 19832: 19813: 19794: 19775: 19748: 19726: 19705: 19703: 19701: 19672: 19650: 19628: 19615: 19596: 19594: 19592: 19560: 19558: 19556: 19523: 19504: 19483: 19464: 19455: 19453: 19451: 19409: 19390: 19368: 19366: 19364: 19339: 19317: 19298: 19279:Hunyadi, Zsolt; 19275: 19256: 19234: 19232: 19205: 19166: 19134: 19132: 19130: 19101: 19079: 19050: 19031: 19012: 18993: 18974: 18943: 18924: 18905: 18886: 18867: 18837: 18818: 18799: 18780: 18761: 18739: 18704: 18673: 18671: 18669: 18619: 18600: 18578: 18561:Haight, Roger D. 18556: 18537: 18518: 18499: 18480: 18478: 18451: 18438:Brill Publishers 18425: 18423: 18421: 18389: 18370: 18349:Gilley, Sheridan 18344: 18325: 18306: 18287: 18258: 18239: 18208: 18206: 18204: 18161: 18140: 18111: 18069: 18047: 18045: 18043: 17999: 17989: 17979: 17944: 17925: 17906: 17885: 17866: 17847:(1995). "7". In 17840: 17838: 17836: 17807: 17805: 17803: 17797: 17782: 17772: 17753: 17751: 17749: 17703: 17682:Fahlbusch, Erwin 17677: 17675: 17673: 17639: 17617: 17615: 17613: 17581: 17579: 17577: 17545: 17543: 17518: 17496: 17477: 17454: 17435: 17433: 17431: 17402: 17393:(475): 178–179. 17376: 17334: 17315: 17302: 17283: 17252: 17227: 17208: 17189: 17170: 17168: 17166: 17134: 17132: 17130: 17089: 17070: 17051: 17030: 17005: 16986: 16960: 16941: 16910: 16885: 16864: 16851: 16834:Constable, Giles 16829: 16807: 16785: 16768:Hunt, Stephen J. 16759: 16757: 16755: 16722: 16720: 16718: 16712: 16699:Social Education 16695: 16685: 16666: 16632: 16610: 16580: 16558: 16539: 16510: 16499:. Dorset Press. 16489: 16465: 16446: 16424: 16402: 16383: 16364: 16345: 16318: 16299: 16275: 16273: 16271: 16245: 16226: 16213:Butler, Cuthbert 16208: 16206: 16204: 16182: 16163: 16144: 16122: 16095: 16065: 16048: 16014: 15983: 15964: 15945: 15915: 15914:on 3 March 2022. 15913: 15896: 15886: 15865: 15840:(1–2): 107–116. 15825: 15800:Tackett, Timothy 15790: 15771: 15752: 15750: 15748: 15719: 15700: 15681: 15652: 15650: 15648: 15620: 15618: 15581:Economic Inquiry 15577: 15567: 15548: 15525:Berndt, Guido M. 15520: 15495: 15457: 15429: 15427: 15425: 15396: 15394: 15392: 15363: 15341: 15339: 15337: 15305: 15281: 15259: 15220: 15218: 15216: 15187: 15168: 15146: 15111: 15092: 15090: 15088: 15060: 15034: 15012: 14992: 14973: 14954: 14919: 14881: 14859: 14857: 14855: 14834: 14811: 14792: 14773: 14746: 14722: 14700: 14678: 14628: 14622: 14616: 14610: 14604: 14598: 14592: 14586: 14580: 14574: 14568: 14562: 14556: 14550: 14544: 14538: 14532: 14526: 14520: 14514: 14508: 14502: 14496: 14490: 14484: 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13649: 13643: 13642:, pp. vi–1. 13637: 13631: 13625: 13619: 13613: 13607: 13601: 13595: 13589: 13583: 13577: 13571: 13565: 13559: 13553: 13547: 13541: 13535: 13529: 13523: 13517: 13511: 13505: 13499: 13493: 13487: 13481: 13475: 13469: 13460: 13454: 13448: 13442: 13436: 13430: 13424: 13418: 13412: 13406: 13400: 13394: 13388: 13382: 13376: 13370: 13361: 13355: 13346: 13340: 13334: 13328: 13322: 13316: 13310: 13304: 13298: 13292: 13286: 13280: 13274: 13273:, pp. 1, 4. 13268: 13262: 13256: 13250: 13244: 13235: 13229: 13220: 13214: 13208: 13202: 13191: 13185: 13179: 13178:, p. 8,224. 13173: 13167: 13161: 13155: 13149: 13143: 13137: 13131: 13125: 13119: 13113: 13107: 13101: 13095: 13089: 13083: 13077: 13071: 13065: 13059: 13053: 13044: 13038: 13032: 13026: 13020: 13014: 13008: 13002: 12993: 12987: 12981: 12975: 12969: 12963: 12957: 12954:Valkenburgh 1994 12951: 12945: 12939: 12933: 12927: 12921: 12915: 12909: 12903: 12894: 12888: 12879: 12873: 12867: 12861: 12855: 12849: 12843: 12837: 12831: 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12000: 11994: 11988: 11982: 11976: 11970: 11964: 11958: 11949: 11943: 11937: 11934:Zachariadou 2006 11931: 11922: 11919:Zachariadou 2006 11916: 11910: 11907:Zachariadou 2006 11904: 11898: 11892: 11886: 11880: 11871: 11865: 11846: 11843:Zachariadou 2006 11840: 11834: 11831:Zachariadou 2006 11828: 11822: 11816: 11810: 11804: 11798: 11792: 11786: 11780: 11774: 11768: 11762: 11756: 11750: 11744: 11738: 11732: 11726: 11720: 11714: 11708: 11702: 11696: 11685: 11679: 11670: 11664: 11651: 11645: 11639: 11633: 11627: 11621: 11615: 11609: 11600: 11594: 11588: 11582: 11576: 11575:, pp. 7, 8. 11570: 11564: 11558: 11552: 11546: 11540: 11534: 11528: 11522: 11516: 11510: 11504: 11498: 11492: 11486: 11480: 11474: 11468: 11462: 11453: 11447: 11441: 11435: 11429: 11423: 11417: 11411: 11402: 11396: 11390: 11384: 11378: 11372: 11366: 11360: 11354: 11348: 11342: 11336: 11327: 11321: 11315: 11309: 11303: 11297: 11291: 11285: 11279: 11273: 11267: 11261: 11252: 11246: 11240: 11234: 11228: 11222: 11216: 11210: 11204: 11198: 11192: 11186: 11180: 11174: 11168: 11162: 11156: 11153:Shatzmiller 1974 11150: 11144: 11138: 11132: 11126: 11120: 11114: 11108: 11102: 11096: 11090: 11084: 11078: 11072: 11066: 11060: 11054: 11048: 11042: 11036: 11030: 11024: 11018: 11012: 11006: 11000: 10994: 10988: 10982: 10976: 10970: 10964: 10958: 10952: 10949:Firlej 2021–2022 10946: 10940: 10934: 10928: 10922: 10913: 10907: 10901: 10895: 10889: 10883: 10877: 10871: 10865: 10859: 10853: 10847: 10841: 10835: 10829: 10823: 10817: 10811: 10805: 10799: 10793: 10787: 10781: 10775: 10769: 10763: 10752: 10746: 10740: 10734: 10728: 10722: 10716: 10710: 10704: 10698: 10692: 10686: 10680: 10674: 10668: 10662: 10656: 10655:, pp. 3, 4. 10650: 10644: 10638: 10632: 10626: 10620: 10614: 10603: 10597: 10591: 10585: 10579: 10573: 10567: 10561: 10555: 10549: 10543: 10537: 10531: 10525: 10516: 10510: 10504: 10498: 10492: 10486: 10480: 10474: 10468: 10462: 10451: 10445: 10439: 10433: 10427: 10421: 10415: 10409: 10403: 10397: 10391: 10385: 10379: 10373: 10367: 10361: 10355: 10349: 10343: 10337: 10331: 10325: 10319: 10313: 10307: 10301: 10295: 10289: 10283: 10277: 10268: 10262: 10256: 10250: 10244: 10238: 10232: 10226: 10220: 10214: 10208: 10202: 10196: 10190: 10184: 10178: 10172: 10166: 10160: 10154: 10148: 10142: 10136: 10130: 10124: 10118: 10112: 10106: 10100: 10094: 10088: 10082: 10076: 10070: 10064: 10058: 10052: 10046: 10040: 10034: 10028: 10022: 10016: 10010: 10004: 9998: 9989: 9983: 9977: 9971: 9965: 9959: 9953: 9947: 9941: 9935: 9926: 9925:, p. xxiii. 9920: 9911: 9905: 9899: 9898:, p. cxvii. 9893: 9887: 9881: 9875: 9869: 9863: 9857: 9851: 9845: 9836: 9830: 9824: 9823:, pp. 2, 7. 9818: 9812: 9806: 9797: 9791: 9782: 9776: 9770: 9769:, pp. 1, 7. 9764: 9755: 9749: 9743: 9737: 9731: 9725: 9719: 9713: 9707: 9701: 9695: 9689: 9680: 9674: 9668: 9662: 9656: 9650: 9644: 9638: 9632: 9626: 9620: 9614: 9608: 9602: 9593: 9587: 9581: 9575: 9569: 9563: 9557: 9551: 9545: 9539: 9533: 9527: 9521: 9515: 9504: 9498: 9489: 9483: 9477: 9471: 9462: 9456: 9450: 9444: 9438: 9432: 9426: 9420: 9414: 9408: 9402: 9396: 9390: 9389:, pp. 9–10. 9384: 9378: 9372: 9361: 9355: 9346: 9340: 9334: 9328: 9322: 9316: 9310: 9304: 9298: 9292: 9286: 9280: 9274: 9268: 9262: 9256: 9250: 9244: 9238: 9232: 9226: 9220: 9214: 9208: 9202: 9196: 9190: 9184: 9178: 9172: 9166: 9160: 9154: 9148: 9139: 9133: 9124: 9118: 9109: 9103: 9097: 9091: 9082: 9076: 9067: 9061: 9055: 9049: 9043: 9037: 9028: 9022: 9016: 9010: 9004: 8998: 8992: 8986: 8980: 8974: 8968: 8962: 8956: 8950: 8944: 8938: 8932: 8926: 8920: 8914: 8908: 8902: 8896: 8890: 8884: 8878: 8872: 8866: 8860: 8854: 8848: 8842: 8836: 8830: 8824: 8818: 8812: 8806: 8800: 8799:, p. xxxiv. 8794: 8788: 8782: 8773: 8767: 8761: 8755: 8749: 8743: 8737: 8731: 8725: 8719: 8713: 8707: 8701: 8695: 8689: 8683: 8677: 8671: 8665: 8659: 8653: 8647: 8641: 8635: 8629: 8623: 8617: 8611: 8602: 8596: 8590: 8584: 8578: 8572: 8566: 8560: 8554: 8548: 8539: 8533: 8527: 8521: 8515: 8509: 8503: 8497: 8486: 8480: 8474: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8444: 8438: 8432: 8426: 8420: 8414: 8408: 8402: 8396: 8390: 8384: 8378: 8372: 8366: 8360: 8354: 8348: 8342: 8336: 8330: 8324: 8318: 8312: 8306: 8300: 8294: 8288: 8282: 8276: 8270: 8264: 8258: 8252: 8243: 8237: 8231: 8225: 8219: 8213: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8165: 8156: 8150: 8144: 8138: 8132: 8126: 8120: 8114: 8108: 8102: 8096: 8090: 8084: 8078: 8072: 8066: 8060: 8054: 8048: 8042: 8036: 8030: 8024: 8018: 8012: 8006: 8000: 7994: 7988: 7982: 7973: 7967: 7961: 7955: 7949: 7943: 7937: 7931: 7925: 7919: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7900:, pp. 1–17. 7895: 7889: 7883: 7877: 7871: 7865: 7859: 7853: 7847: 7838: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7814: 7808: 7802: 7796: 7790: 7784: 7778: 7772: 7766: 7760: 7754: 7748: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7724: 7718: 7712: 7706: 7700: 7694: 7688: 7682: 7676: 7670: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7646: 7640: 7634: 7628: 7619: 7613: 7607: 7601: 7595: 7589: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7562: 7556: 7550: 7544: 7538: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7508: 7502: 7496: 7490: 7484: 7478: 7472: 7466: 7460: 7454: 7445: 7439: 7433: 7427: 7421: 7415: 7409: 7403: 7394: 7388: 7382: 7376: 7370: 7364: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7334: 7328: 7322: 7316: 7310: 7304: 7298: 7292: 7286: 7280: 7274: 7268: 7262: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7238: 7232: 7223: 7217: 7211: 7205: 7199: 7193: 7187: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7160: 7154: 7145: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7094: 7088: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7043: 7037: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6875: 6869: 6863: 6857: 6851: 6845: 6836: 6830: 6821: 6815: 6809: 6803: 6797: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6773: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6709:, p. 45–48. 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6656: 6650: 6644: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6587: 6581: 6575: 6572:Schäferdiek 2007 6569: 6560: 6554: 6548: 6542: 6536: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6497: 6491: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6467: 6461: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6283: 6277: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6205:, pp. 6–16. 6200: 6189: 6183: 6177: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6147: 6138: 6132: 6126: 6120: 6111: 6105: 6096: 6090: 6079: 6076:Bokenkotter 2007 6073: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5973: 5958: 5952: 5909: 5903: 5844: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5824: 5818: 5814: 5808: 5780: 5774: 5755: 5749: 5735: 5729: 5728:metropolitanate. 5725: 5719: 5716: 5710: 5703: 5697: 5665: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5646: 5640: 5637: 5631: 5623: 5617: 5614:cult of chivalry 5594: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5566: 5560: 5548: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5469: 5463: 5456: 5450: 5430: 5424: 5413: 5407: 5396: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5373: 5367: 5359: 5353: 5322: 5316: 5300: 5294: 5281: 5275: 5263: 5257: 5254: 5248: 5241: 5235: 5228: 5222: 5195: 5054: 5053: 5045: 5044: 4909:Historical Jesus 4757: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4743: 4738: 4737: 4729: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4715: 4710: 4709: 4701: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4611:"kingdom ideals" 4396:mental hospitals 4252:boarding schools 4127: 4124: 3951: 3950: 1450–1750 3948: 3891:Schmalkaldic War 3856:Council of Trent 3813:Huldrych Zwingli 3736: 3727: 3645:Vladimir of Kiev 3460:in their place. 3431:Robert of Geneva 3052:Pope Gregory VII 2992: 2989: 2906:Mendicant orders 2817:East–West Schism 2744:Gregorian Reform 2740:Frankish kingdom 2632: 2623: 2302:and traditional 2263:Nestorian schism 2018: 2000:Church hierarchy 1931:Pauline epistles 1905: 1902: 1895: 1774:is mentioned in 1665:Rabbinic Judaism 1571:reform movements 1569:and its related 1548:East–West Schism 1540:High Middle Ages 1520:Byzantine Empire 1512:Slavic countries 1504:Christianization 1415: 1412: 1338: 1331: 1324: 1127:Age of Discovery 1109:Christianization 973: 972: 800:Founding figures 792: 773: 772: 763: 756: 749: 732: 577:Christadelphians 507:Free Evangelical 460:Eastern Orthodox 417: 416: 368:East–West Schism 100: 77: 76: 68: 67: 21: 29495: 29494: 29490: 29489: 29488: 29486: 29485: 29484: 29465: 29464: 29463: 29458: 29397: 29363:Interwar period 29338:Napoleonic Wars 29202: 29173:Mongol invasion 29126:Crown of Aragon 29018: 28958: 28954:Iron Age Europe 28925: 28920: 28890: 28885: 28825: 28806:Illyro-thracian 28760: 28732: 28703: 28668: 28640: 28607: 28579: 28551: 28504: 28486: 28481: 28451: 28446: 28424: 28412: 28366: 28321: 28239: 28120: 28114: 28069: 27994:One true church 27850: 27818: 27778: 27667: 27655: 27605: 27562: 27507: 27434:in Christianity 27420: 27406: 27400: 27392: 27351: 27327: 27319: 27276: 27271: 27241: 27236: 27186: 27173:Christian right 27075:Oxford Movement 27050:Restorationists 27021: 26936: 26869: 26804: 26755:Presbyterianism 26726: 26706:Book of Concord 26657: 26581: 26579: 26571: 26338: 26228: 26221: 26057: 25956: 25948: 25907:Clement of Rome 25837: 25830: 25734: 25728: 25617: 25599: 25594: 25564: 25506: 25479:Wayback Machine 25462: 25460: 25446: 25427: 25422: 25413: 25411: 25407: 25396: 25382: 25380: 25352: 25350: 25345:. p. C09. 25325: 25323: 25297: 25295: 25273: 25271: 25236: 25234: 25184: 25182: 25155: 25153: 25124: 25122: 25118: 25111: 25094: 25092: 25074: 25072: 25049: 25047: 25027: 25005: 25003: 24978: 24950: 24948: 24925: 24923: 24897: 24895: 24882:(6 June 2023). 24872: 24842: 24840: 24813: 24811: 24793: 24791: 24776: 24774: 24752: 24750: 24732: 24730: 24717: 24712: 24706: 24687: 24668: 24641: 24608: 24606: 24561: 24539: 24537: 24530: 24502: 24483: 24461: 24445:Witte, John Jr. 24437: 24415: 24390: 24388: 24357: 24291: 24272: 24253: 24234: 24212: 24193: 24166: 24140: 24138: 24136: 24128:. CUP Archive. 24115: 24096: 24074:Vinzent, Markus 24063: 24061: 24054: 24038:Abulafia, David 24026:Verger, Jacques 23997: 23978: 23951:10.2307/1869130 23935:Van Engen, John 23927: 23892: 23878:Ullmann, Walter 23854: 23835: 23805: 23803: 23796: 23775: 23748: 23712: 23610: 23608: 23601: 23579:Tarver, Micheal 23550: 23495: 23451: 23421: 23398: 23335: 23316: 23297: 23275: 23256: 23234: 23232: 23197: 23195: 23172: 23170: 23166: 23135: 23121: 23099:Angold, Michael 23087: 23068: 23046: 23008:10.2307/2501480 22987: 22965: 22963: 22915: 22913: 22906: 22882: 22860: 22840: 22817: 22803: 22801: 22794: 22770: 22740: 22721: 22702: 22680: 22655: 22653: 22646: 22597: 22578: 22556: 22554: 22550: 22533: 22519: 22517: 22510: 22482: 22463: 22436: 22396: 22369:10.2307/1453186 22348: 22321:10.2307/2954270 22298: 22243: 22223: 22178: 22172:Robert, Dana L. 22067: 22015: 22013: 22006: 21982: 21960: 21941: 21922: 21887: 21885: 21881: 21864: 21829: 21807: 21805: 21801: 21752: 21741: 21722: 21700: 21698: 21691: 21664: 21662: 21655: 21628: 21626: 21574:(2): 91–99url= 21559: 21540: 21519: 21489: 21467: 21448: 21434:Darrow, William 21421: 21402: 21388:Olson, Roger E. 21380: 21355: 21353: 21346: 21338:. Baker Books. 21309: 21307: 21300: 21273: 21271: 21231: 21212: 21193: 21174: 21148:Mout, Nicolette 21108: 21074:10.2307/2491705 21053: 21031: 21009: 20990: 20968: 20949: 20914: 20892: 20865: 20846: 20827: 20808: 20777: 20755: 20753: 20746: 20685: 20661: 20634: 20604: 20602: 20571: 20569: 20543: 20527:Mannion, Gerard 20494: 20470: 20468: 20461: 20428: 20406: 20404: 20394:10.2307/2179428 20369: 20350: 20324: 20302: 20300: 20263:Lieu, Judith M. 20255: 20233: 20214: 20192: 20172:LeGoff, Jacques 20164: 20142: 20140: 20103: 20081: 20079: 20072: 20027: 20025: 20002: 20000: 19993: 19966: 19964: 19957: 19933: 19914: 19889: 19887: 19880: 19856: 19829: 19810: 19791: 19772: 19745: 19699: 19697: 19690: 19669: 19647: 19612: 19590: 19588: 19581: 19554: 19552: 19545: 19520: 19501: 19480: 19449: 19447: 19432: 19414:Jenkins, Philip 19406: 19387: 19373:Jacob, Margaret 19362: 19360: 19336: 19314: 19295: 19272: 19253: 19186:10.2307/3711919 19128: 19126: 19119: 19098: 19047: 19028: 19009: 18990: 18940: 18921: 18902: 18883: 18864: 18834: 18815: 18796: 18777: 18758: 18667: 18665: 18650: 18624:Hanson, Paul D. 18616: 18597: 18575: 18553: 18534: 18515: 18496: 18462:Modern Theology 18448: 18430:Goodman, Martin 18419: 18417: 18410: 18386: 18367: 18341: 18322: 18312:Medieval Worlds 18303: 18276:10.2307/3711649 18255: 18236: 18202: 18200: 18185: 18158: 18129: 18092:10.2307/2998096 18066: 18052:Fox, Robin Lane 18041: 18039: 17941: 17922: 17903: 17882: 17863: 17845:Folda, Jaroslav 17834: 17832: 17825: 17801: 17799: 17795: 17780: 17769: 17747: 17745: 17700: 17688:, eds. (2003). 17671: 17669: 17662: 17636: 17611: 17609: 17602: 17575: 17573: 17566: 17515: 17493: 17451: 17429: 17427: 17420: 17357:10.2307/3168653 17331: 17299: 17280: 17224: 17205: 17186: 17164: 17162: 17155: 17139:De Jonge, H. J. 17128: 17126: 17086: 17067: 17002: 16983: 16969:Whitby, Michael 16957: 16938: 16916:Angold, Michael 16848: 16826: 16804: 16782: 16753: 16751: 16716: 16714: 16710: 16693: 16682: 16607: 16593:Shanzer, Danuta 16577: 16555: 16507: 16486: 16462: 16443: 16421: 16399: 16380: 16361: 16342: 16315: 16296: 16269: 16267: 16242: 16202: 16200: 16179: 16160: 16141: 16119: 16092: 16037: 16011: 15980: 15961: 15942: 15921:Cameron, Averil 15911: 15894: 15822: 15787: 15768: 15746: 15744: 15737: 15716: 15697: 15670:10.2307/1088885 15646: 15644: 15637: 15616: 15575: 15564: 15545: 15517: 15501:Fiering, Norman 15484:10.2307/3653905 15423: 15421: 15390: 15388: 15381: 15360: 15335: 15333: 15326: 15302: 15278: 15240:10.2307/3170108 15214: 15212: 15205: 15184: 15165: 15143: 15108: 15086: 15084: 15065:Arnold, John H. 15057: 15031: 15017:Ankarloo, Bengt 14997:Angold, Michael 14989: 14970: 14943: 14908: 14878: 14853: 14851: 14831: 14808: 14789: 14770: 14719: 14697: 14667: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14627:, pp. 3–4. 14623: 14619: 14611: 14607: 14599: 14595: 14587: 14583: 14575: 14571: 14567:, pp. 4–5. 14563: 14559: 14551: 14547: 14543:, pp. 6–8. 14539: 14535: 14527: 14523: 14515: 14511: 14503: 14499: 14491: 14487: 14479: 14472: 14464: 14460: 14452: 14445: 14437: 14433: 14425: 14421: 14413: 14409: 14401: 14397: 14389: 14382: 14374: 14367: 14359: 14355: 14347: 14343: 14335: 14331: 14323: 14319: 14311: 14307: 14299: 14295: 14287: 14283: 14275: 14271: 14263: 14256: 14248: 14244: 14236: 14232: 14224: 14217: 14209: 14205: 14197: 14193: 14185: 14178: 14170: 14166: 14158: 14154: 14146: 14142: 14134: 14130: 14122: 14118: 14110: 14106: 14098: 14094: 14086: 14082: 14074: 14070: 14062: 14058: 14046: 14042: 14038:, Introduction. 14034: 14030: 14022: 14018: 14010: 14006: 13998: 13994: 13990:, pp. 3–9. 13986: 13982: 13974: 13970: 13962: 13958: 13950: 13946: 13938: 13934: 13926: 13922: 13910: 13906: 13898: 13894: 13886: 13882: 13878:, p. xiii. 13874: 13870: 13862: 13858: 13852:PEW global 2020 13850: 13846: 13838: 13834: 13826: 13817: 13809: 13802: 13796:Pew Center 2017 13794: 13790: 13782: 13778: 13774:, pp. 5–6. 13770: 13766: 13758: 13754: 13746: 13742: 13734: 13730: 13722: 13718: 13710: 13706: 13698: 13694: 13686: 13682: 13674: 13670: 13662: 13658: 13650: 13646: 13638: 13634: 13626: 13622: 13618:, pp. 5–8. 13614: 13610: 13602: 13598: 13590: 13586: 13578: 13574: 13566: 13562: 13554: 13550: 13542: 13538: 13530: 13526: 13518: 13514: 13506: 13502: 13494: 13490: 13482: 13478: 13474:, pp. 7–8. 13470: 13463: 13455: 13451: 13445:McLoughlin 1984 13443: 13439: 13431: 13427: 13419: 13415: 13407: 13403: 13395: 13391: 13383: 13379: 13371: 13364: 13356: 13349: 13341: 13337: 13331:Dei verbum 2014 13329: 13325: 13317: 13313: 13305: 13301: 13293: 13289: 13281: 13277: 13269: 13265: 13257: 13253: 13245: 13238: 13230: 13223: 13215: 13211: 13203: 13194: 13186: 13182: 13174: 13170: 13162: 13158: 13150: 13146: 13138: 13134: 13126: 13122: 13114: 13110: 13102: 13098: 13090: 13086: 13078: 13074: 13066: 13062: 13054: 13047: 13039: 13035: 13027: 13023: 13015: 13011: 13003: 12996: 12988: 12984: 12976: 12972: 12964: 12960: 12952: 12948: 12940: 12936: 12928: 12924: 12916: 12912: 12904: 12897: 12893:, pp. 4–5. 12889: 12882: 12874: 12870: 12864:Schumpeter 1954 12862: 12858: 12850: 12846: 12838: 12834: 12826: 12822: 12814: 12810: 12802: 12798: 12790: 12786: 12778: 12774: 12766: 12762: 12754: 12750: 12742: 12738: 12730: 12726: 12718: 12714: 12706: 12702: 12694: 12690: 12682: 12678: 12674:, p. xiii. 12670: 12666: 12658: 12654: 12646: 12642: 12634: 12627: 12619: 12615: 12607: 12603: 12595: 12588: 12580: 12571: 12563: 12559: 12551: 12540: 12532: 12528: 12520: 12516: 12508: 12504: 12496: 12492: 12484: 12480: 12472: 12468: 12460: 12456: 12448: 12444: 12436: 12432: 12424: 12420: 12412: 12408: 12400: 12396: 12388: 12384: 12376: 12372: 12364: 12357: 12349: 12345: 12341:, pp. 2–3. 12337: 12333: 12325: 12321: 12313: 12309: 12303:MacCulloch 2004 12301: 12297: 12289: 12285: 12277: 12270: 12262: 12258: 12250: 12246: 12238: 12234: 12230:, p. xxix. 12226: 12222: 12214: 12210: 12202: 12198: 12190: 12186: 12178: 12174: 12166: 12162: 12154: 12150: 12142: 12138: 12130: 12126: 12118: 12114: 12106: 12102: 12094: 12087: 12079: 12075: 12067: 12063: 12055: 12051: 12047:, pp. 8–9. 12043: 12039: 12031: 12027: 12019: 12015: 12007: 12003: 11995: 11991: 11983: 11979: 11975:, pp. 5–7. 11971: 11967: 11959: 11952: 11944: 11940: 11932: 11925: 11917: 11913: 11905: 11901: 11893: 11889: 11881: 11874: 11866: 11849: 11841: 11837: 11829: 11825: 11817: 11813: 11805: 11801: 11793: 11789: 11781: 11777: 11769: 11765: 11757: 11753: 11745: 11741: 11733: 11729: 11721: 11717: 11713:, pp. 1–3. 11709: 11705: 11697: 11688: 11680: 11673: 11665: 11654: 11646: 11642: 11636:MacCulloch 2009 11634: 11630: 11622: 11618: 11610: 11603: 11595: 11591: 11583: 11579: 11571: 11567: 11561:MacCulloch 2009 11559: 11555: 11547: 11543: 11535: 11531: 11523: 11519: 11511: 11507: 11499: 11495: 11487: 11483: 11475: 11471: 11463: 11456: 11448: 11444: 11436: 11432: 11426:MacCulloch 2009 11424: 11420: 11412: 11405: 11399:Chamberlin 1986 11397: 11393: 11385: 11381: 11373: 11369: 11361: 11357: 11349: 11345: 11339:MacCulloch 2009 11337: 11330: 11322: 11318: 11310: 11306: 11298: 11294: 11286: 11282: 11278:, pp. 2–3. 11274: 11270: 11262: 11255: 11247: 11243: 11235: 11231: 11223: 11219: 11211: 11207: 11199: 11195: 11187: 11183: 11175: 11171: 11163: 11159: 11151: 11147: 11139: 11135: 11127: 11123: 11115: 11111: 11103: 11099: 11091: 11087: 11079: 11075: 11067: 11063: 11055: 11051: 11043: 11039: 11031: 11027: 11019: 11015: 11007: 11003: 10995: 10991: 10983: 10979: 10971: 10967: 10959: 10955: 10947: 10943: 10935: 10931: 10923: 10916: 10912:, pp. 2–3. 10908: 10904: 10900:, pp. 1–7. 10896: 10892: 10884: 10880: 10872: 10868: 10860: 10856: 10848: 10844: 10836: 10832: 10824: 10820: 10812: 10808: 10800: 10796: 10788: 10784: 10776: 10772: 10764: 10755: 10747: 10743: 10735: 10731: 10723: 10719: 10711: 10707: 10699: 10695: 10687: 10683: 10675: 10671: 10663: 10659: 10651: 10647: 10639: 10635: 10627: 10623: 10615: 10606: 10598: 10594: 10586: 10582: 10574: 10570: 10562: 10558: 10550: 10546: 10538: 10534: 10526: 10519: 10511: 10507: 10503:, pp. 2–6. 10499: 10495: 10487: 10483: 10475: 10471: 10463: 10454: 10446: 10442: 10434: 10430: 10422: 10418: 10410: 10406: 10398: 10394: 10388:MacCulloch 2009 10386: 10382: 10374: 10370: 10362: 10358: 10350: 10346: 10338: 10334: 10326: 10322: 10314: 10310: 10302: 10298: 10294:, pp. 5–7. 10290: 10286: 10278: 10271: 10263: 10259: 10251: 10247: 10241:Den Heijer 2011 10239: 10235: 10227: 10223: 10215: 10211: 10203: 10199: 10191: 10187: 10179: 10175: 10167: 10163: 10155: 10151: 10143: 10139: 10131: 10127: 10119: 10115: 10107: 10103: 10095: 10091: 10083: 10079: 10071: 10067: 10059: 10055: 10051:, pp. 4–5. 10047: 10043: 10035: 10031: 10025:MacCulloch 2009 10023: 10019: 10011: 10007: 9999: 9992: 9984: 9980: 9972: 9968: 9960: 9956: 9948: 9944: 9940:, pp. 2–3. 9936: 9929: 9921: 9914: 9906: 9902: 9894: 9890: 9882: 9878: 9870: 9866: 9858: 9854: 9848:Smelyansky 2020 9846: 9839: 9831: 9827: 9819: 9815: 9807: 9800: 9792: 9785: 9777: 9773: 9765: 9758: 9752:Lorenzetti 2023 9750: 9746: 9740:Meyendorff 1979 9738: 9734: 9726: 9722: 9714: 9710: 9702: 9698: 9690: 9683: 9675: 9671: 9663: 9659: 9651: 9647: 9639: 9635: 9627: 9623: 9615: 9611: 9603: 9596: 9588: 9584: 9576: 9572: 9564: 9560: 9552: 9548: 9540: 9536: 9528: 9524: 9516: 9507: 9499: 9492: 9484: 9480: 9472: 9465: 9457: 9453: 9445: 9441: 9433: 9429: 9425:, p. xvii. 9421: 9417: 9413:, pp. 189. 9409: 9405: 9397: 9393: 9385: 9381: 9373: 9364: 9356: 9349: 9341: 9337: 9329: 9325: 9317: 9313: 9309:, pp. 3–5. 9305: 9301: 9293: 9289: 9281: 9277: 9269: 9265: 9257: 9253: 9247:Pluskowski 2011 9245: 9241: 9233: 9229: 9221: 9217: 9209: 9205: 9201:, pp. 5–6. 9197: 9193: 9185: 9181: 9173: 9169: 9161: 9157: 9149: 9142: 9136:MacCulloch 2009 9134: 9127: 9119: 9112: 9104: 9100: 9092: 9085: 9077: 9070: 9064:Costambeys 2000 9062: 9058: 9052:Costambeys 2000 9050: 9046: 9040:Costambeys 2000 9038: 9031: 9023: 9019: 9011: 9007: 8999: 8995: 8987: 8983: 8975: 8971: 8963: 8959: 8951: 8947: 8939: 8935: 8927: 8923: 8915: 8911: 8907:, pp. 1–3. 8903: 8899: 8891: 8887: 8879: 8875: 8867: 8863: 8855: 8851: 8843: 8839: 8831: 8827: 8819: 8815: 8807: 8803: 8795: 8791: 8783: 8776: 8768: 8764: 8756: 8752: 8744: 8740: 8732: 8728: 8720: 8716: 8708: 8704: 8696: 8692: 8684: 8680: 8672: 8668: 8660: 8656: 8648: 8644: 8636: 8632: 8624: 8620: 8614:Pennington 2007 8612: 8605: 8597: 8593: 8585: 8581: 8577:, pp. 1–3. 8573: 8569: 8561: 8557: 8549: 8542: 8534: 8530: 8522: 8518: 8510: 8506: 8498: 8489: 8481: 8477: 8469: 8465: 8457: 8453: 8445: 8441: 8433: 8429: 8421: 8417: 8409: 8405: 8397: 8393: 8389:, pp. 1–4. 8385: 8381: 8373: 8369: 8361: 8357: 8349: 8345: 8337: 8333: 8325: 8321: 8313: 8309: 8301: 8297: 8289: 8285: 8281:, pp. 7–8. 8277: 8273: 8265: 8261: 8253: 8246: 8238: 8234: 8226: 8222: 8218:, p. xvii. 8214: 8210: 8202: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8178: 8174: 8166: 8159: 8151: 8147: 8139: 8135: 8127: 8123: 8115: 8111: 8103: 8099: 8091: 8087: 8079: 8075: 8067: 8063: 8057:Sabo & 2018 8055: 8051: 8043: 8039: 8031: 8027: 8019: 8015: 8007: 8003: 7995: 7991: 7983: 7976: 7968: 7964: 7956: 7952: 7944: 7940: 7932: 7928: 7920: 7916: 7908: 7904: 7896: 7892: 7884: 7880: 7872: 7868: 7860: 7856: 7848: 7841: 7833: 7829: 7821: 7817: 7809: 7805: 7797: 7793: 7785: 7781: 7773: 7769: 7761: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7737: 7733: 7725: 7721: 7713: 7709: 7701: 7697: 7689: 7685: 7677: 7673: 7665: 7661: 7653: 7649: 7641: 7637: 7629: 7622: 7614: 7610: 7602: 7598: 7590: 7583: 7575: 7571: 7563: 7559: 7551: 7547: 7539: 7535: 7527: 7523: 7515: 7511: 7503: 7499: 7491: 7487: 7483:, p. xxvi. 7479: 7475: 7467: 7463: 7455: 7448: 7440: 7436: 7428: 7424: 7420:, p. xxiv. 7416: 7412: 7404: 7397: 7389: 7385: 7377: 7373: 7369:, pp. 4–5. 7365: 7361: 7353: 7349: 7341: 7337: 7329: 7325: 7317: 7313: 7305: 7301: 7293: 7289: 7281: 7277: 7269: 7265: 7257: 7253: 7245: 7241: 7233: 7226: 7218: 7214: 7206: 7202: 7198:, pp. 6–7. 7194: 7190: 7182: 7178: 7170: 7163: 7155: 7148: 7140: 7136: 7132:, p. xxix. 7128: 7124: 7116: 7112: 7108:, pp. 1–3. 7104: 7097: 7093:, pp. 1–3. 7089: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7066:, p. XXVI. 7062: 7058: 7050: 7046: 7038: 7034: 7026: 7022: 7014: 7010: 7002: 6998: 6990: 6986: 6978: 6974: 6966: 6962: 6956:Carrington 1957 6954: 6950: 6942: 6938: 6930: 6926: 6918: 6914: 6906: 6902: 6894: 6890: 6882: 6878: 6870: 6866: 6858: 6854: 6846: 6839: 6831: 6824: 6816: 6812: 6804: 6800: 6792: 6788: 6780: 6776: 6768: 6764: 6756: 6752: 6744: 6740: 6732: 6725: 6717: 6713: 6705: 6701: 6693: 6689: 6681: 6677: 6669: 6665: 6657: 6653: 6645: 6641: 6633: 6629: 6621: 6617: 6609: 6605: 6597: 6590: 6582: 6578: 6570: 6563: 6559:, pp. 8–9. 6555: 6551: 6543: 6539: 6531: 6527: 6519: 6515: 6507: 6500: 6492: 6488: 6480: 6476: 6468: 6464: 6456: 6452: 6444: 6440: 6432: 6428: 6420: 6416: 6408: 6404: 6396: 6387: 6379: 6375: 6367: 6363: 6355: 6351: 6343: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6319: 6315: 6307: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6284: 6280: 6273: 6269: 6261: 6257: 6249: 6245: 6237: 6233: 6225: 6221: 6213: 6209: 6201: 6192: 6184: 6180: 6172: 6168: 6160: 6156: 6148: 6141: 6133: 6129: 6121: 6114: 6106: 6099: 6091: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6062: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6038: 6034: 6026: 6022: 6014: 6010: 6004:Britannica 2022 6002: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5977: 5976: 5966:religious right 5959: 5955: 5910: 5906: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5821: 5815: 5811: 5795:(Puritans) and 5781: 5777: 5759:Fernand Braudel 5756: 5752: 5736: 5732: 5726: 5722: 5717: 5713: 5704: 5700: 5666: 5662: 5656: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5638: 5634: 5624: 5620: 5612:developed. The 5598:Affective piety 5595: 5591: 5585: 5581: 5567: 5563: 5549: 5545: 5539: 5535: 5470: 5466: 5457: 5453: 5431: 5427: 5417:Apostles' Creed 5414: 5410: 5404:papal supremacy 5397: 5393: 5387: 5383: 5377:Pope Gelasius I 5374: 5370: 5360: 5356: 5323: 5319: 5301: 5297: 5282: 5278: 5264: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5242: 5238: 5229: 5225: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5043: 4889:Frankish Papacy 4854:Cluniac Reforms 4753: 4748: 4746: 4741:Religion portal 4739: 4732: 4725: 4720: 4718: 4711: 4704: 4697: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4661: 4607: 4590: 4554:Pope John XXIII 4539: 4506: 4493: 4469: 4432: 4423: 4349:Most Holy Synod 4325: 4298:, and dignity. 4261: 4247: 4217: 4162: 4144:), followed by 4134: 4132:Western Slavery 4125: 4119:Sojourner Truth 4096:Restorationists 4029: 4003:formation, the 3985: 3973: 3960: 3954: 3949: 3935:Sheridan Gilley 3931: 3915: 3879: 3863:Spanish mystics 3825: 3760: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3729: 3728: 3717: 3708: 3697: 3688:Sheridan Gilley 3683: 3627:Klavdiy Lebedev 3616: 3583: 3512:Michelangelo's 3505: 3466: 3419:Pope Gregory XI 3393: 3378:Goa Inquisition 3288: 3263: 3224: 3193: 3181:Philip Augustus 3177: 3171: 3159: 3115:Crusader states 3103: 3097: 3085:excommunication 3071:papal supremacy 3039:at the gate of 3026: 3021: 2990: 2965: 2922: 2847: 2841: 2825: 2813:Filioque Clause 2634: 2630: 2628: 2621: 2614: 2577: 2575:Papal supremacy 2568: 2562: 2537: 2500: 2450: 2384:Basil the Great 2360: 2343: 2269: 2255: 2242:supersessionism 2221: 2191: 2156: 2128: 2122: 2113: 2082:Council of Rome 2073: 2067: 2002: 1978: 1903: 1852: 1846: 1776:Paul's epistles 1741:self-sustaining 1721: 1715: 1646:Jewish diaspora 1626: 1614:global religion 1563:Catholic Church 1413: 1342: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1295: 1269: 1238: 1206: 1198: 1197: 1185: 1169:Great Awakening 1043: 1008: 970: 962: 961: 927: 917: 916: 802: 767: 704: 703: 674:Other religions 634: 626: 625: 414: 413: 393: 392: 313: 312: 292: 291: 225: 215: 214: 175: 174: 156: 155: 121: 120: 43: 36: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 29493: 29483: 29482: 29477: 29460: 29459: 29457: 29456: 29451: 29446: 29441: 29436: 29431: 29426: 29421: 29416: 29411: 29405: 29403: 29399: 29398: 29396: 29395: 29390: 29385: 29380: 29375: 29370: 29365: 29360: 29355: 29350: 29345: 29340: 29335: 29330: 29325: 29320: 29315: 29313:Russian Empire 29310: 29305: 29303:British Empire 29300: 29298:Dutch Republic 29295: 29293:Swedish Empire 29290: 29285: 29280: 29275: 29273:Spanish Empire 29270: 29265: 29263:Ottoman Empire 29260: 29255: 29250: 29245: 29240: 29235: 29234: 29233: 29223: 29218: 29212: 29210: 29204: 29203: 29201: 29200: 29195: 29190: 29185: 29180: 29178:Serbian Empire 29175: 29170: 29165: 29160: 29155: 29150: 29145: 29123: 29118: 29113: 29112: 29111: 29106: 29101: 29096: 29086: 29085: 29084: 29079: 29071: 29066: 29061: 29056: 29051: 29050: 29049: 29039: 29034: 29028: 29026: 29020: 29019: 29017: 29016: 29014:Late antiquity 29011: 29006: 29001: 29000: 28999: 28989: 28984: 28979: 28977:Roman Republic 28974: 28968: 28966: 28960: 28959: 28957: 28956: 28951: 28946: 28941: 28935: 28933: 28927: 28926: 28919: 28918: 28911: 28904: 28896: 28887: 28886: 28884: 28883: 28878: 28873: 28868: 28863: 28858: 28853: 28848: 28843: 28837: 28835: 28834:Related topics 28831: 28830: 28827: 28826: 28824: 28823: 28821:Vedic Hinduism 28818: 28813: 28808: 28803: 28802: 28801: 28796: 28786: 28781: 28776: 28770: 28768: 28762: 28761: 28759: 28758: 28753: 28748: 28742: 28740: 28734: 28733: 28731: 28730: 28724: 28722: 28713: 28709: 28708: 28705: 28704: 28702: 28701: 28696: 28691: 28690: 28689: 28678: 28676: 28670: 28669: 28667: 28666: 28661: 28659:Zoroastrianism 28656: 28650: 28648: 28642: 28641: 28639: 28638: 28633: 28628: 28623: 28617: 28615: 28609: 28608: 28606: 28605: 28600: 28595: 28589: 28587: 28581: 28580: 28578: 28577: 28572: 28567: 28561: 28559: 28553: 28552: 28550: 28549: 28544: 28539: 28534: 28529: 28523: 28521: 28512: 28506: 28505: 28503: 28502: 28497: 28491: 28488: 28487: 28480: 28479: 28472: 28465: 28457: 28448: 28447: 28445: 28444: 28434: 28421: 28418: 28417: 28414: 28413: 28411: 28410: 28405: 28400: 28395: 28390: 28385: 28380: 28374: 28372: 28368: 28367: 28365: 28364: 28359: 28358: 28357: 28352: 28347: 28335: 28329: 28327: 28323: 28322: 28320: 28319: 28314: 28309: 28304: 28299: 28290: 28285: 28283:Fundamentalism 28280: 28278:Existentialism 28275: 28270: 28265: 28260: 28255: 28249: 28247: 28241: 28240: 28238: 28237: 28232: 28231: 28230: 28220: 28215: 28210: 28205: 28200: 28195: 28190: 28189: 28188: 28178: 28177: 28176: 28171: 28169:God the Father 28166: 28161: 28156: 28146: 28145: 28144: 28133: 28131: 28122: 28116: 28115: 28113: 28112: 28107: 28102: 28101: 28100: 28090: 28085: 28079: 28077: 28071: 28070: 28068: 28067: 28066: 28065: 28055: 28050: 28049: 28048: 28043: 28038: 28033: 28028: 28023: 28018: 28008: 28007: 28006: 28001: 27996: 27991: 27989:Body of Christ 27986: 27976: 27971: 27966: 27965: 27964: 27954: 27949: 27948: 27947: 27942: 27937: 27932: 27922: 27917: 27912: 27907: 27902: 27897: 27892: 27891: 27890: 27885: 27880: 27875: 27864: 27862: 27856: 27855: 27852: 27851: 27849: 27848: 27839: 27834: 27828: 27826: 27824:Restorationist 27820: 27819: 27817: 27816: 27811: 27806: 27801: 27800: 27799: 27788: 27786: 27780: 27779: 27777: 27776: 27771: 27770: 27769: 27764: 27759: 27754: 27749: 27744: 27739: 27734: 27729: 27724: 27719: 27714: 27704: 27699: 27694: 27688: 27686: 27677: 27661: 27660: 27657: 27656: 27654: 27653: 27652: 27651: 27641: 27636: 27631: 27626: 27621: 27615: 27613: 27607: 27606: 27604: 27603: 27598: 27593: 27588: 27583: 27578: 27572: 27570: 27564: 27563: 27561: 27560: 27555: 27550: 27549: 27548: 27543: 27533: 27528: 27526:Late antiquity 27523: 27517: 27515: 27509: 27508: 27506: 27505: 27504: 27503: 27496:Church fathers 27493: 27488: 27487: 27486: 27481: 27476: 27471: 27466: 27461: 27456: 27451: 27446: 27441: 27436: 27425: 27423: 27412: 27394: 27393: 27391: 27390: 27385: 27380: 27375: 27370: 27365: 27359: 27357: 27353: 27352: 27350: 27349: 27344: 27339: 27333: 27331: 27321: 27320: 27318: 27317: 27312: 27307: 27302: 27297: 27292: 27287: 27281: 27278: 27277: 27270: 27269: 27262: 27255: 27247: 27238: 27237: 27235: 27234: 27229: 27224: 27219: 27214: 27209: 27208: 27207: 27202: 27191: 27188: 27187: 27185: 27184: 27179: 27170: 27160: 27155: 27150: 27145: 27140: 27138:Pentecostalism 27135: 27133:Jesus movement 27130: 27122: 27117: 27112: 27107: 27102: 27097: 27092: 27087: 27082: 27077: 27072: 27067: 27062: 27057: 27052: 27047: 27042: 27037: 27031: 27029: 27023: 27022: 27020: 27019: 27010: 27009: 27008: 26998: 26993: 26988: 26983: 26978: 26973: 26972: 26971: 26961: 26956: 26950: 26948: 26942: 26941: 26938: 26937: 26935: 26934: 26927: 26924:Martyrs Mirror 26920: 26915: 26910: 26908:Martyrs' Synod 26905: 26900: 26898:Swiss Brethren 26895: 26890: 26885: 26879: 26877: 26871: 26870: 26868: 26867: 26862: 26855: 26850: 26845: 26840: 26835: 26830: 26825: 26820: 26814: 26812: 26806: 26805: 26803: 26802: 26797: 26792: 26787: 26782: 26777: 26772: 26767: 26762: 26757: 26752: 26747: 26742: 26736: 26734: 26728: 26727: 26725: 26724: 26719: 26714: 26709: 26702: 26697: 26696: 26695: 26690: 26685: 26680: 26667: 26665: 26656: 26655: 26650: 26645: 26643:Law and Gospel 26640: 26635: 26630: 26625: 26620: 26619: 26618: 26608: 26603: 26598: 26593: 26587: 26585: 26573: 26572: 26570: 26569: 26568: 26567: 26557: 26552: 26547: 26542: 26537: 26532: 26531: 26530: 26520: 26515: 26510: 26505: 26500: 26495: 26490: 26485: 26480: 26475: 26470: 26465: 26460: 26455: 26450: 26445: 26440: 26435: 26434: 26433: 26428: 26423: 26418: 26413: 26408: 26398: 26397: 26396: 26395: 26394: 26384: 26379: 26374: 26364: 26359: 26354: 26348: 26346: 26340: 26339: 26337: 26336: 26331: 26326: 26324:Ottoman Empire 26321: 26316: 26311: 26306: 26301: 26296: 26291: 26286: 26281: 26276: 26275: 26274: 26269: 26259: 26254: 26249: 26244: 26239: 26233: 26231: 26223: 26222: 26220: 26219: 26214: 26213: 26212: 26198: 26193: 26188: 26183: 26178: 26173: 26168: 26163: 26154: 26149: 26144: 26139: 26138: 26137: 26136: 26135: 26125: 26120: 26115: 26105: 26100: 26095: 26090: 26085: 26084: 26083: 26078: 26067: 26065: 26059: 26058: 26056: 26055: 26053:Biblical canon 26050: 26049: 26048: 26034: 26029: 26024: 26019: 26014: 26009: 26008: 26007: 26002: 25992: 25987: 25982: 25977: 25976: 25975: 25964: 25962: 25954:Late antiquity 25950: 25949: 25947: 25946: 25941: 25940: 25939: 25934: 25929: 25924: 25919: 25914: 25909: 25902:Church Fathers 25895: 25890: 25885: 25884: 25883: 25878: 25873: 25868: 25863: 25858: 25853: 25842: 25840: 25832: 25831: 25829: 25828: 25827: 25826: 25821: 25816: 25811: 25806: 25796: 25791: 25786: 25781: 25776: 25775: 25774: 25769: 25764: 25759: 25754: 25744: 25738: 25736: 25730: 25729: 25727: 25726: 25721: 25716: 25711: 25706: 25701: 25696: 25691: 25686: 25681: 25676: 25671: 25666: 25661: 25656: 25651: 25646: 25641: 25636: 25631: 25625: 25623: 25619: 25618: 25616: 25615: 25610: 25604: 25601: 25600: 25593: 25592: 25585: 25578: 25570: 25561: 25560: 25556: 25555: 25550: 25544: 25538: 25528: 25527: 25526: 25520: 25504: 25498: 25490: 25482: 25469: 25444: 25428: 25426: 25425:External links 25423: 25421: 25420: 25389: 25359: 25332: 25312:cmp.smu.edu.sg 25304: 25280: 25256: 25243: 25213: 25191: 25162: 25136:Magdoff, Harry 25131: 25101: 25081: 25056: 25031: 25025: 25012: 24982: 24976: 24957: 24932: 24904: 24880:Herlihy, David 24876: 24870: 24849: 24820: 24800: 24783: 24767:www.vatican.va 24759: 24739: 24718: 24716: 24713: 24711: 24710: 24704: 24691: 24685: 24672: 24666: 24645: 24639: 24615: 24585:(3): 433–457. 24565: 24559: 24546: 24528: 24506: 24500: 24487: 24481: 24465: 24459: 24441: 24435: 24419: 24413: 24401:Wilkins, Steve 24397: 24355: 24337: 24311:(2): 511–524. 24295: 24289: 24276: 24270: 24257: 24251: 24238: 24232: 24216: 24210: 24197: 24191: 24170: 24164: 24152:Ramet, Sabrina 24147: 24134: 24119: 24113: 24100: 24094: 24070: 24052: 24022: 24001: 23995: 23982: 23976: 23963: 23931: 23925: 23912: 23896: 23890: 23874: 23858: 23852: 23839: 23833: 23812: 23794: 23779: 23773: 23752: 23746: 23733: 23716: 23710: 23694: 23674:10.2307/526801 23655: 23642: 23626:Revue Biblique 23617: 23599: 23575: 23554: 23548: 23536:Táíwò, Olúfémi 23532: 23520:10.1086/714917 23499: 23493: 23480: 23455: 23449: 23425: 23419: 23402: 23396: 23378: 23339: 23333: 23320: 23314: 23301: 23295: 23279: 23273: 23260: 23254: 23241: 23213:Sermon Studies 23204: 23179: 23146:(3): 261–273. 23125: 23119: 23091: 23085: 23072: 23066: 23050: 23044: 23028: 22991: 22985: 22972: 22947: 22937:(3): 491–523. 22922: 22904: 22890:Schwartz, Seth 22886: 22880: 22864: 22858: 22845: 22810: 22792: 22778:Schaff, Philip 22774: 22768: 22744: 22738: 22725: 22719: 22706: 22700: 22684: 22678: 22662: 22644: 22625: 22601: 22595: 22582: 22576: 22563: 22526: 22508: 22486: 22480: 22467: 22461: 22440: 22434: 22421: 22400: 22394: 22381: 22352: 22346: 22333: 22315:(2): 152–168. 22302: 22296: 22280: 22247: 22241: 22228: 22168: 22110: 22090:10.2307/300738 22071: 22065: 22052: 22022: 22004: 21986: 21980: 21964: 21958: 21945: 21939: 21926: 21920: 21907: 21894: 21854: 21833: 21827: 21814: 21745: 21739: 21726: 21720: 21707: 21689: 21675:Piron, Sylvain 21671: 21653: 21639:Pipes, Richard 21635: 21613:(2): 175–186. 21596: 21563: 21557: 21544: 21538: 21523: 21517: 21493: 21487: 21471: 21465: 21452: 21446: 21425: 21419: 21406: 21400: 21384: 21378: 21362: 21344: 21329: 21316: 21298: 21280: 21250:(6): 479–485. 21235: 21229: 21216: 21210: 21197: 21191: 21178: 21172: 21144: 21112: 21106: 21086: 21057: 21051: 21035: 21029: 21013: 21007: 20994: 20988: 20972: 20966: 20953: 20947: 20918: 20912: 20896: 20890: 20869: 20863: 20850: 20844: 20831: 20825: 20812: 20806: 20781: 20775: 20762: 20744: 20726: 20706:(3): 473–504. 20689: 20683: 20665: 20659: 20638: 20632: 20611: 20578: 20547: 20541: 20523: 20498: 20492: 20477: 20459: 20441: 20432: 20426: 20413: 20373: 20367: 20354: 20348: 20328: 20322: 20309: 20259: 20253: 20237: 20231: 20218: 20212: 20196: 20190: 20168: 20162: 20149: 20107: 20101: 20088: 20070: 20047: 20034: 20009: 19991: 19977:Kostick, Conor 19973: 19955: 19937: 19931: 19918: 19912: 19896: 19878: 19860: 19854: 19833: 19827: 19814: 19808: 19795: 19789: 19776: 19770: 19749: 19743: 19727: 19717:(2): 171–178. 19706: 19688: 19673: 19667: 19651: 19645: 19629: 19616: 19610: 19597: 19579: 19561: 19543: 19524: 19518: 19505: 19499: 19484: 19478: 19465: 19456: 19430: 19410: 19404: 19391: 19385: 19369: 19355:(6): 123–130. 19340: 19334: 19318: 19312: 19299: 19293: 19276: 19270: 19257: 19251: 19235: 19223:(3): 287–434. 19206: 19180:(4): 323–341. 19167: 19149:(2): 185–226. 19139:Hopkins, Keith 19135: 19117: 19102: 19096: 19080: 19062:(2): 327–341. 19051: 19045: 19032: 19026: 19013: 19007: 18994: 18988: 18975: 18963:10.2307/286649 18957:(3): 853–861. 18944: 18938: 18925: 18919: 18906: 18900: 18887: 18881: 18868: 18862: 18838: 18832: 18819: 18813: 18800: 18794: 18781: 18775: 18762: 18756: 18740: 18705: 18674: 18648: 18620: 18614: 18601: 18595: 18579: 18573: 18557: 18551: 18538: 18532: 18519: 18513: 18500: 18494: 18481: 18469:(1): 201–208. 18452: 18446: 18426: 18408: 18390: 18384: 18371: 18365: 18345: 18339: 18326: 18320: 18307: 18301: 18288: 18259: 18253: 18240: 18234: 18209: 18183: 18162: 18156: 18141: 18127: 18112: 18086:(4): 593–627. 18070: 18064: 18048: 18018:(4): 454–470. 18000: 17945: 17939: 17926: 17920: 17907: 17901: 17886: 17880: 17867: 17861: 17841: 17823: 17808: 17773: 17767: 17754: 17730:10.1086/462823 17724:(3): 284–292. 17704: 17698: 17678: 17660: 17640: 17634: 17618: 17600: 17582: 17564: 17546: 17519: 17513: 17497: 17491: 17478: 17474:10.1086/681145 17455: 17449: 17436: 17418: 17403: 17381:Dunbabin, Jean 17377: 17344:Church History 17335: 17329: 17316: 17303: 17297: 17284: 17278: 17253: 17228: 17222: 17209: 17203: 17190: 17184: 17171: 17153: 17135: 17090: 17084: 17071: 17065: 17052: 17031: 17006: 17000: 16987: 16981: 16961: 16955: 16942: 16936: 16911: 16901:(3): 372–380. 16886: 16865: 16852: 16846: 16830: 16824: 16808: 16802: 16790:Collins, Roger 16786: 16780: 16764:Coleman, Simon 16760: 16723: 16706:(6): 333–337. 16686: 16680: 16667: 16649:(4): 961–985. 16633: 16615:Clifton, Shane 16611: 16605: 16585:Clark, Gillian 16581: 16575: 16559: 16553: 16540: 16511: 16505: 16490: 16484: 16466: 16460: 16447: 16441: 16429:Casanova, José 16425: 16419: 16403: 16397: 16384: 16378: 16365: 16359: 16346: 16340: 16319: 16313: 16300: 16294: 16276: 16246: 16240: 16227: 16209: 16183: 16177: 16164: 16158: 16145: 16139: 16123: 16117: 16096: 16090: 16066: 16057: 16049: 16035: 16015: 16009: 15984: 15978: 15965: 15959: 15946: 15940: 15925:Garnsey, Peter 15916: 15887: 15866: 15846:10.2307/298656 15826: 15820: 15796:Brown, Stewart 15791: 15785: 15772: 15766: 15753: 15735: 15720: 15714: 15701: 15695: 15682: 15664:(4): 331–356. 15653: 15635: 15621: 15588:(2): 874–895. 15568: 15562: 15549: 15543: 15521: 15515: 15496: 15462:Bejczy, István 15458: 15430: 15397: 15379: 15364: 15358: 15342: 15324: 15306: 15300: 15282: 15276: 15260: 15227:Church History 15221: 15203: 15188: 15182: 15169: 15163: 15147: 15141: 15112: 15106: 15093: 15061: 15055: 15035: 15029: 15013: 14993: 14987: 14974: 14968: 14955: 14941: 14920: 14906: 14882: 14876: 14860: 14835: 14829: 14812: 14806: 14793: 14787: 14774: 14768: 14747: 14737:(3): 366–375. 14723: 14717: 14701: 14695: 14683:Abrams, Lesley 14679: 14675:j.ctt1kw29nj.7 14665: 14647:Abrams, Lesley 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14629: 14617: 14605: 14593: 14581: 14569: 14557: 14555:, p. 285. 14545: 14533: 14531:, p. 327. 14521: 14519:, p. 431. 14509: 14497: 14485: 14483:, p. 189. 14470: 14458: 14443: 14441:, p. 469. 14431: 14429:, p. 325. 14419: 14407: 14395: 14380: 14365: 14353: 14341: 14329: 14325:O'Connell 2006 14317: 14315:, p. 544. 14305: 14293: 14291:, p. 106. 14281: 14269: 14254: 14250:O'Collins 2014 14242: 14230: 14215: 14203: 14191: 14176: 14164: 14162:, p. 317. 14152: 14140: 14128: 14124:Allen Jr. 2016 14116: 14104: 14102:, p. 305. 14092: 14080: 14068: 14056: 14040: 14028: 14016: 14004: 13992: 13980: 13968: 13956: 13944: 13932: 13928:Fernandez 1979 13920: 13904: 13892: 13888:Deininger 2014 13880: 13868: 13856: 13844: 13842:, p. 429. 13832: 13815: 13800: 13788: 13776: 13764: 13752: 13748:Kenworthy 2008 13740: 13728: 13726:, p. 261. 13716: 13714:, p. 129. 13704: 13692: 13690:, p. 356. 13680: 13668: 13666:, p. 178. 13664:Kenworthy 2008 13656: 13644: 13640:Bouteneff 1998 13632: 13620: 13608: 13604:Rappaport 1999 13596: 13594:, p. 306. 13584: 13572: 13570:, p. 203. 13560: 13548: 13536: 13524: 13512: 13500: 13488: 13486:, p. 116. 13476: 13461: 13449: 13437: 13425: 13413: 13411:, p. 161. 13401: 13389: 13377: 13362: 13347: 13345:, p. 302. 13343:Gonzalez 2010b 13335: 13323: 13311: 13299: 13287: 13275: 13263: 13251: 13236: 13221: 13209: 13192: 13180: 13168: 13156: 13144: 13132: 13130:, p. 530. 13120: 13108: 13096: 13084: 13082:, p. 217. 13072: 13070:, p. 635. 13060: 13045: 13033: 13021: 13019:, p. 347. 13009: 12994: 12982: 12970: 12958: 12956:, p. 172. 12946: 12934: 12922: 12910: 12895: 12880: 12868: 12856: 12844: 12832: 12820: 12808: 12796: 12794:, p. 556. 12784: 12772: 12770:, p. 524. 12760: 12758:, p. 427. 12748: 12736: 12724: 12712: 12700: 12698:, p. 141. 12688: 12676: 12664: 12652: 12640: 12625: 12613: 12611:, p. 134. 12601: 12599:, p. 105. 12586: 12569: 12567:, p. 152. 12557: 12538: 12526: 12514: 12512:, p. 119. 12502: 12490: 12478: 12474:Patterson 1997 12466: 12454: 12452:, p. 961. 12442: 12430: 12418: 12416:, p. 481. 12406: 12394: 12382: 12370: 12355: 12353:, p. 442. 12343: 12331: 12319: 12315:Kenworthy 2008 12307: 12305:, p. 404. 12295: 12283: 12281:, p. 336. 12268: 12266:, p. 335. 12256: 12244: 12240:Marabello 2021 12232: 12220: 12208: 12196: 12194:, p. 362. 12184: 12172: 12170:, p. 535. 12160: 12158:, p. 278. 12148: 12146:, p. xvi. 12136: 12124: 12112: 12100: 12085: 12073: 12071:, p. 185. 12061: 12049: 12037: 12035:, p. 253. 12025: 12021:Kenworthy 2008 12013: 12001: 11999:, p. 111. 11989: 11977: 11965: 11963:, p. 173. 11961:Kenworthy 2008 11950: 11938: 11923: 11921:, p. 181. 11911: 11899: 11897:, p. 191. 11887: 11885:, p. 174. 11883:Kenworthy 2008 11872: 11870:, p. 175. 11868:Kenworthy 2008 11847: 11835: 11833:, p. 175. 11823: 11811: 11809:, p. 187. 11799: 11787: 11775: 11773:, p. 547. 11771:Van Engen 1986 11763: 11761:, p. 279. 11751: 11749:, p. 100. 11739: 11727: 11715: 11711:Haberkern 2016 11703: 11699:Frassetto 2007 11686: 11682:Frassetto 2007 11671: 11652: 11650:, p. 247. 11640: 11628: 11616: 11601: 11589: 11577: 11565: 11563:, p. 378. 11553: 11541: 11529: 11517: 11505: 11493: 11481: 11479:, p. 348. 11469: 11454: 11442: 11440:, p. 104. 11430: 11418: 11403: 11401:, p. 131. 11391: 11379: 11367: 11355: 11353:, p. 182. 11343: 11341:, p. 587. 11328: 11316: 11304: 11302:, p. 371. 11292: 11280: 11268: 11266:, p. 396. 11253: 11241: 11229: 11217: 11205: 11203:, p. 110. 11193: 11181: 11169: 11157: 11155:, p. 339. 11145: 11133: 11129:Rosenthal 1956 11121: 11119:, p. 186. 11109: 11097: 11085: 11083:, p. 178. 11073: 11061: 11059:, p. 133. 11049: 11037: 11025: 11013: 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10181:Van Engen 1986 10173: 10169:Van Engen 1986 10161: 10159:, p. 164. 10149: 10137: 10125: 10123:, p. 491. 10113: 10111:, p. 224. 10101: 10089: 10077: 10065: 10063:, p. 298. 10053: 10049:Constable 1998 10041: 10029: 10017: 10015:, p. 542. 10013:Van Engen 1986 10005: 10003:, p. 530. 9990: 9978: 9976:, p. 382. 9966: 9964:, p. 543. 9962:Van Engen 1986 9954: 9942: 9927: 9912: 9900: 9888: 9886:, p. 154. 9876: 9864: 9860:Van Engen 1986 9852: 9850:, p. xiv. 9837: 9835:, p. 210. 9825: 9813: 9811:, p. 324. 9809:Van Engen 2018 9798: 9796:, p. 277. 9783: 9771: 9756: 9744: 9732: 9720: 9718:, p. 127. 9708: 9696: 9681: 9669: 9667:, p. 141. 9665:Moravcsik 1947 9657: 9645: 9643:, p. 467. 9633: 9631:, p. 251. 9621: 9619:, p. 252. 9609: 9594: 9582: 9580:, p. 208. 9570: 9558: 9556:, p. 232. 9546: 9534: 9522: 9505: 9490: 9478: 9463: 9451: 9439: 9427: 9415: 9403: 9391: 9379: 9375:Macdonald 2015 9362: 9360:, p. 378. 9347: 9335: 9323: 9311: 9299: 9297:, p. vii. 9287: 9275: 9263: 9261:, p. 159. 9251: 9239: 9227: 9225:, p. 139. 9215: 9203: 9191: 9179: 9175:Van Engen 2008 9167: 9155: 9153:, p. 199. 9140: 9125: 9110: 9108:, p. 287. 9098: 9094:Eichbauer 2022 9083: 9081:, p. 176. 9068: 9056: 9044: 9029: 9025:Nicholson 1960 9017: 9013:Nicholson 1960 9005: 9003:, p. 214. 8993: 8991:, p. 298. 8981: 8969: 8967:, p. 137. 8957: 8945: 8933: 8931:, p. 120. 8921: 8909: 8897: 8885: 8873: 8861: 8857:Constable 2004 8849: 8847:, p. 295. 8837: 8825: 8823:, p. 273. 8813: 8801: 8789: 8774: 8762: 8750: 8746:Van Engen 1986 8738: 8734:Van Engen 1986 8726: 8724:, p. 252. 8714: 8712:, p. 138. 8702: 8700:, p. 333. 8690: 8678: 8676:, p. 144. 8666: 8654: 8642: 8640:, p. 283. 8630: 8628:, p. 213. 8618: 8616:, p. 386. 8603: 8599:Pentarchy 2024 8591: 8579: 8575:Kaldellis 2012 8567: 8555: 8540: 8528: 8526:, p. 418. 8516: 8504: 8487: 8475: 8463: 8451: 8439: 8427: 8415: 8403: 8391: 8379: 8377:, p. 100. 8367: 8355: 8343: 8341:, p. 389. 8331: 8319: 8307: 8295: 8283: 8271: 8269:, p. 416. 8259: 8255:Eichbauer 2022 8244: 8232: 8220: 8208: 8206:, p. xvi. 8196: 8194:, p. 413. 8184: 8172: 8170:, p. 412. 8157: 8145: 8133: 8131:, p. 346. 8121: 8119:, p. 375. 8109: 8097: 8095:, p. 363. 8085: 8073: 8061: 8059:, p. vii. 8049: 8037: 8025: 8013: 8001: 7989: 7974: 7972:, p. 141. 7962: 7950: 7938: 7926: 7914: 7902: 7890: 7878: 7866: 7864:, p. xii. 7854: 7839: 7827: 7815: 7813:, p. 364. 7803: 7801:, p. 132. 7791: 7789:, p. 799. 7779: 7777:, p. xxv. 7767: 7755: 7743: 7741:, p. 302. 7731: 7719: 7707: 7695: 7683: 7681:, p. 634. 7671: 7659: 7647: 7635: 7620: 7608: 7596: 7594:, p. 523. 7581: 7569: 7567:, p. 685. 7557: 7545: 7543:, p. 854. 7533: 7521: 7509: 7497: 7485: 7473: 7461: 7446: 7434: 7432:, p. 131. 7422: 7410: 7408:, p. 110. 7395: 7383: 7381:, p. 638. 7371: 7367:Inglebert 2015 7359: 7357:, p. 851. 7347: 7335: 7333:, p. 343. 7323: 7311: 7309:, p. 414. 7299: 7297:, p. xix. 7295:Weitzmann 1979 7287: 7283:Weitzmann 1979 7275: 7273:, p. 547. 7263: 7251: 7239: 7224: 7212: 7200: 7188: 7176: 7174:, p. 850. 7161: 7146: 7134: 7122: 7120:, p. 542. 7110: 7095: 7080: 7068: 7056: 7044: 7032: 7020: 7018:, p. 315. 7008: 6996: 6994:, p. 198. 6984: 6972: 6970:, p. 324. 6960: 6948: 6936: 6934:, p. 397. 6924: 6912: 6900: 6888: 6876: 6864: 6852: 6837: 6822: 6818:Hellerman 2009 6810: 6808:, p. 433. 6798: 6796:, p. 218. 6786: 6784:, p. 220. 6774: 6762: 6750: 6748:, p. 397. 6738: 6736:, p. 671. 6723: 6711: 6699: 6687: 6675: 6673:, p. 214. 6663: 6651: 6649:, p. 479. 6639: 6627: 6625:, p. 114. 6615: 6613:, p. 129. 6603: 6588: 6576: 6561: 6557:Edmundson 2008 6549: 6547:, p. 386. 6537: 6525: 6513: 6498: 6496:, p. 336. 6486: 6474: 6462: 6460:, p. 202. 6450: 6438: 6426: 6414: 6412:, p. 141. 6402: 6398:Inglebert 2015 6385: 6373: 6371:, p. 129. 6361: 6349: 6337: 6325: 6313: 6301: 6289: 6278: 6267: 6255: 6243: 6231: 6227:Edmundson 2008 6219: 6207: 6190: 6178: 6166: 6154: 6139: 6127: 6112: 6097: 6095:, p. 118. 6080: 6068: 6056: 6044: 6032: 6020: 6008: 5996: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5953: 5904: 5839: 5829: 5819: 5809: 5775: 5750: 5730: 5720: 5711: 5705:The flight of 5698: 5660: 5650: 5641: 5632: 5618: 5589: 5579: 5561: 5543: 5533: 5493:Persian Empire 5464: 5451: 5425: 5408: 5391: 5381: 5368: 5354: 5317: 5295: 5276: 5258: 5249: 5236: 5223: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5050: 5049: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4744: 4730: 4727:History portal 4716: 4702: 4686: 4683: 4665:decolonization 4660: 4657: 4633:Black theology 4626:social justice 4606: 4603: 4589: 4586: 4538: 4535: 4505: 4502: 4492: 4489: 4468: 4465: 4431: 4428: 4422: 4419: 4333:Russian Empire 4324: 4321: 4260: 4257: 4246: 4243: 4239:indigenization 4216: 4213: 4209:anti-modernist 4161: 4158: 4133: 4130: 4060:women's rights 4047:the new norm. 4028: 4025: 3984: 3981: 3972: 3969: 3953: 3945:Witch trials ( 3943: 3930: 3927: 3914: 3911: 3899:religious wars 3878: 3875: 3824: 3821: 3746:initiated the 3741: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3722: 3721: 3720: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3696: 3693: 3682: 3679: 3615: 3612: 3582: 3579: 3570:as a forgery. 3521:, Vatican City 3504: 3501: 3465: 3462: 3435:Western Schism 3423:papal conclave 3413:Avignon Papacy 3409:Pope Clement V 3392: 3389: 3287: 3284: 3276:Fourth Crusade 3262: 3259: 3236:Second Crusade 3223: 3220: 3192: 3189: 3173:Main article: 3170: 3167: 3158: 3155: 3129:Crusade (1135) 3096: 3093: 3080:Dictatus Papae 3041:Canossa Castle 3025: 3024:With the state 3022: 3020: 3017: 2964: 2961: 2953:modern science 2948:Thomas Aquinas 2921: 2918: 2883:Abbey of Cluny 2875:Central Europe 2865:The spread of 2856:village parish 2840: 2837: 2824: 2821: 2629: 2620: 2613: 2610: 2593:Pope Gregory I 2576: 2573: 2564:Main article: 2561: 2558: 2536: 2533: 2517:state religion 2499: 2496: 2449: 2446: 2359: 2356: 2342: 2339: 2337:in Byzantium. 2333:in Persia and 2254: 2251: 2220: 2217: 2190: 2187: 2155: 2152: 2143:Edict of Milan 2124:Main article: 2121: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2078:Biblical canon 2069:Main article: 2066: 2063: 2059:Gospel of John 2001: 1998: 1977: 1974: 1946:egalitarianism 1916:exalted by God 1845: 1842: 1714: 1711: 1625: 1624:Origins to 312 1622: 1542:, Eastern and 1474:Edict of Milan 1465:was the first 1457:biblical canon 1422:Roman province 1344: 1343: 1341: 1340: 1333: 1326: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1296: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1270: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1239: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1174:Fundamentalism 1171: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1129: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1103: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1052: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1020: 1018:Vedic Hinduism 1009: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1004: 999: 994: 983: 980: 979: 971: 968: 967: 964: 963: 960: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 928: 923: 922: 919: 918: 915: 914: 904: 894: 884: 874: 871:Zoroastrianism 864: 854: 844: 834: 824: 814: 803: 798: 797: 794: 793: 785: 784: 778: 777: 769: 768: 766: 765: 758: 751: 743: 740: 739: 738: 737: 725: 724: 719: 714: 706: 705: 702: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 635: 633:Related topics 632: 631: 628: 627: 622: 621: 620: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 571: 570: 568:Restorationist 564: 563: 562: 561: 560: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 477: 470: 463: 456: 451: 446: 445: 444: 439: 424: 423: 415: 412: 411: 406: 400: 399: 398: 395: 394: 391: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 343:Church Fathers 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 314: 311: 310: 305: 299: 298: 297: 294: 293: 290: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 253: 252: 247: 242: 232: 226: 221: 220: 217: 216: 213: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 176: 173: 172: 169: 163: 162: 161: 158: 157: 154: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 122: 119: 118: 113: 107: 106: 105: 102: 101: 93: 92: 86: 85: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 29492: 29481: 29478: 29476: 29473: 29472: 29470: 29455: 29452: 29450: 29447: 29445: 29442: 29440: 29437: 29435: 29432: 29430: 29427: 29425: 29422: 29420: 29417: 29415: 29412: 29410: 29409:Art of Europe 29407: 29406: 29404: 29400: 29394: 29391: 29389: 29386: 29384: 29381: 29379: 29376: 29374: 29371: 29369: 29366: 29364: 29361: 29359: 29356: 29354: 29351: 29349: 29346: 29344: 29341: 29339: 29336: 29334: 29331: 29329: 29326: 29324: 29321: 29319: 29316: 29314: 29311: 29309: 29306: 29304: 29301: 29299: 29296: 29294: 29291: 29289: 29286: 29284: 29281: 29279: 29276: 29274: 29271: 29269: 29266: 29264: 29261: 29259: 29256: 29254: 29251: 29249: 29246: 29244: 29241: 29239: 29236: 29232: 29229: 29228: 29227: 29224: 29222: 29219: 29217: 29214: 29213: 29211: 29209: 29208:Modern period 29205: 29199: 29196: 29194: 29191: 29189: 29186: 29184: 29181: 29179: 29176: 29174: 29171: 29169: 29166: 29164: 29161: 29159: 29156: 29154: 29151: 29149: 29146: 29143: 29139: 29135: 29131: 29127: 29124: 29122: 29119: 29117: 29114: 29110: 29107: 29105: 29102: 29100: 29097: 29095: 29092: 29091: 29090: 29087: 29083: 29080: 29078: 29075: 29074: 29072: 29070: 29067: 29065: 29062: 29060: 29057: 29055: 29052: 29048: 29045: 29044: 29043: 29040: 29038: 29035: 29033: 29030: 29029: 29027: 29025: 29021: 29015: 29012: 29010: 29007: 29005: 29002: 28998: 28995: 28994: 28993: 28990: 28988: 28985: 28983: 28980: 28978: 28975: 28973: 28970: 28969: 28967: 28965: 28961: 28955: 28952: 28950: 28947: 28945: 28942: 28940: 28937: 28936: 28934: 28932: 28928: 28924: 28917: 28912: 28910: 28905: 28903: 28898: 28897: 28894: 28882: 28879: 28877: 28874: 28872: 28869: 28867: 28864: 28862: 28859: 28857: 28854: 28852: 28849: 28847: 28844: 28842: 28839: 28838: 28836: 28832: 28822: 28819: 28817: 28814: 28812: 28809: 28807: 28804: 28800: 28797: 28795: 28792: 28791: 28790: 28787: 28785: 28782: 28780: 28777: 28775: 28772: 28771: 28769: 28767: 28766:Indo-European 28763: 28757: 28754: 28752: 28749: 28747: 28744: 28743: 28741: 28739: 28735: 28729: 28726: 28725: 28723: 28721: 28717: 28714: 28710: 28700: 28697: 28695: 28692: 28688: 28685: 28684: 28683: 28680: 28679: 28677: 28675: 28671: 28665: 28664:Manichaeanism 28662: 28660: 28657: 28655: 28652: 28651: 28649: 28647: 28643: 28637: 28634: 28632: 28629: 28627: 28624: 28622: 28619: 28618: 28616: 28614: 28610: 28604: 28601: 28599: 28596: 28594: 28591: 28590: 28588: 28586: 28582: 28576: 28573: 28571: 28568: 28566: 28563: 28562: 28560: 28558: 28554: 28548: 28545: 28543: 28540: 28538: 28535: 28533: 28530: 28528: 28525: 28524: 28522: 28520: 28516: 28513: 28511: 28507: 28501: 28498: 28496: 28493: 28492: 28489: 28485: 28478: 28473: 28471: 28466: 28464: 28459: 28458: 28455: 28443: 28435: 28433: 28428: 28423: 28422: 28419: 28409: 28406: 28404: 28401: 28399: 28396: 28394: 28391: 28389: 28386: 28384: 28381: 28379: 28376: 28375: 28373: 28369: 28363: 28360: 28356: 28353: 28351: 28348: 28346: 28345: 28341: 28340: 28339: 28336: 28334: 28331: 28330: 28328: 28324: 28318: 28315: 28313: 28310: 28308: 28305: 28303: 28300: 28298: 28294: 28291: 28289: 28286: 28284: 28281: 28279: 28276: 28274: 28271: 28269: 28266: 28264: 28261: 28259: 28256: 28254: 28251: 28250: 28248: 28246: 28242: 28236: 28233: 28229: 28226: 28225: 28224: 28221: 28219: 28218:Popular piety 28216: 28214: 28211: 28209: 28206: 28204: 28201: 28199: 28196: 28194: 28191: 28187: 28184: 28183: 28182: 28179: 28175: 28172: 28170: 28167: 28165: 28162: 28160: 28157: 28155: 28152: 28151: 28150: 28147: 28143: 28140: 28139: 28138: 28135: 28134: 28132: 28130: 28126: 28123: 28117: 28111: 28108: 28106: 28103: 28099: 28096: 28095: 28094: 28091: 28089: 28086: 28084: 28081: 28080: 28078: 28076: 28072: 28064: 28061: 28060: 28059: 28056: 28054: 28051: 28047: 28044: 28042: 28039: 28037: 28034: 28032: 28029: 28027: 28024: 28022: 28019: 28017: 28014: 28013: 28012: 28009: 28005: 28002: 28000: 27999:People of God 27997: 27995: 27992: 27990: 27987: 27985: 27982: 27981: 27980: 27977: 27975: 27972: 27970: 27967: 27963: 27960: 27959: 27958: 27955: 27953: 27950: 27946: 27943: 27941: 27938: 27936: 27933: 27931: 27928: 27927: 27926: 27923: 27921: 27918: 27916: 27913: 27911: 27908: 27906: 27903: 27901: 27898: 27896: 27893: 27889: 27886: 27884: 27881: 27879: 27876: 27874: 27871: 27870: 27869: 27866: 27865: 27863: 27861: 27857: 27845: 27840: 27838: 27835: 27833: 27830: 27829: 27827: 27825: 27821: 27815: 27812: 27810: 27807: 27805: 27802: 27798: 27795: 27794: 27793: 27790: 27789: 27787: 27785: 27781: 27775: 27772: 27768: 27765: 27763: 27760: 27758: 27755: 27753: 27750: 27748: 27745: 27743: 27740: 27738: 27735: 27733: 27730: 27728: 27725: 27723: 27720: 27718: 27715: 27713: 27710: 27709: 27708: 27705: 27703: 27700: 27698: 27695: 27693: 27690: 27689: 27687: 27685: 27681: 27678: 27675: 27671: 27666: 27665:Denominations 27662: 27650: 27647: 27646: 27645: 27642: 27640: 27637: 27635: 27634:Enlightenment 27632: 27630: 27627: 27625: 27622: 27620: 27617: 27616: 27614: 27612: 27608: 27602: 27599: 27597: 27594: 27592: 27589: 27587: 27584: 27582: 27579: 27577: 27574: 27573: 27571: 27569: 27565: 27559: 27556: 27554: 27551: 27547: 27544: 27542: 27539: 27538: 27537: 27534: 27532: 27529: 27527: 27524: 27522: 27519: 27518: 27516: 27514: 27510: 27502: 27499: 27498: 27497: 27494: 27492: 27489: 27485: 27482: 27480: 27477: 27475: 27472: 27470: 27467: 27465: 27462: 27460: 27457: 27455: 27452: 27450: 27447: 27445: 27442: 27440: 27437: 27435: 27432: 27431: 27430: 27427: 27426: 27424: 27422: 27416: 27413: 27410: 27404: 27399: 27395: 27389: 27386: 27384: 27381: 27379: 27376: 27374: 27371: 27369: 27366: 27364: 27361: 27360: 27358: 27354: 27348: 27347:New Testament 27345: 27343: 27342:Old Testament 27340: 27338: 27335: 27334: 27332: 27330: 27326: 27322: 27316: 27313: 27311: 27308: 27306: 27303: 27301: 27298: 27296: 27293: 27291: 27288: 27286: 27283: 27282: 27279: 27275: 27268: 27263: 27261: 27256: 27254: 27249: 27248: 27245: 27233: 27230: 27228: 27227:Protestantism 27225: 27223: 27220: 27218: 27215: 27213: 27210: 27206: 27203: 27201: 27198: 27197: 27196: 27193: 27192: 27189: 27183: 27180: 27178: 27174: 27171: 27168: 27164: 27161: 27159: 27156: 27154: 27151: 27149: 27146: 27144: 27141: 27139: 27136: 27134: 27131: 27129: 27128: 27123: 27121: 27118: 27116: 27113: 27111: 27108: 27106: 27103: 27101: 27100:Azusa Revival 27098: 27096: 27093: 27091: 27088: 27086: 27083: 27081: 27080:Laestadianism 27078: 27076: 27073: 27071: 27068: 27066: 27063: 27061: 27058: 27056: 27053: 27051: 27048: 27046: 27043: 27041: 27038: 27036: 27033: 27032: 27030: 27028: 27024: 27018: 27017:Old Lutherans 27014: 27011: 27007: 27004: 27003: 27002: 26999: 26997: 26994: 26992: 26989: 26987: 26984: 26982: 26979: 26977: 26974: 26970: 26967: 26966: 26965: 26962: 26960: 26957: 26955: 26952: 26951: 26949: 26947: 26943: 26933: 26932: 26928: 26926: 26925: 26921: 26919: 26916: 26914: 26911: 26909: 26906: 26904: 26901: 26899: 26896: 26894: 26891: 26889: 26886: 26884: 26881: 26880: 26878: 26876: 26872: 26866: 26863: 26861: 26860: 26856: 26854: 26851: 26849: 26846: 26844: 26841: 26839: 26836: 26834: 26831: 26829: 26826: 26824: 26821: 26819: 26816: 26815: 26813: 26811: 26807: 26801: 26798: 26796: 26793: 26791: 26788: 26786: 26783: 26781: 26778: 26776: 26773: 26771: 26768: 26766: 26763: 26761: 26758: 26756: 26753: 26751: 26748: 26746: 26743: 26741: 26738: 26737: 26735: 26733: 26729: 26723: 26720: 26718: 26715: 26713: 26710: 26708: 26707: 26703: 26701: 26698: 26694: 26691: 26689: 26686: 26684: 26683:Diet of Worms 26681: 26679: 26678: 26674: 26673: 26672: 26669: 26668: 26666: 26664: 26660: 26654: 26651: 26649: 26646: 26644: 26641: 26639: 26636: 26634: 26631: 26629: 26626: 26624: 26621: 26617: 26614: 26613: 26612: 26609: 26607: 26604: 26602: 26599: 26597: 26594: 26592: 26589: 26588: 26586: 26584: 26583:Protestantism 26578: 26574: 26566: 26563: 26562: 26561: 26558: 26556: 26553: 26551: 26548: 26546: 26543: 26541: 26538: 26536: 26533: 26529: 26526: 26525: 26524: 26521: 26519: 26516: 26514: 26511: 26509: 26506: 26504: 26501: 26499: 26496: 26494: 26491: 26489: 26486: 26484: 26481: 26479: 26476: 26474: 26471: 26469: 26466: 26464: 26461: 26459: 26456: 26454: 26451: 26449: 26446: 26444: 26441: 26439: 26436: 26432: 26429: 26427: 26424: 26422: 26419: 26417: 26414: 26412: 26409: 26407: 26404: 26403: 26402: 26399: 26393: 26390: 26389: 26388: 26385: 26383: 26380: 26378: 26375: 26373: 26370: 26369: 26368: 26365: 26363: 26360: 26358: 26355: 26353: 26350: 26349: 26347: 26345: 26341: 26335: 26334:North America 26332: 26330: 26327: 26325: 26322: 26320: 26317: 26315: 26312: 26310: 26307: 26305: 26302: 26300: 26297: 26295: 26292: 26290: 26287: 26285: 26282: 26280: 26277: 26273: 26270: 26268: 26265: 26264: 26263: 26260: 26258: 26255: 26253: 26250: 26248: 26245: 26243: 26240: 26238: 26235: 26234: 26232: 26230: 26224: 26218: 26215: 26211: 26208: 26207: 26206: 26202: 26199: 26197: 26194: 26192: 26189: 26187: 26184: 26182: 26179: 26177: 26174: 26172: 26169: 26167: 26164: 26162: 26158: 26155: 26153: 26150: 26148: 26145: 26143: 26140: 26134: 26131: 26130: 26129: 26126: 26124: 26121: 26119: 26116: 26114: 26111: 26110: 26109: 26106: 26104: 26101: 26099: 26096: 26094: 26091: 26089: 26086: 26082: 26079: 26077: 26074: 26073: 26072: 26069: 26068: 26066: 26064: 26060: 26054: 26051: 26047: 26043: 26040: 26039: 26038: 26035: 26033: 26030: 26028: 26025: 26023: 26020: 26018: 26015: 26013: 26010: 26006: 26003: 26001: 25998: 25997: 25996: 25993: 25991: 25988: 25986: 25983: 25981: 25978: 25974: 25971: 25970: 25969: 25966: 25965: 25963: 25960: 25955: 25951: 25945: 25944:Early African 25942: 25938: 25935: 25933: 25930: 25928: 25927:Justin Martyr 25925: 25923: 25920: 25918: 25915: 25913: 25910: 25908: 25905: 25904: 25903: 25899: 25896: 25894: 25891: 25889: 25886: 25882: 25879: 25877: 25874: 25872: 25869: 25867: 25864: 25862: 25859: 25857: 25854: 25852: 25849: 25848: 25847: 25844: 25843: 25841: 25839: 25833: 25825: 25822: 25820: 25817: 25815: 25812: 25810: 25807: 25805: 25802: 25801: 25800: 25797: 25795: 25792: 25790: 25787: 25785: 25782: 25780: 25777: 25773: 25770: 25768: 25765: 25763: 25760: 25758: 25755: 25753: 25750: 25749: 25748: 25747:Life of Jesus 25745: 25743: 25740: 25739: 25737: 25735:Apostolic Age 25731: 25725: 25722: 25720: 25717: 25715: 25712: 25710: 25707: 25705: 25702: 25700: 25697: 25695: 25692: 25690: 25687: 25685: 25682: 25680: 25677: 25675: 25672: 25670: 25667: 25665: 25662: 25660: 25657: 25655: 25652: 25650: 25647: 25645: 25642: 25640: 25637: 25635: 25632: 25630: 25627: 25626: 25624: 25620: 25614: 25611: 25609: 25606: 25605: 25602: 25598: 25591: 25586: 25584: 25579: 25577: 25572: 25571: 25568: 25559: 25554: 25551: 25548: 25545: 25542: 25539: 25537: 25534: 25533: 25532: 25529: 25524: 25521: 25517: 25516: 25510: 25505: 25502: 25499: 25496: 25495: 25491: 25488: 25487: 25483: 25480: 25476: 25473: 25470: 25459: 25455: 25454: 25449: 25445: 25442: 25441: 25437: 25436: 25435: 25432: 25431: 25406: 25402: 25395: 25390: 25378: 25374: 25370: 25369: 25364: 25360: 25348: 25344: 25343: 25338: 25333: 25321: 25317: 25313: 25309: 25305: 25293: 25289: 25285: 25281: 25269: 25265: 25261: 25257: 25253: 25249: 25244: 25232: 25228: 25224: 25223: 25218: 25214: 25210: 25206: 25205: 25200: 25196: 25192: 25180: 25176: 25172: 25168: 25163: 25151: 25147: 25143: 25142: 25137: 25132: 25117: 25110: 25106: 25102: 25091: 25087: 25082: 25070: 25066: 25062: 25057: 25045: 25041: 25037: 25032: 25028: 25022: 25018: 25013: 25001: 24997: 24993: 24992: 24987: 24983: 24979: 24973: 24969: 24968: 24963: 24958: 24946: 24942: 24938: 24933: 24921: 24917: 24913: 24909: 24905: 24893: 24889: 24885: 24881: 24877: 24873: 24867: 24863: 24859: 24855: 24850: 24838: 24834: 24830: 24826: 24821: 24810: 24806: 24801: 24789: 24784: 24772: 24768: 24764: 24760: 24748: 24744: 24740: 24728: 24724: 24720: 24719: 24707: 24701: 24697: 24692: 24688: 24682: 24678: 24673: 24669: 24663: 24659: 24655: 24651: 24646: 24642: 24636: 24632: 24628: 24624: 24620: 24616: 24604: 24600: 24596: 24592: 24588: 24584: 24580: 24579: 24574: 24570: 24566: 24562: 24556: 24552: 24547: 24535: 24531: 24525: 24521: 24520: 24515: 24511: 24507: 24503: 24497: 24493: 24488: 24484: 24478: 24474: 24470: 24466: 24462: 24456: 24452: 24451: 24446: 24442: 24438: 24432: 24428: 24424: 24420: 24416: 24410: 24406: 24402: 24398: 24386: 24382: 24378: 24374: 24370: 24366: 24365:j.ctt32bd7m.5 24362: 24358: 24352: 24348: 24347: 24342: 24338: 24334: 24330: 24326: 24322: 24318: 24314: 24310: 24306: 24305: 24300: 24296: 24292: 24286: 24282: 24277: 24273: 24267: 24263: 24258: 24254: 24248: 24244: 24239: 24235: 24229: 24226:. Routledge. 24225: 24221: 24217: 24213: 24207: 24203: 24198: 24194: 24188: 24184: 24180: 24176: 24171: 24167: 24161: 24157: 24153: 24148: 24137: 24131: 24127: 24126: 24120: 24116: 24110: 24106: 24101: 24097: 24091: 24087: 24083: 24079: 24075: 24071: 24059: 24055: 24049: 24045: 24044: 24039: 24035: 24031: 24027: 24023: 24019: 24015: 24011: 24007: 24002: 23998: 23992: 23988: 23983: 23979: 23973: 23969: 23964: 23960: 23956: 23952: 23948: 23945:(3): 519–52. 23944: 23940: 23936: 23932: 23928: 23922: 23918: 23913: 23909: 23905: 23901: 23897: 23893: 23887: 23883: 23879: 23875: 23871: 23867: 23863: 23859: 23855: 23849: 23845: 23840: 23836: 23830: 23826: 23822: 23818: 23813: 23801: 23797: 23791: 23787: 23786: 23780: 23776: 23770: 23766: 23762: 23758: 23753: 23749: 23743: 23739: 23734: 23730: 23726: 23722: 23717: 23713: 23707: 23703: 23699: 23695: 23691: 23687: 23683: 23679: 23675: 23671: 23667: 23663: 23662: 23656: 23652: 23648: 23643: 23639: 23635: 23631: 23627: 23623: 23618: 23606: 23602: 23596: 23592: 23588: 23586: 23580: 23576: 23572: 23568: 23564: 23560: 23555: 23551: 23545: 23541: 23537: 23533: 23529: 23525: 23521: 23517: 23513: 23509: 23505: 23500: 23496: 23490: 23486: 23481: 23477: 23473: 23469: 23465: 23461: 23456: 23452: 23446: 23442: 23438: 23434: 23430: 23429:Stroumsa, Guy 23426: 23422: 23416: 23412: 23408: 23407:Curta, Florin 23403: 23399: 23393: 23389: 23388: 23383: 23382:Stark, Rodney 23379: 23375: 23371: 23367: 23363: 23359: 23355: 23351: 23347: 23346: 23340: 23336: 23330: 23326: 23321: 23317: 23311: 23307: 23302: 23298: 23292: 23288: 23284: 23280: 23276: 23270: 23266: 23261: 23257: 23251: 23247: 23242: 23230: 23226: 23222: 23218: 23214: 23210: 23205: 23193: 23189: 23185: 23180: 23165: 23161: 23157: 23153: 23149: 23145: 23141: 23134: 23130: 23126: 23122: 23116: 23112: 23108: 23104: 23100: 23096: 23092: 23088: 23082: 23078: 23073: 23069: 23063: 23059: 23055: 23051: 23047: 23041: 23037: 23033: 23029: 23025: 23021: 23017: 23013: 23009: 23005: 23001: 22997: 22996:Slavic Review 22992: 22988: 22982: 22978: 22973: 22961: 22957: 22953: 22948: 22944: 22940: 22936: 22932: 22928: 22923: 22911: 22907: 22901: 22897: 22896: 22891: 22887: 22883: 22877: 22873: 22869: 22865: 22861: 22855: 22851: 22846: 22839: 22835: 22831: 22828:(2): 99–101. 22827: 22823: 22816: 22811: 22799: 22795: 22789: 22785: 22784: 22779: 22775: 22771: 22765: 22761: 22757: 22753: 22749: 22745: 22741: 22735: 22731: 22726: 22722: 22716: 22712: 22707: 22703: 22697: 22693: 22689: 22685: 22681: 22675: 22671: 22667: 22663: 22651: 22647: 22641: 22637: 22636: 22631: 22626: 22622: 22618: 22614: 22610: 22606: 22602: 22598: 22592: 22588: 22583: 22579: 22573: 22569: 22564: 22549: 22545: 22541: 22540: 22532: 22527: 22515: 22511: 22505: 22501: 22500: 22495: 22491: 22490:Rüegg, Walter 22487: 22483: 22477: 22473: 22468: 22464: 22458: 22454: 22450: 22446: 22441: 22437: 22431: 22428:. Routledge. 22427: 22422: 22418: 22414: 22410: 22406: 22401: 22397: 22391: 22387: 22382: 22378: 22374: 22370: 22366: 22362: 22358: 22353: 22349: 22343: 22339: 22334: 22330: 22326: 22322: 22318: 22314: 22310: 22309: 22303: 22299: 22293: 22289: 22285: 22281: 22277: 22273: 22269: 22265: 22261: 22257: 22253: 22248: 22244: 22238: 22234: 22229: 22222: 22218: 22214: 22210: 22206: 22202: 22198: 22194: 22190: 22186: 22185: 22177: 22173: 22169: 22165: 22161: 22157: 22153: 22149: 22145: 22141: 22137: 22133: 22129: 22128: 22123: 22119: 22118:Brenneis, Don 22115: 22114:Robbins, Joel 22111: 22107: 22103: 22099: 22095: 22091: 22087: 22083: 22079: 22078: 22072: 22068: 22062: 22058: 22053: 22049: 22045: 22041: 22037: 22033: 22032: 22027: 22023: 22011: 22007: 22001: 21997: 21996: 21991: 21987: 21983: 21977: 21973: 21969: 21965: 21961: 21955: 21951: 21946: 21942: 21936: 21932: 21927: 21923: 21917: 21913: 21908: 21904: 21900: 21895: 21880: 21876: 21872: 21871: 21863: 21859: 21855: 21851: 21847: 21844:(1–4): 3–26. 21843: 21839: 21834: 21830: 21824: 21820: 21815: 21800: 21796: 21792: 21788: 21784: 21779: 21774: 21770: 21766: 21762: 21758: 21751: 21746: 21742: 21736: 21732: 21727: 21723: 21717: 21713: 21708: 21696: 21692: 21686: 21682: 21681: 21676: 21672: 21660: 21656: 21650: 21646: 21645: 21640: 21636: 21624: 21620: 21616: 21612: 21608: 21607: 21602: 21597: 21593: 21589: 21585: 21581: 21577: 21573: 21569: 21568:Death Studies 21564: 21560: 21554: 21550: 21545: 21541: 21535: 21531: 21530: 21524: 21520: 21514: 21510: 21506: 21502: 21498: 21494: 21490: 21484: 21480: 21476: 21472: 21468: 21462: 21458: 21453: 21449: 21443: 21439: 21435: 21431: 21426: 21422: 21416: 21412: 21407: 21403: 21397: 21393: 21389: 21385: 21381: 21375: 21371: 21367: 21363: 21351: 21347: 21341: 21337: 21336: 21330: 21326: 21322: 21317: 21305: 21301: 21295: 21291: 21290: 21285: 21281: 21269: 21265: 21261: 21257: 21253: 21249: 21245: 21241: 21236: 21232: 21226: 21222: 21217: 21213: 21207: 21203: 21198: 21194: 21188: 21184: 21179: 21175: 21169: 21165: 21161: 21157: 21153: 21149: 21145: 21141: 21137: 21133: 21129: 21125: 21121: 21117: 21116:Moss, Candida 21113: 21109: 21103: 21099: 21095: 21091: 21090:Morris, Benny 21087: 21083: 21079: 21075: 21071: 21067: 21063: 21058: 21054: 21048: 21044: 21040: 21036: 21032: 21026: 21023:. JHU Press. 21022: 21018: 21017:Mintz, Steven 21014: 21010: 21004: 21000: 20995: 20991: 20985: 20981: 20977: 20973: 20969: 20963: 20959: 20954: 20950: 20944: 20940: 20936: 20932: 20928: 20924: 20919: 20915: 20909: 20905: 20901: 20897: 20893: 20887: 20883: 20879: 20875: 20870: 20866: 20860: 20856: 20851: 20847: 20841: 20837: 20832: 20828: 20822: 20818: 20813: 20809: 20803: 20799: 20795: 20791: 20787: 20782: 20778: 20772: 20768: 20763: 20751: 20747: 20741: 20737: 20736: 20731: 20727: 20723: 20719: 20714: 20709: 20705: 20701: 20700: 20695: 20690: 20686: 20680: 20676: 20675: 20670: 20666: 20662: 20656: 20652: 20648: 20644: 20639: 20635: 20629: 20625: 20621: 20617: 20612: 20600: 20596: 20592: 20588: 20584: 20579: 20567: 20563: 20559: 20558: 20553: 20548: 20544: 20538: 20535:. Routledge. 20534: 20533: 20528: 20524: 20520: 20516: 20512: 20508: 20504: 20499: 20495: 20489: 20485: 20484: 20478: 20466: 20462: 20456: 20452: 20451: 20446: 20442: 20438: 20433: 20429: 20423: 20419: 20414: 20403: 20399: 20395: 20391: 20388:(3): 210–25. 20387: 20383: 20379: 20374: 20370: 20364: 20360: 20355: 20351: 20345: 20341: 20337: 20333: 20329: 20325: 20319: 20315: 20310: 20298: 20294: 20290: 20286: 20282: 20278: 20274: 20273: 20268: 20264: 20260: 20256: 20250: 20246: 20242: 20238: 20234: 20228: 20224: 20219: 20215: 20209: 20205: 20201: 20197: 20193: 20187: 20183: 20179: 20178: 20173: 20169: 20165: 20159: 20155: 20150: 20138: 20134: 20130: 20126: 20122: 20121: 20116: 20112: 20108: 20104: 20098: 20094: 20089: 20077: 20073: 20067: 20063: 20059: 20055: 20054: 20048: 20044: 20040: 20035: 20023: 20019: 20015: 20010: 19998: 19994: 19988: 19985:. Routledge. 19984: 19983: 19978: 19974: 19962: 19958: 19952: 19948: 19947: 19942: 19938: 19934: 19928: 19924: 19919: 19915: 19909: 19905: 19901: 19897: 19885: 19881: 19875: 19871: 19870: 19865: 19861: 19857: 19851: 19847: 19843: 19839: 19834: 19830: 19824: 19820: 19815: 19811: 19805: 19801: 19796: 19792: 19786: 19782: 19777: 19773: 19767: 19763: 19759: 19755: 19750: 19746: 19740: 19736: 19732: 19728: 19724: 19720: 19716: 19712: 19707: 19695: 19691: 19685: 19681: 19680: 19674: 19670: 19664: 19660: 19656: 19652: 19648: 19642: 19638: 19634: 19630: 19626: 19622: 19621:History Today 19617: 19613: 19607: 19603: 19598: 19586: 19582: 19576: 19572: 19571: 19566: 19562: 19550: 19546: 19540: 19536: 19535: 19530: 19525: 19521: 19515: 19511: 19506: 19502: 19496: 19492: 19491: 19485: 19481: 19475: 19471: 19466: 19462: 19457: 19445: 19441: 19437: 19433: 19427: 19423: 19419: 19415: 19411: 19407: 19401: 19397: 19392: 19388: 19382: 19378: 19374: 19370: 19358: 19354: 19350: 19346: 19341: 19337: 19331: 19327: 19323: 19319: 19315: 19309: 19305: 19300: 19296: 19290: 19286: 19282: 19277: 19273: 19267: 19263: 19258: 19254: 19248: 19244: 19240: 19236: 19231: 19226: 19222: 19218: 19217: 19212: 19207: 19203: 19199: 19195: 19191: 19187: 19183: 19179: 19175: 19174: 19168: 19164: 19160: 19156: 19152: 19148: 19144: 19140: 19136: 19124: 19120: 19114: 19111:. Crossroad. 19110: 19109: 19103: 19099: 19093: 19089: 19085: 19081: 19077: 19073: 19069: 19065: 19061: 19057: 19052: 19048: 19042: 19038: 19033: 19029: 19023: 19019: 19014: 19010: 19004: 19000: 18995: 18991: 18985: 18981: 18976: 18972: 18968: 18964: 18960: 18956: 18952: 18951: 18945: 18941: 18935: 18931: 18926: 18922: 18916: 18912: 18907: 18903: 18897: 18893: 18888: 18884: 18878: 18874: 18869: 18865: 18859: 18855: 18851: 18847: 18843: 18839: 18835: 18829: 18825: 18820: 18816: 18810: 18806: 18801: 18797: 18791: 18787: 18782: 18778: 18772: 18768: 18763: 18759: 18753: 18749: 18745: 18741: 18737: 18733: 18729: 18725: 18721: 18717: 18716: 18711: 18706: 18702: 18698: 18694: 18690: 18686: 18682: 18681: 18675: 18663: 18659: 18655: 18651: 18645: 18641: 18637: 18633: 18632:Davies, W. D. 18629: 18625: 18621: 18617: 18611: 18607: 18602: 18598: 18592: 18588: 18584: 18583:Hall, John R. 18580: 18576: 18570: 18566: 18562: 18558: 18554: 18548: 18544: 18539: 18535: 18529: 18525: 18520: 18516: 18510: 18506: 18501: 18497: 18491: 18487: 18482: 18477: 18472: 18468: 18464: 18463: 18458: 18453: 18449: 18443: 18439: 18435: 18431: 18427: 18415: 18411: 18405: 18401: 18400: 18395: 18391: 18387: 18381: 18377: 18372: 18368: 18362: 18358: 18357:Brian Stanley 18354: 18350: 18346: 18342: 18336: 18332: 18327: 18323: 18317: 18313: 18308: 18304: 18298: 18294: 18289: 18285: 18281: 18277: 18273: 18270:. OUP: 1–34. 18269: 18265: 18260: 18256: 18250: 18246: 18241: 18237: 18231: 18227: 18223: 18219: 18215: 18210: 18198: 18194: 18190: 18186: 18180: 18176: 18172: 18168: 18163: 18159: 18153: 18149: 18148: 18142: 18138: 18134: 18130: 18124: 18120: 18119: 18113: 18109: 18105: 18101: 18097: 18093: 18089: 18085: 18081: 18080: 18075: 18071: 18067: 18061: 18057: 18053: 18049: 18037: 18033: 18029: 18025: 18021: 18017: 18013: 18009: 18005: 18004:Fox, Jonathan 18001: 17997: 17993: 17988: 17983: 17978: 17973: 17969: 17965: 17961: 17957: 17956: 17951: 17946: 17942: 17936: 17932: 17927: 17923: 17917: 17913: 17908: 17904: 17898: 17894: 17893: 17887: 17883: 17877: 17873: 17868: 17864: 17858: 17854: 17850: 17846: 17842: 17830: 17826: 17820: 17816: 17815: 17809: 17794: 17790: 17786: 17779: 17774: 17770: 17764: 17760: 17755: 17743: 17739: 17735: 17731: 17727: 17723: 17719: 17718: 17713: 17709: 17705: 17701: 17695: 17691: 17687: 17683: 17679: 17667: 17663: 17657: 17653: 17649: 17645: 17641: 17637: 17631: 17628:. Routledge. 17627: 17623: 17619: 17607: 17603: 17597: 17593: 17592: 17587: 17583: 17571: 17567: 17561: 17557: 17556: 17551: 17547: 17542: 17537: 17533: 17529: 17525: 17520: 17516: 17510: 17506: 17502: 17498: 17494: 17488: 17484: 17479: 17475: 17471: 17467: 17463: 17462: 17456: 17452: 17446: 17442: 17437: 17425: 17421: 17415: 17411: 17410: 17404: 17400: 17396: 17392: 17388: 17387: 17382: 17378: 17374: 17370: 17366: 17362: 17358: 17354: 17350: 17346: 17345: 17340: 17336: 17332: 17326: 17322: 17317: 17313: 17309: 17304: 17300: 17294: 17290: 17285: 17281: 17275: 17271: 17267: 17263: 17259: 17254: 17250: 17246: 17242: 17238: 17234: 17229: 17225: 17219: 17215: 17210: 17206: 17200: 17196: 17191: 17187: 17181: 17177: 17172: 17160: 17156: 17150: 17146: 17145: 17140: 17136: 17124: 17120: 17116: 17112: 17108: 17104: 17100: 17096: 17091: 17087: 17081: 17077: 17072: 17068: 17062: 17058: 17053: 17049: 17045: 17041: 17037: 17032: 17028: 17024: 17020: 17016: 17012: 17007: 17003: 16997: 16993: 16988: 16984: 16978: 16974: 16970: 16966: 16962: 16958: 16952: 16948: 16943: 16939: 16933: 16929: 16925: 16921: 16917: 16912: 16908: 16904: 16900: 16896: 16892: 16887: 16883: 16879: 16875: 16871: 16866: 16862: 16858: 16853: 16849: 16843: 16839: 16835: 16831: 16827: 16821: 16817: 16813: 16809: 16805: 16799: 16795: 16791: 16787: 16783: 16777: 16773: 16769: 16765: 16761: 16749: 16745: 16741: 16737: 16733: 16729: 16724: 16709: 16705: 16701: 16700: 16692: 16687: 16683: 16677: 16674:. Routledge. 16673: 16668: 16664: 16660: 16656: 16652: 16648: 16644: 16643: 16638: 16634: 16631:(4): 576–592. 16630: 16626: 16625: 16620: 16616: 16612: 16608: 16602: 16598: 16594: 16590: 16586: 16582: 16578: 16572: 16568: 16564: 16560: 16556: 16550: 16546: 16541: 16537: 16533: 16529: 16525: 16521: 16517: 16512: 16508: 16502: 16498: 16497: 16496:The Bad Popes 16491: 16487: 16481: 16477: 16476: 16471: 16467: 16463: 16457: 16453: 16448: 16444: 16438: 16434: 16430: 16426: 16422: 16416: 16412: 16408: 16404: 16400: 16394: 16390: 16385: 16381: 16375: 16371: 16366: 16362: 16356: 16353:. Routledge. 16352: 16347: 16343: 16337: 16333: 16329: 16325: 16320: 16316: 16310: 16306: 16301: 16297: 16291: 16287: 16286: 16281: 16280:Cameron, Alan 16277: 16265: 16261: 16260: 16259:Word Magazine 16255: 16251: 16247: 16243: 16237: 16233: 16228: 16224: 16220: 16219: 16214: 16210: 16198: 16194: 16193: 16188: 16184: 16180: 16174: 16170: 16165: 16161: 16155: 16151: 16146: 16142: 16136: 16132: 16128: 16124: 16120: 16114: 16110: 16106: 16102: 16097: 16093: 16087: 16083: 16079: 16075: 16071: 16067: 16063: 16058: 16056: 16055: 16050: 16046: 16042: 16038: 16032: 16028: 16024: 16020: 16016: 16012: 16006: 16002: 15998: 15994: 15990: 15985: 15981: 15975: 15971: 15966: 15962: 15956: 15952: 15947: 15943: 15937: 15933: 15931: 15926: 15922: 15917: 15910: 15906: 15902: 15901: 15893: 15888: 15884: 15880: 15876: 15872: 15867: 15863: 15859: 15855: 15851: 15847: 15843: 15839: 15835: 15831: 15827: 15823: 15817: 15813: 15809: 15805: 15801: 15797: 15792: 15788: 15782: 15778: 15773: 15769: 15763: 15759: 15754: 15742: 15738: 15732: 15728: 15727: 15721: 15717: 15711: 15707: 15702: 15698: 15692: 15688: 15683: 15679: 15675: 15671: 15667: 15663: 15659: 15654: 15642: 15638: 15632: 15628: 15627: 15622: 15615: 15611: 15607: 15603: 15599: 15595: 15591: 15587: 15583: 15582: 15574: 15569: 15565: 15559: 15555: 15550: 15546: 15540: 15536: 15535: 15530: 15526: 15522: 15518: 15512: 15508: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15493: 15489: 15485: 15481: 15478:(3): 365–84. 15477: 15473: 15472: 15467: 15463: 15459: 15455: 15451: 15447: 15443: 15439: 15435: 15431: 15419: 15415: 15411: 15407: 15403: 15398: 15386: 15382: 15376: 15372: 15371: 15365: 15361: 15355: 15351: 15347: 15343: 15331: 15327: 15321: 15317: 15316: 15311: 15310:Barton, Simon 15307: 15303: 15297: 15293: 15292: 15287: 15283: 15279: 15273: 15269: 15265: 15261: 15257: 15253: 15249: 15245: 15241: 15237: 15233: 15229: 15228: 15222: 15210: 15206: 15200: 15196: 15195: 15189: 15185: 15179: 15175: 15170: 15166: 15160: 15156: 15152: 15148: 15144: 15138: 15134: 15130: 15126: 15122: 15118: 15113: 15109: 15103: 15099: 15094: 15082: 15078: 15074: 15070: 15066: 15062: 15058: 15052: 15048: 15044: 15040: 15036: 15032: 15026: 15022: 15018: 15014: 15010: 15006: 15002: 14998: 14994: 14990: 14984: 14980: 14975: 14971: 14965: 14961: 14956: 14952: 14948: 14944: 14938: 14934: 14930: 14926: 14921: 14917: 14913: 14909: 14903: 14899: 14895: 14891: 14887: 14886:Althoff, Gerd 14883: 14879: 14873: 14869: 14865: 14861: 14849: 14845: 14841: 14836: 14832: 14826: 14822: 14818: 14817:Irele, Abiola 14813: 14809: 14803: 14800:. Routledge. 14799: 14794: 14790: 14784: 14780: 14775: 14771: 14765: 14761: 14757: 14753: 14748: 14744: 14740: 14736: 14732: 14728: 14724: 14720: 14714: 14710: 14706: 14702: 14698: 14692: 14688: 14684: 14680: 14676: 14672: 14668: 14662: 14658: 14657: 14652: 14648: 14644: 14643: 14626: 14621: 14615:, p. 73. 14614: 14609: 14602: 14597: 14590: 14585: 14578: 14573: 14566: 14561: 14554: 14549: 14542: 14541:Fontaine 2016 14537: 14530: 14525: 14518: 14513: 14506: 14501: 14494: 14489: 14482: 14477: 14475: 14468:, p. 13. 14467: 14462: 14455: 14450: 14448: 14440: 14435: 14428: 14423: 14416: 14411: 14404: 14399: 14393:, p. 11. 14392: 14387: 14385: 14377: 14372: 14370: 14362: 14357: 14350: 14345: 14338: 14333: 14326: 14321: 14314: 14309: 14302: 14301:Pintarić 2014 14297: 14290: 14285: 14279:, p. 22. 14278: 14277:Chinnici 2012 14273: 14266: 14261: 14259: 14251: 14246: 14240:, p. 10. 14239: 14234: 14228:, p. 12. 14227: 14222: 14220: 14212: 14207: 14200: 14195: 14188: 14183: 14181: 14173: 14168: 14161: 14156: 14149: 14144: 14137: 14132: 14125: 14120: 14113: 14108: 14101: 14096: 14089: 14084: 14077: 14072: 14065: 14060: 14053: 14049: 14044: 14037: 14032: 14025: 14020: 14013: 14008: 14001: 13996: 13989: 13984: 13977: 13972: 13965: 13960: 13953: 13948: 13941: 13936: 13929: 13924: 13917: 13913: 13908: 13901: 13896: 13889: 13884: 13877: 13872: 13865: 13860: 13853: 13848: 13841: 13836: 13829: 13824: 13822: 13820: 13812: 13807: 13805: 13797: 13792: 13785: 13780: 13773: 13768: 13761: 13756: 13749: 13744: 13737: 13732: 13725: 13720: 13713: 13708: 13702:, p. 15. 13701: 13696: 13689: 13684: 13677: 13672: 13665: 13660: 13653: 13652:Sullivan 2006 13648: 13641: 13636: 13630:, p. 23. 13629: 13628:Eidintas 2001 13624: 13617: 13612: 13605: 13600: 13593: 13588: 13581: 13580:Shlikhta 2004 13576: 13569: 13564: 13557: 13552: 13545: 13540: 13533: 13528: 13521: 13516: 13509: 13504: 13497: 13492: 13485: 13480: 13473: 13468: 13466: 13458: 13453: 13446: 13441: 13434: 13429: 13422: 13417: 13410: 13405: 13398: 13393: 13386: 13381: 13375:, p. xx. 13374: 13369: 13367: 13359: 13354: 13352: 13344: 13339: 13332: 13327: 13320: 13315: 13309:, p. 19. 13308: 13303: 13297:, p. 22. 13296: 13291: 13284: 13279: 13272: 13267: 13260: 13255: 13249:, p. 13. 13248: 13243: 13241: 13233: 13228: 13226: 13218: 13213: 13206: 13201: 13199: 13197: 13189: 13184: 13177: 13172: 13165: 13160: 13153: 13148: 13141: 13136: 13129: 13124: 13117: 13112: 13105: 13100: 13093: 13088: 13081: 13076: 13069: 13064: 13058:, p. 26. 13057: 13052: 13050: 13042: 13037: 13030: 13025: 13018: 13013: 13006: 13001: 12999: 12991: 12986: 12979: 12974: 12967: 12962: 12955: 12950: 12944:, p. 19. 12943: 12938: 12931: 12926: 12919: 12914: 12907: 12902: 12900: 12892: 12887: 12885: 12877: 12872: 12866:, p. 93. 12865: 12860: 12853: 12848: 12841: 12836: 12829: 12824: 12817: 12812: 12805: 12800: 12793: 12788: 12782:, p. 10. 12781: 12776: 12769: 12764: 12757: 12752: 12745: 12740: 12733: 12728: 12721: 12716: 12709: 12704: 12697: 12692: 12685: 12680: 12673: 12668: 12661: 12656: 12649: 12644: 12637: 12632: 12630: 12623:, p. 30. 12622: 12617: 12610: 12605: 12598: 12593: 12591: 12583: 12578: 12576: 12574: 12566: 12565:Robinson 1952 12561: 12554: 12549: 12547: 12545: 12543: 12535: 12530: 12523: 12518: 12511: 12506: 12499: 12494: 12487: 12482: 12476:, p. 64. 12475: 12470: 12464:, p. 12. 12463: 12458: 12451: 12446: 12439: 12434: 12427: 12422: 12415: 12410: 12404:, p. 10. 12403: 12402:Onnekink 2016 12398: 12391: 12390:Onnekink 2016 12386: 12379: 12378:Onnekink 2016 12374: 12367: 12362: 12360: 12352: 12347: 12340: 12339:Onnekink 2016 12335: 12328: 12323: 12316: 12311: 12304: 12299: 12292: 12287: 12280: 12275: 12273: 12265: 12260: 12253: 12248: 12241: 12236: 12229: 12228:Williams 1995 12224: 12217: 12216:Williams 1995 12212: 12206:, p. 28. 12205: 12200: 12193: 12188: 12181: 12176: 12169: 12164: 12157: 12152: 12145: 12140: 12134:, p. 14. 12133: 12128: 12122:, p. 15. 12121: 12116: 12109: 12104: 12097: 12092: 12090: 12082: 12077: 12070: 12065: 12058: 12053: 12046: 12041: 12034: 12029: 12022: 12017: 12011:, p. 15. 12010: 12005: 11998: 11993: 11987:, p. 12. 11986: 11981: 11974: 11969: 11962: 11957: 11955: 11947: 11942: 11935: 11930: 11928: 11920: 11915: 11908: 11903: 11896: 11891: 11884: 11879: 11877: 11869: 11864: 11862: 11860: 11858: 11856: 11854: 11852: 11844: 11839: 11832: 11827: 11820: 11815: 11808: 11803: 11796: 11791: 11784: 11779: 11772: 11767: 11760: 11755: 11748: 11743: 11736: 11731: 11724: 11719: 11712: 11707: 11700: 11695: 11693: 11691: 11683: 11678: 11676: 11668: 11663: 11661: 11659: 11657: 11649: 11644: 11637: 11632: 11625: 11620: 11613: 11608: 11606: 11598: 11593: 11586: 11581: 11574: 11569: 11562: 11557: 11550: 11545: 11538: 11533: 11526: 11521: 11514: 11509: 11503:, p. xv. 11502: 11497: 11490: 11485: 11478: 11473: 11466: 11461: 11459: 11452:, p. 14. 11451: 11446: 11439: 11434: 11427: 11422: 11415: 11410: 11408: 11400: 11395: 11389:, p. 11. 11388: 11387:Flannery 2013 11383: 11377:, p. 38. 11376: 11371: 11365:, p. 75. 11364: 11363:Casanova 1994 11359: 11352: 11347: 11340: 11335: 11333: 11325: 11320: 11313: 11308: 11301: 11296: 11289: 11284: 11277: 11272: 11265: 11260: 11258: 11250: 11245: 11238: 11233: 11226: 11221: 11215:, p. 70. 11214: 11209: 11202: 11197: 11191:, p. 60. 11190: 11185: 11178: 11177:Kampling 2005 11173: 11167:, p. 56. 11166: 11161: 11154: 11149: 11142: 11141:Schacter 2011 11137: 11130: 11125: 11118: 11113: 11106: 11101: 11094: 11089: 11082: 11077: 11070: 11065: 11058: 11053: 11046: 11041: 11035:, p. 47. 11034: 11029: 11023:, p. 24. 11022: 11017: 11010: 11005: 10998: 10993: 10986: 10981: 10974: 10969: 10963:, p. 71. 10962: 10957: 10950: 10945: 10938: 10933: 10927:, p. 65. 10926: 10921: 10919: 10911: 10906: 10899: 10898:Marcocci 2013 10894: 10887: 10886:Rawlings 2006 10882: 10875: 10870: 10863: 10858: 10852:, p. xv. 10851: 10846: 10840:, p. 16. 10839: 10834: 10827: 10822: 10815: 10810: 10803: 10798: 10792:, p. 14. 10791: 10786: 10779: 10774: 10767: 10762: 10760: 10758: 10750: 10745: 10738: 10733: 10726: 10721: 10714: 10713:Dunbabin 2003 10709: 10702: 10697: 10690: 10685: 10679:, p. 50. 10678: 10673: 10666: 10661: 10654: 10649: 10642: 10637: 10630: 10625: 10618: 10613: 10611: 10609: 10601: 10596: 10589: 10584: 10577: 10572: 10565: 10560: 10553: 10548: 10542:, p. 21. 10541: 10536: 10529: 10524: 10522: 10515:, p. 53. 10514: 10509: 10502: 10497: 10490: 10485: 10478: 10473: 10466: 10461: 10459: 10457: 10449: 10444: 10437: 10432: 10425: 10420: 10413: 10408: 10401: 10396: 10389: 10384: 10378:, p. 52. 10377: 10372: 10365: 10360: 10353: 10352:Althoff 2019b 10348: 10341: 10336: 10329: 10324: 10317: 10316:Thompson 2016 10312: 10306:, p. 51. 10305: 10300: 10293: 10288: 10282:, p. 25. 10281: 10276: 10274: 10266: 10261: 10254: 10249: 10242: 10237: 10230: 10225: 10218: 10213: 10206: 10201: 10194: 10189: 10182: 10177: 10170: 10165: 10158: 10153: 10146: 10141: 10134: 10129: 10122: 10121:Seagrave 2009 10117: 10110: 10109:Longwell 1928 10105: 10098: 10097:Longwell 1928 10093: 10086: 10081: 10074: 10069: 10062: 10057: 10050: 10045: 10039:, p. 60. 10038: 10033: 10026: 10021: 10014: 10009: 10002: 9997: 9995: 9987: 9982: 9975: 9974:Hastings 2000 9970: 9963: 9958: 9952:, p. 11. 9951: 9946: 9939: 9934: 9932: 9924: 9919: 9917: 9909: 9904: 9897: 9896:Southern 2016 9892: 9885: 9880: 9873: 9868: 9861: 9856: 9849: 9844: 9842: 9834: 9833:Longwell 1928 9829: 9822: 9817: 9810: 9805: 9803: 9795: 9790: 9788: 9780: 9779:Longwell 1928 9775: 9768: 9763: 9761: 9753: 9748: 9741: 9736: 9729: 9724: 9717: 9712: 9705: 9700: 9694:, p. 25. 9693: 9688: 9686: 9679:, p. 43. 9678: 9677:Antoljak 1994 9673: 9666: 9661: 9654: 9649: 9642: 9641:Bukowska 2012 9637: 9630: 9625: 9618: 9613: 9606: 9601: 9599: 9591: 9586: 9579: 9574: 9567: 9562: 9555: 9550: 9543: 9538: 9532:, p. 33. 9531: 9526: 9520:, p. 47. 9519: 9514: 9512: 9510: 9502: 9497: 9495: 9487: 9482: 9475: 9470: 9468: 9461:, p. 46. 9460: 9455: 9448: 9443: 9436: 9431: 9424: 9419: 9412: 9407: 9400: 9395: 9388: 9383: 9377:, p. 31. 9376: 9371: 9369: 9367: 9359: 9354: 9352: 9344: 9339: 9332: 9327: 9320: 9315: 9308: 9303: 9296: 9291: 9284: 9279: 9272: 9267: 9260: 9255: 9248: 9243: 9236: 9231: 9224: 9219: 9212: 9207: 9200: 9195: 9189:, p. 14. 9188: 9183: 9176: 9171: 9164: 9159: 9152: 9151:Althoff 2019a 9147: 9145: 9137: 9132: 9130: 9122: 9121:Thompson 2016 9117: 9115: 9107: 9102: 9095: 9090: 9088: 9080: 9079:Thompson 2016 9075: 9073: 9065: 9060: 9053: 9048: 9041: 9036: 9034: 9026: 9021: 9014: 9009: 9002: 8997: 8990: 8985: 8978: 8973: 8966: 8961: 8954: 8949: 8942: 8937: 8930: 8925: 8918: 8913: 8906: 8901: 8894: 8889: 8882: 8877: 8871:, p. 60. 8870: 8865: 8858: 8853: 8846: 8841: 8834: 8829: 8822: 8817: 8810: 8805: 8798: 8793: 8786: 8785:Althoff 2019b 8781: 8779: 8771: 8766: 8759: 8754: 8747: 8742: 8735: 8730: 8723: 8718: 8711: 8706: 8699: 8694: 8687: 8682: 8675: 8670: 8663: 8658: 8651: 8646: 8639: 8634: 8627: 8622: 8615: 8610: 8608: 8600: 8595: 8588: 8583: 8576: 8571: 8564: 8559: 8552: 8547: 8545: 8537: 8532: 8525: 8520: 8513: 8508: 8501: 8500:Thompson 2016 8496: 8494: 8492: 8484: 8479: 8472: 8467: 8460: 8455: 8448: 8443: 8436: 8431: 8425:, p. 70. 8424: 8419: 8412: 8407: 8400: 8395: 8388: 8383: 8376: 8371: 8364: 8359: 8352: 8347: 8340: 8335: 8328: 8327:Rubenson 2007 8323: 8316: 8311: 8304: 8299: 8292: 8287: 8280: 8275: 8268: 8263: 8256: 8251: 8249: 8241: 8236: 8229: 8224: 8217: 8212: 8205: 8200: 8193: 8188: 8181: 8176: 8169: 8164: 8162: 8154: 8149: 8142: 8137: 8130: 8125: 8118: 8113: 8106: 8101: 8094: 8089: 8082: 8077: 8070: 8065: 8058: 8053: 8046: 8045:Trombley 2007 8041: 8034: 8029: 8022: 8017: 8010: 8005: 7998: 7993: 7986: 7981: 7979: 7971: 7966: 7960:, p. 25. 7959: 7954: 7947: 7942: 7936:, p. 27. 7935: 7930: 7923: 7918: 7911: 7906: 7899: 7894: 7887: 7882: 7875: 7874:Bachrach 1977 7870: 7863: 7862:Abulafia 2002 7858: 7851: 7850:Stroumsa 2007 7846: 7844: 7836: 7835:Southern 2015 7831: 7824: 7819: 7812: 7807: 7800: 7799:Bradbury 1995 7795: 7788: 7783: 7776: 7771: 7764: 7759: 7752: 7747: 7740: 7739:Leithart 2010 7735: 7728: 7723: 7716: 7711: 7704: 7699: 7692: 7687: 7680: 7675: 7669:, p. 90. 7668: 7663: 7656: 7651: 7645:, p. 29. 7644: 7639: 7633:, p. 30. 7632: 7627: 7625: 7617: 7612: 7605: 7604:Bradbury 1995 7600: 7593: 7588: 7586: 7579:, p. 60. 7578: 7573: 7566: 7561: 7554: 7549: 7542: 7537: 7530: 7525: 7519:, p. 35. 7518: 7513: 7507:, p. 33. 7506: 7501: 7494: 7489: 7482: 7477: 7471:, p. 28. 7470: 7465: 7459:, p. 82. 7458: 7453: 7451: 7444:, p. 31. 7443: 7438: 7431: 7430:Bradbury 1995 7426: 7419: 7414: 7407: 7402: 7400: 7392: 7391:Trombley 2001 7387: 7380: 7375: 7368: 7363: 7356: 7351: 7344: 7339: 7332: 7327: 7320: 7315: 7308: 7303: 7296: 7291: 7284: 7279: 7272: 7271:Cameron 2006b 7267: 7260: 7259:Cameron 2006b 7255: 7248: 7247:Cameron 2006b 7243: 7236: 7231: 7229: 7221: 7220:Cameron 2006b 7216: 7209: 7204: 7197: 7192: 7185: 7180: 7173: 7168: 7166: 7158: 7157:Cameron 2006b 7153: 7151: 7143: 7138: 7131: 7126: 7119: 7118:Cameron 2006b 7114: 7107: 7102: 7100: 7092: 7087: 7085: 7078:, p. xx. 7077: 7072: 7065: 7064:Burnside 2011 7060: 7054:, p. 31. 7053: 7048: 7041: 7036: 7029: 7024: 7017: 7016:De Jonge 2003 7012: 7005: 7000: 6993: 6988: 6982:, p. 14. 6981: 6976: 6969: 6964: 6957: 6952: 6945: 6940: 6933: 6928: 6922:, p. 36. 6921: 6920:Robinson 1988 6916: 6909: 6904: 6897: 6892: 6885: 6880: 6873: 6868: 6861: 6856: 6849: 6848:Trebilco 2017 6844: 6842: 6834: 6829: 6827: 6819: 6814: 6807: 6802: 6795: 6790: 6783: 6778: 6771: 6766: 6759: 6754: 6747: 6742: 6735: 6730: 6728: 6720: 6715: 6708: 6703: 6696: 6691: 6685:, p. 81. 6684: 6679: 6672: 6667: 6661:, p. 79. 6660: 6655: 6648: 6643: 6637:, p. 34. 6636: 6631: 6624: 6619: 6612: 6607: 6600: 6595: 6593: 6585: 6580: 6573: 6568: 6566: 6558: 6553: 6546: 6541: 6534: 6529: 6522: 6517: 6510: 6505: 6503: 6495: 6490: 6483: 6478: 6471: 6466: 6459: 6454: 6447: 6442: 6435: 6430: 6423: 6418: 6411: 6406: 6399: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6383:, p. 21. 6382: 6377: 6370: 6365: 6358: 6353: 6346: 6341: 6334: 6329: 6323:, p. 49. 6322: 6321:Schwartz 2009 6317: 6310: 6305: 6299:, p. 75. 6298: 6293: 6287: 6282: 6276: 6271: 6265:, p. 18. 6264: 6259: 6253:, p. 50. 6252: 6247: 6241:, p. 21. 6240: 6239:Sullivan 2001 6235: 6228: 6223: 6216: 6215:Sullivan 2001 6211: 6204: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6187: 6182: 6175: 6170: 6163: 6158: 6151: 6146: 6144: 6136: 6131: 6124: 6119: 6117: 6109: 6104: 6102: 6094: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6078:, p. 18. 6077: 6072: 6065: 6064:Humfress 2013 6060: 6053: 6048: 6041: 6036: 6029: 6024: 6017: 6012: 6005: 6000: 5993: 5988: 5984: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5957: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5917:South America 5914: 5908: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5843: 5833: 5823: 5813: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5789:Presbyterians 5785: 5779: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5746: 5742: 5741: 5734: 5724: 5715: 5708: 5702: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5668:John Wycliffe 5664: 5654: 5645: 5636: 5628: 5625:In 1215, the 5622: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5583: 5576: 5572: 5571:pastoral care 5565: 5558: 5554: 5547: 5537: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5461: 5455: 5448: 5444: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5422: 5421:Lord's Prayer 5418: 5412: 5405: 5401: 5395: 5385: 5378: 5372: 5365: 5364:Leo the Great 5358: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5299: 5292: 5287: 5280: 5273: 5268: 5262: 5253: 5246: 5240: 5232: 5227: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5199:Second Temple 5194: 5190: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4756: 4755:Saints portal 4745: 4742: 4736: 4731: 4728: 4717: 4714: 4708: 4703: 4700: 4689: 4682: 4680: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4634: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4617: 4612: 4609:By using the 4602: 4598: 4595: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4575: 4570: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4509: 4501: 4499: 4488: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4427: 4418: 4416: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4372:state atheism 4369: 4368:Joseph Stalin 4365: 4360: 4356: 4354: 4353:russification 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4320: 4318: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4269: 4265: 4256: 4253: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4212: 4210: 4204: 4202: 4201:Neo-orthodoxy 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4084: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4042: 4033: 4024: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 4001:human capital 3997: 3995: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3968: 3965: 3959: 3942: 3938: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3877:Religious War 3874: 3872: 3871:Uniate church 3868: 3864: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3829:Pope Paul III 3820: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3783: 3782:Diet of Worms 3777: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3765: 3764:Martin Luther 3755: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3744:Martin Luther 3735: 3726: 3712: 3703: 3701: 3692: 3689: 3678: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3665: 3664:Russian state 3661: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3646: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3589: 3578: 3576: 3571: 3569: 3568: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3517:(1498–99) in 3516: 3515: 3509: 3500: 3498: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3461: 3459: 3458:Pope Martin V 3455: 3451: 3448:pressed Pope 3447: 3443: 3442:Pisan council 3438: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3397: 3388: 3386: 3381: 3379: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3368: 3363: 3362: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3286:With the Jews 3283: 3281: 3277: 3267: 3261:With the East 3258: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3228: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3202: 3197: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3169:With heretics 3166: 3164: 3154: 3152: 3146: 3142: 3140: 3139:Pope Urban II 3136: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3030: 3016: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2985: 2980: 2974: 2969: 2960: 2959:in the West. 2958: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2931: 2926: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2857: 2851: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2646: 2640: 2627: 2618: 2609: 2607: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2581: 2572: 2567: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2541: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2495: 2493: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2462: 2454: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2391: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2376:destigmatized 2373: 2364: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2267:Monophysitism 2264: 2260: 2250: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2235: 2225: 2216: 2215:in A.D. 529. 2214: 2210: 2204: 2200: 2197: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2173: 2165: 2160: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2140: 2132: 2127: 2117: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2072: 2065:New Testament 2060: 2056: 2055:New Testament 2052: 2048: 2044: 2042: 2041:Gerd Theissen 2038: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2010: 2009: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1973: 1971: 1965: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1944:Intellectual 1942: 1940: 1932: 1928: 1925:A folio from 1923: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1856: 1851: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1737:critical mass 1734: 1725: 1720: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1661: 1653: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1516:Russian world 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1467:Roman Emperor 1464: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1453:New Testament 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1437:a Jewish sect 1434: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1369:, aspects of 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1320: 1319: 1317: 1316: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1202: 1201: 1190: 1189:Postmodernism 1187: 1186: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1156:Age of Reason 1154: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1013:Indo-European 1011: 1010: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 992:Ancient Egypt 990: 989: 988: 985: 984: 982: 981: 978: 975: 974: 966: 965: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 942:Neurotheology 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 929: 926: 921: 920: 912: 908: 905: 902: 898: 895: 892: 888: 885: 882: 878: 877:Hamza ibn Ali 875: 872: 868: 865: 862: 858: 855: 852: 848: 845: 842: 838: 835: 832: 828: 825: 822: 818: 815: 812: 808: 805: 804: 801: 796: 795: 791: 787: 786: 783: 780: 779: 775: 774: 764: 759: 757: 752: 750: 745: 744: 742: 741: 736: 731: 727: 726: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 709: 708: 707: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 636: 630: 629: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 574: 573: 572: 569: 566: 565: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 484: 483: 482: 478: 476: 475: 471: 469: 468: 464: 462: 461: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 443: 440: 438: 435: 434: 433: 432: 428: 427: 426: 425: 422: 419: 418: 410: 407: 405: 404:Denominations 402: 401: 397: 396: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 315: 309: 306: 304: 301: 300: 296: 295: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 237: 236: 233: 231: 228: 227: 224: 219: 218: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 185:New Testament 183: 181: 180:Old Testament 178: 177: 170: 168: 165: 164: 160: 159: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 123: 117: 114: 112: 109: 108: 104: 103: 99: 95: 94: 91: 88: 87: 83: 79: 78: 72: 62: 58: 54: 49: 45: 41: 34: 33: 27: 19: 29423: 29368:World War II 29221:Early modern 29198:Kalmar Union 29069:Papal States 28987:Roman Empire 28876:Roman School 28799:Neoplatonism 28756:Mesopotamian 28593:Confucianism 28532:Christianity 28531: 28510:Major groups 28342: 28137:Architecture 28031:Confirmation 27979:Ecclesiology 27910:Original sin 27900:Nicene Creed 27697:Old Catholic 27581:Papal States 27513:Great Church 27479:Resurrection 27421:Christianity 27397: 27378:New Covenant 27329:(Scriptures) 27274:Christianity 27143:Charismatics 27126: 27105:Gospel music 27035:Camp meeting 27027:1789–present 26959:Missionaries 26929: 26922: 26913:Menno Simons 26857: 26853:Church music 26704: 26675: 26560:Conciliarism 26545:Papal Schism 26387:Scandinavian 26279:Great Schism 26257:Nestorianism 26229:Christianity 26161:priest holes 26042:Chalcedonian 26005:Christianity 25959:Great Church 25767:Resurrection 25596: 25557: 25530: 25513: 25493: 25485: 25461:. Retrieved 25452: 25439: 25433: 25412:. Retrieved 25400: 25381:. Retrieved 25366: 25351:. Retrieved 25340: 25324:. Retrieved 25311: 25296:. Retrieved 25287: 25272:. Retrieved 25263: 25251: 25235:. Retrieved 25226: 25221: 25209:the original 25202: 25183:. Retrieved 25170: 25154:. Retrieved 25145: 25140: 25123:. Retrieved 25116:the original 25095:13 September 25093:. Retrieved 25089: 25073:. Retrieved 25064: 25048:. Retrieved 25039: 25016: 25004:. Retrieved 24991:Christianity 24990: 24966: 24949:. Retrieved 24940: 24924:. Retrieved 24915: 24896:. Retrieved 24887: 24853: 24841:. Retrieved 24814:12 September 24812:. Retrieved 24808: 24792:. Retrieved 24777:15 September 24775:. Retrieved 24766: 24763:"Dei verbum" 24751:. Retrieved 24746: 24731:. Retrieved 24695: 24676: 24649: 24622: 24607:. Retrieved 24582: 24576: 24550: 24538:. Retrieved 24518: 24491: 24472: 24449: 24426: 24404: 24389:. Retrieved 24345: 24308: 24302: 24280: 24261: 24242: 24223: 24201: 24174: 24155: 24139:. Retrieved 24124: 24104: 24077: 24062:. Retrieved 24041: 24012:(1): 61–86. 24009: 24005: 23986: 23967: 23942: 23938: 23916: 23899: 23881: 23869: 23866:Ḳedar, B. Z. 23843: 23816: 23804:. Retrieved 23784: 23756: 23737: 23720: 23701: 23665: 23659: 23650: 23646: 23632:(1): 75–94. 23629: 23625: 23609:. Retrieved 23590: 23584: 23562: 23558: 23539: 23511: 23507: 23484: 23467: 23463: 23432: 23410: 23386: 23349: 23343: 23324: 23305: 23286: 23264: 23245: 23233:. Retrieved 23216: 23212: 23198:16 September 23196:. Retrieved 23191: 23187: 23171:. Retrieved 23143: 23139: 23102: 23076: 23057: 23035: 22999: 22995: 22976: 22964:. Retrieved 22959: 22955: 22934: 22930: 22914:. Retrieved 22894: 22871: 22849: 22825: 22821: 22802:. Retrieved 22782: 22751: 22729: 22710: 22691: 22669: 22654:. Retrieved 22634: 22612: 22608: 22586: 22567: 22555:. Retrieved 22543: 22537: 22518:. 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Retrieved 20561: 20555: 20531: 20513:(1): 29–42. 20510: 20506: 20482: 20469:. Retrieved 20449: 20436: 20417: 20405:. Retrieved 20385: 20381: 20358: 20339: 20313: 20301:. Retrieved 20279:(72): 5–22. 20276: 20270: 20244: 20222: 20203: 20182:Julia Barrow 20176: 20153: 20141:. Retrieved 20124: 20118: 20111:Law, Stephen 20092: 20080:. Retrieved 20052: 20042: 20038: 20026:. Retrieved 20017: 20001:. Retrieved 19981: 19965:. Retrieved 19945: 19922: 19903: 19888:. Retrieved 19868: 19837: 19818: 19799: 19780: 19753: 19734: 19714: 19710: 19698:. Retrieved 19678: 19658: 19636: 19633:Kamen, Henry 19624: 19620: 19601: 19589:. Retrieved 19569: 19553:. Retrieved 19533: 19529:Alanna Nobbs 19509: 19489: 19469: 19460: 19448:. Retrieved 19421: 19395: 19376: 19361:. Retrieved 19352: 19348: 19325: 19303: 19284: 19261: 19242: 19220: 19214: 19177: 19171: 19146: 19142: 19127:. Retrieved 19107: 19090:. Eerdmans. 19087: 19084:Hobson, Theo 19059: 19055: 19036: 19017: 18998: 18979: 18954: 18948: 18929: 18910: 18891: 18872: 18845: 18823: 18804: 18785: 18766: 18747: 18744:Harper, Kyle 18719: 18713: 18684: 18678: 18666:. Retrieved 18639: 18605: 18586: 18564: 18542: 18523: 18504: 18485: 18466: 18460: 18433: 18418:. Retrieved 18398: 18375: 18352: 18330: 18311: 18292: 18267: 18263: 18244: 18217: 18201:. Retrieved 18174: 18146: 18117: 18083: 18077: 18055: 18040:. Retrieved 18015: 18011: 17959: 17953: 17930: 17911: 17891: 17871: 17852: 17833:. Retrieved 17813: 17800:. Retrieved 17788: 17784: 17758: 17746:. Retrieved 17721: 17715: 17689: 17670:. Retrieved 17651: 17625: 17610:. Retrieved 17590: 17574:. Retrieved 17554: 17531: 17527: 17504: 17482: 17465: 17459: 17440: 17428:. Retrieved 17408: 17390: 17384: 17348: 17342: 17339:Drake, H. A. 17320: 17311: 17307: 17288: 17261: 17240: 17236: 17213: 17194: 17175: 17163:. Retrieved 17143: 17127:. Retrieved 17102: 17098: 17075: 17056: 17039: 17035: 17021:(1): 21–36. 17018: 17014: 16991: 16972: 16946: 16919: 16898: 16894: 16873: 16869: 16860: 16856: 16837: 16815: 16793: 16771: 16752:. Retrieved 16735: 16731: 16715:. Retrieved 16703: 16697: 16671: 16646: 16640: 16637:Coffey, John 16628: 16622: 16596: 16566: 16544: 16522:(3): 21–49. 16519: 16515: 16494: 16474: 16451: 16432: 16410: 16388: 16369: 16350: 16323: 16304: 16284: 16268:. Retrieved 16257: 16252:(May 1983). 16231: 16217: 16201:. Retrieved 16191: 16168: 16149: 16130: 16100: 16073: 16070:Bull, Marcus 16061: 16052: 16022: 15992: 15969: 15950: 15928: 15909:the original 15904: 15898: 15874: 15870: 15837: 15833: 15803: 15776: 15757: 15745:. Retrieved 15725: 15705: 15686: 15661: 15657: 15645:. Retrieved 15625: 15585: 15579: 15553: 15533: 15505: 15475: 15469: 15445: 15438:Mitchell, M. 15422:. Retrieved 15405: 15389:. Retrieved 15369: 15349: 15334:. Retrieved 15314: 15290: 15267: 15264:Barton, John 15234:(1): 14–41. 15231: 15225: 15213:. Retrieved 15193: 15173: 15154: 15124: 15097: 15085:. Retrieved 15076: 15072: 15046: 15042: 15020: 15000: 14978: 14959: 14924: 14889: 14867: 14852:. Retrieved 14843: 14820: 14797: 14778: 14754:. Springer. 14751: 14734: 14730: 14708: 14686: 14655: 14620: 14608: 14596: 14584: 14572: 14560: 14548: 14536: 14529:Hilkert 1995 14524: 14512: 14505:Hilkert 1995 14500: 14488: 14461: 14434: 14427:Wogaman 2011 14422: 14417:, p. 5. 14410: 14403:Wilkins 2017 14398: 14356: 14344: 14339:, p. 3. 14332: 14320: 14313:Clifton 2012 14308: 14296: 14289:Cassidy 2005 14284: 14272: 14267:, p. 9. 14245: 14233: 14211:Coleman 2016 14206: 14199:Coleman 2016 14194: 14187:Coleman 2016 14167: 14155: 14143: 14131: 14119: 14107: 14095: 14083: 14071: 14066:, section 1. 14059: 14051: 14043: 14031: 14026:, p. 2. 14019: 14007: 14002:, p. 6. 13995: 13983: 13976:Jenkins 2011 13971: 13966:, p. 2. 13964:Isichei 1995 13959: 13954:, p. 1. 13952:Isichei 1995 13947: 13935: 13923: 13912:Isichei 1995 13907: 13902:, p. 4. 13895: 13883: 13876:Burgess 2006 13871: 13859: 13847: 13835: 13830:, p. 1. 13791: 13786:, p. 2. 13779: 13767: 13755: 13743: 13736:Walters 2005 13731: 13719: 13707: 13700:Walters 2005 13695: 13683: 13676:Ostling 2001 13671: 13659: 13647: 13635: 13623: 13611: 13599: 13587: 13575: 13563: 13551: 13544:Barnett 1992 13539: 13527: 13522:, p. 4. 13515: 13503: 13496:Rossino 2003 13491: 13479: 13452: 13440: 13428: 13416: 13404: 13392: 13387:, p. 9. 13385:Isichei 1995 13380: 13338: 13326: 13314: 13302: 13290: 13278: 13266: 13261:, p. 3. 13254: 13219:, p. 4. 13212: 13207:, p. 3. 13183: 13171: 13159: 13147: 13135: 13123: 13111: 13099: 13087: 13075: 13063: 13036: 13024: 13012: 13007:, p. 8. 12985: 12980:, p. 2. 12978:Heimert 2006 12973: 12961: 12949: 12937: 12925: 12920:, p. 8. 12913: 12908:, p. 5. 12871: 12859: 12847: 12835: 12823: 12811: 12799: 12787: 12775: 12763: 12751: 12739: 12727: 12715: 12703: 12691: 12679: 12667: 12662:, p. 7. 12655: 12648:Herlihy 2023 12643: 12638:, p. 6. 12616: 12604: 12584:, p. 3. 12560: 12555:, p. 1. 12529: 12517: 12505: 12493: 12481: 12469: 12457: 12445: 12433: 12426:Murphy 2014b 12421: 12414:Murphy 2014b 12409: 12397: 12385: 12380:, p. 3. 12373: 12346: 12334: 12322: 12310: 12298: 12286: 12259: 12247: 12235: 12223: 12211: 12204:Barnett 1999 12199: 12187: 12175: 12163: 12151: 12139: 12132:Sanmark 2004 12127: 12120:Sanmark 2004 12115: 12108:Sanmark 2004 12103: 12098:, p. 2. 12081:Jenkins 2008 12076: 12064: 12059:, p. 9. 12057:Shepard 2006 12052: 12045:Shepard 2006 12040: 12028: 12016: 12004: 11992: 11980: 11968: 11941: 11914: 11902: 11890: 11838: 11826: 11814: 11802: 11790: 11778: 11766: 11754: 11742: 11730: 11718: 11706: 11643: 11631: 11626:, p. 8. 11619: 11592: 11580: 11568: 11556: 11549:Swanson 2021 11544: 11537:Swanson 2021 11532: 11525:Swanson 2021 11520: 11513:Swanson 2021 11508: 11501:Ullmann 2005 11496: 11484: 11472: 11445: 11433: 11421: 11394: 11382: 11370: 11358: 11346: 11319: 11307: 11295: 11283: 11271: 11244: 11232: 11220: 11208: 11196: 11184: 11172: 11160: 11148: 11143:, p. 2. 11136: 11124: 11117:Gregory 2011 11112: 11107:, p. 4. 11100: 11095:, p. 1. 11088: 11081:Gregory 2011 11076: 11064: 11052: 11040: 11028: 11016: 11004: 10992: 10980: 10968: 10956: 10944: 10932: 10905: 10893: 10881: 10876:, p. 9. 10869: 10857: 10845: 10833: 10828:, p. 3. 10826:Zagorin 2003 10821: 10809: 10797: 10785: 10773: 10744: 10732: 10720: 10708: 10696: 10684: 10672: 10665:Kienzle 2001 10660: 10648: 10641:Micheau 2006 10636: 10629:Micheau 2006 10624: 10617:Micheau 2006 10595: 10583: 10571: 10559: 10547: 10535: 10513:Kienzle 2009 10508: 10501:Kostick 2010 10496: 10484: 10472: 10443: 10431: 10424:Tyerman 1992 10419: 10407: 10395: 10383: 10371: 10366:, p. 8. 10364:Garrett 1987 10359: 10347: 10335: 10323: 10311: 10299: 10292:Garrett 1987 10287: 10260: 10248: 10236: 10224: 10212: 10200: 10188: 10176: 10164: 10152: 10140: 10135:, p. 4. 10128: 10116: 10104: 10092: 10080: 10073:Jestice 1997 10068: 10056: 10044: 10032: 10020: 10008: 9988:, p. 2. 9981: 9969: 9957: 9945: 9903: 9891: 9879: 9867: 9855: 9828: 9816: 9774: 9747: 9735: 9728:Kolbaba 2008 9723: 9711: 9699: 9672: 9660: 9648: 9636: 9624: 9612: 9607:, p. 7. 9592:, p. 4. 9590:Shepard 2006 9585: 9573: 9561: 9549: 9537: 9525: 9501:Haskins 1971 9488:, p. 1. 9486:Collins 1998 9481: 9476:, p. 3. 9474:Shepard 2006 9454: 9447:Halsall 2021 9442: 9430: 9418: 9406: 9394: 9387:Jenkins 2008 9382: 9358:Micheau 2006 9345:, p. 5. 9338: 9326: 9314: 9302: 9295:Barton 1998b 9290: 9278: 9271:Sanmark 2004 9266: 9254: 9242: 9230: 9218: 9206: 9194: 9182: 9170: 9158: 9101: 9096:, p. 3. 9059: 9047: 9020: 9008: 9001:Kolbaba 2008 8996: 8984: 8972: 8960: 8948: 8936: 8924: 8919:, p. 5. 8912: 8905:Ferzoco 2001 8900: 8895:, p. 6. 8888: 8876: 8864: 8852: 8840: 8833:Brodman 2009 8828: 8816: 8804: 8792: 8772:, p. 7. 8770:Swanson 2021 8765: 8753: 8741: 8729: 8717: 8705: 8693: 8681: 8669: 8657: 8645: 8638:Heather 2007 8633: 8621: 8594: 8582: 8570: 8558: 8553:, p. 8. 8531: 8519: 8514:, p. 8. 8507: 8478: 8473:, p. 2. 8466: 8459:Cameron 2017 8454: 8442: 8430: 8418: 8406: 8394: 8382: 8370: 8358: 8346: 8334: 8322: 8317:, p. 3. 8315:Crislip 2005 8310: 8298: 8291:Crislip 2005 8286: 8274: 8262: 8257:, p. 1. 8235: 8223: 8211: 8199: 8187: 8175: 8148: 8136: 8129:Bussell 1910 8124: 8117:Micheau 2006 8112: 8100: 8088: 8076: 8064: 8052: 8040: 8028: 8023:, p. 9. 8016: 8009:Goodman 2007 8004: 7992: 7965: 7958:Gerdmar 2009 7953: 7941: 7929: 7917: 7912:, p. 3. 7905: 7893: 7881: 7876:, p. 3. 7869: 7857: 7830: 7818: 7811:Salzman 1993 7806: 7794: 7787:Cameron 2011 7782: 7770: 7758: 7746: 7734: 7729:, p. 9. 7727:Bremmer 2020 7722: 7715:Maxwell 2015 7710: 7703:Salzman 2006 7698: 7686: 7674: 7662: 7657:, p. 5. 7650: 7638: 7631:Bayliss 2004 7618:, p. 2. 7611: 7599: 7572: 7560: 7553:Cameron 2015 7548: 7541:Maxwell 2015 7536: 7529:Maxwell 2015 7524: 7512: 7500: 7493:Cameron 1993 7488: 7476: 7464: 7442:Bayliss 2004 7437: 7425: 7413: 7406:Bayliss 2004 7386: 7374: 7362: 7355:Maxwell 2015 7350: 7343:Roberts 1949 7338: 7326: 7314: 7302: 7290: 7278: 7266: 7254: 7242: 7215: 7208:Salzman 1993 7203: 7196:Cameron 2016 7191: 7179: 7172:Maxwell 2015 7144:, p. 3. 7137: 7125: 7113: 7076:Johnson 2015 7071: 7059: 7047: 7035: 7023: 7011: 6999: 6987: 6980:Barton 1998a 6975: 6968:Horrell 1997 6963: 6951: 6946:, p. 4. 6939: 6932:Vinzent 2006 6927: 6915: 6910:, p. 3. 6908:Royalty 2013 6903: 6891: 6884:Pearson 2006 6879: 6867: 6855: 6820:, p. 6. 6813: 6801: 6789: 6777: 6765: 6753: 6746:Dunning 2015 6741: 6721:, p. 7. 6714: 6702: 6690: 6678: 6666: 6654: 6642: 6630: 6618: 6606: 6601:, p. 1. 6579: 6552: 6540: 6528: 6516: 6511:, p. 5. 6494:Pearson 2006 6489: 6482:Pearson 2006 6477: 6470:Trevett 2006 6465: 6458:Hopkins 1998 6453: 6441: 6429: 6417: 6405: 6400:, p. 5. 6376: 6364: 6359:, p. 2. 6352: 6347:, p. 3. 6340: 6335:, p. 2. 6328: 6316: 6304: 6292: 6281: 6270: 6258: 6246: 6234: 6222: 6210: 6181: 6169: 6157: 6152:, p. 1. 6137:, p. 4. 6130: 6123:Hopkins 1998 6108:Harnett 2017 6071: 6059: 6047: 6040:Robbins 2004 6035: 6028:Freston 2008 6023: 6016:Jenkins 2011 6011: 5999: 5987: 5956: 5925:South Africa 5907: 5896:South Africa 5891: 5883: 5842: 5832: 5822: 5812: 5778: 5753: 5738: 5733: 5723: 5714: 5701: 5679: 5663: 5653: 5644: 5635: 5621: 5592: 5582: 5564: 5546: 5536: 5467: 5454: 5428: 5411: 5394: 5384: 5371: 5357: 5320: 5298: 5291:Tripolitania 5279: 5261: 5252: 5239: 5231:Walter Bauer 5226: 5193: 4699:Bible portal 4676: 4673: 4662: 4638: 4630: 4614: 4613:from Jesus' 4608: 4599: 4591: 4582: 4578: 4565: 4550: 4546:Pope Francis 4530: 4526: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4494: 4485: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4433: 4424: 4411: 4400: 4392:labour camps 4388:prison camps 4377: 4326: 4314: 4303: 4300: 4296:human rights 4292:totalitarian 4281: 4280:declared in 4278:Pope Pius XI 4276: 4272: 4268:Pope Pius XI 4248: 4235:Lamin Sanneh 4218: 4208: 4205: 4197:Scopes trial 4187: 4175: 4163: 4135: 4099: 4089: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4021: 3998: 3986: 3974: 3961: 3939: 3932: 3916: 3907: 3887:Knights' War 3884: 3880: 3860: 3849: 3843: 3826: 3807:, began the 3786: 3778: 3767: 3761: 3751: 3709: 3698: 3684: 3668: 3660:Golden Horde 3653: 3649: 3641: 3622: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3575:new devotion 3572: 3565: 3563: 3551:Fra Angelico 3539:Brunelleschi 3535:Michelangelo 3531:architecture 3524: 3513: 3494: 3471: 3467: 3452:to call the 3439: 3417: 3406: 3385:yellow patch 3382: 3375: 3372: 3365: 3359: 3349: 3338: 3308: 3289: 3280:Latin Empire 3272: 3247: 3233: 3205: 3198: 3194: 3178: 3160: 3147: 3143: 3132: 3078: 3076: 3068: 3049: 3010: 3009:, each held 3007:liberal arts 2981: 2977: 2973:Passion play 2935: 2903: 2880: 2852: 2848: 2826: 2809: 2762: 2756:monument on 2730: 2719: 2684: 2663:Hagia Sophia 2655:Hagia Sophia 2641: 2637: 2602: 2598: 2586: 2569: 2554: 2548: 2546: 2505: 2501: 2492:Hagia Sophia 2484: 2478: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2444:around 600. 2408: 2396: 2369: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2324: 2320:Nicene Creed 2316:Theodosius I 2293: 2270: 2247:antisemitism 2239: 2230: 2205: 2201: 2192: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2169: 2148: 2137: 2114: 2094: 2074: 2034: 2020: 2006: 2003: 1979: 1970:syncretizing 1966: 1962: 1943: 1935: 1861: 1826:Central Asia 1818:South Arabia 1787: 1780: 1745: 1730: 1692: 1685: 1658: 1642:Roman Empire 1627: 1610:Global South 1599: 1556: 1501: 1461: 1396: 1379:human rights 1363:technologies 1349: 1347: 1284:Confucianism 1232:Bahá'í Faith 1222:Christianity 1221: 1119:Islamization 932:Anthropology 911:Baháʼí Faith 901:Confucianism 811:Christianity 639:Civilization 479: 472: 465: 458: 449:Old Catholic 429: 302: 287:Universalism 210:New Covenant 146:Resurrection 90:Christianity 66:ΙΧΘΥϹ ΖΩΝΤΩΝ 44: 31: 26: 29353:World War I 29343:Nationalism 29231:Reformation 29216:Renaissance 29188:Black Death 29121:Kievan Rus' 29024:Middle Ages 28728:Paleolithic 28720:Prehistoric 28694:New Thought 28682:Neopaganism 28398:Persecution 28333:Christendom 28326:Cooperation 28263:Charismatic 28174:Holy Spirit 28083:Natural law 28046:Holy orders 27895:Christology 27888:Holy Spirit 27757:Pentecostal 27737:Evangelical 27732:Charismatic 27576:Monasticism 27568:Middle Ages 27531:Constantine 27474:Crucifixion 27356:Foundations 27232:Catholicism 27169:Protestants 27163:Evangelical 26838:39 Articles 26833:Elizabethan 26810:Anglicanism 26790:Westminster 26700:Melanchthon 26663:Lutheranism 26628:Nicodemites 26606:Arminianism 26577:Reformation 26518:Bonaventure 26493:Inquisition 26488:Waldensians 26438:Investiture 26416:Kievan Rus' 26372:Anglo-Saxon 26352:Pelagianism 26344:Middle Ages 26267:Iconodulism 26142:Thomas More 26063:Catholicism 25985:Monasticism 25968:Constantine 25893:Persecution 25851:Adoptionism 25836:Ante-Nicene 25779:Holy Spirit 25762:Crucifixion 25733:Origins and 25634:2nd and 3rd 25326:10 December 24743:"pentarchy" 23668:: 506–507. 23219:(1): 1–23. 23095:Shepard, J. 22916:27 December 22630:Drake, H.A. 22134:: 117–143. 22084:: 135–154. 21877:: 192–198. 21778:10045/99969 21763:: 101–124. 19450:16 February 18722:: 103–130. 18668:15 February 18203:16 February 18042:15 November 17835:23 February 17791:: 120–135. 17748:15 November 17351:(1): 1–15. 17015:Florilegium 16794:Charlemagne 15121:Tackett, T. 14625:Cooper 2005 14613:Robert 2009 14601:Sanneh 2016 14589:Sanneh 2007 14553:Sanneh 2007 14493:Harvey 2016 14481:Harvey 2016 14466:McLeod 2006 14454:Akanji 2010 14391:McLeod 2006 14376:McLeod 2006 14337:Asprey 2008 14265:McLeod 2006 14238:McLeod 2006 14226:McLeod 2006 14136:McLeod 2006 14088:McLeod 2006 14076:Gilley 2006 14036:Albert 2018 14000:McLeod 2006 13900:McLeod 2006 13864:McLeod 2006 13828:McLeod 2006 13784:McLeod 2006 13772:McLeod 2006 13760:McLeod 2006 13556:Skiles 2017 13532:Skiles 2017 13520:Skiles 2017 13484:Holmes 1981 13472:McLeod 2006 13457:Sanneh 2007 13421:Sanneh 2007 13373:Sanneh 2007 13319:Harris 1998 13307:Gasper 2020 13295:Harris 1998 13283:Gasper 2020 13271:Hobson 2013 13259:Hobson 2013 13247:Gasper 2020 13232:Hobson 2013 13217:Gilley 2006 13205:McLeod 2006 13068:Hughes 2004 13056:Cairns 2015 13031:, abstract. 13005:McLeod 2006 12990:Heyrman n.d 12942:Smith 2014b 12918:Gilley 2006 12906:Gilley 2006 12891:Gilley 2006 12684:Monter 2023 12660:Levack 2013 12636:Levack 2013 12609:Sanneh 2007 12597:Robert 2009 12582:Gilley 2006 12553:Gilley 2006 12522:Franck 1997 12510:Kaplan 2009 12462:Coffey 2014 12450:Coffey 1998 12438:Heller 1996 12366:Parker 2023 12351:Engels 1978 12096:Gilley 2006 12033:Angold 2006 11997:Štefan 2022 11819:Hudson 2023 11795:Dowley 2018 11735:Hebron 2022 11612:Taylor 2021 11597:Taylor 2021 11465:Taylor 2021 11450:Whalen 2015 11414:Taylor 2021 11312:Mathew 2018 11276:Lacopo 2016 11249:Bejczy 1997 11105:Harris 2014 11093:Harris 2014 11069:Jacoby 1999 11045:Harris 2014 10862:Arnold 2018 10802:Peters 1980 10766:Arnold 2018 10749:Arnold 2018 10737:Arnold 2018 10725:Arnold 2018 10701:Marvin 2008 10689:Marvin 2008 10677:Rummel 2006 10653:Marvin 2008 10552:Fulton 2009 10400:Vaughn 1980 10328:Dowley 2018 10217:Verger 1995 10157:Gilley 2006 10037:Hunter 1978 10001:Matter 2008 9716:Ivanič 2016 9704:Schaff 1953 9653:Sedlar 1995 9605:Harris 2014 9578:Vlasto 1970 9566:Ivanič 2016 9530:Shahar 2003 9423:Barton 2009 9283:Meaney 2004 9235:Abrams 2016 9223:Abrams 2000 8977:Phipps 1988 8953:Butler 1919 8941:Truran 2000 8929:LeGoff 2000 8821:Haight 2004 8758:Matter 2008 8626:Herrin 2009 8483:Rahner 2013 8435:Sharpe 1995 8411:Thomas 1997 8399:Harney 2017 8375:Nelson 1996 8339:Tilley 2006 8240:Rahner 2013 8216:Rahner 2013 8204:Rahner 2013 8180:Rahner 2013 8083:, abstract. 7999:, abstract. 7922:Aguzzi 2017 7592:Wiemer 1994 7565:Harper 2015 7517:Kahlos 2019 7331:McGill 2015 7319:Agosti 2015 7142:Kahlos 2019 7052:Koenig 2009 6992:Porter 2011 6872:Smith 2014a 6835:, abstract. 6770:Harper 2013 6758:Harper 2013 6734:Harper 2015 6719:Harper 2013 6647:Strout 2016 6584:Wilken 2013 6545:Tilley 2006 6521:Harvey 2006 6434:Gaddis 2005 6357:Schott 2008 6345:Rankin 2016 6333:Rankin 2016 6309:Marcus 2006 6297:Taylor 1994 6263:Wilken 2013 6203:Wilken 2013 6186:Hanson 2003 6174:Marcus 2006 6150:Robert 2009 6052:Robert 2000 5949:Philippines 5945:South Korea 5933:West Africa 5827:ministries. 5799:, creating 5771:Scholastics 5602:Virgin Mary 5521:Mesopotamia 5350:ontological 4994:Reconquista 4560:, the 21st 4556:opened the 4374:in the USSR 4126: 1870 3919:Catholicism 3801:Anabaptists 3748:Reformation 3695:Scandinavia 3675:Jeremias II 3527:Renaissance 3464:With reform 3391:With itself 3300:blood libel 3222:With pagans 3191:Inquisition 3043:during the 2991: 1150 2910:Franciscans 2867:Cistercians 2758:Mt. Radhošť 2732:Charlemagne 2560:Monasticism 2549:Christendom 2525:King Urnayr 2474:Justinian I 2419:Anglo-Saxon 2209:Aphrodite's 2196:Peter Brown 2097:Western law 2088:in 393 and 1676:St. Erasmus 1612:becoming a 1591:colonialism 1497:Christendom 1430:apocalyptic 1381:, ideas on 1274:Far Eastern 1140:Reformation 1135:Renaissance 1101:Middle Ages 997:Mesopotamia 977:Prehistoric 907:Baháʼu'lláh 527:Pentecostal 409:(full list) 383:Reformation 348:Constantine 267:Christology 257:Apologetics 250:Holy Spirit 171:Foundations 141:Crucifixion 29469:Categories 29116:Viking Age 28931:Prehistory 28881:Secularism 28871:Irreligion 28794:Gnosticism 28712:Historical 28585:East Asian 28557:Amerindian 28312:Prosperity 28288:Liberation 28228:Cathedrals 28213:Pilgrimage 28198:Literature 28075:Philosophy 28011:Sacraments 27984:Four marks 27945:Protestant 27920:Born again 27717:Anabaptist 27707:Protestant 27649:Influences 27611:Modern era 27315:By country 26954:Revivalism 26875:Anabaptism 26823:Henry VIII 26648:Literature 26272:Iconoclasm 26252:Chrysostom 26205:Vatican II 26171:Jansenists 26157:Mass rocks 26093:Lateran IV 26012:Athanasius 25932:Tertullian 25876:Marcionism 25871:Gnosticism 25824:Revelation 25742:Background 25298:4 February 25227:Britannica 25156:15 January 25125:14 January 25105:Noll, Mark 25006:27 October 24888:Britannica 24733:17 October 24373:2012021755 24220:Weber, Max 24141:12 January 22656:27 January 22048:1085604908 20572:7 December 20453:. Viking. 20127:(2): 129. 20018:Medievalia 19440:2010046058 18193:2007046731 18012:Civil Wars 17785:The Cupola 17534:(5): 378. 17129:15 January 16863:(2): 1–14. 15434:Behr, John 14854:17 October 14731:The Monist 14517:Muers 2013 14064:Fahmy 2022 13988:Zurlo 2020 13914:, p. 13688:Pipes 1995 13568:Green 2015 13358:Táíwò 2010 13188:Baird 1992 13152:Brown 2006 13140:Brown 2006 13128:Brown 2006 13116:Brown 2006 13104:Brown 2006 13092:Brown 2006 13041:Mintz 1995 12792:Desan 2006 12768:Marty 2006 12744:Jacob 2006 12732:Aston 2006 12720:Jacob 2006 12708:Jacob 2006 12180:Dixon 2017 12168:Dixon 2017 12156:Deane 2022 12144:Brink 2004 12009:Poppe 1991 11985:Poppe 1991 11973:Poppe 1991 11667:Estep 1986 11477:Olson 1999 11438:Kelly 2009 11375:Kamen 1981 11351:Kamen 2014 11324:Kamen 2014 11264:Cohen 1998 11237:Moore 2007 11225:Mundy 2000 11201:Moore 2007 11189:Mundy 2000 11165:Mundy 2000 11057:Bundy 2007 11033:Louth 2008 10910:Mayer 2014 10850:Deane 2022 10790:Given 2001 10412:Folda 1995 10265:Piron 2006 10229:Rüegg 1992 10085:Bauer 2013 9923:Deane 2022 9884:Moore 2007 9794:Deane 2022 9692:Poppe 1991 9554:Radić 2010 9542:Witte 1997 9518:Bauer 2013 9459:Louth 2008 9435:Brown 2008 9343:Brown 2008 9211:Brown 2008 9199:Brown 2008 9187:Brown 2008 9163:Brown 2008 8881:White 1978 8797:Brown 2003 8722:Brita 2020 8698:Cohan 2005 8674:Bundy 2007 8662:Bundy 2007 8650:Bundy 2007 8551:Brown 2008 8536:Brown 1998 8524:Drake 2007 8512:Brown 1976 8471:Brown 1976 8447:Kirby 2000 8387:Clark 2011 8363:Brown 1964 8351:Frend 2020 8279:Brown 1976 8267:Drake 2007 8228:Drake 2007 8192:Drake 2007 8168:Drake 2007 8153:Drake 2007 8105:Adams 2021 8093:Cross 2001 8069:Lyman 2007 7997:Brown 2007 7970:Olson 1999 7934:Vlach 2010 7910:Tapie 2017 7886:Cohen 1998 7823:Drake 2007 7763:Brown 1992 7691:Brown 1998 7679:Brown 1998 7667:Brown 1993 7655:Stark 1996 7643:Leone 2013 7616:Leone 2013 7577:Brown 2003 7505:Drake 1995 7469:Leone 2013 7457:Leone 2013 7379:Brown 1998 7307:Croke 2015 7040:Brown 2010 7028:Brown 2010 6944:Judge 2010 6896:Lyman 2007 6860:Praet 1992 6806:Yasin 2005 6782:Vaage 2006 6707:Praet 1992 6683:Meeks 2003 6671:Judge 2010 6659:Meeks 2003 6635:Young 2006 6599:Young 2006 6422:Croix 2006 6410:Rives 1999 6381:Cropp 2007 6286:Acts 11:26 6275:Acts 9:1–2 6251:Esler 1994 6162:Wylen 1995 6093:Bundy 2007 5980:References 5947:, and the 5884:Rukwadzano 5557:confession 5479:, central 5445:wrote the 5438:scriptoria 5336:(583) and 5234:centuries. 4624:redefined 4504:Challenges 4380:Bolsheviks 4230:dictionary 4178:liberalism 4164:After the 4146:Methodists 4106:, and the 4064:temperance 4017:Capitalism 3977:absolutism 3956:See also: 3795:, and the 3776:in 1517. 3774:Wittenberg 3450:John XXIII 3356:Isabella's 3296:Gregory IX 3216:Portuguese 3151:indulgence 3099:See also: 3095:With Islam 3012:quodlibeta 2914:Dominicans 2843:See also: 2726:iconoclasm 2681:genocides. 2523:. In 314, 2467:Patriarchs 2442:Æthelberht 2314:called by 2257:See also: 2105:literature 2022:presbyters 1990:Marcionism 1986:Gnosticism 1950:philosophy 1927:Papyrus 46 1884:Son of God 1748:Asia Minor 1717:See also: 1699:Roman gods 1449:grassroots 1148:Modern day 1093:Monotheism 957:Psychology 847:Guru Nanak 587:Irvingians 552:Waldensian 492:Anabaptist 481:Protestant 29163:Feudalism 29134:Catalonia 28738:Near East 28654:Mithraism 28547:Rastafari 28519:Abrahamic 28388:Criticism 28338:Ecumenism 28302:Mysticism 28268:Democracy 28258:Anarchism 28245:Movements 28208:Mythology 28186:Catechism 28181:Education 28098:Evolution 28021:Eucharist 28004:Canon law 27962:Theotokos 27957:Mariology 27915:Salvation 27905:Tradition 27752:Methodist 27712:Adventist 27546:Chalcedon 27120:Ecumenism 27070:Adventism 27060:Mormonism 26996:Millerism 26991:Methodism 26946:1640–1789 26848:Civil War 26795:Orthodoxy 26750:Huguenots 26732:Calvinism 26717:Eucharist 26712:Orthodoxy 26596:Eucharist 26528:Five Ways 26478:Dulcinian 26431:Pomerania 26357:Gregory I 26201:Vatican I 26191:Modernism 26176:Molinists 26166:Guadalupe 26037:Chalcedon 26032:Ephesus I 26022:Augustine 25898:Apostolic 25881:Montanism 25846:Diversity 25622:Centuries 25353:29 August 25040:Study.com 24599:162331640 24540:17 August 24381:160590164 24333:170876695 23690:191997942 23661:Britannia 23528:237618411 23374:204438351 23366:0010-4140 23225:2689-5625 23160:144374454 23024:165113730 22546:: 45–57. 22520:17 August 22217:152096915 22209:0272-6122 22195:: 50–58. 22164:145722188 22148:1545-4290 22106:159942854 22016:17 August 21914:. Wiley. 21795:213966829 21787:1989-9890 21701:17 August 21665:17 August 21619:1846-4599 21356:17 August 21310:17 August 21264:147458599 20786:Smith, J. 20722:247830382 20471:17 August 20407:28 August 20293:144475695 20003:17 August 19967:17 August 19890:17 August 19700:17 August 19472:. Brill. 19194:1069-4404 19163:170769034 19129:17 August 19076:171166197 18658:872998103 18626:(2003) . 18396:(2010b). 18333:. Brill. 18214:Rubin, M. 18137:666953429 18108:144328175 18032:144353518 17874:. Brill. 17738:162935593 17612:17 August 17576:17 August 17528:Religions 17430:17 August 17373:163129848 17258:Smith, J. 17165:17 August 16774:. Brill. 16663:159485109 16528:0735-8318 16045:762279536 16021:(2010) . 15989:Smith, J. 15862:162757247 15830:Brown, P. 15647:17 August 15602:1465-7295 15442:Young, F. 15414:2572-1496 15288:(1998b). 15266:(1998a). 15256:154764488 15215:17 August 15117:Brown, S. 14951:211661394 14916:211661394 14361:Ford 2013 13840:Ford 2013 13017:Ward 2006 12930:Ward 2006 12498:Mout 2007 12486:Mout 2007 11213:Rose 2015 10874:Wood 2016 10838:Ames 2009 10814:Mout 2007 10778:Ames 2009 10588:Bull 2009 10576:Bull 2009 10564:King 2001 10528:Bull 2009 10489:Bull 2009 10477:Bull 2009 10448:Bull 2009 10436:Bull 2009 10133:Noll 2009 9950:Wood 2016 9872:Wood 2016 8965:Dunn 2003 8955:, intro.. 8869:Dunn 2016 8710:Rapp 2007 8686:Cowe 2006 8587:Bury 2013 8141:Lieu 2007 8081:Löhr 2007 7985:Lieu 2007 7898:Roth 1994 7751:Haas 2002 7030:, Intro.. 7004:Noll 1997 6833:Hall 2007 6794:Muir 2006 6695:Lieu 1999 6533:Behr 2006 6369:Moss 2012 5878:. Ahafo, 5872:Anglicans 5856:Melillans 5553:Purgatory 5400:pentarchy 4415:Hesychasm 4193:modernism 4104:Adventism 4100:restoring 4056:abolition 4013:Max Weber 3750:with his 3742:In 1517, 3666:(1547). 3555:Donatello 3407:In 1309, 3401:John XXII 3361:Conversos 3352:Ferdinand 3234:When the 3185:Catharism 3135:Alexius I 3119:Holy Land 2939:Aristotle 2667:Parthenon 2421:forms of 2403:Augustine 2296:Judaizers 2015:episkopoi 1982:Judaizers 1908:Jerusalem 1898:crucified 1880:followers 1834:Sri Lanka 1688:Romanness 1632:began in 1587:New World 1559:criticism 1418:Jerusalem 1409:and died 1407:crucified 1359:hospitals 1212:Abrahamic 1205:Religions 1078:Hellenism 1049:Axial Age 897:Confucius 867:Zoroaster 694:Symbolism 654:Ecumenism 644:Criticism 522:Moravian 517:Methodist 487:Adventist 358:Augustine 308:Tradition 282:Salvation 151:Ascension 51:Funerary 29402:See also 29373:Cold War 29168:Crusades 29138:Valencia 28866:Humanism 28784:Germanic 28746:Egyptian 28626:Hinduism 28621:Buddhism 28442:Category 28307:Pacifism 28121:features 28105:Politics 28058:Ablution 28026:Marriage 27930:Catholic 27860:Theology 27767:Reformed 27747:Lutheran 27742:Holiness 27722:Anglican 27692:Catholic 27596:Crusades 27541:Nicaea I 27491:Apostles 27464:Miracles 27459:Parables 27449:Ministry 27439:Nativity 27403:timeline 27300:Prophets 27295:Glossary 27212:Theology 27200:Missions 27195:Timeline 27167:Mainline 27115:Pacifism 26964:Baptists 26883:Theology 26843:Puritans 26818:Timeline 26760:Scotland 26688:Theology 26535:Wycliffe 26483:Crusades 26458:Bogomils 26411:Bulgaria 26367:Germanic 26319:Ethiopia 26217:Timeline 25995:Nicaea I 25990:Councils 25922:Irenaeus 25917:Ignatius 25912:Polycarp 25866:Donatism 25861:Docetism 25856:Arianism 25757:Ministry 25475:Archived 25458:BBC Four 25450:(2010). 25405:Archived 25377:Archived 25347:Archived 25320:Archived 25292:Archived 25274:3 August 25268:Archived 25231:Archived 25179:Archived 25150:Archived 25107:(2009). 25069:Archived 25044:Archived 25000:Archived 24951:3 August 24945:Archived 24920:Archived 24910:(n.d.). 24892:Archived 24843:11 April 24837:Archived 24771:Archived 24727:Archived 24603:Archived 24571:(2005). 24534:Archived 24516:(2012). 24471:(2011). 24447:(1997). 24425:(1995). 24403:(2017). 24385:Archived 24343:(2013). 24064:31 March 24058:Archived 24040:(eds.). 24028:(1995). 23908:09342826 23880:(2005). 23806:4 August 23800:Archived 23638:44089176 23605:Archived 23538:(2010). 23384:(1996). 23285:(2015). 23235:6 August 23229:Archived 23194:: 101–13 23173:6 August 23164:Archived 23056:(2003). 22962:(3): 339 22943:40387823 22910:Archived 22870:(1954). 22838:Archived 22798:Archived 22780:(1953). 22690:(2007). 22668:(2004). 22650:Archived 22548:Archived 22514:Archived 22417:25024201 22286:(1988). 22276:23954151 22221:Archived 22156:25064848 22040:17031090 22028:(1917). 22010:Archived 21905:: 5–119. 21888:5 August 21879:Archived 21860:(2011). 21799:Archived 21695:Archived 21659:Archived 21641:(1995). 21629:6 August 21623:Archived 21592:10302347 21477:(1997). 21436:(eds.). 21390:(1999). 21368:(2014). 21350:Archived 21327:: 25–51. 21304:Archived 21268:Archived 21152:Hsia, R. 21118:(2012). 21096:(2019). 21041:(2007). 21019:(1995). 20978:(1979). 20902:(1984). 20788:(eds.). 20750:Archived 20732:(2018). 20671:(2008). 20622:(eds.). 20599:Archived 20566:Archived 20564:(1): 3. 20465:Archived 20447:(2004). 20297:Archived 20265:(1999). 20202:(2010). 20174:(2000). 20137:Archived 20113:(2011). 20082:4 August 20076:Archived 20022:Archived 19997:Archived 19961:Archived 19902:(2009). 19884:Archived 19733:(2001). 19694:Archived 19657:(2009). 19635:(2014). 19591:4 August 19585:Archived 19567:(2019). 19555:4 August 19549:Archived 19444:Archived 19416:(2011). 19357:Archived 19324:(1995). 19283:(2001). 19123:Archived 19086:(2013). 18746:(2013). 18701:26362608 18662:Archived 18638:(eds.). 18563:(2004). 18414:Archived 18351:(2006). 18197:Archived 18054:(1987). 18036:Archived 18006:(2013). 17996:30586375 17955:PLOS One 17829:Archived 17793:Archived 17742:Archived 17710:(1979). 17666:Archived 17646:(1986). 17624:(1994). 17606:Archived 17570:Archived 17552:(2001). 17503:(2008). 17424:Archived 17260:(eds.). 17159:Archived 17123:Archived 17119:54971921 16967:(2006). 16907:25017472 16836:(1998). 16814:(2004). 16792:(1998). 16748:Archived 16708:Archived 16617:(2012). 16595:(eds.). 16565:(1997). 16536:23362900 16472:(2005). 16431:(1994). 16409:(1957). 16391:. SPCK. 16282:(2011). 16264:Archived 16215:(1919). 16203:5 August 16197:Archived 16189:(1910). 15991:(eds.). 15927:(eds.). 15877:: 1–24. 15802:(eds.). 15741:Archived 15641:Archived 15614:Archived 15610:10220106 15531:(2014). 15503:(2001). 15464:(1997). 15444:(eds.). 15418:Archived 15385:Archived 15348:(2013). 15330:Archived 15312:(2009). 15209:Archived 15153:(1977). 15123:(eds.). 15081:Archived 15067:(2018). 15041:(1994). 14866:(2016). 14848:Archived 14649:(2016). 14112:Fox 2013 13176:Law 2012 10061:Fox 1987 9629:Pop 2009 9617:Pop 2009 7946:Kim 2006 6611:Law 2011 5888:Zimbabwe 5797:Baptists 5740:Just war 5672:Lollards 5529:Hsian-fu 5517:Ethiopia 5434:literacy 5419:and the 5406:of Rome. 5389:existed. 5312:Serapium 4685:See also 4659:Missions 4594:theodicy 4522:charisma 4150:Baptists 4075:and the 3909:states. 3865:and the 3797:Anglican 3793:Reformed 3789:Lutheran 3647:in 989. 3543:Bramante 3427:Urban VI 3367:Marranos 3125:and the 3113:and the 3064:Henry IV 3037:Henry IV 3003:theology 2999:medicine 2955:and the 2831:and the 2803:and the 2785:Bulgaria 2675:Assyrian 2671:Armenian 2665:and the 2589:Lombards 2506:In 301, 2411:Clovis I 2399:Donatism 2380:hospital 2300:Arianism 2259:Arianism 2090:Carthage 1937:role of 1893:mashiach 1806:Ethiopia 1794:Adiabene 1764:Pergamum 1703:Valerian 1682:in Rome. 1638:province 1536:Crusades 1534:and the 1399:ministry 1391:activism 1371:politics 1355:literacy 1300:Neopagan 1253:Buddhism 1248:Hinduism 1037:Germanic 969:Timeline 947:God gene 857:Mahavira 841:Buddhism 817:Muhammad 712:Glossary 659:Glossary 542:Reformed 512:Lutheran 497:Anglican 431:Catholic 373:Crusades 363:Ignatius 353:Councils 318:Apostles 223:Theology 136:Ministry 126:Nativity 82:a series 80:Part of 29243:Baroque 29142:Majorca 29054:Francia 28751:Semitic 28646:Iranian 28636:Sikhism 28631:Jainism 28542:Judaism 28371:Related 28164:Trinity 28129:Culture 28093:Science 28063:Hygiene 28053:Mission 28036:Penance 28016:Baptism 27952:Worship 27925:Liturgy 27873:Trinity 27784:Eastern 27762:Quakers 27727:Baptist 27684:Western 27674:members 27444:Baptism 27398:History 27388:Worship 27290:Outline 27205:Martyrs 27001:Pietism 26931:Ausbund 26903:Müntzer 26828:Cranmer 26775:Baptism 26740:Zwingli 26591:Erasmus 26540:Avignon 26523:Aquinas 26513:Francis 26508:Dominic 26468:Cathars 26463:Bosnian 26453:Bernard 26448:Abelard 26421:Moravia 26406:Bohemia 26392:Iceland 26314:Serbian 26294:Georgia 26289:Armenia 26227:Eastern 26128:Jesuits 25804:Gospels 25752:Baptism 25463:7 April 25414:19 July 25383:24 July 25237:17 July 25185:30 July 25075:14 July 25050:21 June 24926:19 July 24898:30 July 24609:15 July 24154:(ed.). 23959:1869130 23868:(ed.). 23611:11 July 23409:(ed.). 23101:(ed.). 23016:2501480 22632:(ed.). 22621:4436297 22557:11 July 22496:(ed.). 22377:1453186 22329:2954270 21808:26 June 21274:18 July 21154:(ed.). 21082:2491705 20756:11 July 20605:14 July 20585:(ed.). 20402:2179428 20303:15 July 20156:. OUP. 20028:14 July 19531:(ed.). 19202:3711919 18284:3711649 18173:(ed.). 18100:2998096 17987:6306252 17964:Bibcode 17855:. OUP. 17851:(ed.). 17365:3168653 16971:(ed.). 16918:(ed.). 16770:(ed.). 16717:18 July 15747:18 July 15678:1088885 15658:Phoenix 15492:3653905 15248:3170108 14819:(ed.). 14634:Sources 5921:Nigeria 5892:Manyano 5876:England 5870:, more 5864:Quakers 5784:Pietism 5681:Jan Hus 5513:Eritrea 5352:entity. 5332:(451), 5328:(431), 5267:Malalas 5219:Antioch 4288:fascist 4226:lexicon 4222:grammar 4142:Quakers 3964:witches 3923:atheism 3852:Jesuits 3547:Raphael 3304:deicide 3212:Spanish 2871:Western 2797:Croatia 2793:Hungary 2781:Romania 2777:Armenia 2765:Basil I 2699:Armenia 2529:Albania 2521:Eritrea 2513:Georgia 2508:Armenia 2036:deacons 2033:, with 2031:priests 2008:bishops 1864:Gospels 1822:Soqotra 1802:Georgia 1760:Ephesus 1756:Corinth 1640:of the 1616:in the 1561:of the 1491:across 1420:in the 1263:Sikhism 1258:Jainism 1217:Judaism 1179:New Age 1088:Dualism 1063:Śramaṇa 1058:Vedanta 1002:Semitic 952:Origins 881:Druzism 861:Jainism 851:Sikhism 831:Judaism 827:Abraham 722:Outline 699:Worship 679:Outline 669:Liturgy 649:Culture 502:Baptist 442:Eastern 378:Aquinas 303:History 277:Mission 262:Baptism 235:Trinity 131:Baptism 73:symbol. 71:Ichthys 29130:Aragon 29109:Amalfi 29094:Venice 29082:Second 28816:Slavic 28779:Celtic 28774:Baltic 28674:Modern 28613:Indian 28603:Shinto 28598:Taoism 28527:Baháʼí 28088:Ethics 27969:Saints 27878:Father 27797:Church 27409:spread 27373:Gospel 27363:Church 27305:People 26893:Grebel 26745:Calvin 26671:Luther 26565:Synods 26443:Anselm 26426:Poland 26382:Gothic 26377:Franks 26362:Celtic 26329:Russia 26309:Syriac 26299:Greece 26186:Teresa 26133:Xavier 26071:Papacy 26017:Jerome 25937:Origen 25838:period 25613:Spread 25558: 25023: 24974: 24868: 24794:27 May 24702: 24683: 24664: 24637: 24597: 24557: 24526: 24498: 24479: 24457: 24433: 24411: 24379: 24371: 24363: 24353: 24331: 24325:639654 24323: 24287: 24268: 24249: 24230: 24208: 24189: 24162: 24132: 24111: 24092: 24050: 23993: 23974: 23957: 23923: 23906: 23888: 23850: 23831: 23792: 23771: 23744: 23708: 23688: 23682:526801 23680: 23636: 23597: 23546: 23526: 23491: 23447: 23417: 23394: 23372: 23364: 23331: 23312: 23293: 23271: 23252: 23223: 23158: 23117: 23083: 23064: 23042: 23022: 23014: 22983: 22966:4 June 22941: 22902: 22878: 22856: 22804:9 June 22790: 22766: 22736: 22717: 22698: 22676: 22642: 22619: 22593: 22574: 22506: 22478: 22459: 22432: 22415: 22392: 22375: 22344: 22327: 22294: 22274: 22239: 22215: 22207: 22162: 22154: 22146: 22104: 22098:300738 22096: 22063: 22046: 22038: 22002: 21978: 21956: 21937: 21918: 21825: 21793: 21785: 21737: 21718: 21687: 21651: 21617: 21590: 21555: 21536: 21515: 21485: 21463: 21444: 21417: 21398: 21376: 21342: 21296: 21262: 21227: 21208: 21189: 21170: 21104: 21080: 21049: 21027: 21005: 20986: 20964: 20945: 20910: 20888: 20861: 20842: 20823: 20804: 20773: 20742: 20720: 20681: 20657: 20630: 20539: 20490: 20457: 20424: 20400: 20365: 20346: 20320: 20291: 20251: 20229: 20210: 20188: 20160: 20143:18 May 20099: 20068: 19989: 19953: 19929: 19910: 19876: 19852: 19825: 19806: 19787: 19768: 19741: 19686: 19665: 19643: 19608: 19577: 19541: 19516: 19497: 19476: 19438: 19428: 19402: 19383: 19363:9 June 19332: 19310: 19291: 19268: 19249: 19200: 19192: 19161: 19115: 19094: 19074: 19043: 19024: 19005: 18986: 18971:286649 18969: 18936: 18917: 18898: 18879: 18860: 18830: 18811: 18792: 18773: 18754: 18734: 18699: 18656: 18646: 18612: 18593: 18571: 18549: 18530: 18511: 18492: 18444: 18420:7 July 18406: 18382: 18363: 18337: 18318: 18299: 18282: 18251: 18232: 18191: 18181: 18154: 18135: 18125: 18106: 18098: 18062: 18030: 17994: 17984: 17962:(12). 17937: 17918: 17899: 17878: 17859: 17821: 17802:5 July 17765: 17736: 17696: 17672:11 May 17658: 17632: 17598: 17562: 17511: 17489: 17447: 17416: 17371: 17363: 17327: 17295: 17276: 17220: 17201: 17182: 17151: 17117: 17082: 17063: 16998: 16979: 16953: 16934: 16905: 16844: 16822: 16800: 16778: 16754:6 July 16678: 16661: 16603: 16573: 16551: 16534: 16526: 16503: 16482: 16458: 16439: 16417: 16395: 16376: 16357: 16338: 16311: 16292: 16270:11 May 16238: 16175: 16156: 16137: 16115: 16088: 16043: 16033: 16007: 15976: 15957: 15938: 15860: 15854:298656 15852: 15818: 15783: 15764: 15733: 15712: 15693: 15676: 15633: 15608: 15600: 15560: 15541: 15513: 15490: 15424:5 July 15412: 15391:17 May 15377: 15356: 15336:27 May 15322: 15298: 15274: 15254: 15246: 15201: 15180: 15161: 15139: 15104: 15087:3 July 15053: 15027: 14985: 14966: 14949: 14939: 14914: 14904: 14874: 14827: 14804: 14785: 14766: 14715: 14693: 14673: 14663: 5913:Brazil 5868:Uganda 5685:Prague 5515:, and 5505:Coptic 5477:Arabia 5342:schism 5330:Fourth 5245:Julian 4211:oath. 4071:, the 3614:Russia 3557:, and 3478:famine 3474:plague 3292:Talmud 3240:Edessa 3163:dhimma 3127:Second 2943:Euclid 2930:France 2789:Poland 2773:Alania 2769:Serbia 2697:, and 2695:Persia 2677:, and 2631: 2622: 2433:. The 2265:, and 2027:elders 1994:heresy 1976:Heresy 1954:ethics 1888:Christ 1886:, the 1878:. His 1798:Persia 1790:Edessa 1762:, and 1752:Athens 1695:Decius 1526:, and 1514:, the 1493:Europe 1289:Shinto 1279:Taoism 1083:Monism 1068:Dharma 1032:Celtic 891:Taoism 733: 689:Sermon 684:Prayer 537:Quaker 421:Nicene 388:Luther 240:Father 200:Church 190:Gospel 116:Christ 29099:Genoa 29077:First 28811:Roman 28789:Greek 28687:Wicca 28570:Mayan 28565:Aztec 28537:Islam 28297:Right 28203:Music 28154:Jesus 28119:Other 27974:Angel 27429:Jesus 27419:Early 27368:Creed 27337:Canon 27325:Bible 27285:Index 27127:solae 27125:Five 26918:Smyth 26770:TULIP 26693:Bible 26401:Slavs 26304:Egypt 26262:Icons 26113:Trent 26103:Leo X 26000:Creed 25408:(PDF) 25397:(PDF) 25119:(PDF) 25112:(PDF) 24753:4 May 24595:S2CID 24391:8 May 24377:S2CID 24361:JSTOR 24329:S2CID 24321:JSTOR 24032:. 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