Vulgate - Knowledge

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he later disowned this version, maintaining that copyists had reintroduced erroneous readings. Until the 20th century, it was commonly assumed that the surviving Roman Psalter represented Jerome's first attempted revision, but more recent scholarship—following de Bruyne—rejects this identification. The Roman Psalter is indeed one of at least five revised versions of the mid-4th century Vetus Latina Psalter, but compared to the other four, the revisions in the Roman Psalter are in clumsy Latin, and fail to follow Jerome's known translational principles, especially in respect of correcting harmonised readings. Nevertheless, it is clear from Jerome's correspondence (especially in his defence of the Gallican Psalter in the long and detailed Epistle 106) that he was familiar with the Roman Psalter text, and consequently it is assumed that this revision represents the Roman text as Jerome had found it.

3868:"Although, in contrast to Alcuin, Theodulf clearly developed an editorial programme, his work on the Bible was far less influential than that of hs slightly older contemporary. Nevertheless, several manuscripts containing his version have come down to us." Theodulf added to his edition of the Bible the Book of Baruch, which Alcuin's edition did not contain; it is this version of the Book of Baruch which later became part of the Vulgate. In his editorial activity, on at least one manuscript of the Theodulf Bible (S Paris, BNF lat. 9398), Theodulf marked variant readings along with their sources in the margin of the manuscripts. Those marginal notes of variant readings along with their sources "seem to foreshadow the thirteenth-century 1830: 4041: 3433: 11031: 3272: 3766: 1342: 4323: 4033: 41: 3251: 50: 278: 1805: 13889: 11807: 3231: 921: 1645:, in particular, had circulated for over a century in an earlier Latin version (the Cyprianic Version), before it was superseded by the Vetus Latina version in the 4th century. Jerome, in his preface to the Vulgate gospels, commented that there were "as many as there are manuscripts"; subsequently repeating the witticism in his preface to the Book of Joshua. The base text for Jerome's revision of the gospels was a Vetus Latina text similar to the 6467:

writers from investigating the subject more fully and, after weighing the arguments accurately on both sides, with that and temperance which the gravity of the subject requires, from inclining toward an opinion in opposition to its authenticity, provided they professed that they were ready to abide by the judgment of the Church, to which the duty was delegated by Jesus Christ not only of interpreting Holy Scripture but also of guarding it faithfully."

13878: 11043: 9768: 3291: 8377: 3261: 3241: 7235:"Novum Testamentum Vulgatae editionis juxta textum Clementis VIII.: Romanum ex Typogr. Apost. Vatic. A.1592. accurate expressum. Cum variantibus in margine lectionibus antiquissimi et praestantissimi codicis olim monasterii Montis Amiatae in Etruria, nunc bibliothecae Florentinae Laurentianae Mediceae saec. VI. p. Chr. scripti. Praemissa est commentatio de codice Amiatino et versione latina vulgata" 4335:(German Bible Society), based in Stuttgart, first published a critical edition of the complete Vulgate in 1969. The work has continued to be updated, with a fifth edition appearing in 2007. The project was originally directed by Robert Weber, OSB (a monk of the same Benedictine abbey responsible for the Benedictine edition), with collaborators 1502:(i.e., Hebrew truth) over the Septuagint, a preference which he defended from his detractors. After Jerome had translated some parts of the Septuagint into Latin, he came to consider the text of the Septuagint as being faulty in itself, i.e. Jerome thought mistakes in the Septuagint text were not all mistakes made by 4343:, Hedley Frederick Davis Sparks (also responsible for the completion of the Oxford edition), and Walter Thiele. Roger Gryson has been responsible for the most recent editions. It is thus marketed by its publisher as the "Weber-Gryson" edition, but is also frequently referred to as the Stuttgart edition. 6164:

readings found their way into the ecclesiastical text of the Pauline epistles, but now for seven years we have known that Churches actually accepted the Marcionite prefaces to the Pauline epistles! De Bruyne has made one of the finest discoveries of later days in proving that those prefaces, which we

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Moreover, this sacred and holy Synod,—considering that no small utility may accrue to the Church of God, if it be made known which out of all the Latin editions, now in circulation, of the sacred books, is to be held as authentic,—ordains and declares, that the said old and vulgate edition, which, by

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The unknown reviser of the rest of the New Testament shows marked differences from Jerome, both in editorial practice and in their sources. Where Jerome sought to correct the Vetus Latina text with reference to the best recent Greek manuscripts, with a preference for those conforming to the Byzantine

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is translated as the single book of "Ezra". Jerome defends this in his Prologue to Ezra, although he had noted formerly in his Prologue to the Book of Kings that some Greeks and Latins had proposed that this book should be split in two. Jerome argues that the two books of Ezra found in the Septuagint

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After the Gospels, the most widely used and copied part of the Christian Bible is the Book of Psalms. Consequently, Damasus also commissioned Jerome to revise the psalter in use in Rome, to agree better with the Greek of the Common Septuagint. Jerome said he had done this cursorily when in Rome, but

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had accumulated piecemeal over a century or more. They were not translated by a single person or institution, nor uniformly edited. The individual books varied in quality of translation and style, and different manuscripts and quotations witness wide variations in readings. Some books appear to have

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and punctuation. "Even though Alcuin's revision of the Latin Bible was neither the first nor the last of the Carolingian period, it managed to prevail over the other versions and to become the most influential edition for centuries to come." The success of this Bible has been attributed to the fact

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is unknown, but it is first quoted by Pelagius in his commentary on the Pauline letters written before 410. As this work also quotes from the Vulgate revision of these letters, it has been proposed that Pelagius or one of his associates may have been responsible for the revision of the Vulgate

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text of the Psalms in the Roman Psalter, a version which he later disowned and is now lost. How much of the rest of the New Testament he then revised is difficult to judge, but none of his work survived in the Vulgate text of these books. The revised text of the New Testament outside the Gospels is

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2198 "This decree was passed to check the audacity of private teachers who attributed to themselves the right either of rejecting entirely the authenticity of the Johannine comma, or at least of calling it into question by their own final judgment. But it was not meant at all to prevent Catholic

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Some, following P. Nautin (1986) and perhaps E. Burstein (1971), suggest that Jerome may have been almost wholly dependent on Greek material for his interpretation of the Hebrew. A. Kamesar (1993), on the other hand, sees evidence that in some cases Jerome's knowledge of Hebrew exceeds that of his

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Though the advent of printing greatly reduced the potential of human error and increased the consistency and uniformity of the text, the earliest editions of the Vulgate merely reproduced the manuscripts that were readily available to publishers. Of the hundreds of early editions, the most notable

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Hence this special authority or as they say, authenticity of the Vulgate was not affirmed by the Council particularly for critical reasons, but rather because of its legitimate use in the Churches throughout so many centuries; by which use indeed the same is shown, in the sense in which the Church

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into separate books called 1 Ezra and 2 Ezra. Bogaert argues that this practice arose from an intention to conform the Vulgate text to the authoritative canon lists of the 5th/6th century, where 'two books of Ezra' were commonly cited. Subsequently, many late medieval Vulgate bible

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being counted as one book), Jerome was relatively free in rendering their text into Latin, but it is possible to determine that the oldest surviving complete manuscripts of the Masoretic Text which date from nearly 600 years after Jerome, nevertheless transmit a consonantal Hebrew text very

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and refute its doctrines, the Vulgate was declared at the Council of Trent to "be, in public lectures, disputations, sermons and expositions, held as authentic; and that no one is to dare, or presume to reject it under any pretext whatever." Furthermore, the council expressed the wish that the

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that "in our own day the priest Jerome, a great scholar and master of all three tongues, has made a translation into Latin, not from Greek but directly from the original Hebrew." Nevertheless, Augustine still maintained that the Septuagint, alongside the Hebrew, witnessed the inspired text of

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witnesses. One major change Jerome introduced was to re-order the Latin Gospels. Most Vetus Latina gospel books followed the "Western" order of Matthew, John, Luke, Mark; Jerome adopted the "Greek" order of Matthew, Mark, Luke, John. His revisions became progressively less frequent and less

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and Esdras B, represented "variant examples" of a single Hebrew original. Hence, he does not translate Esdras A separately even though up until then it had been universally found in Greek and Vetus Latina Old Testaments, preceding Esdras B, the combined text of Ezra–Nehemiah.

3359:, and as they are contained in the Vetus Latina vulgate edition". The fourth session of the Council specified 72 canonical books in the Bible: 45 in the Old Testament, 27 in the New Testament with Lamentations not being counted as separate from Jeremiah. On 2 June 1927, 1183:

before them to distinguish them from the rest of the text. He says that because those parts "are spread throughout the whole world, have appended by banishing and placing them after the spit (or "obelus"), so we will not be seen among the unlearned to have cut off a large part of the

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was issued, under Sixtus V, as being the official Bible recommended by the Council of Trent. On 27 August 1590, Sixtus V died. After his death, "many claimed that the text of the Sixtine Vulgate was too error-ridden for general use." On 5 September of the same year, the

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Kraft, Robert A. (1965). "Review of Biblia Sacra iuxta Latinam vulgatam versionem ad codicum fidem iussu Pauli Pp. VI. cura et studio monachorum abbatiae pontificiae Sancti Hieronymi in Urbe ordinis Sancti Benedicti edita. 12: Sapientia Salomonis. Liber Hiesu Filii Sirach".

4266:. This text was originally planned as the basis for a revised complete official Bible for the Catholic Church to replace the Clementine edition. The first volume, the Pentateuch, was completed in 1926. For the Pentateuch, the primary sources for the text are the 3597:

The Vulgate had significant cultural influence on literature for centuries, and thus the development of the English language, especially in matters of religion. Many Latin words were taken from the Vulgate into English nearly unchanged in meaning or spelling:

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consistent in the gospels presumably done later. In places Jerome adopted readings that did not correspond to a straightforward rendering either of the Vetus Latina or the Greek text, so reflecting a particular doctrinal interpretation; as in his rewording

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has understood and understands it, to be free from any error whatsoever in matters of faith and morals; so that, as the Church herself testifies and affirms, it may be quoted safely and without fear of error in disputations, in lectures and in preaching "

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than the Greek of the Septuagint, since he believed some quotes of the Old Testament in the New Testament were not present in the Septuagint, but existed in the Hebrew version; Jerome gave some of those quotes in his prologue to the Pentateuch. In the

4154:, which presented the Clementine Vulgate text with a critical apparatus comparing it to the editions of Sixtus V (1590), Lachman (1842), Tischendorf (1854), and Wordsworth and White (1889), as well as the Codex Amiatinus and the Codex Fuldensis. 1385:) and Pelagius himself, though without specific evidence for any of them; Pelagian groups have also been suggested as the revisers. This unknown reviser worked more thoroughly than Jerome had done, consistently using older Greek manuscript sources of 4130:, states that the Clementine Vulgate substantially represents the Vulgate which Jerome produced in the fourth century, although "it stands in need of close examination and much correction to make it agree with the translation of St. Jerome". 4307:

was no longer required for official purposes, and the abbey was suppressed in 1984. Five monks were nonetheless allowed to complete the final two volumes of the Old Testament, which were published under the abbey's name in 1987 and 1995.

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the lengthened usage of so many years, has been approved of in the Church, be, in public lectures, disputations, sermons and expositions, held as authentic; and that no one is to dare, or presume to reject it under any pretext whatever.

1686:. Comparison of Jerome's Gospel texts with those in Vetus Latina witnesses, suggests that his revision was concerned with substantially redacting their expanded "Western" phraseology in accordance with the Greek texts of better early 4089:

In the same year he became pope (1592), Clement VIII recalled all copies of the Sixtine Vulgate. The reason invoked for recalling Sixtus V's edition was printing errors, however the Sixtine Vulgate was mostly free of them.

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stopped all further sales of the Sixtine Vulgate and bought and destroyed as many copies as possible by burning them. The reason invoked for this action was printing inaccuracies in Sixtus V's edition of the Vulgate. However,

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Following the Codex Amiatinus and the Vulgate texts of Alcuin and Theodulf, the Benedictine Vulgate reunited the Book of Ezra and the Book of Nehemiah into a single book, reversing the decisions of the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate.

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Scripture and consequently pressed Jerome for complete copies of his Hexaplar Latin translation of the Old Testament, a request that Jerome ducked with the excuse that the originals had been lost "through someone's dishonesty".

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bibles from that date onward. After 1300, when the booksellers of Paris began to produce commercial single volume Vulgate bibles in large numbers, these commonly included both Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah as the

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Jerome did not embark on the work with the intention of creating a new version of the whole Bible, but the changing nature of his program can be tracked in his voluminous correspondence. He had been commissioned by

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Based on the editions of Oxford and Rome, but with an independent examination of the manuscript evidence and extending their lists of primary witnesses for some books, the Württembergische Bibelanstalt, later the

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or Common Septuagint (which Jerome otherwise terms the "Seventy interpreters"). This remained the usual use of the term "Latin Vulgate" in the West for centuries. On occasion Jerome applies the term "Septuagint"

4116:(1994), asserts that the Clementine edition "frequently deviates from the manuscript tradition for literary or doctrinal reasons, and offers only a faint reflection of the original Vulgate, as read in the 3483:. Gutenberg's works appear to have been a commercial failure, and Fust sued for recovery of his 2026 guilder investment and was awarded complete possession of the Gutenberg plant. Arguably, the 3336:(1545–1563) as the touchstone of the biblical canon concerning which parts of books are canonical. The Vulgate was declared to "be held as authentic" by the Catholic Church by the Council of Trent. 8343: 4407:. It is not a critical edition of the historical Vulgate, but a revision of the text intended to accord with modern critical Hebrew and Greek texts and produce a style closer to Classical Latin. 4426:

The title "Vulgate" is currently applied to three distinct online texts which can be found from various sources on the Internet. The text being used can be ascertained from the spelling of

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has been used to designate the Latin Bible only since the 16th century. An example of the use of this word in this sense at the time is the title of the 1538 edition of the Latin Bible by

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Préaux, Jean G. (1954). "Review of Biblia Sacra iuxta latinum vulgatam versionem. Liber psalmorum ex recensione sancti Hieronymi cum praefationibus et epistula ad Sunniam et Fretelam".

1723:. The reviser's changes generally conform very closely to this Greek text, even in matters of word order—to the extent that the resulting text may be only barely intelligible as Latin. 12565: 12402: 2702: 1368:

from the best Greek texts. By the time of Damasus' death in 384, Jerome had completed this task, together with a more cursory revision from the Greek Common Septuagint of the

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For over a thousand years (c. AD 400–1530), the Vulgate was the most commonly used edition of the most influential text in Western European society. Indeed, for most

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texts of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah were introduced into the Vulgate in versions revised by Theodulf of Orleans and are found in a minority of early medieval Vulgate

604: 4218:, Codex Mediolanensis (in the Gospels), and Codex Reginensis (in Paul). It also consistently cites readings in the so-called DELQR group of manuscripts, named after the 1562:

New Testament outside the Gospels. At any rate, it is reasonable to identify the author of the preface with the unknown reviser of the New Testament outside the gospels.

7060: 6955: 14240: 12157: 10708: 7864: 7694: 5236: 3441: 1168: 4078:, an American biblical scholar, believes that the printing inaccuracies may have been a pretext and that the attack against this edition had been instigated by the 13572: 9805: 3398:

is with respect to faith and morals, as it says in the above quote: "free from any error whatsoever in matters of faith and morals", and the inerrancy is not in a

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alphabet. Alternatively, he numbered the books as 24, which he identifies with the 24 elders in the Book of Revelation casting their crowns before the

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When the council listed the books included in the canon, it qualified the books as being "entire with all their parts, as they have been used to be read in the

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to complete the work. By the 1970s, as a result of liturgical changes that had spurred the Vatican to produce a new translation of the Latin Bible, the

10359: 9839: 6482: 4157:

To make a text available representative of the earliest copies of the Vulgate and summarise the most common variants between the various manuscripts,

13057: 10734: 3319: 3167: 2901: 3557:, the Vulgate was the source text used for many translations of the Bible into vernacular languages. In English, the interlinear translation of the 11843: 10809: 1389:. They had published a complete revised New Testament text by 410 at the latest, when Pelagius quoted from it in his commentary on the letters of 13378: 7739: 5030:

Canellis, Aline, ed. (2017). "Introduction : Du travail de Jérôme à la Vulgate" [Introduction: From Jerome's work to the Vulgate].

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Canellis, Aline, ed. (2017). "Introduction : Du travail de Jérôme à la Vulgate" [Introduction: From Jerome's work to the Vulgate].

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Canellis, Aline, ed. (2017). "Introduction : Du travail de Jérôme à la Vulgate" [Introduction: From Jerome's work to the Vulgate].

4373:. In addition, its modern prefaces in Latin, German, French, and English are a source of valuable information about the history of the Vulgate. 7717: 7335: 6937: 6736: 6553: 3957:

in 1455, famous for its beauty and antiquity. In 1504, the first Vulgate with variant readings was published in Paris. One of the texts of the

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Later, in the 20th century, Pope Pius XII declared the Vulgate as "free from error whatsoever in matters of faith and morals" in his

199:(1545–1563), though there was no authoritative edition of the book at that time. The Vulgate did eventually receive an official edition to be 13770: 13557: 12560: 11897: 11080: 10119: 9846: 8422: 7176:. Oliver Wendell Holmes Library, Phillips Academy (5th ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. pp. IX, XVIII, XXVIII, XXXVII. 2707: 1712:

text-type, the Greek text underlying the revision of the rest of the New Testament demonstrates the Alexandrian text-type found in the great

13925: 12440: 11540: 9798: 2851: 582: 14857: 14739: 13109: 12852: 12390: 10392: 9885: 8475: 3184: 2167: 1544:. Jerome's letter promotes the study of each of the books of the Old and New Testaments listed by name (and excluding any mention of the 629: 13765: 12794: 12697: 11102: 10774: 10073: 8397: 4181:, created with the participation of members from both projects. These books are the standard editions of the Vulgate used by scholars. 1533:. In the prologue to Ezra, he sets the "twenty-four elders" of the Hebrew Bible against the "Seventy interpreters" of the Septuagint. 13730: 13592: 12510: 7807: 4294: 2252: 7718:"Epistula Vincentio Truijen OSB Abbati Claravallensi, 'De Pontificia Commissione Vulgatae editioni recognoscendae atque emendandae'" 1771:. Also beginning in the 9th century, Vulgate manuscripts are found that split Jerome's combined translation from the Hebrew of 12105: 11320: 10527: 5287:. Oliver Wendell Holmes Library Phillips Academy (5 ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. pp. VI, XV, XXV, XXXIV. 4101:

or Sixto-Clementine Vulgate. "The misprints of this edition were partly eliminated in a second (1593) and a third (1598) edition."

4083: 3194: 2344: 3848:

in 801. Alcuin's edition contained the Vulgate version. It appears Alcuin concentrated only on correcting errors of grammar,

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The qualifier "Latin editions, now in circulation" and the use of "authentic" (not "inerrant") show the limits of this statement.

14816: 13677: 12771: 9791: 4571: 3097: 1332:

had supplanted it elsewhere. Completion dates given by experts for this translation of the Psalms range from between 390 and 398.

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could not have been possible without the diaspora of biblical knowledge that was permitted by the development of moveable type.

966:, the Vulgate has a compound text that is not entirely Jerome's work. Jerome's translation of the four Gospels are revisions of 14724: 14719: 12005: 12000: 11390: 10221: 10163: 7999: 6411: 551: 432: 427: 3898:

also worked on editions of the Latin Bible. Isidore's edition as well as the edition of Cassiodorus "ha not come down to us."

14734: 13709: 13657: 12289: 8390: 7777: 7181: 6140: 5333: 5292: 5218: 5144: 5047: 4973: 4859: 4796: 4716: 3967:

published an edition corrected to agree better with the Greek and Hebrew in 1516. Other corrected editions were published by

3312: 2143: 1537: 419: 8289: 14936: 14425: 13647: 13383: 11901: 11836: 11211: 10031: 9927: 7259:

Novum Testamentum Latine: textum Vaticanum cum apparatu critico ex editionibus et libris manu scriptis collecto imprimendum

7234: 4998:

Bogaert, Pierre-Maurice (2005). "Le livre de Baruch dans les manuscrits de la Bible latine. Disparition et réintégration".

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published the first of a series of critical editions, which formed the basis of the later Sistine and Clementine editions.

3586: 3460: 3174: 4142:'s editions of 1842 and 1850 based primarily on the Codex Amiatinus and the Codex Fuldensis, Fleck's edition of 1840, and 1555:, directly contrary to Jerome's own views—a key argument in demonstrating that Jerome did not write it. The author of the 14931: 14531: 13687: 13517: 12425: 12172: 11414: 11402: 11280: 10893: 10791: 10678: 8308: 2846: 2374: 1077:

The Vulgate is "a composite collection which cannot be identified with only Jerome's work," because the Vulgate contains

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Most other later editions were limited to the New Testament and did not present a full critical apparatus, most notably

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The Vulgate is usually credited as being the first translation of the Old Testament into Latin directly from the Hebrew

14852: 14526: 14387: 13346: 12843: 12452: 12177: 11139: 10931: 10233: 9984: 7925: 7457: 7098: 7086: 6896: 6869: 6842: 6815: 6788: 6761: 6327:

Bogaert, Pierre-Maurice (2000). "Les livres d'Esdras et leur numérotation dans l'histoire du canon de la Bible latin".

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Origin of the New Testament - APPENDIX I (to § 2 of Part I, pp. 59 f.) The Marcionite Prologues to the Pauline Epistles

5495: 5428:

Bogaert, Pierre-Maurice (2000). "Les livres d'Esdras et leur numérotation dans l'histoire du canon de la Bible latin".

5065: 4680: 4365:, which are printed on facing pages to allow easy comparison and contrast between the two versions. It has an expanded 4304: 4105: 3147: 2861: 455: 450: 3865:; Fischer believes the emperor only favored the editorial work of Alcuin by encouraging work on the Bible in general. 14494: 13329: 12931: 12578: 12412: 11863: 11073: 10063: 8344:

Eight examples of the Vulgate, 13th – 15th centuries, Center for Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Libraries

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R. Draguet, "Le Maître louvainiste, Driedo, inspirateur du décret de Trente sur la Vulgate", in Festschrift volume,

7152: 7055: 7021: 6951: 6643: 6585: 3264: 3214: 3142: 3127: 2826: 1893: 598: 463: 200: 20: 3737:(1592) is a standardized edition of the medieval Vulgate, and the second official Bible of the Catholic Church. The 14612: 14489: 14340: 13918: 13843: 13391: 13144: 13089: 12954: 12689: 12685: 12430: 12215: 12162: 11199: 10834: 10314: 10204: 9435: 6837:. Medium Ævum Monographs 29. Oxford: Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature. pp. 39, 250. 6696: 4447: 3305: 3244: 3157: 3058: 2841: 2632: 2453: 2369: 2191: 2047: 2004: 1864: 1569:

prologues to each of the epistles indicating where they were written, with notes about where the recipients dwelt.

874: 355: 7887: 6888:

How to correct the Sacra scriptura? Textual criticism of the Latin Bible between the twelfth and fifteenth century

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How to correct the Sacra scriptura? Textual criticism of the Latin Bible between the twelfth and fifteenth century

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How to correct the Sacra scriptura? Textual criticism of the Latin Bible between the twelfth and fifteenth century

6807:

How to correct the Sacra scriptura? Textual criticism of the Latin Bible between the twelfth and fifteenth century

6780:

How to correct the Sacra scriptura? Textual criticism of the Latin Bible between the twelfth and fifteenth century

6753:

How to correct the Sacra scriptura? Textual criticism of the Latin Bible between the twelfth and fifteenth century

1470:, Song of Songs, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, the minor prophets, the gospels. The final prologue is to the 1429:

in which he translated, makes it difficult to determine exactly how direct the conversion of Hebrew to Latin was.

14872: 13852: 13194: 13169: 13134: 13129: 13094: 12974: 12573: 12457: 12047: 12010: 11893: 11873: 11829: 11754: 11217: 11155: 11146: 10329: 10253: 9873: 9851: 9460: 8723: 8441: 6891:. Medium Ævum Monographs 29. Oxford: Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature. pp. 42–47. 6783:. Medium Ævum Monographs 29. Oxford: Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature. pp. 39–41. 6169:

and then in numbers of later manuscripts, are Marcionite, and that the Churches had not noticed the cloven hoof."

4369:, containing Psalm 151 and the Epistle to the Laodiceans in addition to 3 and 4 Ezra and the 4002:, where he issued his final critical edition of the Vulgate in 1555. This was the first complete Bible with full 3862: 3747:

is the third and latest official Bible of the Catholic Church; it was published in 1979, and is a translation in

3224: 3132: 2856: 1875: 1548:); and its dissemination had the effect of propagating the belief that the whole Vulgate text was Jerome's work. 1295:

were first excluded by Jerome as non-canonical, but sporadically re-admitted into the Vulgate tradition from the

1062: 1054: 914: 784: 546: 7915: 6810:. Medium Ævum Monographs 29. Oxford: Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature. pp. 41–2. 6085: 6055: 6000: 5970: 5940: 5910: 5880: 5850: 5820: 5790: 5760: 5730: 5700: 5670: 5637: 5579: 5549: 5163: 13790: 13502: 13189: 13159: 13139: 13079: 12869: 12585: 12123: 12115: 12027: 11888: 11868: 11610: 11229: 10568: 10187: 9834: 9826: 9814: 9385: 8436: 7492: 3562: 3219: 2484: 2277: 1960: 1871: 1843: 623: 14862: 6510: 3520:

of 1657 included several versions of the New Testament: in Greek, Latin (a Vulgate version and the version by

14951: 14826: 13164: 13154: 12480: 12351: 12249: 11946: 11769: 11205: 10863: 10442: 10417: 10026: 9405: 9085: 8482: 6864:. Medium Ævum Monographs 29. Oxford: Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature. p. 47. 6756:. Medium Ævum Monographs 29. Oxford: Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature. p. 39. 4475: 3102: 3072: 2872: 2472: 1197:. Jerome gathered all these additions together at the end of the Book of Esther, marking them with an obelus. 750: 151:. Later, of his own initiative, Jerome extended this work of revision and translation to include most of the 121: 9501: 7747: 3456:, it was the only version of the Bible ever encountered, only truly being eclipsed in the mid-20th century. 14821: 13745: 13716: 13699: 13607: 13219: 13184: 13174: 12752: 12733: 12595: 12346: 12259: 11066: 10903: 10422: 10412: 9868: 8460: 8209: 7973: 4214:, relies primarily on the texts of the Codex Amiatinus, Codex Fuldensis (Codex Harleianus in the Gospels), 3162: 3137: 3067: 2529: 2027: 7093:. Vol. 4, part 2 (Shimrath – Zuzim). Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific. p. 881. 6913: 14905: 14335: 13911: 13755: 12505: 12373: 12242: 10868: 10238: 10011: 9360: 8034: 8009: 7637: 3254: 3189: 3179: 3092: 2790: 2417: 2334: 2267: 2108: 1525:), Jerome described an Old Testament canon of 22 books, which he found represented in the 22-letter 942: 789: 11800: 8215: 646: 14509: 13672: 13470: 13124: 12776: 12742: 12701: 10877: 9902: 9511: 9450: 8413: 8116: 7940: 7793: 7680: 7666: 7508: 7484: 7413: 7399: 7380: 7147:. Dallas : Bridwell Library; Internet Archive. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 14, 98. 6577: 6416: 6313: 6299: 4332: 4143: 3798:, dating from around 545, contains most of the New Testament in the Vulgate version, but the four 3077: 1829: 14627: 9274: 9254: 4040: 3853:

that this Bible may have been "prescribed as the official version at the emperor's request." However,

1487: 1325: 14541: 14520: 14514: 13862: 13808: 13479: 13429: 13119: 13074: 12182: 11776: 10936: 10638: 9949: 7529: 3432: 3087: 3063: 2310: 2042: 1780:

manuscripts introduced a Latin version, originating from before Jerome and distinct from that in the

1265: 1237: 869: 8206:. Other installable modules include Weber's Stuttgart Vulgate. Missing 3 and 4 Esdras, and Manasses. 4705:

Ackroyd, Peter R.; Evans, C. F.; Lampe, Geoffrey William Hugo; Greenslade, Stanley Lawrence (1963).

3822:"The two best-known revisions of the Latin Scriptures in the early medieval period were made in the 1603:, or "Vetus Latina Bible". "Vetus Latina" means that they are older than the Vulgate and written in 1599:

The Latin biblical texts in use before Jerome's Vulgate are usually referred to collectively as the

277: 14946: 14941: 14536: 14504: 14499: 14235: 14196: 13892: 13828: 13750: 13721: 13341: 13336: 13214: 13114: 13099: 13084: 12926: 12747: 12637: 12555: 12379: 12356: 12307: 11980: 11273: 11223: 10769: 10344: 9861: 9425: 8618: 8510: 8453: 8186:, fully searchable and possible to compare with both the Douay Rheims and Knox Bibles side by side. 4027: 3961:

was an edition of the Vulgate made from ancient manuscripts and corrected to agree with the Greek.

3415: 3234: 2982: 2785: 2697: 2672: 2594: 2422: 2349: 2157: 1980: 1813: 1756:

texts of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah were introduced into the Vulgate in versions revised by

1194: 1172: 1107: 814: 635: 593: 437: 8348: 14842: 14714: 14571: 14432: 14172: 13813: 13445: 13406: 13373: 12819: 12799: 12667: 12545: 12495: 12274: 12075: 12015: 11524: 11193: 11150: 10387: 10243: 9970: 9536: 9480: 9400: 8796: 7449: 6232: 5354: 4815:

A grammar of the Vulgate, being an introduction to the study of the latinity of the Vulgate Bible

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As a result of the inaccuracy of existing editions of the Vulgate, in 1878, the delegates of the

4170: 3972: 3533: 3375: 2682: 2467: 1834: 839: 824: 774: 609: 409: 397: 378: 6635: 5488:

Jerome, Greek Scholarship, and the Hebrew Bible: A Study of the Quaestiones Hebraicae in Genesim

3490:

Aside from its use in prayer, liturgy, and private study, the Vulgate served as inspiration for

1540:, as a general prologue to the whole Bible. Notably, this letter was printed at the head of the 1480:; this prologue is considered not to have been written by Jerome. Related to these are Jerome's 1341: 1134: 14698: 14581: 14566: 14556: 14148: 13882: 13823: 13818: 13452: 13258: 13179: 13104: 12984: 12662: 12550: 12490: 12167: 12055: 11786: 11764: 11536: 11355: 11350: 11173: 11164: 10858: 10744: 10457: 9621: 9586: 9420: 9039: 8540: 8072: 7772:. Robert Weber, Roger Gryson (eds.) (5 ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. 2007. 6708: 5000: 4322: 4215: 4049: 3958: 3574: 3295: 2909: 2176: 1738: 1552: 1545: 1328:. This translation of the Psalms was kept in Spanish manuscripts of the Vulgate long after the 935: 898: 890: 834: 804: 641: 614: 342: 9455: 9415: 9375: 7960: 7956: 6712: 6602: 6571: 4177:

in 1907 (completed in 1995). The Oxford Anglican scholars's findings were condensed into

3765: 2687: 14956: 14647: 14586: 14576: 14484: 13587: 13414: 12839: 12620: 12485: 12331: 12037: 11975: 11934: 11919: 11810: 11345: 11263: 11122: 10754: 10739: 10452: 10309: 10216: 10016: 9999: 9912: 9856: 9546: 9465: 9334: 9329: 9279: 8756: 8599: 8448: 7443: 7065: 7013: 6961: 6631: 4676: 4271: 4127: 4123: 4104:

The Clementine Vulgate is the edition most familiar to Catholics who have lived prior to the

3517: 2642: 2489: 2398: 2339: 2329: 2257: 2238: 2224: 1965: 1926: 1916: 1691: 1457: 1386: 829: 819: 718: 63: 11159: 10804: 9591: 8099: 7170: 6978: 5281: 4399:), also called the Neo-Vulgate, is the official Latin edition of the Bible published by the 3844:

Alcuin of York oversaw efforts to make a Latin Bible, an exemplar of which was presented to

3657: 14847: 14767: 14479: 14392: 14302: 14068: 13955: 12991: 12960: 12857: 12738: 12652: 12532: 12435: 12152: 12147: 12070: 12020: 11951: 11929: 11759: 11519: 11300: 11290: 11258: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10913: 10840: 10683: 10643: 10462: 10364: 10339: 10278: 10083: 10058: 9994: 9722: 9692: 9641: 9319: 9204: 9134: 8924: 8899: 8879: 8859: 8821: 8816: 8781: 8663: 8557: 7275: 7200:. In the Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved July 25, 2022. 4551: 4485: 4162: 4070: 2836: 2810: 2692: 2509: 2477: 2359: 2214: 2022: 1990: 1921: 1578: 1349: 1216: 769: 755: 670: 577: 504: 9707: 9239: 1551:

The prologue to the Pauline Epistles in the Vulgate defends the Pauline authorship of the

8: 14789: 14754: 14551: 14230: 14013: 13983: 13780: 13682: 13475: 13459: 12979: 12889: 12340: 12284: 12232: 12133: 12095: 11729: 11340: 11035: 10759: 10749: 10698: 10556: 10542: 10402: 10144: 9907: 9697: 9661: 9631: 9395: 9299: 9139: 9100: 9080: 9008: 8894: 8703: 8546: 8533: 8522: 8275: 8260: 8245: 7946: 4576: 4534: 4490: 4249: 4174: 4053: 3920: 3901:

By the 9th century, due to the success of Alcuin's edition, the Vulgate had replaced the

3838: 3783: 3760: 3578: 3566: 3558: 3491: 3276: 2437: 2150: 2125: 2080: 1757: 1687: 1506:, but that some mistakes were part of the original text itself as it was produced by the 1462: 1448:

Prologues written by Jerome to some of his translations of parts of the Bible are to the

1212: 1041:—the Hebrew book of Psalms included—from Hebrew himself. He also translated the books of 799: 794: 779: 760: 695: 690: 483: 9742: 9199: 8271:

Nouum Testamentum Domini nostri Jesu Christi latine, secundum editionem Sancti Hieronymi

8256:

Nouum Testamentum Domini nostri Jesu Christi latine, secundum editionem Sancti Hieronymi

8241:

Nouum Testamentum Domini nostri Jesu Christi latine, secundum editionem Sancti Hieronymi

7367:

Nouum Testamentum Domini nostri Iesu Christi Latine, secundum editionem sancti Hieronymi

6276:

Norris, Oliver (2017). "Tracing Fortunatianus's Psalter". In Dorfbauer, Lukas J. (ed.).

6132: 5325: 5210: 5136: 5039: 4965: 4851: 4788: 4205:

Nouum Testamentum Domini nostri Iesu Christi Latine, secundum editionem sancti Hieronymi

4032: 3628: 3406:

and so its authenticity is not specified primarily as critical, but rather as juridical.

14681: 14596: 14402: 14397: 14359: 14282: 14245: 14225: 14155: 13800: 13617: 12475: 12467: 12210: 11911: 11878: 11586: 11496: 11484: 11461: 11325: 11235: 11177: 11047: 10824: 10593: 10517: 10485: 10304: 10273: 10110: 10098: 9959: 9897: 9772: 9712: 9324: 9264: 9234: 9149: 9144: 9013: 8909: 8806: 8786: 8746: 8688: 8653: 8648: 8492: 8235: 8160: 8136: 7951: 7846: 7787: 7674: 7618: 7599: 7502: 7407: 7374: 7329: 7300: 7292: 7142: 7007: 6931: 6730: 6624: 6547: 6307: 5261: 5253: 4438: 4370: 4366: 4336: 4098: 3891: 3854: 3823: 3734: 3524:), Syriac, Ethiopic, and Arabic. It also included a version of the Gospels in Persian. 3472: 3449: 3395: 2877: 2750: 2617: 2407: 2272: 2247: 2229: 1970: 1938: 1931: 1898: 1430: 1378: 1292: 1288: 1276: 1228: 1208: 1176: 1020: 988: 903: 885: 844: 660: 479: 373: 363: 208: 152: 10613: 9506: 9164: 9065: 6155: 3616: 3479:(or Faust). At the time, a manuscript of the Vulgate was selling for approximately 500 14882: 14691: 14686: 14459: 14369: 14312: 14133: 14123: 13973: 13760: 12996: 12321: 12201: 11968: 11924: 10993: 10898: 10673: 10659: 10633: 10618: 10522: 10507: 10437: 10427: 10296: 10228: 10129: 10093: 9989: 9702: 9687: 9576: 9440: 9380: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9225: 9194: 9174: 9060: 9018: 8998: 8914: 8874: 8849: 8738: 8708: 8658: 8643: 8298:, Stuttgart edition, but missing 3 and 4 Esdras, Manasses, Psalm 151, and Laodiceans. 8269: 8254: 8239: 8164: 8080: 8004: 7921: 7850: 7773: 7591: 7561: 7488: 7453: 7304: 7177: 7148: 7094: 7017: 6892: 6865: 6838: 6811: 6784: 6757: 6639: 6581: 6375: 6371: 6136: 5491: 5474: 5329: 5288: 5265: 5214: 5140: 5109: 5082: 5043: 4969: 4855: 4792: 4712: 4415: 4317: 4233: 4203:

to produce a critical edition of the New Testament. This was eventually published as

4178: 4118: 4113: 4094: 3880: 3738: 3707: 2760: 2514: 2319: 2296: 2219: 2115: 2064: 1881: 1762: 1683: 1574: 1570: 1507: 1466:. Following these are prologues to Chronicles, Ezra, Tobit, Judith, Esther, Job, the 1397: 1374: 1224: 1091: 992: 736: 675: 442: 168:. By the 13th century it had taken over from the former version the designation 9521: 9430: 9259: 9249: 6160:, Adolf von Harnack, 1914. Moreover, Harnack noted: "We have indeed long known that 3634: 1624:) to refer to the Hexaplar Septuagint, where he wishes to distinguish this from the 14926: 14867: 14762: 14744: 14676: 14664: 14622: 14561: 14546: 14437: 14325: 14118: 14063: 14043: 14023: 13622: 13396: 13358: 13316: 13244: 13239: 13206: 13013: 12946: 12909: 12904: 12884: 12879: 12804: 12657: 12647: 12607: 12138: 11956: 11939: 11618: 11407: 11383: 11335: 11250: 10883: 10688: 10668: 10588: 10573: 10472: 10374: 10248: 10088: 10046: 10041: 10021: 10004: 9917: 9611: 9606: 9531: 9516: 9496: 9284: 9209: 9070: 8954: 8939: 8919: 8864: 8844: 8831: 8776: 8668: 8500: 8362: 8152: 7838: 7582: 7553: 7284: 7138: 7117: 7037: 7003: 6367: 6336: 6213: 5437: 5245: 5101: 5074: 5009: 4761: 4355: 4179:

an edition of both the Old and New Testaments, first published at Stuttgart in 1969

4075: 3950: 3665: 3371: 3333: 3053: 3012: 3002: 2992: 2780: 2667: 2627: 2504: 2412: 2324: 2209: 2032: 1948: 1886: 1776: 1720: 1650: 1646: 1471: 1422: 1390: 1329: 1220: 587: 565: 494: 414: 368: 196: 79: 12862: 9727: 9616: 9355: 9154: 7257: 4274:), and the Ottobonianus Octateuch. For the rest of the Old Testament (except the 3682: 3541:

Hobbes "has a worrying tendency to treat the Vulgate as if it were the original".

14659: 14637: 14591: 14138: 14098: 14073: 14003: 13978: 13963: 13857: 13740: 13597: 13562: 13368: 13363: 13288: 13283: 13224: 13149: 12899: 12829: 12361: 12302: 11852: 11686: 11643: 11633: 11628: 11581: 11575: 11511: 11431: 10941: 10908: 10852: 10846: 10703: 10608: 10512: 10324: 9818: 9783: 9737: 9626: 9561: 9551: 9475: 9370: 9365: 9269: 9244: 9075: 9055: 9028: 9023: 8993: 8934: 8678: 8505: 8231: 7892: 7557: 7369:. John Wordsworth, Henry Julian White (eds.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1889–1954. 7350: 7319: 7221: 7217: 6886: 6859: 6832: 6805: 6778: 6751: 6166: 5105: 4819: 4813: 4706: 4556: 4546: 4529: 4502: 4480: 4361: 4347: 4279: 4267: 4200: 4147: 4065: 4023: 3988: 3976: 3924: 3895: 3817: 3795: 3787: 3771: 3748: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3605: 3437: 3411: 3364: 3356: 3152: 2997: 2929: 2924: 2815: 2589: 2519: 2289: 2200: 1985: 1821: 1541: 1526: 1467: 1435: 204: 188: 148: 59: 9169: 6182: 5078: 14895: 14877: 14811: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14420: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14191: 14167: 14128: 14078: 14058: 14028: 14008: 13993: 13988: 13968: 13934: 13775: 13704: 13552: 13487: 13273: 13263: 13249: 13234: 12914: 12809: 12693: 12672: 12206: 12085: 12060: 12032: 11963: 11668: 11638: 11623: 11565: 11555: 11490: 11473: 11315: 11004: 10829: 10623: 10598: 10562: 10502: 10495: 10490: 10480: 10334: 10319: 10258: 10134: 10124: 9880: 9566: 9541: 9470: 9410: 9184: 9179: 9159: 9114: 8949: 8944: 8889: 8811: 8791: 8728: 8604: 8465: 8382: 7842: 7082: 5524: 4605: 4524: 4340: 4275: 4225: 4211: 4190: 4166: 4019: 3992: 3980: 3968: 3827: 3776: 3521: 3028: 3007: 2970: 2960: 2887: 2882: 2795: 2723: 2546: 2494: 2379: 2354: 2284: 2098: 1953: 1742: 1734: 1730: 1642: 1615:

text, so intending to denote this version as the common Latin rendering of the

1604: 1284: 1245: 1164: 1151: 1121: 1046: 1016: 1008: 962:

While the majority of the Vulgate's translation is traditionally attributed to

809: 685: 499: 290: 261: 159: 133: 11168: 10197: 9651: 8353: 8217:

The Vulgate New Testament, with the Douay Version of 1582. In Parallel Columns

8156: 7865:"Scripturarum Thesarurus, Apostolic Constitution, 25 April 1979, John Paul II" 7695:"Scripturarum Thesarurus, Apostolic Constitution, 25 April 1979, John Paul II" 7288: 6437: 6397: 3676: 3622: 3610: 221:. The Clementine edition of the Vulgate became the standard Bible text of the 14920: 14642: 14451: 14320: 14186: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14083: 14053: 13951: 13667: 13627: 13512: 13434: 13419: 13268: 13229: 13035: 12919: 12716: 12385: 12100: 11703: 11560: 11443: 11365: 11305: 11268: 10888: 10814: 10780: 10764: 10724: 10407: 10382: 10158: 10068: 10053: 9975: 9747: 9717: 9646: 9339: 9294: 9033: 9003: 8904: 8884: 8869: 8761: 8751: 8638: 8551: 8084: 7917:

The Latin New Testament: A Guide to Its Early History, Texts, and Manuscripts

7595: 7565: 7524: 7445:

The Latin New Testament: A Guide to Its Early History, Texts, and Manuscripts

7197: 6379: 5113: 5086: 4733:"Vulgate | Description, Definition, Bible, History, & Facts | Britannica" 4512: 4283: 4237: 4139: 3729:

is a notable printed edition of the Vulgate by Johann Gutenberg in 1455. The

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The Catholic Church has produced three official editions of the Vulgate: the

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