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that of Islam, leading to a concept of a
Western civilization different from other civilizations. In the fifteenth century, Renaissance intellectuals began to identify this civilization not only with Christianity but also with the intellectual and political achievements of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Important to the development of the idea of a distinct Western civilization were encounters with other peoples. Between 700 and 1500, encounters with the world of Islam helped define the West. But after 1500, as European ships began to move into other parts of the world, encounters with peoples in Asia, Africa, and the Americas not only had an impact on the civilizations found there but also affected how people in the West defined themselves. At the same time, as they set up colonies, Europeans began to transplant a sense of Western identity to other areas of the world, especially North America and parts of Latin America, that have come to be considered part of Western civilization
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scion of
European civilization, it also incorporates more elements of indigenous American civilizations compared to those of North America and Europe. It also currently has had a more corporatist and authoritarian culture. Both Europe and North America felt the effects of Reformation and combination of Catholic and Protestant cultures. Historically, Latin America has been only Catholic, although this may be changing. Latin America could be considered, or a sub-set, within Western civilization, or can also be considered a separate civilization, intimately related to the West, but divided as to whether it belongs with it.
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1945:
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521:. Similarly, complicated relationships between virtually all the countries and regions within a broadly defined "West" can be discussed in the light of a persistently fragmented political landscape resulting in a lack of uniformity and significant diversity between the various cultures affiliating with this shared socio-cultural heritage. Thus, those cultures identifying with the West and with what it means to be "western" change over time as the geopolitical circumstances of a place changes and what is meant by the terminology changes.
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hand she holds a square, an implement for testing or drawing right angles. She is watched by a group of students. In the Middle Ages, it is unusual to see women represented as teachers, in particular when the students appear to be monks. She is most likely the personification of
Geometry, based on Martianus Capella's famous book De Nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii , a standard source for allegorical imagery of the seven liberal arts. Illustration at the beginning of Euclid's Elementa, in the translation attributed to Adelard of Bath.
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1702:, much of Greco-Roman art, literature, science and even technology were all but lost in the western part of the old empire. However, this would become the center of a new West. Europe fell into political anarchy, with many warring kingdoms and principalities. Under the Frankish kings, it eventually, and partially, reunified, and the anarchy evolved into
409:"The West" as a geographical area is unclear and undefined. There is some disagreement about which nations should or should not be included in the category, when, and why. Certainly related conceptual terminology has changed over time in scope, meaning, and use. The term "western" draws on an affiliation with, or a perception of, a shared
2974:, from its ritually and mythologically inspired Greek origins to modern forms where struggle and downfall are often rooted in psychological or social, rather than mythical, motives, is also widely considered a specifically European creation and can be seen as a forerunner of some aspects of both the novel and of classical opera.
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1461:, the wealthiest provinces of the Roman Empire were in the East, particularly Roman Egypt which was the wealthiest Roman province outside of Italia. Nevertheless, the Celts in the West created some significant literature in the ancient world whenever they were given the opportunity (an example being the poet
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The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be...?" With a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Other
Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, and Non-believer/Agnostic. Space was given for Other (SPONTANEOUS) and DK. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu did not reach the
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The origin of western civilization is usually dated to 700 or 800 AD. In general, researchers consider that it has three main components, in Europe, North
America and Latin America. However, Latin America has followed a quite different development path from Europe and North America. Although it is a
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the term "Western" — refer to the culture of classical antiquity that arose in Greece and Rome; survived the collapse of the Roman Empire; spread to western and northern Europe; then during the great periods of exploration and colonization of the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries expanded to the
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and the Greco-Roman classics. Christianity laid a stress on the inward aspects of actions and on motives, notions that were foreign to the ancient world. This subjectivity, which grew out of the
Christian belief that man could achieve a personal union with God, resisted all challenges and made itself
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The
Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. Some economists say that the major impact of the Industrial Revolution was that
2007:
of the 18th century, during which cultural and intellectual forces in
European society emphasized reason, analysis, and individualism rather than traditional lines of authority. It challenged the authority of institutions that were deeply rooted in society, such as the Catholic Church; there was much
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people in these early civilizations viewed themselves as subjects of states or empires, not as members of
Western civilization. With the rise of Christianity during the Late Roman Empire, however, peoples in Europe began to identify themselves as part of a civilization different from others, such as
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can be traced to early versions of rugby football and association football. Many games are known as "football" were being played at colleges and universities in the United States in the first half of the 19th century. American football resulted from several major divergences from rugby, most notably
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traditions. These cultures had a number of similarities, such as a common emphasis on the individual, but they also embody fundamentally conflicting worldviews. For example, in
Judaism and Christianity, God is the ultimate authority, while Greco-Roman tradition considers the ultimate authority to be
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Medieval Christians believed that to seek the geometric, physical and mathematical principles that govern the world was to seek and worship God. Detail of a scene in the bowl of the letter 'P' with a woman with a set-square and dividers; using a compass to measure distances on a diagram. In her left
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are ancient and occurred worldwide, the prose novel as a distinct form of storytelling, with developed, consistent human characters and, typically, some connected overall plot (although both of these characteristics have sometimes been modified and played with in later times), was popularized by the
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The soap opera, a popular culture dramatic form, originated in the United States first on radio in the 1930s, then a couple of decades later on television. The music video was also developed in the West in the middle of the 20th century. Musical theatre was developed in the West in the 19th and 20th
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for the general population began to increase consistently for the first time in history, although others have said that it did not begin to meaningfully improve until the late 19th and 20th centuries. The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians, as is the
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and Greek healing temples. These hospitals were established to cater to "particular social groups marginalized by poverty, sickness, and age," according to the historian of hospitals, Guenter Risse. Christianity played a role in ending practices common among pagan societies, such as human sacrifice,
164:. While Western culture is a broad concept, and does not relate to a region with fixed members or geographical confines, it generally relates to the cultures of countries with historical ties to a European country or a number of European countries, or to the variety of cultures within Europe itself.
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that began in Great Britain in the 18th century brought increased leisure time, leading to more opportunities for citizens to participate in athletic activities and also follow spectator sports. These trends continued with the advent of mass media and global communication. The bat and ball sport of
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The West went through a series of great cultural and social changes between 1945 and 1980. The emergent mass media (film, radio, television and recorded music) created a global culture that could ignore national frontiers. Literacy became almost universal, encouraging the growth of books, magazines
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In the 14th century, starting from Italy and then spreading throughout Europe, there was a massive artistic, architectural, scientific and philosophical revival, as a result of the Christian revival of Greek philosophy, and the long Christian medieval tradition that established the use of reason as
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In 1,200 years the tiny village of Rome established a republic, conquered all of the Mediterranean basin and western Europe, lost its republic, and finally, surrendered its empire. In the process the Romans laid the foundation of Western civilization. The pragmatic Romans brought Greek and Hebrew
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Greekness was identified with freedom-spiritual and social as well as political-and slavery was equated with being barbarian, 'democracy' was a Greek invention (celebrating its 2,500th anniversary in 1993/4) an ancient culture, that of the Greeks — is both a foundation stone of our own (Western)
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in the transition years between 1840 and 1870, when technological and economic progress continued with the increasing adoption of steam transport (steam-powered railways, boats, and ships), the large-scale manufacture of machine tools and the increasing use of machinery in steam-powered factories.
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Alhazen (or Al-Haytham; 965–1039 CE) was perhaps one of the greatest physicists of all times and a product of the Islamic Golden Age or Islamic Renaissance (7th–13th centuries). He made significant contributions to anatomy, astronomy, engineering, mathematics, medicine, ophthalmology, philosophy,
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Had the Persians overrun all of mainland Greece, had they then transformed the Greek city-states into satrapies of the Persian Empire, had Greek democracy been snuffed out, there would have been no Greek theater, no Greek science, no Plato, no Aristotle, no Sophocles, no Aeschylus. The incredible
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influenced Western European foodways. Many Oriental ingredients were relatively new to the Western lands. Sugar, almonds, pistachios, rosewater, and dried citrus fruits were all novelties to the Crusaders who encountered them in Saracen lands. Pepper, ginger and cinnamon were the most widely used
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In music, Catholic monks developed the first forms of modern Western musical notation to standardize liturgy throughout the worldwide Church, and an enormous body of religious music has been composed for it through the ages. This led directly to the emergence and development of European classical
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economy, while the Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist economies. Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals, plants and fire.
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was not confined to the West but also stretched into the old East. The philosophy and science of Classical Greece were largely forgotten in Europe after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, other than in isolated monastic enclaves (notably in Ireland, which had become Christian but was never
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and consolidated a Latin West, but an east–west division remained, reflected in many cultural norms of the two areas, including language. Eventually, the empire became increasingly split into a Western and Eastern part, reviving old ideas of a contrast between an advanced East, and a rugged West.
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The Greeks provided the chromosomes of Western civilization. One does not have to idealize the Greeks to sustain that point. Greek ways of exploring the cosmos, defining the problems of knowledge (and what is meant by knowledge itself), creating the language in which such problems are explored,
1996:. The process was accompanied and reinforced by the Age of Discovery and continued into the modern period. Scholars have proposed a wide variety of theories to explain why the Great Divergence happened, including lack of government intervention, geography, colonialism, and customary traditions.
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ideas down to earth, modified them, and transmitted them throughout western Europe. Roman law remains the basis for the legal codes of most western European and Latin American countries — Even in English-speaking countries, where common law prevails, Roman law has exerted substantial influence
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and a Catholic thinker who studied the issue regarding the human rights of colonized natives, is recognized by the United Nations as a father of international law, and now also by historians of economics and democracy as a leading light for the West's democracy and rapid economic development.
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in the West for centuries. Classical Greek learning was also subsumed, preserved, and elaborated in the rising Eastern world, which gradually supplanted Roman-Byzantine control as a dominant cultural-political force. Thus, much of the learning of classical antiquity was slowly reintroduced to
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burst of creative energy that took place during the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. and that laid the foundation for all of later Western civilization would never have happened. in the years between 490 and 479 B.C.E., the entire future of the Western world hung precariously in the balance
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styles, which are still widely recognized and used in contemporary Western architecture. Much of Western architecture emphasizes repetition of simple motifs, straight lines and expansive, undecorated planes. A modern ubiquitous architectural form that emphasizes this characteristic is the
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finishes his stew with vinegar and honey. Saracens combined sweet ingredients like date-juice and honey with pomegranate, lemons and citrus juices, or other sour ingredients. The technique of browning pieces of meat and simmering in liquid with vegetables is used in many recipes from the
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it is fairly clear that up to 1800 or maybe 1750, no society had experienced sustained growth in per capita income. (Eighteenth century population growth also averaged one-third of 1 percent, the same as production growth.) That is, up to about two centuries ago, per capita
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The novel, which made its appearance in the 18th century, is an essentially European creation. Chinese and Japanese literature contain some works that may be thought of as novels, but only the European novel is couched in terms of a personal analysis of personal dilemmas.
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as "a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses" was fashioned by the 17th-century Italian
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A notable feature of Western culture is its strong emphasis and focus on innovation and invention through science and technology, and its ability to generate new processes, materials and material artifacts with its roots dating back to the Ancient Greeks. The
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was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of
2047:, who influenced society by publishing widely read works. Upon learning about enlightened views, some rulers met with intellectuals and tried to apply their reforms, such as allowing for toleration, or accepting multiple religions, in what became known as
5022:
Side by side with Christianity, the classical Greco-Roman world forms the sound foundation of Western civilization. Greek philosophy is also the origin for the methods and contents of the philosophical thought and theological investigation in Islam and
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style, which encompassed music, art, and architecture, was particularly encouraged by the post-Reformation Catholic Church as such forms offered a means of religious expression that was stirring and emotional, intended to stimulate religious fervor.
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and hunting were popular sports in the European Middle Ages, and the aristocratic classes developed passions for leisure activities. A great number of popular global sports were first developed or codified in Europe. The modern game of
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3142:
6169:
the first recorded use of a word for Europeans as a kind of person, so far as I know, comes out of this history of conflict. In a Latin chronicle, written in 754 in Spain, the author refers to the victors of the Battle of Tours as
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and is often linked to Rome, where many human-versus-animal events were held. Bullfighting spread from Spain to its American colonies, and in the 19th century to France, where it developed into a distinctive form in its own right.
3164:
5294:(1953), Stanford University Press, p. 2: That certain distinctive features of our Western civilization—the civilization of western Europe and of America—have been shaped chiefly by Judaeo–Christianity, Catholic and Protestant.
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2294:) played a decisive role in modern globalization. The West has contributed a great many technological, political, philosophical, artistic and religious aspects to modern international culture: having been a crucible of
3332:, in full academic dress. The typical dress for graduation are gowns and hoods or hats adapted from the daily dress of university staff in the Middle Ages, which was in turn based on the attire worn by medieval clergy.
317:). European culture developed with a complex range of philosophy, medieval scholasticism, mysticism and Christian and secular humanism. Rational thinking developed through a long age of change and formation, with the
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9369:
At the same time, then as the printing press in the physical technological sense was invented, 'the press' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage. The phenomenon of publishing was now
2418:
In Western dance, music, plays and other arts, the performers are only very infrequently masked. There are essentially no taboos against depicting a god, or other religious figures, in a representational fashion.
528:
and arbitrary. Globalization has spread Western ideas so widely that almost all modern cultures are, to some extent, influenced by aspects of Western culture. Stereotypical views of "the West" have been labeled
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The Bible is the most globally influential and widely read book ever written. ... it has been a major influence on the behavior, laws, customs, education, art, literature, and morality of Western civilization.
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Americas, Australia and areas of Asia and Africa; and now exercises global political, economic, cultural, and military power far greater than the size of its territory or population might otherwise suggest.
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from 2011, Christianity remains the dominant religion in the Western world where 70–84% are Christians, According to this survey, 76% of Europeans described themselves as Christians, and about 86% of the
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437:, or those countries heavily influenced by its legacy, should be counted as "Western" is an example of the possible ambiguity of the term. These questions can be traced back to the affiliatory nature of
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1709:
Much of the basis of the post-Roman cultural world had been set before the fall of the Western Roman Empire, mainly through the integration and reshaping of Roman ideas through Christian thought. The
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4015:
Beginning in the 1990s, the Internet has contributed to a tremendous increase in the accessibility of Western media content. Departing from media offered in bundled content packages (magazines, CDs,
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is a very distinctive Western repeated motif. Depictions of the nude human male and female in photography, painting, and sculpture are frequently considered to have special artistic merit. Realistic
2128:
7222:
Szreter, Simon; Mooney, Graham (February 1998). "Urbanization, Mortality, and the Standard of Living Debate: New Estimates of the Expectation of Life at Birth in Nineteenth-Century British Cities".
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became the foundation on which all legal concepts and systems were based. Its influence is found in all Western legal systems, although in different manners and to different extents. The study of
1212:
mercantilism and the introduction of the Alphabetic script boosted state formation in the Aegean and current-day Italy and current-day Spain, spawning civilizations in the Mediterranean such as
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physics, psychology, and visual perception and is primarily attributed as the inventor of the scientific method, for which author Bradley Steffens (2006) describes him as the "first scientist".
1839:, the legal system of the Catholic Church, fused with that of Roman law to form the basis of the refounding of Western legal scholarship. During the Reformation and Enlightenment, the ideas of
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in influence in many Western countries, mostly in the European Union where some member states have experienced falling church attendance and membership in recent years, and also elsewhere.
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accessed 8 December 2014. p. 1: "Western civilization owes far more to Catholic Church than most people—Catholic included—often realize. The Church in fact built Western civilization."
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and the military culture and the development of sports in Greece influenced one another considerably. Sports became such a prominent part of their culture that the Greeks created the
2963:(c. 1000 CE) have been cited as the world's first major novel but they had a very limited long-term impact on literary writing beyond their own day until much more recent times.
4101:' population identified themselves as Christians, (90% in Latin America and 77% in North America). 73% in Oceania self-identify as Christian, and 76% in South Africa are Christian.
4065:. Before this time many Europeans from the north, especially Scandinavians, remained polytheistic, though southern Europe was predominantly Christian from the 5th century onwards.
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were first awarded in 1901. The percentage of ethnically European Nobel prize winners during the first and second halves of the 20th century were respectively 98 and 94 percent.
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1912:
took over as the predominant force in Western civilization, guiding the course of philosophy, art, and science for many years. Movements in art and philosophy, such as the
1851:, and democracy as the ideal form of society began to be institutionalized as principles forming the basis of modern Western culture, particularly in Protestant regions.
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6218:
that one group of humans who used to refer to themselves as 'the white race' (and now, generally, call themselves by its more accepted synonym, 'Western civilization') .
1823:
in Western Europe early in the 10th century rekindled a passion for the discipline of law, which crossed many of the re-forming boundaries between East and West. In the
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became increasingly entrenched or even integral to Christendom. Much of art and literature, law, education, and politics were preserved in the teachings of the Church.
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annual growth rates of 2.4 percent for the first 60 years of the 20th century, of 1 percent for the entire 19th century, of one-third of 1 percent for the 18th century
1601:
Roman civil law code was created in the East in his capital of Constantinople, and that city maintained trade and intermittent political control over outposts such as
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More pronounced use and application of innovation and scientific developments, as well as a more rational approach to scientific progress (what has been known as the
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Greco-Roman classic letters, arts, architecture, philosophical and cultural tradition, which include the influence of preeminent authors and philosophers such as
4001:, science and arts and the development of increasingly rapid communications through print led to a rising corpus of vernacular media content in European society.
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1789:
is credited with creating the first modern universities. The Catholic Church established a hospital system in Medieval Europe that vastly improved upon the Roman
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305:
brought classical traditions and philosophy. This major change for non-Western countries and their people saw a development in modernization in those countries.
405:(1996) indicating the world's postulated nine major "civilizations": Western, Latin American, Orthodox, Islamic, Sinic, Buddhist, Japanese, Hindu, and African.
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representing the physical world and human society in the arts, defining the nature of value, describing the past, still underlie the Western cultural tradition
2051:. New ideas and beliefs spread around Europe and were fostered by an increase in literacy due to a departure from solely religious texts. Publications include
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There are also small but increasing numbers of people across the Western world who seek to revive the indigenous religions of their European ancestors; such
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7453:"Review of The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain (edited by Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson), Times Higher Education Supplement, 15 January 2004"
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Early Christianity in its Hellenistic context. Volume 2, Christian origins and Hellenistic Judaism : social and literary contexts for the New Testament
12118:
7187:
Feinstein, Charles (September 1998). "Pessimism Perpetuated: Real Wages and the Standard of Living in Britain during and after the Industrial Revolution".
1441:. The Latin-speaking Western Roman Empire consisted of Western Europe and Northwest Africa, while the Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire consisted of the
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2286:
By the mid-20th century, Western culture was exported worldwide, and the development and growth of international transport and telecommunication (such as
1960:
From the late 15th century to the 17th century, Western culture began to spread to other parts of the world through explorers and missionaries during the
4400:. A number of popular modern sports were devised or codified in the United Kingdom during the 19th century and obtained global prominence; these include
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account for 2%. According to Scholars, in 2017, Europe's population was 77.8% Christian (up from 74.9% 1970), these changes were largely result of the
564:, when Christians would start to form a common Christian or European identity. Contemporary Latin chronicles from Spain referred to the victors in the
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2279:(separating religion from politics and science) increased. Christianity remains the dominant religion in the Western world, where 70% are Christians.
10308:
Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology: The Lives & Achievements of 1510 Great Scientists from Ancient Times to the Present
9593:
Europe is historically the cradle of Christian culture, it is still the primary center of institutional and pastoral energy in the Catholic Church...
9565:
Europe is historically the cradle of Christian culture, it is still the primary center of institutional and pastoral energy in the Catholic Church...
2415:
While dance, music, visual art, story-telling, and architecture are human universals, they are expressed in the West in certain characteristic ways.
254:
cultures, and major advances in literature, engineering, and science, and provided the culture for the expansion of early Christianity and the Greek
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2147:) is often cited as marking the beginning of the scientific revolution, and its completion is attributed to the "grand synthesis" of Newton's 1687
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Christianity, served as a unifying force in Christian parts of Europe, and in some respects replaced or competed with the secular authorities. The
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in 1962 linking live media broadcasts from the UK to the US. The first digital broadcast satellite (DBS) system began transmitting in US in 1975.
524:
It is difficult to determine which individuals or places or trends fit into which category, and the East–West contrast is sometimes criticized as
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began to operate throughout wealthy European cities. The emergence of news media in the 17th century has to be seen in close connection with the
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156:, and later spread to different parts of the world. The core of Western civilization, broadly defined, is formed by the combined foundations of
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Charles Murray, Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in the Arts and Sciences, 800 B.C. to 1950, Paperback – 9 November 2004, p. 284
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National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Future of the Global Positioning System; National Academy of Public Administration (1995).
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Restoration of a fresco from an Ancient Roman villa bedroom, circa 50-40 BC, dimensions of the room: 265.4 Ă— 334 Ă— 583.9 cm, in the
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10102:. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press.
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West in the 17th and 18th centuries. Of course, extended prose fiction had existed much earlier; both novels of adventure and romance in the
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The Roman Empire in 330. The area in red shows the zone of influence of the Latin West, while the area in blue shows the eastern Greek part.
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Constantinople and the West : essays on the late Byzantine (Palaeologan) and Italian Renaissances and the Byzantine and Roman churches
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would highlight the importance of freedom in the Ancient Greek world, as opposed to the perceived slavery of the so-called barbaric world.
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of a contrast between Greeks and other civilizations. Greeks felt they were the most civilized and saw themselves (in the formulation of
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pace of economic and social changes. GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern
265:
Western culture continued to develop with the Christianization of European society during the Middle Ages, the reforms triggered by the
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505:, a conscious effort by Europeans to revive and surpass the ideas and achievements of the Greco-Roman world, eventually encouraged the
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is a traditional spectacle of Spain, Portugal, southern France, and some Latin American countries. It traces its roots to prehistoric
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and Antonio Canizares, 2012, "How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization," Reprint edn., Washington, D.C.: Regnery History,
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in the mid-19th century. The United States also developed unique variations of English sports. English migrants took antecedents of
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residents in Europe; these made up about 18% of the European population in 2012. In particular, over half of the populations of the
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the Western world overcame pre-modern growth constraints and emerged during the 19th century as the most powerful and wealthy world
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said "For we who were occidentals have now become orientals." These cultural experiences, carried back to France by notables like
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were discovered and developed or invented in the West. Iron and steel ships, bridges and skyscrapers first appeared in the West.
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Following the Roman conquest of the Hellenistic world, the concept of a "West" arose, as there was a cultural divide between the
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in its literary use, along with the impact of economic change, the discoveries arising from trade and travel, navigation to the
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Photography and the motion picture as both a technology and basis for entirely new art forms were also developed in the West.
2326:. The West invented cinema, television, the personal computer, the Internet and video games; developed sports such as soccer,
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battles that pitted contestants against one another in a fight to the death. The Olympic Games revived many of the sports of
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5314:
4426:. Similarly, sports such as cricket, rugby, and netball were exported around the world, particularly among countries in the
614:
occurred simultaneously in the Near East. The term "Middle East" in the mid-19th century included the territory east of the
13112:
10911:
10560:
5342:
5303:
Jose Orlandis, 1993, "A Short History of the Catholic Church", 2nd edn. (Michael Adams, Trans.), Dublin:Four Courts Press,
5278:, "Roman Catholicism, Christian church that has been the decisive spiritual force in the history of Western civilization".
4210:
4008:
by the Soviet Union in 1957, satellite transmission technology was dramatically realised, with the United States launching
3278:
Saracen influence can be seen in medieval cookbooks. Some recipes retain their Arabic names in Italian translations of the
1398:, which came under Greek rule, became part of the Hellenistic world. The most important Hellenistic centre of learning was
180:
8509:
6164:
6149:
8383:
3089:, their modern equivalent first developed in New York and Chicago. The predecessor of the skyscraper can be found in the
2139:
2123:
1431:
7311:
6674:"A Philosophical and Historical Analysis of Modern Democracy, Equality, and Freedom Under the Influence of Christianity"
3920:(1522) was by Westerners, as well as the first journey to the South Pole (1911), and the first Moon landing (1969). The
2512:
1309:
10473:
10452:
10431:
10193:
10178:
10139:
8470:
8134:
6059:
5495:
2921:
Western literature encompasses the literary traditions of Europe, as well as North America, Latin America and Oceania.
2557:
1900:
which, as Roman imperial governance faded from view, was the only consistent force in Western Europe. In 1054 came the
1811:, wrote, "it is they who come nearer than does any other group to having been the 'founders' of scientific economics."
1737:
586:
As Europeans discovered the extra-European world, old concepts adapted. The area that had formerly been considered the
6445:
Gordon, Cyrus H., The Common Background of the Greek and Hebrew Civilizations, W. W. Norton and Company, New York 1965
4572:
and Enlightenment thought. This set the basis for a new critical attitude and open questioning of religion, favouring
544:
have questioned whether Western culture can be considered a historically sound, unified body of thought. For example,
13568:
12216:
12178:
10815:
10491:
10465:
10347:
10315:
10300:
10285:
10270:
10249:
10225:
10208:
10156:
10125:
10079:
10054:
10026:
10003:
Tranter, N. L. "Popular sports and the industrial revolution in Scotland: the evidence of the statistical accounts."
9817:
9792:
9586:
9558:
9530:
9502:
8884:
7968:
7290:
7267:
6385:
6327:
6281:
6204:
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5758:
5582:
3035:
1860:
1179:
497:
had been forgotten in the Catholic west and were rediscovered by Italians from scholars fleeing the 1453 fall of the
298:
10340:
The Popes and Science; the History of the Papal Relations to Science During the Middle Ages and Down to Our Own Time
8356:
7357:
5603:
2452:
developed in the West have come to see widespread use all over the world; among them are the guitar, violin, piano,
2283:
and newspapers. The influence of cinema and radio remained, while televisions became near essentials in every home.
12008:
11369:
10810:
10417:
8407:
The global positioning system: a shared national asset: recommendations for technical improvements and enhancements
6605:
5520:
3250:, known mostly for fighting over holy land, settled in the Levant and acclimated to the local culture and cuisine.
3013:
2587:
2225:
1562:
1150:
1124:
354:
326:
20:
8268:. Oak Ridge, Tennessee: United States Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Technical Information. pp. 22–26.
5608:
4576:
and questioning of the church as an authority, which resulted in open-minded and reformist ideals inside, such as
4317:, a Frenchman, instigated the modern revival of the Olympic movement. The first modern Olympic games were held at
2593:
2464:. In turn, it has been claimed that some European instruments have roots in earlier Eastern instruments that were
1908:
divide, separated Europe into religious and cultural regions present to this day. Until the Age of Enlightenment,
13324:
12108:
12043:
11088:
9089:
8785:
8173:
Tom McInally, The Sixth Scottish University. The Scots Colleges Abroad: 1575 to 1799 (Brill, Leiden, 2012) p. 115
5964:
Sailen Debnath, 2010, "Secularism: Western and Indian", New Delhi, India:Atlantic Publishers & Distributors,
4280:
3902:
3179:
1757:
986:
635:
474:
184:
2193:, made of iron and fueled primarily by coal, propelled the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain and the world.
2178:. These transitions began in Great Britain and spread to Western Europe and North America within a few decades.
13563:
12763:
11299:
10943:
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7069:
The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional, and Intellectual Contexts
6075:
5969:
5338:
5308:
4581:
4172:
4164:
3917:
3294:
3017:
859:
462:
8535:
Losev, O.V. (1928). "CII. Luminous carborundum detector and detection effect and oscillations with crystals".
4108:
polls about religiosity in the European Union in 2012 found that Christianity was the largest religion in the
2101:
1530:), Greek civilization came in contact with Jewish civilization. Christianity would eventually emerge from the
11452:
10899:
6174:, Europeans. So, simply put, the very idea of a 'European' was first used to contrast Christians and Muslims.
5730:
Burnett, Charles. "The Coherence of the Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century",
4671:
An emphasis on, and use of, science as a means of understanding the natural world and humanity's place in it.
3891:
2287:
2097:
729:
611:
10504:
7144:
File: located in the lobby of into the Superior Technical School of Industrial Engineers of the UPM (Madrid)
7091:
238:
While traditionally shunned as a mainspring of Western civilization in favour of early Aegean cultures, the
13329:
12568:
12314:
12063:
12048:
11943:
9905:
Catholicisme et protestantisme en France: Analyses sociologiques et données de l'Institut CSA pour La Croix
9249:
8107:
7733:
Jews on Broadway : an historical survey of performers, playwrights, composers, lyricists and producers
7047:
On the Threshold of Exact Science: Selected Writings of Anneliese Maier on Late Medieval Natural Philosophy
3983:
3686:
3288:
in the cuisine of North France, the concept of sweet and sour sauce is attested to in Greek tradition when
2212:
1119:
4555:
Monasteries, schools, libraries, books, book making, universities, teaching, education, and lecture halls.
1859:. In the following century, this process was further enhanced by an exodus of Greek Christian priests and
1658:
1457:. The "Greek" East was generally wealthier and more advanced than the "Latin" West. With the exception of
13411:
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10980:
10366:
7930:
4734:
3489:
2726:
1143:
805:
743:
390:
10526:
10163:
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5455:
Judaism and Hellenism : studies in their encounter in Palestine during the early Hellenistic period
12854:
12671:
12521:
11340:
11063:
10904:
10775:
10770:
10483:
9650:
7960:
6377:
4474:
4202:
4050:
3745:, along with a host of other medically proven drugs, were first used to treat disease in the West. The
3639:
3466:
3061:
2660:
2067:
2062:
1949:
1695:'s reign, in contrast to the Orthodox East, where Greek remained the language of the Byzantine Empire.
1057:
422:
309:
is credited with creating the modern university, the modern hospital system, scientific economics, and
9673:
9627:
9551:
The Rise of Benedict XVI: The Inside story of How the Pope Was Elected and What it Means for the World
9437:
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5279:
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9383:
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3416:
3368:
2684:, c. 1503 – 1506, perhaps continuing until circa 1517, oil on poplar panel, 77 cm × 53 cm,
2542:
1905:
1535:
1438:
1262:
871:
557:
446:
9466:
Perry, Marvin; Chase, Myrna; Jacob, James; Jacob, Margaret; Von Laue, Theodore H. (1 January 2012).
9194:
9142:
6428:
5050:
Perry, Marvin; Chase, Myrna; Jacob, James; Jacob, Margaret; Laue, Theodore H. Von (1 January 2012).
3336:
1936:
and the Enlightenment, religious influence—especially the temporal power of the Pope—began to wane.
1691:
The Medieval West referred specifically to the Catholic "Latin" West, also called "Frankish" during
13558:
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13117:
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748:
549:
290:
9495:
Fundamentalism in American Religion and Law: Obama's Challenge to Patriarchy's Threat to Democracy
8331:
7592:
7003:
Ernest A. Moody (1951). "Galileo and Avempace: The Dynamics of the Leaning Tower Experiment (I)".
3367:
pilot of the first crewed mission to land on the Moon, poses for a photograph beside the deployed
548:
pointed out in 2016 that many of the fundamental influences on Western culture - such as those of
13237:
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12467:
12401:
12386:
11866:
11774:
11073:
11068:
10874:
10327:
9755:
9702:
7041:, (Madison, Univ. of Wisconsin Pr., 1961), pp. 218–19, 252–55, 346, 409–16, 547, 576–78, 673–82;
6673:
6404:
4615:
or the Soviet area of influence. Other variants of the Latin or Greek alphabets are found in the
4427:
4145:
4125:
3921:
3750:
3690:
3635:
3207:
3133:
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3006:
2828:
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1893:
1710:
1099:
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770:
603:
438:
8591:
Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment
4422:(or soccer) remains hugely popular in Europe, but has grown from its origins to be known as the
2602:
2527:
434:
393:, which are either a part of the West or distinct civilizations intimately related to the West.
13172:
12919:
12788:
12636:
12629:
12594:
12381:
12309:
12038:
12028:
11617:
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8950:
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8446:
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1933:
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6435:(in Greek and German). Translated by Wilhelm Schmidt. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner. pp. 228–232.
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was first played in England during the 16th century and was exported around the globe via the
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11736:
11464:
11237:
11195:
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10916:
10848:
10800:
8741:
8430:
8183:
Bedell, Frederick (1942). "History of A-C Wave Form, Its Determination and Standardization".
7426:
7387:
6571:
6490:
The origins of anti-semitism : attitudes toward Judaism in Pagan and Christian antiquity
6110:
6008:
6002:
5355:
4769:
4530:
4505:
Western culture has developed many themes and traditions, the most significant of which are:
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4341:
4141:
3978:
The roots of modern-day Western mass media can be traced back to the late 15th century, when
3848:
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the fulcrum on which all literary exposition turned, including the 20th–21st century novels.
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2533:
2503:
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2379:
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2085:
2036:
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701:
686:
565:
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371:
266:
247:
228:
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4081:. Christian attempts to reconcile these frameworks were responsible for the preservation of
1944:
1928:
with Greek and Arab thought imported by Christian pilgrims. However, due to the division in
1546:, gradually spreading across the Roman Empire and eclipsing its antecedents and influences.
13436:
13406:
13314:
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13222:
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12783:
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11708:
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11049:
10884:
10667:
9916:
9855:
8636:
8146:
4790:
4608:
4430:, thus India and Australia are among the strongest cricketing states, while victory in the
4419:
4377:
4318:
3898:, was first developed in France and evolved through contributions from various Westerners.
3828:
3587:
3509:
3447:
3329:
3289:
3268:
3255:
3243:
3077:
2978:
2578:
2004:
1973:
1929:
1901:
1878:
1795:
1771:
1606:
European civilization in the centuries following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire.
1598:
1423:
1298:
1258:
1062:
943:
924:
810:
545:
514:
478:
454:
376:
262:, which made key contributions in law, government, engineering and political organization.
232:
216:
9113:(Chapters 9, 10, 11, 13, 25 and 26) and three times (Chapters 4, 8 and 19) in its sequel,
8835:
4657:
in recent times—prior to the 19th century, most Western governments were still monarchies.
3693:
are important diagnostic tools developed in the West. Other important diagnostic tools of
1855:
one of the most important of human activities. This period is commonly referred to as the
1465:), and they developed a large amount of scientific knowledge themselves (as seen in their
8:
13297:
13287:
13282:
13212:
13102:
13087:
12974:
12964:
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12874:
12849:
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12531:
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12366:
12168:
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11903:
11693:
11622:
11379:
11352:
11335:
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11145:
11101:
10700:
10588:
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9281:
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8001:
Mind, Brain, and Education Science: A Comprehensive Guide to the New Brain-Based Teaching
7555:
5151:
4729:
4577:
4337:
4314:
4291:
4276:
4264:
4252:
4180:
4093:
3856:
3682:
3650:, were all first developed and applied in Western laboratories, hospitals and factories.
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As in its artistic tradition, European literature pays deep tribute to human suffering.
2735:
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13379:
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12894:
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11804:
11794:
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11034:
10843:
10441:
The Victory of Reason: How Christianity Led to Freedom, Capitalism, and Western Success
10335:
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9182:
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8859:
8200:
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5408:
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4501:
painting by an anonymous Italian from the first half of the 19th century, oil on canvas
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72:
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1939:
1261:
and the Eastern Roman Empire. Later, ideas of the West were formed by the concepts of
325:. Tendencies that have come to define modern Western societies include the concept of
242:
stimulated and fostered Western civilization. The expansion of Greek culture into the
13529:
13374:
13267:
13257:
13092:
13029:
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10506:
From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life : 1500 to the Present
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2404:
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1909:
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1732:, many of the classical Greek texts were translated into Arabic and preserved in the
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1109:
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10235:
Who Killed Homer: The Demise of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom
9348:
Weber, Johannes (2006). "Strassburg, 1605: The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe".
8743:
Polymer Pioneers: A Popular History of the Science and Technology of Large Molecules
8204:
7832:
7803:. Hanover: Brandeis University Press, published by University Press of New England.
7208:
5685:
5575:
The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had To Be Reborn
4580:, which partly adopted these currents, and secular and political tendencies such as
2224:
Tendencies that have come to define modern Western societies include the concept of
2020:
13505:
13391:
13344:
13292:
13272:
13247:
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13139:
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12999:
12994:
12989:
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12768:
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12609:
12546:
12487:
12452:
12391:
12356:
12351:
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12202:
11779:
11769:
11595:
11543:
11447:
11311:
11200:
11150:
11128:
11123:
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9357:
8644:
8544:
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but not homogenous – however, they were similar insofar as they were predominantly
3852:
3844:
3840:
3792:
3784:
3674:
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3458:, and most of the familiar electrical appliances, were inventions of the West. The
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spices of the European courts and noble households. By the end of the Middle Ages,
3053:
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2000:
1969:
1961:
1921:
1881:
1570:
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1415:
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442:
430:
129:
42:
9324:
9278:"The End of an Asteroidal Adventure: NEAR Shoemaker Phones Home for the Last Time"
9003:
5324:
5215:(University of Chicago Press ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 204.
3839:
were all developed by Westerners. The discoveries and inventions by Westerners in
1663:
1477:
167:
Western culture is characterized by a host of artistic, philosophic, literary and
13476:
13401:
13262:
13217:
13207:
13134:
13129:
13066:
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13014:
12984:
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12959:
12954:
12738:
12713:
12646:
12504:
12153:
12093:
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10937:
10583:
10533:
10216:
10170:
9930:
9911:
9884:
9537:..for the Jews in twentieth-century Europe, the cradle of Christian civilization.
9509:..for the Jews in twentieth-century Europe, the cradle of Christian civilization.
9277:
8847:
8688:
8474:
8387:
7910:
7497:
7452:
7042:
6347:
6194:
6086:
5989:
5655:
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5275:
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5081:
5051:
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4893:
4859:
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4620:
4616:
4604:
4559:
4534:
4441:
4431:
4310:
4195:
4069:
4062:
3753:
are critical scientific techniques widely used in the West for medical purposes.
3702:
3595:
3521:
3382:
3223:
3171:
3150:
2910:
2880:
2710:
2384:
2314:
at the end of the 19th century) and the first to put to use such technologies as
2253:
1897:
1844:
1824:
1674:
1638:
Two main symbols of the medieval Western civilization on one picture: the gothic
1566:
1399:
1290:
958:
573:
172:
56:
8196:
5428:
Marvin Perry; Myrna Chase; James Jacob; Margaret Jacob; Jonathan W Daly (2015).
5427:
4611:
tradition, historically under the Byzantine Empire and later within the Russian
2914:
2751:
2053:
13277:
13202:
13197:
13167:
13146:
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12828:
12808:
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11998:
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11106:
11029:
10949:
10869:
10785:
10677:
10412:
10376:
9715:
9295:
Brown, Dwayne; Cantillo, Laurie; Buckley, Mike; Stotoff, Maria (14 July 2015).
9146:
8537:
The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
8071:
7801:
Our musicals, ourselves : a social history of the American musical theater
6990:
6396:
5940:
5007:
Studies in Modern Religions, Religious Movements and the BĂĄabĂĄi-BahĂĄa'ĂĄi Faiths
4822:
4764:
4696:
4661:
4600:
4596:
4470:
4445:
4413:
4397:
4298:
4242:
4168:
4160:
4109:
3979:
3925:
3872:
3832:
3760:
3742:
3631:
3623:
3564:
3529:
3525:
3455:
3443:
3439:
3389:
3203:
2863:, is considered one of the most formative and important eras for modern drama.
2798:
2770:
2473:
2408:
2339:
2319:
2291:
2237:
2089:
2028:
1993:
1892:, through the Middle Ages, and onwards, while Eastern Europe was shaped by the
1889:
1799:
1767:
1554:
1407:
1324:
1320:
1217:
1042:
619:
615:
556:
to a certain extent. Appiah argues that the origin of the Western and European
482:
338:
192:
149:
125:
76:
28:
10480:
The Europeanization of the World: On the Origins of Human Rights and Democracy
9361:
9297:"15-149 NASA's Three-Billion-Mile Journey to Pluto Reaches Historic Encounter"
8648:
8548:
8380:
7200:
6459:(1st Jason Aronson softcover ed.). Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson.
5811:
A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages
4305:, which in ancient times were held every four years in a small village in the
2256:. Western culture has been heavily influenced by the Renaissance, the Ages of
1651:
1472:
1371:
of most of Europe to the north. During this period writers like Herodotus and
13552:
13486:
13471:
13456:
13431:
13421:
13349:
13309:
13177:
13049:
12813:
12793:
12758:
12678:
12619:
12599:
12584:
12558:
12472:
12421:
12138:
12023:
11938:
11883:
11743:
11663:
11558:
11408:
11401:
11294:
11247:
11140:
10996:
10879:
10825:
10672:
10393:
9750:
9710:
9085:
7818:
7750:
7559:
6190:
6186:
5540:
5505:
5400:
4739:
4710:
4549:
4302:
4284:
4105:
3973:
3895:
3548:
3517:
3497:
3470:
3463:
3352:
3154:
in Paris, completed in 1248, mostly constructed between 1194 and 1220 in the
2955:
2901:
2840:
2824:
2407:(left). The Bayeux tapestry is one of the supreme achievements of the Norman
2372:
2323:
2299:
2249:
2229:
2119:
2058:
2044:
2016:
1985:
1917:
1808:
1553:
was gradually replaced by Christianity, first with its legalisation with the
1539:
1391:
1203:
623:
530:
395:
386:
366:
350:
330:
255:
212:
176:
141:
117:
64:
37:
10965:
8467:
7785:
7235:
6474:
5945:
God, Locke, and Equality: Christian Foundations in Locke's Political Thought
5768:
5472:
4936:
civilization and at the same time in key respects a deeply alien phenomenon.
4271:
2181:
1491:
1304:
13451:
13396:
13384:
13369:
13339:
13252:
13192:
12798:
12482:
12462:
12457:
12406:
12173:
11973:
11878:
11724:
11698:
11607:
11289:
11277:
11225:
11185:
11180:
11044:
11039:
10613:
10603:
10598:
10457:
10444:
10436:
8220:
The age of Edison : electric light and the invention of modern America
7950:
7577:
6507:
4632:
4573:
4357:
4353:
4329:
4149:
3953:
3860:
3788:
3746:
3738:
3647:
3544:
3435:
3408:
3404:
3227:
3183:
2940:
2836:
2806:
2625:
2621:
2358:
2303:
2190:
2175:
1981:
1977:
1840:
1699:
1574:
1500:
1496:
1485:
1434:, including the Hellenistic world in its conquests in the 1st century BCE.
1427:
1336:
1225:
1171:
994:
938:
595:
580:
553:
541:
450:
259:
161:
153:
113:
10420:: How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous
6401:
Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History
3315:
3310:
1874:
1634:
579:
A former, now less-acceptable synonym for "Western civilisation" was "the
13461:
13364:
13334:
13019:
12477:
12376:
12283:
12113:
11861:
11856:
11848:
11833:
11658:
11563:
11374:
11210:
11175:
11155:
11135:
11113:
11078:
10651:
10608:
10514:
Civilization; Its Economic Basis, Historical Lessons and Future Prospects
7981:
7402:
7353:
6114:
5809:
RĂĽegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in:
5748:
5570:
4724:
4719:
4665:
4638:
4569:
4462:
4434:
has been shared among New Zealand, Australia, England, and South Africa.
4306:
4188:
4073:
3913:
3906:
3804:
3710:
3706:
3678:
3666:
3654:
3556:
3513:
3474:
3451:
3393:
3360:
3303:. Fried pieces of beef simmered in wine with sugar and cloves was called
3057:
3049:
2925:
2872:
2701:
2637:
2608:
2315:
2311:
2295:
2233:
2171:
2167:
1965:
1925:
1856:
1775:
1692:
1619:
1581:
1458:
1450:
1332:
1294:
1286:
1270:
1175:
1009:
576:
as "Europeans" according to Appiah, denoting a shared sense of identity.
534:
502:
470:
426:
334:
310:
243:
204:
200:
196:
168:
10760:
10342:, Fordham University Press, 1908, reprinted 2003, Kessinger Publishing.
10164:
The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization
7299:
6251:
5657:
The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization
4380:'s banning of the game in 1457, as an unwelcome distraction to learning
2302:, democracy, industrialisation; the first major civilisation to seek to
1269:. What is thought of as Western thought today originates primarily from
12526:
12304:
11644:
11632:
11602:
11568:
11508:
11190:
10569:
10399:
Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress
10326:
History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages; Drawn from the
9889:
7338:
7307:
7024:
4802:
4478:
4466:
4121:
4117:
4038:
3987:
3763:
is widely regarded to be one of the greatest mathematicians in history.
3658:
3615:
3603:
3599:
3579:
3572:
3481:
3385:, with roots in the work of medieval scholars such as the 11th-century
3086:
3020: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2876:
2868:
2860:
2818:
2814:
2453:
2347:
2343:
2276:
2245:
2204:
2040:
2024:
2009:
1871:
after the end of the Byzantine Empire with the fall of Constantinople.
1714:
1589:
1531:
1519:
1446:
1368:
1319:
While the concept of a "West" did not exist until the emergence of the
1250:
1017:
648:
599:
525:
346:
318:
274:
220:
137:
79:
8049:
4328:
to house their festivals of sport. The Romans exhibited a passion for
3492:, mobile phone, and the Internet were all invented by Westerners. The
1510:
453:, and an eventual permanent splitting of the Roman Empire in 395 into
13354:
12753:
12078:
11915:
11650:
11612:
11205:
11019:
10954:
10118:
Coexisting Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western
8159:
6243:
6043:
5430:
Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society, Volume I: To 1789
5032:
The Founders of the Western World : A History of Greece and Rome
4518:
4401:
4333:
4113:
4005:
3998:
3994:
3944:
3930:
3820:
3800:
3718:
3611:
3356:
3247:
3106:
2949:
2944:
2906:
2797:
The ballet is a distinctively Western form of performance dance. The
2789:
2676:
2457:
2355:
1836:
1832:
1820:
1763:
1718:
1703:
1585:
1411:
1403:
1383:
1364:
1360:
1348:
1273:
and Christian traditions, with varying degrees of influence from the
1209:
591:
490:
414:
251:
239:
50:
8624:
7516:
7330:
7016:
5558:
Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age
4294:, sport has been an important facet of Western cultural expression.
3275:, and other imported spices had become part of the Western cuisine.
2995:
2831:
are considered the antecedents of modern theatre, and forms such as
1609:
1573:
tradition out of which it had emerged was all but extinguished, and
656:
560:
can be traced back to the 8th-century Muslim invasion of Europe via
12068:
11764:
11585:
11413:
11328:
11267:
11230:
10710:
10705:
10646:
10201:
A Short History of Technology: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900
10047:
God, Justice, and Society: Aspects of Law and Legality in the Bible
8587:
Schiffer, Michael B.; Hollenback, Kacy L.; Bell, Carrie L. (2003).
8041:
6569:
6523:
5035:. New York : Scribner : Maxwell Macmillan International.
4810:
4797:
in 1902, which helped to define the term and its extent, including
4510:
4453:
4368:
4230:
4155:
At the same there has been an increase in the share of agnostic or
4129:
4098:
3876:
3812:
3796:
3768:
3730:
3722:
3670:
3662:
3571:
were discovered and named in the West, as well as the contemporary
3469:
are products whose genesis and early development were in the West.
3299:
3272:
3235:
2810:
2641:
2633:
2461:
2445:
2437:
2078:
2032:
1940:
Expansion of the West: the Era of Colonialism (15th–20th centuries)
1913:
1864:
1722:
1667:
1647:
1426:
and art later provided a foundation embraced and built upon by the
1372:
1356:
1052:
607:
322:
83:
46:
7405:
in all societies were stagnated at around $ 400 to $ 800 per year.
6349:
Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power
4861:
Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power
4690:
4376:
originated in Scotland, where the first written record of golf is
3912:
Westerners are also known for their explorations of the globe and
3246:
on the West has become a topic of research in recent decades. The
1896:, Southern and Central Europe were increasingly stabilized by the
1481:
1174:
which influenced the development of Western culture were those of
626:—but is now used synonymously with "Near East" in most languages.
12225:
11983:
11838:
11750:
10462:
How the West Won: The Neglected Story of the Triumph of Modernity
7086:
4982:
Why We're All Romans: The Roman Contribution to the Western World
4798:
4612:
4589:
4409:
4393:
4381:
4349:
4256:
4233:
belief systems enjoy notable minority support in Western states.
4176:
4156:
4133:
4009:
3939:
3880:
3756:
3734:
3607:
2971:
2429:
2327:
2241:
1627:
1442:
537:"—the term for the 19th-century stereotyped views of "the East".
461:
halves. And perhaps, at its worst, culminating in Pope Leo III's
342:
188:
16:
Norms, values, customs and political systems of the Western world
9166:
8507:
7507:
7045:, "Galileo and the Scholastic Theory of Impetus", pp. 103–23 in
6993:, (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Pr., 1974), pp. 217, 225, 296–97.
4664:, of many of the ideals and values developed and inherited from
2133: While its dates are disputed, the publication in 1543 of
293:
by Greek and Hellenic-influenced Islamic philosophers), and the
12536:
12003:
10628:
9067:"Five Hundred Years of Bookkeeping: A Portrait of Luca Pacioli"
8836:
An enormous theorem: the classification of finite simple groups
8693:. Library Genesis. New York : Cambridge University Press.
4814:
4806:
4526:
4405:
4345:
4247:
4184:
4137:
4078:
4019:), the Internet has primarily offered unbundled content items (
3935:
3884:
3780:
3493:
3438:
and adapting its use into factories, and for the generation of
3264:
3260:
3114:
2685:
2441:
2400:
2335:
1868:
1828:
1602:
1504:
1454:
1395:
1344:
1340:
1232:
1191:
999:
587:
561:
494:
10538:
8185:
Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers
5182:, 11. Auflage (1956), Tübingen (Germany), pp. 317–319, 325–326
4945:
Worlds at War: The 2,500 - Year Struggle Between East and West
4297:
A wide range of sports was already established by the time of
3371:
during his Extravehicular Activity (EVA) on the lunar surface.
2783:
1614:
1597:
was better preserved in the Eastern Roman Empire. Justinian's
1518:
For about five hundred years, the Roman Empire maintained the
401:
The World of Civilizations: Post-1990", map from Huntington's
11968:
11958:
11953:
11425:
11420:
4818:
4624:
4545:
4522:
4514:
4260:
4226:
4167:
of the population was agnostic, atheist or irreligious), the
3961:
3669:
of disease were discovered by Westerners. The eradication of
3643:
3324:
2930:
2802:
1328:
1282:
1278:
1245:
1187:
1004:
486:
121:
68:
8349:
7117:
5899:
5824:
5115:(Cengage Learning ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 156.
4263:. Sport has been an important part of Western culture since
4068:
Western culture at a fundamental level is influenced by the
3238:
were, until recently, considered to have their roots in the
3113:
building, built from 447 BC to 432 BC, located in
2801:
is an important Western variety of dance for the elite. The
2008:
talk of ways to reform society with toleration, science and
1968:
from the 17th century to the early 20th century. During the
1249:) as well as their Northern neighbours (who they considered
12098:
9778:
9776:
9301:
9294:
9254:
9221:
8324:
7147:
7071:, (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1996), pp. 29–30, 42–47.
4830:
4440:, an Australian variation of football with similarities to
4373:
3890:
The world's most widely adopted system of measurement, the
3868:
3175:
2632:
drawings and paintings had their earliest practitioners in
2624:, among other renaissance painters, made great advances in
2331:
1814:
1503:(pink) at its greatest extent in 117 AD under emperor
1240:
1195:
1183:
12194:
9436:
KĂĽng, Lucy; Picard, Robert G.; Towse, Ruth (14 May 2008).
8431:
https://books.google.com/books?id=FAHk65slfY4C&pg=PA16
7890:
The Saracen Connection: Arab Cuisine and the Medieval West
7519:); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, (
6570:
Elisheva Carlebach; Jacob J. Schacter (25 November 2011).
6520:"How The Irish Saved Civilisation", by Thomas Cahill, 1995
6230:
Davidson, Roderic H. (1960). "Where is the Middle East?".
6052:
The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order
4895:
The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World
4225:, and polytheistic reconstructionist movements. Likewise,
1807:, an economist of the twentieth century, referring to the
10257:"The Return of 'The West'" New York Times March 11, 2022.
8946:
Mathematical thought from ancient to modern times, Vol. 3
8109:
Energy resources: occurrence, production, conversion, use
7904:
http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/graduation/grad-history.shtml
7372:
7052:
5138:
Readings in the History of Western Civilization, Volume 2
4607:, used by those southern and eastern Slavic countries of
4085:. Historically, Europe has been the center and cradle of
3808:
1584:, with its fertile encounter between Greek philosophical
1363:) as something between the advanced civilizations of the
1305:
The West of the Mediterranean Region during the Antiquity
281:(including the transfer of technology from the East, and
75:, has influenced virtually all of subsequent Western and
10149:: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life 1500 to the Present
10072:
Readings in Western Religious Thought: The ancient world
9773:
9523:
Ukraine and Russia: From Civilied Divorce to Uncivil War
8566:(3rd ed.). Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 9–11.
8242:
Ralph Stein (1967). The Automobile Book. Paul Hamlyn Ltd
7998:
5521:"The Phoenicians and the Formation of the Western World"
5357:
Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1789
5113:
Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1715
2088:, spearheaded by Newton. This included the emergence of
594:
as the interests of the European powers interfered with
12083:
10371:
Greek Ways: How the Greeks Created Western Civilization
8285:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc. p.
7619:
7617:
7615:
7613:
7511:. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (
7305:
6976:
Sootin, Harry. "Isaac Newton." New York, Messner (1955)
6193:(9 November 2021). "Farewell to Humanity's Childhood".
6119:
Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching
5235:
4623:, which historically superseded older scripts, such as
3311:
Scientific and technological inventions and discoveries
9810:
African Perspectives on Culture and World Christianity
8381:"IPTO – Information Processing Techniques Office"
6299:
4473:, a Canadian physical education instructor working in
4456:
to America during the colonial period. The history of
3993:
In the 16th century, a decrease in the preeminence of
3819:
are creations of the West. In physics, the science of
3535:
Ubiquitous materials including aluminum, clear glass,
3297:. The same technique appears in the late-13th century
2476:
are also significant musical innovations of the West.
485:
of 1204. Conversely, traditions of scholarship around
433:(anachronistically/controversially referred to as the
144:. Anthropologically, the term "Western" refers to the
8715:"This Is Cheshire - Winnington history in the making"
8595:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
8494:. (2007) "Ink Reservoir Writing Instruments 1905–20"
7767:
Making Americans : Jews and the Broadway musical
7486:" began with improved roads in the late 18th century.
7386:. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Archived from
6647:
6563:
6433:
Herons von Alexandria Druckwerke und Automatentheater
6000:
5829:
5827:
5805:
5803:
5240:
The Religious Roots of Contemporary European Identity
5150:
3964:(2015) were significant recent Western achievements.
1206:
similarly had a strong influence on Western culture.
9465:
8625:"On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part I"
7610:
6630:
Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals
6229:
6162:
6147:
5859:
Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals
5049:
4686:
4120:
group, accounting for 48% of the EU citizens, while
417:, political, and religious heritage grounded in the
10100:
Global communication without universal civilization
9977:Barbara Schrodt, "Sports of the Byzantine empire."
9785:
Yearbook of International Religious Demography 2017
9783:Zurlo, Gina; Skirbekk, Vegard; Grim, Brian (2019).
8811:"Annales de chimie et de physique. Ser.2 v.67 1838"
5742:
5740:
3657:were created in the West. The method of preventing
3048:Important Western architectural motifs include the
2773:, poster for the publishing house Champenois (1897)
1367:(who they viewed as soft and slavish) and the wild
171:themes and traditions. Christianity, primarily the
10263:Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the Present
9461:
9459:
8982:. Saunders College Publishings. pp. 1122–27.
8975:
8786:"Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie. v.31-32 1839"
8588:
8514:(2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 844.
8282:The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History
7444:
7155:
7049:, (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Pr., 1982).
6930:
6897:
6839:
6806:
6748:
5909:How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization
5886:
5884:
5800:
5783:"Western Civilization: Roots, History and Culture"
3590:and computer were all first seen in the West. The
2709:, 1656, oil on canvas, 318 cm Ă— 276 cm,
258:. This period overlapped with and was followed by
9782:
9497:. University of Philadelphia Press. p. 177.
9288:
9241:
8561:
7502:, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press,
7282:Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England
7215:
6951:
6933:The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission
6900:The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission
6866:
6842:The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission
6809:The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission
6775:
6751:The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission
6719:The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission
6196:The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity
5560:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
5284:
5244:(A&C Black ed.). A&C Black. p.
4485:, a city directly north of Springfield, in 1895.
3434:The West is credited with the development of the
2211:The First Industrial Revolution evolved into the
2084:Coinciding with the Age of Enlightenment was the
1610:The birth of European West during the Middle Ages
1323:, the roots of the concept can be traced back to
602:for the first time in the 19th century. Thus the
191:. A cornerstone of Western thought, beginning in
13550:
10220:1995 Albany: State University of New York Press
9064:
8922:(2nd. ed.). London: Clarendon Press. 2001.
8508:Jonathan W. Steed & Jerry L. Atwood (2009).
7651:
7649:
7647:
7645:
7643:
7378:
7162:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp.
6688:The European Renaissance: Centre and Peripheries
6656:
6165:"There Is No Such Thing As Western Civilization"
6150:"There Is No Such Thing As Western Civilization"
5753:. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press.
5737:
5158:. Oxford University Press. p. v (preface).
4324:The Romans built immense structures such as the
3709:, were first devised by Westerners. So were the
3480:Communication devices and systems including the
1378:Alexander's conquests led to the emergence of a
71:, arguably the most influential figure in early
9812:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 2–4.
9456:
9435:
8479:The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco
8132:
8030:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
7973:
7482:No name is given to the transition years. The "
7002:
5881:
5156:Catholicism: The Story of Catholic Christianity
2924:While epic literary works in verse such as the
9870:
9492:
9148:Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference
8176:
7979:
7927:Oxford Dictionaries: British and World English
7770:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
6573:New Perspectives on Jewish-Christian Relations
6185:
5947:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK),
3951:s passage into interstellar space (2013), and
3606:, and airplane were all invented in the West.
2977:The validity of reason was postulated in both
321:of the Enlightenment and breakthroughs in the
12210:
10995:
10981:
10554:
10005:International Journal of the History of Sport
9931:"International Religious Freedom Report 2007"
8028:Ackerman, James S. (1978). "Leonardo's Eye".
7640:
7548:
7221:
7180:
6143:
6141:
6139:
5975:
5653:
5383:Western civilization : beyond boundaries
1151:
313:(which would later influence the creation of
9520:
9208:
7883:
7881:
7540:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHunter1985 (
7459:
7278:
7127:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLandes1969 (
7109:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLandes1969 (
6711:
6709:
5837:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFVerger1999 (
5353:
4128:make up 8% and other Christians make up 4%.
3344:is generally referred to as the first known
2778:
2734:, 1876, oil on canvas, height: 131 cm,
394:
10173:" (London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2014).
8443:"Arthur C. Clarke Extra Terrestrial Relays"
7862:. Britannica. 22 March 2022. Archived from
7584:
7039:The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages
6871:(reprint ed.). CUA Press. p. 25.
6544:
5850:
5848:
5746:
5631:Alexander The Great and the Hellenistic Age
5457:. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock Publishers.
5213:History of Western Civilization: A Handbook
4112:, accounting for 72% of the EU population.
3178:, built from 1534 to 1545, was designed by
3109:under restoration in 2008, the most iconic
2616:
2015:Philosophers of the Enlightenment included
1418:scholars. Hellenistic science, philosophy,
54:
12217:
12203:
10988:
10974:
10561:
10547:
10188:" (London and New York: Routledge, 2015).
10021:. Cambridge University Press. p. 31.
9848:
9697:
9695:
9693:
9691:
9576:
9525:. Cambridge University Press. p. 94.
8877:The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms
7354:"Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution"
7351:
7312:"Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution"
7252:
7135:
6286:
6136:
6054:. Simon & Schuster. pp. 151–154.
6049:
6035:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5890:
5726:
5724:
5679:
5677:
5413:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5110:
5079:
4969:
4882:
3799:were developed by Westerners. In biology,
3242:and Greece, but the influence of Arab and
2879:; with significant contributions from the
2750:Photo of the interior of the apartment of
2145:On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
1526:From the time of Alexander the Great (the
1390:region. The Near-Eastern civilizations of
1158:
1144:
10332:, 40 vols. St. Louis, B. Herder (1898ff.)
10310:Revised second edition, Doubleday (1982)
10276:McClellan, James E. III and Dorn, Harold
10049:. Oxford University Press. p. XXVI.
10016:
9923:
9807:
9065:Lauwers, Luc; Willekens, Marleen (1994).
8461:
8211:
8158:
8003:. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 39.
7878:
7682:
7673:
7450:
7243:
7186:
6867:Dawson, Christopher; Glenn Olsen (1961).
6776:Dawson, Christopher; Glenn Olsen (1961).
6706:
6457:Christian Antisemitism: A History of Hate
6346:Hanson, Victor Davis (18 December 2007).
6341:
6339:
6266:
6099:New Paradigm for Re-engineering Education
6007:(6th ed.). Washington, DC. pp.
5708:
5706:
5622:
5385:(7th ed.). Boston, MA. p. 107.
5347:
5236:Faltin, Lucia; Melanie J. Wright (2007).
4920:The Greeks: A Portrait of Self and Others
4916:
4858:Hanson, Victor Davis (18 December 2007).
3567:were invented by Westerners. Most of the
3206:in Paris, built between 1861 and 1875, a
3036:Learn how and when to remove this message
1778:, revived and developed natural law from
1725:, some of which continue to exist today.
49:described by the ancient Roman architect
10044:
9895:
9674:"Global religious landscape: Christians"
9671:
9648:
9548:
9151:. NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.
9130:. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books.
8435:
8410:. National Academies Press. p. 16.
8217:
8027:
7664:
7623:
7489:
7468:The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860
7345:
7262:, Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd., p. 27
6962:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFrank2001 (
6671:
6454:
6163:Kwame Anthony Appiah (9 November 2016).
6148:Kwame Anthony Appiah (9 November 2016).
5845:
5647:
5552:
5550:
5321:, accessed 8 December 2014. p. (preface)
5297:
4492:
4488:
4270:
4246:
4198:and Judaism exist in the Western world.
3755:
3411:were established in 1895. The prizes in
3351:
3335:
3323:
3314:
2894:
2782:
2378:
2180:
2156:
2116:transformed views of society and nature.
2081:spread the ideals of the Enlightenment.
1943:
1873:
1815:Later Middle Ages (Rome and Reformation)
1762:
1673:
1657:
1633:
1613:
1509:
1490:
1471:
1382:, representing a synthesis of Greek and
1308:
1285:peoples, and includes the ideals of the
370:
207:in various spheres of life developed by
63:
27:
10527:An overview of the Western Civilization
10278:Science and Technology in World History
10217:Native American Postcolonial Psychology
10069:
10019:Religion and Spirituality in Psychiatry
9688:
9326:From Engineering Science to Big Science
9200:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9134:
9074:Tijdschrift voor Economie en Management
8167:
7272:
7260:The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848
7031:
6979:
6722:. Early Middle Ages: St. Mary's Press.
6317:
6223:
5721:
5690:, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
5683:
5674:
5210:
4985:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
4978:
4891:
3132:was built between 1110 and 1128 in the
2466:adopted from the medieval Islamic world
1924:, were motivated by a drive to connect
187:since at least the 4th century, as did
13551:
10280:Johns Hopkins University Press (1999)
10186:Historians Debate the Rise of the West
10097:
9269:
9141:Orloff, Richard W. (September 2004) .
9140:
9125:
8936:
8869:
8766:
8739:
8528:
8182:
8099:
7887:
7566:
7536:
7465:
7123:
7104:
6693:
6529:
6345:
6336:
5833:
5703:
5687:The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century
5485:
5452:
5381:Noble, Thomas F. X. (1 January 2013).
5003:
4941:
4857:
4595:Generalized usage of some form of the
4540:Christian ethical, philosophical, and
4283:, and considered father of the modern
3646:, and light, ultraviolet and infrared
2364:
2306:during the 19th century, the first to
2219:
1687:cathedral, built between 1163 and 1345
1235:contrasted themselves with both their
1182:, largely corresponding to modern-day
12198:
10969:
10542:
10516:(Telemark: Nisus Publications, 2020).
10361:Western Civilization in World History
10199:Derry, T. K. and Williams, Trevor I.
9992:Sports and games of medieval cultures
9955:(University of Illinois Press, 1988).
9408:
9381:
9347:
9316:
9275:
9250:"Mars Exploration Rover -Opportunity"
8973:
8942:
8686:
8534:
8468:"Philo Taylor Farnsworth (1906–1971)"
8263:
8105:
7798:
7688:
7416:
7153:
7061:
6996:
6957:
6676:. Catholic Education Resource Center.
6626:
6492:. New York: Oxford University Press.
6487:
6320:Western civilization in world history
6305:
5982:THE WORLD OF CIVILIZATIONS: POST-1990
5854:
5628:
5569:
5547:
5518:
5380:
5292:Christianity and Western Civilization
5140:(Newman Press ed.). p. 224.
5135:
5028:
4544:tradition, stemming largely from the
4465:, the "Father of American football".
3901:In business, economics, and finance,
2817:are very well known Western forms of
2071:(Philosophical Dictionary, 1764) and
465:from the Eastern Roman Empire to the
250:led to a synthesis between Greek and
41:, based on the correlations of ideal
13512:
13113:Role of Christianity in civilization
9409:Hardy, Jonathan (25 February 2010).
9382:Hardy, Jonathan (25 February 2010).
8949:. Oxford University Press. pp.
8866:, Papie: Per Franciscum Gyrardengum.
8767:Liebig, Justus Freiherr von (1872).
8622:
8496:Transactions of the Newcomen Society
8072:"Which country has the best brains?"
7956:Mathematics for the nonmathematician
7763:
7730:
7655:
7590:
7574:"A brief history of Western culture"
7360:from the original on 9 November 2006
6924:
6891:
6833:
6800:
6742:
6715:
6532:The Cambridge Companion to Roman Law
6423:
6352:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
5813:, Cambridge University Press, 1992,
4864:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
4037:The native religions of Europe were
3484:, the telephone, radio, television,
3473:stations are derived from the first
3018:adding citations to reliable sources
2989:
2428:music and its many derivatives. The
1916:movement of the Renaissance and the
1662:Stone bas-relief of Jesus, from the
1593:conquered by Rome). The learning of
13524:
10381:Civilization. The West and the rest
10240:Jones, Prudence and Pennick, Nigel
9322:
8278:
7693:, Dover Publications, p. 260,
7495:
6627:Risse, Guenter B. (15 April 1999).
5863:. Oxford University Press. p.
4917:Cartledge, Paul (10 October 2002).
4892:Freeman, Charles (September 2000).
4049:was similar to but not the same as
3934:explorations of the outer planets (
3392:and the 13th-century English friar
2847:are considered highly influential.
2787:Classical music, opera and ballet:
2244:movements) and increasing cultural
2140:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
1955:
1794:slavery, infanticide and polygamy.
375:Map of the Western world, based on
345:movements) and increasing cultural
13:
10497:
9743:"Discrimination in the EU in 2012"
9703:"Discrimination in the EU in 2012"
9472:. Cengage Learning. p. XXIX.
9247:
9214:
9128:The Seafarers – The Explorers
8783:
8394:, Bill Stewart (ed), January 2000.
7691:The History of Musical Instruments
7499:English and American Tool Builders
6602:broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk
5654:Jonathan Daly (19 December 2013).
5591:
5360:. Cengage Learning. pp. 33–.
4979:Richard, Carl J. (16 April 2010).
4191:(39–44%) are agnostic or atheist.
4004:After the launch of the satellite
3091:medieval towers erected in Bologna
2887:, and other marginalized peoples.
2448:have their origins in Italy. Many
14:
13580:
12179:Western European and Others Group
10520:
10466:Intercollegiate Studies Institute
10133:Civilization, Oikos, and Progress
9276:Worth, Helen (28 February 2001).
9217:"Mars Exploration Rover – Spirit"
9031:The International System of Units
8717:. 21 January 2010. Archived from
7999:Tracey Tokuhama-Espinosa (2010).
7980:Jim Al-Khalili (4 January 2009).
6429:"Pneumatika, Book ΙΙ, Chapter XI"
6294:A Very Short History of the World
6132:East and West: Fusion of Horizons
5715:A Guide to the History of Science
5432:. Cengage Learning. p. 105.
4942:Pagden, Anthony (13 March 2008).
4558:A tradition of the importance of
4229:, New Age spirituality and other
3909:were all first used in the West.
3887:were all unveiled by Westerners.
2456:, saxophone, trombone, clarinet,
2354:for the first time with the 1969
1351:, and right up until the time of
1125:Social and political philosophers
610:" while troubles surrounding the
13523:
13511:
13500:
13499:
12234:
10912:Strauss–Howe generational theory
10509:. New York: HarperCollins, 2001.
10418:The WEIRDest People in the World
10063:
10038:
10010:
9997:
9984:
9971:
9958:
9945:
9878:Views on globalisation and faith
9836:. Pewforum.org. 18 December 2012
9826:
9801:
9754:. 383: 233. 2012. Archived from
9735:
9665:
9642:
9630:. Pewforum.org. 18 December 2012
9620:
9608:. Pewforum.org. 19 December 2011
9598:
9570:
9542:
9514:
9486:
9469:Western Civilization: Since 1400
9429:
9402:
9375:
9341:
9119:
9107:
9058:
9022:
9004:"Metrication in other countries"
8996:
8967:
8912:
8889:
8853:
8828:
8803:
8777:
8770:Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie
8760:
8746:. Chemical Heritage Foundation.
8733:
8707:
8680:
8655:
8616:
8580:
8564:A Concise History of Photography
8555:
8501:
8484:
8397:
8374:
8303:
8272:
8257:
8245:
8236:
8133:Augustus Heller (2 April 1896).
8126:
8090:
8064:
8021:
7992:
7944:
7915:
7896:
7848:
7839:
7825:
7792:
7757:
7724:
7715:
7706:
7591:Ford, Peter (22 February 2005).
7530:
6672:de Torre, Fr. Joseph M. (1997).
5855:Risse, Guenter B. (April 1999).
5525:Comparative Civilizations Review
5180:Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte
5053:Western Civilization: Since 1400
5004:Sharon, Moshe (1 January 2004).
4703:
4689:
3532:were also invented in the West.
3477:constructed in Chicago in 1942.
3195:
3163:
3141:
3121:
3098:
2994:
2759:
2743:
2727:Dance at Le moulin de la Galette
2718:
2693:
2668:
2652:
2601:
2586:
2571:
2556:
2541:
2526:
2511:
2496:
2481:
1563:State church of the Roman Empire
669:
655:
21:Western culture (disambiguation)
13325:Culture and positive psychology
12235:
10568:
9439:The Internet and the Mass Media
8264:Fermi, Enrico (December 1982).
7098:
7074:
7005:Journal of the History of Ideas
6970:
6918:
6885:
6860:
6827:
6794:
6780:(reprint ed.). CUA Press.
6769:
6736:
6680:
6665:
6620:
6590:
6538:
6514:
6481:
6448:
6439:
6417:
6390:
6366:
6311:
6179:
6156:
6124:
6104:
6091:
6068:
5994:
5958:
5933:
5775:
5747:Geanakoplos, Deno John (1989).
5684:Haskins, Charles Homer (1927),
5660:. A&C Black. pp. 7–9.
5563:
5512:
5479:
5446:
5421:
5374:
5354:Marvin Perry (1 January 2012).
5262:
5229:
5204:
5111:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2016).
5080:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2006).
4783:
4461:the rule changes instituted by
4281:International Olympic Committee
4148:in the former Soviet Union and
3186:and is an important example of
3005:needs additional citations for
2985:
2350:; and transported humans to an
2092:, during which developments in
1758:Renaissance of the 12th century
1622:with his court, circa 547–549,
1335:), through the accounts of the
636:History of Western civilization
185:shaping of Western civilization
12764:High- and low-context cultures
10328:Secret Archives of the Vatican
9858:. State.gov. 14 September 2007
9493:A. J. Richards, David (2010).
8773:(in German). C.F. Winter'sche.
8623:Bohr, Niels (1 January 1913).
8357:"Who invented the cell phone?"
7735:. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland.
7593:"What place for God in Europe"
7466:Taylor, George Rogers (1951).
7285:. Cambridge University Press.
6276:; Angus & Robertson, 1973
6050:Huntington, Samuel P. (2011).
6001:Huntington, Samuel P. (1991).
5604:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
5185:
5172:
5144:
5136:Neill, Thomas Patrick (1957).
5129:
5104:
5073:
4851:
4582:separation of church and state
4055:indigenous Germanic polytheism
3328:A doctor of philosophy of the
1430:as it swept up Europe and the
606:in 1894–1895 occurred in the "
360:
271:influence of the Islamic world
1:
10214:Duran, Eduardo, Bonnie Dyran
10120:. INUPRESS, Geneva, 119–244.
10074:. Paulist Press. p. 43.
9672:ANALYSIS (19 December 2011).
9649:ANALYSIS (19 December 2011).
8920:The Oxford English Dictionary
8864:Calculationes Suiseth Anglici
8498:77(1): pp. 69–100, p. 69
7624:ANALYSIS (19 December 2011).
7154:Lucas, Robert E. Jr. (2002).
6199:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
5609:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
5045:– via Internet Archive.
4840:
4603:, and derived forms, such as
3892:International System of Units
3148:Stained glass windows of the
2890:
2851:, with playwrights including
2057:(1751–72) that was edited by
1750:transmitted to Western Europe
1257:arose out of legacies of the
1180:Tigris–Euphrates river system
612:decline of the Ottoman Empire
481:of 1054, and the devastating
13330:Culture and social cognition
12315:Cross-cultural communication
8252:Diesel's Rational Heat Motor
7982:"The 'first true scientist'"
7902:Graduation through the ages
7496:Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916),
5915:National Review Book Service
5895:. London: Allen & Unwin.
5893:History of Economic Analysis
5211:McNeill, William H. (2010).
4898:. Penguin Publishing Group.
4845:
3986:, from which the publishing
3984:spread of the printing press
3687:positron emission tomography
2391:(centre), his half-brothers
2213:Second Industrial Revolution
1484:, one of the best-preserved
463:transfer of the Roman Empire
53:in Book III of his treatise
7:
13412:Intercultural communication
12224:
10045:Burnside, Jonathan (2011).
9953:Sports in the western world
8842:, Issue 41, December 2006.
8197:10.1109/T-AIEE.1942.5058456
8112:. Birkhäuser. p. 190.
7419:"The Industrial Revolution
7384:"The Industrial Revolution"
7319:The Economic History Review
7224:The Economic History Review
7189:Journal of Economic History
7158:Lectures on Economic Growth
6869:Crisis in Western Education
6778:Crisis in Western Education
6633:. Oxford University Press.
6545:Fortenberry, Diane (2017).
6076:"The Return of 'The West'"
5891:Schumpeter, Joseph (1954).
5486:Porter, Stanley E. (2013).
4735:Culture during the Cold War
4682:
4026:
3697:, including the methods of
3467:internal combustion engines
429:. For example, whether the
425:, and medieval concepts of
195:and continuing through the
10:
13585:
12855:Cross cultural sensitivity
12522:Resistance through culture
10484:Princeton University Press
10330:and other original sources
10244:Barnes & Noble (1995)
10091:
10017:G. Koenig, Harold (2009).
9834:"Religiously Unaffiliated"
9808:Ogbonnaya, Joseph (2017).
9581:. Routledge. p. 170.
9579:Europe: A Cultural History
9577:Rietbergen, Peter (2014).
9037:(9 ed.). BIPM. 2019.
8562:Gernsheim, Helmut (1986).
8106:Wiser, Wendell H. (2000).
7961:Courier Dover Publications
7451:McCloskey, Deidre (2004).
6745:"The Age of Enlightenment"
6455:Nicholls, William (1995).
6378:Princeton University Press
6318:Stearns, Peter N. (2003).
5154:; Farrugia, Maria (2003).
4475:Springfield, Massachusetts
4240:
4030:
4023:, audio and video files).
4017:television and radio slots
3971:
3924:(2004 and 2012) and on an
3916:. The first expedition to
3673:, was led by a Westerner,
3640:nuclear magnetic resonance
3240:cuisines of Classical Rome
3221:
3215:
2661:Metropolitan Museum of Art
2370:
2260:and Enlightenment and the
2124:Excessive citations inline
2068:Dictionnaire philosophique
1950:United States Constitution
1863:to Italian cities such as
633:
629:
449:language-split within the
423:legacy of the Roman Empire
364:
18:
13495:
13467:Transformation of culture
13160:
13080:
12900:Cultural environmentalism
12837:
12577:
12440:
12330:Cross-cultural psychology
12325:Cross-cultural psychiatry
12320:Cross-cultural leadership
12297:
12246:
12232:
11949:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
11929:
11847:
11684:
11519:
11390:Standard Average European
11258:
11087:
11007:
10930:
10862:
10836:
10690:
10660:
10627:
10576:
10424:Farrar, Straus and Giroux
10242:A History of Pagan Europe
10070:V. Reid, Patrick (1987).
9415:. Routledge. p. 59.
9388:. Routledge. p. 25.
9362:10.1191/0266355406gh380oa
8740:Morris, Peter J. (1989).
8687:Hazen, Robert M. (1999).
8649:10.1080/14786441308634955
8549:10.1080/14786441108564683
8481:, retrieved 15 July 2009.
8218:Freebert, Ernest (2014).
7799:Jones, John Bush (2003).
7731:Lane, Stewart F. (2011).
7484:Transportation Revolution
7201:10.1017/s0022050700021100
6530:Kaiser, Wolfgang (2015).
6372:George G. Joseph (2000).
5718:Waltham Mass. U.S.A. 1952
5633:. Phoenix. p. xiii.
4448:, evolved in the British
4438:Australian Rules Football
4255:from the Great Palace at
4146:switching to Christianity
4092:According to a survey by
3922:landing of robots on Mars
3853:electricity and magnetism
2779:Dance and performing arts
2174:, and the development of
1906:Greek East and Latin West
1439:Greek East and Latin West
1402:, which attracted Greek,
872:Middle Eastern philosophy
552:- are also shared by the
447:Greek East and Latin West
13569:Sociological terminology
13427:Living things in culture
13417:Intercultural competence
13320:Culture and menstruation
12819:Trans-cultural diffusion
12089:Lancaster House Treaties
11579:Christian existentialism
11539:Ancient Roman philosophy
11529:Ancient Greek philosophy
10922:Transgenerational design
10854:Revolutionary generation
10751:Generation of Columbuses
9979:Journal of Sport History
9126:Humble, Richard (1978).
8511:Supramolecular Chemistry
6549:. Phaidon. p. 108.
6374:The Crest of the Peacock
5533:Brigham Young University
5197:23 February 2018 at the
4776:
4477:, in the United States.
4469:was invented in 1891 by
4408:, association football,
4236:
3967:
3918:circumnavigate the Earth
3905:, credit cards, and the
3903:double entry bookkeeping
3403:of the Swedish inventor
3188:renaissance architecture
2953:(c. 60 CE) and the
2754:, taken in 1910 in Paris
2617:Painting and photography
2594:Frédéric François Chopin
2422:
2393:Robert, Count of Mortain
2170:, the increasing use of
1882:arrives at the New World
1780:ancient Greek philosophy
1730:fall of the Roman Empire
1580:In a broader sense, the
1380:Hellenistic civilization
590:("the East") became the
158:Greco-Roman civilization
13238:Cultural homogenization
12468:Individualistic culture
12402:Popular culture studies
12387:Intercultural relations
11867:Equality before the law
11074:Romano-Germanic culture
10944:The Greatest Generation
10875:Generational accounting
10532:24 October 2021 at the
10402:, Penguin Books, 2018.
10383:, Penguin Press, 2011.
9966:Sports in world history
9883:17 January 2013 at the
9549:L. Allen, John (2005).
9521:D'Anieri, Paul (2019).
9010:. US Metric Association
8901:The Works of Archimedes
8846:2 February 2009 at the
7909:25 October 2017 at the
7245:10.1111/1468-0289.00084
7236:10.1111/1468-0289.00084
7082:"Scientific Revolution"
6488:Gager, John G. (1983).
6405:Oxford University Press
6322:. New York: Routledge.
5453:Hengel, Martin (2003).
5280:Encyclopædia Britannica
5192:The Protestant Heritage
5029:Grant, Michael (1991).
4829:, and Western parts of
4428:Commonwealth of Nations
4332:, such as the infamous
4194:As in other areas, the
4130:Non-believers/Agnostics
3751:evidence-based medicine
3691:medical ultrasonography
3636:computerised tomography
3622:, all the varieties of
2564:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
2129:considered for deletion
2063:Jean le Rond d'Alembert
1980:of the time, eclipsing
1894:Eastern Orthodox Church
1819:The rediscovery of the
1711:Eastern Orthodox Church
1253:). Concepts of what is
287:Arabic texts on science
223:later gave rise to the
108:, includes the diverse
13173:Archaeological culture
12920:Cultural globalization
12789:Organizational culture
12637:Cultural communication
12595:Cultural appropriation
12382:Intercultural learning
12310:Cross-cultural studies
12029:Eastern European Group
11618:Continental philosophy
11549:Judeo-Christian ethics
11534:Hellenistic philosophy
11015:Cradle of civilization
10637:Interbellum Generation
10512:Hesmyr, Atle Kultorp:
10363:, Routledge, New York.
10359:Stearns, P.N. (2003).
10233:; Heath, John (2001).
10147:From Dawn to Decadence
9951:William Joseph Baker,
9910:11 August 2011 at the
9372:
8978:Principles of Topology
8974:Croom, Fred H (1989).
8943:Kline, Morris (1972).
8629:Philosophical Magazine
7929:, 2016, archived from
7856:"Western architecture"
7658:Encyclopedia Americana
7417:Lucas, Robert (2003).
7090:. 2007. Archived from
6653:Chadwick, Owen p. 242.
6004:Clash of Civilizations
5519:Scott, John C (2018).
5317:2 January 2023 at the
4789:British archaeologist
4660:A large influence, in
4502:
4483:Holyoke, Massachusetts
4287:
4268:
4087:Christian civilization
3764:
3727:hormonal contraception
3653:In medicine, the pure
3506:liquid-crystal display
3429:Physiology or Medicine
3372:
3349:
3333:
3321:
2918:
2794:
2644:is especially valued.
2519:George Frideric Handel
2412:
2266:Scientific Revolutions
2194:
2074:Letters on the English
2049:enlightened absolutism
1952:
1934:Protestant Reformation
1885:
1783:
1734:medieval Islamic world
1688:
1671:
1655:
1640:St. Martin's cathedral
1631:
1624:Basilica of San Vitale
1515:
1507:
1488:
1316:
1200:cradle of civilization
1095:Aesthetic philosophers
406:
403:Clash of Civilizations
399:
382:Clash of Civilizations
303:fall of Constantinople
240:Phoenician city-states
209:Hellenistic philosophy
148:culture that arose in
86:
61:
55:
13564:Cultural anthropology
13442:Participatory culture
13233:Cultural evolutionism
13057:Multiracial democracy
12935:Cultural intelligence
12880:Cultural conservatism
12870:Cultural backwardness
12860:Cultural assimilation
12734:Cultural reproduction
12590:Cultural appreciation
12542:Far-right subcultures
12432:Transcultural nursing
12397:Philosophy of culture
12274:Cultural neuroscience
12254:Cultural anthropology
12149:Three Seas Initiative
12124:Pacific Islands Forum
11989:British–Irish Council
11737:Greek Orthodox Church
11196:Industrial Revolution
11166:Scientific Revolution
10917:Theory of generations
10849:Immigrant generations
10801:Strawberry generation
10295:Playboy Press (1976)
10151:HarperCollins (2000)
9914:– Groupe CSA TMO for
9787:. BRILL. p. 85.
9751:Special Eurobarometer
9711:Special Eurobarometer
9412:Western Media Systems
9385:Western Media Systems
9367:
7888:Wilson, Anne (2002).
7764:Most, Andrea (2004).
7656:Deak, Istvan (1996).
7626:"Global Christianity"
6576:. BRILL. p. 38.
6403:, p. 55, table 1.14,
6296:; Penguin Books, 2004
6111:Ainslie Thomas Embree
6085:22 March 2022 at the
5988:12 March 2007 at the
5734:, 14 (2001): 249–288.
4496:
4489:Themes and traditions
4389:Industrial Revolution
4342:Greco-Roman wrestling
4274:
4250:
4142:collapse of Communism
3851:(1800), the unity of
3837:statistical mechanics
3759:
3586:, memory chip, first
3490:navigation satellites
3355:
3342:Antikythera mechanism
3339:
3327:
3318:
2898:
2786:
2732:Pierre-Auguste Renoir
2534:Johann Sebastian Bach
2504:Antonio Lucio Vivaldi
2389:William the Conqueror
2382:
2273:Christianity declined
2271:In the 20th century,
2184:
2163:Industrial Revolution
2157:Industrial Revolution
2086:scientific revolution
2037:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1947:
1877:
1787:Medieval Christianity
1766:
1754:translated into Latin
1677:
1661:
1637:
1617:
1559:Edict of Thessalonica
1544:Second Temple Judaism
1513:
1494:
1475:
1388:Eastern Mediterranean
1312:
676:Philosophy portal
634:Further information:
519:Industrial Revolution
517:, and the subsequent
511:Scientific Revolution
398:
374:
365:Further information:
307:Medieval Christianity
267:medieval renaissances
248:eastern Mediterranean
229:scientific revolution
98:European civilization
67:
31:
13437:Oppositional culture
13407:Emotions and culture
13315:Cultural sensibility
13305:Cultural translation
13243:Cultural institution
13223:Cultural determinism
12945:Cultural nationalism
12930:Cultural imperialism
12890:Cultural deprivation
12784:Non-material culture
12417:Sociology of culture
12412:Semiotics of culture
12144:Special Relationship
11554:Christian philosophy
11499:Western Christianity
11161:Age of Enlightenment
11035:Hellenistic Kingdoms
10885:Intergenerationality
10668:Boomerang Generation
10577:In the Western world
10293:The Great Inventions
10265:W. W. Norton (1996)
10231:Hanson, Victor Davis
10169:30 June 2017 at the
10131:Atle Hesmyr (2013).
10116:Ankerl, Guy (2000).
10098:Ankerl, Guy (2000).
9990:Sall E. D. Wilkins,
9442:. SAGE. p. 65.
9356:(3): 387–412 (387).
8611:electrophorus volta.
8490:Collingridge, M. R.
8473:22 June 2011 at the
8311:"U.S. Supreme Court"
7833:"Western literature"
7689:Sachs, Curt (1940),
6937:. St. Mary's Press.
6904:. St. Mary's Press.
6846:. St. Mary's Press.
6813:. St. Mary's Press.
6755:. St. Mary's Press.
5911:by Thomas Woods, Jr"
5577:. Berlin: Springer.
5083:Western Civilization
5056:. Cengage Learning.
4535:mythologic tradition
4533:, as well as a long
4136:account for 7%, and
3588:programming language
3510:light-emitting diode
3330:University of Oxford
3295:Baghdad cookery book
3256:Eleanor of Aquitaine
3244:Near Eastern cuisine
3014:improve this article
2979:Christian philosophy
2579:Ludwig van Beethoven
2005:Age of Enlightenment
1930:Western Christianity
1904:that, following the
1879:Christopher Columbus
1796:Francisco de Vitoria
1772:Catholic philosopher
1748:and technology were
1654:behind the cathedral
1599:Corpus Juris Civilis
1549:The Greek and Roman
1120:Philosophers of mind
546:Kwame Anthony Appiah
515:Age of Enlightenment
499:Eastern Roman Empire
431:Eastern Roman Empire
377:Samuel P. Huntington
233:Age of Enlightenment
94:Western civilization
19:For other uses, see
13288:Culture speculation
13283:Cultural relativism
13213:Cultural competence
13103:Cultural Christians
12975:Cultural Revolution
12965:Cultural radicalism
12940:Cultural liberalism
12875:Cultural Bolshevism
12850:Consumer capitalism
12804:Relational mobility
12744:Cultural technology
12652:Cultural dissonance
12569:Culture by location
12532:Alternative culture
12448:Constructed culture
12427:Theology of culture
12367:Cultural psychology
12347:Cultural entomology
12169:West Nordic Council
12034:Eastern Partnership
11623:Analytic philosophy
11324:Classical tradition
11146:Early modern period
11102:Classical antiquity
11097:European Bronze Age
10589:Greatest Generation
10336:Walsh, James Joseph
9933:. 14 September 2007
9722:, p. 233, 2012
9720:European Commission
9282:Applied Physics Lab
9169:. NASA SP-2000-4029
9143:"Table of Contents"
8663:"A Poor Substitute"
8641:1913PMag...26....1B
8449:on 25 December 2007
8392:The Living Internet
8386:2 July 2014 at the
8279:Coe, Lewis (1995).
8151:1896Natur..53..516H
7923:"scientific method"
7429:on 27 November 2007
7390:on 27 November 2007
7094:on 28 October 2009.
6925:Koch, Carl (1994).
6892:Koch, Carl (1994).
6834:Koch, Carl (1994).
6801:Koch, Carl (1994).
6743:Koch, Carl (1994).
6716:Koch, Carl (1994).
6534:. pp. 119–148.
6272:Jacobus Bronowski;
5290:Caltron J.H Hayas,
4730:Classical tradition
4627:, and the Egyptian
4588:), agnosticism and
4578:liberation theology
4548:, particularly the
4338:classical antiquity
4315:Pierre de Coubertin
4292:classical antiquity
4277:Pierre de Coubertin
4265:Classical Antiquity
4253:Bull-Leaping Fresco
4094:Pew Research Center
3894:, derived from the
3865:Maxwell's equations
3815:and the methods of
3683:computed tomography
3661:, the treatment of
3620:electron microscope
3365:Apollo Lunar Module
3305:bruet of Sarcynesse
3252:Fulcher of Chartres
3130:AngoulĂŞme Cathedral
2857:Christopher Marlowe
2853:William Shakespeare
2849:Elizabethan theatre
2450:musical instruments
2365:Arts and humanities
2352:astronomical object
2288:transatlantic cable
2226:political pluralism
2220:Post-Industrial era
2135:Nicolaus Copernicus
1972:, a term coined by
1595:Classical Antiquity
1432:Mediterranean world
1353:Alexander the Great
1314:Alexander the Great
1130:Women in philosophy
860:Indigenous American
643:Part of a series on
473:in the form of the
385:. In turquoise are
327:political pluralism
295:Italian Renaissance
122:traditional customs
13447:Permission culture
13380:Disability culture
13360:Children's culture
13228:Cultural diversity
13188:Circuit of culture
12970:Cultural retention
12950:Cultural pessimism
12905:Cultural exception
12895:Cultural diplomacy
12885:Cultural contracts
12845:Colonial mentality
12774:Manuscript culture
12749:Cultural universal
12719:Cultural pluralism
12699:Cultural landscape
12694:Cultural invention
12662:Cultural framework
12564:Vernacular culture
12362:Cultural mediation
12342:Cultural economics
12337:Cultural analytics
12269:Cultural geography
12259:Cultural astronomy
11628:Post-structuralism
11591:Christian humanism
11221:Universal suffrage
10844:Future generations
10776:Merdeka Generation
10771:Pioneer Generation
10373:, Encounter Books.
10322:Pastor, Ludwig von
10237:, Encounter Books.
10007:4.1 (1987): 21-38.
9994:(Greenwood, 2002).
9981:8.3 (1981): 40-59.
9968:(Routledge, 2004).
9761:on 2 December 2012
9229:on 28 January 2018
8860:Richard Swineshead
8834:*Elwes, Richard, "
8790:Annalen der Chemie
8721:on 21 January 2010
8690:The diamond makers
7279:Joseph E Inikori.
7037:Marshall Clagett,
6803:"High Middle Ages"
6292:Geoffrey Blainey;
6097:Yin Cheong Cheng,
5732:Science in Context
5274:6 May 2015 at the
4825:lands, the entire
4609:Christian Orthodox
4584:(sometimes termed
4503:
4450:colony of Victoria
4288:
4269:
3990:derives its name.
3847:(1785), the first
3765:
3715:electrocardiograph
3695:clinical chemistry
3592:ship's chronometer
3584:integrated circuit
3553:polyvinyl chloride
3373:
3369:United States flag
3350:
3334:
3322:
3062:Greek architecture
2919:
2845:commedia dell'arte
2795:
2549:Franz Joseph Haydn
2489:Claudio Monteverdi
2470:symphony orchestra
2468:. The solo piano,
2413:
2200:standard of living
2195:
2077:(1733) written by
1953:
1886:
1849:procedural justice
1784:
1760:and 13th century.
1689:
1683:, the most iconic
1672:
1656:
1632:
1561:which made it the
1528:Hellenistic period
1516:
1508:
1489:
1317:
1237:Eastern neighbours
1178:; the area of the
823:Eastern philosophy
618:but west of China—
441:to the culture of
407:
400:
301:fleeing after the
283:Latin translations
102:Occidental culture
87:
73:Western philosophy
62:
13546:
13545:
13375:Death and culture
13268:Cultural movement
13258:Cultural literacy
13118:Eastern Orthodoxy
13030:Dominator culture
13025:Deculturalization
12925:Cultural hegemony
12915:Cultural genocide
12910:Cultural feminism
12729:Cultural property
12724:Cultural practice
12709:Cultural leveling
12704:Cultural learning
12689:Cultural industry
12684:Cultural identity
12667:Cultural heritage
12657:Cultural emphasis
12642:Cultural conflict
12615:Cultural behavior
12605:Cultural artifact
12517:Primitive culture
12493:Political culture
12192:
12191:
12019:Council of Europe
11921:International law
11874:Constitutionalism
11732:Eastern Orthodoxy
11238:Post–Cold War era
11171:Age of Revolution
11025:Greco-Roman world
10963:
10962:
10741:Satori generation
10686:
10685:
10594:Silent Generation
10503:Barzun, Jacques.
10478:Headley, John M.
10408:978-0-525-42757-5
10389:978-1-101-54802-8
10184:Daly, Jonathan. "
10162:Daly, Jonathan. "
10109:978-2-88155-004-1
9964:David G. McComb,
9479:978-1-111-83169-1
9449:978-1-4462-4566-8
9422:978-1-135-25370-7
9395:978-1-135-25370-7
9323:Butrica, Andrew.
9158:978-0-16-050631-4
9095:on 20 August 2011
9044:978-92-822-2272-0
8989:978-0-03-029804-2
8960:978-0-19-506137-6
8929:978-0-19-521942-5
8908:978-0-521-66160-7
8875:Dodge, Y. (2006)
8753:978-0-941901-03-1
8700:978-0-521-65474-6
8606:978-0-520-23802-2
8573:978-0-486-25128-8
8543:(39): 1024–1044.
8521:978-0-470-51234-0
8417:978-0-309-05283-2
8296:978-0-7864-2609-6
8266:The First Reactor
8254:by Rudolph Diesel
8229:978-0-14-312444-3
8222:. Penguin Books.
8119:978-0-387-98744-6
8010:978-0-393-70607-9
7810:978-1-61168-223-6
7777:978-0-674-01165-6
7742:978-0-7864-5917-9
7700:978-0-486-45265-4
7556:"Western culture"
7525:978-0-917914-73-7
7477:978-0-87332-101-3
7173:978-0-674-01601-9
7142:Watt steam engine
6985:Galileo Galilei,
6944:978-0-88489-298-4
6911:978-0-88489-298-4
6878:978-0-8132-1683-6
6853:978-0-88489-298-4
6820:978-0-88489-298-4
6787:978-0-8132-1683-6
6762:978-0-88489-298-4
6729:978-0-88489-298-4
6662:Hastings, p. 309.
6640:978-0-19-974869-3
6608:on 5 October 2018
6583:978-90-04-22117-8
6556:978-0-7148-7502-6
6499:978-0-19-503607-7
6466:978-1-56821-519-8
6413:978-0-19-922721-1
6359:978-0-307-42518-8
6308:, pp. 38–39.
6274:The Ascent of Man
6018:978-0-684-84441-1
5953:978-0-521-89057-1
5921:on 22 August 2006
5874:978-0-19-505523-8
5697:978-0-6747-6075-2
5667:978-1-4411-1851-6
5640:978-0-7538-2413-9
5629:Green, P (2008).
5599:"Hellenistic Age"
5490:. Leiden: Brill.
5464:978-1-59244-186-0
5439:978-1-305-44548-2
5392:978-1-133-60271-2
5367:978-1-111-83720-4
5269:Roman Catholicism
5255:978-0-8264-9482-5
5222:978-0-226-56162-2
5165:978-0-19-925995-3
5152:O'Collins, Gerald
5122:978-1-305-63347-6
5093:978-0-534-64602-8
5063:978-1-111-83169-1
5042:978-0-684-19303-8
5017:978-90-04-13904-6
4992:978-0-7425-6780-1
4955:978-0-19-923743-2
4930:978-0-19-157783-3
4905:978-0-14-029323-4
4871:978-0-307-42518-8
4827:Arabian Peninsula
4755:Greco-Roman world
4750:European diaspora
4676:scientific method
4655:liberal democracy
4643:constitutionalism
4499:Madonna and Child
4458:American football
4279:, founder of the
4187:(30–35%) and the
4132:account for 16%,
4063:Slavic polytheism
4059:Celtic polytheism
4051:Hellenic religion
4033:Western religions
3825:quantum mechanics
3817:molecular biology
3699:spectrophotometry
3575:to explain them.
3561:Nitrogen fixation
3543:and the plastics
3541:synthetic diamond
3442:. The electrical
3378:scientific method
3346:analogue computer
3286:bruet Sarassinois
3046:
3045:
3038:
2885:African-Americans
2682:Leonardo da Vinci
2405:Duchy of Normandy
2308:enfranchise women
2187:Watt steam engine
1974:Samuel Huntington
1910:Christian culture
1805:Joseph Schumpeter
1644:Spišské Podhradie
1463:Caecilius Statius
1267:Holy Roman Empire
1263:Latin Christendom
1194:and southwestern
1168:
1167:
976:
975:
604:Sino-Japanese War
568:victory over the
501:. The subsequent
475:Holy Roman Empire
435:Byzantine Empire)
419:Greco-Roman world
315:international law
225:scientific method
203:, is the idea of
130:political systems
43:human proportions
33:Leonardo da Vinci
13576:
13527:
13526:
13515:
13514:
13503:
13502:
13392:Drinking culture
13345:Culture industry
13293:Cultural tourism
13273:Cultural mulatto
13248:Cultural jet lag
13183:Cannabis culture
13140:Cultural Muslims
13062:Pluriculturalism
13045:Multiculturalism
13035:Interculturalism
13010:Culture minister
13000:Cultural Zionism
12995:Cultural subsidy
12990:Cultural silence
12865:Cultural attaché
12824:Transculturation
12779:Material culture
12769:Interculturality
12625:Cultural capital
12610:Cultural baggage
12547:Youth subculture
12488:Official culture
12453:Dominant culture
12392:Internet culture
12357:Cultural mapping
12352:Cultural history
12279:Cultural studies
12264:Cultural ecology
12238:
12237:
12219:
12212:
12205:
12196:
12195:
12064:EU Customs Union
11596:Secular humanism
11544:Christian ethics
11494:East–West Schism
11477:Physical culture
11201:Great Divergence
11151:Age of Discovery
10990:
10983:
10976:
10967:
10966:
10791:Sampo generation
10731:Burnt Generation
10721:Husák's Children
10691:Country-specific
10642:Generation Jones
10625:
10624:
10619:Generation Alpha
10563:
10556:
10549:
10540:
10539:
10144:Barzun, Jacques
10113:
10086:
10085:
10067:
10061:
10060:
10042:
10036:
10035:
10014:
10008:
10001:
9995:
9988:
9982:
9975:
9969:
9962:
9956:
9949:
9943:
9942:
9940:
9938:
9927:
9921:
9903:
9899:
9893:
9874:
9868:
9867:
9865:
9863:
9852:
9846:
9845:
9843:
9841:
9830:
9824:
9823:
9805:
9799:
9798:
9780:
9771:
9770:
9768:
9766:
9760:
9747:
9739:
9733:
9730:
9729:
9727:
9707:
9699:
9686:
9685:
9683:
9681:
9669:
9663:
9662:
9660:
9658:
9646:
9640:
9639:
9637:
9635:
9624:
9618:
9617:
9615:
9613:
9602:
9596:
9595:
9574:
9568:
9567:
9546:
9540:
9539:
9518:
9512:
9511:
9490:
9484:
9483:
9463:
9454:
9453:
9433:
9427:
9426:
9406:
9400:
9399:
9379:
9373:
9365:
9345:
9339:
9338:
9336:
9334:
9320:
9314:
9313:
9311:
9309:
9292:
9286:
9285:
9273:
9267:
9266:
9264:
9262:
9245:
9239:
9238:
9236:
9234:
9225:. Archived from
9212:
9206:
9205:
9198:
9192:
9188:
9186:
9178:
9176:
9174:
9138:
9132:
9131:
9123:
9117:
9111:
9105:
9104:
9102:
9100:
9094:
9088:. Archived from
9071:
9062:
9056:
9055:
9053:
9051:
9036:
9026:
9020:
9019:
9017:
9015:
9000:
8994:
8993:
8981:
8971:
8965:
8964:
8940:
8934:
8933:
8916:
8910:
8893:
8887:
8873:
8867:
8857:
8851:
8832:
8826:
8825:
8823:
8821:
8807:
8801:
8800:
8798:
8796:
8784:Liebig, Justus.
8781:
8775:
8774:
8764:
8758:
8757:
8737:
8731:
8730:
8728:
8726:
8711:
8705:
8704:
8684:
8678:
8677:
8675:
8673:
8659:
8653:
8652:
8620:
8614:
8613:
8594:
8584:
8578:
8577:
8559:
8553:
8552:
8532:
8526:
8525:
8505:
8499:
8488:
8482:
8465:
8459:
8458:
8456:
8454:
8445:. Archived from
8439:
8433:
8428:
8426:
8424:
8401:
8395:
8378:
8372:
8371:
8369:
8367:
8353:
8347:
8346:
8344:
8342:
8328:
8322:
8321:
8319:
8317:
8307:
8301:
8300:
8276:
8270:
8269:
8261:
8255:
8249:
8243:
8240:
8234:
8233:
8215:
8209:
8208:
8180:
8174:
8171:
8165:
8164:
8162:
8160:10.1038/053516a0
8135:"Anianus Jedlik"
8130:
8124:
8123:
8103:
8097:
8094:
8088:
8087:
8085:
8083:
8078:. 8 October 2010
8068:
8062:
8061:
8025:
8019:
8018:
7996:
7990:
7989:
7977:
7971:
7948:
7942:
7941:
7940:
7938:
7919:
7913:
7900:
7894:
7893:
7885:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7871:
7852:
7846:
7843:
7837:
7836:
7829:
7823:
7822:
7796:
7790:
7789:
7761:
7755:
7754:
7728:
7722:
7719:
7713:
7710:
7704:
7703:
7686:
7680:
7677:
7671:
7668:
7662:
7661:
7653:
7638:
7637:
7635:
7633:
7621:
7608:
7607:
7605:
7603:
7588:
7582:
7581:
7570:
7564:
7563:
7552:
7546:
7545:
7534:
7528:
7510:
7493:
7487:
7481:
7463:
7457:
7456:
7448:
7442:
7441:
7436:
7434:
7425:. Archived from
7414:
7408:
7407:
7397:
7395:
7380:Robert Lucas Jr.
7376:
7370:
7369:
7367:
7365:
7352:Julie Lorenzen.
7349:
7343:
7342:
7316:
7303:
7297:
7296:
7276:
7270:
7256:
7250:
7249:
7247:
7219:
7213:
7212:
7184:
7178:
7177:
7161:
7151:
7145:
7139:
7133:
7132:
7121:
7115:
7114:
7102:
7096:
7095:
7078:
7072:
7065:
7059:
7056:
7050:
7035:
7029:
7028:
7000:
6994:
6987:Two New Sciences
6983:
6977:
6974:
6968:
6967:
6955:
6949:
6948:
6936:
6922:
6916:
6915:
6903:
6889:
6883:
6882:
6864:
6858:
6857:
6845:
6831:
6825:
6824:
6812:
6798:
6792:
6791:
6773:
6767:
6766:
6754:
6740:
6734:
6733:
6713:
6704:
6697:
6691:
6684:
6678:
6677:
6669:
6663:
6660:
6654:
6651:
6645:
6644:
6624:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6613:
6604:. Archived from
6594:
6588:
6587:
6567:
6561:
6560:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6527:
6521:
6518:
6512:
6511:
6485:
6479:
6478:
6452:
6446:
6443:
6437:
6436:
6421:
6415:
6394:
6388:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6343:
6334:
6333:
6315:
6309:
6303:
6297:
6290:
6284:
6270:
6264:
6263:
6244:10.2307/20029452
6227:
6221:
6220:
6215:
6213:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6160:
6154:
6153:
6145:
6134:
6128:
6122:
6108:
6102:
6095:
6089:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6034:
6026:
5998:
5992:
5979:
5973:
5962:
5956:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5917:. Archived from
5903:
5897:
5896:
5888:
5879:
5878:
5862:
5852:
5843:
5842:
5831:
5822:
5807:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5744:
5735:
5728:
5719:
5710:
5701:
5700:
5681:
5672:
5671:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5567:
5561:
5554:
5545:
5544:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5412:
5404:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5351:
5345:
5328:
5322:
5301:
5295:
5288:
5282:
5266:
5260:
5259:
5243:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5208:
5202:
5189:
5183:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5077:
5071:
5067:
5046:
5025:
5000:
4973:
4967:
4963:
4938:
4913:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4855:
4834:
4787:
4760:Western religion
4713:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4641:, human rights,
4621:Coptic alphabets
4566:Secular humanism
4126:Eastern Orthodox
4116:are the largest
4083:Greek philosophy
3980:printing presses
3959:
3950:
3841:electromagnetism
3793:abstract algebra
3785:complex analysis
3767:In mathematics,
3675:Donald Henderson
3537:synthetic rubber
3502:Cathode ray tube
3281:Liber de Coquina
3199:
3167:
3145:
3125:
3102:
3041:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3021:
2998:
2990:
2961:Murasaki Shikibu
2867:Centuries, from
2833:medieval theatre
2813:, and the Irish
2763:
2747:
2722:
2697:
2672:
2656:
2605:
2590:
2575:
2560:
2545:
2530:
2515:
2500:
2485:
2132:
2001:Age of Discovery
1970:Great Divergence
1962:Age of Discovery
1956:Early modern era
1922:High Middle Ages
1920:movement of the
1847:before the law,
1798:, a disciple of
1571:Jewish Christian
1536:Hellenic culture
1467:Coligny Calendar
1386:cultures in the
1331:literature (the
1214:Ancient Carthage
1160:
1153:
1146:
865:Aztec philosophy
744:Ancient Egyptian
726:
725:
678:
674:
673:
672:
659:
640:
639:
550:Greek philosophy
533:", paralleling "
507:Age of Discovery
443:Classical Greece
92:, also known as
60:
13584:
13583:
13579:
13578:
13577:
13575:
13574:
13573:
13559:Western culture
13549:
13548:
13547:
13542:
13491:
13482:Western culture
13477:Welfare culture
13402:Eastern culture
13263:Cultural mosaic
13218:Cultural critic
13208:Cultural center
13156:
13130:Cultural Hindus
13076:
13067:Polyculturalism
13040:Monoculturalism
13015:Culture of fear
12985:Cultural safety
12980:Cultural rights
12960:Cultural racism
12955:Cultural policy
12833:
12739:Cultural system
12714:Cultural memory
12647:Cultural cringe
12573:
12505:Popular culture
12436:
12372:Cultural values
12293:
12242:
12228:
12223:
12193:
12188:
12154:UKUSA Agreement
12094:Lublin Triangle
11979:Baltic Assembly
11931:
11925:
11843:
11680:
11515:
11385:Eurolinguistics
11254:
11243:Information age
11216:Interwar period
11083:
11003:
10994:
10964:
10959:
10938:Beat Generation
10926:
10858:
10832:
10717:Czechoslovakia
10682:
10656:
10623:
10584:Lost Generation
10572:
10567:
10534:Wayback Machine
10523:
10500:
10498:Further reading
10413:Henrich, Joseph
10377:Ferguson, Niall
10367:Thornton, Bruce
10261:Merriman, John
10255:Meaney, Thomas
10171:Wayback Machine
10110:
10094:
10089:
10082:
10068:
10064:
10057:
10043:
10039:
10029:
10015:
10011:
10002:
9998:
9989:
9985:
9976:
9972:
9963:
9959:
9950:
9946:
9936:
9934:
9929:
9928:
9924:
9912:Wayback Machine
9901:
9900:
9896:
9885:Wayback Machine
9875:
9871:
9861:
9859:
9854:
9853:
9849:
9839:
9837:
9832:
9831:
9827:
9820:
9806:
9802:
9795:
9781:
9774:
9764:
9762:
9758:
9745:
9741:
9740:
9736:
9725:
9723:
9705:
9701:
9700:
9689:
9679:
9677:
9670:
9666:
9656:
9654:
9647:
9643:
9633:
9631:
9626:
9625:
9621:
9611:
9609:
9604:
9603:
9599:
9589:
9575:
9571:
9561:
9547:
9543:
9533:
9519:
9515:
9505:
9491:
9487:
9480:
9464:
9457:
9450:
9434:
9430:
9423:
9407:
9403:
9396:
9380:
9376:
9346:
9342:
9332:
9330:
9321:
9317:
9307:
9305:
9293:
9289:
9274:
9270:
9260:
9258:
9246:
9242:
9232:
9230:
9213:
9209:
9199:
9190:
9189:
9180:
9179:
9172:
9170:
9159:
9139:
9135:
9124:
9120:
9112:
9108:
9098:
9096:
9092:
9080:(3): 289–304 .
9069:
9063:
9059:
9049:
9047:
9045:
9034:
9028:
9027:
9023:
9013:
9011:
9002:
9001:
8997:
8990:
8972:
8968:
8961:
8941:
8937:
8930:
8918:
8917:
8913:
8894:
8890:
8874:
8870:
8858:
8854:
8848:Wayback Machine
8833:
8829:
8819:
8817:
8809:
8808:
8804:
8794:
8792:
8782:
8778:
8765:
8761:
8754:
8738:
8734:
8724:
8722:
8713:
8712:
8708:
8701:
8685:
8681:
8671:
8669:
8661:
8660:
8656:
8621:
8617:
8607:
8585:
8581:
8574:
8560:
8556:
8533:
8529:
8522:
8506:
8502:
8489:
8485:
8475:Wayback Machine
8466:
8462:
8452:
8450:
8441:
8440:
8436:
8422:
8420:
8418:
8402:
8398:
8388:Wayback Machine
8379:
8375:
8365:
8363:
8355:
8354:
8350:
8340:
8338:
8330:
8329:
8325:
8315:
8313:
8309:
8308:
8304:
8297:
8277:
8273:
8262:
8258:
8250:
8246:
8241:
8237:
8230:
8216:
8212:
8181:
8177:
8172:
8168:
8131:
8127:
8120:
8104:
8100:
8095:
8091:
8081:
8079:
8070:
8069:
8065:
8026:
8022:
8011:
7997:
7993:
7978:
7974:
7949:
7945:
7936:
7934:
7933:on 20 June 2016
7921:
7920:
7916:
7911:Wayback Machine
7901:
7897:
7886:
7879:
7869:
7867:
7854:
7853:
7849:
7844:
7840:
7831:
7830:
7826:
7811:
7797:
7793:
7778:
7762:
7758:
7743:
7729:
7725:
7720:
7716:
7711:
7707:
7701:
7687:
7683:
7678:
7674:
7669:
7665:
7654:
7641:
7631:
7629:
7622:
7611:
7601:
7599:
7589:
7585:
7572:
7571:
7567:
7554:
7553:
7549:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7494:
7490:
7478:
7470:. M.E. Sharpe.
7464:
7460:
7449:
7445:
7432:
7430:
7421:Past and Future
7415:
7411:
7393:
7391:
7377:
7373:
7363:
7361:
7350:
7346:
7331:10.2307/2598327
7314:
7304:
7300:
7293:
7277:
7273:
7258:Eric Hobsbawm,
7257:
7253:
7220:
7216:
7185:
7181:
7174:
7152:
7148:
7140:
7136:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7108:
7103:
7099:
7080:
7079:
7075:
7066:
7062:
7057:
7053:
7043:Anneliese Maier
7036:
7032:
7017:10.2307/2707514
7001:
6997:
6984:
6980:
6975:
6971:
6961:
6956:
6952:
6945:
6927:"Enlightenment"
6923:
6919:
6912:
6890:
6886:
6879:
6865:
6861:
6854:
6832:
6828:
6821:
6799:
6795:
6788:
6774:
6770:
6763:
6741:
6737:
6730:
6714:
6707:
6698:
6694:
6685:
6681:
6670:
6666:
6661:
6657:
6652:
6648:
6641:
6625:
6621:
6611:
6609:
6598:"Valetudinaria"
6596:
6595:
6591:
6584:
6568:
6564:
6557:
6543:
6539:
6528:
6524:
6519:
6515:
6500:
6486:
6482:
6467:
6453:
6449:
6444:
6440:
6422:
6418:
6397:Maddison, Angus
6395:
6391:
6371:
6367:
6360:
6344:
6337:
6330:
6316:
6312:
6304:
6300:
6291:
6287:
6271:
6267:
6232:Foreign Affairs
6228:
6224:
6211:
6209:
6207:
6184:
6180:
6161:
6157:
6146:
6137:
6130:Kwang-Sae Lee,
6129:
6125:
6109:
6105:
6096:
6092:
6087:Wayback Machine
6080:March 11, 2022.
6074:Thomas Meaney,
6073:
6069:
6062:
6048:
6044:
6028:
6027:
6019:
5999:
5995:
5990:Wayback Machine
5980:
5976:
5963:
5959:
5938:
5934:
5924:
5922:
5905:
5904:
5900:
5889:
5882:
5875:
5853:
5846:
5836:
5832:
5825:
5808:
5801:
5791:
5789:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5761:
5745:
5738:
5729:
5722:
5713:George Sarton:
5711:
5704:
5698:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5652:
5648:
5641:
5627:
5623:
5613:
5611:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5568:
5564:
5555:
5548:
5517:
5513:
5498:
5484:
5480:
5465:
5451:
5447:
5440:
5426:
5422:
5406:
5405:
5393:
5379:
5375:
5368:
5352:
5348:
5331:Thomas E. Woods
5329:
5325:
5319:Wayback Machine
5311:, preface, see
5302:
5298:
5289:
5285:
5276:Wayback Machine
5267:
5263:
5256:
5234:
5230:
5223:
5209:
5205:
5199:Wayback Machine
5190:
5186:
5177:
5173:
5166:
5149:
5145:
5134:
5130:
5123:
5109:
5105:
5094:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5043:
5018:
4993:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4956:
4931:
4906:
4887:
4883:
4872:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4837:
4795:The Nearer East
4788:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4745:Eastern culture
4709:
4704:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4685:
4651:presidentialism
4647:parliamentarism
4560:the rule of law
4546:Christian Bible
4491:
4481:was created in
4442:Gaelic football
4432:Rugby World Cup
4352:. The sport of
4245:
4239:
4196:Jewish diaspora
4070:Judeo-Christian
4053:– likewise for
4035:
4029:
3976:
3970:
3957:
3948:
3857:Biot–Savart law
3703:electrophoresis
3596:screw propeller
3573:atomic theories
3522:ink jet printer
3387:Iraqi physicist
3383:Galileo Galilei
3313:
3230:
3224:Western cuisine
3218:
3211:
3200:
3191:
3172:Palazzo Farnese
3168:
3159:
3151:Sainte-Chapelle
3146:
3137:
3126:
3117:
3103:
3042:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3011:
2999:
2988:
2913:. Engraving by
2911:Dante Alighieri
2893:
2881:Jewish diaspora
2781:
2774:
2764:
2755:
2748:
2739:
2723:
2714:
2707:Diego Velázquez
2698:
2689:
2673:
2664:
2663:(New York City)
2657:
2619:
2612:
2606:
2597:
2591:
2582:
2576:
2567:
2561:
2552:
2546:
2537:
2531:
2522:
2516:
2507:
2501:
2492:
2486:
2425:
2385:Bayeux Tapestry
2375:
2367:
2304:abolish slavery
2254:human migration
2248:resulting from
2238:countercultures
2222:
2159:
2117:
2003:faded into the
1958:
1942:
1898:Catholic Church
1817:
1756:, sparking the
1612:
1400:Ptolemaic Egypt
1307:
1291:the Renaissance
1190:, southeastern
1186:, northeastern
1164:
1135:
1134:
1100:Epistemologists
1090:
1089:
1078:
1077:
1014:
990:
989:
978:
977:
723:
722:
711:
670:
668:
667:
638:
632:
574:Battle of Tours
445:, a persistent
369:
363:
355:human migration
349:resulting from
339:countercultures
173:Catholic Church
106:Western society
90:Western culture
57:De architectura
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
13582:
13572:
13571:
13566:
13561:
13544:
13543:
13541:
13540:
13533:
13521:
13509:
13496:
13493:
13492:
13490:
13489:
13484:
13479:
13474:
13469:
13464:
13459:
13454:
13449:
13444:
13439:
13434:
13429:
13424:
13419:
13414:
13409:
13404:
13399:
13394:
13389:
13388:
13387:
13377:
13372:
13367:
13362:
13357:
13352:
13347:
13342:
13337:
13332:
13327:
13322:
13317:
13312:
13307:
13302:
13301:
13300:
13290:
13285:
13280:
13278:Cultural probe
13275:
13270:
13265:
13260:
13255:
13250:
13245:
13240:
13235:
13230:
13225:
13220:
13215:
13210:
13205:
13203:Cross-cultural
13200:
13198:Coffee culture
13195:
13190:
13185:
13180:
13175:
13170:
13168:Animal culture
13164:
13162:
13158:
13157:
13155:
13154:
13149:
13144:
13143:
13142:
13132:
13127:
13126:
13125:
13120:
13115:
13110:
13105:
13100:
13090:
13084:
13082:
13078:
13077:
13075:
13074:
13072:Transculturism
13069:
13064:
13059:
13054:
13053:
13052:
13042:
13037:
13032:
13027:
13022:
13017:
13012:
13007:
13005:Culture change
13002:
12997:
12992:
12987:
12982:
12977:
12972:
12967:
12962:
12957:
12952:
12947:
12942:
12937:
12932:
12927:
12922:
12917:
12912:
12907:
12902:
12897:
12892:
12887:
12882:
12877:
12872:
12867:
12862:
12857:
12852:
12847:
12841:
12839:
12835:
12834:
12832:
12831:
12829:Visual culture
12826:
12821:
12816:
12811:
12809:Safety culture
12806:
12801:
12796:
12791:
12786:
12781:
12776:
12771:
12766:
12761:
12756:
12751:
12746:
12741:
12736:
12731:
12726:
12721:
12716:
12711:
12706:
12701:
12696:
12691:
12686:
12681:
12676:
12675:
12674:
12664:
12659:
12654:
12649:
12644:
12639:
12634:
12633:
12632:
12630:Cross-cultural
12622:
12617:
12612:
12607:
12602:
12597:
12592:
12587:
12581:
12579:
12575:
12574:
12572:
12571:
12566:
12561:
12556:
12555:
12554:
12549:
12544:
12539:
12534:
12524:
12519:
12514:
12513:
12512:
12502:
12501:
12500:
12490:
12485:
12480:
12475:
12470:
12465:
12460:
12455:
12450:
12444:
12442:
12438:
12437:
12435:
12434:
12429:
12424:
12419:
12414:
12409:
12404:
12399:
12394:
12389:
12384:
12379:
12374:
12369:
12364:
12359:
12354:
12349:
12344:
12339:
12334:
12333:
12332:
12327:
12322:
12317:
12307:
12301:
12299:
12295:
12294:
12292:
12291:
12289:Culture theory
12286:
12281:
12276:
12271:
12266:
12261:
12256:
12250:
12248:
12244:
12243:
12233:
12230:
12229:
12222:
12221:
12214:
12207:
12199:
12190:
12189:
12187:
12186:
12184:Westernization
12181:
12176:
12171:
12166:
12164:Visegrád Group
12161:
12156:
12151:
12146:
12141:
12136:
12131:
12126:
12121:
12116:
12111:
12106:
12104:Nordic Council
12101:
12096:
12091:
12086:
12081:
12076:
12071:
12066:
12061:
12056:
12051:
12046:
12041:
12036:
12031:
12026:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12006:
12001:
11999:Bucharest Nine
11996:
11991:
11986:
11981:
11976:
11971:
11966:
11964:Arctic Council
11961:
11956:
11951:
11946:
11941:
11935:
11933:
11927:
11926:
11924:
11923:
11918:
11913:
11912:
11911:
11906:
11901:
11896:
11891:
11886:
11876:
11871:
11870:
11869:
11859:
11853:
11851:
11845:
11844:
11842:
11841:
11836:
11831:
11830:
11829:
11824:
11819:
11814:
11809:
11808:
11807:
11802:
11797:
11792:
11782:
11777:
11772:
11762:
11761:
11760:
11759:
11758:
11748:
11747:
11746:
11741:
11740:
11739:
11729:
11728:
11727:
11717:
11716:
11715:
11690:
11688:
11682:
11681:
11679:
11678:
11677:
11676:
11666:
11661:
11656:
11655:
11654:
11642:
11641:
11640:
11630:
11625:
11620:
11615:
11610:
11605:
11600:
11599:
11598:
11593:
11583:
11582:
11581:
11574:Existentialism
11571:
11566:
11561:
11556:
11551:
11546:
11541:
11536:
11531:
11525:
11523:
11517:
11516:
11514:
11513:
11512:
11511:
11506:
11501:
11496:
11486:
11485:
11484:
11474:
11473:
11472:
11467:
11457:
11456:
11455:
11445:
11440:
11439:
11438:
11433:
11428:
11418:
11417:
11416:
11406:
11405:
11404:
11394:
11393:
11392:
11387:
11377:
11372:
11367:
11362:
11361:
11360:
11350:
11345:
11344:
11343:
11333:
11332:
11331:
11321:
11320:
11319:
11309:
11304:
11303:
11302:
11292:
11287:
11286:
11285:
11280:
11275:
11264:
11262:
11256:
11255:
11253:
11252:
11251:
11250:
11245:
11235:
11234:
11233:
11228:
11223:
11218:
11213:
11208:
11203:
11198:
11193:
11188:
11183:
11178:
11173:
11168:
11163:
11158:
11153:
11148:
11138:
11133:
11132:
11131:
11126:
11121:
11111:
11110:
11109:
11107:Late antiquity
11099:
11093:
11091:
11085:
11084:
11082:
11081:
11076:
11071:
11066:
11061:
11060:
11059:
11058:
11057:
11052:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11022:
11017:
11011:
11009:
11005:
11004:
10993:
10992:
10985:
10978:
10970:
10961:
10960:
10958:
10957:
10952:
10950:Digital divide
10947:
10940:
10934:
10932:
10928:
10927:
10925:
10924:
10919:
10914:
10909:
10908:
10907:
10902:
10897:
10892:
10882:
10877:
10872:
10870:Generation gap
10866:
10864:
10860:
10859:
10857:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10840:
10838:
10834:
10833:
10831:
10830:
10829:
10828:
10820:
10819:
10818:
10813:
10807:United States
10805:
10804:
10803:
10795:
10794:
10793:
10788:
10786:386 Generation
10780:
10779:
10778:
10773:
10765:
10764:
10763:
10755:
10754:
10753:
10745:
10744:
10743:
10735:
10734:
10733:
10725:
10724:
10723:
10715:
10714:
10713:
10708:
10703:
10694:
10692:
10688:
10687:
10684:
10683:
10681:
10680:
10678:MTV Generation
10675:
10670:
10664:
10662:
10658:
10657:
10655:
10654:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10633:
10631:
10622:
10621:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10591:
10586:
10580:
10578:
10574:
10573:
10566:
10565:
10558:
10551:
10543:
10537:
10536:
10522:
10521:External links
10519:
10518:
10517:
10510:
10499:
10496:
10495:
10494:
10476:
10474:978-1497603257
10455:
10453:978-0812972337
10434:
10432:978-0374173227
10410:
10394:Pinker, Steven
10391:
10374:
10364:
10357:
10333:
10319:
10306:Asimov, Isaac
10304:
10289:
10274:
10259:
10253:
10238:
10228:
10212:
10197:
10194:978-1138774810
10182:
10179:978-1441161314
10160:
10142:
10140:978-1468924190
10129:
10114:
10108:
10093:
10090:
10088:
10087:
10080:
10062:
10055:
10037:
10027:
10009:
9996:
9983:
9970:
9957:
9944:
9922:
9894:
9892:, 5 July 2011.
9869:
9847:
9825:
9818:
9800:
9793:
9772:
9734:
9716:European Union
9687:
9676:. Pewforum.org
9664:
9653:. Pewforum.org
9641:
9619:
9597:
9587:
9569:
9559:
9553:. Penguin UK.
9541:
9531:
9513:
9503:
9485:
9478:
9455:
9448:
9428:
9421:
9401:
9394:
9374:
9350:German History
9340:
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9268:
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9157:
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9118:
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8210:
8175:
8166:
8125:
8118:
8098:
8089:
8063:
8042:10.2307/750865
8020:
8009:
7991:
7972:
7943:
7914:
7895:
7877:
7860:britannica.com
7847:
7845:Barzun, p. 380
7838:
7824:
7809:
7791:
7776:
7756:
7741:
7723:
7721:Barzun, p. 329
7714:
7705:
7699:
7681:
7679:Murray, p. 45.
7672:
7663:
7660:. p. 688.
7639:
7628:. Pewforum.org
7609:
7583:
7565:
7547:
7529:
7488:
7476:
7458:
7443:
7409:
7371:
7344:
7306:Berg, Maxine;
7298:
7291:
7271:
7251:
7214:
7179:
7172:
7146:
7134:
7116:
7097:
7073:
7060:
7058:Hannam, p. 342
7051:
7030:
6995:
6991:Stillman Drake
6978:
6969:
6950:
6943:
6917:
6910:
6884:
6877:
6859:
6852:
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6819:
6793:
6786:
6768:
6761:
6735:
6728:
6705:
6701:God and Reason
6692:
6679:
6664:
6655:
6646:
6639:
6619:
6589:
6582:
6562:
6555:
6547:THE ART MUSEUM
6537:
6522:
6513:
6498:
6480:
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6447:
6438:
6416:
6389:
6365:
6358:
6335:
6328:
6310:
6298:
6285:
6265:
6222:
6205:
6191:Wengrow, David
6187:Graeber, David
6178:
6155:
6135:
6123:
6103:
6090:
6078:New York Times
6067:
6061:978-1451628975
6060:
6042:
6017:
5993:
5984:scanned image
5974:
5957:
5955:, pp. 189, 208
5941:Jeremy Waldron
5932:
5898:
5880:
5873:
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5823:
5799:
5774:
5759:
5736:
5720:
5702:
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5646:
5639:
5621:
5590:
5583:
5562:
5556:Green, Peter.
5546:
5511:
5497:978-9004234765
5496:
5478:
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4991:
4975:
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4965:
4964:
4954:
4948:. OUP Oxford.
4939:
4929:
4923:. OUP Oxford.
4914:
4904:
4888:
4881:
4870:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
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4835:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4770:Western values
4767:
4765:Westernization
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4716:
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4714:
4700:
4697:Society portal
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4601:Greek alphabet
4593:
4563:
4556:
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4490:
4487:
4471:James Naismith
4398:British Empire
4319:Athens in 1896
4299:Ancient Greece
4243:Western sports
4241:Main article:
4238:
4235:
4169:United Kingdom
4161:Czech Republic
4110:European Union
4047:Roman religion
4031:Main article:
4028:
4025:
3972:Main article:
3969:
3966:
3833:thermodynamics
3771:, statistics,
3743:ACE inhibitors
3632:DNA sequencing
3624:chromatography
3565:petrochemicals
3530:World Wide Web
3526:plasma display
3486:communications
3456:electric light
3440:electric power
3390:Ibn al-Haytham
3312:
3309:
3232:
3231:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3204:Palais Garnier
3201:
3194:
3192:
3169:
3162:
3160:
3147:
3140:
3138:
3128:The facade of
3127:
3120:
3118:
3104:
3097:
3044:
3043:
3002:
3000:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2892:
2889:
2841:morality plays
2799:ballroom dance
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2771:Alphonse Mucha
2765:
2758:
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2749:
2742:
2740:
2724:
2717:
2715:
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2658:
2651:
2636:. In art, the
2618:
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2474:string quartet
2424:
2421:
2383:Detail of the
2377:
2376:
2366:
2363:
2310:(beginning in
2292:radiotelephone
2221:
2218:
2158:
2155:
2090:modern science
2029:Baruch Spinoza
2021:René Descartes
1994:Ottoman Empire
1990:Tokugawa Japan
1957:
1954:
1941:
1938:
1932:caused by the
1890:Late Antiquity
1821:Justinian Code
1816:
1813:
1800:Thomas Aquinas
1768:Thomas Aquinas
1742:Arabic science
1738:Greek classics
1611:
1608:
1588:and Levantine
1555:Edict of Milan
1499:(red) and its
1355:, there was a
1325:Ancient Greece
1321:Roman Republic
1306:
1303:
1218:Ancient Greece
1166:
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1162:
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1115:Metaphysicians
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1043:Metaphilosophy
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631:
628:
620:Greater Persia
616:Ottoman Empire
483:Fourth Crusade
391:Orthodox World
362:
359:
299:Greek scholars
193:ancient Greece
181:prominent role
150:Ancient Greece
126:belief systems
118:ethical values
77:Middle Eastern
15:
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13538:
13534:
13532:
13531:
13522:
13520:
13519:
13510:
13508:
13507:
13498:
13497:
13494:
13488:
13487:Youth culture
13485:
13483:
13480:
13478:
13475:
13473:
13472:Urban culture
13470:
13468:
13465:
13463:
13460:
13458:
13457:Remix culture
13455:
13453:
13450:
13448:
13445:
13443:
13440:
13438:
13435:
13433:
13432:Media culture
13430:
13428:
13425:
13423:
13422:Languaculture
13420:
13418:
13415:
13413:
13410:
13408:
13405:
13403:
13400:
13398:
13395:
13393:
13390:
13386:
13383:
13382:
13381:
13378:
13376:
13373:
13371:
13368:
13366:
13363:
13361:
13358:
13356:
13353:
13351:
13350:Culture shock
13348:
13346:
13343:
13341:
13338:
13336:
13333:
13331:
13328:
13326:
13323:
13321:
13318:
13316:
13313:
13311:
13310:Cultural turn
13308:
13306:
13303:
13299:
13296:
13295:
13294:
13291:
13289:
13286:
13284:
13281:
13279:
13276:
13274:
13271:
13269:
13266:
13264:
13261:
13259:
13256:
13254:
13251:
13249:
13246:
13244:
13241:
13239:
13236:
13234:
13231:
13229:
13226:
13224:
13221:
13219:
13216:
13214:
13211:
13209:
13206:
13204:
13201:
13199:
13196:
13194:
13191:
13189:
13186:
13184:
13181:
13179:
13178:Bennett scale
13176:
13174:
13171:
13169:
13166:
13165:
13163:
13159:
13153:
13150:
13148:
13145:
13141:
13138:
13137:
13136:
13133:
13131:
13128:
13124:
13121:
13119:
13116:
13114:
13111:
13109:
13108:Protestantism
13106:
13104:
13101:
13099:
13096:
13095:
13094:
13091:
13089:
13086:
13085:
13083:
13079:
13073:
13070:
13068:
13065:
13063:
13060:
13058:
13055:
13051:
13050:Biculturalism
13048:
13047:
13046:
13043:
13041:
13038:
13036:
13033:
13031:
13028:
13026:
13023:
13021:
13018:
13016:
13013:
13011:
13008:
13006:
13003:
13001:
12998:
12996:
12993:
12991:
12988:
12986:
12983:
12981:
12978:
12976:
12973:
12971:
12968:
12966:
12963:
12961:
12958:
12956:
12953:
12951:
12948:
12946:
12943:
12941:
12938:
12936:
12933:
12931:
12928:
12926:
12923:
12921:
12918:
12916:
12913:
12911:
12908:
12906:
12903:
12901:
12898:
12896:
12893:
12891:
12888:
12886:
12883:
12881:
12878:
12876:
12873:
12871:
12868:
12866:
12863:
12861:
12858:
12856:
12853:
12851:
12848:
12846:
12843:
12842:
12840:
12836:
12830:
12827:
12825:
12822:
12820:
12817:
12815:
12814:Technoculture
12812:
12810:
12807:
12805:
12802:
12800:
12797:
12795:
12794:Print culture
12792:
12790:
12787:
12785:
12782:
12780:
12777:
12775:
12772:
12770:
12767:
12765:
12762:
12760:
12759:Enculturation
12757:
12755:
12752:
12750:
12747:
12745:
12742:
12740:
12737:
12735:
12732:
12730:
12727:
12725:
12722:
12720:
12717:
12715:
12712:
12710:
12707:
12705:
12702:
12700:
12697:
12695:
12692:
12690:
12687:
12685:
12682:
12680:
12679:Cultural icon
12677:
12673:
12670:
12669:
12668:
12665:
12663:
12660:
12658:
12655:
12653:
12650:
12648:
12645:
12643:
12640:
12638:
12635:
12631:
12628:
12627:
12626:
12623:
12621:
12620:Cultural bias
12618:
12616:
12613:
12611:
12608:
12606:
12603:
12601:
12600:Cultural area
12598:
12596:
12593:
12591:
12588:
12586:
12585:Acculturation
12583:
12582:
12580:
12576:
12570:
12567:
12565:
12562:
12560:
12559:Super culture
12557:
12553:
12550:
12548:
12545:
12543:
12540:
12538:
12535:
12533:
12530:
12529:
12528:
12525:
12523:
12520:
12518:
12515:
12511:
12508:
12507:
12506:
12503:
12499:
12496:
12495:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12484:
12481:
12479:
12476:
12474:
12473:Legal culture
12471:
12469:
12466:
12464:
12461:
12459:
12456:
12454:
12451:
12449:
12446:
12445:
12443:
12439:
12433:
12430:
12428:
12425:
12423:
12422:Sound culture
12420:
12418:
12415:
12413:
12410:
12408:
12405:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12395:
12393:
12390:
12388:
12385:
12383:
12380:
12378:
12375:
12373:
12370:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12355:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12345:
12343:
12340:
12338:
12335:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12321:
12318:
12316:
12313:
12312:
12311:
12308:
12306:
12303:
12302:
12300:
12296:
12290:
12287:
12285:
12282:
12280:
12277:
12275:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12262:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12252:
12251:
12249:
12245:
12241:
12231:
12227:
12220:
12215:
12213:
12208:
12206:
12201:
12200:
12197:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12129:PROSUR/PROSUL
12127:
12125:
12122:
12120:
12117:
12115:
12112:
12110:
12107:
12105:
12102:
12100:
12097:
12095:
12092:
12090:
12087:
12085:
12082:
12080:
12077:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12045:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12024:Craiova Group
12022:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11960:
11957:
11955:
11952:
11950:
11947:
11945:
11942:
11940:
11939:ABCANZ Armies
11937:
11936:
11934:
11928:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11914:
11910:
11907:
11905:
11902:
11900:
11897:
11895:
11892:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11882:
11881:
11880:
11877:
11875:
11872:
11868:
11865:
11864:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11854:
11852:
11850:
11846:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11828:
11825:
11823:
11820:
11818:
11815:
11813:
11810:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11787:
11786:
11783:
11781:
11778:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11768:
11767:
11766:
11763:
11757:
11754:
11753:
11752:
11749:
11745:
11744:Protestantism
11742:
11738:
11735:
11734:
11733:
11730:
11726:
11723:
11722:
11721:
11718:
11714:
11710:
11707:
11706:
11705:
11702:
11701:
11700:
11697:
11696:
11695:
11692:
11691:
11689:
11687:
11683:
11675:
11672:
11671:
11670:
11667:
11665:
11664:Sovereigntism
11662:
11660:
11657:
11653:
11652:
11648:
11647:
11646:
11643:
11639:
11636:
11635:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
11619:
11616:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11601:
11597:
11594:
11592:
11589:
11588:
11587:
11584:
11580:
11577:
11576:
11575:
11572:
11570:
11567:
11565:
11562:
11560:
11559:Scholasticism
11557:
11555:
11552:
11550:
11547:
11545:
11542:
11540:
11537:
11535:
11532:
11530:
11527:
11526:
11524:
11522:
11518:
11510:
11507:
11505:
11502:
11500:
11497:
11495:
11492:
11491:
11490:
11487:
11483:
11480:
11479:
11478:
11475:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11462:
11461:
11458:
11454:
11451:
11450:
11449:
11446:
11444:
11441:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11423:
11422:
11419:
11415:
11412:
11411:
11410:
11407:
11403:
11400:
11399:
11398:
11395:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11382:
11381:
11378:
11376:
11373:
11371:
11368:
11366:
11363:
11359:
11356:
11355:
11354:
11351:
11349:
11346:
11342:
11339:
11338:
11337:
11334:
11330:
11327:
11326:
11325:
11322:
11318:
11315:
11314:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11301:
11298:
11297:
11296:
11293:
11291:
11288:
11284:
11281:
11279:
11276:
11274:
11271:
11270:
11269:
11266:
11265:
11263:
11261:
11257:
11249:
11248:War on terror
11246:
11244:
11241:
11240:
11239:
11236:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11207:
11204:
11202:
11199:
11197:
11194:
11192:
11189:
11187:
11184:
11182:
11179:
11177:
11174:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11164:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11143:
11142:
11141:Modern period
11139:
11137:
11134:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11117:
11116:
11115:
11112:
11108:
11105:
11104:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11094:
11092:
11090:
11086:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11072:
11070:
11067:
11065:
11062:
11056:
11053:
11051:
11048:
11047:
11046:
11043:
11041:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11031:
11028:
11027:
11026:
11023:
11021:
11018:
11016:
11013:
11012:
11010:
11006:
11002:
10998:
10997:Western world
10991:
10986:
10984:
10979:
10977:
10972:
10971:
10968:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10945:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10935:
10933:
10929:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10888:
10887:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10880:Generationism
10878:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10867:
10865:
10861:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10841:
10839:
10835:
10827:
10826:9X Generation
10824:
10823:
10821:
10817:
10814:
10812:
10809:
10808:
10806:
10802:
10799:
10798:
10796:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10783:
10781:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10768:
10766:
10762:
10759:
10758:
10756:
10752:
10749:
10748:
10746:
10742:
10739:
10738:
10736:
10732:
10729:
10728:
10726:
10722:
10719:
10718:
10716:
10712:
10709:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10699:
10698:
10696:
10695:
10693:
10689:
10679:
10676:
10674:
10673:Me generation
10671:
10669:
10666:
10665:
10663:
10659:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10634:
10632:
10630:
10626:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10590:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10581:
10579:
10575:
10571:
10564:
10559:
10557:
10552:
10550:
10545:
10544:
10541:
10535:
10531:
10528:
10525:
10524:
10515:
10511:
10508:
10507:
10502:
10501:
10493:
10492:9780691171487
10489:
10485:
10481:
10477:
10475:
10471:
10467:
10463:
10459:
10458:Stark, Rodney
10456:
10454:
10450:
10446:
10442:
10438:
10437:Stark, Rodney
10435:
10433:
10429:
10425:
10421:
10419:
10414:
10411:
10409:
10405:
10401:
10400:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10386:
10382:
10378:
10375:
10372:
10368:
10365:
10362:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10349:
10348:0-7661-3646-9
10345:
10341:
10337:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10323:
10320:
10317:
10316:0-385-17771-2
10313:
10309:
10305:
10302:
10301:0-87223-444-4
10298:
10294:
10291:Stein, Ralph
10290:
10287:
10286:0-8018-5869-0
10283:
10279:
10275:
10272:
10271:0-393-96885-5
10268:
10264:
10260:
10258:
10254:
10251:
10250:0-7607-1210-7
10247:
10243:
10239:
10236:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10226:0-7914-2353-0
10223:
10219:
10218:
10213:
10210:
10209:0-486-27472-1
10206:
10203:Dover (1960)
10202:
10198:
10195:
10191:
10187:
10183:
10180:
10176:
10172:
10168:
10165:
10161:
10158:
10157:0-06-017586-9
10154:
10150:
10148:
10143:
10141:
10137:
10134:
10130:
10127:
10126:2-88155-004-5
10123:
10119:
10115:
10111:
10105:
10101:
10096:
10095:
10083:
10081:9780809128501
10077:
10073:
10066:
10058:
10056:9780199759217
10052:
10048:
10041:
10034:
10030:
10028:9780521889520
10024:
10020:
10013:
10006:
10000:
9993:
9987:
9980:
9974:
9967:
9961:
9954:
9948:
9932:
9926:
9919:
9918:
9913:
9909:
9906:
9898:
9891:
9887:
9886:
9882:
9879:
9873:
9857:
9851:
9835:
9829:
9821:
9819:9781443891592
9815:
9811:
9804:
9796:
9794:9789004346307
9790:
9786:
9779:
9777:
9757:
9753:
9752:
9744:
9738:
9732:1% threshold.
9721:
9717:
9713:
9712:
9704:
9698:
9696:
9694:
9692:
9675:
9668:
9652:
9645:
9629:
9623:
9607:
9601:
9594:
9590:
9588:9781317606307
9584:
9580:
9573:
9566:
9562:
9560:9780141954714
9556:
9552:
9545:
9538:
9534:
9532:9781108486095
9528:
9524:
9517:
9510:
9506:
9504:9781139484138
9500:
9496:
9489:
9481:
9475:
9471:
9470:
9462:
9460:
9451:
9445:
9441:
9440:
9432:
9424:
9418:
9414:
9413:
9405:
9397:
9391:
9387:
9386:
9378:
9371:
9363:
9359:
9355:
9351:
9344:
9329:. p. 267
9328:
9327:
9319:
9304:
9303:
9298:
9291:
9283:
9279:
9272:
9257:
9256:
9251:
9248:Nelson, Jon.
9244:
9228:
9224:
9223:
9218:
9215:Nelson, Jon.
9211:
9203:
9196:
9184:
9168:
9164:
9160:
9154:
9150:
9149:
9144:
9137:
9129:
9122:
9116:
9110:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9079:
9075:
9068:
9061:
9046:
9040:
9033:
9032:
9025:
9009:
9005:
8999:
8991:
8985:
8980:
8979:
8970:
8962:
8956:
8952:
8948:
8947:
8939:
8931:
8925:
8921:
8915:
8909:
8905:
8902:
8898:
8892:
8886:
8885:0-19-920613-9
8882:
8878:
8872:
8865:
8861:
8856:
8849:
8845:
8841:
8840:Plus Magazine
8837:
8831:
8816:
8812:
8806:
8791:
8787:
8780:
8772:
8771:
8763:
8755:
8749:
8745:
8744:
8736:
8720:
8716:
8710:
8702:
8696:
8692:
8691:
8683:
8668:
8664:
8658:
8650:
8646:
8642:
8638:
8634:
8630:
8626:
8619:
8612:
8608:
8602:
8598:
8593:
8592:
8583:
8575:
8569:
8565:
8558:
8550:
8546:
8542:
8538:
8531:
8523:
8517:
8513:
8512:
8504:
8497:
8493:
8487:
8480:
8476:
8472:
8469:
8464:
8448:
8444:
8438:
8432:
8419:
8413:
8409:
8408:
8400:
8393:
8389:
8385:
8382:
8377:
8362:
8358:
8352:
8337:
8333:
8327:
8312:
8306:
8298:
8292:
8288:
8284:
8283:
8275:
8267:
8260:
8253:
8248:
8239:
8231:
8225:
8221:
8214:
8206:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8190:
8186:
8179:
8170:
8161:
8156:
8152:
8148:
8145:(1379): 516.
8144:
8140:
8136:
8129:
8121:
8115:
8111:
8110:
8102:
8093:
8077:
8073:
8067:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8047:
8043:
8039:
8035:
8031:
8024:
8017:
8012:
8006:
8002:
7995:
7987:
7983:
7976:
7970:
7969:0-486-24823-2
7966:
7962:
7958:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7918:
7912:
7908:
7905:
7899:
7891:
7884:
7882:
7866:on 1 May 2022
7865:
7861:
7857:
7851:
7842:
7835:. 9 May 2023.
7834:
7828:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7806:
7802:
7795:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7773:
7769:
7768:
7760:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7738:
7734:
7727:
7718:
7712:Barzun, p. 73
7709:
7702:
7696:
7692:
7685:
7676:
7670:Hall, p. 100.
7667:
7659:
7652:
7650:
7648:
7646:
7644:
7627:
7620:
7618:
7616:
7614:
7598:
7594:
7587:
7579:
7575:
7569:
7561:
7560:Science Daily
7557:
7551:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7500:
7492:
7485:
7479:
7473:
7469:
7462:
7454:
7447:
7440:
7428:
7424:
7422:
7413:
7406:
7404:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7375:
7359:
7355:
7348:
7340:
7336:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7313:
7309:
7302:
7294:
7292:0-521-01079-9
7288:
7284:
7283:
7275:
7269:
7268:0-349-10484-0
7265:
7261:
7255:
7246:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7218:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7195:(3): 625–58.
7194:
7190:
7183:
7175:
7169:
7165:
7160:
7159:
7150:
7143:
7138:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7112:
7106:
7101:
7093:
7089:
7088:
7083:
7077:
7070:
7064:
7055:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7034:
7026:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7011:(2): 163–93.
7010:
7006:
6999:
6992:
6988:
6982:
6973:
6965:
6959:
6954:
6946:
6940:
6935:
6934:
6928:
6921:
6913:
6907:
6902:
6901:
6895:
6894:"Reformation"
6888:
6880:
6874:
6870:
6863:
6855:
6849:
6844:
6843:
6837:
6836:"Renaissance"
6830:
6822:
6816:
6811:
6810:
6804:
6797:
6789:
6783:
6779:
6772:
6764:
6758:
6753:
6752:
6746:
6739:
6731:
6725:
6721:
6720:
6712:
6710:
6702:
6696:
6689:
6683:
6675:
6668:
6659:
6650:
6642:
6636:
6632:
6631:
6623:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6593:
6585:
6579:
6575:
6574:
6566:
6558:
6552:
6548:
6541:
6533:
6526:
6517:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6495:
6491:
6484:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6462:
6458:
6451:
6442:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6420:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6393:
6387:
6386:0-691-00659-8
6383:
6379:
6375:
6369:
6361:
6355:
6351:
6350:
6342:
6340:
6331:
6329:9781134374755
6325:
6321:
6314:
6307:
6302:
6295:
6289:
6283:
6282:0-563-17064-6
6279:
6275:
6269:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6238:(4): 665–75.
6237:
6233:
6226:
6219:
6208:
6206:9780374721107
6202:
6198:
6197:
6192:
6188:
6182:
6175:
6173:
6166:
6159:
6151:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6133:
6127:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6107:
6100:
6094:
6088:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6071:
6063:
6057:
6053:
6046:
6038:
6032:
6025:
6020:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6005:
5997:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5978:
5971:
5967:
5961:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5936:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5910:
5902:
5894:
5887:
5885:
5876:
5870:
5866:
5861:
5860:
5851:
5849:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5828:
5820:
5819:0-521-36105-2
5816:
5812:
5806:
5804:
5788:
5784:
5778:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5760:0-299-11880-0
5756:
5752:
5751:
5743:
5741:
5733:
5727:
5725:
5717:
5716:
5709:
5707:
5699:
5693:
5689:
5688:
5680:
5678:
5669:
5663:
5659:
5658:
5650:
5642:
5636:
5632:
5625:
5610:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5594:
5586:
5584:3-540-20396-6
5580:
5576:
5572:
5566:
5559:
5553:
5551:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5515:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5493:
5489:
5482:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5460:
5456:
5449:
5441:
5435:
5431:
5424:
5416:
5410:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5384:
5377:
5369:
5363:
5359:
5358:
5350:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5300:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5265:
5257:
5251:
5247:
5242:
5241:
5232:
5224:
5218:
5214:
5207:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5188:
5181:
5178:Karl Heussi,
5175:
5167:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5147:
5139:
5132:
5124:
5118:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5095:
5089:
5086:. Wadsworth.
5085:
5084:
5076:
5065:
5059:
5055:
5054:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5027:
5024:
5019:
5013:
5009:
5008:
5002:
4999:
4994:
4988:
4984:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4962:
4957:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4940:
4937:
4932:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4915:
4912:
4907:
4901:
4897:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4878:
4873:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4854:
4850:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4786:
4782:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4740:Eastern world
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4711:Europe portal
4701:
4698:
4692:
4687:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4653:) and formal
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4550:New Testament
4547:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4500:
4495:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4326:amphitheatres
4322:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4303:Olympic Games
4300:
4295:
4293:
4286:
4285:Olympic Games
4282:
4278:
4273:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4197:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4124:make up 12%,
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4106:Eurobarometer
4102:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4043:Indo-European
4040:
4034:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3974:Western media
3965:
3963:
3956:
3955:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3899:
3897:
3896:metric system
3893:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3845:Coulomb's law
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3739:beta blockers
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3549:polypropylene
3546:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3518:laser printer
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3498:ballpoint pen
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3471:Nuclear power
3468:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3317:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3040:
3037:
3029:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3003:This section
3001:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2956:Tale of Genji
2952:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2939:world and in
2938:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2902:Divine Comedy
2897:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2837:Passion Plays
2834:
2830:
2829:Roman theatre
2826:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2792:
2791:
2785:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2736:Musée d'Orsay
2733:
2729:
2728:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2610:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2444:, opera, and
2443:
2439:
2434:
2431:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2374:
2373:Western canon
2369:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2324:nuclear power
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2300:Protestantism
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2250:globalization
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:individualism
2227:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2176:machine tools
2173:
2169:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2110:human anatomy
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2059:Denis Diderot
2056:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2045:Immanuel Kant
2042:
2038:
2035:(1694–1778),
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2017:Francis Bacon
2013:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1951:
1946:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1791:valetudinaria
1788:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1713:founded many
1712:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1669:
1665:
1664:VĂ©zelay Abbey
1660:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1557:and then the
1556:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1540:Roman culture
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1501:client states
1498:
1493:
1487:
1486:Roman temples
1483:
1479:
1478:Maison Carrée
1474:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:Ancient Egypt
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1299:Enlightenment
1296:
1292:
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1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
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1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
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1242:
1239:(such as the
1238:
1234:
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1227:
1223:
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1207:
1205:
1204:Ancient Egypt
1201:
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1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:civilizations
1170:The earliest
1161:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1147:
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1138:
1131:
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1106:
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1101:
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1092:
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1082:
1081:
1074:
1071:
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1064:
1061:
1059:
1058:Phenomenology
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
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1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1008:
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981:
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930:
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923:
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915:
912:
910:
907:
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902:
900:
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875:
874:
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870:
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824:
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817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
802:
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789:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
750:
749:Ancient Greek
747:
745:
742:
741:
740:
737:
736:
735:
734:
731:
728:
727:
721:
715:
714:
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705:
703:
700:
698:
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693:
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685:
683:
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663:
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654:
653:
650:
647:
646:
642:
641:
637:
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625:
624:Greater India
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617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
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582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:Islamic world
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
531:Occidentalism
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
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444:
440:
439:Roman culture
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
404:
397:
392:
388:
387:Latin America
384:
383:
378:
373:
368:
367:Western world
358:
356:
352:
351:globalization
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:individualism
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
256:New Testament
253:
249:
246:world of the
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:scholasticism
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
179:has played a
178:
177:Protestantism
174:
170:
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163:
159:
155:
151:
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146:classical era
143:
142:Western world
139:
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119:
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39:
38:Vitruvian Man
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13528:
13516:
13504:
13481:
13452:Rape culture
13397:Drug culture
13385:Deaf culture
13370:Cyberculture
13340:Culture hero
13253:Cultural lag
13193:Civilization
13093:Christianity
12799:Protoculture
12483:Microculture
12463:High culture
12458:Folk culture
12407:Postcritique
12174:Western Bloc
11974:AUSCANNZUKUS
11930:Contemporary
11879:Human rights
11725:Latin Church
11699:Christianity
11649:
11608:Conservatism
11453:contemporary
11290:Architecture
11259:
11226:World War II
11186:Emancipation
11181:Abolitionism
11069:Romanization
11064:Roman legacy
11045:Roman Empire
11000:
10942:
10816:Generation Z
10782:South Korea
10614:Generation Z
10604:Generation X
10599:Baby boomers
10513:
10505:
10479:
10461:
10445:Random House
10440:
10416:
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9935:. Retrieved
9925:
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9860:. Retrieved
9850:
9838:. Retrieved
9828:
9809:
9803:
9784:
9763:. Retrieved
9756:the original
9749:
9737:
9724:, retrieved
9709:
9678:. Retrieved
9667:
9655:. Retrieved
9644:
9632:. Retrieved
9628:"Christians"
9622:
9610:. Retrieved
9600:
9592:
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9331:. Retrieved
9325:
9318:
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9300:
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9271:
9259:. Retrieved
9253:
9243:
9231:. Retrieved
9227:the original
9220:
9210:
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9147:
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9121:
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9109:
9097:. Retrieved
9090:the original
9077:
9073:
9060:
9048:. Retrieved
9030:
9024:
9012:. Retrieved
9007:
8998:
8977:
8969:
8945:
8938:
8919:
8914:
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8896:
8895:Archimedes,
8891:
8876:
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8863:
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8830:
8818:. Retrieved
8814:
8805:
8793:. Retrieved
8789:
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8735:
8723:. Retrieved
8719:the original
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8689:
8682:
8670:. Retrieved
8666:
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8463:
8451:. Retrieved
8447:the original
8437:
8421:. Retrieved
8406:
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8364:. Retrieved
8360:
8351:
8339:. Retrieved
8335:
8326:
8314:. Retrieved
8305:
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8247:
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8213:
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8169:
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8080:. Retrieved
8075:
8066:
8033:
8029:
8023:
8014:
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7975:
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7951:Morris Kline
7946:
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7931:the original
7926:
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7889:
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7864:the original
7859:
7850:
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7827:
7800:
7794:
7766:
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7726:
7717:
7708:
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7600:. Retrieved
7596:
7586:
7578:Khan Academy
7568:
7550:
7532:
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7467:
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7438:
7431:. Retrieved
7427:the original
7420:
7412:
7399:
7392:. Retrieved
7388:the original
7374:
7362:. Retrieved
7347:
7325:(1): 24–50.
7322:
7318:
7301:
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7254:
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7223:
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7107:, p. 40
7100:
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7033:
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6606:the original
6601:
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6565:
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6483:
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6217:
6210:. Retrieved
6195:
6181:
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6168:
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6131:
6126:
6118:
6106:
6098:
6093:
6077:
6070:
6051:
6045:
6022:
6003:
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5977:
5960:
5944:
5935:
5925:16 September
5923:. Retrieved
5919:the original
5914:
5908:
5901:
5892:
5858:
5821:, pp. xix–xx
5810:
5790:. Retrieved
5786:
5777:
5749:
5731:
5714:
5686:
5656:
5649:
5630:
5624:
5602:
5593:
5574:
5571:Russo, Lucio
5565:
5557:
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5481:
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5423:
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5286:
5264:
5239:
5231:
5212:
5206:
5201:, Britannica
5187:
5179:
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5112:
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5097:
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4884:
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4853:
4794:
4791:D.G. Hogarth
4785:
4662:modern times
4633:Hieroglyphic
4585:
4574:freethinking
4542:mythological
4504:
4436:
4423:
4418:
4386:
4367:
4358:bull worship
4354:bullfighting
4334:Gladiatorial
4330:blood sports
4323:
4307:Peloponnesus
4296:
4289:
4200:
4193:
4154:
4152:countries.
4150:Eastern Bloc
4103:
4091:
4067:
4039:polytheistic
4036:
4014:
4003:
3992:
3977:
3954:New Horizons
3952:
3943:
3938:in 1986 and
3929:
3928:(2001), the
3911:
3900:
3889:
3867:(1871). The
3863:(1827), and
3789:group theory
3766:
3747:double-blind
3652:
3648:spectroscopy
3577:
3545:polyethylene
3534:
3479:
3436:steam engine
3433:
3409:Nobel Prizes
3405:Alfred Nobel
3398:
3374:
3307:in English.
3304:
3298:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3233:
3228:Western food
3184:Michelangelo
3149:
3047:
3032:
3023:
3012:Please help
3007:verification
3004:
2986:Architecture
2976:
2969:
2965:
2954:
2948:
2943:Japan. Both
2929:
2928:and Homer's
2923:
2920:
2915:Gustave Doré
2900:
2865:
2823:
2807:square dance
2796:
2788:
2766:
2752:Eugène Atget
2725:
2700:
2675:
2646:
2626:oil painting
2622:Jan van Eyck
2620:
2440:, concerto,
2435:
2426:
2417:
2414:
2399:, Bishop of
2395:(right) and
2359:Moon Landing
2285:
2281:
2270:
2232:, prominent
2223:
2210:
2196:
2191:steam engine
2160:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2122:
2083:
2072:
2066:
2054:Encyclopédie
2052:
2014:
1998:
1986:Mughal India
1978:civilization
1966:imperialists
1959:
1902:Great Schism
1887:
1853:
1841:civil rights
1818:
1790:
1785:
1727:
1708:
1700:fall of Rome
1697:
1690:
1678:
1579:
1575:antisemitism
1548:
1525:
1517:
1497:Roman Empire
1436:
1428:Roman Empire
1420:architecture
1384:Near-Eastern
1377:
1337:Persian Wars
1318:
1254:
1244:
1230:
1226:Ancient Rome
1208:
1169:
1087:Philosophers
995:Epistemology
816:South Africa
771:Contemporary
720:Philosophies
585:
578:
542:philosophers
539:
526:relativistic
523:
479:Great Schism
477:in 800, the
451:Roman Empire
408:
402:
380:
333:, prominent
264:
252:Near-Eastern
237:
175:, and later
166:
162:Christianity
154:Ancient Rome
138:technologies
114:social norms
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
88:
36:
25:
13530:WikiProject
13462:Tea culture
13365:Culturalism
13335:Culture gap
13298:Pop-culture
13098:Catholicism
13020:Culture war
12478:Low culture
12377:Culturomics
12284:Culturology
12114:Open Balkan
11932:integration
11862:Rule of law
11857:Natural law
11834:Agnosticism
11812:Hellenistic
11790:Anglo-Saxon
11720:Catholicism
11659:Atlanticism
11564:Rationalism
11370:Immigration
11353:Esotericism
11211:World War I
11176:Romanticism
11156:Reformation
11136:Renaissance
11114:Middle Ages
11079:Christendom
11008:Foundations
10900:Shared site
10811:Millennials
10652:Zillennials
10609:Millennials
10570:Generations
9902:(in French)
9333:4 September
9191:|work=
8667:www.pslc.ws
8453:15 November
8366:15 November
8341:15 November
8191:(12): 864.
7537:Hunter 1985
7394:14 November
7308:Hudson, Pat
7124:Landes 1969
7105:Landes 1969
6686:Burke, P.,
6612:22 February
6376:, pp. 7–8.
6212:28 February
6115:Carol Gluck
5907:"Review of
5834:Verger 1999
5792:17 February
5614:8 September
4805:, southern
4725:Christendom
4720:Atlanticism
4666:Romanticism
4639:Natural law
4570:rationalism
4463:Walter Camp
4189:Netherlands
4122:Protestants
4074:Greco-Roman
4045:in origin.
3914:outer space
3907:charge card
3805:chromosomes
3711:stethoscope
3707:immunoassay
3679:Radiography
3667:germ theory
3655:antibiotics
3602:, bicycle,
3557:polystyrene
3528:screen and
3514:photocopier
3475:atomic pile
3452:transformer
3394:Roger Bacon
3361:Buzz Aldrin
3284:. Known as
3210:masterpiece
3074:Renaissance
2937:Hellenistic
2926:Mahabharata
2873:comic opera
2702:Las Meninas
2642:portraiture
2638:Celtic knot
2630:perspective
2611:, 1811–1886
2609:Franz Liszt
2596:, 1810–1849
2581:, 1770–1827
2566:, 1756–1791
2551:, 1732–1809
2536:, 1685–1750
2521:, 1685–1759
2506:, 1678–1741
2491:, 1567–1643
2312:Australasia
2296:Catholicism
2234:subcultures
2172:steam power
2168:water power
2108:(including
2094:mathematics
1926:Catholicism
1857:Renaissance
1809:Scholastics
1776:Middle Ages
1740:along with
1719:monasteries
1693:Charlemagne
1652:Spiš Castle
1620:Justinian I
1582:Middle Ages
1333:Trojan Wars
1295:Reformation
1287:Middle Ages
1271:Greco-Roman
1176:Mesopotamia
1010:Metaphysics
925:By religion
781:Continental
761:Renaissance
596:Meiji Japan
572:at the 732
535:Orientalism
503:Renaissance
471:Charlemagne
427:Christendom
361:Terminology
335:subcultures
319:experiments
311:natural law
244:Hellenistic
205:rationalism
201:Renaissance
197:Middle Ages
13553:Categories
12527:Subculture
12305:Bioculture
12134:Rio Treaty
11645:Relativism
11603:Liberalism
11569:Empiricism
11521:Philosophy
11509:Secularism
11460:Philosophy
11397:Literature
11191:Capitalism
10767:Singapore
9937:8 February
9890:Ipsos MORI
9862:31 January
9840:31 January
9651:"Americas"
9634:31 January
9612:31 January
9261:2 February
9233:2 February
8815:HathiTrust
8361:brophy.net
8336:brophy.net
8332:"Contents"
8082:6 December
7963:. p. 284.
7364:9 November
7230:(1): 104.
7067:E. Grant,
6958:Frank 2001
6306:Scott 2018
6172:Europenses
5970:8126913665
5612:Retrieved
5339:1596983280
5309:1851821252
4841:References
4803:Montenegro
4793:published
4479:Volleyball
4467:Basketball
4424:world game
3942:in 1989),
3829:relativity
3749:study and
3717:, and the
3665:, and the
3659:Rh disease
3616:microscope
3608:Eyeglasses
3604:automobile
3600:locomotive
3580:transistor
3512:, camera,
3417:Literature
3359:astronaut
3340:The Greek
3222:See also:
3208:Beaux-Arts
3134:Romanesque
3087:skyscraper
3066:Romanesque
3064:, and the
3060:orders of
3054:Corinthian
2891:Literature
2877:Vaudeville
2869:music hall
2861:Ben Jonson
2819:folk dance
2815:step dance
2472:, and the
2460:, and the
2454:pipe organ
2409:Romanesque
2371:See also:
2348:volleyball
2344:basketball
2277:Secularism
2262:Industrial
2246:syncretism
2205:capitalist
2041:David Hume
2025:John Locke
2010:skepticism
1992:, and the
1982:Qing China
1918:Scholastic
1746:philosophy
1728:After the
1723:seminaries
1715:cathedrals
1698:After the
1680:Notre-Dame
1650:) and the
1618:Mosaic of
1590:monotheism
1532:syncretism
1520:Greek East
1447:Asia Minor
1424:literature
1412:Phoenician
1406:, Jewish,
1369:barbarians
1251:barbarians
1210:Phoenician
1018:Aesthetics
707:Categories
649:Philosophy
600:Qing China
581:white race
411:philosophy
347:syncretism
291:philosophy
275:Al-Andalus
231:, and the
221:Empiricism
80:philosophy
13355:Culturgen
13123:Mormonism
13081:Religions
12754:Cultureme
12672:Destroyed
12298:Subfields
12079:Five Eyes
12074:EU–UK TCA
11916:Democracy
11805:Old Norse
11694:Abrahamic
11651:Peritrope
11633:Tolerance
11613:Socialism
11443:Mythology
11431:Classical
11380:Languages
11358:Astrology
11206:Modernism
11020:Old World
10955:OK boomer
10350:Reviews:
9856:"Germany"
9765:14 August
9726:14 August
9680:17 August
9657:17 August
9193:ignored (
9183:cite book
9086:0772-7674
8951:1122–1127
8423:16 August
8058:195048595
7819:654535012
7751:668182929
7632:17 August
7597:USA Today
6989:, trans.
6260:157454140
6031:cite book
5541:0733-4540
5506:851653645
5409:cite book
5401:858610469
5010:. BRILL.
4846:Citations
4519:Aristotle
4404:, modern
4402:ping pong
4362:sacrifice
4340:—such as
4231:neo-pagan
4118:Christian
4114:Catholics
4006:Sputnik 1
3999:New World
3960:flyby of
3945:Voyager 1
3931:Voyager 2
3861:Ohm's law
3821:mechanics
3801:evolution
3719:endoscope
3612:telescope
3482:telegraph
3413:Chemistry
3357:Apollo 11
3273:galingale
3248:Crusaders
3111:Classical
3107:Parthenon
3082:Victorian
3026:June 2022
2950:Satyricon
2945:Petronius
2907:epic poem
2790:Swan Lake
2677:Mona Lisa
2458:accordion
2356:Apollo 11
2258:Discovery
2240:(such as
2150:Principia
2127:is being
2114:chemistry
2102:astronomy
1964:, and by
1837:canon law
1833:Roman law
1704:feudalism
1670:, France)
1586:reasoning
1414:and even
1365:Near East
1361:Aristotle
1349:Herodotus
1110:Logicians
1105:Ethicists
1063:Political
1023:Education
944:Christian
939:Confucian
838:Indonesia
792:By region
730:By period
592:Near East
491:Aristotle
415:worldview
341:(such as
134:artifacts
110:heritages
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13506:Category
13088:Buddhism
12838:Politics
12247:Sciences
12139:Schengen
12069:Eurozone
11909:Property
11904:Religion
11795:Frankish
11785:Germanic
11765:Paganism
11686:Religion
11674:European
11586:Humanism
11489:Religion
11448:Painting
11414:Internet
11365:Folklore
11336:Clothing
11307:Calendar
11283:Cyrillic
11268:Alphabet
11231:Cold War
10905:Struggle
10863:Concepts
10822:Vietnam
10761:Decreței
10757:Romania
10711:Post-90s
10706:Post-80s
10701:Post-70s
10647:Xennials
10530:Archived
10486:, 2007.
10468:, 2014.
10447:, 2006.
10426:, 2020.
10369:(2002).
10167:Archived
9917:La Croix
9908:Archived
9881:Archived
9606:"Europe"
9167:00061677
9115:Equality
9099:27 April
8862:(1498),
8844:Archived
8471:Archived
8384:Archived
8316:23 April
8205:51658522
8076:BBC News
7986:BBC News
7907:Archived
7870:30 April
7786:52520631
7517:27-24075
7508:16011753
7382:(2003).
7358:Archived
7310:(1992).
7209:54816980
6475:34892303
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6252:20029452
6121:. p. xvi
6101:. p. 369
6083:Archived
5986:Archived
5943:(2002),
5787:TimeMaps
5769:19353503
5573:(2004).
5473:52605048
5315:Archived
5272:Archived
5195:Archived
4811:Bulgaria
4683:See also
4635:systems.
4605:Cyrillic
4552:Gospels.
4511:Socrates
4454:baseball
4420:Football
4378:James II
4369:Jousting
4313:. Baron
4215:Hellenic
4207:Germanic
4205:include
4134:atheists
4099:Americas
4027:Religion
4021:articles
3926:asteroid
3877:electron
3859:(1820),
3855:(1820),
3843:include
3813:genetics
3797:topology
3769:calculus
3731:hormones
3723:Vitamins
3671:smallpox
3663:diabetes
3569:elements
3462:and the
3300:Viandier
3290:Anthimus
3236:foodways
3234:Western
3180:Sangallo
2811:flamenco
2793:pictured
2713:(Madrid)
2711:El Prado
2634:Florence
2462:theremin
2446:oratorio
2438:symphony
2387:showing
2320:electric
2290:and the
2120:template
2079:Voltaire
2033:Voltaire
1914:Humanist
1865:Florence
1861:scholars
1845:equality
1829:Frankish
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1668:Burgundy
1648:Slovakia
1630:, Italy)
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1404:Egyptian
1394:and the
1373:Xenophon
1357:paradigm
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1343:against
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1297:and the
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1265:and the
1255:the West
1068:Religion
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1033:Language
987:Branches
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889:American
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756:Medieval
697:Glossary
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608:Far East
570:Umayyads
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558:identity
467:Frankish
389:and the
379:'s 1996
323:sciences
217:humanism
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13537:Changes
13518:Commons
13161:Related
13152:Sikhism
13147:Judaism
12578:Aspects
12240:Outline
12226:Culture
11984:Benelux
11889:Thought
11839:Atheism
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11756:Culture
11751:Judaism
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11704:Culture
11638:Paradox
11504:Decline
11465:Science
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11312:Cuisine
11300:Periods
11260:Culture
11089:History
11055:Eastern
11050:Western
11001:culture
10931:Related
10797:Taiwan
10747:Poland
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10629:Cuspers
10092:Sources
9714:, 393,
9308:14 July
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9050:24 June
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8637:Bibcode
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7433:10 July
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540:Some
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