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668:. The remains were discovered when these mines were reopened in modern mining attempts. They would have been used in a vertical sequence, with 16 such mills capable of raising water at least 96 feet (29 m) above the water table. Each wheel would have been worked by a miner treading the device at the top of the wheel, by using cleats on the outer edge. That they were using such devices in mines clearly implies that they were entirely capable of using them as
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795:. He also advised using a type of regulator to control the heat in the hot rooms, a bronze disc set into the roof under a circular aperture, which could be raised or lowered by a pulley to adjust the ventilation. Although he did not suggest it himself, his dewatering devices such as the reverse overshot water-wheel likely were used in the larger baths to lift water to header tanks at the top of the larger
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on domestic architecture is most clearly read in the opening paragraph of the
Introduction to Book 6. Book 6 focusses exclusively on residential architecture but as architectural theorist Simon Weir has explained, instead of writing the introduction on the virtues of residences or the family or some theme related directly to domestic life; Vitruvius writes an anecdote about the Greek ethical principle of
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1412:) in Alexandria. The clock had a rotating field of stars behind a wire frame indicating the hours of the day. The wire framework (the spider) and the star locations were constructed using the stereographic projection. Similar constructions dated from the 1st to 3rd centuries have been found in Salzburg and northeastern France, so such mechanisms were, it is presumed, fairly widespread among Romans.
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283:. He covered a wide variety of subjects he saw as touching on architecture. This included many aspects that may seem irrelevant to modern eyes, ranging from mathematics to astronomy, meteorology, and medicine. In the Roman conception, architecture needed to take into account everything touching on the physical and intellectual life of man and his surroundings.
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While
Vitruvius is fulsome in his descriptions of religious buildings, infrastructure and machinery, he gives a mixed message on domestic architecture. Similar to Aristotle, Vitruvius offers admiration for householders who built their own homes without the involvement of an architect. His ambivalence
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Though often cited for his famous "triad" of characteristics associated with architecture – utilitas, firmitas and venustas (utility, strength and beauty) – the aesthetic principles that influenced later treatise writers were outlined in Book III. Derived partially from
99:
It contains a variety of information on Greek and Roman buildings, as well as prescriptions for the planning and design of military camps, cities, and structures both large (aqueducts, buildings, baths, harbours) and small (machines, measuring devices, instruments). Since
Vitruvius published before
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or a sea-level fall. Though not indicative of sea-level change, or speculation of such, during the later-empire many Roman ports suffered from what contemporary writers described as 'silting'. The constant need to dredge ports became a heavy burden on the treasury and some have speculated that this
120:
Probably written between 30–20 BC, it combines the knowledge and views of many antique writers, Greek and Roman, on architecture, the arts, natural history and building technology. Vitruvius cites many authorities throughout the text, often praising Greek architects for their development of temple
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and 92 are still available in public collections, but they appear to have received little attention, possibly due to the obsolescence of many specialized Latin terms used by
Vitruvius and the loss of most of the original 10 illustrations thought by some to be helpful in understanding parts of the
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From references to them in the text, we know that there were at least a few illustrations in original copies (perhaps eight or ten), but perhaps only one of these survived in any medieval manuscript copy. This deficiency was remedied in 16th-century printed editions, which became illustrated with
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in 1521. It was rapidly translated into other
European languages – the first French version was published in 1547 – and the first German version followed in 1548. The first Spanish translation was published in 1582 by Miguel de Urrea and Juan Gracian. The most
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amounts to a heavily-influenced adaptation, while a 1692 translation was much abridged. English-speakers had to wait until 1771 for a full translation of the first five volumes and 1791 for the whole thing. Thanks to the art of printing, Vitruvius's work had become a popular subject of
527:, the definitive treatise on 1st-century Roman aqueducts, and discovered a discrepancy between the intake and supply of water caused by illegal pipes inserted into the channels to divert the water. The Roman Empire went far in exploiting water power, as the set of no fewer than 16
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837:. They were essential in all building operations, but especially in aqueduct construction, where a uniform gradient was important to provision of a regular supply of water without damage to the walls of the channel. He described the
931:. Myus, the third city, is described as being "long ago engulfed by the water, and its sacred rites and suffrage". This sentence indicates, at the time of Vitruvius's writing, it was known that sea-level change and/or land
356:
Vitruvius sought to address the ethos of architecture, declaring that quality depends on the social relevance of the artist's work, not on the form or workmanship of the work itself. Perhaps the most famous declaration from
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and his detection of adulterated gold in a royal crown. When
Archimedes realized the volume of the crown could be measured exactly by the displacement created in a bath of water, he ran into the street with the cry of
950:, England, today are located at the five-metre contour, implying this was the coastline. These observations only indicate the extent of silting and soil rebound affecting coastline change since the writing of
705:. The machine is operated by hand in moving a lever up and down. He mentioned its use for supplying fountains above a reservoir, although a more mundane use might be as a simple fire engine. One was found at
92:. As the only treatise on architecture to survive from antiquity, it has been regarded since the Renaissance as the first known book on architectural theory, as well as a major source on the canon of
141:
Latin rhetoric (through Cicero and Varro), Vitruvian terms for order, arrangement, proportion, and fitness for intended purposes have guided architects for centuries, and continue to do so.
292:, he advises architects working with bricks to familiarise themselves with pre-Socratic theories of matter so as to understand how their materials will behave. Book IX relates the abstract
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occurred. The layout of these cities is in general from south to north so that it appears that where Myrus should be located is inland. If this is the case, then since the writing of
642:
in
Chapter 10, although did not mention Archimedes by name. It was a device widely used for raising water to irrigate fields and dewater mines. Other lifting machines mentioned in
508:. Vitruvius's description of Roman aqueduct construction is short, but mentions key details especially for the way they were surveyed, and the careful choice of materials needed.
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595:(lead pipe) foundries of his time. However, much of the water used by Rome and many other cities was very hard, minerals soon coated the inner surfaces of the pipes, so
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for explanations of some technical terms. In addition, a number of individuals are known to have read the text or have been indirectly influenced by it, including:
611:!", and the discovery enabled him to compare the density of the crown with pure gold. He showed the crown had been alloyed with silver, and the king was defrauded.
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Vitruvius outlined the many innovations made in building design to improve the living conditions of the inhabitants. Foremost among them is the development of the
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379:", and the tag may be misunderstood. In modern English it would read: "The ideal building has three elements; it is sturdy, useful, and beautiful."
1729:
Wilkinson, T. J.; Murphy, P (Summer 1986). "Archaeological Survey of an
Intertidal Zone: The Submerged Landscape of the Essex Coast, England".
817:
That
Vitruvius must have been well practised in surveying is shown by his descriptions of surveying instruments, especially the water level or
845:, in essence a device for automatically measuring distances along roads, a machine essential for developing accurate itineraries, such as the
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2281:
1982:
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received in-depth descriptions, the longevity of many Roman structures being mute testimony to their skill in building materials and design.
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were among the first to re-evaluate and implement those disciplines that
Vitruvius considered a necessary element of architecture: arts and
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104:, and other innovations associated with Imperial Roman architecture, his ten books give no information on these distinctive innovations of
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in France demonstrates. The mills ground grain in a very efficient operation, and many other mills are now known, such as the much later
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Roman architects were skilled in engineering, art, and craftsmanship combined. Vitruvius was very much of this type, a fact reflected in
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form the basis of much of what is known about Roman technology, now augmented by archaeological studies of extant remains, such as the
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considered Vitruvius his master and guide, and made some drawings based on his work before conceiving his own architectural precepts.
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Vitruvius described many different construction materials used for a wide variety of different structures, as well as such details as
1616:
1017:
904:
3199:
1211:
Translations into Italian were in circulation by the 1520s, the first in print being the translation with new illustrations by
1840:. Translated by Morgan, Morris Hicky. Illustrations prepared by Herbert Langford Warren. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
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to develop power for a range of activities, not just for grinding wheat, but also probably for sawing timber, crushing ores,
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1471:
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2767), the oldest surviving manuscript, includes only one of the original illustrations, a rather crudely drawn octagonal
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should not be used to conduct drinking water, clay pipes being preferred. He comes to this conclusion in Book VIII of
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The Roman author gives advice on the qualifications of an architect (Book I) and on types of architectural drawing.
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in southern France. Numerous such massive structures occur across the former empire, a testament to the power of
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Weir, Simon (2015-09-03). "Xenia in Vitruvius's Greek house: andron, ξείνία and xenia from Homer to Augustus".
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is important for its descriptions of many different machines used for engineering structures, such as hoists,
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1582:, Book I, edited and translated into English by Frank Granger (Cambridge, Harvard University Press: 1931-34).
1709:""Securing a Future for Essex's Past" Heritage Conservation Planning Division, Essex County Council England"
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1968:
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1301:, prompting the rebirth of Classical architecture in subsequent centuries. Renaissance architects, such as
1005:, and has been shown to be one of the most important manuscripts for the further transmission of the text.
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372:
157:
1530:, Ed. Ingrid Rowland with illustrations by Thomas Noble Howe (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 1999)
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These texts were not just copied, but also known at the court of Charlemagne, since his historian, bishop
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Vitruvius, thus, deals with many theoretical issues concerning architecture. For instance, in Book II of
652:. Remains of the water wheels used for lifting water have been discovered in old mines such as those at
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with valves to allow a head of water to be formed above the machine. The device is also described by
717:. Their functions are not described, but they are both made in bronze, just as Vitruvius specified.
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Vitruvius's work is one of many examples of Latin texts that owe their survival to the palace
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expense significantly contributed to the eventual collapse of the empire. Roman salt works in
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1641:"Page:Vitruvius the Ten Books on Architecture.djvu/203 - Wikisource, the free online library"
1593:"Page:Vitruvius the Ten Books on Architecture.djvu/205 - Wikisource, the free online library"
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thinkers, just as interest in the classical cultural and scientific heritage was reviving.
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in the margin. This was written in Germany in about 800 to 825, probably at the abbey of
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where hot air developed by a fire was channelled under the floor and inside the walls of
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invented, and intended for amusement and pleasure rather than serving a useful function.
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1778:, 2022, eds. Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, Sofia Greaves, Oxbow Books, ISBN 9781789257823,
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1118:, dating from the 8th to the 15th centuries, did exist in manuscript form during the
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1255:, with highly detailed and interpretive illustrations, and became widely dispersed.
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The rediscovery of Vitruvius's work had a profound influence on architects of the
486:) as an experiment to demonstrate the nature of atmospheric air movements (wind).
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in 1486 (with a second edition in 1495 or 1496), but none were illustrated. The
515:, a general who was appointed in the late 1st century AD to administer the many
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in 1511. It had a thorough philosophical approach and superb illustrations.
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Ruins of the hypocaust under the floor of a Roman villa: The part under the
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in the early 9th century. This activity of finding and recopying classical
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483:
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169:
74:
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authoritative and influential edition was publicized in French in 1673 by
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Vitruvius also studied human proportions (Book III) and this part of his
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is one still quoted by architects: "Well building hath three conditions:
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325:
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211:
198:(includes the section on body proportions that led to da Vinci's drawing)
126:
122:
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2710:
2660:
2240:
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1954:
1791:
Krinsky, Carol Herselle (1967). "Seventy-Eight Vitruvius Manuscripts".
1497: – Technological accomplishments of the ancient Roman civilization
1180:
1159:, Switzerland. He publicized the manuscript to a receptive audience of
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916:
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820:
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371:'s version of 1624, and accurately translates the passage in the work,
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1960:
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but English has changed since then, especially in regard to the word "
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2005:
1897:
1491: – Engineering accomplishments of the ancient Roman civilization
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774:
752:
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after empirical observation of the apparent laborer illnesses in the
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is cited for its insights into the organisation of human life, while
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81:
77:
42:
1939:
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2010:
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found in Salzburg and corresponding to the description by Vitruvius
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767:. He gave explicit instructions on how to design such buildings so
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2015:
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Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art
627:
133:), and providing key accounts of the origins of building in the
2189:
1515:
A History of Architectural Theory from Vitruvius to the Present
1468: – Classic architectural treatise by Leon Battista Alberti
1205:
1186:
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in west Wales. One of the wheels from Rio Tinto is now in the
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764:
619:
474:. Vitruvius also described the construction of sundials and
297:
1141:
by Vitruvius; illustrated edition by Cesare Cesariano (1521)
348:
2196:
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1541:
The Architecture of the Roman Empire: An Introductory Study
1319:
their rationale for raising their branch of knowledge to a
1220:
896:
884:
578:
423:
1102:
in his compendium of all the knowledge of the Middle Ages
1341:
developed by Vitruvius in the first chapter of Book III,
46:
Manuscript of Vitruvius; parchment dating from about 1390
1474: – 1570 treatise on architecture by Andrea Palladio
1886:
online: cross-linked Latin text and English translation
1480: – 1st-century Roman military commander and writer
1266:, Ph.D, LL.D. Late Professor of Classical Philology in
875:", in present-day Turkey. These cities are given as:
388:
were later adopted and adapted in the famous drawing
1906:(Morris Hicky Morgan translation with illustrations)
1419:
1238:
had drawn on the text as early as 1563 for his book
1145:Vitruvius's work was "rediscovered" in 1416 by the
147:The ten books or scrolls are organized as follows:
2978:The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art
176:in general, and the qualifications required of an
3113:Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science
1931:Modern bibliography on line (15th-17th centuries)
3191:
1543:(New Haven, Yale University Press: 1982): 10-11.
1517:(New York, Princeton Architectural Press: 1994).
691:, which Vitruvius described as being built from
1793:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
1776:Rome and the Colonial City: Rethinking the Grid
1728:
713:) in England, and another is on display at the
1864:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999,
3108:European Society for Mathematics and the Arts
2282:Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond
1976:
1617:"Aristotle, Economics, Book 1, section 1345a"
1343:On Symmetry: In Temples And In The Human Body
648:include the endless chain of buckets and the
2262:List of works designed with the golden ratio
1200:produced the first version illustrated with
638:Vitruvius described the construction of the
1940:
1855:The Date, Identity, and Career of Vitruvius
1546:
1393:
1314:
1240:The First and Chief Grounds of Architecture
1178:
1172:
1136:
1113:
1103:
1097:
970:
959:
951:
936:
858:
838:
826:
818:
796:
788:
780:
772:
740:
700:
643:
588:
582:
520:
495:
449:
389:
358:
287:
278:
150:
51:
30:
1983:
1969:
1552:
511:His book would have been of assistance to
100:the development of cross vaulting, domes,
2322:Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption
1833:
1827:
1323:as well as emphasising the skills of the
602:Vitruvius related the famous story about
84:and dedicated to his patron, the emperor
1706:
1375:
1283:
1125:
825:, which he compared favourably with the
812:
734:
626:
618:
565:
433:
422:
405:
347:
41:
20:
2868:Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion
1990:
1790:
1770:; the diagram is figure 3:1 on p.47 in
1012:, asked the visiting English churchman
3192:
687:is credited with the invention of the
614:
489:
115:
1964:
1258:Of the many later editions, the 1914
1215:, a Milanese friend of the architect
1096:made a large number of references to
857:In Book IV Chapter 1 Subsection 4 of
720:Vitruvius also mentioned the several
631:Sequence of drainage wheels found in
312:is required for the understanding of
16:Treatise on architecture by Vitruvius
1862:Vitruvius. Ten Books on Architecture
1663:
1388:The earliest evidence of use of the
941:, the region has experienced either
231:Sciences influencing architecture –
3053:Journal of Mathematics and the Arts
1166:
852:
623:Drainage wheel from Rio Tinto mines
418:
13:
3067:Making Mathematics with Needlework
1847:
1293:, Leonardo da Vinci (c. 1485–1490)
730:
462:, as well as war machines such as
14:
3266:
3210:Ancient Roman military technology
2893:I quattro libri dell'architettura
1875:
1737:(2). Boston University: 177–194.
1472:I quattro libri dell'architettura
1276:, and from the Internet Archive.
1135:, illustration in the edition of
1082:Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence
664:, and one from the latter in the
415:: showing kindness to strangers.
367:". This quote is taken from Sir
3172:
3171:
2417:Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror
2101:
1909:
1799:. The Warburg Institute: 36–70.
1450:
1436:
1422:
1337:, is based on the principles of
365:firmness, commodity, and delight
352:Greek house plan after Vitruvius
35:, translated and illustrated by
1857:. In: Latomus 49 (1990), 425-34
1784:
1764:Detailed record for Harley 2767
1757:
1722:
1700:
1553:Cartwright, Mark (2015-04-22).
1185:version, was published by the
771:is maximized; for example, the
3128:National Museum of Mathematics
2880:Regole generali d'architettura
1891:Original Latin text, version 2
1657:
1633:
1609:
1585:
1572:
1533:
1520:
1507:
1092:. In 1244 the Dominican friar
985:is part of what is called the
964:
1:
3200:1st-century BC books in Latin
1947:
1926:Reprint by Dover Publications
1837:The Ten Books on Architecture
1678:10.1080/13602365.2015.1098717
1501:
1364:. The 16th-century architect
1331:'s best known drawings, the
679:
2653:Garden of Cosmic Speculation
1731:Journal of Field Archaeology
1371:
1248:The Elements of Architecture
650:reverse overshot water-wheel
542:
343:
316:. Likewise, Vitruvius cites
300:to the everyday work of the
7:
3215:Ancient Roman siege warfare
1919:public domain audiobook at
1666:The Journal of Architecture
1415:
1171:The first printed edition (
1157:Abbey library of Saint Gall
10:
3271:
3205:Ancient Roman architecture
2170:Islamic geometric patterns
1834:Vitruvius, Pollio (1914).
1743:10.1179/009346986791535735
1559:World History Encyclopedia
1539:See William L. MacDonald,
1484:Ancient Roman architecture
570:Design for an Archimedean
332:'s apprentice) for music,
3167:
3136:
3090:
3044:
2991:A Mathematician's Apology
2951:
2904:
2787:
2750:
2743:
2575:
2428:
2374:
2365:
2312:
2254:
2110:
2099:
1998:
1916:Ten Books on Architecture
1898:Ten Books on Architecture
1884:Ten Books of Architecture
1528:Ten Books on Architecture
1489:Ancient Roman engineering
1279:
1260:Ten Books on Architecture
1042:Theodoric of Sint-Truiden
494:Books VIII, IX, and X of
158:Ten Books on Architecture
121:building and the orders (
66:Ten Books on Architecture
3103:The Bridges Organization
1495:Ancient Roman technology
1390:stereographic projection
1270:, is fully available at
1003:Saint Pantaleon, Cologne
960:Survival and rediscovery
666:National Museum of Wales
249:Use and construction of
202:continuation of book III
3235:Military books in Latin
3220:Architectural treatises
2965:The Grammar of Ornament
2917:Nature's Harmonic Unity
2827:De prospectiva pingendi
1860:I. Rowland, T.N. Howe:
1772:Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew
1404:
1080:bequeathed copy to the
995:British Library, Harley
987:Carolingian Renaissance
863:is a description of 13
318:Ctesibius of Alexandria
82:Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
3118:Institute For Figuring
3030:The 'Life' of a Carpet
2855:A Treatise on Painting
1941:
1394:
1385:
1360:based upon number and
1348:The English architect
1315:
1294:
1191:Fra Giovanni Sulpitius
1179:
1173:
1155:, who found it in the
1142:
1137:
1114:
1104:
1098:
1086:Bernward of Hildesheim
971:
952:
937:
859:
839:
827:
819:
797:
789:
781:
773:
748:
741:
701:
644:
635:
624:
589:
583:
574:
521:
496:
450:
446:
431:
390:
359:
353:
324:for their inventions,
288:
279:
196:orders of architecture
151:
94:classical architecture
80:and military engineer
52:
47:
39:
31:
2999:George David Birkhoff
2973:Ernest Hanbury Hankin
2841:De divina proportione
2821:Piero della Francesca
2800:Leon Battista Alberti
2387:Piero della Francesca
2026:Hyperboloid structure
1621:www.perseus.tufts.edu
1513:Kruft, Hanno-Walter.
1398:, which describes an
1379:
1321:scientific discipline
1311:Leon Battista Alberti
1287:
1230:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
1198:Fra Giovanni Giocondo
1129:
1038:William of Malmesbury
813:Surveying instruments
738:
630:
622:
569:
437:
426:
406:Domestic architecture
351:
261:, drainage machines,
106:Roman building design
45:
24:
3250:Prose texts in Latin
3240:Military engineering
2924:Frederik Macody Lund
2795:Filippo Brunelleschi
2676:Hamid Naderi Yeganeh
2538:La condition humaine
1026:Hermann of Reichenau
927:, and later a 14th,
478:, and the use of an
3245:Roman siege engines
3149:Mathematical beauty
3074:Rhythm of Structure
3017:Gödel, Escher, Bach
2813:De re aedificatoria
2444:The Ancient of Days
2063:Projective geometry
1992:Mathematics and art
1466:De re aedificatoria
1444:Ancient Rome portal
1430:Architecture portal
1402:(it is presumed, a
1392:in a machine is in
1094:Vincent of Beauvais
803:Baths of Diocletian
615:Dewatering machines
490:Aqueducts and mills
255:Roman siege engines
225:Water supplies and
116:Origin and contents
112:many large plates.
69:) is a treatise on
3154:Patterns in nature
3011:Douglas Hofstadter
2637:Desmond Paul Henry
2627:Bathsheba Grossman
2559:The Swallow's Tail
2480:Giorgio de Chirico
2352:Sydney Opera House
2207:Croatian interlace
1386:
1352:and the Frenchman
1295:
1268:Harvard University
1228:, commissioned by
1153:Poggio Bracciolini
1143:
1034:Gervase of Melkley
1030:Hugo of St. Victor
807:Baths of Caracalla
749:
697:Hero of Alexandria
636:
625:
575:
537:Hierapolis sawmill
519:. Frontinus wrote
447:
445:in southern France
432:
354:
340:for architecture.
212:Domestic buildings
187:Building materials
48:
40:
3225:Civil engineering
3187:
3186:
3040:
3039:
3004:Aesthetic Measure
2875:Sebastiano Serlio
2849:Leonardo da Vinci
2739:
2738:
2731:Margaret Wertheim
2392:Leonardo da Vinci
1903:Project Gutenberg
1645:en.wikisource.org
1597:en.wikisource.org
1329:Leonardo da Vinci
1273:Project Gutenberg
1078:Niccolò Acciaioli
1070:Giovanni de Dondi
1058:Jean de Montreuil
833:, a device using
707:Calleva Atrebatum
640:Archimedes' screw
517:aqueducts of Rome
506:Roman engineering
400:Leonardo da Vinci
336:for theatre, and
174:civil engineering
90:building projects
88:, as a guide for
3262:
3255:Technology books
3175:
3174:
3025:Nikos Salingaros
2748:
2747:
2716:Hiroshi Sugimoto
2666:Robert Longhurst
2612:Helaman Ferguson
2567:Crockett Johnson
2496:Circle Limit III
2465:Danseuse au café
2372:
2371:
2342:Pyramid of Khufu
2105:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1935:
1913:
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1432:
1427:
1426:
1407:
1397:
1339:body proportions
1318:
1264:Morris H. Morgan
1213:Cesare Cesariano
1184:
1176:
1167:Printed editions
1140:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1074:Domenico Bandini
991:London Vitruvius
976:
955:
940:
862:
853:Sea level change
844:
832:
824:
800:
794:
787:followed by the
786:
778:
746:
711:Roman Silchester
704:
647:
594:
586:
577:He advised that
526:
499:
453:
419:Roman technology
393:
391:Homo Vitruvianus
362:
291:
282:
263:Roman technology
154:
108:and technology.
55:
37:Cesare Cesariano
34:
27:Italian language
3270:
3269:
3265:
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3263:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3163:
3159:Sacred geometry
3132:
3098:Ars Mathematica
3086:
3036:
2947:
2900:
2887:Andrea Palladio
2783:
2776:De architectura
2735:
2691:Antoine Pevsner
2671:Jeanette McLeod
2622:Susan Goldstine
2571:
2430:
2424:
2361:
2347:Sagrada Família
2308:
2250:
2118:Algorithmic art
2106:
2097:
2093:Wallpaper group
2031:Minimal surface
1994:
1989:
1950:
1942:De architectura
1933:
1910:
1895:
1878:
1850:
1848:Further reading
1845:
1832:
1828:
1789:
1785:
1768:British Library
1762:
1758:
1727:
1723:
1714:
1712:
1705:
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1623:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1599:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1580:On Architecture
1577:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1551:
1547:
1538:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1478:Pliny the Elder
1456:
1451:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1400:anaphoric clock
1395:De architectura
1382:anaphoric clock
1380:Fragment of an
1374:
1354:Salomon de Caus
1316:De architectura
1282:
1226:Claude Perrault
1195:Dominican friar
1174:editio princeps
1169:
1138:De architectura
1115:De architectura
1112:Many copies of
1099:De architectura
1054:Filippo Villani
1050:Albertus Magnus
1046:Petrus Diaconus
1022:Hrabanus Maurus
967:
962:
953:De architectura
938:De architectura
871:, "the land of
860:De architectura
855:
847:Peutinger Table
815:
779:is next to the
769:fuel efficiency
757:central heating
733:
731:Central heating
682:
645:De architectura
617:
584:De architectura
545:
497:De architectura
492:
451:De architectura
421:
408:
360:De architectura
346:
289:De architectura
280:De architectura
275:
219:and decorative
207:Civil buildings
152:De architectura
118:
86:Caesar Augustus
73:written by the
63:, published as
60:On architecture
53:De architectura
32:De architectura
17:
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5:
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2945:
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2941:The Greek Vase
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2863:Albrecht Dürer
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2726:Roman Verostko
2723:
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2708:
2703:
2701:Alba Rojo Cama
2698:
2693:
2688:
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2678:
2673:
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2658:
2657:
2656:
2647:Charles Jencks
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2639:
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2632:George W. Hart
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2476:
2475:
2468:
2459:Jean Metzinger
2456:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2434:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
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2421:
2420:
2408:
2406:Albrecht Dürer
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2123:Anamorphic art
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2053:
2051:Camera obscura
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1877:
1876:External links
1874:
1873:
1872:
1858:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1826:
1805:10.2307/750736
1783:
1756:
1721:
1707:Gilman, Paul.
1699:
1672:(5): 868–883.
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1458:History portal
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1414:
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1370:
1281:
1278:
1262:translated by
1168:
1165:
1106:Speculum Maius
1090:Thomas Aquinas
966:
963:
961:
958:
854:
851:
814:
811:
801:, such as the
732:
729:
715:British Museum
681:
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662:British Museum
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597:lead poisoning
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443:Roman aqueduct
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3060:Lumen Naturae
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2929:Ad Quadratum
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2835:Luca Pacioli
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2686:Hinke Osinga
2681:István Orosz
2651:
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2597:Scott Draves
2592:Erik Demaine
2576:Contemporary
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2150:Computer art
2128:Architecture
2088:Tessellation
2071:Architecture
2021:Golden ratio
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1836:
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1239:
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476:water clocks
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2788:Renaissance
2758:Polykleitos
2696:Tony Robbin
2607:John Ernest
2602:Jan Dibbets
2552:Crucifixion
2375:Renaissance
2229:Mathematics
2202:Celtic knot
2165:Fractal art
2067:Proportion
2041:Perspective
1951: 1480
1934:(in French)
1578:Vitruvius:
1555:"Vitruvius"
1526:Vitruvius.
1410:water clock
1350:Inigo Jones
1313:, found in
1299:Renaissance
1161:Renaissance
1120:Middle Ages
983:manuscripts
979:Charlemagne
973:scriptorium
965:Manuscripts
835:plumb lines
791:frigidarium
747:is covered.
572:water screw
529:water mills
482:(the first
334:Agatharchus
326:Aristoxenus
259:water mills
237:measurement
221:plasterwork
29:edition of
3194:Categories
2959:Owen Jones
2806:De pictura
2711:Oliver Sin
2661:Andy Lomas
2510:Relativity
2241:String art
2155:Fiber arts
2036:Paraboloid
1946:. Naples,
1715:2008-10-29
1711:. Esri.com
1650:2020-04-28
1626:2020-04-28
1602:2020-04-28
1502:References
1362:proportion
1327:. One of
1236:John Shute
1181:incunabula
1147:Florentine
933:subsidence
929:Smyrnaeans
917:Clazomenae
869:Asia Minor
867:cities in
821:chorobates
783:tepidarium
722:automatons
702:Pneumatica
689:force pump
680:Force pump
658:Dolaucothi
604:Archimedes
551:painting.
322:Archimedes
271:pneumatics
131:Corinthian
2770:Vitruvius
2744:Theorists
2524:Waterfall
2429:19th–20th
2357:Taj Mahal
2337:Parthenon
2314:Buildings
2268:Continuum
2236:Sculpture
2212:Interlace
2006:Algorithm
1821:195019013
1694:145783068
1686:1360-2365
1405:clepsydra
1372:Astrolabe
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1066:Boccaccio
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841:hodometer
775:caldarium
753:hypocaust
725:Ctesibius
685:Ctesibius
654:Rio Tinto
633:Rio Tinto
543:Materials
513:Frontinus
480:aeolipile
468:ballistae
464:catapults
377:commodity
373:(I.iii.2)
344:Buildings
330:Aristotle
310:astronomy
306:Astrology
241:astronomy
227:aqueducts
217:Pavements
178:architect
78:architect
3178:Category
2905:Romantic
2583:Max Bill
2517:Reptiles
2332:Pantheon
2289:Octacube
2255:Artworks
2197:Knotting
2185:Muqarnas
2083:Symmetry
2011:Catenary
1999:Concepts
1921:LibriVox
1416:See also
1366:Palladio
1358:sciences
1217:Bramante
1202:woodcuts
1189:scholar
1187:Veronese
1150:humanist
1062:Petrarch
925:Mytilene
909:Erythrae
901:Colophon
865:Athenian
805:and the
557:concrete
533:Barbegal
429:ballista
427:A Roman
314:sundials
302:surveyor
294:geometry
267:hoisting
251:machines
233:geometry
194:and the
102:concrete
3137:Related
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2485:Man Ray
2431:Century
2367:Artists
2224:Origami
2138:Pyramid
2016:Fractal
1325:artisan
1303:Niccoli
1010:Einhard
921:Lebedos
913:Phocaea
881:Miletus
877:Ephesus
798:thermae
699:in his
674:fulling
591:plumbum
460:pulleys
385:canones
245:sundial
192:Temples
180:or the
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2952:Modern
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2451:Newton
2246:Tiling
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2160:4D art
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