Roman temple - Knowledge

521: 60: 360: 431: 78: 712: 1041: 750:, and had a cathedral-like position in the official religion of Rome. It was destroyed by fire three times, and rapidly rebuilt in contemporary styles. The first building, traditionally dedicated in 509 BC, has been claimed to have been almost 60 m × 60 m (200 ft × 200 ft), much larger than other Roman temples for centuries after, although its size is heavily disputed by specialists. Whatever its size, its influence on other early Roman temples was significant and long-lasting. The same may have been true for the later rebuildings, though here the influence is harder to trace. 20: 44: 798: 816:, and other classically derived styles. In these temple fronts with columns and a pediment are very common for the main entrance of grand buildings, but often flanked by large wings or set in courtyards. This flexibility has allowed the Roman temple front to be used in buildings made for a wide variety of purposes. The colonnade may no longer be pushed forward with a pronaus porch, and it may not be raised above the ground, but the essential shape remains the same. Among thousands of examples are the 589: 305: 1057: 4689: 1107: 1023: 1088: 1369: 926: 1072: 1122:

world have some good remains, which had been left largely undisturbed. In Spain some remarkable discoveries (Vic, Cordoba, Barcelona) were made in the 19th century when old buildings being reconstructed or demolished were found to contain major remains encased in later buildings. In Rome, Pula, and elsewhere some walls incorporated in later buildings have always been evident.

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soon after their conquest. Imperial temples paid for by the government usually used conventional Roman styles all over the empire, regardless of the local styles seen in smaller temples. In newly planned Roman cities the temple was normally centrally placed at one end of the forum, often facing the

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model, but in the late Republic there was a switch to using Greek classical and Hellenistic styles, without much change in the key features of the form. The Etruscans were a people of northern Italy, whose civilization was at its peak in the seventh century BC. The Etruscans were already influenced

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Most of the best survivals had been converted to churches (and sometimes later mosques), which some remain. Often the porticos were walled in between the columns, and the original cella front and side walls largely removed to create a large single space in the interior. Rural areas in the Islamic

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The squared-off blocks of temple walls have always been attractive for later builders to reuse, while the large pieces of massive columns were less easy to remove and make use of; hence the podium, minus facing, and some columns are often all that remain. In most cases loose pieces of stone have

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in all their details were closely followed in the façades of Roman temples, as in other prestigious buildings, with the direct adoption of Greek models apparently beginning around 200 BC, under the late Republic. But the distinctive differences in the general arrangement of temples between the

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and a small altar for incense. Behind the cella was a room, or rooms, used by temple attendants for storage of equipment and offerings. The ordinary worshiper rarely entered the cella, and most public ceremonies were performed outside of the cella where the sacrificial altar was located, on the

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and other elements, all of this being brightly painted. However, unlike the Greek models, which generally gave equal treatment to all sides of the temple, which could be viewed and approached from all directions, the side and rear walls of Roman temples might be largely undecorated (as in the

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above columns. The sides and rear of the building had much less architectural emphasis, and typically no entrances. There were also circular plans, generally with columns all round, and outside Italy there were many compromises with traditional local styles. The Roman form of temple developed

914:, who boldly added to the classical temple façade at the west end a large steeple on top of a tower, set back slightly from the main frontage. This formula shocked purists and foreigners, but became accepted and was very widely copied, at home and in the colonies, for example at 561:(usually called the "Temple of Venus"), where the door is behind a full portico, though very different ways of doing this are used. In the Pantheon only the portico has columns, and the "thoroughly uncomfortable" exterior meeting of the portico and circular 383:, or at least down the sides. The description of the Greek models used here is a generalization of classical Greek ideals, and later Hellenistic buildings often do not reflect them. For example, the "Temple of Dionysus" on the terrace by the theatre at 166:

took place outdoors and not within the temple building. Some ceremonies were processions that started at, visited, or ended with a temple or shrine, where a ritual object might be stored and brought out for use, or where an offering would be deposited.

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architecture in the Western tradition, but although very commonly used for churches, it has lost the specific association with religion that it had for the Romans. Generally, later adaptions lack the colour of the original, and though there may be

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and later architects worked out ways of harmoniously adding high raised domes, towers and spires above a colonnaded temple portico front, something the Romans would have found odd. The Roman temple front remains a familiar feature of subsequent

580:(modern Palestrina) near Rome, a huge pilgrimage complex of the 1st century BC led visitors up several levels with large buildings on a steep hillside, before they eventually reached the sanctuary itself, a much smaller circular building. 811:

The Etruscan-Roman adaptation of the Greek temple model to place the main emphasis on the front façade and let the other sides of the building harmonize with it only as much as circumstances and budget allow has generally been adopted in

183:, exotic foreign cults gained followers in Rome, and were the local religions in large parts of the expanded Empire. These often had very different practices, some preferring underground places of worship, while others, like 399:

Etruscan-Roman style and the Greek, as outlined above, were retained. However the idealized proportions between the different elements in the orders set out by the only significant Roman writer on architecture to survive,

293:, so Roman temples were distinctive but with both Etruscan and Greek features. Surviving temples (both Greek and Roman) lack the extensive painted statuary that decorated the rooflines, and the elaborate revetments and 615:, and often funded by the imperial government, tending to replace state spending on new temples to other gods, and becoming the main or only large temple in new Roman towns in the provinces. This was the case at 983:

Though the Pantheon's large circular domed cella, with a conventional portico front, is "unique" in Roman architecture, it has been copied many times by modern architects. Versions include the church of

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Some remains of many Roman temples still survive, above all in Rome itself, but the relatively few near-complete examples were nearly all converted into Christian churches (and sometimes subsequently to

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Small Roman circular temples with colonnades have often been used as models, either for single buildings, large or small, or elements such as domes raised on drums, in buildings on another plan such as

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in architectural niches. Most of the earlier emperors had their own very large temples in Rome, but a faltering economy meant that the building of new imperial temples mostly ceased after the reign of

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could be used. Vitruvius does not recognise the Composite order in his writings, and covers the Tuscan order only as Etruscan; Renaissance writers formalized them from observing surviving buildings.

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Examples of modern buildings that stick more faithfully to the ancient rectangular temple form are only found from the 18th century onwards. Versions of the Roman temple as a discrete block include

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The platform on which the temple sat was typically raised higher in Etruscan and Roman examples than Greek, with up to ten, twelve or more steps rather than the three typical in Greek temples; the

1405:. 1st-century, reconstructed after earthquake in 1679. The only extant Greco-Roman temple in Armenia and the former Soviet Union, described as the "easternmost building of the Graeco-Roman world". 375:

was raised twenty steps. These steps were normally only at the front, and typically not the whole width of that. It might or might not be possible to walk around the temple exterior inside (

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statuettes or amulets, which are often found in large numbers. Very little indeed survives in place from the significant quantities of large sculpture that originally decorated temples.

1008:(1817–26). The Pantheon was much the largest and most accessible complete classical temple front known to the Italian Renaissance, and was the standard exemplar when these were revived. 450:

The front of the temple typically carried an inscription saying who had built it, cut into the stone with a "V" section. This was filled with brightly coloured paint, usually scarlet or

110:, though only a few survive in any sort of complete state. Today they remain "the most obvious symbol of Roman architecture". Their construction and maintenance was a major part of 335:

as stone, and no examples have survived except as fragments. Especially in the earlier periods, further statuary might be placed on the roof, and the entablature decorated with

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two temple fronts, often of different orders, superimposed one above the other, became extremely common for Catholic churches, often with the uppermost one supported by huge

2166:. Papers presented at a conference organized by the Roman Research Trust and held at the Museum of London in November 1991. York, UK: Council for British Archaeology. 1784: 5089: 2406: 765:. But for the second building they were summoned from Greece. Rebuildings after destruction by fire were completed in 69 BC, 75 AD, and in the 80s AD, under 462:. These have usually long vanished, but archaeologists can generally reconstruct them from the peg-holes, and some have been re-created and set in place. 1126:

been removed from the site, and some such as capitals may be found in local museums, along with non-architectural items excavated, such as terracotta

520: 703:, then converted by Augustus to his own cult. During the 4th century, after the Empire had come under Christian rule, it was converted to a church. 2185:

Temples and towns in Roman Iberia: The social and architectural dynamics of sanctuary designs from the third century B.C. to the third century A.D.

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in Rome, which was perhaps by a Greek architect, these survivors had an unbroken colonnade encircling the building, and a low, Greek-style podium.

391:, also approached up a hill, probably had many wide steps at the approach to the main front, followed by a flat area before the final few steps. 223:, which, however, is highly untypical, being a very large circular temple with a magnificent concrete roof, behind a conventional portico front. 59: 5094: 2293: 1142:

or Temple to All The Gods, unique among Roman temples, but later much imitated. Easily the most impressive and complete interior to survive.

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For the first temple Etruscan specialists were brought in for various aspects of the building, including making and painting the extensive

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Romano-Celtic temples were often circular, and circular temples of various kinds were built by the Romans. Greek models were available in

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Summerson (1980), 28. The Virginia State Capitol is specifically based on the Maison carre, but in a cheaper Ionic rather than Corinthian.

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Stamper, 33 and all Chapters 1 and 2. Stamper is a leading protagonist of a smaller size, rejecting the larger size proposed by the late

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There was considerable local variation in style, as Roman architects often tried to incorporate elements the population expected in its

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and other elements were brightly coloured. In the early Empire older Greek statues were apparently sometimes re-used as acroteria.

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writers, do not reflect actual Roman practice, which could be very variable, though always aiming at balance and harmony. Following a

4838: 508:. It often lacked any of the distinctive classical features, and may have had considerable continuity with pre-Roman temples of the 2255: 4250: 2840: 546:, which were usually small, typically had this shape, as in those at Rome and Tivoli (see list), which survive in part. Like the 4212: 2850: 469:

with figures, of which only few fragments survive. However, exterior friezes with figures in relief were much less common. Many

262: 4157: 2845: 2579: 2042: 236: 196: 4127: 2952: 2479: 1541: 268: 256: 1301:, Split, Croatia. Small but very complete, amid other Roman buildings, c. 300. Most unusually, the barrel ceiling is intact. 4217: 4092: 3245: 1005: 871:, 1567 on, also by Palladio, with four isolated temple fronts on each side of a rectangle, with a large central dome. In 2798: 773:

in 455, and comprehensive removal of stone in the Renaissance, only foundations can now be seen, in the basement of the

5106: 2469: 1372: 888: 240:, which was originally not the building itself, but a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually. The Roman architect 203:

was relatively slow, and the temples themselves were not appropriated by the government until a decree of the Emperor

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to refer to the sacred precinct, and not to the building. The more common Latin words for a temple or shrine were

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Sear, F. B., "Architecture, 1, a) Religious", section in Diane Favro, et al. "Rome, ancient." Grove Art Online.

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Wheeler, 97–106, 105 quoted. Originally, the "uncomfortable" junction was screened by a wall and less apparent.

5137: 3172: 3097: 2855: 2143: 2101: 2075: 2032: 2001: 1983: 1841: 1776: 1697: 1595: 1486: 1461: 1351: 1281:, largely complete (illustrated above); a large wall from another temple forms part of the town hall next door. 985: 915: 896: 860: 77: 3668: 1415: 1017: 969: 359: 168: 711: 5147: 4243: 3508: 3112: 2564: 2279: 1260: 608: 593: 208: 107: 93: 36: 1304: 420: 114:, and all towns of any importance had at least one main temple, as well as smaller shrines. The main room 63: 4207: 4132: 3891: 2947: 2830: 2376: 2011: 387:(Ionic, 2nd century BC, on a hillside), had many steps in front, and no columns beyond the portico. The 2242: 4771: 4745: 4167: 3831: 3723: 3493: 3265: 3087: 2995: 2860: 2803: 1810: 1341: 1220: 1214: 1076: 1316: 4905: 4740: 4187: 3280: 3235: 3162: 3082: 3030: 3020: 2972: 2319: 1270: 1201: 1145: 813: 547: 352:

and Vic), and even back on to other buildings. As in the Maison Carrée, columns at the side might be

179:; often on one of the narrow extensions of the podium to the side of the steps. Especially under the 123: 81: 48: 2232: 5020: 4999: 4989: 4396: 4259: 3788: 3698: 3207: 3187: 3182: 3167: 3120: 3060: 3015: 2817: 1333:, a famous exotic "Baroque" pilgrimage destination, very largely preserved, including the interior. 1298: 1092: 831: 163: 111: 1791:, by Samuel Ball Platner (as completed and revised by Thomas Ashby), Oxford University Press, 1929 1284: 892: 616: 5004: 4236: 4197: 4177: 4117: 4107: 4097: 3503: 3192: 3092: 3072: 2987: 2977: 2682: 2622: 2602: 2314: 1226: 1155: 1040: 993: 907: 844:

in grand examples, the full Roman complement of sculpture above the roofline is rarely emulated.

801: 769:– the third building only lasted five years before burning down again. After a major sacking by 680: 103: 899:

include numerous ingenious and influential variations on the theme of the Roman temple front.

4832: 4202: 4192: 4142: 4122: 3936: 3911: 3876: 3758: 3483: 3130: 2892: 2423: 1728: 1001: 977: 961: 945: 485: 430: 364: 1845: 1780: 5051: 4948: 4604: 4523: 4271: 4172: 4102: 3926: 3678: 3478: 3473: 3270: 3177: 3102: 3065: 3050: 3025: 3005: 2907: 1376: 965: 903: 867:, which has two superimposed temple fronts, one low and wide, the other tall and narrow; the 852: 539: 534: 285: 127: 19: 880: 272:(in this article, the English word "temple" refers to any of these buildings, and the Latin 43: 5046: 4930: 4884: 4674: 4518: 4291: 4182: 4147: 3836: 3703: 3603: 3528: 3393: 3356: 2732: 2396: 1236: 1100: 989: 949: 919: 872: 841: 493: 466: 159:, themselves influenced by the Greeks, with subsequent heavy direct influence from Greece. 3826: 1223:, unusually, it is the smaller elements that are best preserved, and the surrounding forum 8: 5084: 4890: 4776: 4750: 4609: 4458: 4448: 4411: 4112: 3961: 3763: 3633: 3583: 2902: 2499: 2252: 1819: 1310: 937: 929: 481: 404: 345: 308: 67: 4963: 4589: 4553: 4513: 4488: 4391: 4371: 4311: 4228: 4162: 3886: 3693: 3548: 3488: 3408: 3351: 3215: 2451: 2430: 1583: 1151: 848: 774: 372: 331:

above, which was filled with statuary in the most grand examples; this was as often in

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Vol. 2.12.1. Edited by Hildegard Temporini, 259–342. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter.

2097: 2071: 2054: 2047: 2028: 2007: 1997: 1979: 1837: 1772: 1591: 1537: 1482: 1457: 1322: 1291:, Portugal, impressive partial remains of a small temple; podium and columns, but no 1179: 1161: 1045: 1026: 821: 797: 688: 661: 543: 509: 496:

was a simple style, usually with little use of stone, for small temples found in the

492:, where different traditions of large stone temples were already millennia old. The 376: 216: 1714:

David M. Gwynn, "Archaeology and the 'Arian Controversy' in the Fourth Century," in

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survives, and the inscriptions of seven of the nine are recorded in volume 6 of the

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The Pantheon in Rome: Contributions to the conference, Bern, November 9–12, 2006

1173:– the core of the building survives as a church, including parts of the frieze, 573:

in scooped curving sections, each ending in a projection supported by a column.

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Etruscan and Roman temples emphasised the front of the building, which followed

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The most common architectural plan had a rectangular temple raised on a high

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Religious Context of Early Christianity: A Guide To Graeco-Roman Religions

1087: 1056: 588: 304: 150:, with a clear front with a portico at the top of steps, and a triangular 4710: 3816: 3438: 3260: 3150: 2544: 2127:

Barton, Ian M. 1982. "Capitoline temples in Italy and the provinces." In

1254: 1174: 1165: 911: 817: 805: 758: 542:, as assembly halls and various other functions. Temples of the goddess 408: 298: 212: 4688: 2027:, 1995 (2nd edn.), Yale University Press (Penguin/Yale History of Art), 1106: 419:

were most common in surviving Roman temples, but for small temples like

356:, emerging from ("engaged with" in architectural terminology) the wall. 4920: 4827: 4594: 4579: 4569: 4498: 4478: 4041: 3981: 3946: 3738: 3673: 3663: 3558: 3443: 3331: 2914: 2882: 2627: 2554: 2386: 2381: 1336: 1313:, Spain. Substantially rebuilt, after it was found covered by a castle. 1022: 754: 735: 570: 505: 465:

Sculptural decoration was similar to that of Greek temples, often with

332: 2271: 1319:, Spain. Base and 11 Corinthian columns, found inside later buildings. 5066: 4654: 4548: 4071: 4066: 4026: 3951: 3921: 3901: 3778: 3718: 3628: 3578: 3573: 3498: 3458: 3346: 3316: 3125: 3000: 2793: 2677: 2652: 2531: 665: 577: 489: 470: 451: 400: 388: 380: 241: 2206:

Monumentality and the Roman Empire: Architecture in the Antonine age

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Grasshoff, Gerd, Michael Heinzelmann, and Markus Wäfler, eds. 2009.

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The architecture of Roman temples: the republic to the middle empire

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or "Temple of Fortuna Virilis" – very complete Ionic exterior, near

828:; in recent years the temple front has become fashionable in China. 55:

in Rome, 2nd century BC; the entablature is lost and the roof later.

4973: 4910: 4851: 4755: 4574: 4528: 4503: 4433: 4341: 4326: 4321: 4296: 4031: 4016: 4006: 3991: 3906: 3896: 3866: 3856: 3851: 3841: 3743: 3658: 3538: 3523: 3453: 3433: 3423: 3418: 3398: 3197: 2778: 2742: 2632: 2559: 2391: 1368: 1358:, three small temples in a row on the forum, many other city ruins. 1186:– a huge wall with 11 columns, now incorporated in a later building 1096: 786: 766: 384: 328: 250: 151: 135: 32: 1288: 1250: 925: 624: 297:, in colourful terracotta in earlier examples, that enlivened the 28: 4629: 4619: 4538: 4508: 4493: 4453: 4351: 4051: 4046: 4036: 4001: 3996: 3986: 3931: 3916: 3733: 3728: 3713: 3683: 3638: 3618: 3598: 3553: 3285: 3140: 2919: 2727: 2722: 2612: 1941: 1402: 1355: 1330: 1326: 1278: 1240: 1115: 1064: 1034: 1030: 770: 762: 747: 692: 651:. In 1570, it was documented as still containing nine statues of 635: 558: 525: 474: 459: 435: 336: 324: 320: 294: 219:, was not dedicated as a church until 527. The best known is the 140: 89: 2194:. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the Classical Association. 5056: 4798: 4792: 4705: 4639: 4624: 4599: 4381: 4306: 4061: 3941: 3871: 3811: 3806: 3773: 3533: 3518: 3468: 3448: 2870: 2747: 2642: 2138:(Oxford Archaeological Guides), 1998, Oxford University Press, 2120:

Bailey, Donald. M. 1990. "Classical architecture in Egypt." In

1420: 1361: 1345: 1127: 1111: 876: 715: 192: 147: 71: 1071: 992:(1664), which followed his work restoring the Roman original, 569:

is matched by four other columns round the building, with the

31:, one of the best-preserved Roman temples. It is a mid-sized 4925: 4649: 4473: 4428: 4416: 4401: 4346: 3846: 3568: 3295: 2587: 1856:

Summerson (1980), captions to illustrations 21, 41, 42, 72–75

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Architecture and architectural sculpture in the Roman Empire

1978:, Yale/Pelican history of art, 1978, Yale University Press, 1813:

Original Copies: Architectural Mimicry in Contemporary China

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in Rome, c. 1502, which has been widely admired ever since.

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Variations on the theme, mostly Italian in origin, include:

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The architecture of the Roman Empire: An introductory study

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on the Roman Forum was built and dedicated by the Emperor

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models and typically consisted of wide steps leading to a

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The statues are all lost, but the base for the statue of

1590:, plate 86 and caption, Penguin, 1986 (reprint of 1972), 1534:

Roman Art and Architecture – from Augustus to Constantine

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are often criticised. At Baalbek, a wide portico with a

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The form of the Roman temple was mainly derived from the

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16 in a reconstruction drawing by G. Stephens, p. 38 in

454:. In major imperial monuments the letters were cast in 1832:

Anthony Grafton, Glenn W Most, Salvatore Settis, eds.,

1217:, (see above) a large complex leading to a small shrine 1164:– very complete circular exterior, early 4th century, 1067:, the "easternmost building of the Graeco-Roman world" 2187:

Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press.

2070:(1945), 1988 revised edition, Barrie & Jenkins, 2010:. Oxford University Press, accessed March 26, 2016, 1438: 1436: 706: 394:

After the eclipse of the Etruscan models, the Greek

1451: 1192:– small circular temple, part complete, Roman Forum 175:, would take place at an open-air altar within the 134:, and often a table for supplementary offerings or 789:, was made from a single capital from the temple. 2129:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt (ANRW) 1914:, Preface, 1989, Elsevier-Phaidon; Henig, 191–199 1476: 1433: 1204:– small back-street all-brick temple at the port. 879:to each side. This can be seen developing in the 742:consisting of Jupiter and his companion deities, 647:was located within the religious precinct of the 195:), usually a considerable time after the initial 5129: 1610:, by G. Papathanassopoulos, Krene Editions, 1977 1243:, buried by a landslide and partly reconstructed 940:(1807), now a church but built by Napoleon as a 672:, who died in childhood in 309 and was deified. 143:, with a crowd gathered in the temple precinct. 1785:Entry on "Aedes Iovis Optimi Maximi Capitolini" 1481:(reprint ed.). A&C Black. p. 23. 944:("Temple to the Glory of the Great Army"), the 66:, in Spain, a tiny votive temple built with an 2180:. 2d rev. ed. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press. 1815:, by Bianca Bosker, University of Hawaii Press 675:One of the earliest and most prominent of the 4244: 2287: 1763:Stamper, 14–15, 33 and all Chapters 1 and 2; 2155:Hetland, Lisa. 2007. "Dating the Pantheon." 1769:The Dancing Column: On Order in Architecture 785:he carved to match a Roman survival, now in 162:Public religious ceremonies of the official 1215:Palestrina, Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia 627:, which were all expanded by the Romans as 231:The English word "temple" derives from the 102:were among the most important buildings in 4251: 4237: 2294: 2280: 2171:The Pantheon: Design, meaning, and progeny 1789:A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome 683:, located on the harbour. It was begun by 504:, where they were usually square, with an 458:and held in by pegs, then also painted or 2162:Johnson, Peter and Ian Haynes eds. 1996. 1456:. Harvard University Press. p. 278. 1148:, early circular temple, largely complete 197:triumph of Christianity under Constantine 1531: 1367: 1299:Temple of Jupiter in Diocletian's Palace 1105: 1086: 1070: 1055: 1039: 1021: 1011: 968:. The great progenitor of these is the 924: 902:An archetypical pattern for churches in 796: 710: 587: 553:Different formulae were followed in the 519: 429: 358: 303: 76: 58: 42: 18: 16:Temples of the Roman Republic and Empire 2301: 2117:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. 2078:. (Also see revised edition, edited by 1836:, 927, 2010, Harvard University Press, 1525: 1454:Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide 734:was the oldest large temple in Rome, a 611:. Caesarea were located throughout the 106:, and some of the richest buildings in 5130: 2043:The Classical Language of Architecture 1500: 1498: 1348:; partial remains of two other temples 942:Temple de la Gloire de la Grande Armée 4232: 2275: 2173:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press. 1976:Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture 1716:Religious Diversity in Late Antiquity 1646:Henig, 56–57; Wheeler, 100–104: Sear 1337:Temples of Jupiter and Venus, Baalbek 500:, and by far the most common type in 1257:, one of the most complete survivals 948:as originally built in 1785–88, and 781:(d 1605) claimed that the life-size 722:sacrificing at the 4th temple (left) 348:), inaccessible by steps (as in the 311:, part original, with parts restored 1608:The Acropolis: Monuments and Museum 1495: 1267:, France, exterior largely complete 855:, which took a four-columned Roman 13: 4687: 2152:. Bern, Switzerland: Bern Studies. 2107: 2020:, Cambridge University Press, 2005 1892:Summerson (1980), 38–39, 38 quoted 1883:Summerson (1980), 25, 41–42, 49–51 889:Santi Vincenzo e Anastasio a Trevi 484:. This was especially the case in 14: 5159: 2212: 1705:(Walter de Gruyter, 2008), p. 86. 1536:. Pearson Education New Zealand. 1375:as seen in the present church of 728:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus 707:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus 515: 1171:Temple of Antoninus and Faustina 1935: 1926: 1917: 1904: 1895: 1886: 1877: 1868: 1859: 1850: 1826: 1803: 1794: 1757: 1748: 1735: 1721: 1708: 1685: 1676: 1667: 1658: 1649: 1640: 1631: 1622: 1613: 1600: 1577: 1568: 1389:after his naval victory at the 279: 2115:Roman architecture and society 1698:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 1559: 1550: 1516: 1507: 1470: 1445: 1423:for other religious traditions 986:Santa Maria Assunta in Ariccia 897:Palladian villas of the Veneto 842:sculpture filling the pediment 363:Ceiling of Temple of Jupiter, 1: 2208:. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. 2164:Architecture in Roman Britain 1956: 1416:List of Ancient Greek temples 1385:of Rome, Italy, dedicated by 1018:List of Ancient Roman temples 2866:Frontiers and fortifications 2243:Resources in other libraries 2157:Journal of Roman Archaeology 1771:, 357–360, 1998, MIT Press, 1452:Sarah Iles Johnston (2004). 1261:Temple of Augustus and Livia 861:San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice 859:and added a pediment above; 792: 607:was a temple devoted to the 583: 254:(a small shrine or chapel), 7: 2925:Decorations and punishments 2092:, 1964, Thames and Hudson ( 1532:Campbell, Jonathan (1998). 1409: 1077:Temple of Apollo in Pompeii 916:St Andrew's Church, Chennai 699:, to honour her dead lover 327:, and usually a triangular 10: 5164: 4746:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 4685: 3832:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 2407:historiography of the fall 2090:Roman Art and Architecture 1703:Roman Portraits in Context 1477:Hans-Josef Klauck (2003). 1342:Temple of Artemis (Jerash) 1307:, Spain, tiny but complete 1221:Temple of Apollo (Pompeii) 1015: 5077: 5039: 5013: 4982: 4941: 4869: 4785: 4764: 4741:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 4698: 4562: 4287: 4270: 4213:External wars and battles 4080: 3974: 3787: 3379: 3372: 3294: 3206: 3111: 2986: 2938: 2816: 2766: 2705: 2696: 2578: 2530: 2450: 2367: 2337: 2328: 2310: 2238:Resources in your library 2183:Mierse, William E. 1999. 2113:Anderson, James C. 1997. 1305:Roman temple of Alcántara 1271:Temple of Augustus (Pula) 1202:Temple of Bellona (Ostia) 1158:and the Temple of Romulus 1146:Temple of Hercules Victor 922:in New York City (1766). 814:Neoclassical architecture 548:Temple of Hercules Victor 276:to the sacred precinct). 201:decline of Roman religion 92:, an early temple of the 64:Roman temple of Alcántara 49:Temple of Hercules Victor 35:provincial temple of the 5000:Rape of the Sabine Women 2204:Thomas, Edmund V. 2007. 2023:Strong, Donald, et al., 1556:Boardman, 255; Henig, 56 1427: 1093:Pagans Hill Roman Temple 895:, Paris (1645 on). The 869:Villa Capra "La Rotonda" 761:or upper parts, such as 442:, using the traditional 226: 5005:Battle of Lacus Curtius 4208:Roman–Iranian relations 2683:Optimates and populares 2253:Temple of Hadrian, Rome 2169:MacDonald, W. L. 1976. 1994:A Handbook of Roman Art 1901:Summerson (1980), 38–39 1865:Summerson (1988), 64–70 1834:The Classical Tradition 1317:Roman temple of Córdoba 1156:Santa Maria in Cosmedin 996:(1774) in England, and 908:St Martin-in-the-Fields 802:St Martin-in-the-Fields 681:Caesareum of Alexandria 643:In the city of Rome, a 640:basilica at the other. 187:, worshiped in houses. 130:to whom the temple was 5143:Ancient Roman religion 4692: 4260:Ancient Roman religion 4218:Civil wars and revolts 3484:Sextus Pompeius Festus 3131:Conflict of the Orders 2490:Legislative assemblies 1718:(Brill, 2010), p. 249. 1655:Wheeler, 100–104; Sear 1619:Summerson (1980), 8–13 1574:Henig, 56, Wheeler, 89 1565:Wheeler, 89; Henig, 56 1513:Wheeler, 104–106; Sear 1394: 1118: 1103: 1084: 1068: 1053: 1037: 1002:University of Virginia 978:San Pietro in Montorio 946:Virginia State Capitol 933: 808: 723: 600: 557:and a small temple at 529: 447: 368: 312: 112:ancient Roman religion 96: 74: 56: 40: 5138:Ancient Roman temples 4691: 3927:Simplicius of Cilicia 3679:Quintus Curtius Rufus 2908:Siege in Ancient Rome 2517:Executive magistrates 2190:North, John A. 2000. 2012:subscription required 1992:Henig, Martin (ed.), 1377:San Nicola in Carcere 1371: 1285:Roman Temple of Évora 1233:, so-called, circular 1109: 1090: 1074: 1059: 1043: 1025: 1016:Further information: 1012:Substantial survivals 966:United States Capitol 928: 910:in London (1720), by 904:Georgian architecture 853:Leon Battista Alberti 800: 714: 660:(d. 180), though the 591: 523: 433: 362: 307: 244:always uses the word 209:Santi Cosma e Damiano 100:Ancient Roman temples 80: 62: 46: 22: 4885:Interpretatio graeca 3937:Stephanus Byzantinus 3842:Eusebius of Caesaria 3704:Sidonius Apollinaris 3394:Ammianus Marcellinus 2733:Tribune of the plebs 1442:Summerson (1980), 25 1237:Capitolium of Brixia 1101:Romano-Celtic temple 990:Gian Lorenzo Bernini 976:in the courtyard of 950:Birmingham Town Hall 932:(1807), now a church 873:Baroque architecture 494:Romano-Celtic temple 467:pedimental sculpture 415:and its variant the 5148:Sacral architecture 5085:Classical mythology 4906:Theology of victory 4751:Kings of Alba Longa 4113:Distinguished women 3764:Velleius Paterculus 3604:Nicolaus Damascenus 3584:Marcellus Empiricus 2973:Republican currency 2201:. London: Batsford. 2197:Sear, Frank. 1982. 1820:The Financial Times 1311:Roman temple of Vic 1083:is to the far left. 962:St Paul's Cathedral 938:La Madeleine, Paris 930:La Madeleine, Paris 524:"Temple of Venus", 482:sacred architecture 438:or chapel added to 405:Italian Renaissance 365:Diocletian's Palace 309:Roman temple of Vic 4693: 3887:Phlegon of Tralles 3694:Seneca the Younger 3168:Naming conventions 2898:Personal equipment 2431:Later Roman Empire 2266:The Pantheon, Rome 2258:2010-04-15 at the 2199:Roman architecture 2134:Claridge, Amanda, 1910:Vickers, Michael, 1823:, January 25, 2013 1809:Heathcote, Edwin, 1395: 1152:Temple of Portunus 1119: 1104: 1091:Reconstruction of 1085: 1069: 1054: 1038: 1000:'s library at the 964:in London and the 934: 849:San Andrea, Mantua 809: 775:Capitoline Museums 724: 601: 530: 448: 373:Temple of Claudius 369: 313: 291:Greek architecture 108:Roman architecture 97: 82:Temple of Augustus 75: 57: 41: 5125: 5124: 5102:Etruscan religion 4716:Romulus and Remus 4699:Legendary figures 4683: 4682: 4332:Castor and Pollux 4226: 4225: 4188:Pontifices maximi 3970: 3969: 3827:Diogenes Laërtius 3649:Pliny the Younger 3404:Asconius Pedianus 3364:Romance languages 3236:Civil engineering 2978:Imperial currency 2851:Political control 2812: 2811: 2446: 2445: 2219:Library resources 2086:Wheeler, Mortimer 2048:Thames and Hudson 2008:Oxford Art Online 1996:, Phaidon, 1983, 1986:, 9780300052909, 1844:, 9780674035720, 1779:, 9780262681018, 1673:Boardman, 256–257 1543:978-0-582-73984-0 1323:Temple of Bacchus 1180:Temple of Hadrian 1162:Temple of Romulus 1046:Temple of Romulus 1027:Temple of Bacchus 920:St. Paul's Chapel 863:, begun 1566, by 822:Buckingham Palace 804:, London (1720), 738:dedicated to the 689:Ptolemaic dynasty 662:Temple of Romulus 538:shrines and some 421:that at Alcántara 403:, and subsequent 379:) or outside the 377:Temple of Hadrian 217:Temple of Romulus 215:, originally the 5155: 4995:Founding of Rome 4765:Legendary beings 4726:Tullus Hostilius 4563:Abstract deities 4422:Lares Familiares 4285: 4284: 4253: 4246: 4239: 4230: 4229: 4178:Magistri equitum 4093:Cities and towns 4086: 4012:Constantinopolis 3822:Diodorus Siculus 3754:Valerius Maximus 3689:Seneca the Elder 3609:Nonius Marcellus 3377: 3376: 2930:Hippika gymnasia 2893:Infantry tactics 2799:Consular tribune 2789:Magister equitum 2738:Military tribune 2703: 2702: 2663:Pontifex maximus 2658:Princeps senatus 2648:Magister militum 2414:Byzantine Empire 2335: 2334: 2296: 2289: 2282: 2273: 2272: 2068:Georgian London, 2046:, 1980 edition, 1951: 1939: 1933: 1930: 1924: 1921: 1915: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1875: 1872: 1866: 1863: 1857: 1854: 1848: 1830: 1824: 1807: 1801: 1798: 1792: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1746: 1739: 1733: 1725: 1719: 1712: 1706: 1689: 1683: 1680: 1674: 1671: 1665: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1629: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1604: 1598: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1566: 1563: 1557: 1554: 1548: 1547: 1529: 1523: 1520: 1514: 1511: 1505: 1502: 1493: 1492: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1449: 1443: 1440: 1382:Forum Holitorium 1196:Temple of Saturn 998:Thomas Jefferson 994:Belle Isle House 777:. The sculptor 757:elements of the 740:Capitoline Triad 670:Valerius Romulus 413:Corinthian order 396:classical orders 323:with columns, a 185:Early Christians 157:Etruscan temples 68:important bridge 5163: 5162: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5117:Myth and ritual 5112:Greek mythology 5073: 5035: 5031:Pignora imperii 5026:Parabiago Plate 5009: 4978: 4937: 4871: 4865: 4847:Sibylline Books 4781: 4760: 4731:Servius Tullius 4694: 4679: 4558: 4274: 4266: 4257: 4227: 4222: 4084: 4082: 4076: 3966: 3802:Aëtius of Amida 3783: 3769:Verrius Flaccus 3749:Valerius Antias 3709:Silius Italicus 3644:Pliny the Elder 3589:Marcus Aurelius 3464:Cornelius Nepos 3414:Aurelius Victor 3368: 3290: 3202: 3136:Secessio plebis 3107: 2982: 2934: 2808: 2762: 2692: 2574: 2526: 2442: 2363: 2324: 2306: 2300: 2260:Wayback Machine 2249: 2248: 2247: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2215: 2110: 2108:Further reading 2064:Summerson, John 2038:Summerson, John 2016:Stamper, John, 1959: 1954: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1831: 1827: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1765:Rykwert, Joseph 1762: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1740: 1736: 1729:Ab urbe condita 1726: 1722: 1713: 1709: 1701:. Jane Fejfer, 1693:Marcus Aurelius 1690: 1686: 1682:Henig, 55; Sear 1681: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1605: 1601: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1544: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1496: 1489: 1475: 1471: 1464: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1434: 1430: 1412: 1391:Battle of Mylae 1373:Temple of Janus 1255:Southern France 1227:Temple of Vesta 1190:Temple of Vesta 1020: 1014: 974:Donato Bramante 958:St Peters, Rome 887:, Rome (1597), 865:Andrea Palladio 826:St Peters, Rome 795: 732:Capitoline Hill 720:Marcus Aurelius 709: 658:Marcus Aurelius 586: 567:broken pediment 540:other buildings 528:, from the rear 518: 510:Celtic religion 444:Egyptian temple 417:Composite order 282: 229: 155:initially from 17: 12: 11: 5: 5161: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5087: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5049: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5033: 5028: 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653:Roman emperors 649:Arval Brothers 592:Temple of the 585: 582: 555:Pantheon, Rome 517: 516:Circular plans 514: 498:Western Empire 440:Dendera Temple 342:Pantheon, Rome 281: 278: 228: 225: 221:Pantheon, Rome 164:Roman religion 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5160: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5076: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4891:Imperial cult 4889: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4872:and practices 4868: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4821: 4820:Metamorphoses 4817: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4736:Ancus Marcius 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4665:Tranquillitas 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4278:Dii Consentes 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4249: 4247: 4242: 4240: 4235: 4234: 4231: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4079: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3544:Julius Paulus 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3479:Fabius Pictor 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3216:Amphitheatres 3214: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2953:Deforestation 2951: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2903:Siege engines 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2836:Establishment 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767:Extraordinary 2765: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2753:Promagistrate 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2540:Twelve Tables 2538: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2309: 2304: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2278: 2277: 2274: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2111: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2080:Howard Colvin 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2059:0-500-20177-3 2056: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1949: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1929: 1920: 1913: 1907: 1898: 1889: 1880: 1871: 1862: 1853: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1822: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1806: 1797: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1751: 1744: 1738: 1731: 1730: 1724: 1717: 1711: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1694: 1688: 1679: 1670: 1661: 1652: 1643: 1637:Strong, 47-48 1634: 1625: 1616: 1609: 1603: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1571: 1562: 1553: 1545: 1539: 1535: 1528: 1519: 1510: 1501: 1499: 1490: 1484: 1480: 1473: 1465: 1459: 1455: 1448: 1439: 1437: 1432: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1387:Gaius Duilius 1384: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1247:Maison Carrée 1245: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1129: 1123: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1051: 1050:Palatine Hill 1047: 1042: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 953: 951: 947: 943: 939: 931: 927: 923: 921: 918:in India and 917: 913: 909: 905: 900: 898: 894: 890: 886: 885:Santa Susanna 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 845: 843: 838: 833: 829: 827: 823: 819: 815: 807: 803: 799: 790: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 751: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 721: 717: 713: 704: 702: 701:Julius Caesar 698: 697:Ancient Egypt 694: 690: 686: 685:Cleopatra VII 682: 678: 673: 671: 667: 663: 659: 654: 650: 646: 641: 638: 637: 632: 631: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 609:Imperial cult 606: 599: 595: 594:Imperial cult 590: 581: 579: 574: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 536: 527: 522: 513: 511: 507: 503: 502:Roman Britain 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 478: 476: 472: 468: 463: 461: 457: 453: 445: 441: 437: 432: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 397: 392: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 366: 361: 357: 355: 351: 350:Maison Carrée 347: 343: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 310: 306: 302: 300: 296: 292: 287: 277: 275: 271: 270: 265: 264: 259: 258: 253: 252: 247: 243: 239: 238: 234: 224: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 188: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 165: 160: 158: 153: 149: 144: 142: 137: 133: 129: 126:image of the 125: 121: 119: 113: 109: 105: 104:Roman culture 101: 95: 94:Imperial cult 91: 87: 83: 79: 73: 69: 65: 61: 54: 53:Forum Boarium 50: 45: 38: 37:Imperial cult 34: 30: 26: 25:Maison Carrée 21: 5021:Gubernaculum 4990:Golden Bough 4959:Neoplatonism 4954:Epicureanism 4915: 4883: 4856: 4837: 4818: 4811: 4797: 4302:Anna Perenna 4276: 4158:Institutions 4022:Leptis Magna 3975:Major cities 3882:Philostratus 3669:Quadrigarius 3489:Rufus Festus 3352:Contemporary 3275: 3073:Romanization 2996:Architecture 2603:Collegiality 2452:Constitution 2303:Ancient Rome 2268:QuickTime VR 2262:QuickTime VR 2233:Online books 2224:Roman temple 2223: 2205: 2198: 2191: 2184: 2177: 2170: 2163: 2156: 2149: 2135: 2128: 2121: 2114: 2094:World of Art 2089: 2067: 2051:World of Art 2050: 2041: 2024: 2017: 1993: 1988:google books 1975: 1945: 1937: 1928: 1919: 1912:Ancient Rome 1911: 1906: 1897: 1888: 1879: 1870: 1861: 1852: 1846:google books 1833: 1828: 1818: 1812: 1805: 1796: 1788: 1781:google books 1768: 1759: 1750: 1737: 1727: 1723: 1715: 1710: 1702: 1696: 1687: 1678: 1669: 1660: 1651: 1642: 1633: 1624: 1615: 1607: 1602: 1587: 1579: 1570: 1561: 1552: 1533: 1527: 1518: 1509: 1478: 1472: 1453: 1447: 1399:Garni Temple 1380: 1292: 1124: 1120: 1061:Garni Temple 1044:View of the 982: 954: 941: 935: 901: 893:Val-de-Grâce 846: 837:Early Modern 830: 810: 752: 725: 676: 674: 644: 642: 634: 633:from Celtic 629: 613:Roman Empire 604: 602: 575: 552: 533: 531: 479: 464: 449: 425:Tuscan order 393: 370: 354:half columns 317:Greek temple 314: 283: 280:Architecture 273: 267: 261: 255: 249: 245: 235: 230: 189: 176: 161: 145: 115: 99: 98: 5095:Persecution 5047:Gallo-Roman 4839:Res divinae 4711:Rhea Silvia 4153:Geographers 3837:Dioscorides 3817:Cassius Dio 3439:Cassiodorus 3342:Renaissance 2948:Agriculture 2920:Auxiliaries 2861:Engineering 2698:Magistrates 2550:Citizenship 2545:Mos maiorum 2480:Late Empire 1968:Ling, Roger 1800:Stamper, 15 1522:Stamper, 10 1175:Roman Forum 1166:Roman Forum 1048:, from the 1006:The Rotunda 952:(1832–34). 912:James Gibbs 906:was set by 891:(1646) and 832:Renaissance 818:White House 806:James Gibbs 783:Medici lion 759:entablature 691:, the last 668:to his son 423:, a simple 411:trend, the 409:Hellenistic 299:entablature 213:Roman Forum 122:housed the 5132:Categories 5040:Variations 4942:Philosophy 4921:Capitolium 4828:Propertius 4595:Averruncus 4580:Aeternitas 4570:Abundantia 4499:Proserpina 4042:Mediolanum 3982:Alexandria 3947:Themistius 3912:Porphyrius 3739:Tertullian 3674:Quintilian 3664:Propertius 3559:Lactantius 3509:Fulgentius 3444:Censorinus 3266:Sanitation 3251:Metallurgy 3208:Technology 3173:Demography 3121:Patricians 3088:Spectacles 3046:Literature 3041:Hairstyles 2878:Technology 2628:Praefectus 2580:Government 2570:Litigation 2555:Auctoritas 2500:Centuriate 2387:Principate 2382:Pax Romana 2342:Foundation 2176:--. 1982. 2159:20:95–112. 2144:0192880039 2102:0500200211 2076:0712620958 2033:0300052936 2002:0714822140 1984:0300052901 1957:References 1923:Strong, 48 1842:0674035720 1811:Review of 1777:0262681013 1628:Henig, 225 1596:0140218661 1584:Cook, R.M. 1488:0567089436 1463:0674015177 881:Gesù, Rome 851:, 1462 by 755:terracotta 736:capitolium 571:architrave 506:ambulatory 333:terracotta 173:of animals 171:, chiefly 169:Sacrifices 5067:Mithraism 5052:Mysteries 4901:Palladium 4879:Festivals 4655:Securitas 4605:Concordia 4549:Vertumnus 4367:Dīs Pater 4264:mythology 4198:Quaestors 4128:Empresses 4118:Dynasties 4108:Dictators 4083:and other 4072:Volubilis 4067:Vindobona 4027:Londinium 3952:Theodoret 3922:Procopius 3902:Polyaenus 3877:Pausanias 3779:Vitruvius 3724:Symmachus 3719:Suetonius 3629:Petronius 3614:Obsequens 3579:Macrobius 3574:Lucretius 3499:Frontinus 3474:Eutropius 3459:Columella 3409:Augustine 3399:Appuleius 3347:Neo-Latin 3322:Classical 3313:Versions 3221:Aqueducts 3163:Patronage 3083:Sexuality 3056:Mythology 3031:Education 3021:Cosmetics 2846:Campaigns 2841:Structure 2794:Decemviri 2653:Imperator 2352:overthrow 2025:Roman Art 1962:"EERA" = 1588:Greek Art 1393:in 260 BC 1379:, in the 1209:Elsewhere 970:Tempietto 793:Influence 763:antefixes 666:Maxentius 645:caesareum 605:caesareum 584:Caesareum 578:Praeneste 490:Near East 475:antefixes 471:acroteria 452:vermilion 401:Vitruvius 389:Parthenon 381:colonnade 337:antefixes 295:antefixes 289:by early 242:Vitruvius 211:, in the 136:libations 132:dedicated 51:, in the 5107:Glossary 5078:See also 4974:Stoicism 4949:Cynicism 4911:Pomerium 4870:Concepts 4852:Apuleius 4772:She-wolf 4756:Hersilia 4675:Victoria 4575:Aequitas 4529:Summanus 4519:Silvanus 4504:Quirinus 4434:Libertas 4397:Hercules 4342:Cloacina 4327:Carmenta 4322:Bona Dea 4297:Angerona 4292:Agenoria 4203:Tribunes 4193:Praetors 4143:Generals 4123:Emperors 4032:Lugdunum 4017:Eboracum 4007:Carthage 3992:Aquileia 3907:Polybius 3897:Plutarch 3867:Libanius 3857:Josephus 3852:Herodian 3744:Tibullus 3659:Priscian 3634:Phaedrus 3594:Manilius 3539:Jordanes 3524:Hydatius 3454:Claudian 3434:Catullus 3424:Boëthius 3419:Ausonius 3337:Medieval 3309:Alphabet 3281:Theatres 3256:Numerals 3241:Concrete 3231:Circuses 3198:Bagaudae 3188:Adoption 3183:Marriage 3156:Assembly 3061:Religion 3036:Folklore 3016:Clothing 3011:Calendar 2968:Currency 2958:Commerce 2856:Strategy 2818:Military 2804:Triumvir 2784:Dictator 2779:Interrex 2758:Governor 2743:Quaestor 2706:Ordinary 2688:Province 2678:Tetrarch 2668:Augustus 2633:Vicarius 2623:Officium 2560:Imperium 2510:Plebeian 2470:Republic 2392:Dominate 2359:Republic 2320:Timeline 2256:Archived 2066:(1988), 2053:series, 2040:(1980), 1950:. II.49. 1410:See also 1140:Pantheon 1097:Somerset 883:(1584), 787:Florence 767:Domitian 679:was the 677:caesarea 630:coloniae 488:and the 434:A Roman 385:Pergamon 329:pediment 286:Etruscan 263:delubrum 251:sacellum 207:in 415. 205:Honorius 152:pediment 33:Augustan 5090:Decline 5014:Objects 4916:Temples 4896:Charity 4630:Laverna 4620:Fortuna 4610:Feronia 4539:Veritas 4509:Salacia 4494:Priapus 4479:Penates 4459:Neptune 4454:Minerva 4449:Mercury 4412:Jupiter 4352:Dea Dia 4317:Bellona 4272:Deities 4173:Legions 4133:Fiction 4103:Consuls 4098:Climate 4052:Ravenna 4047:Pompeii 4037:Lutetia 4002:Bononia 3997:Berytus 3987:Antioch 3962:Zosimus 3957:Zonaras 3932:Sozomen 3917:Priscus 3892:Photius 3734:Terence 3729:Tacitus 3714:Statius 3699:Servius 3684:Sallust 3639:Plautus 3619:Orosius 3599:Martial 3554:Juvenal 3529:Hyginus 3514:Gellius 3373:Writers 3304:History 3286:Thermae 3276:Temples 3226:Bridges 3193:Slavery 3141:Equites 3113:Society 3093:Theatre 3066:Deities 3026:Cuisine 3006:Bathing 2988:Culture 2963:Finance 2940:Economy 2831:Borders 2826:History 2728:Tribune 2723:Praetor 2613:Legatus 2608:Emperor 2495:Curiate 2465:Kingdom 2460:History 2436:History 2419:decline 2377:History 2347:Kingdom 2330:History 2315:Outline 2082:, 2003) 1947:Annales 1942:Tacitus 1403:Armenia 1356:Tunisia 1352:Sbeitla 1331:Lebanon 1327:Baalbek 1279:Croatia 1241:Brescia 1116:Tunisia 1065:Armenia 1035:Lebanon 1031:Baalbek 877:volutes 771:Vandals 748:Minerva 730:on the 693:pharaoh 687:of the 559:Baalbek 526:Baalbek 436:mammisi 367:, Split 325:pronaos 321:portico 274:templum 246:templum 237:templum 199:. The 193:mosques 177:templum 141:portico 90:Croatia 5057:Cybele 4983:Events 4931:Celtic 4799:Aeneid 4793:Virgil 4706:Aeneas 4640:Pietas 4625:Fontus 4600:Caelus 4590:Annona 4585:Africa 4554:Vulcan 4514:Saturn 4489:Pomona 4392:Genius 4382:Faunus 4372:Egeria 4312:Aurora 4307:Apollo 4183:Nomina 4168:Legacy 4148:Gentes 4085:topics 4081:Lists 4062:Smyrna 3942:Strabo 3872:Lucian 3862:Julian 3812:Arrian 3807:Appian 3797:Aelian 3774:Vergil 3549:Justin 3534:Jerome 3519:Horace 3504:Fronto 3494:Florus 3469:Ennius 3449:Cicero 3429:Caesar 3327:Vulgar 3151:Tribes 3078:Romans 2888:Legion 2871:castra 2748:Aedile 2718:Censor 2713:Consul 2673:Caesar 2643:Lictor 2565:Status 2505:Tribal 2485:Senate 2475:Empire 2369:Empire 2305:topics 2221:about 2142: 2100: 2074: 2057: 2031: 2000: 1982: 1840: 1775: 1594: 1540: 1485: 1460: 1421:Temple 1362:Dougga 1346:Jordan 1265:Vienne 1231:Tivoli 1128:votive 1112:Dougga 824:, and 716:Relief 636:oppida 621:Vienne 598:Vienne 535:tholos 460:gilded 446:style. 266:, and 181:Empire 148:podium 72:Trajan 70:under 4926:Cella 4833:Varro 4813:Fasti 4786:Texts 4670:Terra 4650:Salus 4615:Fides 4544:Vesta 4534:Venus 4484:Pluto 4474:Orcus 4429:Liber 4417:Lares 4402:Janus 4387:Flora 4377:Fauna 4357:Diana 4347:Cupid 4337:Ceres 3847:Galen 3789:Greek 3759:Varro 3569:Lucan 3381:Latin 3296:Latin 3271:Ships 3261:Roads 3246:Domes 3178:Women 3126:Plebs 3051:Music 2593:Forum 2588:Curia 1787:from 1732:, 2.8 1428:Notes 1293:cella 1289:Évora 1251:Nîmes 625:Nîmes 617:Évora 563:cella 544:Vesta 486:Egypt 269:fanum 257:aedes 233:Latin 227:Terms 128:deity 118:cella 29:Nîmes 5062:Isis 4807:Ovid 4660:Spes 4645:Roma 4444:Mars 4439:Luna 4407:Juno 4362:Dies 4262:and 4163:Laws 4138:Film 4057:Roma 3624:Ovid 3564:Livy 3332:Late 3146:Gens 3103:Wine 2915:Navy 2883:Army 2522:SPQR 2424:fall 2402:fall 2140:ISBN 2136:Rome 2098:ISBN 2072:ISBN 2055:ISBN 2029:ISBN 1998:ISBN 1980:ISBN 1838:ISBN 1773:ISBN 1592:ISBN 1538:ISBN 1504:Sear 1483:ISBN 1458:ISBN 1275:Pula 1134:Rome 1099:, a 1075:The 746:and 744:Juno 726:The 623:and 596:at 456:lead 344:and 124:cult 86:Pula 47:The 23:The 4635:Pax 4524:Sol 4469:Ops 4464:Nox 3317:Old 3001:Art 2774:Rex 2618:Dux 2532:Law 2096:), 1079:. 1029:at 988:by 972:of 718:of 695:of 576:At 346:Vic 84:in 27:in 5134:: 2088:, 1974:, 1970:, 1966:, 1944:. 1817:, 1783:; 1767:, 1586:, 1497:^ 1435:^ 1401:, 1354:, 1344:, 1329:, 1325:, 1287:– 1277:, 1273:– 1263:– 1253:, 1249:– 1239:, 1229:– 1182:– 1114:, 1095:, 1063:, 1033:, 1004:, 960:, 820:, 619:, 603:A 512:. 473:, 301:. 260:, 88:, 4281:) 4275:( 4252:e 4245:t 4238:v 2295:e 2288:t 2281:v 1745:. 1546:. 1491:. 1466:. 1295:. 1052:. 120:) 116:( 39:.

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Index