Italian language - Knowledge

2761:; this diagnostic is effective if mutual intelligibility is minimal or absent (e.g. in Romance, Romanian and Portuguese), but it fails in cases such as Spanish-Portuguese or Spanish-Italian, as educated native speakers of either pairing can understand each other well if they choose to do so; however, the level of intelligibility is markedly lower between Italian-Spanish, and considerably higher between the Iberian sister languages of Portuguese-Spanish. Speakers of this latter pair can communicate with one another with remarkable ease, each speaking to the other in his own native language without slang/jargon. Nevertheless, on the basis of accumulated differences in morphology, syntax, phonology, and to some extent lexicon, it is not difficult to identify that for the Romance varieties of Italy, the first extant written evidence of languages that can no longer be considered Latin comes from the ninth and tenth centuries C.E. These written sources demonstrate certain vernacular characteristics and sometimes explicitly mention the use of the vernacular in Italy. Full literary manifestations of the vernacular began to surface around the 13th century in the form of various religious texts and poetry.Although these are the first written records of Italian varieties separate from Latin, the spoken language had probably diverged long before the first written records appeared since those who were literate generally wrote in Latin even if they spoke other Romance varieties in person. 10009:): "Pei, Mario A. "A New Methodology for Romance Classification." Word, v, 2 (Aug. 1949), 135–146. Demonstrates a comparative statistical method for determining the extent of change from the Latin for the free and checked stressed vowels of French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Rumanian, Old Provençal, and Logudorese Sardinian. By assigning 3½ change points per vowel (with 2 points for diphthongization, 1 point for modification in vowel quantity, ½ point for changes due to nasalization, palatalization or umlaut, and −½ point for failure to effect a normal change), there is a maximum of 77 change points for free and checked stressed vowel sounds (11×2×3½=77). According to this system (illustrated by seven charts at the end of the article), the percentage of change is greatest in French (44%) and least in Italian (12%) and Sardinian (8%). Prof. Pei suggests that this statistical method be extended not only to all other phonological but also to all morphological and syntactical, phenomena.". 10026:: "In the late forties and in the fifties some new proposals for classification of the Romance languages appeared. A statistical method attempting to evaluate the evidence quantitatively was developed in order to provide not only a classification but at the same time a measure of the divergence among the languages. The earliest attempt was made in 1949 by Mario Pei (1901–1978), who measured the divergence of seven modern Romance languages from Classical Latin, taking as his criterion the evolution of stressed vowels. Pei's results do not show the degree of contemporary divergence among the languages from each other but only the divergence of each one from Classical Latin. The closest language turned out to be Sardinian with 8% of change. Then followed Italian — 12%; Spanish — 20%; Romanian — 23,5%; Provençal — 25%; Portuguese — 31%; French — 44%." 2503: 9822:«La dominazione sabauda in Sardegna può essere considerata come la fase iniziale di un lungo processo di italianizzazione dell'isola, con la capillare diffusione dell'italiano in quanto strumento per il superamento della frammentarietà tipica del contesto linguistico dell'isola e con il conseguente inserimento delle sue strutture economiche e culturali in un contesto internazionale più ampio e aperto ai contatti di più lato respiro. Proprio la variegata composizione linguistica della Sardegna fu considerata negativamente per qualunque tentativo di assorbimento dell'isola nella sfera culturale italiana.» Loi Corvetto, Ines. 1729: 18597: 8761: 659: 16088: 9086: 1004: 1378:, were read throughout the peninsula and his written dialect became the "canonical standard" that all educated Italians could understand. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language. In addition to the widespread exposure gained through literature, the Florentine dialect also gained prestige due to the political and cultural significance of Florence at the time and the fact that it was linguistically an intermediate between the northern and the southern Italian dialects. Thus the dialect of 2659: 18734: 5904:: descriptive, invariable and form-changing. Descriptive adjectives are the most common, and their endings change to match the number and gender of the noun they modify. Invariable adjectives are adjectives whose endings do not change. The form-changing adjectives "buono (good), bello (beautiful), grande (big), and santo (saint)" change in form when placed before different types of nouns. Italian has three degrees for comparison of adjectives: positive, comparative, and superlative. 6165:. "To have" is used to form compound conjugation when the verb is transitive ("Ha detto", "ha fatto": he/she has said, he/she has made/done), while "to be" is used in the case of verbs of motion and some other intransitive verbs ("È andato", "è stato": he has gone, he has been). "To be" may be used with transitive verbs, but in such a case it makes the verb passive ("È detto", "è fatto": it is said, it is made/done). This rule is not absolute, and some exceptions do exist. 2714:. The most prevalent were substrata (the language of the original inhabitants), as the Italian dialects were most probably simply Latin as spoken by native cultural groups. Superstrata and adstrata were both less important. Foreign conquerors of Italy that dominated different regions at different times left behind little to no influence on the dialects. Foreign cultures with which Italy engaged in peaceful relations with, such as trade, had no significant influence either. 18717: 18609: 8775: 8630: 2264: 13898: 2651: 2062: 18573: 8789: 1227: 18683: 18621: 2769:, an Italian linguist, has asserted that in 1861 only 2.5% of the population of Italy could speak Standard Italian. He reports that in 1951 that percentage had risen to 87%. The ability to speak Italian did not necessarily mean it was in everyday use, and most people (63.5%) still usually spoke their native dialects. In addition, other factors such as mass emigration, industrialization, and urbanization, and internal migrations after 18700: 18666: 2439: 18751: 6118:. 'I see him, but not her'). Aside from personal pronouns, Italian also has demonstrative, interrogative, possessive, and relative pronouns. There are two types of demonstrative pronouns: relatively near (this) and relatively far (that); there exists a third type of demonstrative denoting vicinity only to the listener, but it has fallen out of use. Demonstratives in Italian are repeated before each noun, unlike in English. 1917: 1238: 14147: 2187:(1939–1943). Albania has a large population of non-native speakers, with over half of the population having some knowledge of the Italian language. The Albanian government has pushed to make Italian a compulsory second language in schools. The Italian language is well-known and studied in Albania, due to its historical ties and geographical proximity to Italy and to the diffusion of Italian television in the country. 18585: 15045: 13887: 8747: 1540: 18649: 10764: 2487: 10754: 4064:. Although in all these examples the second form has fallen out of usage, the dimorphism is thought to reflect the several-hundred-year period during which Italian developed as a literary language divorced from any native-speaking population, with an origin in 12th/13th-century Tuscan but with many words borrowed from 2046:, which, due to its linguistic proximity to the Italian standard language, appears both linguistically as an Italian dialect and therefore as a carrier of Italian culture, despite the French government's decades-long efforts to cut Corsica off from the Italian motherland. Italian was the official language in 2168: 2777:

beginning in 1861 were often of the uneducated lower class, and thus the emigration had the effect of increasing the percentage of literates, who often knew and understood the importance of Standard Italian, back home in Italy. A large percentage of those who had emigrated also eventually returned to

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for the most part unnecessary outside of dictionaries. Most of the time, the penultimate syllable is stressed. But if the stressed vowel is the final letter of the word, the accent is mandatory, otherwise, it is virtually always omitted. Exceptions are typically either in dictionaries, where all or

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There is no definitive date when the various Italian variants of Latin—including varieties that contributed to modern Standard Italian—began to be distinct enough from Latin to be considered separate languages. One criterion for determining that two language variants are to be considered separate

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Italian is widely taught in many schools around the world, but rarely as the first foreign language. In the 21st century, technology also allows for the continual spread of the Italian language, as people have new ways to learn how to speak, read, and write languages at their own pace and at any

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The order of words in the phrase is relatively free compared to most European languages. The position of the verb in the phrase is highly mobile. Word order often has a lesser grammatical function in Italian than in English. Adjectives are sometimes placed before their noun and sometimes after.

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Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the use of Standard Italian became increasingly widespread and was mirrored by a decline in the use of the dialects. An increase in literacy was one of the main driving factors (one can assume that only literates were capable of learning Standard Italian,

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and tonic pronouns. Personal pronouns are separated into three groups: subject, object (which takes the place of both direct and indirect objects), and reflexive. Second-person subject pronouns have both a polite and a familiar form. These two different types of addresses are very important in

1563:

in the 15th century, the number of printing presses in Italy grew rapidly and by the year 1500 reached a total of 56, the biggest number of printing presses in all of Europe. This enabled the production of more pieces of literature at a lower cost and Italian, as the dominant language, spread.

2471:

As of 2022, Australia had the highest number of students learning Italian in the world. This occurred because of support by the Italian community in Australia and the Italian Government and also because of successful educational reform efforts led by local governments in Australia.

1479:, Sicily became the first Italian land to adopt Occitan lyric moods (and words) in poetry. Even in the case of Northern Italian languages, however, scholars are careful not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages. 5539:

but the actual pronunciation depends on the context and regional accent. Generally one can find a flap consonant in an unstressed position whereas is more common in stressed syllables, but there may be exceptions. Especially people from the Northern part of Italy

3390:

is neutralized before consonants and at the beginning of words: the former is used before voiceless consonants and before vowels at the beginning of words; the latter is used before voiced consonants. The two can contrast only between vowels within a word, e.g.

10167: 1559:—individuals who placed emphasis on the human body and its full potential—began to shift focus from the church to human beings themselves. The continual advancements in technology play a crucial role in the diffusion of languages. After the invention of the 1607:, as well as a renewed interest in linguistics in the 16th century, sparked a debate that raged throughout Italy concerning the criteria that should govern the establishment of a modern Italian literary and spoken language. This discussion, known as 1316:

writers of the 12th century, and, although the grammar and core lexicon are basically unchanged from those used in Florence in the 13th century, the modern standard of the language was largely shaped by relatively recent events. However, Romance

2305:, people who speak Italian as their home language are 1.1% of the total population of the country. In Australia, Italian is the second most spoken foreign language after Chinese, with 1.4% of the population speaking it as their home language. 2682:

to the Tuscan that was the historical source of Italian. They can be quite different from Italian and from each other, with some belonging to different linguistic branches of Romance. The only exceptions to this are twelve groups considered

5896:

Like in English, common nouns are capitalized when occurring at the beginning of a sentence. Unlike English, nouns referring to languages (e.g. Italian), speakers of languages, or inhabitants of an area (e.g. Italians) are not capitalized.

3443:('I present'). There are many words for which dictionaries now indicate that both pronunciations, either or , are acceptable. Word-internally between vowels, the two phonemes have merged in many regional varieties of Italian, as either 10962: 2281:, only a little over one million people in the United States speak Italian at home. Nevertheless, an Italian language media market does exist in the country. In Canada, Italian is the second most spoken non-official language when 2296:

after the official language of Spanish, although its number of speakers, mainly of the older generation, is decreasing. Italian bilingual speakers can be found scattered across the Southeast of Brazil as well as in the South. In

2225:. Italian is today used in commerce, and it is still spoken especially among elders; besides that, Italian words are incorporated as loan words in the main language spoken in the country (Tigrinya). The capital city of Eritrea, 2602:, visiting Italy to see its great historical monuments and works of art. It was expected that the visitor would learn at least some Italian, understood as language based on Florentine. In England, while the classical languages 1321:

as language spoken in the Italian Peninsula has a longer history. In fact, the earliest surviving texts that can definitely be called vernacular (as distinct from its predecessor Vulgar Latin) are legal formulae known as the

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From the late 19th to the mid-20th century, millions of Italians settled in Argentina, Uruguay, Southern Brazil and Venezuela, as well as in Canada and the United States, where they formed a physical and cultural presence.

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Italian social distinctions. All object pronouns have two forms: stressed and unstressed (clitics). Unstressed object pronouns are much more frequently used, and come before a verb conjugated for subject-verb (

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occurred in Nice case, and caused a near-disappearance of the Italian language as many of the Italian speakers in these areas migrated to Italy. In Corsica, on the other hand, almost everyone still speaks the

2816: 8665:"Not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces." 11357:"(...) in a large number of Italian accents, there is considerable friction involved in the pronunciation of , creating a voiced palatal lateral fricative (for which there is no established IPA symbol)" 2583:

times in much of Europe and the Mediterranean, Latin was replaced as the primary commercial language by languages of Italy, especially Tuscan and Venetian. These varieties were consolidated during the

2721:, are spoken. Regional differences can be recognized by various factors: the openness of vowels, the length of the consonants, and influence of the local language (for example, in informal situations 1615:), ran through the Italian culture until the end of the 19th century, often linked to the political debate on achieving a united Italian state. Renaissance scholars divided into three main factions: 9501: 3954:

Preservation of most intertonic vowels (those between the stressed syllable and either the beginning or ending syllable). This accounts for some of the most noticeable differences, as in the forms

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that are located around the world, in the 179 Italian schools located abroad, or in the 111 Italian lecturer sections belonging to foreign schools where Italian is taught as a language of culture.

1005: 10067: 1277:

over the course of centuries, unaffected by formal standards and teachings. They are not in any sense "dialects" of standard Italian, which itself started off as one of these local tongues, but

10958: 8867: 1151:(13% of the EU population) and it is spoken as a second language by 13.4 million EU citizens (3%). Including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries (such as Switzerland, Albania and the 11014: 2818: 10698: 4941:

yet". For monosyllabic words, the rule is different: when two orthographically identical monosyllabic words with different meanings exist, one is accented and the other is not (example:

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were the first to be learned, Italian became the second most common modern language after French, a position it held until the late 18th century when it tended to be replaced by German.

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Italian was progressively made an official language of most of the Italian states predating unification, slowly replacing Latin, even when ruled by foreign powers (such as Spain in the

1124:, although Italian is neither a co-official nor a protected language in these countries. Some speakers of Italian are native bilinguals of both Italian (either in its standard form or 10790: 9332: 9267: 9999: 5928:'they love'). Noun objects normally come after the verb, as do pronoun objects after imperative verbs, infinitives and gerunds, but otherwise, pronoun objects come before the verb. 484: 10361: 10236: 3246:(commonly called "dental" for simplicity), pronounced with the blade of the tongue very close to the upper front teeth, with the tip of the tongue resting behind lower front teeth. 2229:, still has several Italian schools, established during the colonial period. In the early 19th century, Eritrea was the country with the highest number of Italians abroad, and the 1712:

in the early 19th century (who was himself of Italian-Corsican descent). This conquest propelled the unification of Italy some decades after and pushed the Italian language into a

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in Italian. There are four indefinite articles, selected by the gender of the noun they modify and by the phonological structure of the word that immediately follows the article.

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The conservative nature of Italian phonology is partly explained by its origin. Italian stems from a literary language that is derived from the 13th-century speech of the city of

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Tutti gli esseri umani nascono liberi ed eguali in dignità e diritti. Essi sono dotati di ragione e di coscienza e devono agire gli uni verso gli altri in spirito di fratellanza.

10833: 9912: 9432: 9151: 3196:

are always geminate intervocalically, including across word boundaries. Similarly, nasals, liquids, and sibilants are pronounced slightly longer in medial consonant clusters.

10551: 8678:"For her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general." 2628:

continue to be used in most languages in matters of art and music (especially classical music including opera), in the design and fashion industries, in some sports such as

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Italian immigrants to South America have also brought a presence of the language to that continent. According to some sources, Italian is the second most spoken language in

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whereas those who were illiterate had access only to their native dialect). The percentage of literates rose from 25% in 1861 to 60% in 1911, and then on to 78.1% in 1951.

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All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

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Andreose, Alvise; Renzi, Lorenzo (2013), "Geography and distribution of the Romance Languages in Europe", in Maiden, Martin; Smith, John Charles; Ledgeway, Adam (eds.),

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Today, even though for political reasons English is the most widely taught foreign language in Albanian schools, Italian is anyway the most widespread foreign language.

6125:, and various verbs are irregularly conjugated. Within each of these sets of conjugations, there are four simple (one-word) verbal conjugations by person/number in the 4012:

Compared with most other Romance languages, Italian has many inconsistent outcomes, where the same underlying sound produces different results in different words, e.g.

4640:

The Italian alphabet is typically considered to consist of 21 letters. The letters j, k, w, x, y are traditionally excluded, although they appear in loanwords such as

1894:), estimated that distance between Italian and Latin is higher than that between Sardinian and Latin. In particular, its vowels are the second-closest to Latin after 1348:

The language that came to be thought of as Italian developed in central Tuscany and was first formalized in the early 14th century through the works of Tuscan writer

1958:, the largest Italian-speaking city outside Italy, is the only canton where Italian is predominant. Italian is also used in administration and official documents in 1547:

was an influential figure in the development of the Italian language from the Tuscan dialect, as a literary medium, codifying the language for standard modern usage.

1269:, the established written language in Europe was Latin, although the great majority of people were illiterate, and only few were well versed in the language. In the 1179:

with numerous Italian words referring to music that have become international terms taken into various languages worldwide. Almost all native Italian words end with

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After unification, a huge number of civil servants and soldiers recruited from all over the country introduced many more words and idioms from their home languages—

12045: 13934: 10884: 4346:, meaning very regular spelling with an almost one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds. In linguistic terms, the writing system is close to being a 2817: 1494:

remained in use in maritime trade alongside the Mediterranean. The increasing political and cultural relevance of Florence during the periods of the rise of the

1334:, probably from the 8th or early 9th century, contains a late form of Vulgar Latin that can be seen as a very early sample of a vernacular dialect of Italy. The 9553: 10036: 1436:"all right" is pronounced by a Roman (and by any standard Italian speaker), by a Milanese (and by any speaker whose native dialect lies to the north of the 10585: 10291: 9358: 9191: 1140: 464: 10387: 9493: 8719:"For his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions." 4096:, was once thought to be due to borrowing of northern voiced forms, but is now generally viewed as the result of early phonetic variation within Tuscany. 10078: 8997: 6161:. Corresponding to each of the simple conjugations, there is a compound conjugation involving a simple conjugation of "to be" or "to have" followed by a 1113: 18689: 1285:

with Italian varies widely, as it does with Romance languages in general. The Romance languages of Italy can differ greatly from Italian at all levels (

18544: 16076: 16054: 10706: 3482:, as well as 23 consonants. Compared with most other Romance languages, Italian phonology is conservative, preserving many words nearly unchanged from 2124:). Italian served as Malta's official language until 1934, when it was abolished by the British colonial administration amid strong local opposition. 18786: 11018: 10846:

L'italiano come lingua acquisita o riacquisita è largamente diffuso in Venezuela: recenti studi stimano circa 200.000 studenti di italiano nel Paese

2286: 11752: 15409: 12957: 9536: 18831: 18105: 4732:

may appear in dialectal words, but its use is discouraged in contemporary standard Italian. Letters used in foreign words can be replaced with

2160:, which caused the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians. Italian was the official language of the 12207: 11462: 11436: 6114:'seeing her'). Stressed object pronouns come after the verb, and are used when the emphasis is required, for contrast, or to avoid ambiguity ( 18145: 12989: 11633: 9579: 8973: 8938: 2565:

dialect of Argentina and Uruguay today has thus been heavily influenced by both standard Italian and Italian regional languages as a result.

1911: 1408:. As Tuscan-derived Italian came to be used throughout Italy, features of local speech were naturally adopted, producing various versions of 10786: 10320: 9525: 9316: 9251: 2144:

is an official minority language in the country, with many schools and public announcements published in both languages. The 2001 census in

14190: 14135: 13620: 12972: 10732: 9997: 9384: 11730: 10232: 9843:, according to whom "the idiom of the Roman court was as good as the Florentine one, and better understood by all" (G. Rossi, ed. (1930). 9410: 5761:'rivers, m. pl.', thus assignment of gender is arbitrary in terms of form, enough so that terms may be identical but of distinct genders: 1938:), although its use there has moderately declined since the 1970s. It is official both on the national level and on regional level in two 16216: 13927: 11111: 10365: 10262: 2678:

Italian". The Romance dialects of Italy are local evolutions of spoken Latin that pre-date the establishment of Italian, and as such are

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Learning to Read and Write: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective (Cambridge Studies in Cognitive and Perceptual Development, Series Number 2)

9238:...if the Romance languages are compared with Latin, it is seen that by most measures Sardinian and Italian are least differentiated... 1053:

Romance languages). Spoken by about 85 million people, including 67 million native speakers (2024), Italian is an official language in

971: 469: 10813: 9666:

L'italiano di oggi ha ancora in gran parte la stessa grammatica e usa ancora lo stesso lessico del fiorentino letterario del Trecento.

14606: 14113: 13718: 10319:. European Commission: Directorate General for Education and Culture and Directorate General Press and Communication. February 2006. 9938: 3370: 2621:, Italian is known by a large part of the ecclesiastical hierarchy and is used in substitution for Latin in some official documents. 1393:), although the masses kept speaking primarily their local vernaculars. Italian was also one of the many recognised languages in the 10007: 9916: 9890: 9439: 2233:

grew from 4,000 during World War I to nearly 100,000 at the beginning of World War II. In Asmara there are two Italian schools, the

1273:, as in most of Europe, most would instead speak a local vernacular. These dialects, as they are commonly referred to, evolved from 13625: 10992: 10649: 4324:

do not usually permit verbs and polysyllabic nouns to end with consonants, except in poetry and song, so foreign words may receive

1802:, etc. Only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak the Italian standardized language properly when the nation was unified in 1861. 4921:

most stressed vowels are commonly marked. Accents can optionally be used to disambiguate words that differ only by stress, as for

818: 14015: 13190: 10210: 9678: 9464: 8968: 5527:, which is always single. Geminate plosives and affricates are realized as lengthened closures. Geminate fricatives, nasals, and 1155:) and on other continents, the total number of speakers is approximately 85 million. Italian is the main working language of the 11089: 10673: 10543: 9225: 18508: 16069: 13920: 12402: 12126: 10533:

Zonova, Tatiana. "The Italian language: soft power or dolce potere?." Rivista di Studi Politici Internazionali (2013): 227–231.

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S'italianu in Sardìnnia candu, cumenti e poita d'ant impostu : 1720–1848; poderi e lìngua in Sardìnnia in edadi spanniola

9289: 2242: 2203: 10787:"Los segundos idiomas más hablados de Sudamérica | AméricaEconomía – El sitio de los negocios globales de América Latina" 9649: 16667: 14852: 14042: 13868: 13031: 12288: 12019: 11675: 11592: 10626: 9974: 9884: 9728: 9609: 8893: 8610: 8594: 2785:, as Italy unified under Standard Italian and continues to do so aided by mass media from newspapers to radio to television, 2267: 16599: 14339: 10512: 4076:

in the entire Romance-language area, passes only about 30 kilometres or 20 miles north of Florence.) Dual outcomes of Latin

2464:, every year there are more than 200,000 foreign students who study the Italian language; they are distributed among the 90 13665: 12940: 12748: 3164:. Geminate consonants shorten the preceding vowel (or block phonetic lengthening) and the first element of the geminate is 1050: 16402: 16397: 15476: 11042:"From the Periphery to the Center Stage: The Mainstreaming of Italian in the Australian Education System (1960s to 1990s)" 2822: 18637: 18203: 16341: 16229: 15402: 15375:

Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist.

12994: 12857: 10019: 9990: 3105: 3087: 2461: 2109: 699: 16502: 16392: 16084: 14391: 11514: 10473: 5781:. There are a number of nouns that have a masculine singular and a feminine plural, most commonly of the pattern m. sg. 2710:

that all languages in regular use are subject to, and to some extent to the presence of three other types of languages:

18816: 16617: 15657: 15625: 13713: 13298: 12925: 12758: 12519: 12070: 12039: 11962: 11526: 10702: 10164:""Un nizzardo su quattro prese la via dell'esilio" in seguito all'unità d'Italia, dice lo scrittore Casalino Pierluigi" 3115: 1695: 14161: 12336: 10880: 10866: 3665:, and has changed little in the last 700 years or so. Furthermore, the Tuscan dialect is the most conservative of all 18811: 18138: 17456: 16062: 12945: 12920: 12763: 12274: 12260: 12136: 10506: 10446: 9557: 9326: 9261: 1997:

complained about the referendum that allowed France to annex Savoy and Nice, and a group of his followers (among the

1476: 1168: 1094: 521: 454: 444: 11545:

On a hypothetical 'transparency scale' of writing systems, Italian orthography should be placed close to one extreme

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A fourth faction claimed that the best Italian was the one that the papal court adopted, which was a mixture of the

18801: 17516: 14128: 13317: 12598: 12484: 9125: 9099: 8732:"Who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden." 5162: 4361: 3352: 3046: 2993: 2442: 1930:

and is spoken fluently by the majority of the countries' populations. Italian is the third most spoken language in

1342: 824: 479: 199: 18539: 18410: 18223: 16804: 16409: 16209: 14705: 14281: 13441: 13353: 13200: 13195: 13026: 12894: 8872: 7656: 4837: 3016: 2598:

Italy came to enjoy increasing artistic prestige within Europe. A mark of the educated gentlemen was to make the

1390: 1335: 1148: 689: 11700: 10287: 9354: 9184: 2194:, Italian is still understood by some in former colonies such as Libya. Although it was the primary language in 1400:

Italy has always had a distinctive dialect for each city because the cities, until recently, were thought of as

1086: 18821: 18655: 18498: 18248: 17604: 17505: 15395: 13389: 12977: 12454: 10391: 8637: 4869: 964: 17475: 10413: 10141: 8706:"For his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times." 2793:

is not uncommon in emigrant communities among older speakers. Both situations normally involve some degree of

18826: 18420: 17412: 17090: 15865: 15685: 15680: 15643: 15611: 14047: 13640: 13471: 13358: 12889: 12884: 10421: 8958: 8898: 6011:'a different shirt'. There are seven forms for definite articles, both singular and plural. In the singular: 5592: 5216: 5190: 4380: 4289: 3054: 3000: 2706:

The differences in the evolution of Latin in the different regions of Italy can be attributed to the natural

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did not agree to it. Italian is generally understood in Corsica by the population resident therein who speak

1747: 831: 813: 649: 584: 12031:

The Big Book of Italian Verbs: 900 Fully Conjugated Verbs in All Tenses. With IPA Transcription, 2nd Edition

10910: 602: 18806: 18796: 18513: 18465: 18335: 18330: 18131: 14020: 13399: 13338: 13323: 13175: 13036: 12489: 10574: 9848: 8943: 8888: 4913: 4849: 3030: 3023: 2979: 2157: 2125: 1090: 17539: 16942: 15675: 11973:"The sound pattern of Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome" 11418: 8579: 8564: 8549: 8534: 8519: 8504: 8489: 8474: 8459: 8444: 8429: 8414: 8379: 8364: 8349: 8334: 8319: 8304: 8289: 8221: 8208: 8195: 8182: 8146: 8131: 8116: 8101: 8086: 8071: 8056: 8041: 8026: 8011: 7976: 7961: 7946: 7931: 7916: 7901: 7886: 7871: 7856: 7841: 7806: 7791: 7776: 7761: 7746: 7731: 7716: 7701: 7686: 7671: 7340: 7316: 7292: 7275: 7258: 7241: 7219: 7216: 7166: 7163: 7160: 7124: 7107: 7099: 7064: 7061: 7033: 7030: 7007: 7004: 6980: 6963: 6960: 6930: 6895: 6891: 6868: 6851: 6834: 6817: 6800: 6797: 6793: 6790: 6786: 6757: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6684: 6667: 6664: 6628: 6625: 6622: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6579: 6555: 6551: 6527: 6509: 6474: 6457: 6439: 6436: 6412: 6395: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6367: 6331: 6314: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6252: 6230: 5960: 5948: 5944: 5603: 5595: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5549: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5492: 5485: 5478: 5474: 5404: 5392: 5378: 5364: 5345: 5331: 5315: 5303: 5258: 5254: 5238: 5234: 5180: 5152: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5105: 5097: 5089: 5082: 5075: 5071: 5032: 5028: 5012: 4633: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4585: 4578: 4571: 4559: 4552: 4545: 4541: 4526: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4490: 4486: 4470: 4458: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4417: 4405: 4401: 4393: 4374: 4355: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4169: 4165: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4112: 4108: 4077: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3984: 3977: 3970: 3948: 3917: 3886: 3848: 3833: 3824: 3810: 3797: 3747: 3643: 3628: 3599: 3563: 3522: 3479: 3467: 3463: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3425: 3414: 3402: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3376: 3361: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3282: 3278: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3236: 3230: 3226: 3213: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3157: 3153: 2214:

the sole official language of the country. A few hundred Italian settlers returned to Libya in the 2000s.

1870:

One study, analyzing the degree of differentiation of Romance languages in comparison to Latin (comparing

1688:

in Florence (1582–1583), the official legislative body of the Italian language, led to the publication of

18791: 18781: 17980: 17418: 16387: 16316: 15759: 14121: 13978: 13743: 13461: 13307: 13089: 12999: 12899: 12785: 12753: 12438: 8883: 4901: 4873: 3680:

The following are some of the conservative phonological features of Italian, as compared with the common

2757:

languages rather than variants of a single language is that they have evolved so that they are no longer

2684: 2574: 2184: 2141: 2010: 1572: 1491: 547: 18723: 15766: 11416: 2502: 18563: 18470: 18295: 17701: 17273: 16708: 16266: 16202: 16173: 14908: 14497: 13973: 13968: 13798: 13426: 13246: 13153: 13126: 13061: 12935: 12469: 12395: 11744: 8878: 3270: 3078: 2926: 2465: 1184: 15546: 14143: 10615:"Una quantificazione della penetrazione della lingua italiana in Albania tramite la televisione (III)" 3364:

is realised as a trill with one or two contacts. Some literature treats the single-contact trill as a

1428:

in some contexts and the pronunciation of stressed "e", and of "s" between vowels in many words: e.g.

18776: 18475: 18437: 17288: 17200: 16809: 16650: 16365: 16294: 16276: 16259: 16254: 16244: 15746: 14721: 14230: 13828: 13594: 13517: 13481: 12499: 12464: 12459: 9533: 8908: 5188: 5160: 4378: 4359: 4069: 3674: 3368: 3350: 3342: 3324: 3316: 3286: 3038: 2986: 2670:—other than standard Italian and some languages spoken among immigrant communities—are often called " 2301:, Italian is the most spoken language after Spanish and Portuguese, with around 200,000 speakers. In 2207: 1969:

and France, especially in the southeastern part of the country. Italian was the official language in

1827: 1460: 1437: 957: 737: 720: 194: 174: 27: 12146:

Prifti, Elton (2014). "Enèrgeia in trasformazione: elementi analitici di linguistica migrazionale".

9085: 7237: 2507: 2256:

but fell out of use after government, educational and economic infrastructure were destroyed in the

1708:

An important event that helped the diffusion of Italian was the conquest and occupation of Italy by

18395: 17993: 17897: 16770: 16718: 16497: 16445: 16092: 15458: 15444: 14987: 14978: 14383: 14010: 13963: 13843: 13833: 13813: 13783: 13738: 13436: 13278: 13210: 13180: 13160: 13041: 12717: 12682: 12479: 11466: 11440: 3326: 3220: 2940: 2234: 1891: 1830:, a classification that includes most other central and southern Italian languages and the extinct 1735:

set the basis for the modern Italian language and helping create linguistic unity throughout Italy.

1728: 1290: 1164: 643: 11625: 11401: 2252:

through colonialism and was the sole official language of administration and education during the

2050:

until 1860, when it was replaced by the French. This was due to the annexation of the surrounding

908: 18365: 18325: 18305: 18285: 18188: 17361: 16952: 16906: 16787: 16760: 16699: 16636: 16582: 16289: 16249: 15816: 15787: 15779: 15741: 15722: 15703: 15651: 15619: 15528: 15504: 15147: 15132: 14918: 14826: 14683: 14560: 14363: 13723: 13486: 13343: 13313: 13288: 13205: 13165: 13104: 13003: 12768: 12738: 10313: 9522: 6122: 5809:

Latin nouns). An instance of neuter gender also exists in pronouns of the third person singular.

3670: 3375:. Single-contact trills can also occur elsewhere, particularly in unstressed syllables. Geminate 2956: 2933: 2310: 1394: 1030: 340: 322: 189: 164: 16957: 12350: 10728: 9380: 2834: 2152:) in the country (some 0.42% of the total population). Their numbers dropped dramatically after 19:

This article is about the Italian language. For the regional varieties of standard Italian, see

18740: 18503: 18300: 18079: 17295: 16713: 16659: 16311: 16043: 15486: 15273: 15190: 15105: 14913: 14623: 13421: 13409: 13185: 13170: 12862: 12504: 11722: 10120: 9406: 9029:, it is spoken by about half the population. It is also spoken by a minority in the village of 8818: 3274: 2864: 2629: 2211: 2055: 1978: 1683: 1661: 1608: 1452: 1282: 1117: 761: 658: 554: 512: 15601: 15515: 11119: 10617:[A quantification of the diffusion of the Italian language in Albania via television] 10258: 7095: 2773:, contributed to the proliferation of Standard Italian. The Italians who emigrated during the 1716:

used not only among clerks, nobility, and functionaries in the Italian courts but also by the

1646: 18625: 18523: 18455: 18425: 18380: 18375: 18350: 18208: 18111: 18056: 17862: 17857: 17510: 17488: 17379: 17307: 17130: 16792: 16555: 16183: 16111: 15839: 15727: 15708: 15695: 15418: 15336: 15185: 14689: 14532: 14329: 13728: 13655: 13635: 13549: 13498: 13256: 13236: 13046: 12640: 12608: 12494: 12474: 12388: 11924: 11899: 11874: 11849: 11824: 11799: 10436: 8923: 8836: 6071: 5909: 5223: 5039:

existed in Latin, it either disappeared or, in a few cases before a back vowel, changed to :

4737: 4474: 4325: 3318: 3135: 3065: 2947: 2900: 2891: 2758: 2711: 1939: 1665: 1602: 1596: 1552: 1405: 1341:

The Italian language has progressed through a long and slow process, which started after the

18493: 17775: 16743: 15714: 14655: 12294: 12029: 4350:. The most important of the few exceptions are the following (see below for more details): 3501: 3253:

alveolar . The stop component of the "apical" affricates is actually laminal denti-alveolar.

18415: 18405: 18355: 18315: 18273: 18268: 18263: 18253: 18238: 18233: 18228: 18213: 18198: 18193: 18183: 18178: 18173: 18168: 18061: 17835: 17451: 17424: 17350: 17210: 17009: 16937: 16889: 16883: 16846: 16829: 16178: 15896: 15499: 15180: 15157: 14928: 14788: 14742: 14483: 13579: 13394: 13283: 13261: 12915: 12813: 12697: 12565: 12367: 8830: 5805:'pairs, f. pl.'), and thus are sometimes considered neuter (these are usually derived from 5734: 4347: 4343: 2963: 2910: 2588: 2511: 2282: 2238: 1899: 1643:

was not dignified enough because it used elements from non-lyric registers of the language.

1421: 940: 17845: 17258: 16326: 15539: 15082: 15074: 14595: 14182: 14166: 10037:"Portland State Multicultural Topics in Communications Sciences & Disorders | Italian" 9930: 7057: 6505: 5570: 3493: 2132:

in the country. The official census, carried out in 2002, reported 2,258 ethnic Italians (

8: 18601: 18518: 18460: 18400: 18390: 18370: 18360: 18345: 18340: 18320: 18290: 18258: 18243: 18218: 18154: 17546: 17438: 17406: 17400: 17021: 16981: 16947: 16775: 16539: 15916: 15559: 15466: 15452: 15127: 15088: 14832: 14478: 14311: 14286: 13863: 13853: 13808: 13574: 13539: 13534: 13251: 12872: 12808: 12728: 9854: 9469: 9026: 8766: 8700: 7103: 6618: 6178:

Note: the plural form of verbs could also be used as an extremely formal (for example to

6138: 5685:'girl') or simply grammatical with no possible reference to biological gender (masculine 5262: 4884:"(he) can". The grave accent is used over any vowel to indicate word-final stress, as in 4337: 3685: 3589: 3530: 3010: 2971: 2562: 2328: 1856: 1464: 1306: 1172: 917: 899: 18672: 17809: 17242: 16917: 16851: 16147: 15752: 15665: 15586: 15262: 14809: 14587: 10647: 2707: 18613: 18430: 18385: 18310: 18280: 18051: 17780: 17636: 17594: 17560: 17554: 17444: 17387: 17344: 17327: 17065: 17058: 16894: 16682: 16623: 16479: 16467: 16346: 16284: 16006: 15958: 15847: 15114: 14923: 14873: 14470: 14461: 14447: 14265: 14210: 14151: 14057: 13988: 13838: 13823: 13803: 13660: 13601: 13554: 13476: 13333: 13303: 13293: 13268: 13241: 13148: 13141: 13077: 12833: 12828: 12545: 12199: 12163: 12106: 11994: 11774: 11063: 10468: 9840: 9775: 8903: 8862: 8803: 8780: 6087: 5806: 5670: 4293: 4065: 3625: 3288: 3243: 2859: 2671: 2667: 2641: 2522: 2344: 2253: 2161: 2149: 2030: 1994: 1895: 1852: 1844: 1831: 1823: 1752: 1732: 1591:

sway: the island's linguistic composition, roofed by the prestige of Spanish among the

1367: 1353: 1327: 1187:('e' and 'o' have mid-low and mid-high sounds). Italian has contrast between short and 1129: 1046: 866: 856: 841: 747: 249: 109: 17829: 16321: 15573: 10202: 9964: 9682: 9478: 8660: 8633: 6226: 1986: 635: 18008: 17987: 17907: 17867: 17726: 17654: 17648: 17572: 17464: 17374: 17315: 17227: 17185: 16986: 16932: 16738: 16723: 16694: 16677: 16587: 16550: 16519: 16507: 16426: 16414: 16331: 16306: 16300: 16225: 16194: 16022: 15975: 15940: 15881: 15833: 15802: 15733: 15267: 15257: 15249: 15175: 15065: 14995: 14964: 14951: 14942: 14887: 14881: 14866: 14712: 14650: 14632: 14538: 14514: 14437: 14410: 14396: 14368: 14319: 14296: 14186: 14174: 14170: 13788: 13778: 13650: 13564: 13529: 13456: 13446: 13224: 13094: 13008: 12838: 12818: 12792: 12780: 12575: 12570: 12555: 12550: 12535: 12284: 12270: 12256: 12203: 12167: 12132: 12066: 12035: 12015: 11958: 11671: 11588: 11522: 11081: 11067: 10759: 10666: 10502: 10442: 9970: 9880: 9734: 9724: 9615: 9605: 9322: 9257: 9217: 8933: 8918: 8913: 6142: 6079: 5932: 5643: 5059: 3697: 3689: 3217: 3095: 2871: 2810: 2692: 2688: 2538: 2526: 2495: 2384: 2378: 2230: 2129: 2101: 2043: 2034: 2018: 2006: 1998: 1864: 1775: 1620: 1568: 1487: 1386: 1323: 1270: 1144: 1136: 1026: 931: 791: 184: 17850: 16819: 16797: 15471: 14735: 14696: 14546: 11424:

Rhotics. New data and perspectives (Proc. of’r-atics-3, Libera Università di Bolzano

9779: 5602:. Phonetic is common in Central and Southern Italy as an intervocalic allophone of 3421:

is the initial sound of a word, if the compound is still felt as such: for example,

1990: 695: 674: Areas where it is a minority language or where it was the majority in the past 17961: 17951: 17936: 17924: 17840: 17789: 17753: 17731: 17718: 17712: 17641: 17630: 17534: 17499: 17483: 17332: 17320: 17253: 17217: 17205: 17173: 17098: 17070: 17043: 16873: 16868: 16856: 16836: 16824: 16765: 16672: 16629: 16570: 16565: 16560: 16524: 16455: 16336: 16141: 16137: 16121: 15998: 15891: 15886: 15792: 15435: 15426: 15006: 14860: 14802: 14781: 14765: 14758: 14749: 14675: 14524: 14506: 14416: 14350: 14344: 14334: 14247: 14214: 14202: 14070: 14032: 14025: 13995: 13983: 13858: 13680: 13630: 13611: 13559: 13466: 13404: 13384: 13372: 13328: 13131: 13111: 13099: 12962: 12843: 12560: 12423: 12415: 12341: 12303: 12281:

CLIC: Cultura e Lingua d'Italia in CD-ROM / Culture and Language of Italy on CD-ROM

12238: 12191: 12155: 12098: 11998: 11984: 11053: 10825: 10108:

the largest city in Ticino, and the largest Italian-speaking city outside of Italy.

9870: 9866: 9765: 8847: 8842: 8686: 6154: 6150: 6091: 5777:

as a non-gendered default plural marker. These nouns often, but not always, denote

5647: 5556: 5500: 4284:

Standard Italian also differs in some respects from most nearby Italian languages:

3693: 3666: 3647: 3603: 3567: 3526: 3517: 3250: 2854: 2849: 2774: 2718: 2645: 2481: 2334: 2278: 2274: 2257: 2133: 2085: 2026: 1848: 1811: 1793: 1635:, claimed the language might be based only on the great literary classics, such as 1483: 1468: 1409: 1255: 1210: 1188: 1125: 1101: 1082: 1021: 998: 851: 754: 331: 308: 286: 169: 62: 20: 17736: 17686: 12930: 10614: 10544:"Albanian government makes Italian an obligatory language in professional schools" 3509: 2753:

in the area of Tuscany, Rome and Venice respectively for the infinitive "to go").

1982: 1448:"at home" is for Roman, or for standard, for Milanese and generally northern. 18577: 18045: 18031: 17912: 17814: 17804: 17748: 17599: 17587: 17527: 17522: 17337: 17266: 17248: 17222: 17195: 17125: 17082: 16994: 16975: 16927: 16814: 16780: 16733: 16728: 16450: 16382: 16354: 16027: 15967: 15921: 15596: 15533: 15341: 15322: 15292: 15240: 15221: 15137: 15013: 14839: 14728: 14645: 14640: 14600: 14569: 14206: 14005: 13768: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13645: 13569: 13431: 12950: 12848: 12733: 12633: 12540: 12118: 10653: 10496: 10003: 9540: 9529: 9018: 8953: 8948: 8928: 8857: 8852: 8794: 8714: 6248: 6162: 6158: 6126: 5659: 5651: 5627: 5585: 5349: 5212: 5208: 5203:. Other Romance languages and, to an extent, English have similar variations for 4099:

Some other features that distinguish Italian from the Western Romance languages:

3681: 3125: 2883: 2876: 2766: 2732: 2724: 2679: 2618: 2222: 2121: 2097: 2022: 1951: 1819: 1689: 1349: 1331: 1278: 1243: 922: 890: 801: 796: 786: 313: 275: 156: 144: 99: 17048: 15494: 13912: 11488: 11396: 11394: 9637:, vol. 2, Contexts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 302–308 4377:

at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound

4358:

at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound

2748: 1524:

in Italian, was seen as a time of rebirth, which is the literal meaning of both

1205:"History of Italian" redirects here. For the history of the Italian people, see 18096: 18003: 17998: 17919: 17799: 17761: 17493: 17053: 16999: 16969: 16861: 16545: 16473: 16419: 15926: 15797: 15670: 15591: 15581: 15567: 15328: 15204: 15167: 15152: 15000: 14959: 14795: 14301: 14291: 14257: 14198: 14095: 14065: 14000: 13901: 13848: 13818: 13763: 13670: 13544: 13491: 13451: 13121: 13116: 12967: 12867: 12823: 12775: 12723: 12677: 12645: 12603: 12580: 10068:"Recensement Fédéral de la Population 2000 — Le Paysage Linguistique en Suisse" 8963: 8673: 5674: 3786: 3165: 2920: 2794: 2700: 2654:

Linguistic map of Italy according to Clemente Merlo and Carlo Tagliavini (1937)

2607: 2530: 2491: 2191: 2172: 2051: 1950:. In the latter canton, however, it is only spoken by a small minority, in the 1860: 1755:, further defined the standard by "rinsing" his Milanese "in the waters of the 1673: 1588: 1584: 1560: 1482:

The economic might and relatively advanced development of Tuscany at the time (

1456: 1312:

The standard Italian language has a poetic and literary origin in the works of

1251: 1152: 876: 871: 861: 742: 449: 398: 297: 268: 244: 17142: 14090: 12243: 12226: 12195: 11989: 11972: 11562:

The Sounds, Forms, and Uses of Italian: An Introduction to Italian Linguistics

10829: 10463: 9875: 9754:"Information Technology and Economic Change: The Impact of the Printing Press" 9185:"Languages covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages" 5912:, so nominative pronouns are usually absent, with subject indicated by verbal 18770: 18038: 17941: 17929: 17661: 17369: 17026: 16964: 16460: 16116: 15981: 15633: 15509: 15297: 15226: 15213: 15142: 15020: 14577: 14194: 14178: 14037: 13773: 13414: 12984: 12672: 12650: 12509: 12122: 11391: 10863:

Instituto Nacional de Estadística Instituto Nacional de Estadística – Uruguay

9723:. Hill, Bennett D., Buckler, John. (8th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 9604:(2nd ed.). New York: New Amsterdam. pp. 13, 22, 19–20, 21, 35, 37. 9474: 9073: 9022: 6548:(in the sense of "I am fond of you", between lovers, friends, relatives etc.) 6130: 5633: 5561: 5429: 5063: 3855: 3365: 2674:", a label that can be very misleading if it is understood to mean "dialects 2199: 1935: 1920: 1713: 1677: 1506:

made its dialect, or rather a refined version of it, a standard in the arts.

1360: 1160: 945: 807: 410: 280: 9738: 9619: 6039:

used for both masculine and feminine singular before vowels. In the plural:

5108:

when between vowels and when clustered with voiced consonants. Intervocalic

2740: 2658: 18589: 17820: 17680: 17120: 17075: 16157: 16152: 16106: 15523: 15347: 15122: 15050: 14324: 13891: 13698: 13503: 13273: 12877: 12743: 12692: 12667: 12356: 11626:"Collins Italian Dictionary | Translations, Definitions and Pronunciations" 10858: 8752: 6146: 5655: 5442: 5434: 4857: 4829: 4321: 3483: 2770: 2554: 2371: 2315: 2153: 2038: 1959: 1815: 1624: 1551:

During this time, long-existing beliefs stemming from the teachings of the

1544: 1274: 1074: 1038: 1034: 383: 304: 239: 86: 12159: 10259:"Dal Piemonte alla Francia: la perdita dell'identità nizzarda e savoiarda" 10074: 9828:

Lingue, letterature, nazioni. Centri e periferie tra Europa e Mediterraneo

9152:"Pope Francis to receive Knights of Malta grand master Thursday – English" 5100:

word-initially before a vowel, when clustered with a voiceless consonant (

3535: 619: 17882: 17875: 17612: 17178: 16087: 15355: 14218: 13793: 13733: 13703: 13056: 12687: 11305: 11303: 9770: 9753: 9010: 6110:. 'You see her.'), after (in writing, attached to) non-conjugated verbs ( 6075: 5663: 5545: 2798: 2611: 2584: 2525:

were used, and some continue to use this regional language. Examples are

2339: 1931: 1717: 1680:

dialects. Eventually, Bembo's ideas prevailed, and the foundation of the

1630: 1515: 1503: 1495: 1266: 1062: 881: 378: 139: 91: 17147: 15387: 12328: 11668:

Practice Makes Perfect: Complete Italian Grammar, Premium Second Edition

11058: 11041: 8629: 5499:

Italian has geminate, or double, consonants, which are distinguished by

4680:("my ex-girlfriend"), "Ex-Jugoslavia" ("Former Yugoslavia"). The letter 1132:, most frequently the language spoken at home in their place of origin. 17190: 17160: 17152: 17108: 17103: 16753: 16512: 15857: 14665: 14402: 13051: 12660: 11584: 11167: 11165: 11163: 11161: 9078: 8868:

List of countries and territories where Italian is an official language

6134: 5913: 5890: 5532: 5144: 4725: 3161: 2790: 2782: 2650: 2599: 2365: 2323: 2120:, where nearly two-thirds of the population can speak it fluently (see 2081: 2061: 1927: 1887: 1875: 1839: 1756: 1592: 1401: 1382:

became the basis for what would become the official language of Italy.

1318: 1302: 1237: 1192: 1058: 373: 81: 18706: 18123: 12322:"Grande dizionario della lingua italiana. Prototipo edizione digitale" 12110: 11300: 9494:"Despite Brexit, English Remains The EU's Most Spoken Language By Far" 5408: 2457:

has 4.94 million English speakers learning the Italian language.

2263: 2167: 17956: 17794: 17136: 16431: 15825: 14442: 14085: 14075: 13958: 11196: 11194: 11192: 9960: 9014: 6095: 5995:, used before any consonant sound, and its abbreviated form, written 5901: 5319: 4733: 4429: 2786: 2550: 2542: 2417: 2397: 2308:

The main Italian-language newspapers published outside Italy are the

2298: 2293: 1879: 1871: 1787: 1668:, insisted that each local vernacular contribute to the new standard. 1567:

Italian became the language used in the courts of every state in the

1556: 1425: 1286: 1109: 628: 612: 594: 576: 234: 17582: 12308:(with a similar list of other Italian-modern languages dictionaries) 11692: 11379: 11369: 11367: 11158: 5412: 4292:, although metaphony is a feature characterizing nearly every other 2521:

In some cases, colonies were established where variants of regional

1226: 18572: 17741: 17577: 17393: 16841: 16689: 14772: 14080: 13708: 13693: 13688: 13589: 12623: 12618: 12177:"On the articulatory classification of (alveolo)palatal consonants" 12102: 10984: 10288:"Il monegasco, una lingua che si studia a scuola ed è obbligatoria" 10133: 8788: 8727: 6183: 6179: 5566: 5503:

and intensity. Length is distinctive for all consonants except for

5368: 5140: 4992:("year"). In the spoken language, the letter is always silent. The 4672:

is traditionally used; it is also common to use the Latin particle

4420:

pronounced , thus n also represents in the position preceding it:

4073: 3708: 3658: 2625: 2592: 2580: 2558: 2454: 2438: 2422: 2137: 2089: 2070: 1760: 1709: 1657: 1653:

preferred the version spoken by ordinary people in their own times.

1650: 1636: 1580: 1499: 1379: 1247: 1206: 1156: 1105: 768: 707: 535: 489: 459: 403: 129: 105: 17946: 11417:"A preliminary contribution to the study of phonetic variation of 11276: 11252: 11189: 10498:

Language contact and minority languages on the littorals of Europe

5991:'an uncle of mine'. The feminine singular indefinite articles are 5769:

meaning 'end, ending' (e.g. of a movie) is feminine, and both are

1916: 17565: 17430: 17168: 16592: 16577: 15302: 14818: 14373: 14358: 12655: 12380: 11580: 11489:"DOP: Dizionario di Ortografia e Pronunzia della lingua italiana" 11364: 11240: 10906: 10346:

The Malta Language Question: A Case Study in Cultural Imperialism

9794:

Lo spazio linguistico corso tra insularità e destino di frontiera

8691:"For his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art." 5778: 5639: 5335: 5009: 4713: 4697: 4689: 4400:) before the letters c and g when these represent velar plosives 3705: 3662: 2717:

Throughout Italy, regional varieties of Standard Italian, called

2696: 2534: 2446: 2409: 2349: 2302: 2285:

are not grouped together, with 375,645 claiming Italian as their

2249: 2218: 2180: 2145: 2093: 2066: 2014: 2002: 1947: 1576: 1313: 1298: 1121: 1078: 1070: 703: 539: 531: 527: 415: 115: 18757: 12089:

Hall, Robert A. Jr. (1944). "Italian phonemes and orthography".

11288: 11230: 11228: 11226: 11224: 11040:

Hajek, John; Aliani, Renata; Slaughter, Yvette (November 2022).

10613:

Longo, Maurizio; Ademi, Esmeralda; Bulija, Mirjana (June 2010).

5669:

There are two basic classes of nouns in Italian, referred to as

3673:

less than 160 kilometres (100 mi) to the north (across the

2017:

until 1859. Giuseppe Garibaldi called for the inclusion of the "

1539: 663:

Geographical distribution of the Italian language in the world:

17767: 17113: 17036: 17016: 16748: 14660: 13348: 10414:"Population by Ethnicity, by Towns/Municipalities, 2001 Census" 8624: 6102: 6094:, pejorative, attenuating, etc., which are also used to create 6083: 5975:

is used before a word beginning with any other sound. The noun

4705: 4693: 2546: 2226: 2105: 2074: 2047: 1966: 1955: 1943: 1883: 1467:

and its related dialects were largely unaffected by the Franco-

1294: 1254:

as the most prominent literary language in all of Italy in the

1066: 516: 427: 95: 6153:(present tense and past tense), one simple conjugation in the 18631: 17031: 17004: 14146: 12628: 12411: 11264: 11221: 9030: 5541: 5000:

additionally marks the contrasting open pronunciation of the

4701: 2826: 2603: 2537:

near Puebla, Mexico; each continues to use a derived form of

2195: 2117: 1970: 1490:

remained widespread in medieval Italian commercial life, and

1417: 1412:. The most characteristic differences, for instance, between 1180: 1176: 1054: 1042: 422: 368: 179: 76: 12372: 1977:

until 1860, when they were both annexed by France under the

1763:'s river), as he states in the preface to his 1840 edition. 1599:

to the Italian cultural sphere). The rediscovery of Dante's

13136: 12613: 8825: 6299: 5908:

Subject nouns generally come before the verb. Italian is a

5470: 5078:

depending on context, with few minimal pairs. For example:

4709: 3152:

Between two vowels, or between a vowel and an approximant (

2825:, 1–7 of the Bible being read by a speaker of Italian from 2614:, for instance, wrote some of his early poetry in Italian. 1974: 1769: 1472: 1413: 10434: 5733:

is a general neutral plural. A third category of nouns is

4068:

farther to the north, with different sound outcomes. (The

2453:

given time. For example, the free website and application

1700:

in 1604 followed by the first Italian dictionary in 1612.

706:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

680: Areas where Italian-speaking communities are present 12361: 12097:(2). American Association of Teachers of Italian: 72–82. 11211: 11209: 10065: 2781:

Although use of the Italian dialects has declined in the

2486: 1112:. Italian is included under the languages covered by the 12319: 9318:

Historical Linguistics: A cognitive grammar introduction

5598:

is present as a phoneme only in loanwords: for example,

3753:

Word that are an exception to this rule exist, such as:

2277:

in the Americas and Australia. Although over 17 million

1818:(colloquial spoken Latin). Standard Italian is based on 12321: 10805: 9407:"Lei n. 2.812/2021 - Do Município de Santa Teresa / ES" 16224: 11339: 11327: 11315: 11206: 9826:. Quoted in Putzu, Ignazio; Mazzon, Gabriella (2012). 9702: 9700: 6023:, which corresponds to the uses with the consonant of 4844:"why, because". In dictionaries, it is also used over 4664:

has become common in standard Italian with the prefix

2148:

reported 19,636 ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and

1139:

in Europe, being one of the official languages of the

18561: 12224: 11385: 11171: 11146: 5523:, which are always geminate when between vowels, and 2065:

Percent of inhabitants with Italian native tongue in

2037:, which is an Italo-Romance idiom similar to Tuscan. 1639:

and some part of Boccaccio). The purists thought the

16916: 15040: 11039: 10362:"La tutela delle minoranze linguistiche in Slovenia" 9381:"Lei n. 5.048/2023 - Do Município de Encantado / RS" 8742: 5008:

is also used in combinations with other letters. No

4439:

spelt with c or g before the letters i and e :

2778:

Italy, often more educated than when they had left.

2541:

dating back to the 19th century. Other examples are

1141:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

12895:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

11971:Bertinetto, Pier Marco; Loporcaro, Michele (2005). 11970: 11601: 11515:"Chapter 2: The acquisition of Italian orthography" 11309: 11282: 11258: 11200: 10418:

Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2001

10190:

Le français et les langues historiques de la France

9697: 8998:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

5015:exists in Italian. In nativized foreign words, the 2703:, from which Standard Italian derives and evolved. 1114:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

12117: 11373: 11177: 11134: 10077:: Office fédéral de la statistique. Archived from 5725:'girls'). For a group composed of boys and girls, 3379:manifests as a trill with three to seven contacts. 2475: 1595:, would therein make for a rather slow process of 1475:from France during the Middle Ages, but after the 13942: 12231:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 12184:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 11977:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 10455: 9863:Sforza Pallavicino: A Jesuit Life in Baroque Rome 9824:I Savoia e le "vie" dell'unificazione linguistica 3210:are the only consonants that cannot be geminated. 2185:annexation of the country to the Kingdom of Italy 1049:(meaning that Italian and Sardinian are the most 18768: 15073: 10612: 10461: 9600:Lepschy, Anna Laura; Lepschy, Giulio C. (1988). 9546: 4212:is not preserved, and vowel changes rather than 3843: 3533: 3478:Italian has a seven-vowel system, consisting of 3417:when intervocalic, except when the intervocalic 3405:'spindle'. According to Canepari, although, the 1555:began to be understood from new perspectives as 1356:. Dante's epic poems, known collectively as the 1250:(bottom) were influential in establishing their 11564:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 21, 66. 9009:Italian is the main language of the valleys of 5555:Of special interest to the linguistic study of 4396:, which is pronounced (as in the English word 2687:", which are officially recognized as distinct 2001:) took refuge in Italy in the following years. 1041:. Italian is the least divergent language from 26:"Italiano" redirects here. For other uses, see 11521:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–33. 11112:"Lingue di Minoranza e Scuola: Carta Generale" 11017:. Esteri.it. 28 September 2007. Archived from 10282: 10280: 9635:The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages 9599: 9433:"MULTILINGVISM ŞI LIMBI MINORITARE ÎN ROMÂNIA" 3931: 3900: 3869: 3837: 3696:). Some of these features are also present in 1926:Italian is the official language of Italy and 1779: 1209:. For the history of the Italian culture, see 18139: 16210: 16070: 15403: 14986: 14129: 13928: 12396: 11517:. In Harris, Margaret; Hatano, Giyoo (eds.). 9839:This faction was headed by Vincenzo Calmeta, 9632: 9580:List of Italian musical terms used in English 9465:"Europeans and their languages - Report - en" 8974:List of Italian musical terms used in English 8939:Italian-language international radio stations 8816: 8807: 7624: 7609: 7594: 7579: 7564: 7549: 7534: 7519: 7504: 7489: 7332: 7326: 7308: 7302: 7285: 7268: 7251: 7229: 7209: 7203: 7188: 7182: 7176: 7152: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7117: 7086: 7080: 7074: 7049: 7043: 7023: 7017: 6996: 6990: 6973: 6952: 6946: 6940: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6884: 6878: 6861: 6844: 6827: 6810: 6779: 6773: 6767: 6750: 6724: 6718: 6712: 6706: 6700: 6694: 6677: 6656: 6650: 6644: 6638: 6610: 6604: 6598: 6571: 6565: 6543: 6537: 6519: 6496: 6490: 6484: 6467: 6449: 6428: 6422: 6405: 6387: 6359: 6353: 6347: 6341: 6324: 6306: 6297: 6274: 6268: 6262: 6240: 6218: 6202: 6193: 5893:for gender and number (singular and plural). 5765:meaning 'aim', 'purpose' is masculine, while 5709:'boys'), and feminine nouns typically end in 4288:Perhaps most noticeable is the total lack of 3937: 3925: 3906: 3894: 3875: 3863: 3819: 3813: 2789:is still frequently encountered in Italy and 2369: 1912:Geographical distribution of Italian speakers 1867:. Estimates may differ according to sources. 1797: 1785: 1767: 1740: 1681: 1628: 1600: 1531: 1519: 1442: 1430: 1372: 1358: 1011: 988: 965: 759: 668: Areas where it is the majority language 560: 552: 338: 329: 49: 43: 15212: 12269:, LED Edizioni Universitarie, Milano, 2003, 12255:, LED Edizioni Universitarie, Milano, 1992, 12225:Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004). 11957:, Understanding Language series, Routledge, 11690: 11559: 10667:"L'emigrazione italiana in Africa orientale" 10251: 9855:"Language and Idiom in Sforza Pallavicino's 8625:Nobel Prizes for Italian language literature 3943: 3912: 3881: 3828: 2245:(Italian international senior high school). 1525: 1147:. It is the third-most-widely spoken native 18106:languages with more than 5 million speakers 11693:"Dizionario italiano-inglese WordReference" 10933:"Come si informano gli italiani all'estero" 10859:"Encuesta Telefónica de Idiomas (ETI) 2019" 10824:(2). Università degli Studi di Milano: 20. 10364:(in Italian). 22 April 2020. Archived from 10277: 5693:'coast'). Masculine nouns typically end in 5183:when word-final and before the back vowels 5155:when word-final and before the back vowels 3261:are apical alveolar in most environments. 2695:(a language spoken on the French island of 2587:with the strength of Italy and the rise of 1693: 18146: 18132: 17689:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance) 16217: 16203: 16077: 16063: 15410: 15396: 14136: 14122: 13935: 13921: 12403: 12389: 11560:Clivio, Gianrenzo; Danesi, Marcel (2000). 11555: 11553: 10811: 10435:Thammy Evans & Rudolf Abraham (2013). 10356: 10354: 10126: 10066:Lüdi, Georges; Werlen, Iwar (April 2005). 9923: 9516: 9457: 9126:"Centro documentazione per l'integrazione" 9100:"Centro documentazione per l'integrazione" 7293:/loˈstudjodellitaˈljanoaˈɡuttsalinˈdʒeɲɲo/ 5468:is stressed. For example, it is silent in 5147:depending on following vowels. The letter 5124:being more dominant in northern Italy and 3805:Preservation of geminate consonants, e.g. 3223:, commonly called "dental" for simplicity. 2190:Due to heavy Italian influence during the 1905: 972: 958: 657: 15417: 12242: 12014:] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, 11988: 11057: 11007: 10959:"Il giornale italo-brasiliano (Fanfulla)" 10494: 9874: 9769: 9373: 8996:Recognized as a minority language by the 8992: 8990: 7287:Lo studio dell'italiano aguzza l'ingegno. 6182:people in monarchies) singular form (see 5979:'uncle' selects masculine singular, thus 4688:and in some Italian place-names, such as 2635: 1985:", or the emigration of a quarter of the 1739:Italian literature's first modern novel, 1471:influences introduced to Italy mainly by 18787:Languages attested from the 10th century 14469: 12373:Articles related to the Italian language 12174: 12005: 11574: 11463:"Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia" 11437:"Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia" 11345: 11333: 11321: 11294: 11270: 11246: 11234: 11215: 10495:Lodge, R. Anthony; Pugh, Stefan (2007). 10306: 10195: 9652:. Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana. 8628: 5673:, masculine and feminine. Gender may be 4385:(as the first sound in the English word 4366:(as the first sound in the English word 3789:accent and historical standard Italian) 3620:"to win, earn, gain" < Vulgar Latin * 2814: 2668:other languages spoken as the vernacular 2657: 2649: 2501: 2485: 2443:Italian Secondary School in Rijeka/Fiume 2437: 2262: 2166: 2060: 1965:Italian is also spoken by a minority in 1915: 1727: 1538: 1330:that date from 960 to 963, although the 1167:as well as the official language of the 1143:and one of the working languages of the 18153: 14950: 12267:Capitoli di Storia Linguistica Italiana 12060: 12027: 12008:Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana 11745:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 11723:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 11577:Il MªPI – Manuale di pronuncia italiana 11550: 10351: 10119:The Vatican City State appendix to the 10059: 9852: 9751: 9706: 9647: 9314: 8969:List of English words of Italian origin 7282:The study of Italian sharpens the mind. 6121:There are three regular sets of verbal 5931:There are both indefinite and definite 5565:, or "Tuscan Throat", the weakening or 3409:standard has been replaced by a modern 3160:), consonants can be both singleton or 2013:. Italian was the official language of 1587:well into the late 18th century, under 1404:. Those dialects now have considerable 700:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 18769: 12145: 12079: 11665: 11661: 11659: 11657: 11655: 11653: 11651: 11620: 11618: 11616: 11607: 11140: 10591:from the original on 23 September 2015 10464:"Election Opens Old Wounds in Trieste" 9681:. Italian-language.biz. Archived from 9485: 9335:from the original on 18 September 2023 9296:from the original on 18 September 2023 9270:from the original on 18 September 2023 9132:from the original on 23 September 2015 9069: 8987: 4736:equivalent native Italian letters and 3609:; Italian usually prefers the shorter 18127: 16198: 16058: 15966: 15391: 14117: 13916: 12384: 12371: 12253:Studi di Storia della Lingua Italiana 12148:Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 11952: 11512: 11358: 10965:from the original on 14 December 2022 10939:from the original on 14 December 2022 10869:from the original on 28 October 2020. 10789:. Americaeconomia.com. 16 July 2015. 10572: 10348:, Valletta: Said International, 1993. 10170:from the original on 19 February 2020 9845:La secchia rapita, L’oceano e le rime 9718: 9595: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9587: 9321:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 9197:from the original on 13 December 2022 9179: 9177: 9067: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9049: 8894:Italian language in the United States 8611:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 8595:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 8387: 8215:two thousand (and) twenty-four (2024) 2268:Italian language in the United States 2217:Italian was the official language of 2202:, Italian greatly declined under the 1723: 1486:) gave its language weight, although 1077:. It has official minority status in 1020: 997: 61: 18638: 12941:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 12088: 11925:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1997" 11900:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1975" 11875:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1959" 11850:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1934" 11825:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1926" 11800:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1906" 11733:from the original on 7 January 2022. 11183: 11152: 10995:from the original on 23 October 2022 10887:from the original on 6 November 2015 10836:from the original on 2 February 2017 10793:from the original on 19 October 2015 10767:from the original on 11 October 2017 10515:from the original on 8 December 2022 10476:from the original on 9 February 2010 10380: 10265:from the original on 5 November 2021 10239:from the original on 3 November 2021 10192:, Éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot, p.113 9477:. pp. 10 and 19. Archived from 9361:from the original on 27 January 2024 7642: 6157:, and one simple conjugation in the 5535:. There is only one vibrant phoneme 4540:before another vowel represent only 4424:. Elsewhere the letter n represents 4392:The letter n represents the phoneme 2712:substrata, superstrata, and adstrata 2275:immigrant and expatriate communities 1981:, a development that triggered the " 1102:immigrant and expatriate communities 12337:Swadesh list in English and Italian 12128:The Sounds of the World's Languages 11670:. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. 11648: 11613: 10881:"2011 Census QuickStats: Australia" 10679:from the original on 20 August 2013 10664: 10441:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 11. 10406: 10294:from the original on 17 August 2022 10213:from the original on 2 January 2018 10144:from the original on 15 August 2013 9959: 9913:"I Promessi sposi or The Betrothed" 9893:from the original on 1 October 2022 9554:"Italian — University of Leicester" 9491: 9413:from the original on 11 August 2024 9387:from the original on 11 August 2024 9315:Winters, Margaret E. (8 May 2020). 9228:from the original on 6 January 2020 9162:from the original on 13 August 2023 9106:from the original on 1 January 2016 8636:, the first Italian to receive the 8262: 6015:, which corresponds to the uses of 5939:is masculine singular, used before 5773:in the plural, a clear instance of 5104:), and when doubled; it symbolizes 3965:Slower consonant development, e.g. 3711:of consonants between vowels, e.g. 3265:are laminal denti-alveolar before 2662:Italy's ethno-linguistic minorities 2462:Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2179:It formerly had official status in 2110:Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands 2080:It formerly had official status in 1784:("slave", that is "your servant"), 1696:Floris italicae linguae libri novem 1171:. Italian has a significant use in 13: 18110:Languages between parentheses are 14312:Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan) 12410: 12048:from the original on 27 April 2024 11703:from the original on 7 August 2015 11575:Canepari, Luciano (January 1999). 11535:from the original on 27 April 2024 11092:from the original on 27 April 2024 10703:United States Bureau of the Census 10629:from the original on 8 August 2014 10623:Education et Sociétés Plurilingues 10582:Education et Sociétés Plurilingues 10554:from the original on 9 August 2018 10501:. Logos Verlag. pp. 235–238. 10326:from the original on 3 August 2008 10073:(in French, German, and Italian). 9941:from the original on 30 April 2021 9857:Trattato dello stile e del dialogo 9758:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 9712: 9584: 9249: 9174: 9046: 6149:), two simple conjugations in the 6101:There are 27 pronouns, grouped in 4908:), with a few exceptions, such as 4768:(including in the standard prefix 4428:pronounced , including before the 4373:The letter g represents the sound 4354:The letter c represents the sound 2632:and especially in culinary terms. 2114:Kingdom of Italy in the Dodecanese 1583:, which on the contrary underwent 439:An order and various organisations 14: 18843: 18545:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 17990:(unknown further classification) 12320:Salvatore Battaglia (1961–2002). 12313: 12012:Handbook of Italian Pronunciation 11755:from the original on 31 July 2021 11636:from the original on 15 July 2017 11310:Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005) 11283:Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005) 11259:Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005) 11201:Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005) 10735:from the original on 4 March 2016 10290:(in Italian). 15 September 2014. 9679:"History of the Italian language" 9656:from the original on 10 July 2015 7348: 6031:which corresponds to the uses of 4331: 4232:"female friend(s)" (cf. Romanian 3382:The phonemic distinction between 3134: 3114: 3104: 3086: 3077: 3053: 3045: 3037: 3029: 3022: 3015: 2999: 2992: 2985: 2978: 2962: 2955: 2946: 2939: 2932: 2925: 2909: 2899: 2890: 2699:) is closely related to medieval 2140:(0.11% of the total population). 1805: 1477:Norman conquest of southern Italy 1183:, and the language has a 7-vowel 1169:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 445:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 18749: 18732: 18715: 18698: 18681: 18664: 18647: 18619: 18607: 18595: 18583: 18571: 16086: 15369: 15043: 14162:Historical linguistic minorities 14145: 13952:Italian languages & dialects 13897: 13896: 13885: 11917: 11892: 11867: 11842: 11817: 11792: 11775:"Giosue Carducci | Italian poet" 11767: 11737: 11715: 11684: 11568: 11506: 11481: 11374:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) 11116:Minoranze-linguistiche-scuola.it 10913:from the original on 24 May 2022 10907:"QUOTIDIANI ITALIANI ALL'ESTERO" 10462:James M. Markham (6 June 1987). 10233:"Mediterraneo e lingua italiana" 9504:from the original on 7 June 2023 9084: 8787: 8773: 8759: 8745: 6082:. There are numerous productive 5889:Nouns, adjectives, and articles 3930:"I did" (cf. Romanian dialectal 3345:. In a large number of accents, 2833:This section is an excerpt from 2568: 2279:Americans are of Italian descent 2273:Italian is also spoken by large 1898:. As in most Romance languages, 1453:Gallo-Italic linguistic panorama 1236: 1225: 1100:Italian is also spoken by large 825:The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis 480:Mediterranean Universities Union 13626:Orders, decorations, and medals 11945: 11455: 11429: 11409: 11386:Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004) 11351: 11172:Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004) 11104: 11074: 11033: 10977: 10951: 10925: 10899: 10873: 10851: 10779: 10747: 10721: 10699:"Language Spoken at Home: 2000" 10691: 10658: 10641: 10606: 10575:"La lingua italiana in Albania" 10566: 10536: 10527: 10488: 10428: 10338: 10314:"Europeans and their Languages" 10225: 10182: 10156: 10138:Monaco-IQ Business Intelligence 10113: 10096: 10029: 10012: 9983: 9953: 9905: 9833: 9816: 9803: 9786: 9745: 9671: 9641: 9626: 9572: 9425: 9399: 9347: 9308: 9003: 8873:The Italian Language Foundation 8587: 6173: 5729:is the plural, suggesting that 4315: 3669:, radically different from the 2691:by the law. On the other hand, 2476:Influence and derived languages 2248:Italian was also introduced to 2243:Liceo Sperimentale "G. Marconi" 2237:(Italian primary school with a 2116:). Italian is widely spoken in 1921:Italian language in Switzerland 1366:, to which another Tuscan poet 1336:Commodilla catacomb inscription 18114:of the language on their left. 17984:(Western Romance-based pidgin) 11421:in Italian and Italo-Romance." 11046:History of Education Quarterly 10166:(in Italian). 28 August 2017. 9931:"Similar languages to Italian" 9282: 9243: 9210: 9144: 9118: 9092: 8806:(includes "Italian dialects", 6427:(for a good night sleeping) / 5701:'boy'), with plural marked by 5139:vary in pronunciation between 4299:No simplification of original 3455: 2835:Italian phonology § Consonants 2685:historical language minorities 1934:(after German and French; see 1509: 1149:language in the European Union 1: 18832:Subject–verb–object languages 12302:(in Italian). it – via 11426:(2011): 209–226, pp. 213–214. 10422:Croatian Bureau of Statistics 9523:Europeans and their Languages 9438:(in Romanian). Archived from 9040: 8959:Languages of the Vatican City 8899:Italian language in Venezuela 5650:exist for personal pronouns ( 5642:is typical of the grammar of 5593:voiced postalveolar fricative 4896:-mid vowel, a stressed final 4720:, an alternative spelling of 4389:) before the letters e and i. 4370:) before the letters e and i. 4216:are used to mark the plural: 2745:replace the standard Italian 2466:Institutes of Italian Culture 1855:, 82% with Spanish, 80% with 1847:is 89% with French, 87% with 1703: 1579:(but not in the neighbouring 1031:Indo-European language family 814:Pontifical Academy of Arcadia 12283:, Interlinea, Novara, 2008, 9849:Francesco Sforza Pallavicino 9721:A history of Western society 8944:Lessico etimologico italiano 8889:Italian language in Slovenia 7114:I do not understand Italian. 5288:Before back vowel (A, O, U) 4676:to mean "former(ly)" as in: 3684:languages (French, Spanish, 3315:, where they are pronounced 2804: 2433: 2320:L'Informazione di San Marino 2128:is an officially recognized 2126:Italian language in Slovenia 2009:to France in 1769 after the 1085:, and the municipalities of 777: 7: 17981:Mediterranean Lingua Franca 13666:Water supply and sanitation 13090:Italian geographical region 12958:Monarchy and the World Wars 12900:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 12786:War of the Sicilian Vespers 12439:Timeline of Italian history 12296:Treccani Italian Dictionary 11403:A Handbook of Pronunciation 10812:Bernasconi, Giulia (2012). 10140:. Lydia Porter. 2007–2013. 9556:. .le.ac.uk. Archived from 8884:Italian language in Croatia 8738: 6043:is the masculine plural of 5971:, while masculine singular 5531:are realized as lengthened 5102:⟨p, f, c, ch⟩ 4326:extra terminal vowel sounds 4264:"three, six" (cf. Romanian 2575:Mediterranean Lingua Franca 2142:Italian language in Croatia 1391:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 1343:Western Roman Empire's fall 1022:[ˈliŋɡwaitaˈljaːna] 10: 18848: 17683:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish) 16709:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata 16503:Central−Southern Calabrian 14909:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata 14392:Central-Southern Calabrian 13585:Inventions and discoveries 12995:Fall of the Fascist regime 12978:Fourth War of Independence 12936:Expedition of the Thousand 12926:Second War of Independence 12082:Enciclopedia dell'italiano 12028:Berloco, Fabrizio (2018). 12006:Canepari, Luciano (1992), 11699:(in Italian and English). 10755:"Data tables, 2016 Census" 10625:(in Italian) (28): 53–63. 10584:(in Italian) (22): 51–56. 10207:, Encyclopedia Britannica" 9752:Dittmar, Jeremiah (2011). 9648:Coletti, Vittorio (2011). 9602:The Italian language today 8879:Italian language in Brazil 7637: 7190:(Voi) avete ragione/torto! 6723:("I am sorry", if male) / 6570:(for male/males or mixed) 6059:is the plural of feminine 5631: 5625: 5621: 5481:, but it is pronounced in 5452:is silent in the digraphs 5291:Before front vowel (I, E) 5112:varies regionally between 4684:appears in the first name 4416:. The letter q represents 4335: 3580:"same" < Vulgar Latin * 3457: 2832: 2808: 2639: 2572: 2510:, in Spanish, Italian and 2479: 2428:La gazzetta del Sud Africa 1909: 1216: 1204: 1200: 1195:(doubling) of consonants. 25: 18: 18817:Languages of Vatican City 18532: 18484: 18446: 18161: 18088: 18072: 18023: 17972: 17896: 17700: 17673: 17622: 17474: 17360: 17306: 17287: 17238: 16905: 16658: 16649: 16610: 16490: 16375: 16364: 16275: 16237: 16166: 16130: 16099: 16036: 16015: 15997: 15957: 15939: 15909: 15874: 15856: 15824: 15815: 15778: 15694: 15642: 15610: 15558: 15485: 15443: 15434: 15425: 15315: 15285: 15248: 15239: 15203: 15166: 15113: 15104: 15064: 15060: 15038: 14977: 14941: 14899: 14851: 14722:Comasco-Lecchese dialects 14674: 14631: 14622: 14586: 14568: 14559: 14523: 14505: 14496: 14460: 14428: 14382: 14310: 14274: 14256: 14238: 14229: 14225: 14158: 14104: 14056: 13951: 13881: 13679: 13525: 13516: 13380: 13371: 13359:Security and intelligence 13232: 13223: 13085: 13076: 13019: 12946:Third War of Independence 12921:First War of Independence 12908: 12801: 12710: 12591: 12528: 12447: 12431: 12422: 12378: 12342:Italorussian (Италоруссо) 12244:10.1017/S0025100304001628 12196:10.1017/S0025100312000199 12175:Recasens, Daniel (2013), 12080:Simone, Raffaele (2010). 12061:Palermo, Massimo (2015). 11990:10.1017/S0025100305002148 11630:www.collinsdictionary.com 11249:, pp. 57, 84, 88–89. 10883:. Censusdata.abs.gov.au. 10814:"L'Italiano in Venezuela" 9876:10.1163/9789004517240_008 9813:, pp. 80–93, Iskra, 2006. 9355:"World Population Review" 8817: 8638:Nobel Prize in Literature 6729:("I am sorry", if female) 5900:There are three types of 5356: 5295: 5290: 5287: 3555:, Spanish and Portuguese 3436:meaning 'I perceive') vs 3360:Intervocalically, single 3142: 3140: 3129: 3120: 3099: 3071: 3069: 3060: 3005: 2975: 2952: 2915: 2875: 2863: 2853: 2848: 2666:In Italy, almost all the 2533:is used, and the town of 1954:. Ticino, which includes 1682: 1163:(common language) in the 760: 738:Italo-Dalmatian languages 686: 656: 642: 626: 610: 592: 574: 569: 553: 546: 503: 356:Official language in 354: 349: 319: 294: 262: 227: 153: 135: 125: 69: 57: 42: 37: 28:Italiano (disambiguation) 18812:Languages of Switzerland 16991:North American dialects 16498:Extreme Southern Italian 16093:Languages of Switzerland 13037:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 13032:Institutional referendum 11953:Ashby, Patricia (2011), 11513:Cossu, Giuseppe (1999). 11297:, pp. 57–59, 88–89. 10652:17 December 2008 at the 10573:Longo, Maurizio (2007). 10104:Retail Market Study 2015 9853:Bellini, Eraldo (2022). 8980: 6542:(between lovers only) / 6433:(for a good night awake) 6168: 5713:, with plural marked by 5199:before the front vowels 5171:before the front vowels 5019:is silent. For example, 4912:, with a stressed final 4860:is used over word-final 4832:is used over word-final 4080:between vowels, such as 2508:San Francisco, Argentina 2235:Italian School of Asmara 2173:its colonial possessions 2158:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 2054:to France following the 1828:Italo-Dalmatian language 1826:, and is, therefore, an 1370:later affixed the title 1352:, written in his native 1338:is also a similar case. 1165:Roman Catholic hierarchy 719:This article is part of 345:"(Signed Exact Italian)" 142:: 65 million (2022) 18802:Languages of San Marino 16410:Central−Northern Latian 15658:Eastern Lower Carniolan 15626:Eastern Upper Carniolan 14282:Central-Northern Latian 13560:Emigration and diaspora 12769:Guelphs and Ghibellines 12754:the Sardinian Judicates 11955:Understanding Phonetics 11779:Encyclopædia Britannica 11666:Danesi, Marcel (2008). 11406:, chapter 3: «Italian». 10830:10.13130/2037-3597/1921 10188:Abalain, Hervé, (2007) 10123:is entirely in Italian. 10002:10 January 2023 at the 9719:McKay, John P. (2006). 9222:Encyclopædia Britannica 8222:/dueˌmilaˈventikwattro/ 7467: 7341:/mipjatʃe//mipjattʃono/ 7317:/didovessˈɛi//didoveˈɛ/ 7184:(Lei) ha ragione/torto! 7178:(Tu) hai ragione/torto! 7125:/nonkaˌpiskolitaˈljano/ 7119:Non capisco l'italiano. 5462:⟨a, o, u⟩ 5275:⟨a, o, u⟩ 5185:⟨a, o, u⟩ 5157:⟨a, o, u⟩ 4972:(present indicative of 4848:to indicate a stressed 4836:to indicate a stressed 4716:, among others, and in 4473:. It is used to form a 3785:"needle", (only in the 3671:Gallo-Italian languages 3307:do not contrast before 3168:. For example, compare 2204:rule of Muammar Gaddafi 2192:Italian colonial period 1906:Geographic distribution 1798: 1780: 1613:problem of the language 1395:Austro-Hungarian Empire 1309:as distinct languages. 1130:local language of Italy 341:italiano segnato esatto 18204:Bosnia and Herzegovina 16714:Gallo-Italic of Sicily 16044:Yugoslav Sign Language 14914:Gallo-Italic of Sicily 14706:Bustocco and Legnanese 13442:Science and technology 13390:Italian regions by GDP 13191:Marine protected areas 12863:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 10121:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 10102:Marc-Christian Riebe, 9528:6 January 2016 at the 8875:(in the United States) 8819:Accademia della Crusca 8808: 8640: 7625: 7610: 7595: 7580: 7565: 7550: 7535: 7520: 7505: 7490: 7337:(for multiple objects) 7333: 7327: 7309: 7303: 7286: 7269: 7252: 7230: 7226:Where is the bathroom? 7210: 7204: 7189: 7183: 7177: 7153: 7147: 7141: 7135: 7118: 7087: 7081: 7075: 7050: 7044: 7024: 7018: 6997: 6991: 6974: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6885: 6879: 6862: 6845: 6828: 6811: 6780: 6774: 6768: 6751: 6725: 6719: 6713: 6707: 6701: 6699:(only "I am sorry") / 6695: 6691:Excuse me / I am sorry 6678: 6657: 6651: 6645: 6639: 6611: 6605: 6599: 6572: 6566: 6544: 6538: 6520: 6497: 6491: 6485: 6468: 6450: 6429: 6423: 6406: 6388: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6325: 6307: 6298: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6241: 6219: 6203: 6194: 5737:for gender, ending in 5666:), but not for nouns. 4588:'biology'). Elsewhere 4469:'year' both represent 4180:"eye" (cf. Portuguese 4001:; but note Portuguese 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3899:"eight" (cf. Romanian 3895: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3868:"peace" (cf. Romanian 3864: 3844: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3814: 3534: 3516: 3508: 3500: 3498:"fourteen" < Latin 3492: 3447:(northern-central) or 2829: 2747: 2739: 2731: 2723: 2663: 2655: 2636:Languages and dialects 2514: 2499: 2449: 2370: 2360:(United Kingdom), the 2270: 2176: 2077: 2056:Treaty of Turin (1860) 1923: 1786: 1768: 1741: 1736: 1694: 1684:Accademia della Crusca 1662:Baldassare Castiglione 1629: 1609:questione della lingua 1601: 1575:used on the island of 1548: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1443: 1431: 1373: 1359: 1283:Mutual intelligibility 1118:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1033:that evolved from the 1012: 989: 762:Accademia della Crusca 688:This article contains 561: 555:Accademia della Crusca 513:Bosnia and Herzegovina 339: 330: 50: 44: 18822:Languages of Slovenia 17201:Poitevin–Saintongeais 15866:Eastern Herzegovinian 15686:South White Carniolan 15681:North White Carniolan 15477:North Pohorje–Remšnik 15419:Languages of Slovenia 15337:Italian Sign Language 15286:Other German dialects 14429:Other Italo-Dalmatian 13641:Public administration 12749:the Holy Roman Empire 12160:10.1515/zrp-2014-0001 12131:. Oxford: Blackwell. 11273:, pp. 58, 88–89. 11237:, pp. 68, 75–76. 9800:, 43, pp. 79–80, 2003 9650:"Storia della lingua" 9539:29 April 2013 at the 9253:The peoples of Europe 8924:Italian Sign Language 8909:Italian musical terms 8837:Enciclopedia Italiana 8632: 7307:(general, informal)/ 7270:Il conto, per favore. 7071:Do you speak English? 6902:How much? / How many? 6576:(for female/females) 5910:null-subject language 5253:indicate "softness" ( 5035:respectively. (Where 4838:front close-mid vowel 4256:"female friend(s)"); 4142:"eight" (cf. Spanish 4072:, the most important 4070:La Spezia–Rimini Line 3980:"leaf" (cf. Romanian 3719:"life" (cf. Romanian 3675:La Spezia–Rimini Line 3432:meaning 'before' and 3413:which always prefers 3411:neutral pronunciation 3229:are pre-velar before 2821: 2759:mutually intelligible 2661: 2653: 2545:, an Italian–Spanish 2505: 2490:Municipalities where 2489: 2441: 2376:(United States), the 2266: 2170: 2064: 1919: 1731: 1666:Gian Giorgio Trissino 1623:, headed by Venetian 1603:De vulgari eloquentia 1553:Roman Catholic Church 1542: 1492:Ligurian (or Genoese) 1438:La Spezia–Rimini Line 1328:province of Benevento 1305:) and are classified 769:Enciclopedia Treccani 18827:Languages of Croatia 18155:Languages of Europe 17010:St. Marys Bay French 16534:Neapolitan–Calabrese 16131:Major dialect groups 14789:Southwestern Lombard 13869:World Heritage Sites 13324:Council of Ministers 13062:Coronavirus pandemic 12460:Currency and coinage 12063:Linguistica italiana 11015:"Dati e statistiche" 10731:. Netcapricorn.com. 10665:Podestà, Gian Luca. 9847:. Bari. p. 235) and 9543:, published in 2012. 9025:. In the village of 8831:CILS (Qualification) 7276:/ilˌkontoperfaˈvore/ 7173:You are right/wrong! 7040:I do not understand. 6964:/kwalˈɛilˌsu.oˈnome/ 6116:Vedo lui, ma non lei 5999:used before vowels: 5987:'an old uncle,' but 5741:in the singular and 5263:affricate consonants 5243:⟨i, e⟩ 5205:⟨c, g⟩ 5201:⟨e, i⟩ 5173:⟨e, i⟩ 4914:back close-mid vowel 4876:respectively, as in 4870:front open-mid vowel 4850:back close-mid vowel 4348:phonemic orthography 4307:(which often became 3854:Preservation of all 3818:"year" (cf. Spanish 3739:"foot" (cf. Spanish 3451:(southern-central). 2426:(Australia) and the 2311:L'Osservatore Romano 2283:varieties of Chinese 2241:department) and the 2223:Italian colonisation 2210:population and made 2021:" within Italy when 2011:Treaty of Versailles 1774:is derived from the 1422:syntactic gemination 1389:, or Austria in the 1345:in the 5th century. 999:[itaˈljaːno] 941:Syntactic gemination 63:[itaˈljaːno] 18807:Languages of Sicily 18797:Languages of Monaco 18447:States with limited 17362:Galician–Portuguese 16388:Central Marchigiano 15089:Vaccarizzo Albanian 13400:Automotive industry 13339:Metropolitan cities 12885:Early Modern period 12858:Kingdom of Sardinia 12809:Italian city-states 11579:(second ed.). 11312:, pp. 134–135. 11059:10.1017/heq.2022.30 10709:on 12 February 2020 10084:on 29 November 2007 9685:on 3 September 2006 9445:on 14 December 2019 9218:"Romance languages" 8767:Vatican City portal 8701:Salvatore Quasimodo 8256:/ˈmilleˈmiˈljardi/ 8218:duemilaventiquattro 7331:(for one object) / 7299:Where are you from? 7100:/parˌlateinˈɡleːse/ 6948:Qual è il suo nome? 6364:(general, informal) 6139:imperfective aspect 6070:There are numerous 4902:back open-mid vowel 4900:is almost always a 4874:back open-mid vowel 4548:with no /i/ sound ( 4344:shallow orthography 4338:Italian orthography 3969:> Italo-Western 3858:final vowels, e.g. 3428:('I foresee', with 3242:Dentalized laminal 3239:have two variants: 3176:('fact'). However, 2843: 2842:Consonant phonemes 2563:Rioplatense Spanish 2506:Trilingual sign in 2394:L'Italia del Popolo 2390:Il punto d'incontro 2329:Corriere del Ticino 2206:, who expelled the 2164:from 1492 to 1807. 1647:Niccolò Machiavelli 1451:In contrast to the 1173:musical terminology 1135:Italian is a major 505:Recognised minority 336:"(Signed Italian)" 18792:Languages of Italy 18782:Fusional languages 17776:Catalan Ribagorçan 17623:Pyrenean–Mozarabic 16895:Judaeo-Piedmontese 16805:Bustocco–Legnanese 16600:Northern Calabrian 16100:Official languages 16016:Minority languages 15875:Standard varieties 14924:Judaeo-Piedmontese 14900:Other Gallo-Italic 14152:Languages of Italy 14058:Pidgin & Mixed 13462:Telecommunications 12829:Maritime republics 11929:www.nobelprize.org 11904:www.nobelprize.org 11879:www.nobelprize.org 11854:www.nobelprize.org 11829:www.nobelprize.org 11804:www.nobelprize.org 11691:Kellogg, Michael. 11400:Luciano Canepari, 11122:on 10 October 2017 11082:"Italian Language" 10818:Italiano LinguaDue 10469:The New York Times 10205:Sardinian language 10047:on 6 February 2017 9841:Alessandro Tassoni 9771:10.1093/qje/qjr035 8904:Italian literature 8863:Italian honorifics 8804:Languages of Italy 8781:Switzerland portal 8641: 8388:Months of the year 7378:what (standalone) 7014:Yes, I understand. 6937:What is your name? 6141:, past tense with 6005:una camicia bianca 5458:⟨gi⟩ 5454:⟨ci⟩ 5444:⟨gh⟩ 5436:⟨ch⟩ 5251:⟨gi⟩ 5247:⟨ci⟩ 5231:⟨gh⟩ 5227:⟨ch⟩ 4806:⟨cs⟩ 4802:⟨zz⟩ 4794:⟨ss⟩ 4762:⟨ch⟩ 4746:⟨ge⟩ 4742:⟨gi⟩ 4454:is always silent: 4252:"male friend(s)", 4224:"male friend(s)", 3547:"week" < Latin 2841: 2830: 2689:minority languages 2664: 2656: 2642:Languages of Italy 2553:and especially in 2523:languages of Italy 2515: 2500: 2494:is co-official in 2450: 2345:La Voce del Popolo 2271: 2177: 2162:Republic of Ragusa 2150:Dalmatian Italians 2078: 2031:Victor Emmanuel II 1995:Giuseppe Garibaldi 1989:to Italy, and the 1924: 1845:lexical similarity 1824:Florentine dialect 1814:, a descendant of 1753:Alessandro Manzoni 1737: 1733:Alessandro Manzoni 1724:Contemporary times 1549: 1530:(from French) and 1368:Giovanni Boccaccio 1126:regional varieties 110:Slovenian Littoral 18559: 18558: 18553: 18552: 18121: 18120: 18097:extinct languages 18019: 18018: 17696: 17695: 17655:Navarro-Aragonese 17540:Peruvian Ribereño 17465:Judaeo-Portuguese 17380:Galician–Asturian 17283: 17282: 17274:Old Gallo-Romance 17228:Wisconsin Walloon 16645: 16644: 16618:Dalmatian Romance 16226:Romance languages 16192: 16191: 16174:Swiss-German Sign 16052: 16051: 15993: 15992: 15935: 15934: 15905: 15904: 15811: 15810: 15747:Lower Sava Valley 15385: 15384: 15364: 15363: 15311: 15310: 15268:Southern Bavarian 15235: 15234: 15199: 15198: 15191:Triestine Serbian 15100: 15099: 15075:Arbëresh language 15036: 15035: 15032: 15031: 14973: 14972: 14937: 14936: 14690:Brianzöö dialects 14618: 14617: 14555: 14554: 14492: 14491: 14456: 14455: 14111: 14110: 13910: 13909: 13877: 13876: 13512: 13511: 13447:Southern question 13367: 13366: 13299:Political parties 13247:Foreign relations 13219: 13218: 13072: 13071: 12793:Kingdom of Naples 12781:Kingdom of Sicily 12329:Il Nuovo De Mauro 12289:978-88-8212-637-7 12021:978-88-08-24624-0 11697:WordReference.com 11677:978-1-259-58772-6 11594:978-88-08-24624-0 11415:Romano, Antonio. 11155:, pp. 77–78. 10763:. 2 August 2017. 10760:Statistics Canada 10550:. February 2014. 10368:on 15 August 2022 9976:978-0-397-00400-3 9966:Story of Language 9886:978-90-04-51724-0 9730:978-0-618-52273-6 9611:978-0-941533-22-5 9256:. Рипол Классик. 9082:(25th ed., 2022) 8934:Italian Knowledge 8919:Italian profanity 8914:Italian phonology 8736: 8735: 8608:Article 1 of the 8592:Article 1 of the 8585: 8584: 8385: 8384: 8260: 8259: 8159: 8158: 8152: 8151: 7982: 7981: 7812: 7811: 7635: 7634: 7616:/ˈmeze/, /ˈmese/ 7465: 7464: 7384:/ˈkɔza/, /ˈkɔsa/ 7346: 7345: 7265:The bill, please. 6475:/ˌbwɔn‿appeˈtito/ 6458:/ˌbwɔnadʒorˈnata/ 6143:perfective aspect 6051:is the plural of 6007:'a white shirt', 5887: 5886: 5797:'miles, f. pl.'; 5757:'river, m. sg.', 5689:'cost', feminine 5644:Romance languages 5466:⟨i⟩ 5450:⟨i⟩ 5426:⟨h⟩ 5419: 5418: 5177:⟨g⟩ 5149:⟨c⟩ 5137:⟨g⟩ 5133:⟨c⟩ 5110:⟨s⟩ 5094:⟨s⟩ 5068:⟨z⟩ 5056:⟨z⟩ 5052:⟨s⟩ 5037:⟨h⟩ 5017:⟨h⟩ 5006:⟨h⟩ 5002:⟨o⟩ 4994:⟨h⟩ 4954:⟨h⟩ 4929:"principles", or 4918:⟨ó⟩ 4898:⟨o⟩ 4890:⟨é⟩ 4866:⟨o⟩ 4862:⟨e⟩ 4846:⟨o⟩ 4834:⟨e⟩ 4822:⟨y⟩ 4818:⟨i⟩ 4814:⟨e⟩ 4810:⟨x⟩ 4798:⟨z⟩ 4790:⟨s⟩ 4786:⟨w⟩ 4782:⟨v⟩ 4778:⟨u⟩ 4774:⟨o⟩ 4766:⟨k⟩ 4758:⟨c⟩ 4754:⟨j⟩ 4750:⟨i⟩ 4730:⟨j⟩ 4682:⟨j⟩ 4662:⟨x⟩ 4570:precede stressed 3661:in the region of 3486:. Some examples: 3267:/t,d,t͡s,d͡z,s,z/ 3146: 3145: 2819: 2811:Italian phonology 2579:Starting in late 2527:Rio Grande do Sul 2496:Rio Grande do Sul 2460:According to the 2385:Corriere Italiano 2379:Corriere Canadese 2354:Corriere d'Italia 2231:Italian Eritreans 2130:minority language 2102:Venetian Dalmatia 2019:Corsican Italians 2007:Republic of Genoa 1999:Italian Savoyards 1822:, especially its 1571:, as well as the 1569:Italian Peninsula 1387:Kingdom of Naples 1324:Placiti Cassinesi 1271:Italian Peninsula 1159:, serving as the 1145:Council of Europe 982: 981: 808:The Divine Comedy 792:Placiti Cassinesi 751: 714: 713: 696:rendering support 692:phonetic symbols. 548:Regulated by 525: 431: 419: 407: 285:Various forms of 149:Total: 68 million 118:(Western Croatia) 18839: 18777:Italian language 18762: 18754: 18753: 18752: 18745: 18737: 18736: 18735: 18728: 18727:from Wikiversity 18720: 18719: 18718: 18711: 18703: 18702: 18701: 18694: 18686: 18685: 18684: 18677: 18669: 18668: 18667: 18660: 18652: 18651: 18650: 18640: 18634:Italian language 18624: 18623: 18622: 18612: 18611: 18610: 18600: 18599: 18598: 18588: 18587: 18586: 18576: 18575: 18567: 18485:Dependencies and 18421:Northern Ireland 18162:Sovereign states 18148: 18141: 18134: 18125: 18124: 17642:Judaeo-Aragonese 17631:Andalusi Romance 17484:Amazonic Spanish 17321:Western Asturian 17304: 17303: 17243:Franco-Provençal 16914: 16913: 16810:Comasco–Lecchese 16668:Emilian–Romagnol 16656: 16655: 16456:Regional Italian 16446:Italo-Australian 16373: 16372: 16295:Megleno-Romanian 16219: 16212: 16205: 16196: 16195: 16091: 16090: 16079: 16072: 16065: 16056: 16055: 15984: 15964: 15963: 15842: 15822: 15821: 15769: 15762: 15760:Zagorje-Trbovlje 15755: 15736: 15717: 15660: 15628: 15576: 15549: 15542: 15518: 15461: 15441: 15440: 15432: 15431: 15412: 15405: 15398: 15389: 15388: 15376: 15373: 15350: 15331: 15276: 15246: 15245: 15210: 15209: 15111: 15110: 15091: 15071: 15070: 15062: 15061: 15053: 15048: 15047: 15046: 15023: 15016: 15009: 14984: 14983: 14948: 14947: 14890: 14876: 14869: 14853:Emilian–Romagnol 14842: 14835: 14821: 14812: 14805: 14798: 14791: 14784: 14775: 14768: 14761: 14752: 14745: 14738: 14731: 14724: 14715: 14708: 14699: 14692: 14629: 14628: 14609: 14588:Franco-Provençal 14566: 14565: 14541: 14503: 14502: 14498:Occitano-Romance 14467: 14466: 14419: 14405: 14384:Extreme Southern 14353: 14248:Regional Italian 14236: 14235: 14227: 14226: 14183:Franco-Provençal 14150: 14149: 14138: 14131: 14124: 14115: 14114: 14071:Italian Eritrean 13944:Italian language 13937: 13930: 13923: 13914: 13913: 13900: 13899: 13892:Italy portal 13889: 13888: 13829:National symbols 13523: 13522: 13378: 13377: 13230: 13229: 13083: 13082: 12963:Kingdom of Italy 12890:Napoleonic Italy 12429: 12428: 12405: 12398: 12391: 12382: 12381: 12369: 12368: 12351:Italian proverbs 12333: 12325: 12307: 12301: 12248: 12246: 12221: 12220: 12218: 12212: 12206:, archived from 12181: 12171: 12142: 12119:Ladefoged, Peter 12114: 12085: 12076: 12057: 12055: 12053: 12024: 12002: 11992: 11967: 11940: 11939: 11937: 11935: 11921: 11915: 11914: 11912: 11910: 11896: 11890: 11889: 11887: 11885: 11871: 11865: 11864: 11862: 11860: 11846: 11840: 11839: 11837: 11835: 11821: 11815: 11814: 11812: 11810: 11796: 11790: 11789: 11787: 11785: 11771: 11765: 11764: 11762: 11760: 11741: 11735: 11734: 11719: 11713: 11712: 11710: 11708: 11688: 11682: 11681: 11663: 11646: 11645: 11643: 11641: 11622: 11611: 11605: 11599: 11598: 11572: 11566: 11565: 11557: 11548: 11547: 11542: 11540: 11510: 11504: 11503: 11501: 11499: 11493:dop.netadcom.com 11485: 11479: 11478: 11476: 11474: 11465:. Archived from 11459: 11453: 11452: 11450: 11448: 11439:. Archived from 11433: 11427: 11420: 11413: 11407: 11398: 11389: 11383: 11377: 11371: 11362: 11355: 11349: 11343: 11337: 11331: 11325: 11319: 11313: 11307: 11298: 11292: 11286: 11280: 11274: 11268: 11262: 11256: 11250: 11244: 11238: 11232: 11219: 11213: 11204: 11198: 11187: 11181: 11175: 11169: 11156: 11150: 11144: 11138: 11132: 11131: 11129: 11127: 11118:. Archived from 11108: 11102: 11101: 11099: 11097: 11078: 11072: 11071: 11061: 11037: 11031: 11030: 11028: 11026: 11021:on 7 August 2011 11011: 11005: 11004: 11002: 11000: 10981: 10975: 10974: 10972: 10970: 10955: 10949: 10948: 10946: 10944: 10929: 10923: 10922: 10920: 10918: 10903: 10897: 10896: 10894: 10892: 10877: 10871: 10870: 10855: 10849: 10848: 10843: 10841: 10809: 10803: 10802: 10800: 10798: 10783: 10777: 10776: 10774: 10772: 10751: 10745: 10744: 10742: 10740: 10725: 10719: 10718: 10716: 10714: 10705:. Archived from 10695: 10689: 10688: 10686: 10684: 10678: 10671: 10662: 10656: 10645: 10639: 10638: 10636: 10634: 10620: 10610: 10604: 10603: 10598: 10596: 10590: 10579: 10570: 10564: 10563: 10561: 10559: 10540: 10534: 10531: 10525: 10524: 10522: 10520: 10492: 10486: 10485: 10483: 10481: 10459: 10453: 10452: 10432: 10426: 10425: 10410: 10404: 10403: 10401: 10399: 10394:on 6 August 2011 10390:. Archived from 10384: 10378: 10377: 10375: 10373: 10358: 10349: 10344:Hull, Geoffrey, 10342: 10336: 10335: 10333: 10331: 10325: 10318: 10310: 10304: 10303: 10301: 10299: 10284: 10275: 10274: 10272: 10270: 10261:. 16 June 2018. 10255: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10244: 10229: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10218: 10199: 10193: 10186: 10180: 10179: 10177: 10175: 10160: 10154: 10153: 10151: 10149: 10130: 10124: 10117: 10111: 10100: 10094: 10093: 10091: 10089: 10083: 10072: 10063: 10057: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10043:. Archived from 10033: 10027: 10016: 10010: 9987: 9981: 9980: 9957: 9951: 9950: 9948: 9946: 9927: 9921: 9920: 9919:on 18 July 2011. 9915:. Archived from 9909: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9878: 9867:Brill Publishers 9837: 9831: 9820: 9814: 9807: 9801: 9792:Toso, Fiorenzo. 9790: 9784: 9783: 9773: 9764:(3): 1133–1172. 9749: 9743: 9742: 9716: 9710: 9704: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9690: 9675: 9669: 9668: 9663: 9661: 9645: 9639: 9638: 9630: 9624: 9623: 9597: 9582: 9576: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9565: 9550: 9544: 9520: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9489: 9483: 9482: 9461: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9444: 9437: 9429: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9418: 9403: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9392: 9377: 9371: 9370: 9368: 9366: 9351: 9345: 9344: 9342: 9340: 9312: 9306: 9305: 9303: 9301: 9286: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9247: 9241: 9240: 9235: 9233: 9214: 9208: 9206: 9204: 9202: 9196: 9189: 9181: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9167: 9158:. 21 June 2016. 9148: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9122: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9096: 9090: 9089: 9088: 9071: 9034: 9007: 9001: 8994: 8848:Regional Italian 8843:Italian alphabet 8822: 8821: 8811: 8797: 8792: 8791: 8783: 8778: 8777: 8776: 8769: 8764: 8763: 8762: 8755: 8750: 8749: 8748: 8703: 8687:Luigi Pirandello 8643: 8642: 8581: 8566: 8551: 8536: 8521: 8506: 8491: 8476: 8461: 8446: 8431: 8416: 8392: 8391: 8381: 8366: 8351: 8336: 8321: 8306: 8291: 8267: 8266: 8263:Days of the week 8223: 8210: 8197: 8184: 8162: 8161: 8148: 8133: 8118: 8103: 8088: 8073: 8072:/ˌventiˈtʃinkwe/ 8058: 8057:/ˌventiˈkwattro/ 8043: 8028: 8013: 7989: 7988: 7978: 7963: 7948: 7933: 7918: 7903: 7888: 7873: 7858: 7843: 7819: 7818: 7808: 7793: 7778: 7763: 7748: 7733: 7718: 7703: 7688: 7673: 7647: 7646: 7643: 7628: 7613: 7598: 7583: 7568: 7553: 7538: 7523: 7508: 7493: 7472: 7471: 7353: 7352: 7342: 7336: 7330: 7318: 7312: 7306: 7294: 7289: 7277: 7272: 7260: 7255: 7243: 7233: 7221: 7218: 7213: 7207: 7200:What time is it? 7192: 7186: 7180: 7168: 7165: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7144: 7138: 7126: 7121: 7109: 7108:/ˌparlainˈɡlese/ 7101: 7090: 7088:Parlate inglese? 7084: 7078: 7066: 7063: 7053: 7047: 7035: 7032: 7027: 7021: 7009: 7006: 7000: 6994: 6982: 6977: 6965: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6932: 6927: 6921: 6915: 6909: 6897: 6893: 6888: 6882: 6870: 6865: 6853: 6848: 6836: 6831: 6819: 6814: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6792: 6788: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6759: 6754: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6728: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6686: 6681: 6674:You are welcome! 6669: 6668:/tirinˈɡrattsjo/ 6666: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6630: 6627: 6624: 6614: 6608: 6602: 6590: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6575: 6569: 6557: 6553: 6547: 6541: 6529: 6528:/ˌbwɔnaforˈtuna/ 6523: 6511: 6500: 6494: 6488: 6476: 6471: 6459: 6453: 6446:Have a nice day! 6441: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6414: 6409: 6397: 6391: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6357: 6351: 6345: 6333: 6328: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6289: 6286: 6283: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6254: 6244: 6232: 6222: 6206: 6197: 6189: 6188: 6155:conditional mood 6151:subjunctive mood 6078:with subsequent 6009:un'altra camicia 5962: 5950: 5946: 5815: 5814: 5793:'mile, m. sg.', 5753:'laws, f. pl.'; 5605: 5597: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5557:Regional Italian 5551: 5548:) may pronounce 5544:, Aosta Valley, 5538: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5494: 5487: 5480: 5476: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5437: 5432:in the digraphs 5427: 5406: 5394: 5380: 5366: 5347: 5333: 5317: 5305: 5283: 5282: 5276: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5206: 5202: 5194: 5187:. It symbolizes 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5166: 5159:. It symbolizes 5158: 5154: 5150: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5084: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5043:"I pull" ← Lat. 5038: 5034: 5030: 5018: 5014: 5007: 5003: 4995: 4976:"to have") from 4955: 4919: 4899: 4891: 4888:"youth". Unlike 4867: 4863: 4847: 4835: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4731: 4683: 4663: 4635: 4628: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4587: 4580: 4573: 4561: 4554: 4547: 4543: 4528: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4492: 4488: 4472: 4465:'they have' and 4460: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4419: 4407: 4403: 4395: 4384: 4376: 4365: 4357: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4294:Italian language 4259: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4198:); but Romanian 4197: 4193: 4186: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4055: 4039: 4027: 4015: 4007: 4000: 3993: 3986: 3979: 3972: 3968: 3950: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3919: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3888: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3850: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3799: 3792: 3780: 3772: 3764: 3756: 3749: 3734: 3714: 3667:Italian dialects 3645: 3630: 3623: 3601: 3583: 3565: 3550: 3539: 3524: 3505: 3481: 3470:do not contrast. 3469: 3465: 3462:in most accents 3461: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3427: 3416: 3404: 3398:'melted' versus 3397: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3374: 3363: 3356: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3238: 3232: 3228: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3159: 3155: 3138: 3118: 3108: 3090: 3081: 3057: 3049: 3041: 3033: 3026: 3019: 3003: 2996: 2989: 2982: 2966: 2959: 2950: 2943: 2936: 2929: 2913: 2903: 2894: 2844: 2840: 2820: 2775:Italian diaspora 2719:Regional Italian 2680:sister languages 2672:Italian dialects 2646:Regional Italian 2529:, Brazil, where 2482:Italian diaspora 2430:(South Africa). 2414:La Voce d'Italia 2375: 2335:laRegione Ticino 2258:Somali Civil War 2134:Istrian Italians 2108:(because of the 2096:(because of the 2086:Venetian Albania 2084:(because of the 2027:Kingdom of Italy 2023:Rome was annexed 2005:passed from the 1902:is distinctive. 1812:Romance language 1801: 1791: 1783: 1773: 1744: 1742:I promessi sposi 1699: 1687: 1686: 1634: 1606: 1573:prestige variety 1535: 1529: 1523: 1484:Late Middle Ages 1446: 1434: 1410:Regional Italian 1376: 1364: 1279:sister languages 1256:Late Middle Ages 1240: 1229: 1211:culture of Italy 1083:Slovenian Istria 1045:, together with 1027:Romance language 1024: 1019: 1015: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1001: 996: 992: 974: 967: 960: 900:Verb conjugation 765: 764: 755:Regional Italian 745: 729:Italian language 716: 715: 679: 673: 667: 661: 652: 638: 622: 615: 606: 605: 597: 588: 587: 579: 564: 558: 557: 522:2 municipalities 519: 507:language in 425: 413: 401: 344: 335: 332:Italiano segnato 325: 309:Italian alphabet 300: 287:regional Italian 159: 65: 53: 47: 35: 34: 21:Regional Italian 16:Romance language 18847: 18846: 18842: 18841: 18840: 18838: 18837: 18836: 18767: 18766: 18765: 18755: 18750: 18748: 18744:from Wikivoyage 18738: 18733: 18731: 18721: 18716: 18714: 18704: 18699: 18697: 18693:from Wikisource 18687: 18682: 18680: 18670: 18665: 18663: 18653: 18648: 18646: 18643: 18639:sister projects 18636:at Knowledge's 18630: 18620: 18618: 18608: 18606: 18596: 18594: 18584: 18582: 18570: 18562: 18560: 18555: 18554: 18549: 18528: 18486: 18480: 18466:Northern Cyprus 18448: 18442: 18336:North Macedonia 18157: 18152: 18122: 18117: 18084: 18068: 18046:Pannonian Latin 18032:African Romance 18015: 17968: 17899: 17892: 17830:Judeo-Provençal 17703: 17692: 17669: 17618: 17528:Chilean Chilote 17470: 17356: 17297: 17293: 17290: 17279: 17267:Moselle Romance 17234: 17083:Missouri French 17044:Franco-Ontarian 16919: 16908: 16901: 16641: 16606: 16583:Southern Latian 16486: 16451:Maltese Italian 16383:Central Italian 16367: 16360: 16355:Common Romanian 16271: 16255:Italo-Dalmatian 16233: 16223: 16193: 16188: 16162: 16126: 16095: 16085: 16083: 16053: 16048: 16032: 16011: 15989: 15980: 15953: 15931: 15901: 15870: 15852: 15838: 15807: 15788:Slovenian Hills 15774: 15765: 15758: 15751: 15742:Kozje-Bizeljsko 15732: 15723:Central Styrian 15713: 15704:Central Savinja 15690: 15656: 15652:Lower Carniolan 15644:Lower Carniolan 15638: 15624: 15620:Upper Carniolan 15612:Upper Carniolan 15606: 15572: 15554: 15545: 15538: 15529:Inner Carniolan 15514: 15505:Natisone Valley 15481: 15457: 15421: 15416: 15386: 15381: 15380: 15379: 15374: 15370: 15360: 15346: 15327: 15307: 15293:Austrian German 15281: 15272: 15231: 15222:Calabrian Greek 15195: 15162: 15148:Natisone Valley 15133:Inner Carniolan 15096: 15087: 15056: 15049: 15044: 15042: 15028: 15019: 15012: 15005: 14969: 14933: 14901: 14895: 14886: 14872: 14865: 14847: 14838: 14831: 14827:Eastern Lombard 14817: 14808: 14801: 14794: 14787: 14780: 14771: 14764: 14757: 14748: 14741: 14734: 14727: 14720: 14711: 14704: 14695: 14688: 14684:Western Lombard 14670: 14614: 14605: 14582: 14551: 14537: 14519: 14488: 14452: 14430: 14424: 14415: 14401: 14378: 14364:Southern Latian 14349: 14330:Castelmezzanese 14306: 14270: 14252: 14221: 14154: 14144: 14142: 14112: 14107: 14100: 14052: 13947: 13941: 13911: 13906: 13886: 13873: 13844:Public holidays 13675: 13621:Life expectancy 13508: 13363: 13279:Law enforcement 13215: 13068: 13015: 13004:Social Republic 12968:Colonial Empire 12951:Capture of Rome 12904: 12797: 12706: 12599:Ancient peoples 12587: 12524: 12485:Historic states 12443: 12418: 12409: 12374: 12331: 12316: 12311: 12299: 12293: 12216: 12214: 12210: 12179: 12139: 12073: 12051: 12049: 12042: 12022: 11965: 11948: 11943: 11933: 11931: 11923: 11922: 11918: 11908: 11906: 11898: 11897: 11893: 11883: 11881: 11873: 11872: 11868: 11858: 11856: 11848: 11847: 11843: 11833: 11831: 11823: 11822: 11818: 11808: 11806: 11798: 11797: 11793: 11783: 11781: 11773: 11772: 11768: 11758: 11756: 11743: 11742: 11738: 11721: 11720: 11716: 11706: 11704: 11689: 11685: 11678: 11664: 11649: 11639: 11637: 11624: 11623: 11614: 11606: 11602: 11595: 11573: 11569: 11558: 11551: 11538: 11536: 11529: 11511: 11507: 11497: 11495: 11487: 11486: 11482: 11472: 11470: 11469:on 22 July 2011 11461: 11460: 11456: 11446: 11444: 11443:on 22 July 2011 11435: 11434: 11430: 11414: 11410: 11399: 11392: 11384: 11380: 11372: 11365: 11356: 11352: 11346:Recasens (2013) 11344: 11340: 11334:Canepari (1992) 11332: 11328: 11322:Canepari (1992) 11320: 11316: 11308: 11301: 11295:Canepari (1992) 11293: 11289: 11281: 11277: 11271:Canepari (1992) 11269: 11265: 11257: 11253: 11247:Canepari (1992) 11245: 11241: 11235:Canepari (1992) 11233: 11222: 11216:Canepari (1992) 11214: 11207: 11199: 11190: 11182: 11178: 11170: 11159: 11151: 11147: 11139: 11135: 11125: 11123: 11110: 11109: 11105: 11095: 11093: 11080: 11079: 11075: 11038: 11034: 11024: 11022: 11013: 11012: 11008: 10998: 10996: 10983: 10982: 10978: 10968: 10966: 10957: 10956: 10952: 10942: 10940: 10931: 10930: 10926: 10916: 10914: 10905: 10904: 10900: 10890: 10888: 10879: 10878: 10874: 10857: 10856: 10852: 10839: 10837: 10810: 10806: 10796: 10794: 10785: 10784: 10780: 10770: 10768: 10753: 10752: 10748: 10738: 10736: 10727: 10726: 10722: 10712: 10710: 10697: 10696: 10692: 10682: 10680: 10676: 10669: 10663: 10659: 10654:Wayback Machine 10646: 10642: 10632: 10630: 10618: 10611: 10607: 10594: 10592: 10588: 10577: 10571: 10567: 10557: 10555: 10542: 10541: 10537: 10532: 10528: 10518: 10516: 10509: 10493: 10489: 10479: 10477: 10460: 10456: 10449: 10433: 10429: 10412: 10411: 10407: 10397: 10395: 10386: 10385: 10381: 10371: 10369: 10360: 10359: 10352: 10343: 10339: 10329: 10327: 10323: 10316: 10312: 10311: 10307: 10297: 10295: 10286: 10285: 10278: 10268: 10266: 10257: 10256: 10252: 10242: 10240: 10231: 10230: 10226: 10216: 10214: 10201: 10200: 10196: 10187: 10183: 10173: 10171: 10162: 10161: 10157: 10147: 10145: 10132: 10131: 10127: 10118: 10114: 10101: 10097: 10087: 10085: 10081: 10070: 10064: 10060: 10050: 10048: 10035: 10034: 10030: 10017: 10013: 10004:Wayback Machine 9988: 9984: 9977: 9958: 9954: 9944: 9942: 9929: 9928: 9924: 9911: 9910: 9906: 9896: 9894: 9887: 9838: 9834: 9821: 9817: 9808: 9804: 9791: 9787: 9750: 9746: 9731: 9717: 9713: 9705: 9698: 9688: 9686: 9677: 9676: 9672: 9659: 9657: 9646: 9642: 9631: 9627: 9612: 9598: 9585: 9577: 9573: 9563: 9561: 9552: 9551: 9547: 9541:Wayback Machine 9530:Wayback Machine 9521: 9517: 9507: 9505: 9492:Keating, Dave. 9490: 9486: 9481:on 28 May 2024. 9463: 9462: 9458: 9448: 9446: 9442: 9435: 9431: 9430: 9426: 9416: 9414: 9405: 9404: 9400: 9390: 9388: 9379: 9378: 9374: 9364: 9362: 9353: 9352: 9348: 9338: 9336: 9329: 9313: 9309: 9299: 9297: 9288: 9287: 9283: 9273: 9271: 9264: 9248: 9244: 9231: 9229: 9216: 9215: 9211: 9200: 9198: 9194: 9187: 9183: 9182: 9175: 9165: 9163: 9150: 9149: 9145: 9135: 9133: 9124: 9123: 9119: 9109: 9107: 9098: 9097: 9093: 9083: 9072: 9047: 9043: 9038: 9037: 9008: 9004: 8995: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8954:Veronese Riddle 8949:Sicilian School 8929:Italian Studies 8858:Italian grammar 8853:Italian exonyms 8795:Language portal 8793: 8786: 8779: 8774: 8772: 8765: 8760: 8758: 8751: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8715:Eugenio Montale 8699: 8661:Giosuè Carducci 8634:Giosuè Carducci 8627: 8590: 8390: 8265: 8253:mille miliardi 8160: 7984: 7887:/kwatˈtorditʃi/ 7814: 7640: 7470: 7351: 7259:/ˌkwantoˈkɔsta/ 7248:How much is it? 7242:/doˌvɛilˈbaɲɲo/ 7231:Dov'è il bagno? 7065:/nonˌɔkkaˈpito/ 6961:/ˌkometiˈkjami/ 6954:Come si chiama? 6942:Come ti chiami? 6556:/tiˌvɔʎʎoˈbɛne/ 6510:/arriveˈdertʃi/ 6464:Enjoy the meal! 6451:Buona giornata! 6440:/ˌbwɔnaseˈrata/ 6288:/naturalˈmente/ 6285:/ˌtʃertaˈmente/ 6176: 6171: 6163:past participle 6159:imperative mood 6127:indicative mood 5985:uno zio anziano 5924:'(s)he loves', 5801:'pair, m. sg., 5749:'law, f. sg.', 5745:in the plural: 5636: 5630: 5628:Italian grammar 5624: 5586:Tuscan language 5493:/ˌfar.maˈtʃi.e/ 5486:/ˌfar.maˈtʃi.a/ 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5435: 5425: 5350:edible dormouse 5274: 5250: 5246: 5245:. The digraphs 5242: 5230: 5226: 5213:hard and soft G 5209:hard and soft C 5204: 5200: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5156: 5148: 5136: 5132: 5109: 5101: 5093: 5085:"mosquito" and 5067: 5055: 5051: 5044: 5036: 5027:are pronounced 5016: 5005: 5001: 4993: 4953: 4917: 4897: 4889: 4865: 4861: 4845: 4833: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4729: 4681: 4661: 4340: 4334: 4318: 4257: 4173: 4158: 4135: 4119: 4104: 4089: 4081: 4053: 4038:(ex)dēroteolāre 4037: 4025: 4013: 3966: 3921: 3890: 3859: 3806: 3790: 3778: 3770: 3762: 3754: 3732: 3712: 3682:Western Romance 3621: 3581: 3548: 3499: 3480:/a,ɛ,e,i,ɔ,o,u/ 3476: 3475: 3349:is a fricative 3343:alveolo-palatal 3331:, respectively. 3156:) or a liquid ( 2870: 2866: 2858: 2838: 2815: 2813: 2807: 2767:Tullio De Mauro 2648: 2638: 2619:Catholic Church 2577: 2571: 2549:once spoken in 2484: 2478: 2436: 2356:(Germany), the 2254:colonial period 2122:Maltese Italian 2098:Venetian Istria 1987:Niçard Italians 1979:Treaty of Turin 1952:Italian Grisons 1914: 1908: 1808: 1792:comes from the 1726: 1706: 1690:Agnolo Monosini 1521:il Rinascimento 1512: 1461:Italo-Dalmatian 1350:Dante Alighieri 1332:Veronese Riddle 1263: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1244:Dante Alighieri 1241: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1219: 1214: 1203: 1189:long consonants 1017: 1013:lingua italiana 1003: 1002: 994: 978: 802:Dolce Stil Novo 797:Sicilian School 787:Veronese Riddle 694:Without proper 682: 681: 677: 675: 671: 669: 665: 648: 634: 618: 611: 601: 600: 593: 583: 582: 575: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 515: 508: 506: 499: 441: 440: 435: 434: 395: 394: 389: 388: 365: 364: 357: 350:Official status 337: 326: 321: 314:Italian Braille 312: 301: 296: 276:Maltese Italian 258: 230: 223: 195:Italo-Dalmatian 175:Latino-Faliscan 160: 157:Language family 155: 148: 143: 121: 100:Italian Grisons 51:lingua italiana 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 18845: 18835: 18834: 18829: 18824: 18819: 18814: 18809: 18804: 18799: 18794: 18789: 18784: 18779: 18764: 18763: 18746: 18729: 18712: 18710:from Wikibooks 18695: 18678: 18676:from Wikiquote 18661: 18632: 18629: 18628: 18626:European Union 18616: 18604: 18592: 18580: 18557: 18556: 18551: 18550: 18548: 18547: 18542: 18540:European Union 18536: 18534: 18533:Other entities 18530: 18529: 18527: 18526: 18521: 18516: 18511: 18506: 18501: 18496: 18490: 18488: 18487:other entities 18482: 18481: 18479: 18478: 18473: 18468: 18463: 18458: 18452: 18450: 18444: 18443: 18441: 18440: 18435: 18434: 18433: 18428: 18423: 18418: 18411:United Kingdom 18408: 18403: 18398: 18393: 18388: 18383: 18378: 18373: 18368: 18363: 18358: 18353: 18348: 18343: 18338: 18333: 18328: 18323: 18318: 18313: 18308: 18303: 18298: 18293: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18276: 18271: 18266: 18261: 18256: 18251: 18246: 18241: 18236: 18231: 18226: 18224:Czech Republic 18221: 18216: 18211: 18206: 18201: 18196: 18191: 18186: 18181: 18176: 18171: 18165: 18163: 18159: 18158: 18151: 18150: 18143: 18136: 18128: 18119: 18118: 18116: 18115: 18108: 18099: 18089: 18086: 18085: 18083: 18082: 18076: 18074: 18070: 18069: 18067: 18066: 18065: 18064: 18059: 18049: 18042: 18035: 18027: 18025: 18021: 18020: 18017: 18016: 18014: 18013: 18012: 18011: 18006: 18001: 17996: 17985: 17976: 17974: 17970: 17969: 17967: 17966: 17965: 17964: 17959: 17954: 17949: 17944: 17934: 17933: 17932: 17927: 17917: 17916: 17915: 17904: 17902: 17894: 17893: 17891: 17890: 17889: 17888: 17887: 17886: 17872: 17871: 17870: 17865: 17855: 17854: 17853: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17826: 17825: 17824: 17817: 17812: 17807: 17797: 17787: 17786: 17785: 17784: 17783: 17778: 17770: 17765: 17762:Judaeo-Catalan 17758: 17757: 17756: 17751: 17746: 17745: 17744: 17739: 17729: 17721: 17708: 17706: 17698: 17697: 17694: 17693: 17691: 17690: 17684: 17677: 17675: 17671: 17670: 17668: 17667: 17666: 17665: 17651: 17646: 17645: 17644: 17634: 17626: 17624: 17620: 17619: 17617: 17616: 17609: 17608: 17607: 17602: 17597: 17592: 17591: 17590: 17585: 17580: 17575: 17570: 17569: 17568: 17551: 17550: 17549: 17544: 17543: 17542: 17532: 17531: 17530: 17517:Latin American 17513: 17508: 17496: 17494:Judaeo-Spanish 17491: 17486: 17480: 17478: 17472: 17471: 17469: 17468: 17461: 17460: 17459: 17454: 17449: 17448: 17447: 17435: 17434: 17433: 17421: 17416: 17409: 17397: 17390: 17385: 17384: 17383: 17372: 17366: 17364: 17358: 17357: 17355: 17354: 17347: 17342: 17341: 17340: 17330: 17325: 17324: 17323: 17312: 17310: 17301: 17285: 17284: 17281: 17280: 17278: 17277: 17270: 17263: 17262: 17261: 17256: 17251: 17239: 17236: 17235: 17233: 17232: 17231: 17230: 17225: 17215: 17214: 17213: 17208: 17198: 17193: 17188: 17183: 17182: 17181: 17176: 17171: 17166: 17165: 17164: 17157: 17156: 17155: 17145: 17140: 17123: 17118: 17117: 17116: 17111: 17106: 17096: 17095: 17094: 17087: 17086: 17085: 17080: 17079: 17078: 17068: 17063: 17062: 17061: 17056: 17051: 17046: 17041: 17040: 17039: 17034: 17024: 17019: 17014: 17013: 17012: 17007: 16989: 16984: 16972: 16967: 16962: 16961: 16960: 16955: 16945: 16940: 16935: 16930: 16924: 16922: 16911: 16903: 16902: 16900: 16899: 16898: 16897: 16887: 16880: 16879: 16878: 16877: 16876: 16871: 16866: 16865: 16864: 16859: 16854: 16844: 16839: 16834: 16833: 16832: 16827: 16822: 16817: 16807: 16802: 16801: 16800: 16785: 16784: 16783: 16778: 16763: 16758: 16757: 16756: 16751: 16746: 16741: 16736: 16731: 16721: 16716: 16711: 16706: 16705: 16704: 16703: 16702: 16697: 16687: 16686: 16685: 16680: 16664: 16662: 16653: 16647: 16646: 16643: 16642: 16640: 16639: 16637:Judaeo-Italian 16634: 16633: 16632: 16627: 16614: 16612: 16608: 16607: 16605: 16604: 16603: 16602: 16597: 16596: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16575: 16574: 16573: 16563: 16558: 16553: 16548: 16531: 16530: 16529: 16528: 16527: 16517: 16516: 16515: 16505: 16494: 16492: 16488: 16487: 16485: 16484: 16483: 16482: 16470: 16465: 16464: 16463: 16458: 16453: 16448: 16436: 16435: 16434: 16424: 16423: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16406: 16405: 16400: 16395: 16379: 16377: 16370: 16362: 16361: 16359: 16358: 16351: 16350: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16314: 16309: 16297: 16292: 16290:Istro-Romanian 16287: 16281: 16279: 16273: 16272: 16270: 16269: 16264: 16263: 16262: 16257: 16247: 16241: 16239: 16238:Major branches 16235: 16234: 16230:classification 16222: 16221: 16214: 16207: 16199: 16190: 16189: 16187: 16186: 16181: 16176: 16170: 16168: 16167:Sign languages 16164: 16163: 16161: 16160: 16155: 16150: 16145: 16134: 16132: 16128: 16127: 16125: 16124: 16119: 16114: 16109: 16103: 16101: 16097: 16096: 16082: 16081: 16074: 16067: 16059: 16050: 16049: 16047: 16046: 16040: 16038: 16037:Sign languages 16034: 16033: 16031: 16030: 16025: 16019: 16017: 16013: 16012: 16010: 16009: 16003: 16001: 15995: 15994: 15991: 15990: 15988: 15987: 15986: 15985: 15972: 15970: 15961: 15955: 15954: 15952: 15951: 15945: 15943: 15937: 15936: 15933: 15932: 15930: 15929: 15924: 15919: 15913: 15911: 15907: 15906: 15903: 15902: 15900: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15884: 15878: 15876: 15872: 15871: 15869: 15868: 15862: 15860: 15854: 15853: 15851: 15850: 15845: 15844: 15843: 15830: 15828: 15819: 15817:Serbo-Croatian 15813: 15812: 15809: 15808: 15806: 15805: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15784: 15782: 15776: 15775: 15773: 15772: 15771: 15770: 15763: 15756: 15744: 15739: 15738: 15737: 15725: 15720: 15719: 15718: 15706: 15700: 15698: 15692: 15691: 15689: 15688: 15683: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15662: 15661: 15648: 15646: 15640: 15639: 15637: 15636: 15631: 15630: 15629: 15616: 15614: 15608: 15607: 15605: 15604: 15599: 15594: 15589: 15584: 15579: 15578: 15577: 15564: 15562: 15556: 15555: 15553: 15552: 15551: 15550: 15543: 15531: 15526: 15521: 15520: 15519: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15491: 15489: 15483: 15482: 15480: 15479: 15474: 15469: 15464: 15463: 15462: 15449: 15447: 15438: 15429: 15423: 15422: 15415: 15414: 15407: 15400: 15392: 15383: 15382: 15378: 15377: 15367: 15366: 15365: 15362: 15361: 15359: 15358: 15353: 15352: 15351: 15339: 15334: 15333: 15332: 15329:Italian Hebrew 15319: 15317: 15313: 15312: 15309: 15308: 15306: 15305: 15300: 15295: 15289: 15287: 15283: 15282: 15280: 15279: 15278: 15277: 15274:South Tyrolean 15265: 15260: 15254: 15252: 15243: 15237: 15236: 15233: 15232: 15230: 15229: 15224: 15218: 15216: 15207: 15201: 15200: 15197: 15196: 15194: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15172: 15170: 15168:Serbo-Croatian 15164: 15163: 15161: 15160: 15155: 15150: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15119: 15117: 15108: 15102: 15101: 15098: 15097: 15095: 15094: 15093: 15092: 15079: 15077: 15068: 15058: 15057: 15055: 15054: 15039: 15037: 15034: 15033: 15030: 15029: 15027: 15026: 15025: 15024: 15017: 15010: 14998: 14992: 14990: 14988:Rhaeto-Romance 14981: 14979:Rhaeto-Romance 14975: 14974: 14971: 14970: 14968: 14967: 14962: 14956: 14954: 14945: 14939: 14938: 14935: 14934: 14932: 14931: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14911: 14905: 14903: 14897: 14896: 14894: 14893: 14892: 14891: 14879: 14878: 14877: 14870: 14857: 14855: 14849: 14848: 14846: 14845: 14844: 14843: 14836: 14824: 14823: 14822: 14815: 14814: 14813: 14806: 14799: 14785: 14778: 14777: 14776: 14762: 14755: 14754: 14753: 14746: 14739: 14732: 14718: 14717: 14716: 14702: 14701: 14700: 14680: 14678: 14672: 14671: 14669: 14668: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14637: 14635: 14626: 14620: 14619: 14616: 14615: 14613: 14612: 14611: 14610: 14598: 14592: 14590: 14584: 14583: 14581: 14580: 14574: 14572: 14563: 14557: 14556: 14553: 14552: 14550: 14549: 14544: 14543: 14542: 14529: 14527: 14521: 14520: 14518: 14517: 14511: 14509: 14500: 14494: 14493: 14490: 14489: 14487: 14486: 14481: 14475: 14473: 14464: 14458: 14457: 14454: 14453: 14451: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14434: 14432: 14426: 14425: 14423: 14422: 14421: 14420: 14408: 14407: 14406: 14394: 14388: 14386: 14380: 14379: 14377: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14355: 14354: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14316: 14314: 14308: 14307: 14305: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14278: 14276: 14272: 14271: 14269: 14268: 14262: 14260: 14254: 14253: 14251: 14250: 14244: 14242: 14233: 14223: 14222: 14159: 14156: 14155: 14141: 14140: 14133: 14126: 14118: 14109: 14108: 14105: 14102: 14101: 14099: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14062: 14060: 14054: 14053: 14051: 14050: 14045: 14040: 14035: 14030: 14029: 14028: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13992: 13991: 13986: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13955: 13953: 13949: 13948: 13940: 13939: 13932: 13925: 13917: 13908: 13907: 13905: 13904: 13894: 13882: 13879: 13878: 13875: 13874: 13872: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13846: 13841: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13685: 13683: 13677: 13676: 13674: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13617: 13616: 13615: 13614: 13599: 13598: 13597: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13537: 13532: 13526: 13520: 13514: 13513: 13510: 13509: 13507: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13495: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13452:Stock exchange 13449: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13418: 13417: 13412: 13402: 13397: 13392: 13387: 13381: 13375: 13369: 13368: 13365: 13364: 13362: 13361: 13356: 13354:Municipalities 13351: 13346: 13341: 13336: 13331: 13326: 13321: 13314:Prime Minister 13311: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13265: 13264: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13233: 13227: 13221: 13220: 13217: 13216: 13214: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13201:Regional parks 13198: 13196:National parks 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13157: 13156: 13146: 13145: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13108: 13107: 13105:Climate change 13097: 13092: 13086: 13080: 13074: 13073: 13070: 13069: 13067: 13066: 13065: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13023: 13021: 13017: 13016: 13014: 13013: 13012: 13011: 13006: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12981: 12980: 12970: 12965: 12955: 12954: 12953: 12948: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12912: 12910: 12906: 12905: 12903: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12881: 12880: 12870: 12868:Duchy of Savoy 12865: 12860: 12855: 12854: 12853: 12852: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12805: 12803: 12799: 12798: 12796: 12795: 12790: 12789: 12788: 12778: 12776:Lombard League 12773: 12772: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12714: 12712: 12708: 12707: 12705: 12704: 12703: 12702: 12701: 12700: 12698:Western Empire 12690: 12685: 12683:Roman conquest 12680: 12675: 12665: 12664: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12637: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12604:Italic peoples 12595: 12593: 12589: 12588: 12586: 12585: 12584: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12532: 12530: 12526: 12525: 12523: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12451: 12449: 12445: 12444: 12442: 12441: 12435: 12433: 12426: 12420: 12419: 12408: 12407: 12400: 12393: 12385: 12379: 12376: 12375: 12366: 12365: 12353: 12348: 12339: 12334: 12326: 12315: 12314:External links 12312: 12310: 12309: 12291: 12277: 12263: 12249: 12237:(1): 117–121. 12222: 12172: 12143: 12137: 12123:Maddieson, Ian 12115: 12103:10.2307/475860 12086: 12077: 12072:978-8815258847 12071: 12058: 12041:978-8894034813 12040: 12025: 12020: 12003: 11983:(2): 131–151. 11968: 11964:978-0340928271 11963: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11941: 11916: 11891: 11866: 11841: 11816: 11791: 11766: 11736: 11714: 11683: 11676: 11647: 11612: 11600: 11593: 11567: 11549: 11528:978-0521621847 11527: 11505: 11480: 11454: 11428: 11408: 11390: 11388:, p. 118. 11378: 11376:, p. 221. 11363: 11350: 11338: 11326: 11314: 11299: 11287: 11285:, p. 134. 11275: 11263: 11261:, p. 133. 11251: 11239: 11220: 11205: 11203:, p. 132. 11188: 11176: 11174:, p. 117. 11157: 11145: 11133: 11103: 11073: 11032: 11006: 10976: 10961:(in Italian). 10950: 10935:(in Italian). 10924: 10909:(in Italian). 10898: 10872: 10850: 10820:(in Italian). 10804: 10778: 10746: 10720: 10690: 10657: 10640: 10605: 10565: 10535: 10526: 10507: 10487: 10454: 10447: 10427: 10405: 10379: 10350: 10337: 10305: 10276: 10250: 10235:(in Italian). 10224: 10194: 10181: 10155: 10125: 10112: 10095: 10058: 10028: 10011: 9982: 9975: 9969:. Lippincott. 9952: 9922: 9904: 9885: 9832: 9815: 9809:Cardia, Amos. 9802: 9785: 9744: 9729: 9711: 9696: 9670: 9640: 9625: 9610: 9583: 9571: 9545: 9515: 9484: 9456: 9424: 9398: 9372: 9346: 9327: 9307: 9281: 9262: 9250:Fleure, H. J. 9242: 9209: 9173: 9143: 9117: 9091: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9036: 9035: 9002: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8813: 8800: 8799: 8798: 8784: 8770: 8756: 8740: 8737: 8734: 8733: 8730: 8725: 8721: 8720: 8717: 8712: 8708: 8707: 8704: 8697: 8693: 8692: 8689: 8684: 8680: 8679: 8676: 8674:Grazia Deledda 8671: 8667: 8666: 8663: 8658: 8654: 8653: 8650: 8647: 8626: 8623: 8622: 8621: 8606: 8605: 8589: 8586: 8583: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8568: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8553: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8538: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8523: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8508: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8493: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8478: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8463: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8448: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8433: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8418: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8403: 8402: 8399: 8396: 8389: 8386: 8383: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8368: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8353: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8338: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8323: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8308: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8293: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8278: 8277: 8274: 8271: 8264: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8254: 8251: 8247: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8236: 8235: 8232: 8229: 8225: 8224: 8219: 8216: 8212: 8211: 8206: 8203: 8199: 8198: 8193: 8190: 8186: 8185: 8180: 8177: 8173: 8172: 8169: 8166: 8157: 8156: 8150: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8135: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8120: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8105: 8104: 8102:/ˌventiˈsɛtte/ 8099: 8094: 8090: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8075: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8060: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8045: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8030: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8015: 8014: 8009: 8004: 8000: 7999: 7996: 7993: 7986: 7980: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7965: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7950: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7935: 7934: 7932:/ditʃasˈsɛtte/ 7929: 7924: 7920: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7905: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7890: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7875: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7860: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7845: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7830: 7829: 7826: 7823: 7816: 7810: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7795: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7780: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7765: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7735: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7720: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7705: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7690: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7660: 7659: 7654: 7651: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7629: 7622: 7618: 7617: 7614: 7607: 7603: 7602: 7599: 7592: 7588: 7587: 7584: 7577: 7573: 7572: 7569: 7562: 7558: 7557: 7554: 7547: 7543: 7542: 7539: 7532: 7528: 7527: 7524: 7517: 7513: 7512: 7509: 7502: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7479: 7476: 7469: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7459: 7456: 7452: 7451: 7448: 7445: 7441: 7440: 7437: 7434: 7430: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7419: 7418: 7415: 7412: 7408: 7407: 7404: 7401: 7397: 7396: 7393: 7390: 7386: 7385: 7382: 7379: 7375: 7374: 7371: 7368: 7364: 7363: 7360: 7357: 7350: 7349:Question words 7347: 7344: 7343: 7338: 7324: 7320: 7319: 7314: 7300: 7296: 7295: 7290: 7283: 7279: 7278: 7273: 7266: 7262: 7261: 7256: 7249: 7245: 7244: 7234: 7227: 7223: 7222: 7214: 7201: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7174: 7170: 7169: 7158: 7132: 7128: 7127: 7122: 7115: 7111: 7110: 7092: 7082:Parla inglese? 7076:Parli inglese? 7072: 7068: 7067: 7054: 7051:Non ho capito. 7041: 7037: 7036: 7028: 7015: 7011: 7010: 7002: 6995:(masculine) / 6988: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6971: 6967: 6966: 6958: 6938: 6934: 6933: 6928: 6903: 6899: 6898: 6889: 6876: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6859: 6855: 6854: 6849: 6842: 6838: 6837: 6832: 6825: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6808: 6804: 6803: 6784: 6765: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6741:/midisˈpjatʃe/ 6730: 6692: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6675: 6671: 6670: 6662: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6629:/perkorteˈzia/ 6626:/perpjaˈtʃere/ 6615: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6577: 6573:/ Benvenuta/-e 6563: 6559: 6558: 6549: 6545:Ti voglio bene 6535: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6521:Buona fortuna! 6517: 6513: 6512: 6502: 6482: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6469:Buon appetito! 6465: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6437:/ˌbwɔnaˈnɔtte/ 6434: 6420: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6403: 6399: 6398: 6396:/ˌbwɔnˈdʒorno/ 6393: 6385: 6381: 6380: 6365: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6322: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6295: 6291: 6290: 6279: 6260: 6256: 6255: 6245: 6238: 6234: 6233: 6223: 6216: 6212: 6211: 6210:Pronunciation 6208: 6199: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 5983:'an uncle' or 5885: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5857: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5829: 5828: 5825: 5824:Singular Form 5822: 5819: 5626:Main article: 5623: 5620: 5614:'the people', 5562:gorgia toscana 5497: 5496: 5421: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5401: 5398: 5389: 5385: 5384: 5375: 5372: 5361: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5342: 5339: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5312: 5309: 5300: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5279: 5278: 5277:. For example: 5220: 5217:palatalization 5129: 5058:can symbolize 5048: 4956:distinguishes 4950: 4925:"princes" and 4868:to indicate a 4728:). The letter 4638: 4637: 4532:The spellings 4530: 4448: 4390: 4371: 4342:Italian has a 4336:Main article: 4333: 4332:Writing system 4330: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4297: 4282: 4281: 4206: 4155: 4116: 4010: 4009: 3963: 3952: 3852: 3803: 3802: 3801: 3655: 3654: 3614: 3574: 3551:(cf. Romanian 3541: 3474: 3473: 3472: 3471: 3380: 3358: 3332: 3298: 3256: 3255: 3254: 3249:Non-retracted 3247: 3234: 3224: 3221:denti-alveolar 3211: 3197: 3172:('fate') with 3144: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3112: 3109: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3084: 3082: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3050: 3043: 3034: 3027: 3020: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 2997: 2990: 2983: 2976: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2960: 2953: 2951: 2944: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2907: 2904: 2897: 2895: 2888: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2874: 2862: 2852: 2847: 2839: 2831: 2809:Main article: 2806: 2803: 2795:code-switching 2637: 2634: 2570: 2567: 2477: 2474: 2435: 2432: 2406:Gente d'Italia 2404:(Brazil), the 2392:(Mexico), the 2388:(Canada), the 2358:L'italoeuropeo 2208:Italian Libyan 2156:following the 2052:County of Nice 2044:Corsican idiom 1991:Niçard Vespers 1907: 1904: 1807: 1806:Classification 1804: 1725: 1722: 1705: 1702: 1692:'s Latin tome 1670: 1669: 1654: 1644: 1585:Italianization 1561:printing press 1518:era, known as 1511: 1508: 1457:Northern Italy 1252:Tuscan dialect 1242: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1202: 1199: 1153:United Kingdom 980: 979: 977: 976: 969: 962: 954: 951: 950: 949: 948: 943: 935: 934: 928: 927: 926: 925: 920: 912: 911: 905: 904: 903: 902: 894: 893: 887: 886: 885: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 846: 845: 838: 837: 836: 835: 828: 821: 819:Italian Purism 816: 811: 804: 799: 794: 789: 781: 780: 774: 773: 772: 771: 766: 757: 752: 740: 732: 731: 725: 724: 712: 711: 698:, you may see 684: 683: 676: 670: 664: 662: 654: 653: 646: 640: 639: 632: 624: 623: 616: 608: 607: 598: 590: 589: 580: 572: 571: 570:Language codes 567: 566: 550: 544: 543: 511: 509: 504: 501: 500: 498: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 450:European Union 447: 438: 437: 436: 433: 432: 420: 408: 399:Slovene Istria 392: 391: 390: 387: 386: 381: 376: 371: 362: 361: 360: 358: 355: 352: 351: 347: 346: 327: 320: 317: 316: 302: 298:Writing system 295: 292: 291: 290: 289: 283: 278: 272: 271: 264: 260: 259: 257: 256: 255: 254: 253: 252: 233: 231: 228: 225: 224: 222: 221: 220: 219: 218: 217: 216: 215: 214: 213: 212: 211: 210: 209: 208: 207: 163: 161: 154: 151: 150: 137: 133: 132: 127: 123: 122: 120: 119: 113: 103: 89: 84: 79: 73: 71: 70:Native to 67: 66: 59: 55: 54: 40: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18844: 18833: 18830: 18828: 18825: 18823: 18820: 18818: 18815: 18813: 18810: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18800: 18798: 18795: 18793: 18790: 18788: 18785: 18783: 18780: 18778: 18775: 18774: 18772: 18761:from Wikidata 18760: 18759: 18747: 18743: 18742: 18730: 18726: 18725: 18713: 18709: 18708: 18696: 18692: 18691: 18679: 18675: 18674: 18662: 18658: 18657: 18645: 18644: 18641: 18635: 18627: 18617: 18615: 18605: 18603: 18593: 18591: 18581: 18579: 18574: 18569: 18568: 18565: 18546: 18543: 18541: 18538: 18537: 18535: 18531: 18525: 18522: 18520: 18517: 18515: 18512: 18510: 18507: 18505: 18502: 18500: 18499:Faroe Islands 18497: 18495: 18492: 18491: 18489: 18483: 18477: 18474: 18472: 18471:South Ossetia 18469: 18467: 18464: 18462: 18459: 18457: 18454: 18453: 18451: 18445: 18439: 18436: 18432: 18429: 18427: 18424: 18422: 18419: 18417: 18414: 18413: 18412: 18409: 18407: 18404: 18402: 18399: 18397: 18394: 18392: 18389: 18387: 18384: 18382: 18379: 18377: 18374: 18372: 18369: 18367: 18364: 18362: 18359: 18357: 18354: 18352: 18349: 18347: 18344: 18342: 18339: 18337: 18334: 18332: 18329: 18327: 18324: 18322: 18319: 18317: 18314: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18296:Liechtenstein 18294: 18292: 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18275: 18272: 18270: 18267: 18265: 18262: 18260: 18257: 18255: 18252: 18250: 18247: 18245: 18242: 18240: 18237: 18235: 18232: 18230: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18220: 18217: 18215: 18212: 18210: 18207: 18205: 18202: 18200: 18197: 18195: 18192: 18190: 18187: 18185: 18182: 18180: 18177: 18175: 18172: 18170: 18167: 18166: 18164: 18160: 18156: 18149: 18144: 18142: 18137: 18135: 18130: 18129: 18126: 18113: 18109: 18107: 18103: 18100: 18098: 18094: 18091: 18090: 18087: 18081: 18080:Proto-Romance 18078: 18077: 18075: 18073:Reconstructed 18071: 18063: 18060: 18058: 18055: 18054: 18053: 18050: 18048: 18047: 18043: 18041: 18040: 18039:British Latin 18036: 18034: 18033: 18029: 18028: 18026: 18022: 18010: 18007: 18005: 18002: 18000: 17997: 17995: 17992: 17991: 17989: 17986: 17983: 17982: 17978: 17977: 17975: 17971: 17963: 17960: 17958: 17955: 17953: 17950: 17948: 17945: 17943: 17940: 17939: 17938: 17935: 17931: 17928: 17926: 17923: 17922: 17921: 17918: 17914: 17911: 17910: 17909: 17906: 17905: 17903: 17901: 17895: 17885: 17884: 17880: 17879: 17878: 17877: 17873: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17861: 17860: 17859: 17858:Vivaro-Alpine 17856: 17852: 17849: 17848: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17831: 17827: 17823: 17822: 17818: 17816: 17813: 17811: 17808: 17806: 17803: 17802: 17801: 17798: 17796: 17793: 17792: 17791: 17788: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17773: 17771: 17769: 17766: 17764: 17763: 17759: 17755: 17752: 17750: 17747: 17743: 17740: 17738: 17735: 17734: 17733: 17730: 17728: 17725: 17724: 17722: 17720: 17717: 17716: 17715: 17714: 17710: 17709: 17707: 17705: 17699: 17688: 17685: 17682: 17679: 17678: 17676: 17672: 17664: 17663: 17662:Old Navarrese 17659: 17658: 17657: 17656: 17652: 17650: 17647: 17643: 17640: 17639: 17638: 17635: 17633: 17632: 17628: 17627: 17625: 17621: 17615: 17614: 17610: 17606: 17603: 17601: 17598: 17596: 17593: 17589: 17586: 17584: 17581: 17579: 17576: 17574: 17571: 17567: 17564: 17563: 17562: 17559: 17558: 17557: 17556: 17552: 17548: 17545: 17541: 17538: 17537: 17536: 17533: 17529: 17526: 17525: 17524: 17521: 17520: 17519: 17518: 17514: 17512: 17511:Equatoguinean 17509: 17507: 17504: 17503: 17502: 17501: 17497: 17495: 17492: 17490: 17487: 17485: 17482: 17481: 17479: 17477: 17473: 17467: 17466: 17462: 17458: 17455: 17453: 17450: 17446: 17443: 17442: 17441: 17440: 17436: 17432: 17429: 17428: 17427: 17426: 17422: 17420: 17417: 17415: 17414: 17410: 17408: 17405: 17404: 17403: 17402: 17398: 17396: 17395: 17391: 17389: 17386: 17381: 17378: 17377: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17368: 17367: 17365: 17363: 17359: 17353: 17352: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17339: 17336: 17335: 17334: 17331: 17329: 17326: 17322: 17319: 17318: 17317: 17314: 17313: 17311: 17309: 17305: 17302: 17299: 17292: 17286: 17276: 17275: 17271: 17269: 17268: 17264: 17260: 17257: 17255: 17252: 17250: 17247: 17246: 17244: 17241: 17240: 17237: 17229: 17226: 17224: 17221: 17220: 17219: 17216: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17204: 17203: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17180: 17177: 17175: 17172: 17170: 17167: 17163: 17162: 17158: 17154: 17151: 17150: 17149: 17146: 17144: 17141: 17139: 17138: 17134: 17133: 17132: 17129: 17128: 17127: 17124: 17122: 17119: 17115: 17112: 17110: 17107: 17105: 17102: 17101: 17100: 17097: 17093: 17092: 17088: 17084: 17081: 17077: 17074: 17073: 17072: 17069: 17067: 17064: 17060: 17057: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17038: 17035: 17033: 17030: 17029: 17028: 17025: 17023: 17020: 17018: 17015: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17003: 17002: 17001: 16998: 16997: 16996: 16993: 16992: 16990: 16988: 16985: 16983: 16980: 16979: 16978: 16977: 16973: 16971: 16968: 16966: 16965:Frainc-Comtou 16963: 16959: 16956: 16954: 16951: 16950: 16949: 16946: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16925: 16923: 16921: 16915: 16912: 16910: 16904: 16896: 16893: 16892: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16885: 16881: 16875: 16872: 16870: 16867: 16863: 16860: 16858: 16855: 16853: 16850: 16849: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16840: 16838: 16835: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16818: 16816: 16813: 16812: 16811: 16808: 16806: 16803: 16799: 16796: 16795: 16794: 16791: 16790: 16789: 16786: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16774: 16773: 16772: 16769: 16768: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16761:Judeo-Italian 16759: 16755: 16752: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16727: 16726: 16725: 16722: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16701: 16698: 16696: 16693: 16692: 16691: 16688: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16675: 16674: 16671: 16670: 16669: 16666: 16665: 16663: 16661: 16657: 16654: 16652: 16648: 16638: 16635: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16625: 16621: 16620: 16619: 16616: 16615: 16613: 16609: 16601: 16598: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16572: 16569: 16568: 16567: 16564: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16556:Castelmezzano 16554: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16544: 16543: 16542: 16541: 16537: 16536: 16535: 16532: 16526: 16523: 16522: 16521: 16518: 16514: 16511: 16510: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16500: 16499: 16496: 16495: 16493: 16489: 16481: 16478: 16477: 16476: 16475: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16462: 16461:Swiss Italian 16459: 16457: 16454: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16443: 16442: 16441: 16437: 16433: 16430: 16429: 16428: 16425: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16394: 16391: 16390: 16389: 16386: 16385: 16384: 16381: 16380: 16378: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16363: 16357: 16356: 16352: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16342:Transylvanian 16340: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16304: 16303: 16302: 16301:Daco-Romanian 16298: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16282: 16280: 16278: 16274: 16268: 16265: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16252: 16251: 16250:Italo-Western 16248: 16246: 16243: 16242: 16240: 16236: 16231: 16227: 16220: 16215: 16213: 16208: 16206: 16201: 16200: 16197: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16171: 16169: 16165: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16146: 16143: 16139: 16136: 16135: 16133: 16129: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16104: 16102: 16098: 16094: 16089: 16080: 16075: 16073: 16068: 16066: 16061: 16060: 16057: 16045: 16042: 16041: 16039: 16035: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16020: 16018: 16014: 16008: 16005: 16004: 16002: 16000: 15996: 15983: 15982:Gottscheerish 15979: 15978: 15977: 15974: 15973: 15971: 15969: 15965: 15962: 15960: 15956: 15950: 15947: 15946: 15944: 15942: 15938: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15914: 15912: 15908: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15879: 15877: 15873: 15867: 15864: 15863: 15861: 15859: 15855: 15849: 15846: 15841: 15837: 15836: 15835: 15832: 15831: 15829: 15827: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15814: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15785: 15783: 15781: 15777: 15768: 15767:Sevnica-Krško 15764: 15761: 15757: 15754: 15750: 15749: 15748: 15745: 15743: 15740: 15735: 15731: 15730: 15729: 15728:South Pohorje 15726: 15724: 15721: 15716: 15712: 15711: 15710: 15709:Upper Savinja 15707: 15705: 15702: 15701: 15699: 15697: 15693: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15659: 15655: 15654: 15653: 15650: 15649: 15647: 15645: 15641: 15635: 15632: 15627: 15623: 15622: 15621: 15618: 15617: 15615: 15613: 15609: 15603: 15600: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15588: 15585: 15583: 15580: 15575: 15571: 15570: 15569: 15566: 15565: 15563: 15561: 15557: 15548: 15544: 15541: 15537: 15536: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15517: 15513: 15512: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15492: 15490: 15488: 15484: 15478: 15475: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15460: 15459:Kranjska Gora 15456: 15455: 15454: 15451: 15450: 15448: 15446: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15424: 15420: 15413: 15408: 15406: 15401: 15399: 15394: 15393: 15390: 15372: 15368: 15357: 15354: 15349: 15345: 15344: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15330: 15326: 15325: 15324: 15321: 15320: 15318: 15314: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15290: 15288: 15284: 15275: 15271: 15270: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15255: 15253: 15251: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15238: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15219: 15217: 15215: 15214:Italiot Greek 15211: 15208: 15206: 15202: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15186:Slavomolisano 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15173: 15171: 15169: 15165: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15120: 15118: 15116: 15112: 15109: 15107: 15103: 15090: 15086: 15085: 15084: 15081: 15080: 15078: 15076: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15063: 15059: 15052: 15041: 15022: 15018: 15015: 15011: 15008: 15004: 15003: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14993: 14991: 14989: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14976: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14957: 14955: 14953: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14940: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14919:Judeo-Italian 14917: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14906: 14904: 14898: 14889: 14885: 14884: 14883: 14880: 14875: 14871: 14868: 14864: 14863: 14862: 14859: 14858: 14856: 14854: 14850: 14841: 14837: 14834: 14830: 14829: 14828: 14825: 14820: 14816: 14811: 14807: 14804: 14800: 14797: 14793: 14792: 14790: 14786: 14783: 14779: 14774: 14770: 14769: 14767: 14763: 14760: 14756: 14751: 14747: 14744: 14740: 14737: 14733: 14730: 14726: 14725: 14723: 14719: 14714: 14710: 14709: 14707: 14703: 14698: 14694: 14693: 14691: 14687: 14686: 14685: 14682: 14681: 14679: 14677: 14673: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14638: 14636: 14634: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14621: 14608: 14604: 14603: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14593: 14591: 14589: 14585: 14579: 14576: 14575: 14573: 14571: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14561:Gallo-Romance 14558: 14548: 14545: 14540: 14536: 14535: 14534: 14533:Vivaro-Alpine 14531: 14530: 14528: 14526: 14522: 14516: 14513: 14512: 14510: 14508: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14495: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14476: 14474: 14472: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14459: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14435: 14433: 14427: 14418: 14414: 14413: 14412: 14409: 14404: 14400: 14399: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14389: 14387: 14385: 14381: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14352: 14348: 14347: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14317: 14315: 14313: 14309: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14279: 14277: 14273: 14267: 14264: 14263: 14261: 14259: 14255: 14249: 14246: 14245: 14243: 14241: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14231:Italo-Romance 14228: 14224: 14220: 14216: 14212: 14208: 14204: 14200: 14196: 14192: 14188: 14184: 14180: 14176: 14172: 14168: 14164: 14163: 14157: 14153: 14148: 14139: 14134: 14132: 14127: 14125: 14120: 14119: 14116: 14106:autochthonous 14103: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14063: 14061: 14059: 14055: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14043:United States 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14027: 14024: 14023: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13981: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13956: 13954: 13950: 13945: 13938: 13933: 13931: 13926: 13924: 13919: 13918: 13915: 13903: 13895: 13893: 13884: 13883: 13880: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13686: 13684: 13682: 13678: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13613: 13610: 13609: 13608: 13605: 13604: 13603: 13600: 13596: 13593: 13592: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13528: 13527: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13515: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13479: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13407: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13382: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13370: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13319: 13315: 13312: 13309: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13263: 13260: 13259: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13234: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13222: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13155: 13152: 13151: 13150: 13147: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13129: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13106: 13103: 13102: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13087: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13075: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13047:Years of Lead 13045: 13043: 13042:Economic Boom 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13029: 13028: 13025: 13024: 13022: 13018: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12985:Fascist Italy 12983: 12979: 12976: 12975: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12960: 12959: 12956: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12931:Niçard exodus 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12918: 12917: 12914: 12913: 12911: 12907: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12879: 12876: 12875: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12831: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12811: 12810: 12807: 12806: 12804: 12800: 12794: 12791: 12787: 12784: 12783: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12721: 12720: 12719: 12716: 12715: 12713: 12709: 12699: 12696: 12695: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12670: 12669: 12666: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12651:Magna Graecia 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12606: 12605: 12602: 12601: 12600: 12597: 12596: 12594: 12590: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12538: 12537: 12534: 12533: 12531: 12527: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12452: 12450: 12446: 12440: 12437: 12436: 12434: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12421: 12417: 12413: 12406: 12401: 12399: 12394: 12392: 12387: 12386: 12383: 12377: 12370: 12364: 12363: 12358: 12357:Learn Italian 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12330: 12327: 12323: 12318: 12317: 12305: 12298: 12297: 12292: 12290: 12286: 12282: 12278: 12276: 12275:88-7916-211-X 12272: 12268: 12264: 12262: 12261:88-7916-015-X 12258: 12254: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12236: 12232: 12228: 12223: 12213:on 6 May 2021 12209: 12205: 12201: 12197: 12193: 12189: 12185: 12178: 12173: 12169: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12153: 12149: 12144: 12140: 12138:0-631-19815-6 12134: 12130: 12129: 12124: 12120: 12116: 12112: 12108: 12104: 12100: 12096: 12092: 12087: 12083: 12078: 12074: 12068: 12065:. Il Mulino. 12064: 12059: 12047: 12043: 12037: 12033: 12032: 12026: 12023: 12017: 12013: 12009: 12004: 12000: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11982: 11978: 11974: 11969: 11966: 11960: 11956: 11951: 11950: 11930: 11926: 11920: 11905: 11901: 11895: 11880: 11876: 11870: 11855: 11851: 11845: 11830: 11826: 11820: 11805: 11801: 11795: 11780: 11776: 11770: 11754: 11750: 11746: 11740: 11732: 11728: 11724: 11718: 11702: 11698: 11694: 11687: 11679: 11673: 11669: 11662: 11660: 11658: 11656: 11654: 11652: 11635: 11631: 11627: 11621: 11619: 11617: 11609: 11604: 11596: 11590: 11586: 11582: 11578: 11571: 11563: 11556: 11554: 11546: 11534: 11530: 11524: 11520: 11516: 11509: 11494: 11490: 11484: 11468: 11464: 11458: 11442: 11438: 11432: 11425: 11422: 11412: 11405: 11404: 11397: 11395: 11387: 11382: 11375: 11370: 11368: 11360: 11354: 11348:, p. 13. 11347: 11342: 11336:, p. 58. 11335: 11330: 11324:, p. 59. 11323: 11318: 11311: 11306: 11304: 11296: 11291: 11284: 11279: 11272: 11267: 11260: 11255: 11248: 11243: 11236: 11231: 11229: 11227: 11225: 11218:, p. 62. 11217: 11212: 11210: 11202: 11197: 11195: 11193: 11186:, p. 78. 11185: 11180: 11173: 11168: 11166: 11164: 11162: 11154: 11149: 11142: 11141:Prifti (2014) 11137: 11121: 11117: 11113: 11107: 11091: 11087: 11083: 11077: 11069: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11052:(4): 475–97. 11051: 11047: 11043: 11036: 11020: 11016: 11010: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10980: 10964: 10960: 10954: 10938: 10934: 10928: 10912: 10908: 10902: 10886: 10882: 10876: 10868: 10864: 10860: 10854: 10847: 10835: 10831: 10827: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10808: 10792: 10788: 10782: 10766: 10762: 10761: 10756: 10750: 10734: 10730: 10724: 10708: 10704: 10700: 10694: 10675: 10668: 10661: 10655: 10651: 10648: 10644: 10628: 10624: 10616: 10609: 10602: 10587: 10583: 10576: 10569: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10539: 10530: 10514: 10510: 10508:9783832516444 10504: 10500: 10499: 10491: 10475: 10471: 10470: 10465: 10458: 10450: 10448:9781841624457 10444: 10440: 10439: 10431: 10423: 10419: 10415: 10409: 10393: 10389: 10383: 10367: 10363: 10357: 10355: 10347: 10341: 10322: 10315: 10309: 10293: 10289: 10283: 10281: 10264: 10260: 10254: 10238: 10234: 10228: 10212: 10208: 10206: 10198: 10191: 10185: 10169: 10165: 10159: 10143: 10139: 10135: 10129: 10122: 10116: 10109: 10105: 10099: 10080: 10076: 10069: 10062: 10046: 10042: 10038: 10032: 10025: 10023: 10015: 10008: 10005: 10001: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9986: 9978: 9972: 9968: 9967: 9962: 9956: 9940: 9936: 9932: 9926: 9918: 9914: 9908: 9892: 9888: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9858: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9836: 9829: 9825: 9819: 9812: 9806: 9799: 9795: 9789: 9781: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9755: 9748: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9726: 9722: 9715: 9708: 9703: 9701: 9684: 9680: 9674: 9667: 9655: 9651: 9644: 9636: 9629: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9607: 9603: 9596: 9594: 9592: 9590: 9588: 9581: 9575: 9560:on 2 May 2014 9559: 9555: 9549: 9542: 9538: 9535: 9534:Data for EU27 9531: 9527: 9524: 9519: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9488: 9480: 9476: 9475:Eurobarometer 9472: 9471: 9466: 9460: 9441: 9434: 9428: 9412: 9408: 9402: 9386: 9382: 9376: 9360: 9356: 9350: 9334: 9330: 9328:9789027261236 9324: 9320: 9319: 9311: 9295: 9291: 9285: 9269: 9265: 9263:9781176926981 9259: 9255: 9254: 9246: 9239: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9213: 9193: 9186: 9180: 9178: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9147: 9131: 9127: 9121: 9105: 9101: 9095: 9087: 9081: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9062: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9045: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9023:val Poschiavo 9020: 9016: 9012: 9006: 8999: 8993: 8991: 8986: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8838: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8820: 8814: 8810: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8796: 8790: 8785: 8782: 8771: 8768: 8757: 8754: 8743: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8723: 8722: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8710: 8709: 8705: 8702: 8698: 8695: 8694: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8682: 8681: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8656: 8655: 8652:Contribution 8651: 8648: 8645: 8644: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8620: 8617: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8612: 8604: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8597: 8596: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8570: 8569: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8555: 8554: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8540: 8539: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8525: 8524: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8495: 8494: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8480: 8479: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8465: 8464: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8435: 8434: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8405: 8404: 8400: 8397: 8394: 8393: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8370: 8369: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8355: 8354: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8325: 8324: 8320:/ˌmerkoleˈdi/ 8318: 8316: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8275: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8255: 8252: 8250:one trillion 8249: 8248: 8244: 8241: 8238: 8237: 8233: 8230: 8227: 8226: 8220: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8200: 8194: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8181: 8178: 8175: 8174: 8170: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8155: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8132:/ˌventiˈnɔve/ 8130: 8128: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8092: 8091: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8077: 8076: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8062: 8061: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8047: 8046: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8002: 8001: 7997: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7962:/ditʃanˈnɔve/ 7960: 7958: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7936: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7892: 7891: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7847: 7846: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7827: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7782: 7781: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7706: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7677: 7676: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7630: 7627: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7615: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7601:/settiˈmana/ 7600: 7597: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7585: 7582: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7570: 7567: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7555: 7552: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7540: 7537: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7525: 7522: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7510: 7507: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7495: 7492: 7488: 7485: 7484: 7480: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7460: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7449: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7427: 7424: 7422:why, because 7421: 7420: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7405: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7394: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7372: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7361: 7358: 7355: 7354: 7339: 7335: 7329: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7315: 7311: 7305: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7291: 7288: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7274: 7271: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7257: 7254: 7253:Quanto costa? 7250: 7247: 7246: 7239: 7235: 7232: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7220:/keˌoreˈsono/ 7215: 7212: 7211:Che ore sono? 7206: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7195: 7191: 7185: 7181:(informal) / 7179: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7159: 7155: 7149: 7143: 7139:(informal) / 7137: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7123: 7120: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7105: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7083: 7079:(informal) / 7077: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7062:/nonkaˈpisko/ 7059: 7055: 7052: 7046: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7029: 7026: 7020: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7003: 6999: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6979: 6976: 6972: 6970:My name is... 6969: 6968: 6959: 6955: 6949: 6945:(informal) / 6943: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6929: 6926: 6920: 6914: 6908: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6890: 6887: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6867: 6864: 6860: 6858:Why / Because 6857: 6856: 6850: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6833: 6830: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6816: 6813: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6785: 6782: 6776: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6756: 6753: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6731: 6727: 6726:Sono desolata 6721: 6720:Sono desolato 6715: 6709: 6705:(informal) / 6703: 6697: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6683: 6680: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6663: 6659: 6658:Vi ringrazio! 6653: 6652:La ringrazio! 6649:(informal) / 6647: 6646:Ti ringrazio! 6641: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6620: 6616: 6613: 6607: 6601: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6578: 6574: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6550: 6546: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6493: 6487: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6473: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6435: 6431: 6430:Buona serata! 6425: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6413:/ˌbwɔnaˈsera/ 6411: 6408: 6404: 6402:Good evening! 6401: 6400: 6394: 6392:(= Good day!) 6390: 6386: 6384:Good morning! 6383: 6382: 6375:/ˌkomeˈstate/ 6366: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6346:(informal) / 6344: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6330: 6327: 6323: 6320: 6319: 6313: 6311:(semi-formal) 6309: 6305:(informal) / 6303: 6301: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6280: 6277: 6276:Naturalmente! 6271: 6265: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6250: 6246: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6200: 6196: 6191: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6131:present tense 6128: 6124: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5958: 5954: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5903: 5898: 5894: 5892: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5635: 5634:Italian verbs 5629: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5610:'people' but 5609: 5601: 5594: 5589: 5587: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5547: 5543: 5534: 5502: 5491: 5484: 5473: 5472: 5447: 5446: 5439: 5438: 5431: 5423: 5422: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5370: 5362: 5359: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5301: 5298: 5294: 5285: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5198: 5192: 5175:. The letter 5170: 5164: 5146: 5142: 5130: 5128:in the south. 5088: 5081: 5065: 5061: 5049: 5042: 5026: 5022: 5011: 5004:. The letter 4999: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4951: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4933:"anchor" and 4932: 4928: 4924: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4895: 4892:, which is a 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4771: 4739: 4735: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4660:. The letter 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4632: 4625: 4618: 4611: 4595: 4591: 4586:/bioloˈdʒi.a/ 4584: 4579:/farmaˈtʃi.a/ 4577: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4551: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4485:to represent 4484: 4480: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4446: 4442: 4431: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4399: 4391: 4388: 4382: 4372: 4369: 4363: 4353: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4298: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4285: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4207: 4201: 4190: 4183: 4179: 4164: 4157:Vulgar Latin 4156: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4117: 4113:/(t)se,(t)si/ 4102: 4101: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4087: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4004: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3976: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3857: 3856:Proto-Romance 3853: 3846: 3842:, Portuguese 3840: 3831: 3822: 3816: 3804: 3796: 3788: 3784: 3776: 3768: 3760: 3752: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3710: 3707: 3704:Little or no 3703: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3652: 3649: 3642: 3638: 3635:, Portuguese 3634: 3631:(cf. Spanish 3627: 3619: 3615: 3612: 3608: 3605: 3598: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3584:(cf. Spanish 3579: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3520: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3511: 3506:(cf. Spanish 3504: 3503: 3502:quattuordecim 3497: 3496: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3460: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3394: 3381: 3372: 3367: 3359: 3354: 3344: 3333: 3328: 3320: 3299: 3290: 3276: 3272: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3237:/t͡s,d͡z,s,z/ 3235: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3212: 3198: 3167: 3163: 3151: 3150: 3149: 3137: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3056: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3025: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3008: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2845: 2836: 2828: 2824: 2812: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2760: 2754: 2752: 2751: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2726: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2660: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2569:Lingua franca 2566: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2473: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2386: 2381: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2312: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2287:mother tongue 2284: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2200:colonial rule 2197: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1983:Niçard exodus 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1936:Swiss Italian 1933: 1929: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1841: 1837:According to 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1810:Italian is a 1803: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1789: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1771: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1749: 1748:The Betrothed 1743: 1734: 1730: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1714:lingua franca 1711: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1679: 1675: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1641:Divine Comedy 1638: 1633: 1632: 1627:(who, in his 1626: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1528: 1522: 1517: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1439: 1435: 1433: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1375: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1362: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1307:typologically 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1239: 1228: 1212: 1208: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1161:lingua franca 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1014: 1006: 1000: 991: 986: 975: 970: 968: 963: 961: 956: 955: 953: 952: 947: 946:Tuscan gorgia 944: 942: 939: 938: 937: 936: 933: 930: 929: 924: 921: 919: 916: 915: 914: 913: 910: 907: 906: 901: 898: 897: 896: 895: 892: 889: 888: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 849: 848: 847: 843: 840: 839: 834: 833: 832:The Betrothed 829: 827: 826: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 809: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 784: 783: 782: 779: 776: 775: 770: 767: 763: 758: 756: 753: 749: 744: 741: 739: 736: 735: 734: 733: 730: 727: 726: 722: 718: 717: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 691: 685: 660: 655: 651: 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 631: 630: 625: 621: 617: 614: 609: 604: 599: 596: 591: 586: 581: 578: 573: 568: 563: 556: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 523: 518: 514: 510: 502: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 442: 429: 424: 421: 417: 412: 411:Istria County 409: 405: 400: 397: 396: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 366: 359: 353: 348: 343: 342: 334: 333: 328: 324: 318: 315: 310: 306: 303: 299: 293: 288: 284: 282: 281:Swiss Italian 279: 277: 274: 273: 270: 267: 266: 265: 261: 251: 248: 247: 246: 243: 242: 241: 238: 237: 236: 232: 226: 206: 203: 202: 201: 200:Italo-Romance 198: 197: 196: 193: 192: 191: 190:Italo-Western 188: 187: 186: 183: 182: 181: 178: 177: 176: 173: 172: 171: 168: 167: 166: 165:Indo-European 162: 158: 152: 147:: 3.1 million 146: 141: 138: 134: 131: 128: 124: 117: 114: 111: 107: 104: 101: 97: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 74: 72: 68: 64: 60: 58:Pronunciation 56: 52: 46: 41: 36: 33: 29: 22: 18756: 18739: 18722: 18705: 18688: 18671: 18659:from Commons 18654: 18633: 18602:Vatican City 18476:Transnistria 18438:Vatican City 18101: 18092: 18044: 18037: 18030: 17979: 17881: 17874: 17836:Languedocien 17828: 17821:Judeo-Gascon 17819: 17760: 17711: 17681:Barranquenho 17660: 17653: 17629: 17611: 17553: 17515: 17498: 17489:Extremaduran 17463: 17437: 17423: 17411: 17399: 17392: 17349: 17308:Asturleonese 17272: 17265: 17223:West Walloon 17211:Saintongeais 17159: 17135: 17131:Anglo-Norman 17089: 17022:Newfoundland 16982:Jersey Legal 16974: 16882: 16847:Southwestern 16830:Vallassinese 16719:Gallo-Picene 16660:Gallo-Italic 16622: 16538: 16533: 16472: 16439: 16438: 16353: 16299: 16184:Italian Sign 16158:Swiss German 15948: 15547:Šavrin Hills 15500:Torre Valley 15371: 15348:Sinte Romani 15158:Torre Valley 15106:South Slavic 15051:Italy portal 14743:Vallassinese 14624:Gallo-Italic 14239: 14160: 13946:in the world 13943: 13729:Architecture 13699:Quattrocento 13656:Social class 13636:Prostitution 13606: 13550:Demographics 13472:Trade unions 13415:Central Bank 13257:Human rights 13237:Constitution 13020:Contemporary 12990:World War II 12878:Italian Wars 12802:Early modern 12744:Papal States 12722:Italy under 12668:Ancient Rome 12360: 12345: 12332:(in Italian) 12295: 12280: 12266: 12265:S. Morgana, 12252: 12234: 12230: 12215:, retrieved 12208:the original 12187: 12183: 12151: 12147: 12127: 12094: 12090: 12081: 12062: 12050:. Retrieved 12030: 12011: 12007: 11980: 11976: 11954: 11946:Bibliography 11932:. Retrieved 11928: 11919: 11907:. Retrieved 11903: 11894: 11882:. Retrieved 11878: 11869: 11857:. Retrieved 11853: 11844: 11832:. Retrieved 11828: 11819: 11807:. Retrieved 11803: 11794: 11782:. Retrieved 11778: 11769: 11757:. Retrieved 11748: 11739: 11726: 11717: 11705:. Retrieved 11696: 11686: 11667: 11638:. Retrieved 11629: 11603: 11576: 11570: 11561: 11544: 11537:. Retrieved 11518: 11508: 11496:. Retrieved 11492: 11483: 11471:. Retrieved 11467:the original 11457: 11445:. Retrieved 11441:the original 11431: 11423: 11411: 11402: 11381: 11353: 11341: 11329: 11317: 11290: 11278: 11266: 11254: 11242: 11179: 11148: 11136: 11124:. Retrieved 11120:the original 11115: 11106: 11094:. Retrieved 11086:ilsonline.it 11085: 11076: 11049: 11045: 11035: 11023:. Retrieved 11019:the original 11009: 10997:. Retrieved 10988: 10979: 10967:. Retrieved 10953: 10941:. Retrieved 10927: 10915:. Retrieved 10901: 10889:. Retrieved 10875: 10862: 10853: 10845: 10838:. Retrieved 10821: 10817: 10807: 10795:. Retrieved 10781: 10769:. Retrieved 10758: 10749: 10737:. Retrieved 10729:"Newsletter" 10723: 10711:. Retrieved 10707:the original 10693: 10681:. Retrieved 10660: 10643: 10631:. Retrieved 10622: 10608: 10600: 10593:. Retrieved 10581: 10568: 10556:. Retrieved 10548:balkaneu.com 10547: 10538: 10529: 10517:. Retrieved 10497: 10490: 10478:. Retrieved 10467: 10457: 10437: 10430: 10417: 10408: 10396:. Retrieved 10392:the original 10388:"Popis 2002" 10382: 10370:. Retrieved 10366:the original 10345: 10340: 10328:. Retrieved 10308: 10296:. Retrieved 10267:. Retrieved 10253: 10241:. Retrieved 10227: 10215:. Retrieved 10204: 10197: 10189: 10184: 10172:. Retrieved 10158: 10146:. Retrieved 10137: 10128: 10115: 10107: 10103: 10098: 10086:. Retrieved 10079:the original 10061: 10049:. Retrieved 10045:the original 10040: 10031: 10021: 10014: 9991: 9985: 9965: 9955: 9943:. Retrieved 9934: 9925: 9917:the original 9907: 9895:. Retrieved 9862: 9856: 9844: 9835: 9827: 9823: 9818: 9810: 9805: 9797: 9793: 9788: 9761: 9757: 9747: 9720: 9714: 9707:Berloco 2018 9689:24 September 9687:. Retrieved 9683:the original 9673: 9665: 9658:. Retrieved 9643: 9634: 9628: 9601: 9574: 9562:. Retrieved 9558:the original 9548: 9518: 9506:. Retrieved 9497: 9487: 9479:the original 9468: 9459: 9447:. Retrieved 9440:the original 9427: 9415:. Retrieved 9401: 9389:. Retrieved 9375: 9363:. Retrieved 9349: 9337:. Retrieved 9317: 9310: 9298:. Retrieved 9290:"Hermathena" 9284: 9272:. Retrieved 9252: 9245: 9237: 9230:. Retrieved 9221: 9212: 9199:. Retrieved 9164:. Retrieved 9155: 9146: 9134:. Retrieved 9128:. Cdila.it. 9120: 9108:. Retrieved 9102:. Cdila.it. 9094: 9077: 9005: 8835: 8753:Italy portal 8618: 8614:in English: 8609: 8607: 8602: 8598:in Italian: 8593: 8591: 8588:Example text 8580:/diˈtʃɛmbre/ 8574: 8559: 8544: 8535:/setˈtɛmbre/ 8529: 8514: 8499: 8484: 8469: 8454: 8439: 8424: 8409: 8374: 8359: 8344: 8329: 8314: 8299: 8284: 8245:/miˈljardo/ 8242:un miliardo 8239:one billion 8228:one million 8202:two thousand 8189:one thousand 8153: 8141: 8126: 8111: 8108:twenty-eight 8096: 8093:twenty-seven 8087:/ˌventiˈsɛi/ 8081: 8066: 8052:ventiquattro 8051: 8042:/ˌventiˈtre/ 8036: 8033:twenty-three 8027:/ˌventiˈdue/ 8021: 8006: 7983: 7971: 7956: 7941: 7926: 7911: 7902:/ˈkwinditʃi/ 7896: 7881: 7866: 7851: 7836: 7813: 7801: 7786: 7771: 7756: 7741: 7726: 7711: 7696: 7681: 7666: 7367:what (adj.) 7334:Mi piacciono 7304:Di dove sei? 7164:/ajuˈtatemi/ 7045:Non capisco. 7031:/sikaˈpisko/ 7019:Sì, capisco. 6975:Mi chiamo... 6643:(general) / 6623:/perfaˈvore/ 6612:Per cortesia 6589:/benveˈnute/ 6586:/benveˈnuta/ 6583:/benveˈnuti/ 6580:/benveˈnuto/ 6567:Benvenuto/-i 6489:(general) / 6368:/ˌkomeˈstai/ 6338:How are you? 6177: 6174:Conversation 6147:future tense 6123:conjugations 6120: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6100: 6092:augmentative 6076:prepositions 6072:contractions 6069: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5940: 5936: 5930: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5906: 5899: 5895: 5888: 5827:Plural Form 5811: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5668: 5646:in general. 5637: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5599: 5590: 5571:intervocalic 5560: 5554: 5552:as , , or . 5498: 5489: 5482: 5469: 5441: 5433: 5407: 5395: 5381: 5367: 5365:/tʃamˈbɛlla/ 5348: 5334: 5318: 5306: 5304:/karaˈmɛlla/ 5270: 5266: 5215:. (See also 5196: 5168: 5131:The letters 5090:/natˈtsjone/ 5086: 5083:/dzanˈdzara/ 5079: 5066:consonants. 5050:The letters 5040: 5033:/ˈɔverkraft/ 5024: 5020: 4997: 4989: 4985: 4984:("to the"), 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4909: 4905: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4858:grave accent 4853: 4841: 4830:acute accent 4769: 4734:phonetically 4721: 4717: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4639: 4630: 4623: 4616: 4609: 4604:followed by 4593: 4589: 4582: 4581:'pharmacy', 4575: 4567: 4563: 4556: 4555:'pacifier', 4549: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4516: 4509: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4482: 4478: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4440: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4397: 4386: 4367: 4341: 4322:phonotactics 4319: 4316:Assimilation 4283: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4199: 4188: 4181: 4177: 4168:rather than 4162: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4126:rather than 4111:rather than 4098: 4093: 4085: 4061: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4042:sdrucciolare 4041: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4002: 3995: 3988: 3981: 3974: 3962:given above. 3959: 3955: 3794: 3782: 3774: 3766: 3758: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3679: 3656: 3650: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3617: 3610: 3606: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3582:medi(p)simum 3577: 3570: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3515: 3507: 3491: 3484:Vulgar Latin 3477: 3456: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3392: 3275:postalveolar 3147: 2780: 2771:World War II 2763: 2755: 2746: 2738: 2730: 2722: 2716: 2705: 2675: 2665: 2623: 2616: 2597: 2578: 2555:Buenos Aires 2520: 2516: 2470: 2459: 2451: 2427: 2421: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2372:America Oggi 2361: 2357: 2353: 2343: 2333: 2327: 2319: 2316:Vatican City 2309: 2307: 2291: 2272: 2247: 2216: 2189: 2178: 2154:World War II 2104:), parts of 2088:), parts of 2079: 2039:Francization 1964: 1960:Vatican City 1925: 1869: 1838: 1836: 1816:Vulgar Latin 1809: 1765: 1746: 1738: 1707: 1671: 1640: 1625:Pietro Bembo 1612: 1597:assimilation 1566: 1550: 1545:Pietro Bembo 1533:rinascimento 1513: 1481: 1450: 1441: 1429: 1420:Italian are 1416:Italian and 1399: 1384: 1371: 1357: 1347: 1340: 1311: 1281:of Italian. 1275:Vulgar Latin 1264: 1197: 1185:sound system 1134: 1099: 1087:Santa Tereza 1075:Vatican City 1051:conservative 1039:Roman Empire 1035:Vulgar Latin 984: 983: 830: 823: 806: 728: 687: 644:Linguasphere 627: 494: 384:Vatican City 323:Signed forms 305:Latin script 240:Vulgar Latin 204: 87:Vatican City 32: 18614:Switzerland 18514:Isle of Man 18449:recognition 18396:Switzerland 18331:Netherlands 18057:Campidanese 17883:Old Catalan 17876:Old Occitan 17613:Old Spanish 17547:Rioplatense 17351:Old Leonese 17179:Cotentinais 17143:Guernésiais 17066:Frenchville 17059:New England 16938:Bourbonnais 16890:Piedmontese 16884:Old Lombard 16776:Bergamasque 16700:Sammarinese 16179:French Sign 15897:Montenegrin 15602:Škofja Loka 15467:Jaun Valley 15453:Gail Valley 15356:Wenzhounese 15181:Montenegrin 15128:Gail Valley 14929:Piedmontese 14833:Bergamasque 14479:Campidanese 14320:Beneventano 14287:Marchigiano 14219:Wenzhounese 14091:Macarrônico 14038:Switzerland 13794:Italophilia 13754:Coat of arm 13704:Cinquecento 13580:Immigration 13530:Aristocracy 13395:Agriculture 13289:Nationality 13262:LGBT rights 13176:Earthquakes 13057:Mani pulite 12973:World War I 12916:Unification 12909:Late modern 12873:Renaissance 12718:Middle Ages 12711:Middle Ages 12688:Roman Italy 12455:Citizenship 12304:archive.org 12279:J. Kinder, 12251:M. Vitale, 12190:(1): 1–22, 12154:(1): 1–22. 12084:. Treccani. 11608:Simone 2010 11539:17 December 11473:12 December 11447:12 December 11359:Ashby (2011 11184:Hall (1944) 11153:Hall (1944) 10683:10 February 10041:www.pdx.edu 10024:(1990: 294) 9869:: 126–172. 9798:Linguistica 9232:19 February 8565:/noˈvɛmbre/ 8430:/febˈbrajo/ 8415:/dʒenˈnajo/ 8380:/doˈmenika/ 8234:/miˈljone/ 8231:un milione 8209:/ˌdueˈmila/ 8176:one hundred 8123:twenty-nine 8117:/venˈtɔtto/ 8067:venticinque 8063:twenty-five 8048:twenty-four 7947:/diˈtʃɔtto/ 7927:diciassette 7882:quattordici 7872:/ˈtreditʃi/ 7541:/seˈkondo/ 7187:(formal) / 7151:(plural) / 7145:(formal) / 7085:(formal) / 7034:/ɔkkaˈpito/ 7008:/ˌkwestaˈɛ/ 7005:/ˌkwestoˈɛ/ 6998:Questa è... 6992:Questo è... 6951:(formal) / 6717:(plural) / 6711:(formal) / 6696:Mi dispiace 6665:/ˈɡrattsje/ 6655:(formal) / 6606:Per piacere 6495:(formal) / 6492:Arrivederla 6486:Arrivederci 6424:Buonanotte! 6419:Good night! 6389:Buongiorno! 6372:/ˌkomeˈsta/ 6358:(plural) / 6355:Come state? 6352:(formal) / 6270:Certamente! 6003:'a shirt', 6001:una camicia 5953:s+consonant 5914:inflections 5818:Definition 5546:South Tyrol 5533:continuants 5464:unless the 5265:of English 5179:symbolizes 5151:symbolizes 5096:symbolizes 5070:symbolizes 4952:The letter 4668:, although 4522:'needles', 4450:The letter 4311:elsewhere). 4150:Portuguese 3956:quattordici 3836:, Romanian 3769:"receive", 3629:/waidanjan/ 3494:quattordici 3441:/preˈzɛnto/ 3426:/preˈsɛnto/ 3407:traditional 3279:/t͡ʃ,d͡ʒ,ʃ/ 3271:palatalized 3066:Approximant 2799:code-mixing 2617:Within the 2612:John Milton 2585:Renaissance 2512:Piedmontese 2362:Passaparola 2340:Switzerland 2183:due to the 2112:and by the 2029:, but King 1932:Switzerland 1863:, 77% with 1859:, 78% with 1851:, 85% with 1718:bourgeoisie 1651:Florentines 1631:Gli Asolani 1611:(i.e., the 1536:(Italian). 1527:renaissance 1516:Renaissance 1510:Renaissance 1504:Renaissance 1496:Medici Bank 1424:of initial 1402:city-states 1267:Middle Ages 1265:During the 1063:Switzerland 918:Orthography 882:Italophilia 702:instead of 379:Switzerland 363:4 countries 229:Early forms 92:Switzerland 18771:Categories 18741:Phrasebook 18673:Quotations 18366:San Marino 18326:Montenegro 18306:Luxembourg 18286:Kazakhstan 18189:Azerbaijan 18104:indicates 18062:Logudorese 17595:Philippine 17561:Andalusian 17555:Peninsular 17445:Estremenho 17401:Portuguese 17328:Cantabrian 17161:Law French 17153:Sercquiais 16987:Meridional 16948:Champenois 16943:Burgundian 16754:Tabarchino 16744:Monégasque 16683:Parmigiano 16540:Neapolitan 16513:Manduriano 16480:Florentine 16347:Wallachian 16317:Bukovinian 15917:Macedonian 15858:Shtokavian 15445:Carinthian 14874:Parmigiano 14666:Tabarchino 14656:Monégasque 14484:Logudorese 14403:Manduriano 14266:Florentine 13864:Traditions 13854:Television 13839:Philosophy 13804:Literature 13744:Cathedrals 13714:Settecento 13575:Healthcare 13540:Corruption 13535:Censorship 13294:Parliament 13252:Government 13052:Maxi Trial 13000:Resistance 12729:Ostrogoths 12661:Messapians 12546:Villanovan 12536:Prehistory 12529:Prehistory 12052:5 November 11585:Zanichelli 11025:22 October 10985:"duolingo" 10891:22 October 10840:22 January 10797:22 October 10771:26 October 10739:22 October 10558:8 November 10420:. Zagreb: 10243:2 November 10106:, p. 36. " 10051:5 February 9961:Pei, Mario 9935:ezglot.com 9660:10 October 9564:22 October 9508:7 February 9339:17 January 9300:17 January 9274:17 January 9166:16 October 9136:22 October 9110:22 October 9079:Ethnologue 9041:References 8550:/otˈtobre/ 8350:/venerˈdi/ 8335:/dʒoveˈdi/ 8305:/marteˈdi/ 8097:ventisette 8078:twenty-six 8018:twenty-two 8012:/venˈtuno/ 8003:twenty-one 7957:diciannove 7917:/ˈseditʃi/ 7857:/ˈdoditʃi/ 7842:/ˈunditʃi/ 7732:/ˈtʃinkwe/ 7717:/ˈkwattro/ 7586:/ˈdʒorno/ 7556:/miˈnuto/ 7526:/doˈmani/ 7501:yesterday 7461:/ˈkwanto/ 7450:/ˈkwando/ 7310:Di dove è? 7217:/keˌoraˈɛ/ 7205:Che ora è? 7161:/aˈjutami/ 7148:Aiutatemi! 7025:Ho capito. 7001:(feminine) 6987:This is... 6981:/miˈkjamo/ 6892:/diˈnwɔvo/ 6791:/kekˈkɔsa/ 6787:/kekˈkɔza/ 6635:Thank you! 6600:Per favore 6534:I love you 6516:Good luck! 6501:(informal) 6407:Buonasera! 6343:Come stai? 6259:Of course! 6135:past tense 6096:neologisms 6088:diminutive 5989:un mio zio 5920:'I love', 5902:adjectives 5863:Masculine 5835:Masculine 5812:Examples: 5779:inanimates 5660:accusative 5652:nominative 5632:See also: 5618:'reason'. 5477:and cielo 5363:ciambella 5357:Affricate 5302:caramella 5233:indicate ( 5207:. Compare 5145:affricates 5092:"nation". 5025:hovercraft 4880:"tea" and 4726:Ionian Sea 4636:'Thames'.* 4634:/taˈmidʒi/ 4622:'kisses'; 4596:represent 4560:/ˈdʒordʒo/ 4553:/ˈtʃuttʃo/ 4430:affricates 4272:; Spanish 4248:; Spanish 4046:druzzolare 3987:, Spanish 3936:, Spanish 3905:, Spanish 3874:, Spanish 3723:, Spanish 3686:Portuguese 3622:guadaniāre 3618:guadagnare 3590:Portuguese 3531:Portuguese 3166:unreleased 2791:triglossia 2783:modern era 2640:See also: 2600:Grand Tour 2573:See also: 2480:See also: 2366:Luxembourg 2324:San Marino 2239:Montessori 2171:Italy and 2082:Montenegro 1928:San Marino 1910:See also: 1892:intonation 1888:vocabulary 1876:inflection 1857:Portuguese 1840:Ethnologue 1704:Modern era 1660:, such as 1649:and other 1593:Sardinians 1502:, and the 1465:Neapolitan 1426:consonants 1354:Florentine 1319:vernacular 1303:pragmatics 1291:morphology 1246:(top) and 1193:gemination 1059:San Marino 1018:pronounced 995:pronounced 867:Philosophy 857:Literature 842:Literature 748:Florentine 721:the series 495:and others 374:San Marino 250:Florentine 82:San Marino 18724:Resources 18707:Textbooks 18504:Gibraltar 18301:Lithuania 18112:varieties 18095:indicate 18052:Sardinian 18009:Triestine 17957:Sursilvan 17868:Mentonasc 17846:Provençal 17795:Auvergnat 17781:Valencian 17737:Mallorcan 17727:Algherese 17702:Occitano- 17649:Navarrese 17637:Aragonese 17573:Castilian 17476:Castilian 17452:Uruguayan 17425:Brazilian 17388:Minderico 17382:/Eonavian 17345:Mirandese 17259:Valdôtain 17245:/Arpitan 17186:Orléanais 17137:Auregnais 17121:Mayennais 17071:Louisiana 16953:Ardennais 16933:Berrichon 16739:Intemelio 16695:Forlivese 16678:Bolognese 16624:Dalmatian 16588:Tarantino 16551:Benevento 16508:Salentino 16468:Sassarese 16432:Gallurese 16415:Romanesco 16368:Dalmatian 16332:Moldavian 16327:Maramureș 16285:Aromanian 16007:Hungarian 15826:Chakavian 15803:Prekmurje 15780:Pannonian 15115:Slovenian 14965:Triestine 14902:languages 14888:Forlivese 14867:Bolognese 14713:Legnanese 14651:Intemelio 14596:Valdôtain 14539:Mentonasc 14515:Algherese 14471:Sardinian 14462:Sardinian 14448:Sassarese 14443:Gallurese 14431:languages 14397:Salentino 14369:Tarantino 14340:Cosentino 14297:Romanesco 14211:Sardinian 14086:Cocoliche 14076:Itanglese 14048:Venezuela 13964:Australia 13959:Argentina 13824:Mythology 13799:Libraries 13719:Ottocento 13661:Terrorism 13602:Languages 13555:Education 13477:Transport 13427:Companies 13334:Provinces 13304:President 13269:Judiciary 13242:Elections 13154:Volcanoes 13149:Volcanism 13142:Apennines 13127:Mountains 13095:Peninsula 13078:Geography 13009:Civil War 12734:Byzantium 12641:Etruscans 12576:Canegrate 12571:Golasecca 12556:Rinaldone 12551:Terramare 12541:Neolithic 12227:"Italian" 12204:145463946 12168:142121342 12034:. Lengu. 11784:22 August 11759:7 January 11727:ohchr.org 11498:24 August 11126:8 October 11096:7 October 11068:253447737 10134:"Society" 10088:5 January 10075:Neuchâtel 9897:1 October 9470:europa.eu 9417:11 August 9391:11 August 9019:Bregaglia 9015:Mesolcina 8530:settembre 8526:September 8520:/aˈɡosto/ 8490:/ˈdʒuɲɲo/ 8475:/ˈmaddʒo/ 8460:/aˈprile/ 8445:/ˈmartso/ 8365:/ˈsabato/ 8315:mercoledì 8311:Wednesday 8290:/luneˈdi/ 8183:/ˈtʃɛnto/ 8147:/ˈtrenta/ 8127:ventinove 7923:seventeen 7807:/ˈdjɛtʃi/ 7596:settimana 7516:tomorrow 7496:/ˈɔddʒi/ 7455:how much 7439:/ˈkwale/ 7428:/perˈke/ 7157:(general) 7142:Mi aiuti! 6931:/ˈkwanto/ 6896:/anˈkora/ 6818:/ˈkwando/ 6769:Che cosa? 6714:Scusatemi 6702:Scusa(mi) 6524:(general) 6378:/ˌkomeva/ 6349:Come sta? 6332:/saˈlute/ 6282:/ˈtʃɛrto/ 6201:Italian ( 6192:English ( 6112:vedendola 6045:lo and l' 5877:Feminine 5849:Feminine 5785:, f. pl. 5479:/ˈtʃɛ.lo/ 5393:/ˈdʒallo/ 5320:India ink 5273:) before 5241:) before 5064:voiceless 4916:, making 4722:Mar Ionio 4718:Mar Jonio 4678:la mia ex 4562:) unless 4309:/nn/,/mm/ 4290:metaphony 4258:trēs, sex 4187:, French 4146:, French 4109:/tʃe,tʃi/ 4066:languages 4050:ruzzolare 3994:, French 3985:/ˈfo̯aje/ 3960:settimana 3942:, French 3911:, French 3880:, French 3827:, French 3743:, French 3727:, French 3639:, French 3595:, French 3559:, French 3553:săptămână 3549:septimāna 3545:settimana 3514:, French 3285:is velar 3231:/i,e,ɛ,j/ 3011:Fricative 2972:Affricate 2805:Phonology 2787:diglossia 2626:loanwords 2551:Argentina 2543:Cocoliche 2434:Education 2418:Venezuela 2398:Argentina 2299:Venezuela 2294:Argentina 2289:in 2016. 1896:Sardinian 1880:discourse 1872:phonology 1853:Sardinian 1832:Dalmatian 1788:panettone 1658:courtiers 1557:humanists 1543:Venetian 1326:from the 1287:phonology 1110:Australia 1091:Encantado 1047:Sardinian 932:Phonology 844:and other 629:Glottolog 613:ISO 639-3 595:ISO 639-2 577:ISO 639-1 393:3 regions 235:Old Latin 126:Ethnicity 18578:Language 18524:Svalbard 18509:Guernsey 18456:Abkhazia 18426:Scotland 18381:Slovenia 18376:Slovakia 18351:Portugal 18209:Bulgaria 17988:Venetian 17962:Vallader 17952:Surmiran 17925:Cadorino 17908:Friulian 17841:Limousin 17810:Béarnese 17772:Western 17754:Northern 17742:Menorcan 17732:Balearic 17723:Eastern 17719:dialects 17578:Castrapo 17535:Peruvian 17506:dialects 17439:European 17407:dialects 17394:Portugis 17375:Galician 17316:Asturian 17254:Savoyard 17206:Poitevin 17174:Cauchois 17148:Jèrriais 16995:Canadian 16874:Varesino 16869:Ticinese 16857:Novarese 16852:Cremunés 16842:Ossolano 16837:Milanese 16825:Lecchese 16793:Brianzöö 16724:Ligurian 16690:Romagnol 16571:Arianese 16566:Irpinian 16561:Cilentan 16525:Pantesco 16520:Sicilian 16491:Southern 16427:Corsican 16403:Macerata 16398:Fabriano 16337:Oltenian 16307:dialects 16267:Southern 16142:Ticinese 16023:Albanian 15976:Bavarian 15959:Germanic 15882:Croatian 15848:Southern 15840:Čičarija 15793:Prlekija 15666:Čabranka 15587:Črni Vrh 15516:Banjšice 15487:Littoral 15258:Cimbrian 15250:Bavarian 15176:Croatian 15083:Arbëresh 15066:Albanian 15007:Cadorino 14996:Friulian 14952:Venetian 14943:Venetian 14882:Romagnol 14810:Cremunés 14803:Novarese 14782:Varesino 14773:Ossolano 14766:Ticinese 14759:Milanese 14750:Lecchese 14633:Ligurian 14438:Corsican 14417:Pantesco 14411:Sicilian 14351:Arianese 14345:Irpinian 14335:Cilentan 14292:Marinese 14191:Germanic 14187:Friulian 14175:Croatian 14167:Albanian 14081:Lunfardo 14021:Slovenia 13989:Dalmatia 13902:Category 13789:Internet 13779:Folklore 13709:Seicento 13694:Trecento 13689:Duecento 13651:Religion 13612:Regional 13590:Italians 13565:Gambling 13457:Taxation 13284:Military 13225:Politics 13027:Republic 12814:Florence 12739:Lombards 12678:Republic 12624:Samnites 12619:Picentes 12561:Apennine 12520:Railways 12500:Military 12448:By topic 12432:Overview 12416:articles 12346:Omniglot 12217:21 March 12125:(1996). 12046:Archived 11753:Archived 11731:Archived 11707:7 August 11701:Archived 11634:Archived 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8326:Thursday 8196:/ˈmille/ 8112:ventotto 8082:ventisei 8037:ventitré 8022:ventidue 7977:/ˈventi/ 7953:nineteen 7942:diciotto 7938:eighteen 7897:quindici 7878:fourteen 7863:thirteen 7762:/ˈsɛtte/ 7631:/ˈanno/ 7511:/ˈjɛri/ 7478:Italian 7475:English 7417:/ˈdove/ 7406:/ˈkome/ 7359:Italian 7356:English 7328:Mi piace 7313:(formal) 7193:(plural) 7167:/aˈjuto/ 7136:Aiutami! 7131:Help me! 7091:(plural) 6957:(formal) 6880:Di nuovo 6869:/perˈke/ 6737:/ˈskuza/ 6733:/ˈskuzi/ 6708:Mi scusi 6685:/ˈprɛɡo/ 6661:(plural) 6562:Welcome 6552:/tiˈamo/ 6481:Goodbye! 6454:(formal) 6361:Come va? 6204:italiano 6184:royal we 6084:suffixes 6080:articles 5933:articles 5735:unmarked 5721:'girl', 5638:Italian 5612:la gente 5567:lenition 5490:farmacie 5483:farmacia 5475:/ˈtʃa.o/ 5405:/ˈdʒiro/ 5379:/ˈtʃina/ 5332:/ˈɡallo/ 5296:Plosive 5224:digraphs 5141:plosives 4988:("to"), 4980:("or"), 4927:princìpi 4923:prìncipi 4886:gioventù 4840:, as in 4738:digraphs 4670:(e)stra- 4658:xilofono 4654:xenofobo 4629:'trip', 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