867:
form, not a verbal adjective or adverb. Generally, it denotes completed action that is still relevant. A verb in the gerundive can be used alone or serially with another gerundive verb. In the latter case, it may sometimes be translated with an
407:
In principle, the gerundive could express a wide range of meaning relationships: 'capable of', 'prone to', 'ripe for' (killing, dying, rising, rolling etc.). Some gerundives have much the same meaning as present participles:
443:. However, attributive use was rare, largely confined to verbs expressing approval or disapproval. The predicative use invited a secondary meaning of obligation (a meaning not shared with the gerund). Thus:
95:, the differences were largely lost, resulting in a form derived from the gerund or gerundive but functioning more like a participle. The adjectival gerundive form survives in the formation of
1664:
476:
This sense of obligation with passive meaning is by far the most common use of the gerundive. Thus it has been equated with a future passive participle.
798:, but it is generally called a gerund when it is used as a noun, not as an adjective or adverb e.g. 'running burns more calories than walking'.
615:("to love"), and thus means roughly " to be loved", "worthy of being loved", "worthy of love", or simply "lovable". Similarly with the name
1101:
440:
108:
104:
100:
1010:
986:
920:
1051:
836:, for example the Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary of 1921–25. It is referred to by some other writers as the
549:
1072:
790:, to denote the present participle used adjectivally or adverbially e.g. 'take a running jump'. That form, ending in
1094:
998:
774:. More regularly, the gerundive came to be used as a future passive participle. Ultimately the gerundive in the
1936:
1754:
564:, "changing those things which need to be changed" or more simply " the necessary changes having been made".
1746:
932:
499:
forms; the -um form of the gerund is used only after prepositions. The plural forms without nouns such as
1446:
1265:
1162:
1087:
750:
In Late Latin, the distinction between gerundive and future participle was sometimes lost. So, gerundive
436:
use. However, the great majority of gerundive forms were used with passive meaning of transitive verbs.
1132:
126:
There is no true equivalent to the gerundive in
English, but it can be interpreted as a future passive
1856:
1356:
1002:
210:
1668:
1177:
88:
1431:
1802:
1629:
1538:
1023:
Pali Text
Society Pali-English Dictionary, edited by T W Rhys Davids and William Stede, 1921-25
507:
623:
means "to admire", so the name means " to be admired", "worthy of admiration", or "admirable".
1873:
1764:
1759:
1736:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1498:
1291:
1127:
470:'The lamb is for slaughter', 'The lamb is to be slaughtered', 'The lamb must be slaughtered'
180:
159:), usually with a sense of obligation. Another translation is the recent development of the
1878:
1812:
1644:
1601:
1503:
1366:
1326:
814:
616:
532:
8:
1659:
1639:
1286:
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511:
176:
1079:
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1371:
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688:
96:
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429:
137:
1820:
1713:
1693:
1543:
1508:
1426:
1221:
869:
652:
561:
503:'things to be done' are also adjectival gerundives; the gerund has no plural form.
73:
33:
1728:
1649:
1611:
1596:
1476:
1466:
1381:
1376:
1316:
1182:
1152:
787:
775:
484:
433:
148:
112:
80:
889:") means "while holding a stick, he is walking", i.e. "he is carrying a stick".
723:"to read") but became a (fem. sing.) word in its own right in medieval times; a
558:, 1.37) "now it is necessary to drink!", in other words, it's time to celebrate.
1962:
1910:
1868:
1830:
1732:
1461:
1451:
1441:
1336:
1331:
1311:
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1235:
1110:
1022:
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523:
1056:
115:
the adjectival gerundive and participle forms merged completely, and the term
109:
Brazilian
Portuguese and some southern/insular dialects of European Portuguese
1956:
1835:
1787:
1654:
1634:
1513:
1411:
1361:
1341:
1321:
982:
480:
425:
199:
134:
131:
517:
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1172:
978:
936:
527:
421:
1581:
1391:
1270:
1231:
1196:
1187:
864:
147:. That reflects the most common use of the Latin gerundive, to combine a
594:'Nothing is to be despaired at' i.e. 'Never despair'. Based on this the
1941:
1840:
1797:
1774:
1698:
1533:
1436:
1406:
1401:
1255:
1250:
1157:
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1191:
1167:
802:
685:
595:
220:
203:
69:
1920:
1915:
724:
628:
626:
A number of
English words come from Latin gerundives. For example,
506:
For details of the formation and usage of the Latin gerundive, see
1905:
1621:
1226:
1142:
130:, used adjectivally or adverbially; the closest translation is a
1883:
1568:
1260:
1240:
1035:
The following pages provide definitions or glosses of the term
795:
580:
496:
392:
190:
The Latin gerundive is a form of the verb. It is composed of:
84:
20:
544:", i.e. "Besides which, I think Carthage must be destroyed").
1206:
1119:
848:. It is used with the same meaning as the Latin gerundive.
833:
396:
39:
36:
1109:
518:
Gerundive expressions widely quoted or adopted in
English
57:
48:
819:
1062:
51:
584:
is often used after the final conclusion of a proof.
60:
54:
45:
530:, frequently ended his speeches with the statement
428:meaning, and therefore could be used with verbs in
42:
786:The term is occasionally used in descriptions of
1954:
778:came to substitute for the present participle.
758:'about to die'. Conversely, future participles
495:'something to be referred back'. These are not
16:Latin verb form that functions as an adjective
1095:
817:in the function of the Latin gerundive, e.g.
832:may be used in grammars and dictionaries of
741:("matters of taste should not be debated").
547:
1102:
1088:
1059:quoting Random House Unabridged Dictionary
915:. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.
395:forms are composed in a similar way with
209:a vowel appropriate to the verb class or
83:, the gerundive has the same form as the
805:, a form known in the literature as the
604:'Don't let the bastards grind you down'.
439:The gerundive could be used as either a
483:form without a noun may function as an
441:predicative or an attributive adjective
420:'rolling'. Originally it could express
1955:
1073:Department of Linguistics, UCSD states
952:, London. Faber and Faber. pp 320-322.
926:
794:, is identical to that of the English
1083:
1011:Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
987:Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
825:"the things that are to be admired".
745:
1013:, vol. I, p. 217, Ml. 643.
255:'concerned with the act of praising'
181:Latin tenses § Gerundive tenses
379:'concerned with the act of hearing'
317:'concerned with the act of reading'
286:'concerned with the act of fearing'
13:
781:
567:A gerundive appears in the phrase
508:Latin conjugation § Gerundive
402:
348:'concerned with the act of taking'
14:
1974:
1030:
689:phrase containing a feminine form
512:Latin syntax § The gerundive
177:Latin syntax § The gerundive
656:comes from the neuter plural of
457:'a lamb ready for slaughtering'
32:
1052:at American Heritage Dictionary
1005:(eds.) (1901, reprinted 1987),
863:is used to denote a particular
385:— 'the voices are to be heard'
1016:
992:
964:
955:
942:
905:
703:was originally something that
540:("I also think Carthage to be
292:— 'the woman is to be feared'
1:
933:Referendums and the Gerundive
899:
676:, and refers to a person who
611:is the feminine gerundive of
323:— 'the volume is to be read'
261:— 'the man is to be praised'
119:is used for adverbial use of
646:comes from the gerundive of
638:something that must be added
632:comes from the gerundive of
354:— 'the camp is to be taken'
198:stem (the stem used to form
7:
890:
578:"), whose abbreviated form
533:Ceterum censeo Carthaginem
416:'arising, descended from';
87:, but is distinct from the
10:
1979:
1937:Syntax–semantics interface
1007:Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus
699:("to propagate"), so that
491:'something to be added';
487:expression, for example:
174:
155:) and its object (such as
18:
1849:
1811:
1773:
1745:
1620:
1567:
1489:
1279:
1214:
1205:
1118:
846:future passive participle
715:, which originally meant
672:comes from the gerundive
636:("to add"), and so means
89:present active participle
1357:Exceptional case-marking
1069:As applied to Tigrinya:
973:(1946, reprinted 1980),
729:something to be divided
666:things that must be done
170:
19:Not to be confused with
911:Posner, Rebecca. 1996,
838:participle of necessity
821:inna hí atá adamraigthi
820:
717:things you should read,
185:
1163:Initial-stress-derived
975:A Grammar of Old Irish
664:"to do", and so means
548:
542:that must be destroyed
1674:Inclusive / Exclusive
1043:As applied to Latin:
948:Palmer, L.R. , 1954,
913:The Romance Languages
882:(literally, "a-stick
772:scribendus/scribundus
399:inflexional endings.
321:volumen legendum est
175:Further information:
851:In the east African
842:potential participle
736:de gustibus non est
705:should be propagated
650:("to bring back" );
383:voces audiendae sunt
352:castra capienda sunt
72:that functions as a
26:In Latin grammar, a
1554:Relative subsective
1447:Regular / Irregular
1292:Andative / Venitive
1128:Abstract / Concrete
807:verbal of necessity
695:, the gerundive of
660:, the gerundive of
466:agnus est caedundus
224:Inflectional ending
1113:and their features
1111:Lexical categories
1047:at Merriam Webster
961:Palmer 1954. p 167
950:The Latin Language
746:Later developments
576:to be demonstrated
375:audiendus, -a, -um
371:Fourth conjugation
344:capiendus, -a, -um
290:mulier timenda est
278:Second conjugation
259:homo laudandus est
251:laudandus, -a, -um
97:progressive aspect
1950:
1949:
1755:Casally modulated
1660:Formal / Informal
1549:Pure intersective
1499:Anti-intersective
1485:
1484:
1432:Preterite-present
979:D. A. Binchy
971:Rudolf Thurneysen
921:978-0-521-28139-3
678:should be revered
550:nunc est bibendum
474:
473:
389:
388:
340:Third conjugation
313:legendus, -a, -um
309:Third conjugation
282:timendus, -a, -um
247:First conjugation
138:non-finite clause
1970:
1529:Non-intersective
1212:
1211:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1081:
1080:
1025:
1020:
1014:
996:
990:
968:
962:
959:
953:
946:
940:
930:
924:
909:
896:
887:he-began-walking
870:adverbial clause
823:
599:Nil illegitimis
562:Mutatis mutandis
553:
446:
445:
232:
231:
165:a must-read book
74:verbal adjective
67:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
50:
47:
44:
41:
38:
1978:
1977:
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1967:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1845:
1807:
1769:
1741:
1669:Gender-specific
1616:
1563:
1481:
1367:Germanic strong
1275:
1201:
1114:
1108:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1017:
997:
993:
977:(translated by
969:
965:
960:
956:
947:
943:
931:
927:
910:
906:
902:
884:he-took-hold-of
809:is used as the
788:English grammar
784:
782:Other languages
776:nominative case
748:
734:The expression
520:
453:agnus caedundus
405:
403:Meaning and use
216:the suffix -nd-
188:
183:
173:
149:transitive verb
81:Classical Latin
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1976:
1966:
1965:
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1944:
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1927:
1913:
1911:Procedure word
1908:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1869:Complementizer
1866:
1865:
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1665:Gender-neutral
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1630:Bound variable
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1334:
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1287:Ambitransitive
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1031:External links
1029:
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1015:
999:Whitley Stokes
991:
989:, p. 443.
963:
954:
941:
925:
903:
901:
898:
893:Tigrinya verbs
783:
780:
766:are found for
747:
744:
743:
742:
732:
624:
605:
585:
565:
559:
545:
524:Cato the Elder
519:
516:
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229:For example:
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1826:Interrogative
1824:
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1816:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1793:Interrogative
1791:
1789:
1788:Demonstrative
1786:
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1737:Prepositional
1734:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:Strong / Weak
1722:
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1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
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1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1689:Interrogative
1687:
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1635:Demonstrative
1633:
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1628:
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1623:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Prepositional
1600:
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1593:
1592:Interrogative
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1514:Demonstrative
1512:
1510:
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1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1475:
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1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1372:Germanic weak
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1362:Frequentative
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
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1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1302:Autocausative
1300:
1298:
1297:Anticausative
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:Transgressive
1264:
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1100:
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1063:in Wiktionary
1061:
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1057:at infoplease
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1003:John Strachan
1000:
995:
988:
984:
983:Osborn Bergin
980:
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967:
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951:
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754:is found for
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571:demonstrandum
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412:'following';
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163:prefix as in
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135:to-infinitive
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1925:Pro-sentence
1899:Onomatopoeia
1889:Interjection
1862:Measure word
1645:Distributive
1539:Postpositive
1519:Intersective
1472:Unaccusative
1417:Performative
1387:Intransitive
1347:Ditransitive
1245:
1173:Noun adjunct
1036:
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937:Mark Forsyth
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574:("which was
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430:intransitive
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368:-us, -a, -um
351:
343:
337:-us, -a, -um
320:
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306:-us, -a, -um
289:
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275:-us, -a, -um
258:
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244:-us, -a, -um
228:
206:tense forms)
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27:
25:
1874:Conjunction
1640:Disjunctive
1577:Conjunctive
1524:Nominalized
1427:Predicative
1271:Verbal noun
1222:Attributive
865:finite verb
768:recipiendus
738:disputandum
693:propagandus
601:carborundum
591:desperandum
462:PREDICATIVE
449:ATTRIBUTIVE
432:as well as
213:of the verb
211:conjugation
1942:Yes and no
1857:Classifier
1841:Possessive
1803:Quantifier
1798:Possessive
1775:Determiner
1747:Adposition
1719:Resumptive
1704:Reciprocal
1699:Possessive
1679:Indefinite
1607:Pronominal
1559:Subsective
1534:Possessive
1504:Collateral
1477:Unergative
1467:Transitive
1382:Inchoative
1377:Impersonal
1317:Catenative
1256:Participle
1251:Infinitive
1183:Relational
1153:Collective
1133:Adjectival
900:References
764:scripturus
760:recepturus
701:propaganda
682:propaganda
674:reverendus
643:referendum
587:The motto
569:quod erat
493:referendum
485:impersonal
434:transitive
221:adjectival
144:to be read
128:participle
93:Late Latin
1932:Prop-word
1894:Ideophone
1821:Discourse
1760:Inflected
1709:Reflexive
1684:Intensive
1491:Adjective
1462:Stretched
1452:Separable
1442:Reflexive
1337:Denominal
1332:Defective
1312:Captative
1307:Auxiliary
1246:Gerundive
1236:Nonfinite
1158:Countable
1037:gerundive
861:gerundive
855:language
830:gerundive
828:The term
811:predicate
803:Old Irish
697:propagare
686:Neo-Latin
607:The name
596:cod Latin
554:(Horace,
418:volvendus
204:Imperfect
151:(such as
99:forms in
70:verb form
28:gerundive
1957:Category
1921:Pro-verb
1916:Pro-form
1813:Particle
1765:Stranded
1714:Relative
1694:Personal
1612:Relative
1597:Locative
1587:Genitive
1412:Negative
1342:Deponent
1322:Compound
857:Tigrinya
756:morituri
752:moriendi
725:dividend
670:reverend
629:addendum
535:delendam
489:addendum
414:oriundus
410:secundus
391:Related
196:infectum
140:such as
117:gérondif
1906:Preverb
1783:Article
1729:Subject
1622:Pronoun
1457:Stative
1422:Phrasal
1397:Lexical
1352:Dynamic
1327:Copular
1227:Converb
1143:Animacy
923:p. 175.
853:Semitic
844:or the
813:of the
713:legenda
658:agendus
648:referre
617:Miranda
426:passive
397:nominal
200:Present
132:passive
123:forms.
105:Spanish
101:Italian
68:) is a
1884:Coverb
1879:Copula
1733:Object
1650:Donkey
1569:Adverb
1544:Proper
1509:Common
1392:Labile
1261:Supine
1241:Gerund
1232:Finite
1197:Verbal
1188:Strong
1178:Proper
919:
879:kheydu
874:bitri
840:, the
815:copula
796:gerund
721:legere
719:(from
709:legend
653:agenda
634:addere
621:mirari
609:Amanda
581:Q.E.D.
501:agenda
497:gerund
481:neuter
422:active
393:gerund
179:, and
142:books
113:French
85:gerund
21:Gerund
1963:Verbs
1850:Other
1831:Modal
1655:Dummy
1407:Modal
1402:Light
1280:Types
1215:Forms
1138:Agent
876:hidju
662:agere
613:amare
359:audi-
328:capi-
235:laud-
171:Latin
161:must-
157:books
111:. In
91:. In
1836:Noun
1582:Flat
1437:Pure
1207:Verb
1192:Weak
1168:Mass
1148:Bare
1120:Noun
1001:and
981:and
917:ISBN
891:See
834:Pali
792:-ing
770:and
762:and
589:Nil
556:Odes
537:esse
526:, a
510:and
365:-nd-
334:-nd-
303:-nd-
297:leg-
272:-nd-
266:tim-
241:-nd-
202:and
194:the
186:Form
153:read
121:-ant
107:and
985:),
801:In
727:is
691:of
424:or
362:-e-
331:-e-
300:-e-
269:-e-
238:-a-
219:an
79:In
1959::
1923:/
1735:/
1731:/
1667:/
1234:/
1190:/
1039::
1009:,
935:,
872::
859:,
707:;
680:;
668:;
640:;
619:;
514:.
479:A
167:.
103:,
76:.
37:dʒ
1103:e
1096:t
1089:v
939:.
895:.
731:.
64:/
61:v
58:ɪ
55:d
52:n
49:ʌ
46:r
43:ˈ
40:ə
34:/
30:(
23:.
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