5674:
5685:
154:
3876:. The use was extended in various ways: the suffix became attachable to all verbs; the nouns acquired verb-like characteristics; the range of verbs allowed to introduce the form spread by analogy first to other verbs expressing emotion, then by analogy to other semantic groups of verbs associated with abstract noun objects; finally the use spread from verbs taking one-word objects to other semantically related groups verbs.
3304:
In some cases, particularly with a non-personal subject, the use of the possessive before a gerund may be considered redundant even in quite a formal register. For example, "There is no chance of the snow falling" (rather than the prescriptively correct "There is no chance of the snow's falling").
2815:
In traditional grammars, a grammatical subject has been defined in such a way that it occurs only in finite clauses, where it is liable to "agree" with the "number" of the finite verb form. Nevertheless, non-finite clauses imply a "doer" of the verb, even if that doer is indefinite "someone or
4145:
anticipate, envisage, appreciate, (cannot) bear, (not) begrudge, contemplate, dislike, dread, envisage, fear, forget, hate, (will not) have, imagine, like, (not) mind, picture, recall, recollect, remember, (not) remember, resent, see, stand, tolerate, visualise, want, put up
1355:) those in the predicate. Morphologically they are uninflected (except in Czech), and syntactically they have an adverbial function, and thus generally bear resemblance to Romance gerunds such as those found in Italian, rather than to noun-like gerunds in English or Latin.
1944:
The following sentences illustrate some uses of gerund clauses, showing how such a clause serves as a noun within the larger sentence. In some cases, the clause consists of just the gerund (although in many such cases the word could equally be analyzed as a pure
1892:
may be marked like finite forms as
Continuous or Non-continuous, Perfect or Non-perfect, Active or Passive. Thus, traditional grammars have represented the gerund as having four forms – two for the active voice and two for the passive:
2920:
go further, objecting to the use of forms more appropriate to the subjects (or objects) of finite clauses. The argument is that this results in two noun expressions with no grammatical connection. They prefer to express the "doer" by a
4058:
begin, cease, come, commence, continue, finish, get, go, (not) go, keep, quit, resume, start, stop, burst out, carry on, fall about, fall to, give over, give up, go about, go around/round, go on, keep on, leave off, take
3903:
adore, appreciate, (cannot|) bear, (not) begrudge, detest, dislike, (cannot) endure, enjoy, hate, like, loathe, love, (not) mind, mind, prefer, relish, resent, (cannot) stand, (cannot) stomach, (not) tolerate, take
237:
is preferred. By contrast, the term gerund has been used in the grammatical description of other languages to label verbal nouns used in a wide range of syntactic contexts and with a full range of
1600:, there are three main grammatical structures with gerund-like functions: first, turning verbs into nouns is achieved, depending on the type of verb and other factors, by using either the
6282:
2868:
However, the "doer" may not be indefinite or already expressed in the sentence. Rather it must be overtly specified, typically in a position immediately before the non-finite verb
3046:
Henry Fowler claims that the use of a non-possessive noun to precede a gerund arose as a result of confusion with the above usage with a participle, and should thus be called
4046:
form. In the following groups, the senses are inseparable, jointly expressing a single complex action or state. Some grammarians do not recognise all these patterns as
1704:
In other languages, it may refer to almost any non-finite verb form; however, it most often refers to an action noun, by analogy with its use as applied to Latin.
214:
The Latin gerund, in a restricted set of syntactic contexts, denotes the sense of the verb in isolation after certain prepositions, and in certain uses of the
3002:
clauses is very rare in present-day
English. Works of fiction show a moderate frequency, but the construction is highly infrequent in other types of text.
979:. They use it primarily in an adverbial function, comparably to the Latin ablative use. The same form may be used in an adjectival function and to express
956:
and noun inflexions. It is syntactically equivalent to a noun, except in the nominative and accusative cases, which use the infinitive. In particular the
3057:
It has been argued that if the prescriptive rule is followed, the difference between the two forms may be used to make a slight distinction in meaning:
1795:; however, because phrases of this type do not require a subject, it is also a complete clause. (Traditionally, such an item would be referred to as a
5023:
often means a car park. Both these words are treated as nouns, with none of the features of the gerund in
English. For more details and examples, see
1305:" or the description "zelfstandig gebruikte, verbogen onbepaalde wijs van het werkwoord". The infinitive form of the verb is used as gerund, e.g.,
130:
136:
5719:
4588:
2089:
The distinction between gerund and present participles is not recognised in modern reference grammars, since many uses are ambiguous.
5297:
Bibović, Ljiljana (1973). Filipović, Rudolf (ed.). "The
English Gerund as a Subject and its Serbo-Croatian Structural Equivalents".
5117:
3837:
The proposed test of possible possessive subject successfully distinguishes (traditional gerund) from (traditionally participle).
3951:
acknowledge, admit, advise, advocate, debate, deny, describe, forbid, mention, prohibit, propose, recommend, report, suggest, urge
3321:
clauses as 'complementation' of individual
English verbs, that is to say the choice of class that are allowable after that word.
3185:
These sentence exemplify a spectrum of senses from more noun-like to more verb-like. At the extremes of the spectrum they place
3883:
forms tend to fall into semantic classes. The following groups have been derived from analysis of the most common verbs in the
1316:
has by and large lost explicit morphological marking of the infinitive form of the verb, verb stems are used as gerunds, e.g.,
917:
When people first wrote grammars of languages such as
English, and based them on works of Latin grammar, they adopted the term
1700:
and defined as "a verb used as an adverb in a sentence", the
Turkish gerund may also constitute part of an (adverbial) clause.
450:
forms are frequently used in ways that do not conform to the clear-cut three-way distinction made by traditional grammar into
5596:
5468:
5443:
5418:
5249:
4728:
Pattern 4b with a word serving as object of the RECOMMEND verb. However they can be used with a possessive 'subject' of the
5575:
4141:'LIKE' GROUP (verbs from the above 'LIKE' AND 'DISLIKE', 'DREAD AND LOOK FORWARD TO', 'CONSIDER' and 'REMEMBER' groups)
3872:
suffix was attached to a limited number of verbs to form abstract nouns, which were used as the object of verbs such as
1621:
980:
327:
4367:-infinitive spread historically from a narrow original use, a prepositional phrase referring to future time. Like the
5393:
5088:
201:
5266:
183:
5712:
4042:
construction the action or state expressed by the verb can be separated from the action or state expressed by the
5197:
1761:); but the resulting clause as a whole (sometimes consisting of only one word, the gerund itself) functions as a
903:
construction, in which the gerundive adjective was inflected to agree with the noun acting as its object: e.g.,
6554:
5625:
5539:
5518:
179:
75:
6372:
5689:
6364:
5677:
6580:
6064:
5883:
5780:
5705:
4312:
These verbs also relate to time (and, by extension, money). The object generally expresses this concept.
5750:
1601:
874:: for instance, the gerund of a transitive verb may take a direct object in the accusative case, e.g.,
4015:
discourage, encourage, endure, mime, practise, get away with, go into. go towards, go without, play at
1625:
260:. This is not a normal use for a Latin gerund. Moreover, the clause may function within a sentence as
4738:— 'I advised somebody (unidentified) that we (or the person or people we have in mind) should leave'
6474:
5974:
164:
505:
6286:
5795:
1153:
175:
168:
6049:
6420:
6247:
6156:
2082:
form like the gerund, but is adjectival or adverbial in function), and the pure verbal noun or
1803:
it has become common to call it a clause.) A gerund clause such as this is one of the types of
6491:
6382:
6377:
6354:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6116:
5909:
5745:
3823:
1257:
4381:
1768:
For example, consider the sentence "Eating this cake is easy." Here, the gerund is the verb
1484:, it was used to refer to what are now classified as participles / verbal adverbs: present (
911:'matters concerning the overthrow of the state' (literally 'of the state being overthrown').
475:
294:
The contrast with the Latin gerund is also clear when the clause consists of a single word.
6496:
6430:
6262:
6219:
6121:
5984:
5944:
2917:
4378:
A number of verbs now belong in more than one class in their choice of 'complementation'.
3927:
anticipate, consider, contemplate, debate, envisage, fantasise, imagine, intend, visualise
8:
6585:
6277:
6257:
5904:
5305:. Zagreb / Washington D.C.: Institute of Linguistics / Center for Applied Linguistics: 4.
5024:
4948:
2043:
1403:
1029:
850:
5697:
5551:
Biber, Douglas, Stig
Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad and Edward Finnegan, 1999,
6443:
6410:
6336:
6321:
6306:
6296:
6209:
6204:
6194:
5989:
5919:
5914:
4785:
4350:
2922:
1646:
1578:
1360:
1118:
when the form is used adverbially, without inflection, generally after the preposition
253:
125:
5244:. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 305-308.
3155:'I dislike the fact that Brown paints his daughter (when she ought to be at school).'
2901:
The "doer" expression is not the grammatical subject of a finite clause, so objective
859:
These functions could be fulfilled by other abstract nouns derived from verbs such as
471:
104:, the gerund has the properties of both verb and noun, such as being modifiable by an
6400:
6326:
6301:
6224:
6089:
6034:
6004:
5964:
5621:
5592:
5535:
5514:
5464:
5439:
5414:
5389:
5245:
5193:
5084:
4323:
1957:
1804:
1781:
1597:
1253:
1049:
261:
3227:
b. 'paintings depicting his daughter and painted by somebody else but owned by him'
6438:
6331:
6311:
6161:
6126:
6044:
5839:
5209:
5012:
4697:
3963:
allow, entail, involve, justify, mean, necessitate, permit, preclude, prevent, save
3090:
forms with possessive and non-possessive subjects is far more diverse and nuanced:
1758:
1677:
1664:
1505:
1434:
1269:
1079:
1065:
1013:
997:
976:
957:
846:
842:
265:
227:
101:
37:
4290:
form is an adverbial, traditionally classed as a participle rather than a gerund.
4137:
Many of the verbs that allow pattern 4a (without object) also allow this pattern.
4071:
avoid, (not) bother, escape, evade, forbear, omit, (cannot) resist, shun, hold off
6346:
6267:
6229:
6214:
6094:
6084:
5999:
5994:
5934:
5800:
5770:
5049:
4901:
2079:
1979:
1642:, it refers to the word '것' ('thing') modified by the adjective form of the verb.
1639:
1563:
1542:
1239:
1202:
1095:
1069:
117:
4683:
However, only the former meaning is possible with an extended non-finite clause
3005:
Prescriptivists do not object when the non-finite clause modifies a noun phrase
1072:
have inherited not the gerund form but the Latin present participle form in -nt.
319:
Traditional
English grammar distinguishes non-finite clauses used as above from
116:
form" is often used in
English to refer to the gerund specifically. Traditional
6528:
6486:
6448:
6350:
6079:
6069:
6059:
5954:
5949:
5929:
5924:
5853:
5728:
2074:
In traditional grammars, gerunds are distinguished from other uses of a verb's
2015:
2011:
1609:
1481:
1298:
1290:
in the sentence "I enjoy reading."). See the sections below for further detail.
1243:
1112:
when the form is used adjectivally, and may be inflected for gender and number.
226:
cases. It is very rarely combined with a dependent sentence element such as an
82:
4953:
4340:
form is an adverbial, generally classed as a participle rather than a gerund.
1667:, it refers to the verb's action noun, known as the ism-masdar form (Persian:
6574:
6453:
6405:
6272:
6252:
6131:
6029:
5979:
5959:
5939:
5673:
5237:
4655:— 'I don't live in Ambridge, but I have a desire to live there in the future'
4371:
form it spread to all English verbs and to form non-finite clauses. Like the
2083:
2019:
1968:
1723:
1681:
1169:
494:
109:
4661:— 'I don't live in Ambridge, but if I ever did live there, I would enjoy it'
6542:
6516:
6506:
6479:
6341:
6074:
6039:
6014:
5969:
5790:
3879:
The present-day result of these developments is that the verbs followed by
3082:
I don't like Jim drinking wine. (I don't like Jim when he is drinking wine)
1302:
675:
The four inflections are used for a limited range of grammatical functions
128:
and gerunds, a distinction that is not observed in such modern grammars as
5463:(80 ed.). Tokyo, Japan: The Japan Times. pp. 156, 193, 318–320.
5434:
Makino, Seiichi; Tsutsui, Michio (1995). "Main Entries: Vmasu as a Noun".
4030:
In addition, the COBUILD team identifies four groups of verbs followed by
3177:
a. 'It is a delight to watch Brown's deft action of painting his daughter'
6199:
6009:
5888:
5849:
5814:
5805:
5509:
Quirk, Raymond, Sidney Greembaum, Geoffrey Leech and Jan Scartvik, 1985,
5315:
Using Russian: A Guide to Contemporary Usage, By Derek Offord, page xxiii
5059:
2003:
1946:
1800:
1792:
1731:
1582:
1545:, it refers to the verb's action noun, known as the masdar form (Arabic:
1501:
1369:(deepriʧastije). It refers to the verb noun formed by adding the suffix -
1246:
have preserved a few vestiges of these forms, which are sometimes termed
1226:
1190:
1165:
871:
853:, which are used instead of forms derived from Latin present participles
324:
27:
5684:
5011:
are sometimes borrowed into other languages. In some cases, they become
968:) were used adverbially. Latin grammars written in English use the form
6559:
6458:
6415:
6392:
6316:
6151:
6054:
6024:
6019:
5873:
5868:
5775:
5765:
5755:
5054:
5044:
4345:
begin, busy, end, finish, kill, occupy, pass, spend, start, take, waste
1727:
1567:
1161:
1157:
897:
However, this was a rare construction. Writers generally preferred the
521:
360:
313:
94:
4998:
4934:— 'She left in order to see what might happen (or how she might feel)'
3179:
b. 'It is a delight to watch while Brown deftly paints his daughter.'
2810:
6549:
6511:
6291:
6108:
5863:
5809:
5785:
5324:
Oxford Essential Russian Dictionary, OUP Oxford, 13 May 2010, page 46
5039:
5015:, taking on new meanings or uses not found in English. For instance,
3308:
1313:
1214:
899:
664:
660:
498:
320:
234:
231:
20:
4824:
Corresponding active clauses use the bare infinitive pattern, e.g.,
3939:
forget, miss, recall, recollect, regret, remember, (cannot) remember
2092:
1566:, it refers either to the verb's action noun, or to the part of the
153:
6538:
6533:
4110:
Verbs with this pattern do not normally allow the 'subject' of the
3121:'It is a delight to watch while Brown deftly paints his daughter.'
1552:
223:
215:
86:
5386:
Osnovi morfologije: Prilog gramatici savremenog standardnog jezika
5179:. Philadelphia. Linguistic Society of America for Yale University.
4209:
In contrast to Pattern 4b, these verbs allow the 'subject' of the
987:. Grammars of these languages written in English may use the form
6523:
6239:
5844:
5760:
4375:
form, it spread by analogy to use with words of similar meaning.
4213:
clauses to be used in an equivalent passive construction such as
4114:
clause to be used in an equivalent passive construction such as *
3884:
3267:
Brown painting his daughter that day, I decided to go for a walk.
2051:
89:; most often, but not exclusively, it is one that functions as a
5438:(50 ed.). Tokyo, Japan: The Japan Times. pp. 561–563.
4978:
These patterns are sometimes used to express different meanings
2801:
1286:
form of a verb when it is used as a noun (for example, the verb
6501:
6186:
5878:
3863:
3167:
b. 'I watched the process of Brown('s) painting his daughter.'
2065:
2050:
For more detail on when it is appropriate to use a gerund, see
1796:
1754:
1750:
1335:
refers to verbal forms that are also frequently referred to as
975:
Several Romance languages have inherited the form, but without
238:
219:
105:
4893:— 'It was intended that she should be here now, but she isn't'
3131:
a. 'It is a delight to watch Brown's deft action of painting.'
52:
3079:
I don't like Jim's drinking wine. (I don't like the drinking)
1684:
and sometimes used in conjunction with postpositions. Called
941:
5118:"The National Archives - Lesson 11 - Gerunds and gerundives"
4949:
Verbs followed by either "gerund" or bare infinitive pattern
4178:'STOP' GROUP (subset of the above 'START' AND 'STOP' GROUP)
3117:
Brown's deft painting of his daughter is a delight to watch.
3105:
The painting of Brown is as skilful as that of Gainsborough.
5824:
5737:
3859:
is acceptable — indeed required by prescriptive grammarians
3127:
Brown's deftly painting his daughter is a delight to watch.
1762:
1746:
1718:
1282:
933:
as used in relation to various languages are listed below.
518:
485:
The Latin gerund is a form of the verb. It is composed of:
371:
90:
46:
5286:. Translated by Ганина, Н.А. Москва: Астрель. p. 191.
3257:
Painting his daughter, Brown noticed his hand was shaking.
2002:, he ate his lunch. (gerund phrase as the complement of a
1716:
labels an important use of the form of the verb ending in
1406:, it refers to the verb noun formed by adding the suffix -
1347:. These forms describe circumstances, actions concurrent (
921:
to label non-finite verb forms with these two properties.
43:
5727:
5641:. 2015, Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press. pp 129-138
5299:
The Yugoslav Serbo-Croatian - English Contrastive Project
4757:— 'I advised somebody (unidentified) that he should leave
4625:
Unlike other Pattern 3b verbs, the object is indivisible
3890:
3173:
Brown deftly painting his daughter is a delight to watch.
3133:
b. 'It is a delight to watch while Brown deftly paints.'
1780:
is then used as a noun, which in this case serves as the
1680:, it refers to a large number of verb endings subject to
61:
4284:
These verbs refer to starting, spending or ending time.
1649:, the gerund is the root form of the verb, for example,
1131:
Grammars of French written in English may use the forms
4297:
die, end up, finish up, hang around, start off, wind up
4154:'REPORT' GROUP (subset of the above 'RECOMMEND' GROUP)
3915:
dread, (not) face. fancy, favour, fear, look forward to
3143:
a. "I dislike the fact that Brown paints his daughter.'
3086:
However, Quirk et al. show that the range of senses of
1791:
in the foregoing example is an example of a non-finite
4475:
And the phrase may be used in all manner of sentences
4182:
avoid, preclude, prevent, prohibit, resist, save, stop
3225:
a. paintings depicted his daughter and painted by him'
1500:
Additionally, some linguists use the term to refer to
323:
use, adjective-like modification of nouns, and use in
230:. To express such concepts, the construction with the
5358:(3rd ed.). Zagreb: Matica hrvatska. p. 232.
4818:-infinitive pattern occurs in passive clauses, e.g.,
4689:— 'I like it when I box with an experienced opponent'
4304:
4166:'ENTAIL' GROUP (subset of the above 'INVOLVE' GROUP)
1655:
870:
A gerund may function syntactically as the head of a
64:
5282:Эспозито, Мария Антония; Ресслер, Вольфганг (2009).
4249:
catch, feel, find, hear, notice, observe, photograph
4102:
2101:
clauses may have the following roles in a sentence:
1585:, formed by appending a suffix. Common suffixes are
1515:
1509:
1447:) an adverbial participle formed with the suffixes -
67:
55:
49:
5356:
Gramatika hrvatskoga ili srpskoga književnog jezika
4432:— 'She nagged me to sing' (i.e. that I should sing)
4406:
begin, cease, come, commence, continue, get, start,
312:Latin never uses the gerund in this way, since the
40:
4484:She abandoned her husband and her children to sing
4276:
3145:b. 'I dislike the way Brown paints his daughter.'
1730:(used adjectivally or adverbially), and as a pure
1570:following the infinitival prefix (also called the
5555:, Harlowe, Perason Education Limited. pp 201-202.
5498:Nesfield's English Grammar, Composition and Usage
5373:. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich /. p. 85.
4201:
2823:. (ambiguous: somebody sings, possibly ourselves)
1102:. French grammar maintains a distinction between:
6572:
5530:Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K Pullum, 2002,
4034:forms that are hard to class as objects. In the
3165:a. 'I watched Brown as he painted his daughter.'
1722:(for details of its formation and spelling, see
1421:
1407:
890:'I will devote effort to investigating the man'.
5511:A Comprehensive Grammar of Contemporary English
5281:
5268:Grammatica della lingua serbo-croata (illirica)
5236:
4887:— 'It is intended that she'll be here tomorrow'
3076:; the teacher startled the student by shouting)
3072:can be interpreted as a participle, qualifying
3065:is a gerund, the shouting startled the student)
2957:licking the cream was not generally appreciated
2912:Traditional grammarians may object to the term
2886:licking the cream was not generally appreciated
2858:(he hopes he himself will be awarded the prize)
2829:was a special treat (somebody licked the cream)
2055:
1988:is one way to relax. (gerund phrase as subject)
1807:. The structure may be represented as follows:
1390:
1380:
1370:
1364:
924:
131:A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language
4678:— 'I watch other people boxing and I enjoy it'
4022:
3726:notional subject 'understood' as identical to
3694:notional subject 'understood' as identical to
3617:notional subject 'understood' as identical to
3532:notional subject 'understood' as identical to
3454:notional subject 'understood' as identical to
3061:The teacher's shouting startled the student. (
2998:Nonetheless, the possessive construction with
1331:In descriptions of Slavic languages, the term
1126:cannot be used to express progressive meaning.
5713:
5553:Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English
5532:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
5458:
5436:A Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese Grammar
5433:
5339:
5333:
5225:form of an English verb when used as a noun).
4560:—'I remembered that I had to go, so I did go'
1712:In traditional grammars of English, the term
1668:
1650:
1468:
1458:
1448:
1438:
983:meaning. These languages do not use the term
863:'hunting'. Gerunds are distinct in two ways.
137:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
5591:, Harry Blamires (Penguin Books Ltd., 2000)
4494:Verbs in both 'DREAD' AND LOOK FORWARD TO' (
3068:The teacher shouting startled the student. (
1546:
1527:
1521:
972:. See the section above for further detail.
867:Every Latin verb can regularly form a gerund
4744:— 'I advised him that he should leave' but
4170:entail, involve, justify, mean, necessitate
3804:, are generally classified with verbs like
2856:His heart is set on being awarded the prize
2014:, one can form gerund clauses that express
1932:The same forms are available when the term
1624:of a verb can be realized by employing the
1238:The modern continental successor languages
182:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5720:
5706:
5019:means "campsite" in many languages, while
4687:I like boxing with an experienced opponent
4554:—'I remembered that I had previously gone'
2811:"Gerund" clauses with a specified subject
1256:preserves the original distinction, e.g.,
268:, which is impossible for a Latin gerund.
5618:Collins COBUILD Grammar Patterns 1: Verbs
5534:, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
5459:Makino, Seiichi; Tsutsui, Michio (1989).
5192:. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.
4629:He hates his wife to stand out in a crowd
2833:Being awarded the prize is a great honour
2078:form: the present participle (which is a
663:forms are composed in a similar way with
504:a vowel appropriate to the verb class or
202:Learn how and when to remove this message
100:meaning "which is to be carried out". In
5408:
4666:There is an apparent similarity between
3309:Verb patterns classified as "gerund" use
3271:'since Brown was painting his daughter'
3193:unmistakably expresses ownership) :
3139:I dislike Brown's painting his daughter.
2925:form, such as used with ordinary nouns:
2835:(someone is or may be awarded the prize)
5582:
5368:
5353:
5296:
5264:
5221:A noun formed from a verb (such as the
4643:there is often a difference of meaning
3752:is applied to clauses similar to and .
2093:Roles of "gerund" clauses in a sentence
1555:and is generally the equivalent of the
1496:). Modern grammars rarely use the term.
366:Traditional grammar also distinguishes
6573:
5461:A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar
4469:She stopped what she was doing to sing
3161:I watched Brown painting his daughter.
3151:I dislike Brown painting his daughter.
2850:The cat responded by licking the cream
2839:Often the "doer" is clearly signalled
2052:Verb patterns classified as gerund use
2029:can make someone feel angry. (passive)
5701:
5487:s. 310. İstanbul: Bayrak Yayım, 2009.
5383:
5078:
4970:) and 'SEE' (bare infinitive) GROUPS
4881:— 'We intend that she'll go tomorrow'
4649:— 'I live in Ambridge, and I like it'
4351:Verbs followed by either "gerund" or
3324:The principal choices of clauses are
3215:b. 'some paintings painted by Brown'
1707:
5576:A Dictionary of Modern English Usage
5500:, MacMillan and Company Ltd., p 78 "
5371:Słownik prasłowiański. Tom I (A – B)
5115:
4855:Verb in both the 'ENTAIL' subgroup (
4190:'RISK' GROUP (identical with above)
3213:a. 'some paintings that Brown owns'
1726:). Other important uses are termed
1276:. Traditional grammar uses the term
936:
882:'for discerning figures of speech',
757:and occasionally other prepositions
180:adding citations to reliable sources
147:
4875:— 'In that case she'll go tomorrow'
4269:bring, have, keep, leave, send, set
3287:The silently painting man is Brown.
3277:The man painting the girl is Brown.
2800:For more details and examples, see
2066:Distinction from other uses of the
1669:
1651:
1547:
13:
4609:Verbs in both 'LIKE AND DISLIKE' (
4394:Verbs in both 'START' AND 'STOP' (
3864:Verbs followed by "gerund" pattern
3221:Brown's paintings of his daughters
3189:at the noun end (where possessive
2288:In traditional grammars, the term
1995:? (gerund phrase as direct object)
1939:
1753:(so that it may be modified by an
1416:) to the verb form, like in јаде (
143:
14:
6597:
5666:
5369:Sławski, Franciszek, ed. (1974).
4714:) and 'TELL' or 'NAG' AND 'COAX'(
3800:, although similar to verbs like
2679:of the Bach fugues was inspiring.
2035:makes me more prepared. (perfect)
2010:Using gerunds of the appropriate
1978:all that much effort. (gerund as
1622:continuous and progressive aspect
1301:, it translates either the term "
5683:
5672:
5620:. 1996. London. Harper Collins.
5081:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
4653:I would like to live in Ambridge
4464:She stopped for a moment to sing
4460:is quite separate and separable
4451:— 'She stopped in order to sing'
3849:is not grammatically acceptable.
3826:to distinguish gerund use after
3111:b. 'Brown's action of painting'
3027:is disregarded. Rather they see
2033:Having read the book once before
1880:Non-finite verb forms ending in
1343:, or (in some Slavic languages)
1172:case forms are sometimes called
152:
36:
5653:
5644:
5631:
5611:
5602:
5567:
5558:
5545:
5524:
5503:
5490:
5477:
5452:
5427:
5411:Polish: A Comprehensive Grammar
5402:
5377:
5362:
5347:
5327:
5318:
5309:
5290:
5275:
5258:
5230:
4984:— 'I saw him as he was leaving'
4885:She's meant to be here tomorrow
4721:advise, forbid, recommend, urge
4659:I would like living in Ambridge
3975:defer, delay, postpone, put off
3297:Brown is painting his daughter.
2905:is used rather than subjective
2164:What I'm looking forward to is
1581:, it practically refers to the
1508:suffix, such as Serbo-Croatian
1504:, historically formed with the
476:Latin conjugation § Gerund
465:
5639:A Historical Syntax of English
5589:Penguin guide to plain English
5388:. Beograd: Alma. p. 232.
5202:
5182:
5177:A Comparative Germanic Grammar
5169:
5160:
5147:
5134:
5109:
5096:
5072:
4479:She travelled to Paris to sing
4441:appears to be used in the 3a (
4229:as a string of two objects of
2655:STRUCTURE OF NON-FINITE CLAUSE
2537:STRUCTURE OF NON-FINITE CLAUSE
2411:STRUCTURE OF NON-FINITE CLAUSE
1861:STRUCTURE OF NON-FINITE CLAUSE
1631:form) plus the auxiliary verb
1152:In the earliest stages of the
833:became undistinguishable from
781:occasio, tempus, causa, gratia
472:Latin syntax § The gerund
1:
5688:The dictionary definition of
5485:Üniversiteler İçin Türk Dili.
5065:
5007:English verb forms ending in
4974:feel. hear, notice, see,watch
4873:That means her going tomorrow
4770:) and 'BELIEVE' or 'EXPECT' (
3241:would clearly be impossible):
3109:a. 'Brown's mode of painting'
3031:as exclusively the object of
776:'time for (lit. of) fighting'
301:is fun. ("gerund" as subject)
5341:Дел Филлипс, Наталья Волкова
5335:Улучшим наш русский! Часть 1
5284:Итальянский язык. Грамматика
4589:Patterns 4a, 4b, 3a and 3b:
3987:deserve, need, require, want
3039:is therefore described as a
2844:We enjoyed singing yesterday
1875:
1765:within the larger sentence.
1351:) or immediately preceding (
925:Gerunds in various languages
493:stem (the stem used to form
359:is traditionally labelled a
19:Not to be confused with the
7:
5210:"Merriam-Websterdefinition"
5033:
4710:Verbs in both 'RECOMMEND' (
4222:The COBUILD guide analyses
4123:The COBUILD Guide analyses
3899:'LIKE' AND 'DISLIKE' GROUP
3834:fails with sentences like .
3291:'who is silently painting'
3237:and at the verb end (where
2864:(Meg herself eats apricots)
2059:
1656:
1164:after a preposition. These
1147:
801:'apply effort to listening'
670:
446:in English grammar is that
337:, they whiled the day away.
244:Thus, English grammar uses
120:makes a distinction within
93:. The name is derived from
10:
6602:
6555:Syntax–semantics interface
5240:; Cubberley, Paul (2006).
5144:, London. Faber and Faber.
5106:, London. Faber and Faber.
4940:— 'She attempted to leave'
4928:— with different meanings
4891:She's meant to be here now
4879:We mean her to go tomorrow
4869:— with different meanings
4834:Verbs in both the 'SEE ' (
4798:Verbs in both the 'SEE ' (
4766:Verbs in both 'CONSIDER' (
4548:— with different meanings
4414:— with different meanings
4384:I remember seeing her come
3893:I remember seeing her come
3830:from participle use after
3372:overt grammatical subject
3317:describes certain uses of
2852:(the cat licked the cream)
2781:Noun phrase, not clause —
2056:Uses of English verb forms
750:'to rear dogs for hunting'
469:
442:The objection to the term
18:
6467:
6429:
6391:
6363:
6238:
6185:
6107:
5897:
5832:
5823:
5736:
5608:Quirk et al pp. 1290–1291
5413:. Routledge. p. 48.
5340:
5334:
5083:(3rd ed.), Longman,
4966:Verb in both the 'SEE ' (
4724:These verbs do not admit
4647:I like living in Ambridge
4534:Verb in both 'REMEMBER' (
4514:Verb in both 'CONSIDER' (
4430:She went on at me to sing
4420:— 'She continued singing'
4158:describe, mention, report
4054:'START' AND 'STOP' GROUP
3774:refer to the same event.
3209:some paintings of Brown's
2862:Meg likes eating apricots
2816:something". For example,
2272:Complement of preposition
1469:
1459:
1449:
1439:
1437:, it translates the term
1422:
1408:
1391:
1381:
1379:) to the verb form, like
1371:
1365:
1363:, it translates the term
1326:
108:and being able to take a
5975:Exceptional case-marking
5409:Sadowska, Iwona (2012).
5271:. Vienna: . p. 239.
5265:Budmani, Pietro (1867).
5116:Archives, The National.
5028:words in other languages
5003:forms in other languages
4990:— 'I saw him as he left'
4914:Verb in both the 'TRY' (
4672:— 'I box and I enjoy it'
4621:hate, like, love, prefer
4426:— 'Afterwards, she sang'
4130:as the single object of
3261:'while he was painting'
2918:prescriptive grammarians
2896:being awarded the prize.
2761:STRUCTURE OF NOUN PHRASE
2253:Part of adjective phrase
2239:It's a picture of a man
2054:below, and also §§
1784:of the larger sentence.
1772:, which takes an object
1535:
1122:. In Modern French, the
837:use, thus providing the
328:progressive (continuous)
5659:COBUILD (1996) pp 81–82
5650:COBUILD (1996) pp 83-86
5079:Wells, John C. (2008),
4314:However, the object of
3023:as notional subject of
2981:being awarded the prize
2916:for these "doers". And
1551:). This form ends in a
1154:West Germanic languages
765:Modifying abstract noun
480:
370:forms with exclusively
5781:Initial-stress-derived
5354:Maretić, Tomo (1963).
4999:Borrowings of English
4908:She remembered to come
4792:I reminded her to come
4742:I advised him to leave
4704:I reminded her to come
4603:I reminded her to come
4595:She remembered to come
4569:Verbs in both 'NEED' (
4538:) GROUP and 'MANAGE' (
4388:She remembered to come
4307:She wasted time coming
2292:is not used for roles
2277:She takes pleasure in
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1397:hodejki, while walking
808:and adjectives, e.g.,
553:'the act of praising'
6292:Inclusive / Exclusive
5384:Šipka, Danko (2005).
5190:The Germanic Language
5188:Harbert, Wayne. 2007
5140:Palmer, L.R. , 1954,
5102:Palmer, L.R. , 1954,
4956:I remember her coming
4820:She was seen to come.
4788:I remember her coming
4755:I advised his leaving
4750:I advised him leaving
4599:I remember her coming
4445:-infinitive) pattern
4398:) GROUP and 'BEGIN' (
4105:I remember her coming
3822:The proposed test of
3035:The modifying phrase
2977:We were delighted at
2892:We were delighted at
2710:STRUCTURE OF SENTENCE
2598:STRUCTURE OF SENTENCE
2474:STRUCTURE OF SENTENCE
2346:STRUCTURE OF SENTENCE
2220:He walks the streets
1909:Present or Continuous
1826:STRUCTURE OF SENTENCE
1745:when it behaves as a
1572:infinitival construct
1428:jadejḱi, while eating
1387:hodi, he/she/it walks
1272:has no vestige of the
929:Meanings of the term
830:'we took by fighting'
667:inflexional endings.
653:'the act of hearing'
603:'the act of reading'
578:'the act of warning'
470:Further information:
5242:The Slavic Languages
4922:-infinitive) GROUPS
4902:Patterns 5a and 3a:
4863:-infinitive) GROUPS
4859:) and the 'EXPECT' (
4806:-infinitive) GROUPS
4786:Patterns 4b and 3b:
4774:-infinitive) GROUPS
4718:-infinitive) GROUPS
4698:Patterns 4a and 3b:
4617:-infinitive) GROUPS
4577:-infinitive) GROUPS
4573:) GROUP and 'NEED' (
4542:-infinitive) GROUPS
4522:-infinitive) GROUPS
4518:) GROUP and 'HOPE' (
4502:-infinitive) GROUPS
4498:) GROUP and 'HOPE' (
4456:However, the phrase
4402:-infinitive) GROUPS
4382:Patterns 4a and 3a:
3763:use as an adverbial.
3736:Her time was wasted
2196:Prepositional object
2040:having been gambling
2000:swimming in the pool
1993:swimming in the pool
1986:Swimming in the pool
1776:. The entire clause
1660:, meaning "dancing".
1341:adverbial participle
1274:West Germanic gerund
1196:(to bear) dative of
1182:West Germanic gerund
628:'the act of taking'
349:playing on computers
342:playing on computers
335:Playing on computers
308:("gerund" as object)
284:playing on computers
273:Playing on computers
258:playing on computers
176:improve this section
81:) is any of various
6172:Relative subsective
6065:Regular / Irregular
5910:Andative / Venitive
5746:Abstract / Concrete
5175:Prokosch, E. 1939.
4954:Patterns 4b and 2:
4842:infinitive) GROUPS
4613:) and WITH OBJECT (
4449:She stopped to sing
4424:She went on to sing
4418:She went on singing
4355:-infinitive pattern
4279:She ended up coming
4255:(usually passive),
4251:(usually passive),
3766:in and the verbs
3587:rare but possible:
3541:rare but possible:
2846:(we ourselves sang)
2234:Part of noun phrase
2145:It can be pleasant
2044:perfect progressive
1956:is fun. (gerund as
1647:Maldivian (Dhivehi)
944:has the non-finite
880:vocis verbi figuras
806:studeo, operam dare
804:after verbs, e.g.,
522:inflectional ending
126:present participles
16:Nonfinite verb form
6581:Syntactic entities
5731:and their features
5729:Lexical categories
5564:Biber et al p. 750
5513:, Longman, London
5142:The Latin Language
5104:The Latin Language
4938:She tried to leave
4810:hear, see, observe
4558:I remembered to go
4552:I remembered going
4204:We kept her coming
4116:She is remembered
4091:'GO RIDING' GROUP
3947:'RECOMMEND' GROUP
3868:Historically, the
3780:progressive aspect
3778:is related to the
3759:is related to the
3652:acts as object of
3574:acts as object of
3546:come is remembered
3490:acts as object of
3417:acts as object of
3351:Passive equivalent
3281:'who is painting'
3014:licking the cream.
2770:of the Bach fugues
2258:They are all busy
2159:Subject Complement
2140:Extraposed subject
1926:Having been loved
1884:g, whether termed
1708:Gerunds in English
1559:ending in English.
1168:and, more rarely,
1137:present participle
985:present participle
981:progressive aspect
790:Expressing purpose
645:Fourth conjugation
570:Second conjugation
374:properties as in
279:clause as subject)
254:non-finite clauses
6568:
6567:
6373:Casally modulated
6278:Formal / Informal
6167:Pure intersective
6117:Anti-intersective
6103:
6102:
6050:Preterite-present
5597:978-0-14-051430-8
5483:Ergin, Muharrem.
5470:978-47-89004-54-1
5445:978-4-7890-0775-7
5420:978-0-415-47540-2
5251:978-1-139-45728-6
5013:pseudo-anglicisms
4982:I saw him leaving
4932:She tried leaving
4848:(usually passive)
4838:) and 'BELIEVE' (
4802:) and 'OBSERVE' (
4736:I advised leaving
4700:I remember coming
4633:He hates his wife
4591:I remember coming
4324:reflexive pronoun
4083:chance, risk, try
3971:'POSTPONE' GROUP
3935:'REMEMBER' GROUP
3923:'CONSIDER' GROUP
3745:
3744:
3504:She was reminded
3389:It is remembered
3387:— more frequent:
3341:Subject of clause
3302:
3301:
3231:
3230:
3183:
3182:
3037:licking the cream
2827:Licking the cream
2798:
2797:
2286:
2285:
2038:He is ashamed of
1930:
1929:
1873:
1872:
1805:non-finite clause
1307:Zwemmen is gezond
1110:participe présent
937:Latin and Romance
857:
856:
739:After preposition
657:
656:
620:Third conjugation
595:Third conjugation
545:First conjugation
440:
439:
428:contrast "gerund"
407:contrast "gerund"
387:contrast "gerund"
290:clause as object)
212:
211:
204:
85:forms in various
6593:
6147:Non-intersective
5830:
5829:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5699:
5698:
5687:
5676:
5660:
5657:
5651:
5648:
5642:
5635:
5629:
5615:
5609:
5606:
5600:
5586:
5580:
5571:
5565:
5562:
5556:
5549:
5543:
5528:
5522:
5507:
5501:
5496:F T Wood, 1961,
5494:
5488:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5351:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5325:
5322:
5316:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5218:
5217:
5206:
5200:
5186:
5180:
5173:
5167:
5164:
5158:
5151:
5145:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5113:
5107:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5076:
4846:feel, find, show
4826:We saw her come.
4778:consider, intend
4257:see, show, watch
3959:'INVOLVE' GROUP
3718:She wasted time
3327:
3326:
3245:
3244:
3197:
3196:
3093:
3092:
3048:fused participle
2821:We enjoy singing
2622:— traditionally
2603:Playing football
2566:Playing football
2498:— traditionally
2489:John asking Bill
2370:— traditionally
2306:
2305:
2104:
2103:
1960:of the sentence)
1940:Examples of use
1896:
1895:
1829:Eating this cake
1810:
1809:
1799:, but in modern
1789:eating this cake
1787:An item such as
1778:eating this cake
1672:
1671:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1602:conjunctive form
1593:(kérés, asking).
1589:(adás, giving),
1550:
1549:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1472:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1452:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1425:
1424:
1411:
1410:
1394:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1367:
977:case inflections
678:
677:
530:
529:
377:
376:
347:They are always
207:
200:
196:
193:
187:
156:
148:
74:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
58:
57:
54:
51:
48:
45:
42:
6601:
6600:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6564:
6463:
6425:
6387:
6359:
6287:Gender-specific
6234:
6181:
6099:
5985:Germanic strong
5893:
5819:
5732:
5726:
5669:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5654:
5649:
5645:
5637:Los, Bettelou.
5636:
5632:
5616:
5612:
5607:
5603:
5587:
5583:
5572:
5568:
5563:
5559:
5550:
5546:
5529:
5525:
5508:
5504:
5495:
5491:
5482:
5478:
5471:
5457:
5453:
5446:
5432:
5428:
5421:
5407:
5403:
5396:
5382:
5378:
5367:
5363:
5352:
5348:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5314:
5310:
5295:
5291:
5280:
5276:
5263:
5259:
5252:
5235:
5231:
5215:
5213:
5212:. WordNet 1.7.1
5208:
5207:
5203:
5187:
5183:
5174:
5170:
5165:
5161:
5152:
5148:
5139:
5135:
5126:
5124:
5114:
5110:
5101:
5097:
5091:
5077:
5073:
5068:
5050:Non-finite verb
5036:
5005:
4988:I saw him leave
4963:
4951:
4911:
4904:She kept coming
4795:
4707:
4606:
4437:Superficially,
4391:
4357:
4335:
4313:
4310:
4285:
4282:
4221:
4207:
4122:
4108:
4028:
4025:She kept coming
3896:
3866:
3714:without subject
3682:without subject
3656:and subject of
3605:without subject
3578:and subject of
3520:without subject
3494:and subject of
3446:She remembered
3442:without subject
3421:and subject of
3401:bare infinitive
3311:
3233:
3226:
3214:
3178:
3166:
3144:
3132:
3110:
2948:attempt to sing
2813:
2789:
2718:
2716:
2668:
2559:
2432:
2311:John suggested
2095:
2080:non-finite verb
2072:
2012:auxiliary verbs
1980:indirect object
1942:
1878:
1741:form is termed
1710:
1626:perfective form
1620:. Lastly, the
1538:
1329:
1203:Old High German
1150:
939:
927:
743:canes alere ad
673:
483:
478:
468:
400:That is a good
380:I work in that
344:are my nephews.
208:
197:
191:
188:
173:
157:
146:
144:Traditional use
60:
39:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6599:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6531:
6529:Procedure word
6526:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6487:Complementizer
6484:
6483:
6482:
6471:
6469:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6435:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6397:
6395:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6369:
6367:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6283:Gender-neutral
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6248:Bound variable
6244:
6242:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6191:
6189:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6113:
6111:
6105:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5905:Ambitransitive
5901:
5899:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5847:
5842:
5836:
5834:
5827:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5742:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5725:
5724:
5717:
5710:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5681:
5668:
5667:External links
5665:
5662:
5661:
5652:
5643:
5630:
5610:
5601:
5581:
5573:H. W. Fowler,
5566:
5557:
5544:
5542:. pp 1220-1222
5523:
5521:, pp 1290-1293
5502:
5489:
5476:
5469:
5451:
5444:
5426:
5419:
5401:
5394:
5376:
5361:
5346:
5326:
5317:
5308:
5289:
5274:
5257:
5250:
5238:Sussex, Roland
5229:
5201:
5181:
5168:
5159:
5146:
5133:
5108:
5095:
5089:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5035:
5032:
5004:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4985:
4976:
4962:
4960:I saw her come
4952:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4935:
4910:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4888:
4882:
4876:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4822:
4812:
4794:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4752:
4739:
4722:
4706:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4673:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4631:does not mean
4623:
4605:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4555:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4427:
4421:
4408:
4390:
4380:
4356:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4336:The following
4309:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4286:The following
4281:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4265:'BRING' GROUP
4262:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4067:'AVOID' GROUP
4064:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4004:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3895:
3889:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3850:
3842:The variant *
3839:
3838:
3835:
3820:
3792:Verbs such as
3790:
3764:
3753:
3743:
3742:
3733:
3730:
3724:
3715:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3692:
3683:
3673:
3672:
3663:
3660:
3647:
3638:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3615:
3606:
3596:
3595:
3585:
3582:
3569:
3560:
3550:
3549:
3539:
3536:
3530:
3521:
3511:
3510:
3501:
3498:
3485:
3476:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3452:
3443:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3412:
3403:
3396:
3395:
3385:is remembered.
3379:
3376:
3370:
3361:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3310:
3307:
3300:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3066:
3017:
3016:
2996:
2995:
2974:
2951:
2899:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2866:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2837:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2812:
2809:
2796:
2795:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2284:
2283:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2094:
2091:
2071:
2064:
2048:
2047:
2036:
2030:
2027:Being deceived
2016:perfect aspect
2008:
2007:
1996:
1989:
1983:
1972:
1961:
1941:
1938:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1674:
1661:
1643:
1636:
1610:nominalization
1594:
1575:
1560:
1537:
1534:
1498:
1497:
1482:Serbo-Croatian
1478:
1445:dejepričastije
1431:
1400:
1349:present gerund
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1318:Swem is gesond
1310:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1267:
1251:
1233:
1232:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1093:
1085:: stem form +
1074:
1073:
1063:
1055:: stem form +
1047:
1035:: stem form +
1027:
1019:: stem form +
1011:
1003:: stem form +
948:, formed with
938:
935:
926:
923:
915:
914:
913:
912:
892:
891:
868:
855:
854:
831:
828:
820:
817:
813:
812:
810:natus, optimus
802:
799:
791:
788:
784:
783:
779:nouns include
777:
774:
766:
763:
759:
758:
751:
748:
740:
737:
733:
732:
726:
724:
721:
718:
714:
713:
707:
705:
702:
699:
695:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
672:
669:
655:
654:
651:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
630:
629:
626:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
605:
604:
601:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
580:
579:
576:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
555:
554:
551:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
525:
524:
515:
509:
502:
482:
479:
467:
464:
438:
437:
430:
425:
417:
416:
409:
404:
397:
396:
389:
384:
355:In these uses
353:
352:
345:
338:
316:is available.
310:
309:
302:
292:
291:
280:
210:
209:
160:
158:
151:
145:
142:
124:forms between
83:nonfinite verb
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6598:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6537:
6536:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6466:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6444:Interrogative
6442:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6428:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6411:Interrogative
6409:
6407:
6406:Demonstrative
6404:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6394:
6390:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6366:
6362:
6356:
6355:Prepositional
6352:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6342:Strong / Weak
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6307:Interrogative
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6253:Demonstrative
6251:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6220:Prepositional
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6210:Interrogative
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6188:
6184:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6132:Demonstrative
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5990:Germanic weak
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5980:Frequentative
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5920:Autocausative
5918:
5916:
5915:Anticausative
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5884:Transgressive
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5723:
5718:
5716:
5711:
5709:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5694:at Wiktionary
5693:
5692:
5686:
5682:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5670:
5656:
5647:
5640:
5634:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5605:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5585:
5578:
5577:
5570:
5561:
5554:
5548:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5527:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5506:
5499:
5493:
5486:
5480:
5472:
5466:
5462:
5455:
5447:
5441:
5437:
5430:
5422:
5416:
5412:
5405:
5397:
5395:86-84023-40-4
5391:
5387:
5380:
5372:
5365:
5357:
5350:
5330:
5321:
5312:
5304:
5300:
5293:
5285:
5278:
5270:
5269:
5261:
5253:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5233:
5226:
5224:
5211:
5205:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5178:
5172:
5163:
5156:
5150:
5143:
5137:
5123:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5099:
5092:
5090:9781405881180
5086:
5082:
5075:
5071:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5002:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4918:) and 'TRY' (
4917:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4905:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4853:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4789:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4701:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4677:
4676:I like boxing
4674:
4671:
4670:I like boxing
4668:
4667:
4665:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4582:
4581:deserve, need
4579:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4354:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4308:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4280:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4220:
4218:
4215:She was kept
4212:
4205:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4120:
4119:
4113:
4106:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4039:
4033:
4026:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3995:'RISK' GROUP
3994:
3993:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3983:'NEED' GROUP
3982:
3981:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3858:
3857:
3856:Jane's coming
3851:
3848:
3847:
3846:Jane's coming
3841:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3824:passivisation
3821:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3808:. Therefore,
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3739:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3703:not possible
3702:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3686:She ended up
3684:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:She was kept
3664:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3626:not possible
3625:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3592:is remembered
3591:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3467:
3466:
3463:not possible
3462:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3430:not possible
3429:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3391:that she came
3386:
3384:
3383:That she came
3380:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:that she came
3362:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3019:The sense of
3015:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2942:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2895:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2793:
2792:deverbal noun
2790:(also termed
2788:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2568:is enjoyable
2567:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:I heard John
2436:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:I can't stop
2180:
2178:
2177:Direct object
2175:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2084:deverbal noun
2081:
2077:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:passive voice
2017:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1991:Do you fancy
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:I never gave
1973:
1970:
1969:direct object
1967:. (gerund as
1966:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1937:
1935:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:English verbs
1721:
1720:
1715:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1682:vowel harmony
1679:
1675:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1608:form) or the
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1466:
1456:
1446:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1419:
1418:jade, he eats
1415:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1388:
1378:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:verbal adverb
1334:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
999:
996:
995:
994:
993:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
958:ablative case
955:
951:
947:
943:
934:
932:
922:
920:
910:
908:
902:
901:
896:
895:
894:
893:
889:
887:
881:
879:
873:
869:
866:
865:
864:
862:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
829:
827:
825:
821:
818:
815:
814:
811:
807:
803:
800:
798:
796:
792:
789:
786:
785:
782:
778:
775:
773:
771:
767:
764:
761:
760:
756:
752:
749:
747:
746:
741:
738:
735:
734:
730:
727:
725:
722:
719:
716:
715:
711:
708:
706:
703:
700:
697:
696:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
679:
676:
668:
666:
662:
652:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
631:
627:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
606:
602:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
581:
577:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
556:
552:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
531:
528:
527:For example,
523:
520:
516:
514:
510:
507:
503:
500:
496:
492:
488:
487:
486:
477:
473:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
435:
431:
429:
426:
423:
419:
418:
414:
410:
408:
405:
403:
399:
398:
394:
390:
388:
385:
383:
379:
378:
375:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
350:
346:
343:
339:
336:
333:
332:
331:
329:
326:
322:
317:
315:
307:
303:
300:
297:
296:
295:
289:
285:
281:
278:
274:
271:
270:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
252:form used in
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
206:
203:
195:
185:
181:
177:
171:
170:
166:
161:This section
159:
155:
150:
149:
141:
139:
138:
133:
132:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
110:direct object
107:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
72:
33:
29:
22:
6543:Pro-sentence
6517:Onomatopoeia
6507:Interjection
6480:Measure word
6263:Distributive
6157:Postpositive
6137:Intersective
6090:Unaccusative
6035:Performative
6005:Intransitive
5965:Ditransitive
5858:
5791:Noun adjunct
5690:
5680:at Wikibooks
5655:
5646:
5638:
5633:
5617:
5613:
5604:
5588:
5584:
5574:
5569:
5560:
5552:
5547:
5531:
5526:
5510:
5505:
5497:
5492:
5484:
5479:
5460:
5454:
5435:
5429:
5410:
5404:
5385:
5379:
5370:
5364:
5355:
5349:
5329:
5320:
5311:
5302:
5298:
5292:
5283:
5277:
5267:
5260:
5241:
5232:
5222:
5220:
5214:. Retrieved
5204:
5189:
5184:
5176:
5171:
5162:
5154:
5149:
5141:
5136:
5125:. Retrieved
5121:
5111:
5103:
5098:
5080:
5074:
5025:
5020:
5016:
5008:
5006:
5000:
4987:
4981:
4973:
4967:
4959:
4955:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4919:
4915:
4907:
4903:
4890:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4856:
4845:
4839:
4835:
4825:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4803:
4799:
4791:
4787:
4777:
4771:
4767:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4735:
4729:
4725:
4715:
4711:
4703:
4699:
4686:
4675:
4669:
4658:
4652:
4646:
4640:
4632:
4628:
4620:
4614:
4610:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4580:
4574:
4570:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4535:
4525:
4519:
4515:
4505:
4499:
4495:
4483:
4478:
4468:
4463:
4457:
4448:
4442:
4438:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4395:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4363:suffix, the
4360:
4358:
4352:
4344:
4337:
4329:
4327:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4305:Pattern 6b:
4296:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4277:Pattern 6a:
4268:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4245:'SEE' GROUP
4238:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4223:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4208:
4203:
4202:Pattern 5b:
4194:chance, risk
4193:
4181:
4169:
4157:
4144:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4124:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4109:
4104:
4103:Pattern 4b:
4094:
4082:
4079:'TRY' GROUP
4070:
4057:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4029:
4024:
4023:Pattern 5a:
4014:
4008:
4007:OTHERS WITH
3999:chance, risk
3998:
3986:
3974:
3962:
3950:
3938:
3926:
3914:
3902:
3892:
3891:Pattern 4a:
3880:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3867:
3855:
3853:
3852:The variant
3845:
3843:
3831:
3827:
3816:
3815:is termed a
3811:
3810:She started
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3737:
3735:
3727:
3719:
3717:
3710:
3709:
3695:
3687:
3685:
3678:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3641:We kept her
3640:
3637:with subject
3633:
3632:
3618:
3610:
3608:
3601:
3600:
3589:
3588:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3562:
3559:with subject
3555:
3554:
3543:
3542:
3533:
3525:
3523:
3516:
3515:
3505:
3503:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3480:
3478:
3475:with subject
3470:
3469:
3455:
3447:
3445:
3437:
3436:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3405:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3363:
3358:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3303:
3296:
3286:
3276:
3266:
3256:
3238:
3232:
3220:
3208:
3190:
3184:
3172:
3160:
3150:
3138:
3126:
3116:
3104:
3087:
3085:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3011:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2989:
2988:nomination,
2985:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2945:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2913:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2893:
2891:
2883:
2882:
2874:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2802:
2799:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2755:Postmodifier
2754:
2749:
2744:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2676:
2674:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2565:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2504:"participle"
2503:
2499:
2495:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2440:
2438:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2312:
2310:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2279:eating cakes
2278:
2276:
2271:
2260:eating cakes
2259:
2257:
2252:
2241:eating cakes
2240:
2238:
2233:
2222:eating cakes
2221:
2219:
2214:
2203:eating cakes
2202:
2201:I dreamt of
2200:
2195:
2184:eating cakes
2183:
2181:
2176:
2166:eating cakes
2165:
2163:
2158:
2147:eating cakes
2146:
2144:
2139:
2127:Eating cakes
2126:
2125:
2120:
2098:
2096:
2088:
2075:
2073:
2067:
2058: and
2049:
2042:all night. (
2039:
2032:
2026:
2009:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1975:
1964:
1953:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1923:Having loved
1915:Being loved
1889:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1788:
1786:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1632:
1628:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1590:
1586:
1571:
1556:
1520:) or Polish
1502:verbal nouns
1499:
1493:
1492:, sometimes
1489:
1488:) and past (
1485:
1474:
1464:
1454:
1444:
1440:деепричастие
1427:
1417:
1413:
1396:
1386:
1376:
1366:деепричастие
1352:
1348:
1345:deepričastie
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1317:
1306:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1260:
1258:West Frisian
1247:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1151:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1099:
1098:stem form +
1090:
1086:
1082:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
1000:
988:
984:
974:
969:
965:
961:
953:
949:
945:
940:
930:
928:
918:
916:
906:
904:
898:
886:investigando
885:
883:
878:discernendum
877:
875:
860:
858:
838:
834:
823:
822:
819:Instrumental
809:
805:
794:
793:
780:
769:
768:
754:
744:
742:
728:
709:
674:
658:
648:
623:
598:
573:
548:
526:
512:
501:tense forms)
490:
484:
466:Latin gerund
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
441:
433:
427:
421:
412:
406:
401:
392:
386:
381:
367:
365:
356:
354:
348:
341:
334:
318:
311:
305:
298:
293:
287:
283:
276:
272:
257:
249:
245:
243:
213:
198:
189:
174:Please help
162:
135:
129:
121:
113:
112:. The term "
97:
78:
31:
25:
6492:Conjunction
6258:Disjunctive
6195:Conjunctive
6142:Nominalized
6045:Predicative
5889:Verbal noun
5840:Attributive
5599:pp. 144–146
5198:052101511-1
5166:Palmer 1954
5060:Verbal noun
4506:dread, fear
4328:She busied
3887:data bank:
3854:I remember
3563:I remember
3524:I remember
3481:her to come
3479:I reminded
3440:-infinitive
3364:I remember
3331:Clause type
3200:Noun phrase
3074:the teacher
2930:We enjoyed
2873:We enjoyed
2787:verbal noun
2717:of the Bach
2715:Her playing
2361:asking Bill
2129:is pleasant
2097:Non finite
2004:preposition
1947:verbal noun
1821:Complement
1801:linguistics
1793:verb phrase
1757:or have an
1732:verbal noun
1583:verbal noun
1353:past gerund
1265:te freegjen
1227:Old Frisian
1191:Old English
909:reipublicae
872:verb phrase
797:operam dare
795:auscultando
690:Translation
642:-um, -ī, -ō
617:-um, -ī, -ō
592:-um, -ī, -ō
567:-um, -ī, -ō
542:-um, -ī, -ō
511:the suffix
508:of the verb
506:conjugation
456:participles
248:to mean an
76:abbreviated
28:linguistics
6586:Verb types
6575:Categories
6560:Yes and no
6475:Classifier
6459:Possessive
6421:Quantifier
6416:Possessive
6393:Determiner
6365:Adposition
6337:Resumptive
6322:Reciprocal
6317:Possessive
6297:Indefinite
6225:Pronominal
6177:Subsective
6152:Possessive
6122:Collateral
6095:Unergative
6085:Transitive
6000:Inchoative
5995:Impersonal
5935:Catenative
5874:Participle
5869:Infinitive
5801:Relational
5771:Collective
5751:Adjectival
5626:0003750620
5540:0521431468
5519:0582517346
5344:, page 171
5216:2014-03-19
5127:2022-04-18
5066:References
5055:Participle
5045:Infinitive
4322:must be a
4132:I remember
3761:participle
3662:impossible
3590:Her coming
3565:her coming
3544:Seeing her
3526:seeing her
3500:impossible
3473:infinitive
3427:impossible
3378:impossible
3346:Possessive
3041:participle
2992:acceptance
2923:possessive
2745:Possessive
2704:Complement
2638:no subject
2592:Complement
2394:no subject
1934:participle
1890:participle
1869:this cake
1844:no subject
1728:participle
1612:particles
1568:infinitive
1457:Present; -
1404:Macedonian
1263:("ask") –
1220:dative of
1208:dative of
1206:zi beranne
1194:to berenne
1158:infinitive
1030:Portuguese
907:evertendae
888:opera dabo
851:Portuguese
835:participle
755:ad, in, ob
736:Accusative
729:infinitive
723:no example
717:Accusative
710:infinitive
704:no example
698:Nominative
665:adjectival
361:participle
314:infinitive
241:elements.
232:adjectival
98:gerundium,
95:Late Latin
6550:Prop-word
6512:Ideophone
6439:Discourse
6378:Inflected
6327:Reflexive
6302:Intensive
6109:Adjective
6080:Stretched
6070:Separable
6060:Reflexive
5955:Denominal
5950:Defective
5930:Captative
5925:Auxiliary
5864:Gerundive
5854:Nonfinite
5776:Countable
5153:Terence,
5040:Gerundive
4359:Like the
3755:In and
3748:The term
3609:She kept
3313:The term
2969:the cat's
2962:the cat's
2955:The cat's
2729:inspiring
2663:football
2613:enjoyable
2496:adverbial
2356:suggested
2215:Adverbial
1936:is used.
1876:Formation
1774:this cake
1749:within a
1698:gerundium
1686:zarf-fiil
1579:Hungarian
1523:chodzenie
1361:Bulgarian
1314:Afrikaans
1303:gerundium
1248:gerundium
1215:Old Saxon
1174:gerundium
1162:inflected
1133:gerundive
946:gerundium
900:gerundive
841:forms in
661:gerundive
649:audiendum
624:capiendum
549:laudandum
499:imperfect
415:pictures
340:The boys
321:adverbial
306:computing
299:Computing
275:is fun. (
235:gerundive
192:July 2016
163:does not
87:languages
21:Gerundive
6539:Pro-verb
6534:Pro-form
6431:Particle
6383:Stranded
6332:Relative
6312:Personal
6230:Relative
6215:Locative
6205:Genitive
6030:Negative
5960:Deponent
5940:Compound
5034:See also
4546:remember
4326:, e.g.,
4095:come, go
3844:We kept
3828:remember
3806:remember
3584:possible
3576:remember
3492:reminded
3408:her come
3251:Meaning
3248:Sentence
3203:Meaning
3099:Meaning
3096:Sentence
3070:shouting
3063:shouting
2628:"gerund"
2376:"gerund"
2112:Example
1976:swimming
1965:swimming
1954:Swimming
1904:Passive
1690:bağ-fiil
1670:اسم مصدر
1598:Japanese
1511:glȅdānje
1280:for the
1218:berannia
1170:genitive
1148:Germanic
1124:gérondif
1116:gérondif
1053:gerunziu
1050:Romanian
1033:gerúndio
1017:gerundio
1001:gerundio
884:hominem
839:gerundio
824:pugnando
816:Ablative
770:pugnandi
762:Genitive
745:venandum
684:Function
671:Function
659:Related
599:legendum
574:monendum
491:infectum
413:painting
402:painting
393:building
382:building
256:such as
224:ablative
216:genitive
6524:Preverb
6401:Article
6347:Subject
6240:Pronoun
6075:Stative
6040:Phrasal
6015:Lexical
5970:Dynamic
5945:Copular
5845:Converb
5761:Animacy
5021:parking
5017:camping
4458:to sing
4330:herself
4253:picture
4237:and (2)
4231:We kept
4036:verb +
4011:OBJECT
3885:COBUILD
3784:She is
3782:use in
3506:to come
3496:to come
3448:to come
3336:Example
3239:Brown's
3191:Brown's
3052:geriple
3029:the cat
3025:licking
3021:the cat
3012:the cat
2983:. (cf.
2959:. (cf.
2936:. (cf.
2934:singing
2914:subject
2884:The cat
2877:singing
2783:playing
2767:playing
2690:Subject
2677:playing
2660:playing
2624:playing
2620:subject
2618:Role A
2578:Subject
2521:Subject
2494:Role G
2454:Subject
2366:Role D
2326:Subject
2121:Subject
2046:aspect)
1963:I like
1958:subject
1920:Perfect
1815:Subject
1782:subject
1678:Turkish
1665:Persian
1529:chodzić
1517:glȅdati
1477:) Past.
1435:Russian
1423:јадејќи
1392:ходейки
1288:reading
1270:English
1261:freegje
1254:Frisian
1230:beranne
1083:gerundi
1080:Catalan
1066:Catalan
1061:-ind(u)
1057:-ând(u)
1014:Spanish
998:Italian
960:forms (
861:vēnātiō
847:Spanish
843:Italian
826:cepimus
701:Subject
687:Example
519:nominal
495:present
452:gerunds
436:novels
434:writing
432:I like
424:is good
422:writing
411:I like
395:things
391:I like
357:playing
304:I like
282:I like
262:subject
184:removed
169:sources
118:grammar
102:English
6502:Coverb
6497:Copula
6351:Object
6268:Donkey
6187:Adverb
6162:Proper
6127:Common
6010:Labile
5879:Supine
5859:Gerund
5850:Finite
5815:Verbal
5806:Strong
5796:Proper
5691:gerund
5678:Gerund
5628:. p 61
5624:
5595:
5579:, 1926
5538:
5517:
5467:
5442:
5417:
5392:
5248:
5196:
5155:Andria
5087:
4732:form.
4526:intend
4332:coming
4320:occupy
4239:coming
4233::– (1)
4226:coming
4217:coming
4127:coming
4118:coming
4048:gerund
4040:object
3817:gerund
3812:coming
3786:coming
3776:Coming
3772:coming
3757:coming
3750:gerund
3738:coming
3720:coming
3688:coming
3668:coming
3658:coming
3643:coming
3611:coming
3580:coming
3406:I saw
3359:finite
3315:gerund
3010:I saw
2990:Paul's
2986:Paul's
2979:Paul's
2971:escape
2941:voices
2805:: uses
2719:fugues
2649:Object
2551:asking
2531:Object
2500:asking
2468:Object
2443:Bill.
2441:asking
2424:asking
2405:Object
2372:asking
2368:object
2340:Object
2313:asking
2290:gerund
2060:Gerund
1998:After
1912:Loving
1901:Active
1886:gerund
1866:eating
1855:Object
1797:phrase
1770:eating
1759:object
1755:adverb
1751:clause
1743:gerund
1714:gerund
1657:neshun
1652:ނެށުން
1640:Korean
1564:Hebrew
1553:tanwin
1548:المصدر
1543:Arabic
1526:(from
1514:(from
1467:) or -
1333:gerund
1327:Slavic
1312:Since
1278:gerund
1240:German
1178:gerund
1166:dative
1156:, the
1096:French
1070:French
1025:-iendo
989:gerund
970:gerund
954:-endum
950:-andum
931:gerund
919:gerund
849:, and
787:Dative
772:tempus
753:after
720:Object
693:Notes
474:, and
444:gerund
330:forms
325:finite
266:object
246:gerund
239:clause
228:object
222:, and
220:dative
106:adverb
32:gerund
6468:Other
6449:Modal
6273:Dummy
6025:Modal
6020:Light
5898:Types
5833:Forms
5756:Agent
5338:, By
5122:Latin
4641:would
4639:With
4412:go on
4410:Also
4050:use.
3794:start
3599:5a .
3529:come.
3043:use.
3033:I saw
2946:their
2939:their
2932:their
2785:is a
2626:is a
2554:Bill
2502:is a
2484:heard
2427:Bill
2374:is a
2315:Bill.
2303:Thus
2294:F, G,
1835:easy
1606:-masu
1536:Other
1506:*-ьje
1299:Dutch
1244:Dutch
1222:beran
1210:beran
1198:beran
1045:-indo
1041:-endo
1037:-ando
1021:-ando
1009:-endo
1005:-ando
966:-endo
962:-ando
942:Latin
731:used
712:used
633:audi-
608:capi-
533:laud-
460:nouns
6454:Noun
6200:Flat
6055:Pure
5825:Verb
5810:Weak
5786:Mass
5766:Bare
5738:Noun
5622:ISBN
5593:ISBN
5536:ISBN
5515:ISBN
5465:ISBN
5440:ISBN
5415:ISBN
5390:ISBN
5246:ISBN
5223:-ing
5194:ISBN
5085:ISBN
5026:-ing
5009:-ing
5001:-ing
4968:-ing
4958:and
4916:-ing
4906:and
4867:mean
4857:-ing
4836:-ing
4814:The
4800:-ing
4790:and
4768:-ing
4730:-ing
4726:-ing
4712:-ing
4702:and
4611:-ing
4601:and
4571:-ing
4536:-ing
4516:-ing
4496:-ing
4439:stop
4396:-ing
4386:and
4373:-ing
4369:-ing
4361:-ing
4338:-ing
4316:busy
4288:-ing
4224:her
4211:-ing
4146:with
4125:her
4112:-ing
4044:-ing
4038:-ing
4032:-ing
4009:-ING
3881:-ing
3874:like
3870:-ing
3832:keep
3819:use.
3802:keep
3798:stop
3796:and
3770:and
3768:kept
3732:n.a.
3711:-ing
3708:6b.
3700:n.a.
3679:-ing
3676:6a.
3654:kept
3634:-ing
3631:5b.
3623:n.a.
3602:-ing
3556:-ing
3553:4b.
3538:n.a.
3517:-ing
3514:4a.
3468:3b.
3460:n.a.
3435:3a.
3423:come
3319:-ing
3088:-ing
3000:-ing
2964:purr
2907:they
2903:them
2894:Paul
2875:them
2803:-ing
2750:Head
2697:Verb
2675:Her
2644:Verb
2585:Verb
2548:John
2526:Verb
2461:Verb
2400:Verb
2351:John
2333:Verb
2296:and
2109:Role
2099:-ing
2076:-ing
2070:form
2068:-ing
2018:and
1850:Verb
1818:Verb
1763:noun
1747:verb
1739:-ing
1719:-ing
1694:ulaç
1629:(-te
1618:koto
1616:and
1557:-ing
1490:-vši
1475:-vši
1455:-ja)
1420:) —
1414:-jḱi
1389:) –
1382:ходи
1377:-jki
1283:-ing
1242:and
1160:was
1135:and
1100:-ant
1091:-ent
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