25:
859:
verb catenae, when they help form the main predicate of a clause, as is illustrated with the trees below. Also, they can appear essentially as an adjective modifying a noun. The form of a given perfect or passive participle is strongly influenced by the status of the verb at hand. The perfect and the
402:
Despite the fact that the verbs in bold have the same outward appearance, the first in each pair is finite and the second is nonfinite. To distinguish the finite and nonfinite uses, one has to consider the environments in which they appear. Finite verbs in
English usually appear as the leftmost verb
1431:
The three examples show distinctions between finite and nonfinite verbs and the roles of these distinctions in sentence structure. For example, nonfinite verbs can be auxiliary verbs or main verbs and they appear as infinitives, participles, gerunds etc.
501:
form listed in dictionaries. English infinitives appear in verb catenae if they are introduced by an auxiliary verb or by a certain limited class of main verbs. They are also often introduced by a main verb followed by the particle
1346:
1385:
1420:
2221:
906:
A gerund is a verb form that appears in positions that are usually reserved for nouns. In
English, a gerund has the same form as a progressive active participle and so ends in
1043:
Often, distinguishing between a gerund and a progressive active participle is not easy in
English, and there is no clear boundary between the two nonfinite verb forms.
1294:
verbs. Others do not have any nonfinite verbs. Where most
European and Asian languages use nonfinite verbs, Native American languages tend to use
347:
In languages like
English that have little inflectional morphology, certain finite and nonfinite forms of a given verb are often identical, e.g.
1658:
145:
Because
English lacks most inflectional morphology, the finite and the nonfinite forms of a verb may appear the same in a given context.
1505:
On their lack of inflection, see, for instance, Radford (1997:508f.), Tallerman (1998:68), Finch (2000:92f.), and
Ylikoski (2003:186)
1354:
The three verbs together form a chain, or verb catena (in purple), which functions as the predicate of the sentence. The finite verb
1358:
is inflected for person and number, tense, and mood: third person singular, present tense, indicative. The nonfinite verbs
1318:. It is used with the auxiliary verb Îχω (to have) to form the perfect, the pluperfect and the future perfect tenses.
1588:
1651:
1613:
2493:
510:
can function as noun phrases or even as modifiers of nouns. The following table illustrates such environments:
2311:
2303:
1428:
Here the verb catena contains three main verbs so there are three separate predicates in the verb catena.
2003:
1822:
1719:
1644:
1345:
1521:
Transactions and proceedings of the
American Philological Association. American Philological Association
1689:
1374:, which is the root (highest word) in the verb catena. The nonfinite verbs lack a subject dependent.
1287:
910:. Gerunds typically appear as subject or object noun phrases or even as the object of a preposition:
37:
1366:
are, except for tense, neutral across such categories and are not inflected otherwise. The subject,
2413:
1913:
2225:
1734:
1456:
1441:
1384:
1295:
87:
1988:
1393:
The verb catena (in purple) contains four verbs (three of which are nonfinite) and the particle
2359:
2186:
2095:
1570:
Mithun, Marianne. 1999. The languages of Native
America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1057:
Auxiliary verbs typically occur as finite verbs, but they also can occur as a participle (e.g.
2430:
2321:
2316:
2293:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2055:
1848:
1684:
1419:
1631:
2435:
2369:
2201:
2158:
2060:
1923:
1883:
861:
404:
8:
2519:
2216:
2196:
1843:
54:
1636:
1561:
Concerning the fact that the left-most verb is the finite verb, see
Tallerman (1998:65).
50:
2382:
2349:
2275:
2260:
2245:
2235:
2148:
2143:
2133:
1928:
1858:
1853:
1327:
873:
865:
680:
103:
95:
91:
2339:
2265:
2240:
2163:
2028:
1973:
1943:
1903:
1584:
1536:
1082:
684:
1583:
Dodds, J. 2006. The ready reference handbook, 4th Edition. Pearson Education, Inc..
2377:
2270:
2250:
2100:
2065:
1983:
1778:
1544:
1528:
99:
2285:
2206:
2168:
2153:
2033:
2023:
1938:
1933:
1873:
1739:
1709:
1597:
139:
135:
2467:
2425:
2387:
2289:
2018:
2008:
1998:
1893:
1888:
1868:
1863:
1667:
1467:
1291:
1052:
433:
344:
are present participles (for alternative terminology, see the sections below).
131:
1603:
Rozakis, L. 2003. The complete idiot's guide to grammar and style, 2nd Edition
2513:
2392:
2344:
2211:
2191:
2070:
1968:
1918:
1898:
1878:
1540:
408:
1593:
Finch, G. 2000. Linguistic terms and concepts. New York: St. Martin's Press.
1548:
872:) and must be learned for each verb. The perfect and passive participles of
2481:
2455:
2445:
2418:
2280:
2013:
1978:
1953:
1908:
1729:
1307:
856:
506:(as illustrated in the examples below). Further, infinitives introduced by
24:
2138:
1948:
1827:
1788:
1753:
1744:
1487:
1482:
1331:
1081:, in a nonfinite context as the complement to a modal verb relating to a
687:(active vs. passive). The following table illustrates the distinctions:
79:
2498:
2397:
2354:
2331:
2255:
2090:
1993:
1963:
1958:
1812:
1807:
1714:
1704:
1694:
1472:
1461:
674:
492:
469:
447:
429:
111:
107:
45:
2488:
2450:
2230:
2047:
1802:
1748:
1724:
1451:
498:
123:
1598:
Syntactic theory and the structure of English: A minimalist approach
1516:
855:
Participles appear in a variety of environments. They can appear in
2477:
2472:
1532:
41:
1614:"Defining non-finites: action nominals, converbs and infinitives."
483:
Each of the nonfinite forms appears in a variety of environments.
2462:
2178:
1783:
1699:
1446:
1334:
analysis, three example sentences are shown. The first sentence,
679:
English participles can be divided along two lines: according to
119:
16:
Verbs that can't complete a clause (such as "going" or "to live")
102:, a nonfinite verb cannot perform action as the main verb of an
2440:
2125:
1817:
1797:
1477:
901:
476:
127:
115:
1377:
The second sentence shows the following dependency structure:
142:
may be absent from non-finite verb forms in some languages.
1763:
1676:
1412:
The third sentence has the following dependency structure:
83:
876:, in contrast, are regular and are formed with the suffix
1666:
1609:
Tallerman, M. 1998. Understanding syntax. London: Arnold.
1405:, is the root of the entire verb catena and the subject,
118:. Nonfinite verb forms in some other languages include
1517:"Voice of Non-Finite Verb Forms in Latin and English"
457:within a to-infinitive phrase (e.g., "They seem to
424:In English, a nonfinite verb form may constitute:
1314:(or aorist subjunctive) and it is also called the
407:. For details of verb inflection in English, see
2511:
1514:
497:The infinitive form of a verb is considered the
1632:Verbals: Gerunds, Participles, and Infinitives
1652:
446:within a verb phrase that is predicated by a
1600:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1281:
106:. In English, nonfinite verb forms include
1659:
1645:
1336:The proposal has been intensively examined
1310:are identical to the third person of the
683:(progressive vs. perfect/perfective) and
1290:, form nonfinite constructions by using
2512:
1508:
1466:Lexical categories, commonly known as
1640:
1409:, is a dependent of the finite verb.
1321:
359:- Finite verb (present tense) in bold
1370:, is a dependent of the finite verb
40:, as misuse of bold and italics per
18:
13:
1397:, which introduces the infinitive
931:Gerund as object of a preposition
385:- Finite verb (past tense) in bold
14:
2531:
1624:
1046:
1630:Owl Online Writing Lab Archive:
1418:
1383:
1344:
531:Introduced via finite verb plus
157:verbs are emphasized, while the
153:In the following sentences, the
23:
1301:
1286:Some languages, including many
1031:the facts, we made a decision.
1564:
1555:
1499:
1401:. Again, the one finite verb,
705:Progressive passive participle
395:- Nonfinite participle in bold
369:- Nonfinite infinitive in bold
1:
1493:
702:Progressive active participle
668:
528:Introduced via causative verb
525:Introduced via auxiliary verb
486:
414:
1306:The nonfinite verb forms in
540:Functioning as an adjective
181:finite and non-finite verbs.
7:
1435:
1338:, is described as follows.
1109:Perfect passive participle
711:Perfect passive participle
148:
36:to comply with Knowledge's
10:
2536:
2494:Syntax–semantics interface
1617:SKY Journal of Linguistics
1576:
1050:
899:
672:
537:Functioning as noun phrase
490:
419:
2406:
2368:
2330:
2302:
2177:
2124:
2046:
1836:
1771:
1762:
1675:
1515:E. Adelaide Hahn (1943).
1288:Native American languages
1282:Native American languages
1106:Perfect active participle
895:
708:Perfect active participle
1914:Exceptional case-marking
300:In the above sentences,
171:in almost all sentences.
57:may contain suggestions.
34:may need to be rewritten
1457:Grammatical conjugation
1442:Balancing and deranking
1002:That prevents you from
942:problems is satisfying.
860:passive participles of
806:I understood the point
572:would have been unwise.
1720:Initial-stress-derived
992:too much made me sick.
312:are past participles,
161:verbs are underlined.
2231:Inclusive / Exclusive
1077:) or, in the case of
1017:the facts won't hurt.
792:She watched the news
332:are infinitives, and
1330:structure in modern
952:No one is better at
868:are irregular (e.g.
773:The flower has been
432:verb, including the
130:. The categories of
2111:Relative subsective
2004:Regular / Irregular
1849:Andative / Venitive
1685:Abstract / Concrete
1612:Ylikoski, J. 2003.
1326:For an overview of
1296:ordinary verb forms
1261:Their troops would
1250:Their troops would
1240:Their troops would
78:, in contrast to a
1670:and their features
1668:Lexical categories
1596:Radford, A. 1997.
1328:dependency grammar
1322:Theories of syntax
1103:stative participle
866:Germanic languages
839:Our car should be
610:was not an option.
293:
289:
279:
271:
265:
261:
250:
247:
243:
232:
228:
212:
208:
197:
194:
190:
180:
156:
104:independent clause
90:(conjugation) for
2507:
2506:
2312:Casally modulated
2217:Formal / Informal
2106:Pure intersective
2056:Anti-intersective
2042:
2041:
1989:Preterite-present
1316:aorist infinitive
1273:
1272:
1035:
1034:
981:, she stretches.
925:Gerund as subject
847:
846:
759:I saw the flower
660:
659:
396:
386:
370:
360:
291:
287:
277:
269:
263:
259:
248:
245:
241:
230:
226:
210:
206:
195:
192:
188:
178:
154:
82:, is a form of a
72:
71:
38:quality standards
2527:
2086:Non-intersective
1769:
1768:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1422:
1387:
1348:
1221:Our bid should
1210:Our bid should
1200:Our bid should
1141:The guest could
1130:The guest could
1120:The guest could
1094:
1093:
928:Gerund as object
919:
918:
696:
695:
643:the explanation.
636:the explanation.
629:the explanation.
600:They refused to
519:
518:
450:(e.g., "I could
394:
384:
368:
358:
272:downstairs, she
100:English language
67:
64:
58:
27:
19:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2402:
2364:
2326:
2298:
2226:Gender-specific
2173:
2120:
2038:
1924:Germanic strong
1832:
1758:
1671:
1665:
1627:
1622:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1468:parts of speech
1438:
1324:
1304:
1284:
1181:The dog might
1170:The dog might
1160:The dog might
1055:
1049:
970:He has started
904:
898:
766:The flower has
752:The flower was
677:
671:
562:I tried not to
495:
489:
422:
417:
151:
68:
62:
59:
49:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2533:
2523:
2522:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2470:
2468:Procedure word
2465:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2426:Complementizer
2423:
2422:
2421:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2222:Gender-neutral
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2187:Bound variable
2183:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1844:Ambitransitive
1840:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1625:External links
1623:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1533:10.2307/283602
1507:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1323:
1320:
1303:
1300:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1259:
1248:
1238:
1231:
1230:
1219:
1208:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1179:
1168:
1158:
1151:
1150:
1139:
1128:
1118:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1053:Auxiliary verb
1051:Main article:
1048:
1047:Auxiliary verb
1045:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1000:
993:
987:
983:
982:
975:
968:
962:
958:
957:
950:
943:
937:
933:
932:
929:
926:
923:
900:Main article:
897:
894:
853:
852:
851:
850:
849:
848:
845:
844:
837:
830:
825:I watched her
823:
816:
812:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
779:
778:
771:
764:
757:
750:
746:
745:
738:
731:
726:I saw the guy
724:
717:
713:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
673:Main article:
670:
667:
666:
665:
664:
663:
662:
661:
658:
657:
651:
644:
637:
630:
623:
619:
618:
611:
605:
598:
591:
584:
580:
579:
573:
567:
560:
553:
546:
542:
541:
538:
535:
529:
526:
523:
491:Main article:
488:
485:
481:
480:
473:
465:
464:
463:
462:
455:
441:
440:
434:auxiliary verb
421:
418:
416:
413:
400:
399:
398:
397:
387:
374:
373:
372:
371:
361:
298:
297:
296:
295:
281:
267:
252:
234:
217:
216:
215:
214:
199:
182:
174:This sentence
172:
150:
147:
76:nonfinite verb
70:
69:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2532:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2383:Interrogative
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:Interrogative
2348:
2346:
2345:Demonstrative
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2294:Prepositional
2291:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:Strong / Weak
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2246:Interrogative
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:Demonstrative
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2159:Prepositional
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2149:Interrogative
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2071:Demonstrative
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1929:Germanic weak
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1919:Frequentative
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
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1859:Autocausative
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1854:Anticausative
1852:
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1823:Transgressive
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1097:Modal verb +
1096:
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1086:
1085:tense, e.g.:
1084:
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1054:
1044:
1030:
1029:investigating
1026:
1023:
1022:investigating
1019:
1016:
1015:Investigating
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799:The news has
798:
795:
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555:That made me
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438:
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431:
427:
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412:
410:
409:English verbs
406:
392:
388:
382:
378:
377:
376:
375:
366:
363:b. They will
362:
356:
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97:
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77:
66:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
35:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2482:Pro-sentence
2456:Onomatopoeia
2446:Interjection
2419:Measure word
2202:Distributive
2096:Postpositive
2076:Intersective
2029:Unaccusative
1974:Performative
1944:Intransitive
1904:Ditransitive
1792:
1730:Noun adjunct
1619:16: 185–237.
1616:
1604:
1566:
1557:
1524:
1520:
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1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
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1308:Modern Greek
1305:
1302:Modern Greek
1285:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1186:
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1175:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1098:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1042:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1003:
996:
989:
978:
971:
964:
953:
946:
939:
907:
905:
889:
885:
881:
877:
869:
862:strong verbs
857:periphrastic
854:
840:
833:
826:
819:
810:by the news
807:
800:
793:
786:
785:The news is
774:
767:
760:
753:
741:
740:My bike was
734:
727:
720:
678:
654:
647:
646:Our goal is
640:
633:
632:We had them
626:
614:
607:
601:
594:
593:We let them
587:
576:
569:
563:
556:
549:
532:
507:
503:
496:
482:
458:
451:
436:
423:
401:
390:
380:
364:
354:
346:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
299:
294:the tickets.
284:
273:
255:
237:
229:intensively
223:
202:
185:
179:illustrating
175:
168:
158:
152:
144:
75:
73:
60:
51:You can help
33:
2431:Conjunction
2197:Disjunctive
2134:Conjunctive
2081:Nominalized
1984:Predicative
1828:Verbal noun
1779:Attributive
1488:Verbal noun
1483:Verb phrase
1292:nominalized
1167:a surprise.
1011:investigate
995:She avoids
719:The guy is
653:the effort
639:We hope to
625:You should
575:the reason
389:b. Tom has
251:about that?
112:participles
108:infinitives
86:that lacks
80:finite verb
2520:Verb types
2499:Yes and no
2414:Classifier
2398:Possessive
2360:Quantifier
2355:Possessive
2332:Determiner
2304:Adposition
2276:Resumptive
2261:Reciprocal
2256:Possessive
2236:Indefinite
2164:Pronominal
2116:Subsective
2091:Possessive
2061:Collateral
2034:Unergative
2024:Transitive
1939:Inchoative
1934:Impersonal
1874:Catenative
1813:Participle
1808:Infinitive
1740:Relational
1710:Collective
1690:Adjectival
1549:Q119529495
1494:References
1473:Participle
1462:Infinitive
1332:linguistic
1178:everyone .
1176:surprising
1024:the facts.
1006:too much.
967:is boring.
956:problems.
874:weak verbs
803:the point.
796:the point.
794:supporting
789:the point.
787:supporting
699:Participle
675:Participle
669:Participle
613:the thing
522:Infinitive
493:Infinitive
487:Infinitive
470:participle
448:modal verb
430:infinitive
415:Categories
403:in a verb
266:the offer.
155:non-finite
124:gerundives
88:inflection
46:MOS:ITALIC
2489:Prop-word
2451:Ideophone
2378:Discourse
2317:Inflected
2266:Reflexive
2241:Intensive
2048:Adjective
2019:Stretched
2009:Separable
1999:Reflexive
1894:Denominal
1889:Defective
1869:Captative
1864:Auxiliary
1803:Gerundive
1793:Nonfinite
1715:Countable
1541:0065-9711
1452:Gerundive
1312:dependent
1187:surprised
1020:We tried
999:too much.
949:problems.
886:supported
808:supported
801:supported
655:to expand
648:to expand
586:They may
499:canonical
393:to help.
383:to help.
222:The case
213:the work.
138:, and or
98:. In the
55:talk page
2514:Category
2478:Pro-verb
2473:Pro-form
2370:Particle
2322:Stranded
2271:Relative
2251:Personal
2169:Relative
2154:Locative
2144:Genitive
1969:Negative
1899:Deponent
1879:Compound
1545:Wikidata
1436:See also
1368:proposal
1364:examined
1218:support.
836:our car.
832:She has
829:our car.
822:our car.
737:my bike.
730:my bike.
723:my bike.
615:to leave
608:To leave
577:to laugh
570:To laugh
461:moved").
454:cried").
353:a. They
306:examined
276:the man
254:Someone
231:examined
203:promised
184:The dog
149:Examples
120:converbs
63:May 2023
42:MOS:BOLD
2463:Preverb
2340:Article
2286:Subject
2179:Pronoun
2014:Stative
1979:Phrasal
1954:Lexical
1909:Dynamic
1884:Copular
1784:Converb
1700:Animacy
1577:Sources
1527:: 269.
1447:Converb
1258:ground.
1247:a loss.
1216:winning
1194:should
1127:a bore.
1083:perfect
1075:getting
979:jogging
977:Before
972:jogging
965:Jogging
954:solving
947:solving
945:I like
940:Solving
843:often.
827:driving
820:driving
818:She is
782:support
761:opening
754:opening
733:He has
617:behind
548:Do not
420:English
379:a. Tom
367:a lot.
357:a lot.
338:running
278:running
196:trained
128:supines
116:gerunds
2441:Coverb
2436:Copula
2290:Object
2207:Donkey
2126:Adverb
2101:Proper
2066:Common
1949:Labile
1818:Supine
1798:Gerund
1789:Finite
1754:Verbal
1745:Strong
1735:Proper
1587:
1547:
1539:
1478:Supine
1256:losing
1234:would
1207:a win.
1154:might
1145:been
1136:boring
1114:could
1071:gotten
1027:After
1004:eating
997:eating
990:Eating
922:Gerund
902:Gerund
896:Gerund
890:opened
880:(e.g.
870:driven
841:driven
834:driven
775:opened
768:opened
728:fixing
721:fixing
681:aspect
641:expand
634:expand
627:expand
622:expand
477:gerund
405:catena
342:trying
334:coming
326:accept
322:refuse
288:trying
270:Coming
264:accept
260:refuse
233:today.
169:appear
167:Verbs
159:finite
96:person
92:number
53:. The
2407:Other
2388:Modal
2212:Dummy
1964:Modal
1959:Light
1837:Types
1772:Forms
1695:Agent
1265:been
1254:been
1225:been
1214:been
1185:been
1174:been
1147:bored
1134:been
1073:, or
1063:being
936:solve
882:fixed
815:drive
742:fixed
735:fixed
685:voice
602:leave
595:leave
588:leave
583:leave
564:laugh
557:laugh
550:laugh
545:laugh
391:tried
381:tried
365:laugh
355:laugh
280:away.
256:tried
240:they
236:What
198:well.
140:voice
136:tense
2393:Noun
2139:Flat
1994:Pure
1764:Verb
1749:Weak
1725:Mass
1705:Bare
1677:Noun
1585:ISBN
1537:ISSN
1407:they
1399:have
1362:and
1360:been
1267:lost
1263:have
1252:have
1245:been
1242:have
1236:have
1223:have
1212:have
1205:been
1202:have
1196:have
1183:have
1172:have
1165:been
1162:have
1156:have
1143:have
1138:us .
1132:have
1125:been
1122:have
1116:have
1099:have
1079:have
1059:been
908:-ing
777:up.
749:open
459:have
452:have
437:have
340:and
328:and
318:have
314:want
310:done
308:and
302:been
249:done
246:have
242:want
227:been
201:Tom
189:have
186:will
132:mood
126:and
114:and
94:or
84:verb
1529:doi
1403:did
1372:has
1356:has
1227:won
1067:got
986:eat
961:jog
892:).
878:-ed
864:in
770:up.
763:up.
756:up.
716:fix
428:an
330:get
292:get
290:to
274:saw
262:to
258:to
244:to
238:did
224:has
209:to
207:try
205:to
191:to
2516::
2480:/
2292:/
2288:/
2224:/
1791:/
1747:/
1543:.
1535:.
1525:74
1523:.
1519:.
1395:to
1298:.
1269:.
1229:.
1189:.
1149:.
1069:,
1065:,
1061:,
888:,
884:,
744:.
533:to
508:to
504:to
475:a
468:a
411:.
336:,
324:,
320:,
316:,
304:,
285:am
283:I
211:do
193:be
176:is
134:,
122:,
110:,
74:A
44:,
1660:e
1653:t
1646:v
1551:.
1531::
974:.
650:.
604:.
597:.
590:.
566:.
559:.
552:!
479:.
472:.
439:—
65:)
61:(
48:.
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