1754:
997:
1732:
The distinction drawn here between ergative and object-deletion verbs is based on the role of the subject. The object of a transitive ergative verb is the subject of the corresponding intransitive ergative verb. With object-deletion verbs, in contrast, the subject is consistent regardless of whether
1469:
such as
English, since the relatively strict word order of English usually positions the object after the verb(s) in declarative sentences. In the majority of languages with fixed word order, the subject precedes the object. However, the opposite is true for the very small proportion (approximately
1741:
Objects are distinguished from subjects in the syntactic trees that represent sentence structure. The subject appears (as high or) higher in the syntactic structure than the object. The following trees of a
2211:Ágel, V., L. Eichinger, H.-W. Eroms, P. Hellwig, H. Heringer, and H. Lobin (eds.) 2003/6. Dependency and valency: An international handbook of contemporary research. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
1482:
Verbs can be classified according to the number and/or type of objects that they do or do not take. The following table provides an overview of some of the various verb classes:
1221:
lack a distinction between direct and indirect objects, but rather distinguish primary and secondary objects. Many
African languages fall into this typological category.
1101:" is often used instead to contrast with "object", such that basic word order is often spoken of in terms such as Agent-Object-Verb (AOV) instead of
1427:
3. Morphological case: In languages that have case systems, objects are marked by certain cases (accusative, dative, genitive, instrumental, etc.).
555:
1433:
Languages vary significantly with respect to these criteria. The first criterion identifies objects reliably most of the time in
English, e.g.
1859:
For descriptions of the traditional distinction between subject and object, see for instance
Freeborn (1995:31) and Kesner Bland (1996:415).
2084:
For a classification of transitive verbs along the lines used here but using different terminology, see for instance Conner (1968:103ff.).
2226:
Freeborn, D. 1995. A course book in
English grammar: Standard English and the dialects, 2nd edition. London: MacMillan Press LTD.
2053:
Concerning the passive as a diagnostic for identifying objects, see for instance
Freeborn (1995:175) and Biber et al. (1999:126).
1065:
and any of its objects, which can include but are not limited to direct objects, indirect objects, and arguments of adpositions (
1405:
1. Subject of passive sentence: Most objects in active sentences can become the subject in the corresponding passive sentences.
1195:
Indirect objects are frequently expressed as objects of prepositions, complicating the traditional typology; e.g. "I gave salt
2142:
2107:
1825:
1024:
2172:
Concerning ergative verbs, see for instance the
Collins Cobuild English Grammar (1995:155f.) and Biber et al. (1999:155f.).
914:
548:
2102:. The development of the Anglo-Saxon language and linguistic universals, 1. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 121–.
1094:
874:
541:
2214:
Biber, D. et al. 1999. Longman
Grammar of spoken and written English. Essex, England: Pearson Education limited.
1211:
verbs can have two direct objects, one being more closely bound to the verb than the other; these may be called
934:
879:
652:
1471:
909:
600:
17:
2229:
Keenan, E. and B. Comrie 1977. Noun phrase accessibility and universal grammar. Linguistic
Inquiry 8. 63–99.
1086:
1066:
854:
720:
2262:
1820:
974:
680:
517:
2232:
Kesner Bland, S. Intermediate grammar: From form to meaning and use. New York: Oxford
University Press.
1017:
964:
864:
690:
302:
252:
189:
169:
1106:
869:
812:
627:
385:
328:
323:
141:
89:
1753:
1621:
and object-deletion verbs can be transitive or intransitive, as indicated in the following table:
1073:, thus including other arguments not covered by core grammatical roles, such as those governed by
2044:
See Biber et al. (1999:126) for a similar list of characteristics that identify (direct) objects.
1762:
The subject is in blue, and the object in orange. The subject is consistently a dependent of the
969:
807:
784:
495:
380:
333:
222:
1113:, focus their grammars less on the subject-object or agent-object dichotomies but rather on the
1046:
919:
886:
839:
755:
735:
715:
617:
595:
590:
500:
472:
433:
413:
368:
363:
232:
2095:
1935:
1918:
1229:
While the typical object is a pronoun, noun, or noun phrase, objects can also appear as other
2217:
Carnie, A. 2013. Syntax: A generative introduction, 3rd edition. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
1800:
1062:
1050:
695:
373:
136:
1218:
1010:
939:
849:
730:
675:
572:
307:
297:
33:
1418:, the subject and the object tend to occupy set positions in unmarked declarative clauses.
8:
2010:
Dryer, Matthew S. (December 1986). "Primary Objects, Secondary Objects, and Antidative".
1830:
1785:
1212:
1102:
1098:
1090:
780:
710:
685:
657:
465:
393:
57:
2198:
Dependency trees similar to the ones produced here can be found in Ágel et al. (2003/6).
2027:
1790:
1743:
1230:
1000:
979:
949:
904:
859:
827:
817:
705:
700:
257:
237:
182:
158:
131:
2148:
2138:
2113:
2103:
1810:
1780:
1565:
1466:
1118:
996:
844:
822:
765:
460:
453:
443:
408:
398:
338:
272:
212:
194:
82:
2243:
2019:
1990:
1959:
1930:
1840:
1234:
1208:
1110:
1074:
1054:
944:
775:
770:
745:
740:
725:
267:
52:
2223:
Conner, J. 1968. A grammar of standard English. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
2132:
1963:
1805:
1767:
1586:
1082:
1058:
448:
317:
279:
119:
101:
77:
72:
1995:
1978:
1895:
1795:
789:
512:
343:
262:
146:
67:
2152:
1869:
1134:
In English traditional grammar types, three types of object are acknowledged:
2256:
2117:
2063:
1618:
227:
1950:
Dikken, Marcel den (2003-12-29). "A comment on the topic of topic–comment".
1815:
832:
622:
477:
312:
126:
94:
62:
1763:
1038:
984:
959:
580:
2220:
Collins Cobuild English Grammar 1995. London: HarperCollins Publishers.
1415:
1114:
954:
637:
527:
522:
507:
438:
247:
153:
109:
2031:
1835:
929:
924:
760:
750:
642:
632:
217:
114:
2185:
is adopted from Biber et al. (1999:147). Such verbs are also called
1979:"'Give' Constructions in the Papuan Languages of Timor -Alor-Pantar"
1399:
A number of criteria can be employed for identifying objects, e.g.:
2023:
1366:
242:
47:
1746:
illustrate the hierarchical positions of subjects and objects:
647:
174:
2074:. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
2067:
1146:. These object types are illustrated in the following table:
1078:
2247:
2131:
Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (15 April 2002).
1465:
The second criterion is also a reliable criterion for
1097:, the term "subject" is ambiguous, and thus the term "
2070:. In Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.).
1919:"Syntactic Ergativity: Analysis and Identification"
1898:. Summer Institute of Linguistics. 3 December 2015
1876:. Summer Institute of Linguistics. 3 December 2015
1766:, whereas the object is a dependent of the lowest
2254:
2130:
1233:, as illustrated in the following table for the
2056:
1414:2. Position occupied: In languages with strict
1976:
2134:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
2072:The World Atlas of Language Structures Online
1977:Klamer, Marian; Schapper, Antoinette (2012).
1018:
549:
2100:Germanic Languages and Linguistic Universals
2087:
1470:2.9%) of the world's languages that utilize
2137:. Cambridge University Press. p. 219.
1025:
1011:
556:
542:
1994:
1936:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011415-040642
1934:
1069:); the latter are more accurately termed
1736:
14:
2255:
1949:
1549:you this bicycle for your binoculars.
1458:as an object in the starting sentence.
1448:as an object in the starting sentence.
2062:
2009:
1224:
2093:
1916:
1061:typically distinguishes between its
915:Conservative and innovative language
2068:"Order of Subject, Object and Verb"
24:
1202:
1085:(as is typical for members of the
25:
2274:
2237:
1826:Subject–verb inversion in English
1394:
1752:
1733:an object is or is not present.
995:
183:Singulative-Collective-Plurative
2192:
2175:
2166:
2078:
1477:
1095:Australian Aboriginal languages
2047:
2038:
2003:
1970:
1943:
1910:
1888:
1862:
1853:
1281:that we had to bring something
147:Suffixaufnahme (case stacking)
13:
1:
2204:
2098:. In John Ole Askedal (ed.).
1896:"What is an Indirect Object?"
1454:—Passive sentence identifies
1444:—Passive sentence identifies
1067:prepositions or postpositions
1964:10.1016/j.lingua.2003.11.005
1923:Annual Review of Linguistics
1874:Glossary of Linguistic Terms
1442:a. A book was given (to) me.
1093:languages, for example most
1087:Mesoamerican Linguistic Area
855:Functional discourse grammar
721:Ethnography of communication
7:
1996:10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.421
1821:Differential object marking
1773:
1770:if such a verb is present.
1213:"inner" and "outer" objects
1045:is any of several types of
975:Second-language acquisition
263:Lexical aspect (Aktionsart)
10:
2279:
1870:"What is a Direct Object?"
1129:
653:Syntax–semantics interface
1472:object–subject word order
1339:Gerund (phrase or clause)
1293:we had to bring something
1107:Topic-prominent languages
1077:(as in languages such as
965:Philosophy of linguistics
865:Interactional linguistics
2096:"On Tritransitive Verbs"
1847:
1557:Semantic role of subject
1261:Noun (phrase) or pronoun
1124:
1049:. In subject-prominent,
386:Serial verb construction
1917:Deal, Amy Rose (2016).
1144:objects of prepositions
324:Honorifics (politeness)
1452:b. I was given a book.
802:Theoretical frameworks
756:Philosophy of language
736:History of linguistics
501:Polypersonal agreement
2094:Mita, Ryohei (2009).
1801:Prepositional pronoun
1737:In sentence structure
1598:in the morning, They
1219:Secundative languages
1183:Object of preposition
1051:nominative-accusative
696:Conversation analysis
137:Genitive construction
2183:object-deletion verb
1983:Linguistic Discovery
1439:Fred gave me a book.
1378:that she said that.
1327:Free relative clause
1315:Interrogative clause
1231:syntactic categories
940:Internet linguistics
850:Construction grammar
390:Traditional grammar
358:Syntax relationships
34:Grammatical features
1786:Predicate (grammar)
1103:Subject-Object-Verb
1091:ergative-absolutive
875:Systemic functional
670:Applied linguistics
612:General linguistics
308:Comparison (degree)
58:Dative construction
27:Grammatical concept
2263:Syntactic entities
1791:Dependency grammar
1744:dependency grammar
1554:Intransitive verbs
1467:analytic languages
1308:for him to explain
1225:Syntactic category
1053:languages such as
980:Theory of language
950:Origin of language
905:Autonomy of syntax
860:Grammaticalization
706:Discourse analysis
701:Corpus linguistics
258:Grammatical aspect
2144:978-0-521-43146-0
2109:978-90-272-1068-5
2064:Dryer, Matthew S.
1811:Intransitive verb
1781:Subject (grammar)
1710:
1709:
1606:
1605:
1501:Number of objects
1459:
1449:
1382:
1381:
1320:what had happened
1193:
1192:
1119:topic and comment
1071:oblique arguments
1035:
1034:
823:Distributionalism
766:Psycholinguistics
566:
565:
461:Topic and Comment
444:Thematic relation
339:Reflexive pronoun
253:Tense–aspect–mood
213:Associated motion
195:Universal grinder
16:(Redirected from
2270:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1756:
1702:We have already
1670:We have already
1644:
1643:
1577:twice, The roof
1534:me a lawnmower.
1498:Transitive verbs
1495:
1494:
1453:
1443:
1344:asking questions
1306:We were waiting
1250:
1249:
1235:English language
1149:
1148:
1140:indirect objects
1083:relational nouns
1027:
1020:
1013:
999:
945:LGBT linguistics
935:Internationalism
910:Compositionality
771:Sociolinguistics
746:Neurolinguistics
741:Interlinguistics
726:Ethnomethodology
568:
567:
558:
551:
544:
292:General features
207:Related to verbs
42:Related to nouns
30:
29:
21:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2253:
2252:
2240:
2235:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2145:
2122:
2120:
2110:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2008:
2004:
1975:
1971:
1948:
1944:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1806:Transitive verb
1776:
1768:non-finite verb
1739:
1699:Object deletion
1667:Object deletion
1662:the freighter.
1480:
1397:
1227:
1205:
1203:Other languages
1171:Indirect object
1132:
1127:
1075:case morphology
1059:transitive verb
1031:
990:
989:
900:
892:
891:
803:
795:
794:
790:Writing systems
681:Anthropological
671:
663:
662:
613:
605:
562:
533:
532:
491:
483:
482:
429:
421:
420:
359:
351:
350:
320:(verbal number)
318:Pluractionality
293:
285:
284:
208:
200:
199:
179:
120:Collective noun
102:Construct state
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2276:
2266:
2265:
2251:
2250:
2248:chompchomp.com
2244:Direct Objects
2239:
2238:External links
2236:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2191:
2187:ambitransitive
2174:
2165:
2143:
2108:
2086:
2077:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2024:10.2307/415173
2018:(4): 808–845.
2002:
1969:
1958:(5): 691–710.
1942:
1909:
1887:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1796:Object pronoun
1793:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1690:The freighter
1688:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1658:The submarine
1656:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1509:Monotransitive
1506:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1479:
1476:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1450:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1396:
1395:Identification
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1357:Sam attempted
1355:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1332:what you heard
1328:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1296:
1291:We remembered
1289:
1285:
1284:
1279:We remembered
1277:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1226:
1223:
1204:
1201:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1136:direct objects
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1007:
1004:
1003:
992:
991:
988:
987:
982:
977:
972:
970:Prescriptivism
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
901:
898:
897:
894:
893:
890:
889:
884:
883:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
837:
836:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
804:
801:
800:
797:
796:
793:
792:
787:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
661:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:
604:
603:
598:
593:
587:
584:
583:
577:
576:
564:
563:
561:
560:
553:
546:
538:
535:
534:
531:
530:
525:
520:
515:
513:Empty category
510:
505:
504:
503:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
481:
480:
475:
470:
469:
468:
458:
457:
456:
451:
441:
436:
430:
427:
426:
423:
422:
419:
418:
417:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
388:
383:
378:
377:
376:
371:
360:
357:
356:
353:
352:
349:
348:
347:
346:
344:Reflexive verb
341:
331:
326:
321:
315:
310:
305:
300:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
283:
282:
277:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
198:
197:
192:
187:
186:
185:
180:
178:
177:
172:
167:
163:
156:
151:
150:
149:
144:
134:
129:
124:
123:
122:
117:
112:
104:
99:
98:
97:
87:
86:
85:
80:
75:
70:
68:Quirky subject
65:
60:
50:
44:
41:
40:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2275:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2195:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2169:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1897:
1891:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1771:
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1544:
1542:Three objects
1541:
1539:Tritransitive
1538:
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1267:
1264:The girl ate
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1162:
1160:Direct object
1159:
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1122:
1120:
1117:dichotomy of
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920:Descriptivism
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896:
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887:Structuralism
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870:Prague circle
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518:Incorporation
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228:Evidentiality
226:
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108:
107:
106:Countability
105:
103:
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96:
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66:
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39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
19:
18:Direct object
2194:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2133:
2121:. Retrieved
2099:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1873:
1864:
1855:
1816:Oblique case
1761:
1740:
1731:
1703:
1691:
1679:Intransitive
1671:
1659:
1617:
1599:
1595:
1578:
1574:
1566:Unaccusative
1546:
1531:
1524:Ditransitive
1516:
1481:
1478:Verb classes
1474:by default.
1464:
1455:
1445:
1432:
1398:
1375:
1369:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1307:
1300:
1292:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1228:
1217:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1187:
1175:
1164:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1070:
1042:
1036:
833:Glossematics
813:Constituency
785:interpreting
623:Lexicography
478:Veridicality
403:
369:Transitivity
313:Egophoricity
127:Definiteness
95:Measure word
83:Instrumental
63:Dative shift
1929:: 165–185.
1831:predication
1764:finite verb
1527:Two objects
1354:-infinitive
1342:He stopped
1318:They asked
1288:Bare clause
1039:linguistics
985:Terminology
960:Orthography
880:Usage-based
781:Translating
676:Acquisition
581:Linguistics
414:Predicative
334:Reciprocity
303:Boundedness
223:Conjugation
190:Specificity
2205:Literature
2153:1109226511
1647:Transitive
1587:Unergative
1512:One object
1416:word order
1374:I believe
1367:Cataphoric
1197:to the man
1188:for salmon
1109:, such as
955:Orismology
840:Functional
828:Generative
818:Dependency
638:Pragmatics
628:Morphology
618:Diachronic
528:Markedness
523:Inflection
508:Declension
439:Mirativity
248:Mirativity
154:Noun class
142:Possession
110:Count noun
90:Classifier
78:Comitative
73:Nominative
2181:The term
2118:901653606
1836:predicand
1579:collapsed
1560:Examples
1519:the dog.
1504:Examples
1186:You fish
1163:She sees
1115:pragmatic
1047:arguments
930:Iconicity
925:Etymology
845:Cognitive
808:Formalist
761:Phonetics
751:Philology
643:Semantics
633:Phonology
496:Agreement
490:Phenomena
428:Semantics
394:Predicate
381:Branching
218:Clusivity
115:Mass noun
2257:Category
2129:quoting
2066:(2013).
2012:Language
1902:14 March
1880:14 March
1774:See also
1687:Ergative
1682:Example
1674:dinner.
1655:Ergative
1650:Example
1619:Ergative
1575:stumbled
1573:The man
1359:to leave
1330:I heard
1256:Example
1253:Category
1174:I gave
1155:Example
1111:Mandarin
731:Forensic
711:Distance
658:Typology
573:a series
571:Part of
473:Volition
434:Contrast
364:Argument
329:Polarity
243:Telicity
233:Modality
166:Singular
2158:22 July
2123:22 July
1841:raising
1602:often.
1570:Patient
1303:-clause
1276:-clause
1209:Chinese
1176:the man
1165:the dog
1130:English
1105:(SOV).
1063:subject
1055:English
686:Applied
596:History
591:Outline
454:Patient
409:Adjunct
399:Subject
374:Valency
48:Animacy
2151:
2141:
2116:
2106:
2032:415173
2030:
1952:Lingua
1446:a book
1142:, and
1089:). In
1043:object
1001:Portal
899:Topics
648:Syntax
404:Object
298:Affect
238:Person
175:Plural
159:Number
132:Gender
2028:JSTOR
1989:(3).
1848:Notes
1704:eaten
1672:eaten
1596:works
1591:Agent
1547:trade
1545:I'll
1266:fruit
1207:Some
1178:salt
1125:Types
1099:agent
1081:) or
1079:Latin
1041:, an
601:Index
466:Focus
449:Agent
280:Voice
273:Tense
2160:2019
2149:OCLC
2139:ISBN
2125:2019
2114:OCLC
2104:ISBN
1904:2020
1882:2020
1692:sank
1660:sank
1532:lent
1530:You
1274:that
1152:Type
1057:, a
783:and
776:Text
268:Mood
170:Dual
53:Case
2246:at
2020:doi
1991:doi
1960:doi
1956:115
1931:doi
1600:lie
1594:He
1517:fed
1301:for
1199:."
1037:In
2259::
2147:.
2112:.
2026:.
2016:62
2014:.
1987:10
1985:.
1981:.
1954:.
1925:.
1921:.
1872:.
1706:.
1694:.
1581:.
1515:I
1456:me
1376:it
1370:it
1361:.
1352:to
1346:.
1334:.
1322:.
1310:.
1295:.
1283:.
1268:.
1237::
1215:.
1138:,
1121:.
575:on
2189:.
2162:.
2127:.
2034:.
2022::
1999:.
1993::
1966:.
1962::
1939:.
1933::
1927:2
1906:.
1884:.
1026:e
1019:t
1012:v
557:e
550:t
543:v
20:)
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