928:
841:
704:
348:
336:
324:
33:
1053:", Keitel issued a new order, writing: " struggle against Bolshevism demands ruthless and energetic action especially also against the Jews, the main carriers of Bolshevism". Also in September, Keitel issued an order to all commanders, not just those in the occupied Soviet Union, instructing them to use "unusual severity" to stamp out resistance. In this context, the guideline stated that execution of 50 to 100 "Communists" was an appropriate response to a loss of a German soldier. Such orders and directives further radicalised the army's occupational policies and enmeshed it in the
306:
282:
1236:. His last words were: "I call on God Almighty to have mercy on the German people. More than two million German soldiers went to their death for the fatherland before me. I follow now my sons – all for Germany." The trap door was small, causing head injuries to Keitel and several other condemned men as they dropped. Many of the executed Nazis fell from the gallows with insufficient force to snap their necks, resulting in convulsions that in Keitel's case lasted 24 minutes. The corpses of Keitel and the other nine executed men were, like Hermann Göring's, cremated at
1061:
294:
256:
1119:
1195:
924:(Committee of Three), met eleven times between January and August 1943. However, it had little autonomy, with Hitler reserving most of the final decisions to himself. In addition, it ran up against resistance from cabinet ministers, who headed deeply entrenched spheres of influence and, seeing it as a threat to their power, worked together to undermine it. The result was that nothing changed, and the Committee declined into irrelevance.
753:. When von Blomberg was asked by Hitler (out of respect for him, after his dismissal in 1938) who he would recommend to replace him, he had said that Hitler himself should take over the job. He told Hitler that Keitel (who was his son-in-law's father) "is just the man who runs my office". Hitler snapped his fingers and exclaimed "That's exactly the man I'm looking for". So on 4 February 1938 when Hitler became
1127:
1109:
assumed command of all Jewish forced labour in July 1942. Keitel formally endorsed the state of affairs in
September, reiterating for the armed forces that "evacuation of the Jews must be carried out thoroughly and its consequences endured, despite any trouble it may cause over the next three or four
1037:
from April 1941. The orders went beyond established codes of conduct for the military and broadly allowed the execution of Jews, civilians, and non-combatants for any reason. Those carrying out the murders were exempted from court-martial or later being tried for war crimes. The orders were signed by
904:
was given the task of completing two studies on economic matters. The first study by Thomas detailed serious problems with fuel and rubber supplies. Keitel bluntly dismissed the problems, telling Thomas that Hitler would not want to see it. This influenced Thomas' second study which offered a glowing
1206:
In his statement before the
Tribunal, Keitel said: "As these atrocities developed, one from the other, step by step, and without any foreknowledge of the consequences, destiny took its tragic course, with its fateful consequences." To underscore the criminal rather than military nature of Keitel's
1202:
The IMT rejected this defence and convicted him on all charges. Although the tribunal's charter allowed "superior orders" to be considered a mitigating factor, it found Keitel's crimes were so egregious that "there is nothing in mitigation". In its judgment against him, the IMT wrote, "Superior
1049:. Keitel rebuffed them, writing: "These doubts correspond to military ideas about wars of chivalry. Our job is to suppress a way of life." In September 1941, concerned that some field commanders on the Eastern Front did not exhibit sufficient harshness in implementing the May 1941 order on the "
1139:
1131:
1130:
1132:
1029:
in the murders. The criminal nature of the invasion was now obvious; local commanders continued to express shock and protest over the events they were witnessing. Keitel continued to ignore the protests among the officer corps while they became morally numbed to the atrocities.
801:") and his surname. Hermann Göring's description of Keitel as having "a sergeant's mind inside a field marshal's body" was a feeling often expressed by his peers. He had been promoted because of his willingness to function as Hitler's mouthpiece. He was known by his peers as a
1203:
orders, even to a soldier, cannot be considered in mitigation where crimes as shocking and extensive have been committed consciously, ruthlessly and without military excuse or justification." It also noted several instances where he issued illegal orders on his own authority.
690:
training camps. In the autumn of 1932, he suffered a heart attack and double pneumonia. Shortly after his recovery, in
October 1933, Keitel was appointed as deputy commander of the 3rd Infantry Division; in 1934, he was given command of the 22nd Infantry Division at Bremen.
1138:
1140:
1137:
1136:
912:, Hitler agreed to the creation of a three-man committee with representatives of the State, the Armed Forces High Command, and the Party in an attempt to centralize control of the war economy and over the home front. The committee members were Keitel, (Chief of OKW)
1141:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1129:
677:
Now a lieutenant-colonel, Keitel was again assigned to the war ministry in 1929 and was soon promoted to Head of the
Organizational Department ("T-2"), a post he held until Adolf Hitler took power in 1933. Playing a vital role in the
981:, the Minister of Armaments and War Production, said that Keitel grovelled to Dönitz in the same way as he had done to Hitler. On 7 May 1945, Alfred Jodl, on behalf of Dönitz, signed Germany's unconditional surrender on all fronts.
606:, Germany. He was the eldest son of Carl Keitel (1854–1934), a middle-class landowner, and his wife Apollonia Vissering (1855–1888). At the beginning he wanted to take over his family's estates after completing his education at a
790:
labelled Keitel nothing more than a "stupid follower of Hitler" because of his servile "yes man" attitude toward Hitler. His sycophancy was well known in the army, and he acquired the nickname 'Lakeitel', a pun derived from
1023:, agreeing to its aims in principle. The Nazi plans included mass arrests, population transfers, and mass murder. Keitel did not contest the regime's assault upon basic human rights or counter the role of the
3417:
1226:"You have helped me more than you know. May Christ, my saviour, stand by me all the way. I shall need him so much." He then received Communion and was executed later that day. Keitel was executed by
3387:
1128:
805:
of Hitler, nicknamed "Nickgeselle", after a popular metal toy nodding donkey, the "Nickesel". During the war he was subject to verbal abuse from Hitler, who said to other officers (according to
809:) that "you know he has the brains of a movie usher ... (but he was made the highest ranking officer in the Army) ... because the man's as loyal as a dog" (said by Hitler with a sly smile).
3072:
1086:
for deportation to concentration camps. The OKW further imposed a blackout on any information concerning the fate of the accused. At the same time, Keitel increased pressure on
3452:
818:
962:, Keitel called for counterattacks to drive back the Soviet forces and relieve Berlin. However, there were insufficient German forces to carry out such counterattacks. After
3442:
3382:
2646:
743:), with Keitel as its chief. As a result of his appointment, Keitel assumed the responsibilities of Germany's war minister. Although not officially appointed a
3065:
1173:. Most of the case against him was based on his signature being present on dozens of orders that called for soldiers and political prisoners to be killed or '
812:
Keitel was predisposed to manipulation because of his limited intellect and nervous disposition; Hitler valued his diligence and obedience. On one occasion,
3422:
3447:
1257:
1082:. Signed by Keitel, the decree made it possible for foreign nationals to be transferred to Germany for trial by special courts, or simply handed to the
1050:
1045:
In the summer and autumn of 1941, German military lawyers unsuccessfully argued that Soviet prisoners of war should be treated in accordance with the
3058:
856:
3367:
1078:
In
December 1941, Hitler instructed the OKW to subject, with the exception of Denmark, Western Europe (which was under military occupation) to the
2920:
1177:'. In court, Keitel admitted that he knew many of Hitler's orders were illegal. His defence relied almost entirely on the argument he was merely
3392:
2312:(1998). "Complicity or Entanglement? The Wehrmacht, the War and the Holocaust (pages 266–283)". In Michael Berenbaum & Abraham Peck (ed.).
3407:
3362:
610:. This plan failed as his father did not want to retire. Instead, he embarked on a military career in 1901, becoming an officer cadet of the
3432:
927:
900:
which further discussed the invasion. The participants did not object to the invasion. Hitler asked for war studies to be completed and
3357:
3402:
3337:
719:), which oversaw the army, navy, and air force. After assuming office, Keitel was promoted to lieutenant general on 1 January 1936.
888:
into an offensive position against the Soviet Union. On 31 July 1940, Hitler held a major conference that included Keitel, Halder,
840:
559:
replaced the ministry with the OKW and Keitel became its chief. He was reviled among his military colleagues as Hitler's habitual "
3293:. Remains discovered in Berlin in 1972 and conclusively identified in 1998; confirmed to have committed suicide on 2 May 1945
3372:
3347:
2775:
2125:
3034:
2956:
2909:
1042:, including Halder, wrote or changed the wording of his orders. Commanders in the field interpreted and carried out the orders.
99:
855:
On 30 August 1939, immediately prior to the outbreak of the Second World War, Keitel was appointed by Hitler to the six-person
726:, was a former prostitute. Upon reviewing this information, Keitel suggested that the dossier be forwarded to Hitler's deputy,
2807:
2729:
2682:
2635:
2597:
2509:
2467:
2412:
2321:
2233:
2210:
1269:
832:, however, told him: "Don't worry, it's only Keitel". German officers consistently bypassed him and went directly to Hitler.
2881:
3427:
3412:
3342:
1090:, the military commander in France, for a more ruthless reprisal policy in the country. In October 1942, Keitel signed the
715:, Keitel was promoted to the rank of major general and appointed chief of the Reich Ministry of War's Armed Forces Office (
3332:
3268:
409:
3352:
2708:
2531:
2448:
2370:
2340:
2108:
863:
in six weeks, Keitel described Hitler as "the greatest warlord of all time". Keitel conducted the negotiations of the
2870:
2851:
2765:
2740:
2616:
2575:
2553:
2490:
2191:
2172:
629:
Keitel was 1.85 metres (6 feet 1 inch) tall, later described as a solidly built and square-jawed
Prussian.
3437:
2393:
79:
823:
814:
255:
3397:
955:. Around 7,000 people were arrested, many of whom were tortured by the Gestapo, and around 5,000 were executed.
3027:
1034:
990:
529:
993:
on 8 May 1945. Five days later on 13 May, he was arrested at the request of the United States and interned at
2779:
703:
1627:
1101:
progressed, the military initially protested when it came to the Jews that laboured for the benefit of the
787:
844:
Keitel (far left) and other members of the German high command with Adolf Hitler at a military briefing, (
1014:
952:
868:
633:
622:
from 1908. On 18 April 1909, Keitel married Lisa
Fontaine, a wealthy landowner's daughter at Wülfel near
533:
353:
2010:
1001:. Jodl succeeded him as Chief of OKW until the final dissolution of the Flensburg Government on 23 May.
3377:
3004:
2995:
2674:
1065:
739:
661:
546:
515:
384:
48:
2293:
884:, the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union, was begun tentatively by Halder with the redeployment of the
828:
asked who Keitel was: upon finding out he became horrified at his own failure to salute his superior.
1212:
864:
2038:, vol. 13, no. 1, 2000, pp. 112–137. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43750887. Accessed 8 February 2021.
1198:
Keitel's body after his execution; note the injuries caused from hitting his head on the trap door.
940:
722:
On 21 January 1938, Keitel received evidence revealing that the wife of his superior, War
Minister
504:
2590:
Hitler's
Commanders: Officers of the Wehrmacht, the Luftwaffe, the Kriegsmarine, and the Waffen-SS
2913:
1570:
1344:
1170:
1039:
765:
575:
456:
196:
1333:
repeatedly reprised his role as Keitel in several Soviet-East German co-productions directed by
3199:
3133:
1350:
1334:
1330:
1208:
1174:
761:, Keitel (to the astonishment of the General Staff, including himself) became chief of staff.
32:
1637:
1094:
that authorized the killing of enemy special operations troops even when captured in uniform.
1087:
2700:
2184:
The Hitler State: The
Foundation and Development of the Internal Structure of the Third Reich
1300:
1292:
1285:
963:
885:
3327:
3322:
3148:
3090:
3050:
2949:
2563:
1324:
1237:
967:
909:
881:
873:
671:
640:, where he was severely wounded. After being promoted to captain, Keitel was posted to the
509:
448:
444:
372:
329:
206:
188:
122:
574:
as one of the "major war criminals". He was found guilty on all counts of the indictment:
8:
3215:
3123:
2988:
2309:
1339:
1158:
944:
798:
723:
644:
of an infantry division in 1915. After the war, Keitel was retained in the newly created
623:
607:
583:
579:
74:
2288:
1371:
2362:
2359:
The Discursive Construction of History: Remembering the Wehrmacht's War of Annihilation
2244:
1316:
1227:
1098:
1046:
1020:
806:
775:
754:
712:
603:
476:
168:
1074:" and "NN-Deported." The inscription translates to: "No hate, but also no forgetting."
1060:
545:
high command began with his appointment as the head of the Armed Forces Office at the
3289:
2866:
2847:
2803:
2761:
2725:
2704:
2678:
2631:
2612:
2593:
2585:
2571:
2549:
2541:
2527:
2505:
2486:
2463:
2444:
2427:
2408:
2389:
2366:
2336:
2317:
2229:
2222:
2206:
2187:
2168:
2157:
2104:
1296:
1265:
1162:
998:
985:
considered this an affront, so a second signing was arranged at the Berlin suburb of
931:
Keitel signing the ratified surrender terms for the German Army in Berlin, 8 May 1945
859:
which was set up to operate as a "war cabinet". After Germany defeated France in the
679:
3113:
2926:. Office of United States Chief of Counsel For Prosecution of Axis Criminality. 1946
2331:
Goerlitz, Walter (2003). "Keitel, Jodl, and Warlimont". In Barnett, Correlli (ed.).
1576:. Office of United States Chief of Counsel For Prosecution of Axis Criminality. 1946
1252:
Before his execution, Keitel published his memoirs, which were titled in English as
1019:
Keitel had full knowledge of the criminal nature of the planning and the subsequent
737:
in 1938 and replaced the war ministry with the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces (
727:
3153:
3138:
3082:
1223:
1154:
1146:
959:
860:
641:
567:
466:
1183:
3252:
3247:
2921:"Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Volume 2, Chapter XV, Part 3: The Reich Cabinet"
2719:
2692:
2382:
2314:
The Holocaust and History The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed and the Reexamiend
1230:
1178:
1079:
1070:
948:
897:
768:
as Commander-in-Chief of the Army, replacing von Fritsch. Keitel was promoted to
651:
599:
299:
164:
2818:
615:
614:. As a commoner, he did not join the cavalry, but a field artillery regiment in
3242:
3098:
2886:
2267:
1091:
1025:
917:
750:
745:
243:
3174:
974:
3316:
3143:
3108:
1233:
1157:(IMT), which indicted him on all four counts before it: conspiracy to commit
1106:
1054:
982:
971:
770:
611:
287:
172:
943:" that handed over many officers who were involved, including Field Marshal
3223:
3207:
3183:
2666:
2519:
978:
936:
913:
901:
893:
829:
683:
556:
525:
399:
311:
2485:] (in Swedish). Translated by Irheden, Ulf. Leipzig: Goldmann Verlag.
1571:"Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Volume IV, pp. 552-553, Document 1915-PS"
3296:
Committed suicide on 15 October 1946 before sentence could be carried out
3191:
3118:
3017:
2350:
2249:
1846:
1320:
1304:
1188:
994:
905:
recommendation for the invasion based upon fabricated economic benefits.
889:
774:(Colonel General) in November 1938, and in April 1939 he was awarded the
395:
92:
2403:
Kane, Thomas M. (2004). "Keitel, Wilhelm". In Bradford, James C. (ed.).
1118:
3273:
3103:
2431:
2354:
2164:
986:
666:
646:
560:
452:
438:
341:
1834:
1289:
1194:
1166:
1097:
In the spring and summer of 1942, as the deportations of the Jews to
656:
587:
571:
521:
192:
1004:
3418:
People executed by the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg
2546:
War of Annihilation. Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941
920:(Chief of the Party Chancellery). The committee, soon known as the
660:
units on the Polish border. In 1924, Keitel was transferred to the
637:
619:
508:; 22 September 1882 – 16 October 1946) was a German
426:
2034:
Railton, Nicholas M. "Henry Gerecke and the Saints of Nuremberg".
2011:"The Strange Story Of The American Pastor Who Ministered To Nazis"
2426:. Historical Division, Headquarters, United States Army, Europe.
1216:
1083:
707:
Keitel (seated far right) with Hitler in the Sudetenland in 1938.
3388:
German people convicted of the international crime of aggression
1479:
2009:
Service, Religion News Service Religion News (24 August 2014).
1902:
1900:
1433:
1431:
966:
on 30 April, Keitel stayed on as a member of the short-lived
764:
Soon after his promotion, Keitel convinced Hitler to appoint
590:. He was sentenced to death and executed by hanging in 1946.
3080:
1455:
598:
Wilhelm Keitel was born in the village of Helmscherode near
2721:
Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany
2126:"Schauspieler und Intendant Gerd Michael Henneberg ist tot"
1912:
1897:
1241:
1769:
1697:
1605:
1603:
1443:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1389:
1272:). Another work by Keitel later published in English was
1875:
1873:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1675:
1673:
1551:
1539:
1467:
1222:
On the day of the execution, Keitel told prison chaplain
2819:"'The Trial of the Century – and of all time'. Part two"
2349:
1968:
1966:
1953:
1951:
1852:
1840:
1658:
1491:
2844:
Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918–1945
1936:
1885:
1733:
1648:
1646:
1600:
1413:
1870:
1858:
1822:
1805:
1709:
1670:
1588:
1503:
1401:
2743:. Nuremberg Gaol, Germany. International News Service
2697:
Hitler's Soldiers: The German Army in the Third Reich
2671:
Operation Barbarossa and Germany's Defeat in the East
2046:
2044:
1963:
1948:
1781:
1685:
1615:
1527:
730:, who used it to bring about Blomberg's resignation.
694:
3443:
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
1978:
1793:
1757:
1745:
1721:
1643:
1515:
908:
In January 1943, just before the final surrender at
1113:
674:. Three years later, he returned to field command.
3453:Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
3383:German people convicted of crimes against humanity
2381:
2221:
2156:
2080:
2041:
1990:
1215:. Instead, he was executed at Nuremberg Prison by
1051:Guidelines for the Conduct of the Troops in Russia
1038:Keitel; however, other members of the OKW and the
2068:
2056:
1924:
1105:. The army lost control over the matter when the
935:Keitel played an important role after the failed
857:Council of Ministers for the Defense of the Reich
654:and played a part in organizing the paramilitary
16:German field marshal and war criminal (1882–1946)
3314:
670:('Troop Office'), the post-Versailles disguised
2882:"The Nuremberg Hangings – Not So Smooth Either"
2841:
2286:
1918:
1485:
2584:
2405:International Encyclopedia of Military History
1461:
1437:
1395:
3066:
2647:"Der Tod durch den Strick dauerte 15 Minuten"
2524:Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe
792:
781:
550:
540:
513:
3423:People executed for crimes against humanity
2628:The Forgotten Field Marshal: Wilhelm Keitel
2228:. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers.
2203:Moral Combat: Good and Evil in World War II
1064:Plaque commemorating French victims at the
3448:Recipients of the Hanseatic Cross (Bremen)
3073:
3059:
2502:Countdown to D-Day: The German Perspective
2499:
2379:
1664:
1497:
1422:
1240:and the ashes were scattered in the river
711:In 1935, at the recommendation of General
566:After the war, Keitel was indicted by the
31:
2609:Hitler's Field Marshals and Their Battles
2316:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
2265:
2242:
1972:
1957:
1181:in conformity to "the leader principle" (
632:During World War I, Keitel served on the
445:Conspiracy to commit crimes against peace
112:1 October 1935 – 4 February 1938
2860:
2691:
2592:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
2562:
2540:
2462:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
2353:; Manoschek, Walter; Pollak, Alexander;
2330:
2200:
2154:
1942:
1906:
1891:
1828:
1816:
1679:
1609:
1594:
1557:
1545:
1449:
1407:
1193:
1125:
1122:Keitel's detention report from June 1945
1117:
1059:
926:
839:
702:
593:
3368:German Army World War II field marshals
2784:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2625:
2606:
2518:
2457:
2438:
2424:Questionnaire on the Ardennes offensive
2308:
2205:. New York and London: Harper Collins.
2181:
2008:
1879:
1864:
1775:
1715:
1703:
1521:
1509:
1473:
1274:Questionnaire on the Ardennes Offensive
3315:
2879:
2816:
2797:
2755:
2717:
2665:
2421:
2086:
2050:
1996:
1787:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1691:
1652:
1621:
1533:
916:(Chief of the Reich Chancellery), and
64:4 February 1938 – 13 May 1945
3393:German people convicted of war crimes
3054:
2829:. University of Georgia School of Law
2774:
2741:"The Execution of Nazi War Criminals"
2738:
2644:
2570:. Lawrence: Kansas University Press.
2504:. Oxford, UK & PA, US: Casemate.
2476:
2219:
2074:
2062:
1984:
1930:
1799:
1372:"The Execution of Nazi War Criminals"
549:in 1935. Having taken command of the
503:
229:
3408:Military personnel from Lower Saxony
3363:German Army personnel of World War I
3302:Committed suicide on 25 October 1945
2758:World War II: A Student Encyclopedia
2739:Smith, Kingsbury (16 October 1946).
2402:
2388:. London & New York: Routledge.
2098:
1633:
532:and directives that led to numerous
497:Wilhelm Bodewin Johann Gustav Keitel
152:Wilhelm Bodewin Johann Gustav Keitel
3269:Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach
2880:Zeller, Tom Jr. (17 January 2007).
2846:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
2163:. University of Nebraska Press and
1329:(2004). Notably, East German actor
1262:The Memoirs of Field-Marshal Keitel
989:on 8 May. There, Keitel signed the
682:, he traveled at least once to the
13:
3433:People wounded in the 20 July plot
2842:Wheeler-Bennett, John W. (1980) .
2243:Darnstädt, Thomas (4 April 2005).
1315:Keitel was frequently depicted in
1189:personal oath of loyalty to Hitler
1161:, planning, initiating and waging
958:In April and May 1945, during the
14:
3464:
3358:Executed people from Lower Saxony
2964:1 October 1935 – 4 February 1938
2903:
2611:. New York: Cooper Square Press.
2335:. Grove Press. pp. 139–175.
2159:The Origins of the Final Solution
2123:
1211:denied his request to be shot by
636:and took part in the fighting in
3403:Major generals of the Reichswehr
3338:20th-century Freikorps personnel
2865:. Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc.
2645:Piper, Ernst (16 January 2007).
2630:. Durham, NC: Moore Publishing.
1337:in the 1970s and 1980s, such as
1153:After the war, Keitel faced the
1145:17 October 1946 newsreel of the
1114:Trial, conviction, and execution
512:who held office as chief of the
410:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
346:
334:
322:
304:
292:
280:
254:
100:Chief of the Armed Forces Office
2607:Mitcham, Samuel W. Jr. (2001).
2407:. Routledge. pp. 707–708.
2147:
2117:
2092:
2028:
2002:
1563:
1155:International Military Tribunal
835:
568:International Military Tribunal
225:
3373:20th-century German memoirists
3348:Executed German mass murderers
3035:Chief of the OKH General Staff
2817:Wilkes, Donald E. Jr. (2002).
2245:"EinGlücksfall der Geschichte"
2155:Browning, Christopher (2004).
2103:. Little, Brown. p. 177.
1364:
991:German Instrument of Surrender
977:. Upon arriving in Flensburg,
1:
3012:4 February 1938 – 8 May 1945
2548:. Rowman & Littelefield.
2274:. Lillian Goldman Law Library
1358:
1286:Katherine "Kitty" Oppenheimer
939:in 1944. He sat on the army "
845:
2568:Inside Hitler's High Command
1256:. It was later re-edited by
664:in Berlin, serving with the
7:
3428:People from Bad Gandersheim
3413:Ministers of the Reichswehr
3343:20th-century German writers
2780:"Wilhelm Keitel: Biography"
2718:Shirer, William L. (1990).
1254:In the Service of the Reich
1015:War crimes of the Wehrmacht
733:Hitler took command of the
522:Nazi Germany's armed forces
520:(OKW), the high command of
10:
3469:
3333:19th-century German people
3299:Found unfit to stand trial
3007:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
2675:Cambridge University Press
2500:Margaritis, Peter (2019).
2380:Hildebrand, Klaus (1986).
2220:Conot, Robert E. (2000) .
2201:Burleigh, Michael (2010).
1462:Mitcham & Mueller 2012
1438:Mitcham & Mueller 2012
1396:Mitcham & Mueller 2012
1066:Hinzert concentration camp
1033:Keitel issued a series of
1012:
819:Burkhart Müller-Hillebrand
740:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
662:Ministry of the Reichswehr
516:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
385:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
3353:Executed military leaders
3282:
3261:
3235:
3162:
3089:
3041:
3032:
3024:
3014:
3002:
2985:
2980:
2966:
2954:
2946:
2941:
2863:Who's Who in Nazi Germany
2861:Wistrich, Robert (1982).
2441:Hitler 1936–1945: Nemesis
2186:. New York: Longman Inc.
2036:Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte
1310:
1279:
1068:, using the expressions "
782:Criticism of capabilities
490:
486:
482:
472:
462:
436:
432:
422:
415:
405:
391:
379:
367:
359:
317:
275:
270:
262:
250:
239:
212:
202:
178:
147:
142:
138:
128:
116:
105:
98:
86:
68:
57:
46:
42:
30:
23:
3081:Major defendants at the
3039:1 May 1945 – 8 May 1945
2756:Tucker, Spencer (2005).
2653:(in German). Der Spiegel
2588:; Mueller, Gene (2012).
2422:Keitel, Wilhelm (1949).
2287:Editorial staff (n.d.).
2182:Broszat, Martin (1981).
1284:Keitel was the uncle of
1247:
803:"blindingly loyal toady"
528:. He signed a number of
203:Cause of death
3438:Prussian Army personnel
2914:German National Library
2798:Walker, Andrew (2006).
2294:Encyclopædia Britannica
1171:crimes against humanity
766:Walther von Brauchitsch
576:crimes against humanity
457:Crimes against humanity
197:Allied-occupied Germany
3398:Holocaust perpetrators
3200:Konstantin von Neurath
3134:Joachim von Ribbentrop
2724:. Simon and Schuster.
2626:Mueller, Gene (1979).
2526:. London: Allen Lane.
2477:Knopp, Guido (2001) .
2289:"Night and Fog Decree"
2266:de Vabres, M. (2008).
1331:Gerd Michael Henneberg
1295:, the director of the
1199:
1150:
1123:
1075:
1005:Role in crimes of the
932:
852:
793:
708:
551:
541:
514:
2996:Reichsminister of War
2701:Yale University Press
2564:Megargee, Geoffrey P.
2458:Kershaw, Ian (2008).
2439:Kershaw, Ian (2001).
1301:Los Alamos Laboratory
1293:J. Robert Oppenheimer
1197:
1144:
1121:
1063:
930:
843:
749:, Keitel was granted
706:
594:Early life and career
547:Reich Ministry of War
539:Keitel's rise to the
501:German pronunciation:
360:Years of service
80:Reich Minister of War
3149:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
2950:Walter von Reichenau
2224:Justice at Nuremberg
1486:Wheeler-Bennett 1980
1238:Ostfriedhof (Munich)
1159:crimes against peace
1080:Night and Fog Decree
1055:genocide of the Jews
968:Flensburg Government
882:Operation Barbarossa
874:Generalfeldmarschall
672:German General Staff
580:crimes against peace
449:Crimes of aggression
373:Generalfeldmarschall
330:Imperial German Army
207:Execution by hanging
123:Walter von Reichenau
3216:Baldur von Schirach
3124:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
2989:Werner von Blomberg
2800:The Nazi War Trials
2460:Hitler: A Biography
2268:"Judgement: Keitel"
2101:The Bastard Brigade
1919:Editorial staff n.d
1909:, pp. 193–194.
1778:, pp. 749–750.
1706:, pp. 308–309.
1476:, pp. 163–164.
1452:, pp. 140–141.
1340:Soldiers of Freedom
1099:extermination camps
1088:Otto von Stülpnagel
945:Erwin von Witzleben
896:, Brauchitsch, and
724:Werner von Blomberg
584:criminal conspiracy
417:Criminal conviction
75:Werner von Blomberg
3091:Sentenced to death
2942:Political offices
2542:Megargee, Geoffrey
2363:Palgrave Macmillan
2272:The Avalon Project
2130:www.nachtkritik.de
2099:Kean, Sam (2019).
1488:, pp. 372–74.
1317:World War II films
1303:, where the first
1200:
1163:wars of aggression
1151:
1124:
1076:
1047:Geneva Conventions
1021:invasion of Poland
933:
853:
807:Gerd von Rundstedt
776:Golden Party Badge
755:Commander-in-Chief
751:cabinet-level rank
713:Werner von Fritsch
709:
686:to inspect secret
604:Duchy of Brunswick
505:[ˈkaɪ̯tl̩]
169:Duchy of Brunswick
134:Position abolished
3378:German Christians
3310:
3309:
3049:
3048:
3042:Succeeded by
3015:Succeeded by
2981:Military offices
2967:Succeeded by
2809:978-1-903047-50-7
2731:978-0-671-72868-7
2684:978-0-521-76847-4
2673:. Cambridge, UK:
2637:978-0-87716-105-9
2599:978-1-44221-153-7
2511:978-1-61200-769-4
2483:Hitler's Warriors
2469:978-0-393-06757-6
2414:978-1-135-95034-7
2333:Hitler's Generals
2323:978-0-253-33374-2
2235:978-0-88184-032-2
2212:978-0-00-719576-3
1855:, pp. 17–20.
1742:, pp. 37–39.
1560:, pp. 44–45.
1548:, pp. 41–44.
1376:famous-trials.com
1297:Manhattan Project
1270:978-0-8154-1072-0
1142:
1009:and the Holocaust
999:Mondorf-les-Bains
880:The planning for
877:(field marshal).
680:German rearmament
494:
493:
162:22 September 1882
3460:
3228:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3168:
3167:
3154:Julius Streicher
3139:Alfred Rosenberg
3083:Nuremberg trials
3075:
3068:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3025:Preceded by
2999:
2986:Preceded by
2975:
2973:Office abolished
2947:Preceded by
2939:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2925:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2876:
2857:
2838:
2836:
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2813:
2794:
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2790:
2771:
2752:
2750:
2748:
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2714:
2688:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2641:
2622:
2603:
2581:
2559:
2537:
2515:
2496:
2473:
2454:
2435:
2418:
2399:
2387:
2376:
2346:
2327:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2239:
2227:
2216:
2197:
2178:
2162:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2039:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1961:
1955:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1853:Heer et al. 2008
1850:
1844:
1841:Heer et al. 2008
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1641:
1631:
1625:
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1613:
1607:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
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1575:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1426:
1420:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1368:
1346:Battle of Moscow
1307:were developed.
1224:Henry F. Gerecke
1179:following orders
1147:Nuremberg trials
1143:
964:Hitler's suicide
960:Battle of Berlin
871:was promoted to
865:French armistice
861:Battle of France
850:
847:
827:
796:
788:Ewald von Kleist
554:
544:
519:
507:
502:
473:Criminal penalty
467:Nuremberg trials
441:
352:
350:
349:
340:
338:
337:
328:
326:
325:
310:
308:
307:
298:
296:
295:
286:
284:
283:
271:Military service
258:
233:
231:
227:
189:Nuremberg Prison
185:
161:
159:
143:Personal details
131:
119:
110:
89:
71:
62:
35:
21:
20:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3278:
3257:
3253:Hjalmar Schacht
3248:Franz von Papen
3231:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3165:
3164:
3158:
3085:
3079:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3020:
3011:
3000:
2992:
2991:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2963:
2952:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2906:
2901:
2892:
2890:
2873:
2854:
2832:
2830:
2810:
2788:
2786:
2768:
2746:
2744:
2732:
2711:
2685:
2656:
2654:
2638:
2619:
2600:
2586:Mitcham, Samuel
2578:
2556:
2534:
2512:
2493:
2479:Hitlers Krieger
2470:
2451:
2415:
2396:
2384:The Third Reich
2373:
2343:
2324:
2310:Förster, Jürgen
2299:
2297:
2277:
2275:
2256:
2254:
2236:
2213:
2194:
2175:
2150:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2042:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1847:
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1827:
1823:
1815:
1806:
1798:
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1762:
1758:
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1746:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1671:
1665:Margaritis 2019
1663:
1659:
1651:
1644:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1498:Hildebrand 1986
1496:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1464:, pp. 2–3.
1460:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1429:
1423:Margaritis 2019
1421:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1313:
1282:
1250:
1231:Master Sergeant
1126:
1116:
1071:Nacht und Nebel
1035:criminal orders
1017:
1011:
949:Roland Freisler
941:court of honour
898:Hans Jeschonnek
848:
838:
821:
815:Generalleutnant
784:
701:
652:Weimar Republic
596:
530:criminal orders
500:
455:
451:
447:
437:
423:Criminal status
398:
347:
345:
344:
335:
333:
332:
323:
321:
305:
303:
302:
300:Weimar Republic
293:
291:
290:
281:
279:
235:
223:
219:
187:
183:
182:16 October 1946
163:
157:
155:
154:
153:
129:
117:
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106:
87:
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69:
63:
58:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3466:
3456:
3455:
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3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
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3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3243:Hans Fritzsche
3239:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3189:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3129:Wilhelm Keitel
3126:
3121:
3116:
3114:Hermann Göring
3111:
3106:
3101:
3099:Martin Bormann
3095:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3078:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3055:
3047:
3046:
3043:
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3016:
3013:
3001:
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2983:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2968:
2965:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2917:
2910:Wilhelm Keitel
2905:
2904:External links
2902:
2900:
2899:
2887:New York Times
2877:
2871:
2858:
2852:
2839:
2814:
2808:
2795:
2772:
2766:
2753:
2736:
2730:
2715:
2710:978-0300179033
2709:
2689:
2683:
2663:
2651:Spiegel Online
2642:
2636:
2623:
2617:
2604:
2598:
2582:
2576:
2560:
2554:
2538:
2533:978-0713996814
2532:
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2450:978-0140272390
2449:
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2419:
2413:
2400:
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2377:
2372:978-0230013230
2371:
2347:
2342:978-0802139948
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2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2124:Kasch, Georg.
2116:
2110:978-0316381673
2109:
2091:
2079:
2067:
2055:
2040:
2027:
2001:
1989:
1987:, p. 356.
1977:
1973:Darnstädt 2005
1962:
1958:de Vabres 2008
1947:
1945:, p. 304.
1935:
1923:
1911:
1896:
1894:, p. 171.
1884:
1882:, p. 276.
1869:
1867:, p. 160.
1857:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1804:
1802:, p. 135.
1792:
1790:, p. 681.
1780:
1768:
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1744:
1732:
1720:
1718:, p. 300.
1708:
1696:
1694:, p. 691.
1684:
1669:
1657:
1642:
1626:
1624:, p. 277.
1614:
1612:, p. 168.
1599:
1587:
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1550:
1538:
1536:, p. 313.
1526:
1514:
1512:, p. 164.
1502:
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1466:
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1442:
1427:
1412:
1410:, p. 140.
1400:
1388:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1312:
1309:
1288:, wife of the
1281:
1278:
1258:Walter Görlitz
1249:
1246:
1115:
1112:
1092:Commando Order
1026:Einsatzgruppen
1013:Main article:
1010:
1003:
953:People's Court
922:Dreierausschuß
918:Martin Bormann
837:
834:
786:Field Marshal
783:
780:
746:Reichsminister
728:Hermann Göring
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244:Bodewin Keitel
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37:Keitel in 1942
36:
28:
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25:Wilhelm Keitel
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4:
3:
2:
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3144:Fritz Sauckel
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3122:
3120:
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3115:
3112:
3110:
3109:Wilhelm Frick
3107:
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3097:
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3088:
3084:
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3071:
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3057:
3056:
3053:
3037:
3036:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3005:Chief of the
2998:
2997:
2990:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2957:Chief of the
2951:
2945:
2940:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2889:
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2883:
2878:
2874:
2872:0-02-630600-X
2868:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2853:0-333-06864-5
2849:
2845:
2840:
2828:
2824:
2823:Popular Media
2820:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2767:1-85109-857-7
2763:
2759:
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2742:
2737:
2733:
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2723:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2693:Shepherd, Ben
2690:
2686:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2667:Stahel, David
2664:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2639:
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2629:
2624:
2620:
2618:0-8154-1130-8
2614:
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2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2577:0-7006-1015-4
2573:
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2565:
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2557:
2555:0-7425-4481-8
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2520:Mazower, Mark
2517:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2492:91-89442-17-2
2488:
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2214:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2193:0-582-49200-9
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2174:0-8032-1327-1
2170:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2152:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2076:
2071:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2037:
2031:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1943:Shepherd 2016
1939:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1908:
1907:Shepherd 2016
1903:
1901:
1893:
1892:Shepherd 2016
1888:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1866:
1861:
1854:
1849:
1843:, p. 17.
1842:
1837:
1831:, p. 79.
1830:
1829:Browning 2004
1825:
1819:, p. 20.
1818:
1817:Browning 2004
1813:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1796:
1789:
1784:
1777:
1772:
1766:, p. 86.
1765:
1760:
1754:, p. 85.
1753:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1730:, p. 34.
1729:
1724:
1717:
1712:
1705:
1700:
1693:
1688:
1682:, p. 29.
1681:
1680:Shepherd 2016
1676:
1674:
1667:, p. 26.
1666:
1661:
1655:, p. 85.
1654:
1649:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1623:
1618:
1611:
1610:Wistrich 1982
1606:
1604:
1597:, p. 42.
1596:
1595:Megargee 2000
1591:
1572:
1566:
1559:
1558:Megargee 2000
1554:
1547:
1546:Megargee 2000
1542:
1535:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1500:, p. 45.
1499:
1494:
1487:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1450:Goerlitz 2003
1446:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1425:, p. 25.
1424:
1419:
1417:
1409:
1408:Goerlitz 2003
1404:
1397:
1392:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1319:, such as by
1318:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:John C. Woods
1232:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1184:Führerprinzip
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1120:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
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1073:
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1036:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1008:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:Joseph Stalin
980:
976:
973:
972:Grand Admiral
969:
965:
961:
956:
954:
951:'s notorious
950:
946:
942:
938:
929:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
903:
899:
895:
891:
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883:
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875:
870:
866:
862:
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842:
833:
831:
825:
820:
817:
816:
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808:
804:
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795:
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779:
777:
773:
772:
771:Generaloberst
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:
742:
741:
736:
731:
729:
725:
720:
718:
717:Wehrmachtsamt
714:
705:
698:
692:
689:
685:
681:
675:
673:
669:
668:
663:
659:
658:
653:
649:
648:
643:
639:
635:
634:Western Front
630:
627:
625:
621:
618:, serving as
617:
613:
612:Prussian Army
609:
605:
601:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
553:
548:
543:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
517:
511:
510:field marshal
506:
498:
489:
485:
481:
478:
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471:
468:
465:
461:
458:
454:
450:
446:
443:
440:
439:Conviction(s)
435:
431:
428:
425:
421:
418:
414:
411:
408:
404:
401:
397:
394:
390:
387:
386:
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378:
375:
374:
370:
366:
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355:
343:
331:
320:
316:
313:
301:
289:
288:German Empire
278:
274:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
242:
238:
218:Lisa Fontaine
215:
211:
208:
205:
201:
198:
194:
190:
181:
177:
174:
173:German Empire
170:
166:
150:
146:
141:
137:
133:
127:
124:
121:
115:
109:
104:
101:
97:
94:
91:
85:
81:
76:
73:
67:
61:
56:
53:
51:
47:Chief of the
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3288:
3224:Albert Speer
3208:Erich Raeder
3184:Walther Funk
3128:
3033:
3006:
3003:
2993:
2972:
2959:Wehrmachtamt
2958:
2955:
2928:. Retrieved
2891:. Retrieved
2885:
2862:
2843:
2831:. Retrieved
2826:
2822:
2799:
2787:. Retrieved
2783:
2760:. ABC Clio.
2757:
2745:. Retrieved
2720:
2696:
2670:
2655:. Retrieved
2650:
2627:
2608:
2589:
2567:
2545:
2523:
2501:
2482:
2478:
2459:
2440:
2423:
2404:
2395:0-04-9430327
2383:
2361:. New York:
2358:
2351:Heer, Hannes
2332:
2313:
2298:. Retrieved
2292:
2276:. Retrieved
2271:
2255:. Retrieved
2248:
2223:
2202:
2183:
2158:
2148:Bibliography
2134:. Retrieved
2129:
2119:
2100:
2094:
2082:
2070:
2058:
2035:
2030:
2018:. Retrieved
2014:
2004:
1992:
1980:
1938:
1926:
1914:
1887:
1880:Förster 1998
1865:Mazower 2008
1860:
1848:
1836:
1824:
1795:
1783:
1776:Kershaw 2008
1771:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1716:Kershaw 2001
1711:
1704:Broszat 1981
1699:
1687:
1660:
1629:
1617:
1590:
1578:. Retrieved
1565:
1553:
1541:
1529:
1524:, p. 8.
1522:Mitcham 2001
1517:
1510:Mitcham 2001
1505:
1493:
1481:
1474:Mitcham 2001
1469:
1457:
1445:
1440:, p. 2.
1403:
1398:, p. 1.
1391:
1379:. Retrieved
1375:
1366:
1351:
1345:
1338:
1325:
1314:
1305:atomic bombs
1283:
1273:
1261:
1253:
1251:
1221:
1213:firing squad
1205:
1201:
1182:
1152:
1102:
1096:
1077:
1069:
1044:
1032:
1024:
1018:
1006:
979:Albert Speer
957:
937:20 July plot
934:
921:
914:Hans Lammers
907:
902:Georg Thomas
894:Erich Raeder
879:
872:
869:19 July 1940
854:
836:World War II
830:Franz Halder
813:
811:
802:
785:
769:
763:
758:
744:
738:
734:
732:
721:
716:
710:
699:High Command
696:
695:Rise to the
687:
684:Soviet Union
676:
665:
655:
645:
631:
628:
616:Wolfenbüttel
597:
565:
557:Adolf Hitler
538:
526:World War II
496:
495:
416:
400:World War II
392:Battles/wars
383:
371:
312:Nazi Germany
184:(1946-10-16)
165:Helmscherode
130:Succeeded by
107:
88:Succeeded by
59:
52:High Command
49:
18:
3328:1946 deaths
3323:1882 births
3290:In absentia
3262:No decision
3192:Rudolf Hess
3175:Karl Dönitz
3163:Imprisoned
3119:Alfred Jodl
3044:Alfred Jodl
3018:Alfred Jodl
2833:17 November
2802:. CPD Ltd.
2747:17 November
2657:17 November
2443:. Penguin.
2355:Wodak, Ruth
2278:11 November
2253:(in German)
2250:Der Spiegel
2132:(in German)
2087:Keitel 1949
2051:Zeller 2007
1997:Wilkes 2002
1788:Tucker 2005
1764:Stahel 2009
1752:Stahel 2009
1740:Stahel 2009
1728:Stahel 2009
1692:Tucker 2005
1653:Walker 2006
1622:Stahel 2009
1534:Shirer 1990
1349:(1985) and
1335:Yuri Ozerov
1321:Dieter Mann
1175:disappeared
995:Camp Ashcan
975:Karl Dönitz
890:Alfred Jodl
849: 1940
822: [
778:by Hitler.
600:Gandersheim
396:World War I
354:German Army
118:Preceded by
93:Alfred Jodl
70:Preceded by
3317:Categories
3274:Robert Ley
3227:(20 years)
3219:(20 years)
3203:(15 years)
3179:(10 years)
3104:Hans Frank
3028:Hans Krebs
2930:20 October
2893:15 October
2432:B0007K46NA
2257:15 October
2165:Yad Vashem
2075:Piper 2007
2063:Smith 1946
1985:Conot 2000
1800:Knopp 2001
1636:, p.
1359:References
1352:Stalingrad
1207:acts, the
1187:) and his
1167:war crimes
1149:sentencing
987:Karlshorst
910:Stalingrad
688:Reichswehr
667:Truppenamt
647:Reichswehr
588:war crimes
534:war crimes
453:War crimes
342:Reichsheer
276:Allegiance
266:"Lakeitel"
158:1882-09-22
3236:Acquitted
2916:catalogue
2789:6 October
2300:6 October
1931:USHMM n.d
1634:Kane 2004
1381:7 October
1290:physicist
1110:months".
1103:Wehrmacht
1007:Wehrmacht
886:18th Army
867:, and on
759:Wehrmacht
735:Wehrmacht
697:Wehrmacht
657:Freikorps
608:gymnasium
572:Nuremberg
555:in 1938,
552:Wehrmacht
542:Wehrmacht
524:, during
363:1901–1945
251:Signature
246:(brother)
240:Relatives
193:Nuremberg
108:In office
60:In office
50:Wehrmacht
2778:(n.d.).
2695:(2016).
2669:(2009).
2566:(2000).
2544:(2006).
2522:(2008).
2357:(2008).
2020:5 August
2015:HuffPost
1580:22 April
1355:(1990).
1343:(1977),
1326:Downfall
638:Flanders
620:adjutant
427:Executed
380:Commands
263:Nickname
3166:(terms)
2912:in the
1228:US Army
1217:hanging
1084:Gestapo
757:of the
650:of the
624:Hanover
602:in the
561:yes-man
234:
222:
3287:
3211:(life)
3195:(life)
3187:(life)
3177:
2869:
2850:
2806:
2764:
2728:
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2615:
2596:
2574:
2552:
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2466:
2447:
2430:
2411:
2392:
2369:
2339:
2320:
2232:
2209:
2190:
2171:
2136:26 May
2107:
1311:Legacy
1280:Family
1268:
1209:Allies
1169:, and
970:under
799:lackey
586:, and
406:Awards
351:
339:
327:
309:
297:
285:
228:
213:Spouse
2969:None
2924:(PDF)
2776:USHMM
2481:[
1574:(PDF)
1248:Works
947:, to
826:]
794:Lakai
642:staff
477:Death
463:Trial
232:)
224:(
220:
2932:2023
2895:2019
2867:ISBN
2848:ISBN
2835:2019
2804:ISBN
2791:2019
2762:ISBN
2749:2019
2726:ISBN
2705:ISBN
2679:ISBN
2659:2019
2632:ISBN
2613:ISBN
2594:ISBN
2572:ISBN
2550:ISBN
2528:ISBN
2506:ISBN
2487:ISBN
2464:ISBN
2445:ISBN
2428:ASIN
2409:ISBN
2390:ISBN
2367:ISBN
2337:ISBN
2318:ISBN
2302:2019
2280:2019
2259:2019
2230:ISBN
2207:ISBN
2188:ISBN
2169:ISBN
2138:2024
2105:ISBN
2022:2021
1582:2021
1383:2021
1266:ISBN
1242:Isar
368:Rank
230:1909
179:Died
148:Born
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2043:^
2013:.
1965:^
1950:^
1899:^
1872:^
1807:^
1672:^
1645:^
1602:^
1430:^
1415:^
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