Allied-occupied Germany

1799: 3042: 2621:, Poles, Hungarians and Yugoslavs of German ethnicity in their zones, France generally had not agreed to the expulsions approved by the Potsdam agreement (a decision made without input from France). Therefore, France strictly refused to absorb war refugees who were denied return to their homes in seized eastern German territories or destitute post-war expellees who had been expropriated there, into the French zone, let alone into the separated Saar protectorate. However, the native population, returning after Nazi-imposed removals (e.g., political and Jewish refugees) and war-related relocations (e.g., evacuation from air raids), were allowed to return home in the areas under French control. The other Allies complained that they had to shoulder the burden to feed, house and clothe the expellees who had to leave their belongings behind. 2593: 5293: 66: 83: 1779: 5387: 1371: 2560: 5251: 3081:

destitute expellees in its zone. While the few war-related refugees who had reached the area to become the French zone before July 1945 were taken care of, the French military government for Germany refused to absorb post-war expellees deported from the East into its zone. In December 1946, the French military government for Germany absorbed into its zone German refugees from Denmark, where 250,000 Germans had found a refuge from the Soviets by sea vessels between February and May 1945. These clearly were war-related refugees from the eastern parts of Germany however, and not post-war expellees.

554: 1844: 2990:

authorities against African-Americans compared with Caucasian soldiers, much more likely to result in a conviction by court-martial (in part because a German woman was both less likely to acknowledge consensual sexual relations with an African-American and more likely to be believed if she alleged rape against an African-American) and which carried a potential death sentence. Even in the rare cases where an African-American soldier was willing to take responsibility for fathering a child, until 1948 the U.S. Army prohibited

2251: 8738: 5307: 2933: 1988: 699: 1870:. This region bordered the Netherlands and covered an area of 6,500 km, and was originally intended to serve as a collection and dispersal territory for the millions of Polish displaced persons in Germany and Western Europe after the war. Early British proposals for this to form the basis of a formal Polish zone of occupation, were however, soon abandoned due to Soviet opposition. The zone had a large camp constructed largely for displaced persons and was administered by the 2127: 654: 2848: 2953:

total deficiency was about 50%, not 15% as stated in a ministerial reply in the British Parliament on 11 December. So only about 770 calories (3,200 kJ) would have been supplied, and he said the German winter ration would be 1,000 calories (4,200 kJ) as the recent increase was "largely mythical". His book includes photos taken on the visit and critical letters and newspaper articles by him published in several British newspapers;

1160: 593: 579: 5352: 1174: 1322:, with the exact line of the boundary to be determined in a final German peace treaty. This treaty was expected to confirm the shifting westward of Poland's borders, as the United Kingdom and United States committed themselves to support the permanent incorporation of eastern Germany into Poland and the Soviet Union. From March 1945 to July 1945, these 2860:

strictly this policy was applied varied from place to place, but in many places the restrictions were frequently ignored, as a result of which the policy was quickly abandoned. Germans were also prohibited from inhabiting any part of a building in which US soldiers were housed, leading to large numbers of Germans being ejected from their homes.

2705:, also known as the "Two-plus-Four Treaty", granting full sovereign powers to Germany did not become law until 15 March 1991, after all of the participating governments had ratified the treaty. As envisaged by the Treaty, the last occupation troops departed from Germany when the Russian presence was terminated in 1994, although the 2617:

of a Marxist political-economic system (enforced redistribution of land, nationalisation of businesses). Another dispute was the absorption of post-war expellees. While the UK, the US and the Soviet Union had agreed to accept, house and feed about six million expelled German citizens from former eastern Germany and four million

2978:. In the earliest stages of the occupation, U.S. soldiers were not allowed to pay maintenance for a child they admitted having fathered, since to do so was considered "aiding the enemy". Marriages between white U.S. soldiers and Austrian women were not permitted until January 1946, and with German women until December 1946. 2071:, which was disentangled from it on 16 February 1946. By 18 December 1946 customs controls were established between the Saar area and Allied-occupied Germany. The French zone ceded further areas adjacent to the Saar (in mid-1946, early 1947, and early 1949). Included in the French zone was the town of 1342:

After two months during which they held areas that had been assigned to the Soviet zone, U.S. forces withdrew in the first days of July 1945. Some have concluded that this was a crucial move which persuaded the Soviet Union to allow American, British and French forces into their designated sectors in

3567:

Cf. the report of the Central State Archive of Rhineland-Palatinate on the first expellees arriving in that state in 1950 from other German states in the former British or American zone: "Beyond that already since summer 1945 France refused to absorb expellee transports in her zone. France, who had

2912:

was overseen by the Soviet Military Administration (SMAD), which maintained close control over the Germans and allowed little room for independent action on the part of local German officials. Key posts in local administration, particularly those dealing with security members, were given to members

2616:

on 3 September 1971) in the context of growing tensions between the Allies, with Britain and the US wishing cooperation, France obstructing any collaboration in order to partition Germany into many independent states, and especially: the Soviet Union unilaterally implementing from early on elements

2943:

The food situation in occupied Germany was initially very dire. By the spring of 1946 the official ration in the American zone was no more than 1,275 calories (5,330 kJ) per day, with some areas probably receiving as little as 700 calories (2,900 kJ) per day. In the British zone the food

2876:

To further the long-term aim of democratization, the British implemented government modeled on the UK system, placing heavy emphasis on local level democracy. The goal was to create a British-style administration with employees who viewed themselves as public servants, on the basis that this would

2952:

the normal 28-day allocation should have been 1,548 calories (6,480 kJ) including 10 kilograms (22 lb) of bread, but as there was limited grain the bread ration was only 8.5 kilograms (19 lb). However, as there was only sufficient bread for about 50% of this "called up" ration, the

2916:

Soviet occupation authorities also executed a rigorous program of land reform, expropriating large landed estates and imposing direct control over much of the economic activity in the zone. They closed major banks and insurance companies in July 1945, and seized property formerly belonging to the

2896:

On the economic front, the French seized the opportunity to extract coal and steel resources from the Saar region, fusing it with France in a customs and currency union and encouraging the development of export industries. As a result, the French managed to extract a surplus from their occupation

2892:

to facilitate economic recovery within France itself. Since one of their key goals was to ensure that Germany would never again be in a position to threaten France, the French were strongly opposed to a unified approach to occupation, and favored political structures that were as decentralized as

3004:

While Allied servicemen were ordered to obey local laws while in Germany, soldiers could not be prosecuted by German courts for crimes committed against German citizens except as authorised by the occupation authorities. Invariably, when a soldier was accused of criminal behaviour the occupation

2784:

from public life; and take any other measures in Germany as might be necessary to ensure future peace and safety. The consensus among the Allies was that it was necessary to ensure Germany could not cause further world wars, but beyond that their opinion on what Germany's future should look like

2859:

Initially, the US was extremely rigorous in its efforts to prevent fraternization with German civilians. US soldiers were forbidden to shake hands with Germans, visit their homes, play games or sports with them, exchange gifts, take part in social events, or walk in the streets with them. How

1890:, and withdrew recognition from the London-based Polish government in exile, the Emsland zone became more of an embarrassment. Polish units within the British Army were demobilised in June 1947. The expelled German populations were allowed to return and the last Polish residents left in 1948. 3080:

France was not invited to the Potsdam Conference. As a result, it chose to adopt some decisions of the Potsdam Agreements and to dismiss others. France maintained the position that it did not approve post-war expulsions and that therefore it was not responsible to accommodate and nourish the

2989:

even with an "enemy" white population was regarded as an intolerable outrage. African-American soldiers were therefore reluctant to admit to fathering such children since this would invite reprisals and even accusations of rape, a crime which was much more aggressively prosecuted by military

2220:

While located wholly within the Soviet zone, because of its symbolic importance as the nation's capital and seat of the former Nazi government, the city of Berlin was jointly occupied by the Allied powers and subdivided into four sectors. All four occupying powers were entitled to privileges

1511:

Following the complete closure of all Nazi German media, the launch and operation of completely new newspaper titles began by licensing carefully selected Germans as publishers. Licenses were granted to Germans not involved in Nazi propaganda to establish those newspapers, including

3967: 2680:

in March 1953, the Soviet Control Commission was replaced with the office of the Soviet High Commissioner on 28 May 1953. This office was abolished (and replaced by an ambassador) and (general) sovereignty was granted to the GDR, when the Soviet Union concluded a state treaty

3568:

not participated in the Potsdam Conference, where the expulsions of eastern Germans had been decided, and who therefore did not feel responsible for the ramifications, feared an unbearable burden for its zone anyway strongly smarting from the consequences of the war." N.N.,

2624:

In practice, each of the four occupying powers wielded government authority in their respective zones and carried out different policies toward the population and local and state governments there. A uniform administration of the western zones evolved, known first as the

2721:

The city of Berlin was not part of either state and de jure continued to be under Allied occupation of the four countries until the reunification of Germany in October 1990. For administrative purposes, the three western sectors of Berlin were merged into the entity of

3005:

authorities preferred to handle the matter within the military justice system. This sometimes led to harsher punishments than would have been available under German law – in particular, U.S. servicemen could be executed if court-martialed and convicted of rape. See

3073:, Hungary and elsewhere to the occupation zones of the UK, US, and USSR, which agreed in the Potsdam Agreement to absorb the post-war expellees into their zones. Many remained in refugee camps for a long time. Some Germans remained in the Soviet Union and were 2629:(the American and British zones merged as of 1 January 1947) and later the Trizone (after inclusion of the French zone). The complete breakdown of east–west allied cooperation and joint administration in Germany became clear with the Soviet imposition of the 2985:("Negro half-breeds"), comprising about three percent of the total number of children fathered by GIs, were particularly disadvantaged because of their inability to conceal the foreign identity of their fathers. For many white U.S. soldiers of this era, 2872:

included the Ruhr industrial region, which had experienced the heaviest bombing and therefore faced the greatest shortages of housing and food. Initial British occupation directives were concerned primarily with economic considerations and food supply.

2075:, a German exclave separated from the rest of the country by a narrow strip of neutral Swiss territory. The Swiss government agreed to allow limited numbers of French troops to pass through its territory in order to maintain law and order in Büsingen. 2877:

help to reeducate Germans to democratic modes of thought. To that end the British introduced new local government structures, including a nonpolitical position similar to the English town clerk ("city director") that replaced the office of mayor.

2696:

in October 1990. Though West Germany was effectively independent, the western Allies maintained limited legal jurisdiction over 'Germany as a whole' in respect of West Germany and Berlin. At the same time, East Germany progressed from being a

2270:

Conference to be "temporarily administered" pending the Final Peace Treaty on Germany between the four Allies and a future German state; eventually (under the September 1990 Peace Treaty) the northern portion of East Prussia became the

3390: 1824:

The Belgians were allocated a territory which was garrisoned by their troops. The zone formed a 200 kilometres (120 mi) strip from the Belgian-German border at the south of the British zone, and included the important cities of

1326:

had been administered under Soviet military occupation authorities, but following the Potsdam Agreement they were handed over to Soviet and Polish civilian administrations and ceased to constitute part of Allied-occupied Germany.

3060:

Hungary, which had been allied with Germany and whose population was opposed to an expulsion of the German minority, tried to resist the transfer. Hungary had to yield to the pressure exerted mainly by the Soviet Union and by the

2805:"). Under this plan, Germany would have been broken into four autonomous states and not only demilitarized but also deindustrialized to the point of becoming chiefly agrarian. The Morgenthau plan was opposed by Secretary of State 2960:

Some occupation soldiers took advantage of the desperate food situation by exploiting their ample supply of food and cigarettes (the currency of the black market) to get to the local German girls as what became known as

1798: 1330:

In the closing weeks of fighting in Europe, United States forces had pushed beyond the agreed boundaries for the future zones of occupation, in some places by as much as 320 km (200 miles). The so-called

3386: 2660:

became law, the occupation ended, the western occupation zones ceased to exist, and the high commissioners were replaced by normal ambassadors. West Germany was also allowed to build a military, and the

3001:

for Germany prohibited "proceedings to establish paternity or liability for maintenance of children." Even after the lifting of the ban West German courts had little power over American soldiers.

3239: 2880:

In general, the British believed strongly in reeducation as a means to achieve democracy, which led them to prioritize the reestablishment of schooling and university education in their zone.

1778: 4178: 2692:

Despite the grants of general sovereignty to both German states in 1955, full and unrestricted sovereignty under international law was not enjoyed by any German government until after the

2573: 1590:

had liberated the Netherlands and had conquered Northern Germany. The Canadian forces went home following the German surrender, leaving Northern Germany to be occupied by the British.

3057:

on 1 August 1945 that "the transfer to Germany of German populations...in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary will have to be undertaken"; "wild expulsion" was already going on.

4308: 2813:, and Roosevelt distanced himself from the idea after it was reported on by major American newspapers. Ultimately, US occupation policy came to be determined chiefly by the 2006:

was at first not granted an occupation zone in Germany, but the British and American governments later agreed to cede some western parts of their zones of occupation to the

1250:

on 8 May 1945, the four countries representing the Allies (the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and France) asserted joint authority and sovereignty through the

2026:

and the westernmost part of Austria. In July, the French relinquished Stuttgart to the Americans, and in exchange were given control over cities west of the Rhine such as

2221:

throughout Berlin that were not extended to the rest of Germany – this included the Soviet sector of Berlin, which was legally separate from the rest of the Soviet zone.

7309: 1912: 7054: 2888:

The French were less concerned with improving Germany's moral and civic character, focusing instead on ensuring France's future security and utilizing the resources of

6662: 8660: 6678: 6998: 6601: 6573: 5717: 8844: 8829: 8639: 7318: 7005: 6139: 2702: 426: 2905:

Soviet aims in Germany were similar to those of the French, with the primary goals being to prevent future aggression by Germany and to extract reparations.

8834: 7621: 6984: 6293: 5918: 5227: 1923:

in April 1947, between Denmark and United Kingdom. A Danish Occupation Force was formally established on 7 October 1949. The headquarters was in the town of

8824: 6634: 6580: 5766: 1205: 8839: 7091: 6587: 6203: 5613: 1398: 3231: 6977: 6424: 6300: 3337: 3090: 3274: 2580:, a communist party that would come to dominate the future East German state. Walter Ulbricht is seated in the foreground to the right of Grotewohl. 65: 6277: 5657: 1617: 5292: 3208: 2701:

of the Soviet Union to increasing independence of action; while still deferring in matters of security to Soviet authority. The provisions of the

2294:

with its constitution took effect on 17 December 1947, however the separation was opposed by the Soviet Union and Germans here were not expelled.

6714: 6026: 4475: 4318: 3036: 1084: 8809: 6533: 5835: 3814: 3770:

Biddiscombe, P. (2001). "Dangerous Liaisons: The Anti-Fraternization Movement in the U.S. Occupation Zones of Germany and Austria, 1945–1948".

1896: 8532: 3608: 3572: 7325: 7288: 7265: 6786: 5708: 5678: 4680: 3027:

redoubt. Perry Biddiscombe estimates the total death toll as a direct result of Werewolf actions and the resulting reprisals as 3,000–5,000.

2897:

zone, and prevented it from becoming a financial liability the way the British and American zones were to their respective occupying powers.

2601: 7040: 3922: 7418: 7274: 7258: 7230: 6478: 5685: 1497: 3178: 8175: 7242: 7154: 7098: 7061: 6343: 3514: 3074: 2183: 1318:, at Potsdam, the United States, United Kingdom and the Soviet Union approved the detachment from Germany of the territories east of the 3041: 8849: 8784: 7147: 5879: 2755: 2652:) entered into force. However, upon the creation of the Federal Republic in May 1949, the military governors were replaced by civilian 2034:. All this resulted in two barely contiguous areas of Germany along the French border which met at just a single point along the River 8653: 7281: 5671: 5629: 5220: 2669: 2171: 8502: 6321: 6095: 5858: 5724: 5535: 4966: 4206: 2618: 1198: 149: 3387:"Agreement concerning the participation of a Danish contingent in the occupation of Germany. Signed at Copenhagen, April 22, 1947" 1438: 8779: 7397: 7194: 6231: 5731: 5643: 5579: 5147: 757: 2730:

and while not recognised by the Western powers as a part of East Germany, the GDR declared it its capital (Hauptstadt der DDR).

1265:

on 2 August 1945 defined the new eastern German border by giving Poland and the Soviet Union all regions of Germany east of the

8794: 7600: 7112: 5962: 5500: 4085: 4064: 82: 441: 8799: 8789: 8196: 8101: 7628: 7374: 7249: 6335: 6309: 6166: 5872: 5789: 5467: 4440: 3975: 3904: 3657: 3631: 3549: 3299: 3066: 2241: 1765: 1756:. It was created in July 1949 and was not under British or any other allied control. Instead it was under the control of the 1323: 1270: 1138: 1069: 1002: 3474:

Campion, Corey (2019). "Remembering the Forgotten Zone: Recasting the Image of the Post-1945 French Occupation of Germany".

2637:(FRG) i.e. West Germany in May 1949, and after that the Soviets followed suit in October 1949 with the establishment of the 8819: 8814: 8429: 7836: 7722: 6887: 6354: 6350: 6328: 5932: 5401: 5213: 4747: 2167: 1304: 1655:, but with borders that had been drawn by the Nazi government in 1937. The British also created the new German states of: 8344: 7808: 7140: 7126: 6339: 5245: 4594: 4577: 4410: 4121: 1388: 1191: 965: 733: 221: 1612:

which they had taken over from the Americans a few weeks before, as it had previously been agreed to be occupied by the

8553: 8422: 8300: 7878: 7593: 7544: 7302: 6857: 6109: 5948: 5796: 5650: 5301: 4485: 4450: 4395: 4107: 3959:

Campion, Corey. "Remembering the" Forgotten Zone": Recasting the Image of the Post-1945 French Occupation of Germany."

2868:

British occupation policy was similar to that of the United States, but with a greater focus on economic problems. The

2215: 1952:. So, at 12 noon that day, Dutch troops moved to occupy an area of 69 km (17,000 acres), the most relevants parts were 1573: 1104: 898: 753: 210: 3419: 2592: 8669: 7551: 7523: 7340: 6922: 6641: 6608: 5381: 5346: 4934: 4838: 4675: 2143: 2121: 1982: 1815: 1561: 1289:) and divided the remaining "Germany as a whole" into four occupation zones, each administered by one of the Allies. 231: 183: 5824: 8706: 7864: 7801: 6936: 6772: 5895: 2764:, where Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin signed an agreement stating that they intended to: disarm and disband the 2577: 1303:, annexed by Germany from Lithuania before the war, was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1945 and transferred to the 748: 6449: 4018:

Knowles, Christopher. "The British Occupation of Germany, 1945–49: A Case Study in Post-Conflict Reconstruction."

2712:

A 1956 plebiscite ended the French administration of the Saar protectorate, and it joined the Federal Republic as

799: 8230: 8071: 8060: 7896: 7655: 7614: 7507: 7445: 6832: 6102: 5971: 5939: 4800: 4400: 4032:

Main, Steven J. "The Soviet Occupation of Germany. Hunger, Mass Violence and the Struggle for Peace, 1945–1947."

3968:

Transforming Occupation in the Western Zones of Germany: Politics, Everyday Life and Social Interactions, 1945-55

1991: 910: 775: 6619: 6187: 4133:

Miller, Paul D. "A bibliographic essay on the Allied occupation and reconstruction of West Germany, 1945–1955."

3992: 2676:, although limited sovereignty was not granted to the GDR government until 11 November 1949. After the death of 73: 8616: 8588: 8466: 8259: 7496: 6947: 6873: 6669: 6040: 5759: 5664: 5549: 4783: 4599: 4283: 3929:

Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees, European University Institute, Florence, Department of history and civilization

3174:

Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949: Multilateral, 1931-1945

2613: 2600:, which contained recommendations for the establishment of a new state and also formed a working basis for the 1855: 1680: 1666: 1354:

withdrew from the Allied Control Council. The split led to the establishment in 1949 of two new German states,

1247: 779: 738: 359: 3583: 1837:(known as the Belgian Forces in Germany from 1951) became autonomous in 1946 under the command, initially, of 8804: 8676: 8609: 8560: 8491: 8316: 7822: 7773: 7537: 7530: 7133: 6894: 6685: 5738: 5411: 5077: 4853: 4715: 4619: 4518: 3112: 2159: 1789: 1335:

between Soviet and U.S. forces at the end of hostilities, mostly lying eastward of the July 1945-established

1292: 3045:

August 1948, German children deported from the eastern areas taken over by Poland arrive in western Germany.

8750: 8646: 8021: 7982: 6901: 6736: 6721: 6648: 6627: 6445: 6123: 5909: 5902: 5886: 5597: 5556: 5528: 5097: 4825: 4695: 4199: 2773: 2747: 1772:

during 1951–1952, which terminated the occupation and prepared the way for the rearmament of West Germany.

1641: 771: 3867: 3322: 3017:

The last Allied war advances into Germany and Allied occupation plans were affected by rumors of the Nazi

8713: 8037: 7989: 7607: 7579: 7432: 7047: 7026: 6547: 6210: 6116: 5606: 5396: 4892: 4805: 4257: 3896: 3271: 2163: 1945: 1887: 1296: 791: 743: 728: 723: 678: 663: 20: 5371: 2971:, 25 June 1945). Some soldiers still felt the girls were the enemy, but used them for sex nevertheless. 2449: 2290:

Saarland, an area in the French occupation zone, was separated from Allied-occupied Germany to become a

2049: 1307:. All territories annexed by Germany during the war from Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Poland and 8511: 8007: 7926: 7871: 7759: 7715: 7365: 6991: 6915: 6817: 6694: 6566: 6559: 6519: 6492: 6224: 6157: 5752: 5563: 5493: 4815: 4727: 4705: 4624: 4609: 4425: 4405: 4247: 2668:

A similar situation occurred in East Germany. The GDR was founded on 7 October 1949. On 10 October the

2638: 2259: 1871: 1769: 1370: 970: 940: 713: 320: 3200: 8413: 8330: 8115: 7975: 7947: 7780: 7685: 7475: 6908: 5982: 5636: 5067: 4252: 3772: 2794: 2706: 2686: 2673: 1834: 1594: 1223: 787: 783: 718: 6180: 4058:

Konrad Adenauer: A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War, Revolution and Reconstruction

3811: 3053:, where the victorious Allies drew up plans for the future of Germany, noted in article XIII of the 8152: 8129: 7381: 7182: 7175: 6839: 6499: 6471: 6464: 5851: 5044: 5006: 4843: 4614: 3600: 3569: 2777: 2751: 2693: 795: 6196: 6173: 3518: 2072: 1556: 8574: 8518: 8388: 8248: 7933: 7586: 7482: 7388: 6956: 6824: 6794: 6758: 6743: 6615: 6507: 6485: 6431: 6417: 6399: 5844: 5572: 5521: 5180: 5054: 5034: 5011: 4991: 4951: 4914: 4863: 4737: 4700: 4192: 3919: 3282: 3102: 2869: 2559: 1939:. It remained stationed at Itzehoe, under the name of The Danish Command in Germany, until 1958. 1768:. Kirkpatrick carried immense responsibility particularly with respect to the negotiation of the 1676: 1629: 1598: 1577: 1392: 763: 653: 5205: 3920:

The Expulsion of the 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War

2596:

West German mayors and minister presidents receive the British, American, and French occupiers'

8266: 8159: 7961: 7912: 7815: 7708: 7678: 7461: 7349: 7075: 6866: 6457: 6438: 6408: 5955: 5925: 5406: 5331: 4981: 4956: 4919: 4778: 4710: 4539: 4430: 4420: 4100:

A Machine Gunner's War: From Normandy to Victory with the 1st Infantry Division in World War II

3172: 3107: 3062: 2998: 2909: 2889: 2609: 2514: 2371: 1757: 1702: 1690: 1315: 1251: 1219: 928: 822: 639: 616: 373: 24: 2656:, whose powers lay somewhere between those of a governor and those of an ambassador. When the 2633:

that was enforced from June 1948 to May 1949. The three western zones were merged to form the

1526: 1475:) were also placed under U.S. control because of the U.S. request to have certain toeholds in 8757: 8480: 8323: 8219: 8189: 8145: 7885: 7850: 7843: 7766: 7664: 7105: 7082: 6929: 6540: 6077: 5817: 5803: 5486: 5142: 4961: 4946: 4909: 2100:

From November 1945, Luxembourg was allocated a zone within the French sector. The Luxembourg

1900: 1709:

Also in 1947, the American zone of occupation being inland had no port facilities – thus the

1633: 1514: 1308: 1125: 767: 6375: 3323:"Entre ressentiment et ré-éducation, L'Armée belge d'Occupation et les Allemands, 1945–1952" 1948:, give to the Netherlands some less far-reaching border modifications, after the failure of 1620:(CCG/BE) ceded more slices of its area of occupation to the Soviet Union – specifically the 8581: 8436: 8087: 8044: 8014: 7940: 7750: 7729: 6655: 6132: 5810: 5366: 4924: 4868: 4752: 4690: 4685: 4655: 4587: 4565: 4513: 4415: 3844: 3570:"Vor 50 Jahren: Der 15. April 1950. Vertriebene finden eine neue Heimat in Rheinland-Pfalz" 2991: 2798: 2769: 2423: 2284: 2263: 2131: 1663: 1550: 1319: 1266: 1120: 948: 935: 827: 625: 307: 5282: 2345: 2061: 2057: 1453: 1449: 8: 8699: 8473: 8351: 8307: 7829: 6963: 6729: 6256: 6086: 6070: 6019: 5107: 5001: 4976: 4971: 4848: 4793: 4732: 4638: 4369: 4303: 3021:

plan for insurgency, and successful Nazi deception about plans to withdraw forces to the

2597: 2023: 1838: 1694: 1625: 1544: 1413: 1344: 1336: 387: 96: 4465: 2685:

with the GDR on 20 September 1955. On 1 March 1956, the GDR established a military, the

1883: 8692: 8525: 8450: 8404: 8374: 8282: 8122: 7787: 7671: 7565: 7516: 7454: 7210: 7161: 6970: 6594: 6249: 6047: 5336: 5173: 5166: 5021: 4986: 4873: 4858: 4788: 4766: 4742: 4670: 4604: 4534: 4445: 4364: 4333: 4242: 4219: 3789: 3491: 3117: 3050: 2967: 2397: 2276: 2272: 2135: 1867: 1659: 1501: 1429: 1278: 1257:

At first, Allied-occupied Germany was defined as all territories of Germany before the

915: 875: 847: 687: 294: 2851:

American propaganda poster using images of concentration camp victims to warn against

2283:, also fell to Poland. Most German citizens residing in these areas were subsequently 2139: 1843: 1742: 1343:

Berlin, which occurred at roughly the same time; the need for intelligence gathering (

8683: 8567: 8457: 8397: 8358: 8291: 8273: 8239: 8182: 8136: 8080: 7905: 7643: 7635: 7572: 7425: 7019: 6551: 6012: 5991: 5701: 5127: 5102: 5049: 4996: 4810: 4582: 4374: 4168: 4155: 4103: 3971: 3900: 3890: 3793: 3653: 3627: 3545: 3495: 3054: 2814: 2653: 2291: 2245: 2068: 2040: 2011: 1957: 1949: 1761: 1652: 1505: 1444: 1417: 1375: 1262: 880: 803: 492: 193: 4061: 4051: 1820:

Army units from other countries were stationed within the British occupation zone.

8602: 8595: 8539: 8203: 7968: 7954: 7857: 7794: 7745: 7558: 7411: 7358: 7168: 7119: 7033: 6263: 6240: 5773: 5321: 5189: 5137: 5132: 5122: 5117: 5112: 4939: 4904: 4878: 4550: 4354: 4323: 4278: 4273: 4173: 4161: 4138: 4037: 3781: 3483: 2835: 2831: 2810: 2761: 1995: 1916: 1863: 1684: 1530:(Munich; October 1945). Radio stations were run by the military government. Later, 1520: 1476: 1405: 842: 837: 832: 519: 263: 251: 5782: 4048:

Educating the Germans: People and Policy in the British Zone of Germany, 1945-1949

3295: 2944:

situation was dire, as found during a visit by the British (and Jewish) publisher

1785: 659: 8625: 8337: 8252: 8210: 8108: 8051: 7919: 7701: 7692: 7221: 6803: 6779: 6033: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5029: 4455: 4142: 4068: 4041: 3949: 3926: 3822: 3818: 3749: 3587: 3576: 3278: 3204: 3006: 2945: 2839: 2827: 2802: 2698: 2630: 2584: 2302:

In October 1946, the population of the various zones and sectors was as follows:

2250: 2101: 2045: 2003: 1746: 1332: 1300: 1012: 257: 245: 47: 8737: 8632: 8168: 8094: 6146: 6005: 5306: 5265: 5194: 5072: 5059: 4722: 4480: 3605:

Foreign Relations of the United States: The Conferences at Malta and Yalta 1945

3138: 3070: 2852: 2823: 2781: 2743: 2645: 2565: 2358: 1928: 1875: 1738: 1710: 1698: 1231: 1178: 1164: 905: 127: 2936: 2932: 622:

Reunited Germany by joining the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990.

8773: 8443: 6368: 6217: 6056: 5275: 5250: 4435: 3892:

Werwolf!: The History of the National Socialist Guerrilla Movement, 1944–1946

3487: 2994:. The mothers of the children would often face particularly harsh ostracism. 2986: 2975: 2847: 2677: 2569: 2475: 2287:. Returning refugees, who had fled from war hostilities, were denied return. 1987: 1878:

the German population of which was temporarily removed. The city was renamed

1647:

Within the British zone of occupation, the CCG/BE re-established the city of

1587: 1425: 992: 507: 332: 164: 151: 2949: 2142:, not shown here, which were joined directly to the Soviet Union). Red: the 8742: 8546: 6846: 6751: 6382: 5745: 5509: 5386: 5316: 4820: 4495: 4490: 4460: 4359: 4313: 3412: 3023: 2806: 2634: 2384: 1964:. Many other small border corrections were done, mostly in the vicinity of 1903: 1672: 1583: 1359: 1355: 1282: 1243: 1235: 1227: 1101: 1097: 1032: 1022: 983: 870: 612: 586: 572: 559: 413: 400: 3785: 2974:

The often destitute mothers of the resulting children usually received no

2780:

for damage done by Germany; wipe out the Nazi party and its institutions;

2126: 1874:. The administrative centre of the Polish occupation zone was the city of 698: 8381: 8367: 8029: 6705: 6526: 6511: 5865: 5443: 5435: 5361: 4830: 4544: 4379: 4328: 3827: 2727: 2723: 2540: 2527: 2501: 2436: 2053: 2007: 1714: 1621: 1613: 1605: 1468: 1464: 1239: 885: 139: 133: 4013: 4009: 2776:

that could be used for military production; punish war criminals; exact

2772:; remove or destroy all German military equipment; eliminate or control 2608:

The original Allied plan to govern Germany as a single unit through the

7736: 7489: 7468: 6361: 5694: 5622: 5039: 4660: 2760:

Allied aims with respect to postwar Germany were first laid out at the

2662: 2175: 1920: 955: 484: 7999: 7404: 7201: 7012: 6810: 6765: 5416: 4650: 4298: 2765: 2488: 2151: 2019: 2015: 1969: 1479:. At the end of October 1946, the American zone had a population of: 1472: 1433: 1258: 121: 6286: 3944:

A History of West Germany Vol 1: From Shadow to Substance, 1945–1963

2554: 2112:. The final Luxembourg forces in Germany, in Bitburg, left in 1955. 619:

occupying Germany as the separation was opposed by the Soviet Union.

6270: 5998: 4184: 3863: 3580: 2714: 2280: 2109: 1961: 1637: 1609: 346: 2726:

being de facto part of the FRG. The Soviet sector became known as

1972:, which also were part of this small Dutch sub-zone of occupation. 1720:

At the end of October 1946, the British zone had a population of:

5326: 5260: 5235: 4929: 4349: 4293: 4215: 3232:"Germany 1945–1949: a case study in post-conflict reconstruction" 3018: 2921: 2818: 2739: 2665:, or Federal Defense Force, was established on 12 November 1955. 2644:

In the west, the occupation continued until 5 May 1955, when the

2410: 2319: 2267: 2189:

At the end of October 1946, the Soviet zone had a population of:

2105: 2078:

At the end of October 1946, the French zone had a population of:

2031: 1932: 1859: 1826: 1648: 1409: 1286: 1274: 1050: 852: 632: 114: 3540:

Murphy, David E.; Kondrashev, Sergei A.; Bailey, George (1997).

3137:

The two American exclaves in the British sector is the state of

1452:

and became northern portions of the present-day German state of

6880: 5478: 5462: 5459: 5426: 5351: 4075:

Exorcising Hitler: the occupation and denazification of Germany

4008:(2 vol 2004), 150 short essays by scholars covering 1945–1990 2793:

The US originally considered a punitive approach championed by

2626: 2462: 2155: 1965: 1830: 1752:

Another special feature of the British zone was the enclave of

1460: 1397:"American occupation zone" redirects here. For other uses, see 109: 3689: 3601:"Document 500: Communiqué Issued at the End of the Conference" 3150:

The quadripartite area shown within the Soviet zone is Berlin.

1841:. Belgian soldiers remained in Germany until 31 December 2005. 7068: 5270: 4309:

Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples

4288: 4027:

Winning the Peace: The British in Occupied Germany, 1945-1948

3839: 3837: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 2917:

German state, Wehrmacht, Nazi party, and Nazi organizations.

2332: 2035: 2027: 1953: 1924: 1804:

British armoured car, at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, 1950

1421: 1314:

Deviating from the occupation zones planned according to the

1218:

The entirety of Germany was occupied and administered by the

19:

For the occupation of Western Germany after World War I, see

3989:

Aftermath: Life in the Fallout of the Third Reich, 1945-1955

3730: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3650:

After the Reich: The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation

2924:

activity to tighten police control and secure forced labor.

1564:

in West-Berlin remained a radio station under U.S. control.

2981:

The children of African-American soldiers, commonly called

1753: 3834: 3666: 2216:

History of Berlin § West and East Germany (1945–1990)

3711: 3515:"L'Armée luxembourgeoise après la libération (1944–1967)" 274: 4179:

The Struggle for Germany and the Origins of the Cold War

4128:

The papers of General Lucius D. Clay: Germany, 1945–1949

4006:

The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War

2224:

At the end of October 1946, Berlin had a population of:

2092:(The Saar Protectorate had a further 0.8 million.) 3615: 3084: 1899:

had 4,000 soldiers in Hanover; amongst whom was future

1858:

were stationed in the northern area of the district of

615:

by joining it on 1 January 1957, not recognized by the

6140:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

3699: 3539: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 2703:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

1886:) from 1945 to 1947. Once the British recognised the 1809: 1432:, both part of the French zone) with a new capital in 4091: 2927: 3966:

Erlichman, Camilo, and Knowles, Christopher (eds.).

3007:

United States v. Private First Class John A. Bennett

2955:

The Times, the Daily Herald, the Manchester Guardian

3254: 1944:The London conference of 23 April 1949, during the 4172:is available for free viewing and download at the 4160:is available for free viewing and download at the 2709:stayed in German territory until the end of 2005. 2576:with a symbolic handshake. This merger formed the 2574:unification of the 2 communist parties-SPD and KPD 1737:The British headquarters were originally based in 3355: 3091:List of administrators of Allied-occupied Germany 2564:An East German political event on 21 April 1946: 2555:Governance and the emergence of two German states 1931:. However, it was decided to move the brigade to 8771: 4118:Documents on Germany under Occupation, 1945–1954 3748: 3544:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 33. 3542:Battleground Berlin: CIA vs. KGB in the Cold War 1618:Control Commission for Germany (British Element) 3982:The Founding of the Federal Republic of Germany 3756:. Victor Gollancz, London. pp. 116, 125–6. 3367: 1792:, formerly the Stadt Hamburg Hotel in late 1945 3765: 3763: 3607:. U.S. Department of State. 12 February 1945. 3509: 3507: 3505: 1915:of 4,000 men, under British command, occupied 1636:, and exchanged some villages between British 8845:States and territories disestablished in 1949 5494: 5221: 4200: 3999:After Hitler: Recivilizing Germans, 1945–1995 2817:, with long-term objectives summed up by the 2718:on 1 January 1957, becoming its tenth state. 2602:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany 1311:were returned to their respective countries. 1199: 635:and the western sectors of Berlin (de facto). 3461:Mémoires de guerre : Le Salut 1944–1946 2863: 2048:in the north and west and on the other hand 1906:(then a Norwegian citizen) as press attaché. 1067: 953: 490: 482: 39: 4319:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) 4098:Andrews, Ernest A.; Hurt, David B. (2022). 4097: 3888: 3769: 3760: 3502: 3037:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) 2900: 2883: 2067:The French zone of occupation included the 8840:States and territories established in 1945 5501: 5487: 5228: 5214: 4207: 4193: 4084:(Central European University Press, 2004) 3807: 3805: 3803: 2756:Forced labor of Germans after World War II 2088:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 1.05 million 1206: 1192: 613:Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) 81: 8830:Germany–United Kingdom military relations 3843: 3736: 3705: 3647: 3563: 3561: 3458: 3413:"The Danish Brigade in Germany 1947–1958" 2782:remove all Nazi and militarist influences 2670:Soviet Military Administration in Germany 2022:, and conquered a territory extending to 1717:became exclaves within the British zone. 8835:Germany–United States military relations 3861: 3855: 3626:(eBook ed.). London: Pocket Books. 3443: 3065:. Millions of people were expelled from 3040: 2931: 2846: 2619:expelled and denaturalised Czechoslovaks 2591: 2558: 2249: 2150:The Soviet occupation zone incorporated 2125: 1986: 1842: 1724:North Rhine-Westphalia 11.7 million 1369: 8825:Germany–Soviet Union military relations 4102:. Philadelphia & Oxford: Casemate. 3800: 3473: 3229: 2920:The Soviets used suspicion of supposed 2788: 2279:). A small area west of the Oder, near 1741:from 1946, but in 1954 it was moved to 1226:on 5 June 1945 to the establishment of 16:Post-World War II occupation of Germany 8772: 7348: 7326:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 3961:French Politics, Culture & Society 3724: 3693: 3621: 3581:Rheinland-Pfalz Landesarchivverwaltung 3558: 3476:French Politics, Culture & Society 3302:from the original on 18 September 2015 3170: 2612:de facto broke down on 20 March 1948 ( 2130:Pink: portions of Germany east of the 1847:Belgian occupation sub-zone of Germany 1597:was formed on 25 August 1945 from the 1374:4 occupation zones in Germany and the 1299:were returned to these countries. The 8197:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 7629:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 7275:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 7231:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 6336:Rape during the occupation of Germany 5482: 5209: 4188: 3942:Bark, Dennis L., and David R. Gress. 3211:from the original on 16 February 2023 3067:former eastern territories of Germany 3009:, 7 C.M.A. 97, 21 C.M.R. 223 (1956). 2242:Former eastern territories of Germany 2178:, which also came to house the chief 1835:Belgian army of occupation in Germany 1766:British High Commissioner for Germany 1324:former eastern territories of Germany 7319:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 6351:Rape during the liberation of France 4214: 3652:. New York: Basic Books. p. 7. 3393:from the original on 18 January 2023 3343:from the original on 14 October 2013 3181:from the original on 21 January 2023 3085:Military governors and commissioners 2733: 2085:Baden (South Baden) 1.2 million 1420:, both part of the French zone) and 3984:(University of Chicago Press, 1958) 3862:Benjamin, Daniel (29 August 2003). 3638:chpt. 10, "Visions of a New World". 3611:from the original on 6 August 2023. 3330:Cahiers d'Histoire du Temps Présent 3030: 2254:Cover of the 1947 Saar constitution 1810:Belgian, Polish and Norwegian zones 1730:Schleswig-Holstein 2.6 million 1697:with the Prussian provinces of the 1389:American occupation zone in Germany 1365: 13: 7545:German invasion of the Netherlands 5825:Weather events during World War II 4092:Primary sources and historiography 3936: 3425:from the original on 21 March 2023 3230:Knowles, Chris (29 January 2014). 2928:Conditions in the occupation zones 2308:State, sector, or other territory 2108:and the 1st Battalion was sent to 2095: 1935:in October 1949, naming itself as 1897:Norwegian Brigade Group in Germany 1604:In July the British withdrew from 1574:British occupation zone in Germany 1489:Württemberg-Baden 3.6 million 1293:All territories annexed by Germany 14: 8861: 8850:World War II occupied territories 8810:France–Germany military relations 8785:1949 disestablishments in Germany 8176:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 4148: 3870:from the original on 20 July 2008 3373: 3361: 3320: 2948:in October and November 1946. In 2235: 2144:Soviet Occupation zone of Germany 2122:Soviet occupation zone in Germany 1983:French occupation zone in Germany 1816:Polish occupation zone in Germany 1640:and Soviet Mecklenburg under the 1628:and some exclaves and fringes of 1399:United States military occupation 8736: 5508: 5385: 5350: 5305: 5291: 5249: 4120:(Oxford University Press, 1955) 3242:from the original on 9 June 2023 2228:Western sectors 2.0 million 2082:Rheinland Pfalz 2.7 million 1919:, after an agreement, signed at 1797: 1777: 1382: 1347:) may also have been a factor. 1295:before the war from Austria and 1172: 1158: 697: 652: 591: 577: 552: 360:Surrender of German armed forces 64: 4411:German revolutions of 1848–1849 4380:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation) 4169:Civil Affairs In Germany (1945) 3954:Germany 1945: from war to peace 3913: 3882: 3742: 3641: 3624:Germany 1945: From War to Peace 3593: 3533: 3467: 3452: 3437: 3405: 3379: 2275:within the Soviet Union (today 2196:Saxony-Anhalt: 4.1 million 2134:attached to Poland (except for 1888:pro-Soviet government in Poland 1567: 1259:1938 Nazi annexation of Austria 966:German revolutions of 1848–1849 633:Western Allied zones of Germany 8780:1945 establishments in Germany 8423:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 6133:Territorial changes of Germany 6041:Indonesian National Revolution 4396:Early modern period, 1500–1800 4284:List of early Germanic peoples 3314: 3288: 3223: 3193: 3164: 3144: 3131: 2797:'s Secretary of the Treasury, 2266:was assigned to Poland by the 2231:Soviet sector 1.1 million 2172:Soviet Military Administration 2115: 1976: 1667:Province of Schleswig-Holstein 1524:(Berlin; September 1945), and 1350:On 20 March 1948, the Soviets 1: 8795:American military occupations 7823:Japanese invasion of Thailand 7774:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 7538:German invasion of Luxembourg 5919:Mediterranean and Middle East 4519:History of Germany since 1990 4135:Small Wars & Insurgencies 4077:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011) 4029:, (Bloomsbury Academic, 2017) 4014:excerpt and text search vol 2 4010:excerpt and text search vol 1 3157: 3113:History of Germany since 1945 3012: 2297: 2205:Mecklenburg: 2.1 million 2202:Brandenburg: 2.5 million 2010:. In April and May 1945, the 1727:Lower Saxony 6.2 million 1711:Free Hanseatic City of Bremen 1471:(at the Weser estuary of the 628:took place on 3 October 1990. 8800:British military occupations 8790:Allied occupation of Germany 7730:Invasion of the Soviet Union 7419:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 6737:Independent State of Croatia 4143:10.1080/09592318.2013.857935 4042:10.1080/09668136.2014.941704 3590:, retrieved on 4 March 2013. 2748:Industrial plans for Germany 1662:– emerging in 1946 from the 1642:Barber-Lyashchenko Agreement 1498:American military government 254:(American and British zones) 7: 8820:Soviet military occupations 8815:French military occupations 8714:End of World War II in Asia 8554:Western invasion of Germany 8061:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 8038:Second Battle of El Alamein 7608:Hundred Regiments Offensive 7580:Battle of the Mediterranean 7433:Italian invasion of Albania 5607:Air warfare of World War II 4036:(2014) 66#8 pp: 1380–1382. 3897:University of Toronto Press 3889:Biddiscombe, Perry (1998). 3459:de Gaulle, Charles (1959). 3296:"British Army of the Rhine" 3272:"I. Gebiet und Bevölkerung" 3095: 2997:Between 1950 and 1955, the 2635:Federal Republic of Germany 2199:Thuringia: 2.9 million 1911:In 1947 (during summer), a 1862:as well as in the areas of 1675:– the merger of Brunswick, 1436:, and of northern parts of 1220:Allies of World War II 203:the French occupation zone) 21:Occupation of the Rhineland 10: 8866: 8640:Naval bombardment of Japan 8008:First Battle of El Alamein 7927:Battle of Christmas Island 7872:Japanese invasion of Burma 7636:Italian invasion of Greece 7552:German invasion of Belgium 7524:German invasion of Denmark 7497:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 7366:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 5630:Comparative military ranks 4426:North German Confederation 4406:Confederation of the Rhine 4116:Beate Ruhm Von Oppen, ed. 3956:(Simon and Schuster, 2012) 3849:The Bitter Road to Freedom 3517:. Armée.lu. Archived from 3463:. Plon. pp. 170, 207. 3444:Reinisch, Jessica (2013). 3088: 3034: 2908:Political activity in the 2737: 2639:German Democratic Republic 2532:American, British, French 2239: 2213: 2119: 1980: 1872:Polish government in exile 1813: 1571: 1396: 1386: 971:North German Confederation 941:Confederation of the Rhine 321:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny 18: 8729: 8561:Bratislava–Brno offensive 8501: 8492:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 8229: 8116:Allied invasion of Sicily 8070: 7976:Aleutian Islands campaign 7948:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 7895: 7886:Greek famine of 1941–1944 7781:Second Battle of Changsha 7686:German invasion of Greece 7654: 7531:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 7506: 7444: 7339: 7220: 6946: 6856: 6704: 6407: 6398: 6156: 5981: 5873:North and Central Pacific 5834: 5596: 5589: 5516: 5455: 5425: 5380: 5345: 5300: 5289: 5244: 5160: 5020: 4900: 4891: 4774: 4765: 4646: 4637: 4573: 4564: 4527: 4506: 4388: 4342: 4266: 4235: 4226: 4137:(2013) 24#4 pp: 751–759. 3773:Journal of Social History 3648:MacDonogh, Giles (2007). 3622:Bessel, Richard (2010) . 3321:Brüll, Christoph (2011). 2913:of the Communist party. 2864:British occupation policy 2707:Belgian Forces in Germany 2674:Soviet Control Commission 2641:(GDR) i.e. East Germany. 2285:expropriated and expelled 2209: 1913:Danish Brigade in Germany 1854:Polish units mainly from 1595:British Army of the Rhine 649: 607: 531: 475: 471: 461: 451: 447: 440: 436: 423: 410: 397: 384: 369: 356: 352: 342: 338: 326: 314: 300: 288: 284: 273: 238: 102: 92: 80: 61: 56: 34: 8153:Allied invasion of Italy 8130:Solomon Islands campaign 7879:Third Battle of Changsha 7476:First Battle of Changsha 7382:Second Sino-Japanese War 6322:German military brothels 6188:United States war crimes 5372:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 4578:Administrative divisions 4157:A DEFEATED PEOPLE (1946) 3488:10.3167/fpcs.2019.370304 3124: 2901:Soviet occupation policy 2884:French occupation policy 2752:Food in occupied Germany 2694:reunification of Germany 2528:Berlin (western sectors) 2450:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 2193:Saxony: 5.5 million 2050:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 1733:Hamburg 1.4 million 1496:The headquarters of the 1492:Bremen 0.48 million 1483:Bavaria 8.7 million 222:American occupation zone 8575:Second Guangxi campaign 8430:Philippines (1944–1945) 7934:Battle of the Coral Sea 7837:Fall of the Philippines 7483:Battle of South Guangxi 7389:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 6795:Italian Social Republic 5237:Allied-occupied Germany 4022:(2013) 158#6 pp: 84–91. 3864:"Condi's Phony History" 3851:. New York: Free Press. 3283:Statistisches Bundesamt 3177:. Department of State. 3171:States, United (1968). 3103:Allied-occupied Austria 3077:for a period of years. 2870:British Occupation Zone 2038:. Three German states ( 1599:British Liberation Army 1578:Allied-occupied Austria 1486:Hesse 3.97 million 1414:Rhine Palatinate Region 1393:Allied-occupied Austria 1316:London Protocol in 1944 1230:on 23 May 1949. Unlike 637: 630: 624: 621: 610: 211:British occupation zone 8160:Armistice of Cassibile 7962:Battle of Dutch Harbor 7913:Battle of the Java Sea 7816:Attack on Pearl Harbor 7716:Syria–Lebanon campaign 7709:Battle of South Shanxi 7679:Invasion of Yugoslavia 7462:Battle of the Atlantic 7076:Korean Liberation Army 6789:(until September 1943) 6746:(until September 1944) 6724:(until September 1944) 5332:North Rhine-Westphalia 4839:Science and technology 4540:History of Brandenburg 4431:Unification of Germany 4421:Frankfurt Constitution 4025:Knowles, Christopher. 3925:1 October 2009 at the 3108:German-occupied Europe 3075:used for forced labour 3063:Allied Control Council 3046: 2999:Allied High Commission 2940: 2910:Soviet occupation zone 2856: 2687:National People's Army 2649: 2610:Allied Control Council 2605: 2589: 2541:Berlin (Soviet sector) 2515:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 2372:North Rhine-Westphalia 2255: 2147: 2136:northerly East Prussia 2102:2nd Infantry Battalion 2064:of the American zone. 1999: 1848: 1770:Bonn–Paris conventions 1758:Allied High Commission 1745:where it was known as 1691:North Rhine-Westphalia 1379: 1252:Allied Control Council 1068: 954: 823:Linear Pottery culture 640:Soviet zone of Germany 611:Became a state of the 504:(except the Saarland): 491: 483: 374:Allied Control Council 232:Soviet occupation zone 184:French occupation zone 40: 25:Occupation of the Ruhr 8324:Second Battle of Guam 8220:Bengal famine of 1943 8190:Second Battle of Kiev 8146:Battle of the Dnieper 7851:Battle of Wake Island 7723:East African campaign 7665:Battle of South Henan 7310:atrocities by Germans 7083:Korean Volunteer Army 6064:Occupation of Germany 5818:Music in World War II 5239:(1945–1949/1956/1990) 4476:Flight and expulsions 4056:Schwarz, Hans-Peter. 3845:Hitchcock, William I. 3812:Children of the Enemy 3786:10.1353/jsh.2001.0002 3586:25 April 2009 at the 3201:"What Is to Be Done?" 3044: 2992:interracial marriages 2935: 2890:their occupation zone 2850: 2595: 2562: 2253: 2174:was headquartered in 2129: 2073:Büsingen am Hochrhein 2024:Hitler's Eagle's Nest 1990: 1856:1st Armoured Division 1846: 1814:Further information: 1634:County of Blankenburg 1572:Further information: 1557:Süddeutscher Rundfunk 1515:Frankfurter Rundschau 1404:The American zone in 1387:Further information: 1373: 749:Territorial evolution 658:The four sectors and 642:and sector of Berlin. 302:• American zone 239:Common languages 8805:Dwight D. Eisenhower 8610:Surrender of Germany 8088:Battle of West Hubei 8045:Guadalcanal campaign 8015:Battle of Stalingrad 7941:Battle of Madagascar 6715:Albania protectorate 6502:(formerly Swaziland) 6211:Wehrmacht war crimes 6027:Expulsion of Germans 5811:Art and World War II 5709:British contribution 5658:Governments in exile 5367:Rhineland-Palatinate 5148:World Heritage Sites 4826:German states by GDP 4416:German Confederation 4181:by Melvyn P. Leffler 4067:28 June 2011 at the 4004:Junker, Detlef, ed. 3970:(Bloomsbury, 2018). 3575:31 July 2013 at the 3277:27 July 2020 at the 3236:History & Policy 2799:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 2789:US occupation policy 2770:German General Staff 2672:was replaced by the 2424:Rhineland-Palatinate 2044:) were established: 1946:Six-Power Conference 1701:(northern part) and 1560:, respectively. The 1551:Bayerischer Rundfunk 1248:formally surrendered 1238:was stripped of its 1085:Expulsion of Germans 1051:Contemporary Germany 949:German Confederation 626:German reunification 308:Dwight D. Eisenhower 290:• British zone 8700:Potsdam Declaration 8589:Italy (Spring 1945) 8352:Liberation of Paris 7809:Siege of Sevastopol 6827:(until August 1944) 6730:Wang Jingwei regime 6552:from September 1943 6512:from September 1944 6450:from September 1944 6310:Romanian war crimes 6301:Persecution of Jews 6287:Croatian war crimes 6257:Japanese war crimes 6071:Occupation of Japan 6020:First Indochina War 5732:Military production 5644:Declarations of war 4784:Automobile industry 4370:Carolingian dynasty 4304:History of the Huns 4073:Taylor, Frederick. 4034:Europe-Asia Studies 3997:Jarausch, Konrad H. 3963:37.3 (2019): 79-94. 3817:3 June 2008 at the 3739:, pp. 253–254. 3448:. OUP. p. 261. 3446:The Perils of Peace 2766:German armed forces 2598:Frankfurt Documents 2292:French protectorate 2184:Soviet intelligence 2056:, who later formed 1839:Jean-Baptiste Piron 1545:Hessischer Rundfunk 1527:Süddeutsche Zeitung 1345:Operation Paperclip 1337:inner German border 899:Early Modern period 886:Eastward settlement 328:• Soviet zone 316:• French zone 248:(national language) 161: / 97:Military occupation 8693:Surrender of Japan 8526:Battle of Iwo Jima 8375:Belgrade offensive 7788:Siege of Leningrad 7672:Battle of Shanggao 7601:British Somaliland 7566:Dunkirk evacuation 7517:Norwegian campaign 7455:Invasion of Poland 7282:Japanese prisoners 6250:Italian war crimes 6181:British war crimes 6096:Soviet occupations 5880:South-West Pacific 5767:Allied cooperation 5725:Military equipment 5337:Schleswig-Holstein 4854:Telecommunications 4535:History of Prussia 4451:Revolution of 1918 4446:War guilt question 4365:Carolingian Empire 4334:Sack of Rome (410) 4243:History of Germany 4082:Germany, 1945–1990 3980:Golay, John Ford. 3866:. Slate magazine. 3825:and Marc Widmann, 3754:In Darkest Germany 3298:. BAOR Locations. 3118:Interzonal traffic 3051:Potsdam conference 3047: 2968:The New York Times 2941: 2857: 2809:and War Secretary 2658:Deutschlandvertrag 2654:high commissioners 2650:Deutschlandvertrag 2606: 2590: 2457:1.05 million 2398:Schleswig-Holstein 2379:11.7 million 2366:0.48 million 2340:3.97 million 2277:Russian Federation 2273:Kaliningrad Oblast 2256: 2148: 2138:and the adjoining 2104:was garrisoned in 2000: 1849: 1784:Royal Air Force's 1660:Schleswig-Holstein 1632:, for example the 1502:IG Farben Building 1380: 1339:, was temporary. 1279:Posen-West Prussia 1269:(eastern parts of 1224:Berlin Declaration 1179:History portal 1165:Germany portal 916:Kingdom of Prussia 876:Kingdom of Germany 848:Barbarian kingdoms 295:Bernard Montgomery 8767: 8766: 8725: 8724: 8568:Battle of Okinawa 8467:Burma (1944–1945) 8301:Mariana and Palau 8081:Tunisian campaign 7906:Fall of Singapore 7830:Fall of Hong Kong 7573:Battle of Britain 7426:Operation Himmler 7335: 7334: 6999:Dutch East Indies 6642:Southern Rhodesia 6394: 6393: 6294:Genocide of Serbs 6197:German war crimes 6174:Soviet war crimes 6167:Allied war crimes 6013:Division of Korea 5992:Chinese Civil War 5790:Strategic bombing 5702:Manhattan Project 5476: 5475: 5283:Württemberg-Baden 5203: 5202: 5156: 5155: 4887: 4886: 4801:Chemical Triangle 4761: 4760: 4748:Political parties 4696:Foreign relations 4633: 4632: 4560: 4559: 4471:Allied occupation 4375:Holy Roman Empire 4050:(2018) 392 pp. 4046:Phillips, David. 3976:978-1-350-04923-9 3906:978-0-8020-0862-6 3659:978-0-465-00337-2 3633:978-1-84983-201-4 3551:978-0-300-07871-8 3364:, pp. 55–94. 3055:Potsdam Agreement 2734:Occupation policy 2552: 2551: 2548:1.1 million 2535:2.0 million 2522:2.1 million 2509:2.5 million 2496:2.9 million 2483:4.1 million 2470:5.5 million 2444:1.2 million 2431:2.7 million 2418:1.4 million 2405:2.6 million 2392:6.2 million 2353:3.6 million 2346:Württemberg-Baden 2327:8.7 million 2246:Saar Protectorate 2176:Berlin-Karlshorst 2062:Württemberg-Baden 2058:Baden-Württemberg 1958:Emmerich am Rhein 1950:Bakker-Schut Plan 1937:Tysklandsbrigaden 1762:Ivone Kirkpatrick 1705:– during 1946–47. 1542:gave way for the 1506:Frankfurt am Main 1456:founded in 1952. 1454:Baden-Württemberg 1450:Württemberg-Baden 1263:Potsdam Agreement 1216: 1215: 1147: 1146: 1041: 1040: 881:Holy Roman Empire 758:Holy Roman Empire 671: 670: 617:Allied government 603: 602: 599: 598: 565: 564: 524: 512: 499: 388:Saar Protectorate 194:Saar Protectorate 165:52.517°N 13.383°E 8857: 8760: 8753: 8746: 8743:World portal 8741: 8740: 8716: 8709: 8702: 8695: 8686: 8679: 8672: 8663: 8656: 8649: 8642: 8635: 8628: 8619: 8612: 8605: 8603:Prague offensive 8598: 8596:Battle of Berlin 8591: 8584: 8577: 8570: 8563: 8556: 8549: 8542: 8540:Vienna offensive 8535: 8528: 8521: 8519:Battle of Manila 8514: 8494: 8485: 8476: 8469: 8460: 8453: 8446: 8439: 8432: 8425: 8418: 8409: 8400: 8393: 8384: 8377: 8370: 8363: 8354: 8347: 8340: 8333: 8326: 8319: 8312: 8303: 8296: 8287: 8278: 8269: 8262: 8260:Korsun–Cherkassy 8255: 8244: 8222: 8213: 8206: 8199: 8192: 8185: 8178: 8171: 8162: 8155: 8148: 8141: 8132: 8125: 8118: 8111: 8104: 8102:Bombing of Gorky 8097: 8090: 8083: 8063: 8056: 8047: 8040: 8033: 8024: 8017: 8010: 8003: 7992: 7985: 7978: 7971: 7969:Battle of Midway 7964: 7957: 7955:Battle of Gazala 7950: 7943: 7936: 7929: 7922: 7915: 7908: 7888: 7881: 7874: 7867: 7865:Battle of Borneo 7860: 7858:Malayan campaign 7853: 7846: 7839: 7832: 7825: 7818: 7811: 7804: 7802:Bombing of Gorky 7797: 7795:Battle of Moscow 7790: 7783: 7776: 7769: 7762: 7755: 7739: 7732: 7725: 7718: 7711: 7704: 7695: 7688: 7681: 7674: 7667: 7647: 7638: 7631: 7624: 7617: 7610: 7603: 7596: 7589: 7582: 7575: 7568: 7561: 7559:Battle of France 7554: 7547: 7540: 7533: 7526: 7519: 7499: 7492: 7485: 7478: 7471: 7464: 7457: 7435: 7428: 7421: 7414: 7412:Munich Agreement 7407: 7400: 7391: 7384: 7377: 7368: 7361: 7346: 7345: 7328: 7321: 7312: 7305: 7298: 7297:Soviet prisoners 7291: 7284: 7277: 7268: 7261: 7252: 7245: 7238: 7237:German prisoners 7233: 7213: 7204: 7197: 7190: 7185: 7178: 7171: 7164: 7157: 7150: 7143: 7136: 7129: 7122: 7115: 7108: 7101: 7094: 7085: 7078: 7071: 7064: 7057: 7050: 7043: 7036: 7029: 7022: 7015: 7008: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6980: 6973: 6966: 6959: 6939: 6932: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6869: 6849: 6842: 6835: 6828: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6797: 6790: 6782: 6775: 6773:French Indochina 6768: 6761: 6754: 6747: 6739: 6732: 6725: 6717: 6697: 6688: 6681: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6651: 6644: 6637: 6630: 6623: 6620:from August 1944 6611: 6604: 6597: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6522: 6515: 6503: 6495: 6488: 6481: 6474: 6467: 6460: 6453: 6441: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6405: 6404: 6385: 6378: 6371: 6364: 6357: 6346: 6331: 6324: 6317: 6312: 6303: 6296: 6289: 6280: 6273: 6266: 6264:Nanjing Massacre 6259: 6252: 6243: 6241:Nuremberg trials 6234: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6169: 6149: 6142: 6135: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6098: 6091: 6082: 6073: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6043: 6036: 6029: 6022: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5974: 5965: 5958: 5951: 5942: 5935: 5928: 5921: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5845:Asia and Pacific 5827: 5820: 5813: 5806: 5799: 5792: 5785: 5776: 5774:Mulberry harbour 5769: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5711: 5704: 5697: 5688: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5625: 5616: 5609: 5594: 5593: 5582: 5575: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5503: 5496: 5489: 5480: 5479: 5448: 5440: 5390: 5389: 5355: 5354: 5310: 5309: 5295: 5254: 5253: 5230: 5223: 5216: 5207: 5206: 5183: 5176: 5169: 5133:Prussian virtues 4898: 4897: 4806:Economic history 4772: 4771: 4666: 4644: 4643: 4595:Cities and towns 4571: 4570: 4551:Baden Revolution 4355:Treaty of Verdun 4324:Marcomannic Wars 4279:Migration Period 4274:Germanic peoples 4258:Military history 4233: 4232: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4186: 4185: 4174:Internet Archive 4162:Internet Archive 4126:Clay, Lucius D. 4113: 4020:The RUSI Journal 3987:Jähner, Harald. 3930: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3841: 3832: 3831:, 2 January 2007 3809: 3798: 3797: 3767: 3758: 3757: 3750:Gollancz, Victor 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3664: 3663: 3645: 3639: 3637: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3597: 3591: 3565: 3556: 3555: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3511: 3500: 3499: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3424: 3417: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3342: 3327: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3292: 3286: 3269: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3168: 3151: 3148: 3142: 3135: 3031:Expulsion policy 2836:decentralization 2832:demilitarization 2811:Henry L. Stimson 2762:Yalta Conference 2572:(left) seal the 2305: 2304: 2264:Oder–Neisse line 2132:Oder–Neisse line 1996:Brandenburg Gate 1994:in front of the 1884:Stanisław Maczek 1801: 1781: 1760:. In June 1950, 1693:– the merger of 1685:state of Hanover 1681:Schaumburg-Lippe 1582:By May 1945 the 1521:Der Tagesspiegel 1477:Northern Germany 1430:Montabaur Region 1406:Southern Germany 1366:Occupation zones 1320:Oder–Neisse line 1267:Oder–Neisse line 1246:: after Germany 1208: 1201: 1194: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1073: 1056: 1055: 989: 988: 959: 843:Migration Period 838:Germanic peoples 833:Urnfield culture 701: 691: 673: 672: 656: 595: 594: 581: 580: 569: 568: 556: 555: 549: 548: 533: 532: 522: 510: 497: 496: 488: 427:Final Settlement 393:17 December 1947 376: 310: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 213: 208: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 175: 173: 172: 171: 166: 162: 159: 158: 157: 154: 85: 68: 51: 43: 32: 31: 8865: 8864: 8860: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8855: 8854: 8770: 8769: 8768: 8763: 8756: 8749: 8735: 8733: 8721: 8712: 8705: 8698: 8691: 8682: 8675: 8668: 8659: 8654:Atomic bombings 8652: 8645: 8638: 8631: 8624: 8615: 8608: 8601: 8594: 8587: 8580: 8573: 8566: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8538: 8531: 8524: 8517: 8510: 8497: 8490: 8479: 8472: 8465: 8456: 8449: 8442: 8435: 8428: 8421: 8412: 8403: 8396: 8387: 8380: 8373: 8366: 8357: 8350: 8345:Eastern Romania 8343: 8338:Warsaw Uprising 8336: 8331:Tannenberg Line 8329: 8322: 8317:Western Ukraine 8315: 8306: 8299: 8290: 8281: 8272: 8265: 8258: 8247: 8238: 8225: 8218: 8209: 8202: 8195: 8188: 8181: 8174: 8167: 8158: 8151: 8144: 8135: 8128: 8121: 8114: 8109:Battle of Kursk 8107: 8100: 8093: 8086: 8079: 8066: 8059: 8050: 8043: 8036: 8027: 8020: 8013: 8006: 7997: 7988: 7981: 7974: 7967: 7960: 7953: 7946: 7939: 7932: 7925: 7920:St Nazaire Raid 7918: 7911: 7904: 7891: 7884: 7877: 7870: 7863: 7856: 7849: 7842: 7835: 7828: 7821: 7814: 7807: 7800: 7793: 7786: 7779: 7772: 7765: 7758: 7744: 7735: 7728: 7721: 7714: 7707: 7702:Anglo-Iraqi War 7700: 7693:Battle of Crete 7691: 7684: 7677: 7670: 7663: 7650: 7641: 7634: 7627: 7622:Eastern Romania 7620: 7613: 7606: 7599: 7592: 7585: 7578: 7571: 7564: 7557: 7550: 7543: 7536: 7529: 7522: 7515: 7502: 7495: 7488: 7481: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7453: 7440: 7431: 7424: 7417: 7410: 7403: 7396: 7387: 7380: 7373: 7364: 7357: 7331: 7324: 7317: 7308: 7301: 7296: 7287: 7280: 7273: 7264: 7257: 7248: 7241: 7236: 7229: 7216: 7209: 7200: 7193: 7188: 7183:Western Ukraine 7181: 7174: 7167: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7139: 7132: 7127:Northeast China 7125: 7118: 7111: 7104: 7097: 7090: 7081: 7074: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7046: 7039: 7032: 7025: 7018: 7011: 7004: 6997: 6990: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6962: 6955: 6942: 6935: 6928: 6921: 6914: 6907: 6900: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6872: 6865: 6852: 6845: 6838: 6833:Slovak Republic 6831: 6823: 6816: 6809: 6804:Empire of Japan 6802: 6793: 6785: 6778: 6771: 6764: 6757: 6750: 6742: 6735: 6728: 6720: 6713: 6700: 6693: 6684: 6677: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6626: 6614: 6607: 6600: 6593: 6586: 6579: 6572: 6565: 6558: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6506: 6498: 6491: 6484: 6477: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6416: 6390: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6360: 6349: 6334: 6327: 6320: 6316:Sexual violence 6315: 6308: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6276: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6248: 6239: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6165: 6152: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6085: 6076: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6046: 6039: 6034:Greek Civil War 6032: 6025: 6018: 6011: 6004: 5997: 5990: 5977: 5970: 5961: 5954: 5947: 5938: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5908: 5901: 5894: 5885: 5878: 5871: 5864: 5859:South-East Asia 5857: 5850: 5843: 5830: 5823: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5795: 5788: 5781: 5772: 5765: 5758: 5751: 5744: 5737: 5730: 5723: 5718:Military awards 5716: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5684: 5677: 5670: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5612: 5605: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5543: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5512: 5507: 5477: 5472: 5451: 5446: 5438: 5421: 5384: 5376: 5349: 5341: 5304: 5296: 5287: 5248: 5240: 5234: 5204: 5199: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5165: 5152: 5016: 4967:Life expectancy 4883: 4757: 4728:Law enforcement 4664: 4629: 4556: 4523: 4502: 4486:Divided Germany 4456:Weimar Republic 4384: 4350:Frankish Empire 4338: 4262: 4228: 4222: 4213: 4154:The short film 4151: 4110: 4094: 4080:Weber, Jurgen. 4069:Wayback Machine 4062:full text vol 1 3950:Bessel, Richard 3939: 3937:Further reading 3934: 3933: 3927:Wayback Machine 3918: 3914: 3907: 3899:. p. 276. 3887: 3883: 3873: 3871: 3860: 3856: 3842: 3835: 3823:Mary Wiltenburg 3819:Wayback Machine 3810: 3801: 3768: 3761: 3747: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3723: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3667: 3660: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3620: 3616: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3588:Wayback Machine 3577:Wayback Machine 3566: 3559: 3552: 3538: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3521:on 30 July 2013 3513: 3512: 3503: 3472: 3468: 3457: 3453: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3325: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3279:Wayback Machine 3270: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3207:. 9 July 1945. 3199: 3198: 3194: 3184: 3182: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3098: 3093: 3087: 3039: 3033: 3015: 2983:Negermischlinge 2946:Victor Gollancz 2939:at work, Berlin 2930: 2903: 2886: 2866: 2840:decartelization 2828:democratization 2803:Morgenthau Plan 2791: 2774:German industry 2768:; break up the 2758: 2738:Main articles: 2736: 2699:satellite state 2683:(Staatsvertrag) 2631:Berlin Blockade 2588: 2585:Avraham Pisarek 2581: 2557: 2300: 2248: 2240:Main articles: 2238: 2218: 2212: 2140:Memel Territory 2124: 2118: 2098: 2096:Luxembourg zone 2046:Rheinland Pfalz 2012:French 1st Army 2004:French Republic 1998:in Berlin, 1946 1985: 1979: 1818: 1812: 1805: 1802: 1793: 1782: 1747:JHQ Rheindahlen 1743:Mönchengladbach 1588:Canadian Armies 1580: 1570: 1540:Radio Stuttgart 1532:Radio Frankfurt 1518:(August 1945), 1500:was the former 1448:. Those formed 1418:Lindau District 1402: 1395: 1385: 1368: 1333:line of contact 1301:Memel Territory 1212: 1173: 1171: 1170: 1159: 1157: 1156: 1149: 1148: 1130: 1109: 1076: 1053: 1043: 1042: 1013:Weimar Republic 986: 976: 975: 962: 931: 921: 920: 901: 891: 890: 866: 858: 857: 853:Frankish Empire 828:Únětice culture 818: 810: 809: 754:Historic states 709: 689: 682: 667: 666: 657: 645: 592: 578: 553: 527: 513: 500: 464: 454: 429: 416: 403: 390: 377: 372: 362: 329: 317: 306: 303: 291: 269: 227: 226: 225: 217: 216: 215: 206: 205: 204: 202: 189: 188: 187: 179: 178: 177: 169: 167: 163: 160: 155: 152: 150: 148: 147: 146: 145: 124:(American zone) 88: 87:Germany in 1947 76: 70: 69: 52: 45: 37: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8863: 8853: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8761: 8754: 8747: 8730: 8727: 8726: 8723: 8722: 8720: 8719: 8718: 8717: 8710: 8703: 8689: 8688: 8687: 8673: 8670:South Sakhalin 8666: 8665: 8664: 8650: 8643: 8636: 8629: 8622: 8621: 8620: 8606: 8599: 8592: 8585: 8578: 8571: 8564: 8557: 8550: 8543: 8536: 8529: 8522: 8515: 8507: 8505: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8495: 8488: 8487: 8486: 8470: 8463: 8462: 8461: 8447: 8440: 8433: 8426: 8419: 8410: 8401: 8394: 8385: 8378: 8371: 8364: 8355: 8348: 8341: 8334: 8327: 8320: 8313: 8304: 8297: 8288: 8279: 8270: 8263: 8256: 8245: 8235: 8233: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8223: 8216: 8215: 8214: 8207: 8193: 8186: 8179: 8172: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8149: 8142: 8133: 8126: 8119: 8112: 8105: 8098: 8095:Battle of Attu 8091: 8084: 8076: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8064: 8057: 8048: 8041: 8034: 8025: 8018: 8011: 8004: 7995: 7994: 7993: 7986: 7972: 7965: 7958: 7951: 7944: 7937: 7930: 7923: 7916: 7909: 7901: 7899: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7889: 7882: 7875: 7868: 7861: 7854: 7847: 7844:Battle of Guam 7840: 7833: 7826: 7819: 7812: 7805: 7798: 7791: 7784: 7777: 7770: 7767:Battle of Kiev 7763: 7756: 7742: 7741: 7740: 7726: 7719: 7712: 7705: 7698: 7697: 7696: 7682: 7675: 7668: 7660: 7658: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7648: 7639: 7632: 7625: 7618: 7611: 7604: 7597: 7590: 7583: 7576: 7569: 7562: 7555: 7548: 7541: 7534: 7527: 7520: 7512: 7510: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7500: 7493: 7486: 7479: 7472: 7465: 7458: 7450: 7448: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7429: 7422: 7415: 7408: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7385: 7371: 7370: 7369: 7354: 7352: 7343: 7337: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7329: 7322: 7315: 7314: 7313: 7306: 7294: 7293: 7292: 7278: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7266:United Kingdom 7262: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7234: 7226: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7198: 7186: 7179: 7172: 7165: 7158: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7130: 7123: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7088: 7087: 7086: 7079: 7065: 7058: 7051: 7044: 7037: 7030: 7023: 7016: 7009: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6981: 6974: 6967: 6960: 6952: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6905: 6898: 6891: 6884: 6877: 6870: 6862: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6843: 6836: 6829: 6821: 6814: 6807: 6800: 6799: 6798: 6783: 6776: 6769: 6762: 6755: 6748: 6740: 6733: 6726: 6718: 6710: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6670:British Empire 6663:United Kingdom 6659: 6652: 6645: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6516: 6504: 6496: 6489: 6482: 6479:Czechoslovakia 6475: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6413: 6411: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6379: 6376:Rape of Manila 6372: 6365: 6358: 6347: 6332: 6325: 6313: 6306: 6305: 6304: 6297: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6274: 6267: 6253: 6246: 6245: 6244: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6228: 6214: 6207: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6184: 6177: 6162: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6150: 6147:United Nations 6143: 6136: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6120: 6113: 6106: 6092: 6083: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6023: 6016: 6009: 6006:Decolonization 6002: 5995: 5987: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5952: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5906: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5883: 5876: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5840: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5793: 5786: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5770: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5698: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5682: 5679:United Kingdom 5675: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5618: 5617: 5602: 5600: 5591: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5576: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5525: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5506: 5505: 5498: 5491: 5483: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5441: 5439:(France/UK/US) 5432: 5430: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5393: 5391: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5358: 5356: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5313: 5311: 5298: 5297: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5268: 5263: 5257: 5255: 5242: 5241: 5233: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5210: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5185: 5184: 5177: 5170: 5162: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5064:Cultural icons 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5026: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4844:Stock exchange 4841: 4836: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4797: 4796: 4786: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4658: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4537: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4483: 4481:Denazification 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4255: 4253:Historiography 4250: 4245: 4239: 4237: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4212: 4211: 4204: 4197: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4176: 4165: 4150: 4149:External links 4147: 4146: 4145: 4131: 4124: 4114: 4109:978-1636241043 4108: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4086:online edition 4078: 4071: 4054: 4044: 4030: 4023: 4016: 4002: 3995: 3985: 3978: 3964: 3957: 3947: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3912: 3905: 3881: 3854: 3833: 3799: 3780:(3): 611–647. 3759: 3741: 3737:MacDonogh 2007 3729: 3710: 3706:MacDonogh 2007 3698: 3665: 3658: 3640: 3632: 3614: 3592: 3557: 3550: 3532: 3501: 3466: 3451: 3436: 3404: 3378: 3366: 3354: 3313: 3287: 3253: 3222: 3192: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3143: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3089:Main article: 3086: 3083: 3071:Czechoslovakia 3035:Main article: 3032: 3029: 3014: 3011: 2929: 2926: 2902: 2899: 2885: 2882: 2865: 2862: 2853:fraternization 2843: 2824:denazification 2815:War Department 2790: 2787: 2744:Denazification 2735: 2732: 2646:General Treaty 2582: 2566:Otto Grotewohl 2563: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2299: 2296: 2237: 2236:Lost territory 2234: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2214:Main article: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2120:Main article: 2117: 2114: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2060:together with 1981:Main article: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1941: 1940: 1929:East Friesland 1908: 1907: 1892: 1891: 1851: 1850: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1796: 1794: 1783: 1776: 1739:Bad Oeynhausen 1735: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1707: 1706: 1688: 1670: 1569: 1566: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1463:(on the lower 1384: 1381: 1367: 1364: 1305:Lithuanian SSR 1297:Czechoslovakia 1232:occupied Japan 1214: 1213: 1211: 1210: 1203: 1196: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1168: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1139:Modern history 1135: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1107: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1079:1945–1949/1952 1077: 1075: 1074: 1065: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1009: 1008: 1005: 999: 998: 995: 987: 982: 981: 978: 977: 974: 973: 968: 963: 961: 960: 951: 945: 943: 938: 932: 927: 926: 923: 922: 919: 918: 913: 908: 902: 897: 896: 893: 892: 889: 888: 883: 878: 873: 867: 864: 863: 860: 859: 856: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 819: 816: 815: 812: 811: 808: 807: 761: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 719:Historiography 716: 710: 707: 706: 703: 702: 694: 693: 684: 683: 676: 669: 668: 651: 650: 647: 646: 644: 643: 636: 629: 623: 620: 608: 605: 604: 601: 600: 597: 596: 589: 583: 582: 575: 566: 563: 562: 557: 545: 544: 539: 529: 528: 526: 525: 517: 505: 479: 477: 473: 472: 469: 468: 465: 462: 459: 458: 455: 452: 449: 448: 445: 444: 438: 437: 434: 433: 430: 424: 421: 420: 419:7 October 1949 417: 411: 408: 407: 404: 398: 395: 394: 391: 385: 382: 381: 378: 370: 367: 366: 363: 357: 354: 353: 350: 349: 344: 343:Historical era 340: 339: 336: 335: 330: 327: 324: 323: 318: 315: 312: 311: 304: 301: 298: 297: 292: 289: 286: 285: 282: 281: 278: 271: 270: 268: 267: 261: 255: 249: 242: 240: 236: 235: 170:52.517; 13.383 144: 143: 137: 131: 130:(British zone) 128:Bad Oeynhausen 125: 119: 106: 104: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 86: 78: 77: 71: 63: 62: 59: 58: 54: 53: 38: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8862: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8759: 8755: 8752: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8739: 8732: 8731: 8728: 8715: 8711: 8708: 8704: 8701: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8690: 8685: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8677:Kuril Islands 8674: 8671: 8667: 8662: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8651: 8648: 8644: 8641: 8637: 8634: 8630: 8627: 8623: 8618: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8607: 8604: 8600: 8597: 8593: 8590: 8586: 8583: 8579: 8576: 8572: 8569: 8565: 8562: 8558: 8555: 8551: 8548: 8544: 8541: 8537: 8534: 8530: 8527: 8523: 8520: 8516: 8513: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8500: 8493: 8489: 8484: 8483: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8471: 8468: 8464: 8459: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8448: 8445: 8444:Syrmian Front 8441: 8438: 8434: 8431: 8427: 8424: 8420: 8417: 8416: 8411: 8408: 8407: 8402: 8399: 8395: 8392: 8391: 8390:Market Garden 8386: 8383: 8379: 8376: 8372: 8369: 8365: 8362: 8361: 8356: 8353: 8349: 8346: 8342: 8339: 8335: 8332: 8328: 8325: 8321: 8318: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8302: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8271: 8268: 8264: 8261: 8257: 8254: 8250: 8249:Monte Cassino 8246: 8243: 8242: 8237: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8228: 8221: 8217: 8212: 8208: 8205: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8194: 8191: 8187: 8184: 8180: 8177: 8173: 8170: 8166: 8161: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8150: 8147: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8134: 8131: 8127: 8124: 8120: 8117: 8113: 8110: 8106: 8103: 8099: 8096: 8092: 8089: 8085: 8082: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8069: 8062: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8049: 8046: 8042: 8039: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8026: 8023: 8019: 8016: 8012: 8009: 8005: 8002: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7987: 7984: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7973: 7970: 7966: 7963: 7959: 7956: 7952: 7949: 7945: 7942: 7938: 7935: 7931: 7928: 7924: 7921: 7917: 7914: 7910: 7907: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7894: 7887: 7883: 7880: 7876: 7873: 7869: 7866: 7862: 7859: 7855: 7852: 7848: 7845: 7841: 7838: 7834: 7831: 7827: 7824: 7820: 7817: 7813: 7810: 7806: 7803: 7799: 7796: 7792: 7789: 7785: 7782: 7778: 7775: 7771: 7768: 7764: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7752: 7747: 7743: 7738: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7727: 7724: 7720: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7706: 7703: 7699: 7694: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7683: 7680: 7676: 7673: 7669: 7666: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7657: 7653: 7646: 7645: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7630: 7626: 7623: 7619: 7616: 7615:Baltic states 7612: 7609: 7605: 7602: 7598: 7595: 7591: 7588: 7584: 7581: 7577: 7574: 7570: 7567: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7549: 7546: 7542: 7539: 7535: 7532: 7528: 7525: 7521: 7518: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7509: 7505: 7498: 7494: 7491: 7487: 7484: 7480: 7477: 7473: 7470: 7466: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7443: 7434: 7430: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7416: 7413: 7409: 7406: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7395: 7390: 7386: 7383: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7367: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7338: 7327: 7323: 7320: 7316: 7311: 7307: 7304: 7300: 7299: 7295: 7290: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7276: 7272: 7267: 7263: 7260: 7259:United States 7256: 7251: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7240: 7239: 7235: 7232: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7219: 7212: 7208: 7203: 7199: 7196: 7195:Quốc dân Đảng 7192: 7191: 7187: 7184: 7180: 7177: 7173: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7159: 7156: 7152: 7149: 7145: 7142: 7138: 7135: 7131: 7128: 7124: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7103: 7100: 7096: 7093: 7089: 7084: 7080: 7077: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7059: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7038: 7035: 7031: 7028: 7024: 7021: 7017: 7014: 7010: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6982: 6979: 6975: 6972: 6968: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6938: 6934: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6910: 6906: 6903: 6899: 6896: 6895:Liechtenstein 6892: 6889: 6885: 6882: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6848: 6844: 6841: 6837: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6808: 6805: 6801: 6796: 6792: 6791: 6788: 6784: 6781: 6777: 6774: 6770: 6767: 6763: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6696: 6692: 6687: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6679:United States 6676: 6671: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6606: 6603: 6599: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6483: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6384: 6380: 6377: 6373: 6370: 6369:Comfort women 6366: 6363: 6359: 6356: 6353: / 6352: 6348: 6345: 6342: / 6341: 6338: / 6337: 6333: 6330: 6329:Camp brothels 6326: 6323: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6302: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6279: 6275: 6272: 6268: 6265: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6251: 6247: 6242: 6238: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6218:The Holocaust 6215: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6204:forced labour 6201: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6182: 6178: 6175: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6130: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6075: 6072: 6068: 6065: 6061: 6058: 6057:Marshall Plan 6054: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6042: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6024: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6007: 6003: 6000: 5996: 5993: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5973: 5969: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5941: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5911: 5910:Eastern Front 5907: 5904: 5903:Western Front 5900: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5870: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5822: 5819: 5815: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5797:Puppet states 5794: 5791: 5787: 5784: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5743: 5740: 5739:Naval history 5736: 5733: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5692: 5687: 5686:United States 5683: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5624: 5620: 5615: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5570: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5537: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5515: 5511: 5504: 5499: 5497: 5492: 5490: 5485: 5484: 5481: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5454: 5445: 5442: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5412:Saxony-Anhalt 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5379: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5294: 5284: 5281: 5277: 5276:Greater Hesse 5274: 5273: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5247: 5246:American Zone 5243: 5238: 5231: 5226: 5224: 5219: 5217: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5007:Social issues 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4935:Ethnic groups 4933: 4932: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4579: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4514:Reunification 4512: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4436:German Empire 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4205: 4203: 4198: 4196: 4191: 4190: 4187: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4130:(2 vol. 1974) 4129: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4063: 4060:(2 vol 1995) 4059: 4055: 4053: 4052:online review 4049: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3962: 3958: 3955: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3940: 3928: 3924: 3921: 3916: 3908: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3885: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3838: 3830: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3766: 3764: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3738: 3733: 3726: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3707: 3702: 3695: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3661: 3655: 3651: 3644: 3635: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3589: 3585: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3564: 3562: 3553: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3462: 3455: 3447: 3440: 3421: 3414: 3408: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3376:, p. 55. 3375: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3324: 3317: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3273: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3196: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3147: 3140: 3134: 3130: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3092: 3082: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3043: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3025: 3020: 3010: 3008: 3002: 3000: 2995: 2993: 2988: 2987:miscegenation 2984: 2979: 2977: 2976:child support 2972: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2958: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2938: 2937:Trümmerfrauen 2934: 2925: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2911: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2891: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2871: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2786: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2717: 2716: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2678:Joseph Stalin 2675: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2604:; 1 July 1948 2603: 2599: 2594: 2587: 2586: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2570:Wilhelm Pieck 2567: 2561: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2476:Saxony-Anhalt 2474: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2303: 2295: 2293: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2230: 2227: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2217: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2160:Saxony-Anhalt 2157: 2153: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2093: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2014:had captured 2013: 2009: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1992:French forces 1989: 1984: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1895:In 1946, the 1894: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1780: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1579: 1575: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1538:(Munich) and 1537: 1536:Radio München 1533: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1516: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1459:The ports of 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1426:Rhenish Hesse 1423: 1419: 1415: 1412:(without the 1411: 1408:consisted of 1407: 1400: 1394: 1390: 1383:American zone 1377: 1372: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1190: 1189: 1187: 1186: 1180: 1169: 1166: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1121:Reunification 1119: 1118: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1046: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1006: 1004: 1001: 1000: 996: 994: 993:German Empire 991: 990: 985: 980: 979: 972: 969: 967: 964: 958: 957: 952: 950: 947: 946: 944: 942: 939: 937: 936:Mediatisation 934: 933: 930: 925: 924: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 903: 900: 895: 894: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 868: 862: 861: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 820: 817:Early history 814: 813: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 762: 759: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 711: 705: 704: 700: 696: 695: 692: 686: 685: 680: 675: 674: 665: 661: 655: 648: 641: 634: 627: 618: 614: 609: 606: 590: 588: 585: 584: 576: 574: 571: 570: 567: 561: 558: 551: 550: 547: 546: 543: 540: 538: 535: 534: 530: 521: 518: 516: 509: 508:Deutsche Mark 506: 503: 495: 494: 487: 486: 481: 480: 478: 474: 470: 466: 460: 456: 450: 446: 443: 439: 435: 432:15 March 1991 431: 428: 422: 418: 415: 409: 405: 402: 396: 392: 389: 383: 379: 375: 368: 364: 361: 355: 351: 348: 345: 341: 337: 334: 333:Georgy Zhukov 331: 325: 322: 319: 313: 309: 305: 299: 296: 293: 287: 283: 279: 276: 272: 266:(Soviet zone) 265: 262: 260:(French zone) 259: 256: 253: 250: 247: 244: 243: 241: 237: 233: 223: 212: 200: 195: 185: 174: 142:(Soviet zone) 141: 138: 136:(French zone) 135: 132: 129: 126: 123: 120: 117: 116: 111: 108: 107: 105: 101: 98: 95: 91: 84: 79: 75: 67: 60: 55: 49: 42: 33: 30: 26: 22: 8751:Bibliography 8734: 8547:Project Hula 8512:Vistula–Oder 8481: 8414: 8405: 8389: 8359: 8308: 8292: 8283: 8274: 8240: 8137: 8052: 8028: 7998: 7749: 7642: 7587:North Africa 7289:Soviet Union 7243:Soviet Union 7169:Soviet Union 6937:Vatican City 6847:Vichy France 6752:German Reich 6649:Soviet Union 6635:South Africa 6628:Sierra Leone 6581:Newfoundland 6400:Participants 6383:Marocchinate 6087: 6078: 6063: 6048: 5926:North Africa 5887:Indian Ocean 5746:Nazi plunder 5637:Cryptography 5510:World War II 5317:Lower Saxony 5302:British Zone 5236: 5181:Bibliography 5055:Coat of arms 5035:Architecture 5012:Trade unions 4992:Prostitution 4952:Homelessness 4915:Demographics 4864:Trade unions 4831: 4821:German model 4794:Central bank 4738:Conservatism 4701:Human rights 4686:Court system 4681:Constitution 4661: 4507:Contemporary 4496:West Germany 4491:East Germany 4470: 4466:World War II 4461:Nazi Germany 4401:18th-century 4360:East Francia 4314:Cimbrian War 4167: 4156: 4134: 4127: 4117: 4099: 4081: 4074: 4057: 4047: 4033: 4026: 4019: 4005: 3998: 3988: 3981: 3960: 3953: 3943: 3915: 3891: 3884: 3872:. Retrieved 3857: 3848: 3826: 3777: 3771: 3753: 3744: 3732: 3708:, p. 7. 3701: 3649: 3643: 3623: 3617: 3604: 3595: 3541: 3535: 3523:. Retrieved 3519:the original 3482:(3): 79–94. 3479: 3475: 3469: 3460: 3454: 3445: 3439: 3427:. Retrieved 3407: 3395:. Retrieved 3381: 3369: 3357: 3345:. Retrieved 3333: 3329: 3316: 3304:. Retrieved 3290: 3285:. Wiesbaden. 3244:. Retrieved 3235: 3225: 3213:. Retrieved 3195: 3183:. Retrieved 3173: 3166: 3146: 3133: 3079: 3059: 3048: 3024:Alpenfestung 3022: 3016: 3003: 2996: 2982: 2980: 2973: 2966: 2962: 2959: 2954: 2942: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2904: 2895: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2858: 2807:Cordell Hull 2792: 2759: 2720: 2713: 2711: 2691: 2682: 2667: 2657: 2643: 2623: 2607: 2583: 2568:(right) and 2385:Lower Saxony 2301: 2289: 2260:Germany east 2257: 2223: 2219: 2188: 2186:in Germany. 2179: 2149: 2099: 2091: 2077: 2066: 2039: 2001: 1936: 1904:Willy Brandt 1879: 1819: 1786:Malcolm Club 1751: 1736: 1719: 1708: 1687:in 1946; and 1673:Lower Saxony 1653:German state 1646: 1603: 1592: 1581: 1568:British zone 1555: 1549: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1519: 1513: 1510: 1495: 1458: 1443: 1437: 1403: 1360:East Germany 1356:West Germany 1351: 1349: 1341: 1329: 1313: 1291: 1285:and most of 1283:East-Prussia 1256: 1244:former state 1236:Nazi Germany 1228:West Germany 1217: 1062: 1033:World War II 1023:Nazi Germany 984:German Reich 911:18th century 906:Sectionalism 871:East Francia 587:East Germany 573:West Germany 560:Nazi Germany 542:Succeeded by 541: 536: 515:Soviet zone: 514: 501: 463:• 1949 453:• 1945 414:East Germany 401:West Germany 198: 113: 29: 8482:Bodenplatte 8368:Gothic Line 7594:West Africa 7141:Philippines 7120:Netherlands 6985:Czech lands 6923:Switzerland 6867:Afghanistan 6818:Philippines 6686:Puerto Rico 6602:Philippines 6588:New Zealand 6574:Netherlands 6527:Free France 6278:Prosecution 6079:Osoaviakhim 5949:West Africa 5933:East Africa 5580:Conferences 5444:East Berlin 5436:West Berlin 5429:(1949–1990) 5402:Mecklenburg 5397:Brandenburg 5382:Soviet Zone 5347:French Zone 4982:Pornography 4957:Immigration 4920:Drug policy 4832:Mittelstand 4779:Agriculture 4743:Nationalism 4716:Transgender 4600:Earthquakes 4547:, 1583-1588 4545:Cologne War 4441:World War I 4343:Middle Ages 4329:Gothic Wars 3828:Der Spiegel 3725:Bessel 2010 3696:, chpt. 10. 3694:Bessel 2010 2785:differed. 2778:reparations 2728:East Berlin 2724:West Berlin 2502:Brandenburg 2437:South Baden 2314:Population 2180:rezidentura 2168:Mecklenburg 2164:Brandenburg 2116:Soviet zone 2054:South Baden 2008:French Army 1977:French zone 1764:became the 1715:Bremerhaven 1622:Amt Neuhaus 1614:Soviet Army 1608:'s capital 1606:Mecklenburg 1469:Bremerhaven 1465:Weser River 1439:Württemberg 1378:, 1947–1949 1240:sovereignty 1222:, from the 1003:World War I 929:Unification 865:Middle Ages 800:Württemberg 780:Family tree 688:History of 537:Preceded by 523:(from 1948) 511:(from 1948) 498:(1945–1948) 406:23 May 1949 380:5 June 1945 168: / 140:East Berlin 134:Baden-Baden 41:Deutschland 8774:Categories 8582:West Hunan 8415:Pointblank 7751:Silver Fox 7737:Summer War 7490:Winter War 7469:Phoney War 7250:Azerbaijan 7211:Yugoslavia 7106:Luxembourg 6948:Resistance 6695:Yugoslavia 6560:Luxembourg 6362:Sook Ching 6158:War crimes 5760:Technology 5753:Opposition 5695:Lend-Lease 5672:Australian 5665:Home front 5623:Blitzkrieg 5573:Casualties 5564:Commanders 5536:Operations 5143:Television 5128:Philosophy 5103:Literature 4962:Irreligion 4947:Healthcare 4910:Corruption 4676:Chancellor 4665:(military) 4662:Bundeswehr 3727:, chpt. 7. 3429:18 January 3397:18 January 3306:1 November 3158:References 3069:, Poland, 3013:Insurgency 2950:Düsseldorf 2893:possible. 2663:Bundeswehr 2298:Population 2069:Saargebiet 1921:Copenhagen 1901:Chancellor 1703:Westphalia 1309:Yugoslavia 1143:since 1990 1126:New states 1070:Ostgebiete 1063:Occupation 956:Zollverein 804:Mediatised 714:Chronology 502:West zones 493:Rentenmark 485:Reichsmark 467:68,080,000 457:64,260,000 442:Population 365:8 May 1945 8647:Manchuria 8533:Indochina 8309:Bagration 7760:Lithuania 7405:Anschluss 7202:Viet Minh 7099:Lithuania 7041:Hong Kong 6811:Manchukuo 6766:Azad Hind 6425:Australia 6225:Aftermath 6088:Paperclip 5983:Aftermath 5783:Total war 5651:Diplomacy 5614:In Europe 5417:Thuringia 5098:Libraries 5078:Festivals 4925:Education 4869:Transport 4834:companies 4753:President 4691:Elections 4656:Bundesrat 4651:Bundestag 4620:Mountains 4588:Districts 4566:Geography 4299:Visigoths 4236:Overviews 3794:145470893 3496:210491528 3336:: 55–56. 2963:frau bait 2795:Roosevelt 2648:(German: 2489:Thuringia 2363:American 2350:American 2337:American 2324:American 2152:Thuringia 2020:Stuttgart 2016:Karlsruhe 1970:Dinxperlo 1917:Oldenburg 1864:Oldenburg 1790:Schleswig 1699:Rhineland 1683:with the 1677:Oldenburg 1630:Brunswick 1473:North Sea 1434:Wiesbaden 1424:(without 1271:Pomerania 1112:1949–1990 1089:1944–1950 1037:1939–1945 1027:1933–1945 1017:1918–1933 1007:1914–1918 997:1871–1918 772:Empresses 275:Governors 122:Frankfurt 74:C-Pennant 57:1945–1949 8758:Category 8707:document 8617:document 8474:Ardennes 8458:Budapest 8406:Crossbow 8284:Overlord 8123:Smolensk 7341:Timeline 7176:Slovakia 7162:Thailand 7013:Ethiopia 6978:Bulgaria 6902:Portugal 6840:Thailand 6722:Bulgaria 6500:Eswatini 6493:Ethiopia 6446:Bulgaria 6271:Unit 731 6232:Response 6049:Keelhaul 5999:Cold War 5972:Americas 5963:timeline 5956:Atlantic 5836:Theaters 5190:Category 5108:Internet 5093:Language 5083:Folklore 5002:Religion 4977:Pensions 4972:Naturism 4849:Taxation 4733:Lobbying 4706:Intersex 4639:Politics 4248:Timeline 4227:General 4220:articles 4065:Archived 3923:Archived 3868:Archived 3847:(2008). 3815:Archived 3752:(1947). 3609:Archived 3584:Archived 3573:Archived 3420:Archived 3391:Archived 3338:Archived 3300:Archived 3275:Archived 3240:Archived 3215:17 April 3209:Archived 3179:Archived 3096:See also 2715:Saarland 2614:restored 2415:British 2402:British 2389:British 2376:British 2281:Szczecin 2258:In 1945 2110:Saarburg 1962:Selfkant 1664:Prussian 1638:Holstein 1610:Schwerin 1416:and the 1376:Saarland 1352:de facto 1254:(ACC). 1105:division 764:Monarchs 724:Military 679:a series 677:Part of 660:exclaves 476:Currency 347:Cold War 8684:Shumshu 8451:Hungary 8398:Estonia 8382:Lapland 8360:Dragoon 8293:Neptune 8275:Ichi-Go 8241:Tempest 8183:Changde 8138:Cottage 8030:Jubilee 7746:Finland 7644:Compass 7350:Prelude 7303:Finland 7189:Vietnam 7155:Romania 7027:Germany 7006:Estonia 6992:Denmark 6971:Belgium 6964:Austria 6957:Albania 6888:Ireland 6874:Andorra 6858:Neutral 6825:Romania 6759:Hungary 6744:Finland 6616:Romania 6508:Finland 6486:Denmark 6432:Belgium 6418:Algeria 6124:Romania 6110:Hungary 5866:Pacific 5590:General 5544:Leaders 5529:Battles 5522:Outline 5463:Trizone 5327:Hamburg 5322:Hanover 5261:Bavaria 5167:Outline 5073:Fashion 5060:Cuisine 5022:Culture 4987:Poverty 4930:Germans 4893:Society 4874:Welfare 4859:Tourism 4816:Exports 4789:Banking 4767:Economy 4671:Cabinet 4610:Islands 4605:Geology 4528:Regions 4294:Teutons 4267:Ancient 4229:History 4216:Germany 3993:excerpt 3991:(2022) 3246:19 July 3185:24 June 3019:Werwolf 2957:, etc. 2922:Werwolf 2819:four Ds 2740:Four Ds 2689:(NVA). 2545:Soviet 2519:Soviet 2506:Soviet 2493:Soviet 2480:Soviet 2467:Soviet 2454:French 2441:French 2428:French 2411:Hamburg 2320:Bavaria 2268:Potsdam 2262:of the 2106:Bitburg 2032:Koblenz 1933:Itzehoe 1882:(after 1880:Maczków 1860:Emsland 1827:Cologne 1649:Hamburg 1626:Hanover 1584:British 1410:Bavaria 1287:Silesia 1275:Neumark 792:Prussia 788:Bavaria 784:Austria 739:Judaism 729:Economy 690:Germany 425:• 412:• 399:• 386:• 371:• 358:• 264:Russian 252:English 201:part of 199:de jure 156:13°23′E 153:52°31′N 115:de jure 103:Capital 36:Germany 8661:Debate 8633:Taipei 8626:Borneo 8204:Tarawa 7398:Europe 7359:Africa 7148:Poland 7134:Norway 7113:Malaya 7092:Latvia 7034:Greece 7020:France 6916:Sweden 6881:Bhutan 6609:Poland 6595:Norway 6567:Mexico 6534:Greece 6520:France 6458:Canada 6439:Brazil 6409:Allies 6355:Serbia 6344:Poland 6117:Poland 6103:Baltic 5896:Europe 5598:Topics 5550:Allied 5460:Bizone 5447:(USSR) 5427:Berlin 5407:Saxony 5266:Bremen 5195:Portal 5050:Cinema 5030:Anthem 4997:Racism 4811:Energy 4625:Rivers 4583:States 4553:, 1848 4389:Modern 4218: 4122:online 4106: 4001:(2008) 3974: 3946:(1992) 3903: 3874:8 July 3792: 3656: 3630: 3579:, on: 3548: 3525:6 July 3494: 3347:6 July 3139:Bremen 2834:, and 2801:(the " 2754:, and 2627:Bizone 2463:Saxony 2359:Bremen 2210:Berlin 2170:. The 2156:Saxony 1966:Arnhem 1960:) and 1956:(near 1833:. The 1831:Aachen 1679:, and 1616:. The 1554:, and 1467:) and 1461:Bremen 1261:. The 796:Saxony 768:Queens 708:Topics 681:on the 664:Berlin 280: 277:(1945) 258:French 246:German 230: 228: 220: 218: 209: 207: 192: 190: 182: 180: 110:Berlin 93:Status 48:German 44: 8437:Leyte 8267:Narva 8253:Anzio 8211:Makin 8169:Burma 8053:Torch 8022:Rzhev 7983:Kiska 7069:Korea 7055:Japan 7048:Italy 6930:Tibet 6909:Spain 6787:Italy 6548:Italy 6541:India 6465:China 6340:Japan 5940:Italy 5852:China 5804:Women 5362:Baden 5271:Hesse 5174:Index 5138:Sport 5123:Names 5118:Music 5113:Media 5068:Dance 4940:Women 4905:Crime 4879:Women 4615:Lakes 4289:Goths 3790:S2CID 3492:S2CID 3423:(PDF) 3416:(PDF) 3374:Brüll 3362:Brüll 3341:(PDF) 3326:(PDF) 3125:Notes 2333:Hesse 2311:Zone 2036:Rhine 2028:Mainz 1954:Elten 1927:, in 1925:Jever 1876:Haren 1695:Lippe 1651:as a 1445:Baden 1422:Hesse 744:Women 8503:1945 8231:1944 8072:1943 8000:Blue 7990:Attu 7897:1942 7656:1941 7508:1940 7446:1939 7375:Asia 7222:POWs 7062:Jews 6780:Iraq 6706:Axis 6656:Tuva 6472:Cuba 5557:Axis 5468:Rape 5088:Flag 5045:Arts 4711:LGBT 4104:ISBN 3972:ISBN 3901:ISBN 3876:2008 3654:ISBN 3628:ISBN 3546:ISBN 3527:2013 3431:2023 3399:2023 3349:2013 3308:2015 3248:2016 3217:2020 3205:Time 3187:2021 3049:The 2838:(or 2244:and 2166:and 2052:and 2041:Land 2030:and 2018:and 2002:The 1968:and 1868:Leer 1866:and 1829:and 1754:Bonn 1713:and 1593:The 1586:and 1576:and 1562:RIAS 1442:and 1428:and 1391:and 1358:and 1242:and 1133:1990 1102:East 1098:West 776:1918 734:LGBT 638:The 631:The 520:Mark 489:and 72:The 23:and 5040:Art 4723:Law 4139:doi 4038:doi 3821:by 3782:doi 3484:doi 2578:SED 2182:of 1788:in 1624:of 1601:. 1504:in 662:of 8776:: 8251:/ 4012:; 3952:. 3895:. 3836:^ 3802:^ 3788:. 3778:34 3776:. 3762:^ 3713:^ 3668:^ 3603:. 3560:^ 3504:^ 3490:. 3480:37 3478:. 3418:. 3389:. 3334:23 3332:. 3328:. 3281:. 3256:^ 3238:. 3234:. 3203:. 2844:. 2830:, 2826:, 2821:: 2750:, 2746:, 2742:, 2162:, 2158:, 2154:, 1749:. 1644:. 1548:, 1534:, 1508:. 1362:. 1281:, 1277:, 1273:, 1234:, 802:, 798:, 794:, 790:, 786:, 782:, 778:, 774:, 770:, 7754:) 7748:( 6622:) 6618:( 6554:) 6550:( 6514:) 6510:( 6452:) 6448:( 5502:e 5495:t 5488:v 5229:e 5222:t 5215:v 4208:e 4201:t 4194:v 4164:. 4141:: 4112:. 4040:: 3909:. 3878:. 3796:. 3784:: 3662:. 3636:. 3554:. 3529:. 3498:. 3486:: 3433:. 3401:. 3351:. 3310:. 3250:. 3219:. 3189:. 3141:. 2965:( 2855:. 2842:) 2146:. 1669:; 1401:. 1207:e 1200:t 1193:v 1100:– 806:) 766:( 760:) 756:( 197:( 118:) 112:( 50:) 46:( 27:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.