Dwight D. Eisenhower

3145: 4719: 2515: 44: 25771: 4413: 1359: 4444:, Eisenhower raised the issue of the Cold War and role of the armed forces. He described the Cold War: "We face a hostile ideology global in scope, atheistic in character, ruthless in purpose and insidious in method ..." and warned about what he saw as unjustified government spending proposals. He continued with a warning that "we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military–industrial complex." Eisenhower elaborated, "we recognize the imperative need for this development ... the potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist ... Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together." 12139:

intestine, where it joins the large intestine. ... The President first felt ill shortly after midnight yesterday. He had attended a dinner of the White House News Photographers Association Thursday night and had returned to the White House at 11. Mrs. Eisenhower called Maj. Gen. Howard McC. Snyder, the President's personal physician, at 12:45 A.M. yesterday, telling him the President had some discomfort in his stomach. He recommended a slight dose of milk of magnesia. At 1:20 Mrs. Eisenhower called again, saying the President was still complaining of not feeling well. This time she asked Dr. Snyder to come to the White House from his home about a mile away on Connecticut Avenue. He arrived at 2 A.M. and has not left the President's side since.

5320: 2875: 17106: 20895: 5350: 2603:, a recently created alumni and benefactor organization for which he had helped recruit members. Eisenhower was unknowingly building resentment and a reputation among the Columbia University faculty and staff as an absentee president who was using the university for his own interests. As a career military man, he naturally had little in common with the academics. The contacts gained through university and American Assembly fundraising activities would later become important supporters in Eisenhower's bid for the Republican party nomination and the presidency. Meanwhile, Columbia University's liberal faculty members became disenchanted with the university president's ties to oilmen and businessmen. 17099: 4831: 4822: 4646: 6047: 5305: 5927: 5399: 4475: 4045: 5630: 5867: 5369: 6232: 5942: 5698: 5468: 6306: 6062: 5566: 5220: 6100: 5438: 3580:(Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) Alliance with the UK, France, New Zealand and Australia in defense of Vietnam against communism. At that time the French and Chinese reconvened the Geneva peace talks; Eisenhower agreed the US would participate only as an observer. After France and the Communists agreed to a partition of Vietnam, Eisenhower rejected the agreement, offering military and economic aid to southern Vietnam. Ambrose argues that Eisenhower, by not participating in the Geneva agreement, had kept the US out of Vietnam; nevertheless, with the formation of SEATO, he had put the US back into the conflict. 6188: 5100: 6032: 5882: 1937: 2619:, one that would be emulated by other institutes in the United States and Britain later in the decade. The Institute of War and Peace Studies thus became one of the projects which Eisenhower considered his "unique contribution" to Columbia. As the president of Columbia, Eisenhower gave voice to his opinions about the supremacy and difficulties of American democracy. His tenure marked his transformation from military to civilian leadership. His biographer Travis Beal Jacobs also suggested that the alienation of the Columbia faculty contributed to sharp intellectual criticism of him for many years. 5335: 2198: 1660: 6762: 6508: 5120: 5972: 5762: 5957: 5278: 5183: 5810: 5645: 5825: 5517: 5155: 3789: 5987: 5384: 5039: 24695: 24685: 5240: 5600: 5169: 6002: 5502: 514: 6017: 5713: 5897: 5777: 5027: 3010: 5483: 4409:

president, whose health problems had been exacerbated by Kennedy's attacks. Nixon then convinced Eisenhower not to go ahead with the expanded campaign schedule and limit himself to the original schedule. Nixon reflected that if Eisenhower had carried out his expanded campaign schedule, he might have had a decisive impact on the outcome of the election, especially in states that Kennedy won with razor-thin margins. Mamie did not tell Dwight why Nixon changed his mind on Dwight's campaigning until years later.

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colonialism. He rescued the Republican Party from isolationism and McCarthyism. He maintained prosperity, balanced the budget, promoted technological innovation, facilitated (if reluctantly) the civil rights movement and warned, in the most memorable farewell address since Washington's, of a "military–industrial complex" that could endanger the nation's liberties. Not until Reagan would another president leave office with so strong a sense of having accomplished what he set out to do.

5453: 5134: 5547: 4887: 3317: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5073: 6368: 6536: 4333:. His scheduled meeting with Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru was postponed so he could recover at his farm. He was still recovering from this operation during the Suez Crisis. Eisenhower's health issues forced him to give up smoking and make some changes to his diet, but he still drank alcohol. During a visit to England, he complained of dizziness and had to have his blood pressure checked on August 29, 1959; however, before dinner at prime ministerial manor house 2353: 6452: 6396: 2790: 2709: 25819: 2626:(NATO), and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service as an army general on June 3, 1952, and he resumed his presidency of Columbia. Meanwhile, Eisenhower had become the Republican Party nominee for president of the United States, a contest that he won on November 4. Eisenhower tendered his resignation as university president on November 15, 1952, effective January 19, 1953, the day before his inauguration. 25831: 6480: 5272: 5214: 5207: 20793: 16471: 5912: 6150: 6263: 6249: 2493: 2501: 6678: 6649: 6621: 6593: 4483: 4460: 1249: 6424: 6135: 6734: 7162: 7147: 25807: 7100: 20803: 6169: 2122: 25843: 6219: 1487: 7083: 7132: 7066: 25783: 7030: 7117: 7049: 7015: 7000: 6983: 6968: 6951: 6936: 6917: 6902: 6887: 6337: 2480:, Eisenhower stated through the Army that he was "not available for and could not accept nomination to high political office"; "life-long professional soldiers", he wrote, "in the absence of some obvious and overriding reason, abstain from seeking high political office". Eisenhower maintained no political party affiliation during this time. Many believed he was forgoing his only opportunity to be president as Republican 6821: 6790: 3687: 5532: 1301:. The Eisenhower home served as the local meeting hall from 1896 to 1915, though Dwight never joined. His later decision to attend West Point saddened his mother, who felt that warfare was "rather wicked", but she did not overrule his decision. Speaking of himself in 1948, Eisenhower said he was "one of the most deeply religious men I know" though unattached to any "sect or organization". He was baptized in the 6706: 5426: 1822:, George S. Patton, George Marshall, and Bernard Montgomery during World War II. Eisenhower later emphasized that too much had been made of the disagreements with MacArthur and that a positive relationship endured. While in Manila, Mamie suffered a life-threatening stomach ailment but recovered fully. Eisenhower was promoted to the rank of permanent lieutenant colonel in 1936. He also learned to fly with the 4400:

at the end of a televised press conference to list one of Nixon's policy ideas he had adopted, Eisenhower joked, "If you give me a week, I might think of one. I don't remember." Kennedy's campaign used the quote in one of its campaign commercials. Nixon narrowly lost to Kennedy. Eisenhower, who was, at 70, the oldest president to date, was succeeded by 43-year-old Kennedy, the youngest elected president.

3748:, a non-combat peacekeeping mission to stabilize the pro-Western government and to prevent a radical revolution. The Marines departed three months later. Washington considered the military intervention successful since it brought about regional stability, weakened Soviet influence, and intimidated the Egyptian and Syrian governments, whose anti-West political position had hardened after the Suez Crisis. 2183:. He was ever mindful of the inevitable loss of life and suffering that would be experienced by the troops under his command and their families. This prompted him to make a point of visiting every division involved in the invasion. Eisenhower's sense of responsibility was underscored by his draft of a statement to be issued if the invasion failed. It has been called one of the great speeches of history: 5791: 5852: 5840: 5414: 2679: 1240:, but the business failed due to economic conditions and the family became impoverished. The Eisenhowers lived in Texas from 1889 until 1892, and later returned to Kansas, with $ 24 (equivalent to $ 814 in 2023) to their name. David worked as a railroad mechanic and then at a creamery. By 1898, the parents made a decent living and provided a suitable home for their large family. 2420:. His main role was the rapid demobilization of millions of soldiers, which was delayed by lack of shipping. Eisenhower was convinced in 1946 that the Soviet Union did not want war and that friendly relations could be maintained; he strongly supported the new United Nations and favored its involvement in the control of atomic bombs. However, in formulating policies regarding the 3133: 25795: 2245:) insisted they be given priority in the center and south of the front (respectively). Eisenhower worked tirelessly to address the demands of the rival commanders to optimize Allied forces, often by giving them tactical latitude; many historians conclude this delayed the Allied victory in Europe. However, due to Eisenhower's persistence, the pivotal supply port at 1548:. With his excellent memory and ability to focus, Eisenhower was skilled at cards. He learned poker, which he called his "favorite indoor sport", in Abilene. Eisenhower recorded West Point classmates' poker losses for payment after graduation and later stopped playing because his opponents resented having to pay him. A friend reported that after learning to play 3508:. Nevertheless, he left the Chinese communists guessing as to the exact nature of his nuclear response. This allowed Eisenhower to accomplish all of his objectives—the end of this communist encroachment, the retention of the Islands by the Chinese nationalists and continued peace. Defense of the Republic of China from an invasion remains a core American policy. 4872:. The medals were struck from September 1958 through October 1960. A total of twenty designs are cataloged with a total mintage of 9,858. Prior to the end of his second term as president, 1,451 medals were turned in to the Bureau of the Mint and destroyed. The Eisenhower appreciation medals are part of the Presidential Medal of Appreciation Award Medal Series. 4059:

great deal by promoting the President's proposals among the "Old Guard" Republican Senators. Taft's death in July 1953—six months into Eisenhower's presidency—affected Eisenhower both personally and professionally. The President noted he had lost "a dear friend" with Taft's passing. Eisenhower disliked Taft's successor as Majority Leader, Senator

3271:, in which a coalition of France, Britain, and Israel took control of the canal. Concerned about the economic and political impacts of the invasion, Eisenhower had warned the three against any such action. When they invaded anyway he used heavy financial and diplomatic pressures to force a withdrawal. In the aftermath of the crisis, Eisenhower announced the 2931:, a Democrat who rejected his offer, so Eisenhower resolved to leave the matter in the hands of the party, which chose Nixon nearly unanimously. In 1956, Eisenhower faced Adlai Stevenson again and won by an even larger landslide, with 457 of 531 electoral votes and 57.6 percent of the popular vote. His campaigning was curtailed out of health considerations. 3473:

conservative Republicans, with the goal of driving a wedge between China and the Soviet Union. Eisenhower continued Truman's policy of recognizing the Republic of China (Taiwan) as the legitimate government of China, not the Peking (Beijing) regime. There were localized flare-ups when the People's Liberation Army began shelling the islands of

2428:. Indeed, Eisenhower had opposed the use of the atomic bomb against the Japanese, writing, "First, the Japanese were ready to surrender and it wasn't necessary to hit them with that awful thing. Second, I hated to see our country be the first to use such a weapon." Initially, Eisenhower hoped for cooperation with the Soviets. He even visited 4103:

on official matters ... it is not in the public interest that any of their conversations or communications, or any documents or reproductions, concerning such advice be disclosed." This was an unprecedented step by Eisenhower to protect communication beyond the confines of a cabinet meeting, and soon became a tradition known as

3920:, and any segregation in the Armed Forces". When he encountered opposition from the services, he used government control of military spending to force the change through, stating "Wherever Federal Funds are expended ..., I do not see how any American can justify ... a discrimination in the expenditure of those funds". When 2923:

position as a moderate, progressive Republican: "I have just one purpose ... and that is to build up a strong progressive Republican Party in this country. If the right wing wants a fight, they are going to get it ... before I end up, either this Republican Party will reflect progressivism or I won't be with them anymore."

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could appeal to liberals in the party as well as law-and-order conservatives, noting privately that Warren "represents the kind of political, economic, and social thinking that I believe we need on the Supreme Court ... He has a national name for integrity, uprightness, and courage that, again, I believe we need on the Court".

801: 3442: 1561:, considered the best player in the US Army; he appointed Gruenther his second-in-command at NATO partly because of his skill at bridge. Saturday night bridge games at the White House were a feature of his presidency. He was a strong player, though not an expert by modern standards. The great bridge player and popularizer 3736:". Designed by Secretary of State Dulles, it held the US would be "prepared to use armed force ... aggression from any country controlled by international communism". Further, the US would provide economic and military aid and, if necessary, use military force to stop the spread of communism in the Middle East. 3084:. He thought that an interstate highway system would be beneficial for military operations and would support continued economic growth. The legislation initially stalled in Congress over the issuance of bonds to finance the project, but the legislative effort was renewed and Eisenhower signed the law in June 1956. 2078:. But while Eisenhower argued with President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill, who both insisted on unconditional surrender in exchange for helping the Italians, the Germans pursued an aggressive buildup of forces in the country. The Germans made the already tough battle more difficult by adding 19 1743:), and later cited Conner's enormous influence on his military thinking, saying in 1962 that "Fox Conner was the ablest man I ever knew." Conner's comment on Eisenhower was, " is one of the most capable, efficient and loyal officers I have ever met." On Conner's recommendation, in 1925–1926 he attended the 3144: 1706:, and other senior tank leaders. Their leading-edge ideas of speed-oriented offensive tank warfare were strongly discouraged by superiors, who considered the new approach too radical and preferred to continue using tanks in a strictly supportive role for the infantry. Eisenhower was even threatened with 2408:. In response to the devastation in Germany, including food shortages and an influx of refugees, he arranged distribution of American food and medical equipment. His actions reflected the new American attitudes of the German people as Nazi victims not villains, while aggressively purging the ex-Nazis. 4863:

During his second term as president, Eisenhower awarded a series of specially designed US Mint presidential appreciation medals. Eisenhower presented the medal to individuals as an expression of his appreciation. The development of the appreciation medals was initiated by the White House and executed

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Eisenhower's reputation declined in the immediate years after he left office. During his presidency, he was widely seen by critics as an inactive, uninspiring, golf-playing president. This was in stark contrast to his vigorous young successor, John F. Kennedy, who was 26 years his junior. Despite his

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I decided to make a game of the whole business and try to achieve a feeling of some superiority ... So I stuffed cigarettes in every pocket, put them around my office on the desk ... made it a practice to offer a cigarette to anyone who came in ... while mentally reminding myself as I

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would pull the United States ahead in the Space Race; however, in 1960, an Ad Hoc Panel on Man-in-Space concluded that "man-in-space can not be justified" and was too costly. Eisenhower later resented the space program and its gargantuan price tag—he was quoted as saying, "Anyone who would spend $ 40

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in 1957, gaining the Cold War enemy enormous prestige. He then launched a national campaign that funded not just space exploration but a major strengthening of science and higher education. The Eisenhower administration determined to adopt a non-aggressive policy that would allow "space-crafts of any

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approached, it became evident that the Republicans were in danger of losing their thin majority in both houses. Eisenhower was among those who blamed the Old Guard for the losses, and he took up the charge to stop suspected efforts by the right wing to take control of the GOP. He then articulated his

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At home, Eisenhower was more effective in making the case for NATO in Congress than the Truman administration had been. By the middle of 1951, with American and European support, NATO was a genuine military power. Nevertheless, Eisenhower thought that NATO would become a truly European alliance, with

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suggested that this period served his "the political education", since he had to prioritize wide-ranging educational, administrative, and financial demands for the university. Through his involvement in the Council on Foreign Relations, he also gained exposure to economic analysis, which would become

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Although conservatism in politics was strong during the 1950s, and Eisenhower generally espoused conservative sentiments, his administration concerned itself mostly with foreign affairs and pursued a hands-off domestic policy. Eisenhower looked to moderation and cooperation as a means of governance,

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to choose his successor, Eisenhower endorsed Nixon over Democrat John F. Kennedy. He told friends, "I will do almost anything to avoid turning my chair and country over to Kennedy." He actively campaigned for Nixon in the final days, although he may have done Nixon some harm. When asked by reporters

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In May 1955, McCarthy threatened to issue subpoenas to White House personnel. Eisenhower was furious, and issued an order as follows: "It is essential to efficient and effective administration that employees of the Executive Branch be in a position to be completely candid in advising with each other

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later that year resulted in the physicist losing his security clearance. The matter was controversial at the time and remained so in later years, with Oppenheimer achieving a certain martyrdom. The case would reflect poorly on Eisenhower, but the president had never examined it in any detail and had

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Eisenhower initially planned on serving only one term, but he remained flexible in case leading Republicans wanted him to run again. He was recovering from a heart attack late in September 1955 when he met with his closest advisors to evaluate the GOP's potential candidates; the group concluded that

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and to Truman's policies in Korea and China—matters in which he had once participated. In defeating Taft for the nomination, it became necessary for Eisenhower to appease the right-wing Old Guard of the Republican Party; his selection of Richard Nixon as the vice-president on the ticket was designed

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to facilitate Overlord, to the point of threatening to resign unless Churchill relented, which he did. Eisenhower then designed a bombing plan in France in advance of Overlord and argued with Churchill over the latter's concern with civilian casualties; de Gaulle interjected that the casualties were

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described his game as classic and sound with "flashes of brilliance" and said that "you can always judge a man's character by the way he plays cards. Eisenhower is a calm and collected player and never whines at his losses. He is brilliant in victory but never commits the bridge player's worst crime

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Paul M. Butler, the Democratic National Chairman, ... declared that the physicians who operated on and attended the President in his most recent illness 'have done a terrific job of trying to convince the American people that a man who has had a heart attack and then was afflicted with Crohn's

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From 1947 to 1961, more than 5,000 allegedly homosexual federal civil servants lost their jobs in the purges for no reason other than sexual orientation, and thousands of applicants were also rejected for federal employment for the same reason. During this period, more than 1,000 men and women were

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Eisenhower's health during the last three years of his second term in office was relatively good. After leaving the White House, he suffered several additional and ultimately crippling heart attacks. A severe heart attack in August 1965 largely ended his participation in public affairs. On December

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This prevented Eisenhower from openly condemning Joseph McCarthy's highly criticized methods against communism. To facilitate relations with Congress, Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from the involvement of the White House. This position

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Eisenhower had a Republican Congress for only his first two years in office; in the Senate, Republicans held the majority by a one-vote margin. Despite being Eisenhower's political opponent for the 1952 Republican presidential nomination, Senator Majority Leader Robert A. Taft assisted Eisenhower a

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with the Republic of China was signed in December 1954. He requested and secured from Congress their "Free China Resolution" in January 1955, which gave Eisenhower unprecedented power in advance to use military force at any level in defense of Free China and the Pescadores. The Resolution bolstered

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A point of emphasis in Eisenhower's campaign had been his endorsement of a policy of liberation from communism as opposed to a policy of containment. This remained his preference despite the armistice with Korea. Throughout his terms Eisenhower took a hard-line attitude toward China, as demanded by

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where they set goals for his first term: balance the budget, end the Korean War, defend vital interests at lower cost through nuclear deterrent, and end price and wage controls. He also conducted the first pre-inaugural cabinet meeting in history in late 1952; he used this meeting to articulate his

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Our landings in the Cherbourg-Havre area have failed to gain a satisfactory foothold and I have withdrawn the troops. My decision to attack at this time and place was based on the best information available. The troops, the air and the Navy did all that bravery and devotion to duty could do. If any

1811:, a classmate of his at West Point. Having been brought up in Mexico, which inculcated into him the Spanish culture which influenced both Mexico and the Philippines, Ord was deemed the right pick for the job. Eisenhower had strong philosophical disagreements with MacArthur regarding the role of the 1312:

and graduated in 1909. As a freshman, he injured his knee and developed a leg infection that extended into his groin, which his doctor diagnosed as life-threatening. The doctor insisted that the leg be amputated but Dwight refused to allow it, and surprisingly recovered, though he had to repeat his

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Most significantly, the 1950 congressional investigations and the Hoey committee's final report helped institutionalize discrimination by laying the groundwork for President Dwight D. Eisenhower's 1953 Executive Order #10450, 'Security Requirements for Government Employment.' That order explicitly

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wrote that "figuratively speaking, kicked his political-minded visitor out of his office". As others asked him about his political future, Eisenhower told one that he could not imagine wanting to be considered for any political job "from dogcatcher to Grand High Supreme King of the Universe", and

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Eisenhower, as well as the officers and troops under him, had learned valuable lessons in their previous operations, and their skills had all strengthened in preparation for the next most difficult campaign against the Germans—a beach landing assault. His first struggles, however, were with Allied

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Whittaker was unsuited for the role and retired in 1962, after Eisenhower's presidency had ended. Stewart and Harlan were conservative Republicans, while Brennan was a Democrat who became a leading voice for liberalism. In selecting a Chief Justice, Eisenhower looked for an experienced jurist who

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In the United States presidential election of 1956, Eisenhower, the popular incumbent, was re-elected. The election was a re-match of 1952, as his opponent in 1956 was Stevenson, a former Illinois governor, whom Eisenhower had defeated four years earlier. Compared to the 1952 election, Eisenhower

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Eisenhower accepted the presidency of the university to expand his ability to promote "the American form of democracy" through education. He was clear on this point to the trustees on the search committee. He informed them that his main purpose was "to promote the basic concepts of education in a

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Some men are considered great because they lead great armies or they lead powerful nations. For eight years now, Dwight Eisenhower has neither commanded an army nor led a nation; and yet he remained through his final days the world's most admired and respected man, truly the first citizen of the

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Most Arab countries were skeptical about the "Eisenhower doctrine" because they considered "Zionist imperialism" the real danger. However, they did take the opportunity to obtain free money and weapons. Egypt and Syria, supported by the Soviet Union, openly opposed the initiative. However, Egypt

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to avoid potential damage, but the matter permanently alienated the two candidates. The second issue centered on Eisenhower's relented decision to confront the controversial methods of Joseph McCarthy on his home turf in a Wisconsin appearance. Eisenhower condemned "wickedness in government", an

1557:, earning him the nickname the "Bridge Wizard of Manila". An unwritten qualification for an officer's appointment to Eisenhower's staff during World War II was the ability to play bridge. He played even during the stressful weeks leading up to the D-Day landings. His favorite partner was General 1498:

in 1948. He played golf frequently during and after his presidency and was unreserved in his passion for the game, to the point of golfing during winter; he ordered his golf balls painted black so he could see them better against snow. He had a basic golf facility installed at Camp David, and he

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Eisenhower's parents set aside specific times at breakfast and at dinner for daily family Bible reading. Chores were regularly assigned and rotated among all the children, and misbehavior was met with unequivocal discipline, usually from David. His mother, previously a member (with David) of the

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President Eisenhower was operated on at 2:59 A.M. today for relief of an intestinal obstruction. At 4:55 A.M., the operation was pronounced a success by the surgeons. ... The President's condition was diagnosed as ileitis. This is an inflamation of the ileum—the lowest portion of the small

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Speaker Martin concluded that Eisenhower worked too much through subordinates in dealing with Congress, with results, "often the reverse of what he has desired" because Members of Congress, "resent having some young fellow who was picked up by the White House without ever having been elected to

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After the election of November 1960, Eisenhower, in a briefing with John F. Kennedy, pointed out the communist threat in Southeast Asia as requiring prioritization in the next administration. Eisenhower told Kennedy he considered Laos "the cork in the bottle" with regard to the regional threat.

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Historians long ago abandoned the view that Eisenhower's was a failed presidency. He did, after all, end the Korean War without getting into any others. He stabilized, and did not escalate, the Soviet–American rivalry. He strengthened European alliances while withdrawing support from European

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At West Point, Eisenhower relished the emphasis on traditions and on sports, but was less enthusiastic about the hazing, though he willingly accepted it as a plebe. He was also a regular violator of the more detailed regulations and finished school with a less than stellar discipline rating.

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about the strain campaigning would put on his heart, and wanted the president to withdraw, without letting him know of her intervention. Vice President Nixon himself was informed by White House physician Major General Howard Snyder that he could not approve a heavy campaign schedule for the

2859:. His cabinet consisted of several corporate executives and one labor leader, and one journalist dubbed it "eight millionaires and a plumber". The cabinet was known for its lack of personal friends, office seekers, or experienced government administrators. He also upgraded the role of the 1256:

Eisenhower was born David Dwight Eisenhower in Denison, Texas, on October 14, 1890, the third of seven sons born to Ida and David. His mother soon reversed his two forenames after his birth to avoid the confusion of having two Davids in the family. He was named Dwight after the evangelist

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in a landslide, with an electoral margin of 442 to 89, marking the first Republican return to the White House in 20 years. He also brought a Republican majority in the House, by eight votes, and in the Senate, evenly divided with Vice President Nixon providing Republicans the majority.

4118:. Eisenhower opposed the measure. The Old Guard agreed with Eisenhower on the development and ownership of nuclear reactors by private enterprises, which the Democrats opposed. The President succeeded in getting legislation creating a system of licensure for nuclear plants by the AEC. 3611:

to the United States. Eisenhower pledged his continued support, and a parade was held in Diem's honor in New York City. Although Diem was publicly praised, in private Secretary of State John Foster Dulles conceded that Diem had been selected because there were no better alternatives.

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in subverting communism, by helping him to build an army and wage a military campaign. In February 1955, Eisenhower dispatched the first American soldiers to Vietnam as military advisors to Diem's army. After Diem announced the formation of the Republic of Vietnam (commonly known as

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a second term was well advised, and he announced that he would run again in February 1956. Eisenhower was publicly noncommittal about having Nixon as the Vice President on his ticket; the question was an especially important one in light of his heart condition. He personally favored

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must recognize the "customs and usages prevailing in certain geographic areas of our country which the Navy had no part in creating," Eisenhower overruled him: "We have not taken and we shall not take a single backward step. There must be no second class citizens in this country."

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Should any party attempt to abolish social security and eliminate labor laws and farm programs, you would not hear of that party again in our political history. There is a tiny splinter group of course, that believes you can do these things Their number is negligible and they are

2560:. It held that Eisenhower was not a professional writer, but rather, marketing the lifetime asset of his experiences, and thus he had to pay only capital gains tax on his $ 635,000 advance instead of the much higher personal tax rate. This ruling saved Eisenhower about $ 400,000. 4742:

and other federal programs, he did not attempt to repeal them outright. In doing so, Eisenhower was popular among the liberal wing of the Republican Party. Conservative critics of his administration thought that he did not do enough to advance the goals of the right; according to

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sanctuary, he considered using nuclear weapons if an armistice was not reached. Whether China was informed of the potential for nuclear force is unknown. His earlier military reputation in Europe was effective with the Chinese communists. The National Security Council, the

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Eisenhower made greater use of press conferences than any previous president, holding almost 200 over his two terms. He saw the benefit of maintaining a good relationship with the press, and he saw value in them as a means of direct communication with the American people.

2814:. His voters were less likely to bring up his leadership record. Instead what stood out this time "was the response to personal qualities — to his sincerity, his integrity and sense of duty, his virtue as a family man, his religious devotion, and his sheer likeableness." 2599:. He returned to his post in New York in mid-May, and in July 1949 took a two-month vacation out-of-state. Because the American Assembly had begun to take shape, he traveled around the country during summer and fall 1950, building financial support for it, including from 1531:

stated that Eisenhower's paintings, "simple and earnest", caused her to "wonder at the hidden depths of this reticent president". A conservative in both art and politics, Eisenhower in a 1962 speech denounced modern art as "a piece of canvas that looks like a broken-down

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Once the coastal assault had succeeded, Eisenhower insisted on retaining personal control over the land battle strategy and was immersed in the command and supply of multiple assaults through France on Germany. Field Marshal Montgomery insisted priority be given to his

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in most European armies. In this and the previous high commands he held, Eisenhower showed his great talents for leadership and diplomacy. Although he had never seen action himself, he won the respect of front-line commanders. He interacted adeptly with allies such as

2097: 1905:, and then succeeded Gerow as Chief of the War Plans Division. Next, he was appointed Assistant Chief of Staff in charge of the new Operations Division (which replaced WPD) under Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall, who spotted talent and promoted accordingly. 4428: 12153:"Eisenhower Out Of Danger; Will Be Able To Resume Duties And Seek Reelection: Doctors See Prospect of Full Return to Job in Four to Six Weeks: Operation Performed to Prevent Gangrene of Bowel: Signing of Official Papers Viewed as Likely by Tomorrow or Tuesday" 1277:. While his mother was against war, it was her collection of history books that first sparked Eisenhower's interest in military history; he became a voracious reader on the subject. Other favorite subjects early in his education were arithmetic and spelling. 3029: 1686:

to test vehicles and dramatize the need for improved roads. Indeed, the convoy averaged only 5 miles per hour (8.0 km/h) from Washington, D.C. to San Francisco; later the improvement of highways became a signature issue for Eisenhower as president.

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Since the 19th century, many if not all presidents were assisted by a central figure or "gatekeeper", sometimes described as the president's private secretary, sometimes with no official title. Eisenhower formalized this role, introducing the office of

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an eye, for which he was remorseful for the remainder of his life. Eisenhower developed a keen and enduring interest in exploring the outdoors. He learned about hunting and fishing, cooking, and card playing from a man named Bob Davis who camped on the

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applicants were barred from federal employment and over 5,000 federal employees were fired under suspicions of being homosexual. From 1947 to 1961 the number of firings based on sexual orientation were far greater than those for membership in the

3729:. He publicly disavowed his allies at the United Nations and used financial and diplomatic pressure to make them withdraw from Egypt. Eisenhower explicitly defended his strong position against Britain and France in his memoirs, published in 1965. 4628:, decorated with Army Distinguished Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters, Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit. Buried alongside Eisenhower are his son Doud, who died at age 3 in 1921, and wife Mamie, who died in 1979. 1998:

leaders were "thunderstruck" by this from a political standpoint, though none had offered Eisenhower guidance with the problem in planning the operation. Eisenhower was severely criticized for the move. Darlan was assassinated on December 24 by

1794:

encampment in Washington, D.C. Although he was against the actions taken against the veterans and strongly advised MacArthur against taking a public role in it, he later wrote the Army's official incident report, endorsing MacArthur's conduct.

4894:

The Interstate Highway System is officially known as the "Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways". It was inspired in part by Eisenhower's experiences in World War II, where he recognized the advantages of the

4561:

was conducted at the Washington National Cathedral on March 31. The president and First Lady, Richard and Pat Nixon, attended, as did former president Lyndon Johnson. Also among the 2,000 guests that were invited were the UN Secretary-General

4425: 2683: 2611:, a research facility to "study war as a tragic social phenomenon". Eisenhower was able to use his network of wealthy friends and acquaintances to secure initial funding for it. Under its founding director, international relations scholar 2934:

Eisenhower made full use of his valet, chauffeur, and secretarial support; he rarely drove or even dialed a phone number. He was an avid fisherman, golfer, painter, and bridge player. On August 26, 1959, he was aboard the maiden flight of

1631: – his first command. Though Eisenhower and his tank crews never saw combat, he displayed excellent organizational skills as well as an ability to accurately assess junior officers' strengths and make optimal placements of personnel. 26135: 2575:, Eisenhower's "vision of a great cultural center where business, professional and governmental leaders could meet from time to time to discuss and reach conclusions concerning problems of a social and political nature". His biographer 8247: 2552:, was published. It was a major financial success. Eisenhower sought the advice of Augusta National's Roberts about the tax implications of this, and in due course Eisenhower's profit on the book was substantially aided by what author 3568:

for clearing purposes. Further requests for assistance from the French were agreed to but only on conditions Eisenhower knew were impossible to meet – allied participation and congressional approval. When the French fortress of

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took place, and control of forces in the southern invasion passed from the AFHQ to the SHAEF. Many thought that victory in Europe would come by summer's end, but the Germans did not capitulate for almost a year. From then until the

802: 19513: 19508: 793: 2671:. The effort was a long struggle; Eisenhower had to be convinced that political circumstances had created a genuine duty to offer himself as a candidate and that there was a mandate from the public for him to be their president. 1901:, where he served until June 1942 with responsibility for creating the major war plans to defeat Japan and Germany. He was appointed Deputy Chief in charge of Pacific Defenses under the Chief of War Plans Division (WPD), General 4403:

It was originally intended for Eisenhower to have a more active role in the campaign as he wanted to respond to attacks Kennedy made on his administration. However, First Lady Mamie Eisenhower expressed concern to Second Lady

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dissuaded the President from intervening by presenting a comprehensive estimate of the massive military deployment that would be necessary. Eisenhower stated prophetically that "this war would absorb our troops by divisions."

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Eisenhower lived in 'Telegraph Cottage', Warren Road, Coombe, from 1942 to 1944. In 1995, a plaque commemorating this was placed there by the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames. It can be seen at the north end of Warren

4427: 3297:, kill civilians, and cause economic damage. The CIA also trained and commanded pilots to bomb civilian airfields. The CIA began preparations for an invasion of Cuba by Cuban expatriates, ultimately resulting in the failed 4145:

office himself coming around and telling them 'The Chief wants this'. The administration never made use of many Republicans of consequence whose services in one form or another would have been available for the asking."

3079:

convinced him of the benefits of an Interstate Highway System. The system could also be used as a runway for airplanes, which would be beneficial to war efforts. Franklin D. Roosevelt put this system into place with the

4279:

He was the first president to release information about his health and medical records while in office, but people around him deliberately misled the public about his health. On September 24, 1955, while vacationing in

4133:, the Republican Speaker from 1947 to 1949 and again from 1953 to 1955, wrote that Eisenhower "never surrounded himself with assistants who could solve political problems with professional skill. There were exceptions, 3438:(SAC) devised detailed plans for nuclear war against Red China. With the death of Stalin in March 1953, Russian support for a Chinese communist hard-line weakened and China decided to compromise on the prisoner issue. 3216:, which would have limited the president's treaty making power and ability to enter into executive agreements with foreign leaders. The Eisenhower administration used propaganda and covert action extensively, and the 1518:

paint Mamie's portrait. Eisenhower painted about 260 oils during the last 20 years of his life. The images were mostly landscapes but also portraits of subjects such as Mamie, their grandchildren, General Montgomery,

4800:

was passed on December 14, 1944, as a temporary rank, subject to reversion to permanent rank six months after the end of the war. The temporary rank was declared permanent on March 23, 1946, by Public Law 333 of the

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in 1933 and later served on the faculty (it was later expanded to become the Industrial College of the Armed Services and is now known as the Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy).

1552:

at West Point, Eisenhower played the game six nights a week for five months. Eisenhower continued to play bridge throughout his military career. While stationed in the Philippines, he played regularly with President

4805:, which also awarded full pay and allowances in the grade to those on the retired list. It was created to give the most senior American commanders parity of rank with their British counterparts holding the ranks of 3739:

Eisenhower applied the doctrine in 1957–1958 by dispensing economic aid to Jordan, and by encouraging Syria's neighbors to consider military operations against it. More dramatically, in July 1958, he sent 15,000

25970: 3028: 3873:. The U-2 incident shattered the amiable "Spirit of Camp David" that had prevailed for eight months, prompting the cancellation of the summit in Paris and embarrassing the U.S. on the international stage. The 2606:

He did have some successes at Columbia. Puzzled as to why no American university had undertaken the "continuous study of the causes, conduct and consequences of war", Eisenhower undertook the creation of the

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Johnson has demonstrated that during this era government officials intentionally engaged in campaigns to associate homosexuality with Communism: 'homosexual' and 'pervert' became synonyms for 'Communist' and

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President Truman sensed a broad-based desire for an Eisenhower candidacy for president, and he again pressed him to run for the office as a Democrat in 1951. But Eisenhower voiced his disagreements with the

4099:. Eisenhower later suffered a major political defeat when his nomination of Strauss to be Secretary of Commerce was defeated in the Senate in 1959, in part due to Strauss's role in the Oppenheimer matter. 3511:

China invited some American reporters to China in 1956, having previously ousted American reporters after the PRC's founding. Eisenhower upheld the U.S. ban on travel to China. U.S. newspapers, including

19886: 12740: 2304:, but Eisenhower decided it would be a military mistake for him to attack Berlin and said orders to that effect would have to be explicit. The British backed down but then wanted Eisenhower to move into 4067:

drew criticism from a number of corners. In late 1953, McCarthy declared on national television that the employment of communists within the government was a menace and would be a pivotal issue in the

1355:. Eisenhower suffered a torn knee while being tackled in the next game, which was the last he played; he reinjured his knee on horseback and in the boxing ring, so he turned to fencing and gymnastics. 12535: 9114: 8927: 4521:

in a campaign commercial. That endorsement came somewhat reluctantly, because Goldwater had in the late 1950s criticized Eisenhower's administration as "a dime-store New Deal". On January 20, 1969,

23032: 4766:" policy that still prevails in the US military. Officers who are passed over for promotion twice are then usually honorably but quickly discharged to make way for younger and more able officers. 1646:) sought to denigrate Eisenhower for his previous lack of combat duty, despite his stateside experience establishing a camp for thousands of troops and developing a full combat training schedule. 1920:. He returned to Washington on June 3 with a pessimistic assessment, stating he had an "uneasy feeling" about Chaney and his staff. On June 23, 1942, he returned to London as Commanding General, 1754:

During the late 1920s and early 1930s, Eisenhower's career stalled somewhat, as military priorities diminished; many of his friends resigned for high-paying business jobs. He was assigned to the

1978:

was deemed necessary to the campaign and Eisenhower encountered a "preposterous situation" with the multiple rival factions in France. His primary objective was to move forces successfully into

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anti-communist Russia policy. His inaugural address was exclusively devoted to foreign policy and included this same philosophy as well as a commitment to foreign trade and the United Nations.

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Academically, Eisenhower's best subject by far was English. Otherwise, his performance was average, though he thoroughly enjoyed the typical emphasis of engineering on science and mathematics.

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The trustees of Columbia University declined to accept Eisenhower's offer to resign in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the

25980: 16827: 4325:, which caused a mild stroke during a cabinet meeting on November 25, 1957, when Eisenhower suddenly found himself unable to move his right hand or to speak. The president also suffered from 1320:

Edgar took the first turn at school, and Dwight was employed as a night supervisor at the Belle Springs Creamery. When Edgar asked for a second year, Dwight consented. At that time, a friend

4303:, and failed to call in help that was urgently needed. Snyder later falsified his own records to cover his blunder and to allow Eisenhower to imply that he was healthy enough to do his job. 12331: 4982:

to design the memorial. The groundbreaking ceremony of the memorial was held on November 3, 2017, and was dedicated on September 17, 2020. It stands on a 4-acre (1.6 ha) site near the

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in September 1954. Eisenhower received recommendations embracing every variation of response; he thought it essential to have every possible option available to him as the crisis unfolded.

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wrote to Eisenhower to thank him for his actions, writing "The overwhelming majority of southerners, Negro and white, stand firmly behind your resolute action to restore law and order in

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and the leadership qualities that an American army officer should exhibit and develop in his subordinates. The antipathy between Eisenhower and MacArthur lasted the rest of their lives.

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fought with Eisenhower over King's refusal to provide additional landing craft from the Pacific. Eisenhower also insisted that the British give him exclusive command over all strategic

1694:, Maryland, commanding a battalion of tanks, where he remained until 1922. His schooling continued, focused on the nature of the next war and the role of the tank. His new expertise in 3967:

to hear testimony about abuses of voting rights. Although both acts were much weaker than subsequent civil rights legislation, they constituted the first significant civil rights acts

2580:

the bedrock of his understanding in economic policy. "Whatever General Eisenhower knows about economics, he has learned at the study group meetings," one Aid to Europe member claimed.

2159:

justified, and Eisenhower prevailed. He also had to skillfully manage to retain the services of the often unruly George S. Patton, by severely reprimanding him when Patton earlier had

26285: 22102: 21650: 16126: 13548: 12369: 7352: 4617: 384: 4842:'s obverse design (left) and reverse design (right) of the Presidential Medal of Appreciation award during Eisenhower's official visit to the State of Hawaii from June 20 to 25, 1960 1570:

frequently participated in the White House games and said, "The President plays better bridge than golf. He tries to break 90 at golf. At bridge, you would say he plays in the 70s."

1192: 26115: 16858: 7650: 4090:. Although Eisenhower never really believed these allegations, in January 1954 he ordered that "a blank wall" be placed between Oppenheimer and all defense-related activities. The 16185: 15652: 9496: 26125: 12565: 17556: 13010: 4426: 2835:

Truman and Eisenhower had minimal discussions about the transition of administrations due to a complete estrangement between them as a result of campaigning. Eisenhower selected

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In December 1943, President Roosevelt decided that Eisenhower – not Marshall – would be Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. The following month, he resumed command of

1332:. Though Eisenhower was among the winners of the entrance-exam competition, he was beyond the age limit for the Naval Academy. He accepted an appointment to West Point in 1911. 14062: 11648:. The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy at the University of California Los Angeles School of Law. pp. 5–3. Archived from 11575:. The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy at the University of California Los Angeles School of Law. pp. 5–3. Archived from 26015: 21205: 18897: 7257: 4036:, and government officials intentionally campaigned to make "homosexual" synonymous with "Communist traitor" such that LGBT people were treated as a national security threat. 2098: 4718: 23025: 19537: 4318:

with a national reputation, who regularly informed the press of the president's progress. His physician recommended a second presidential term as essential to his recovery.

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fell to the Vietnamese Communists in May 1954, Eisenhower refused to intervene despite urging from the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Vice President and the head of NCS.

1960:(A(E)FHQ). The word "expeditionary" was dropped soon after his appointment for security reasons. The campaign in North Africa was designated Operation Torch and was planned 15426: 3469:

as the greatest achievement of the administration. Eisenhower had the insight to realize that unlimited war in the nuclear age was unthinkable, and limited war unwinnable.

3027: 2739:

Two controversies tested him and his staff, but they did not damage the campaign. One involved a report that Nixon had improperly received funds from a secret trust. Nixon

2023:, Eisenhower created some confusion in the ranks by interference with the execution of battle plans by his subordinates. He also was initially indecisive in his removal of 12801: 5325: 2456:

In June 1943, a visiting politician had suggested to Eisenhower that he might become president after the war. Believing that a general should not participate in politics,

26155: 26150: 26030: 25990: 18890: 17752: 16692: 9039: 3212:, leaving it divided North and South. The U.S. has kept major forces there ever since to deter North Korea. In 1954, he played a key role in the Senate's defeat of the 1339:

In athletics, Eisenhower later said that "not making the baseball team at West Point was one of the greatest disappointments of my life, maybe my greatest". He made the

26145: 17693: 16879: 16820: 12122:"President Undergoes Surgery on Intestine Block at 2:59 A.M.: Doctors Pronounce It Success : Condition Is Good: Operation Lasts Hour and 53 Minutes–13 Attend Him" 4176: 14136: 26180: 15955: 15748: 15662: 10569: 4781:, the only four men to achieve the rank in World War II. Along with Omar Bradley, they were the only five men to achieve the rank since the August 5, 1888, death of 4374: 3158: 907: 3698:

Even before he was inaugurated Eisenhower accepted a request from the British government to restore the Shah of Iran (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi) to power. He therefore

2667:" movement in the Republican Party persuaded him to declare his candidacy in the 1952 presidential election to counter the candidacy of non-interventionist Senator 25995: 23018: 21439: 19523: 19518: 19503: 19498: 19493: 19488: 19483: 16510: 15616: 11113: 10078: 8210: 16210: 14045: 13373: 4141:

tried to open the administration's eyes to the political facts of life, with occasional success. However, these exceptions were not enough to right the balance."

3916:

in February 1953, saying "I propose to use whatever authority exists in the office of the President to end segregation in the District of Columbia, including the

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democracy". As a result, he was "almost incessantly" devoted to the idea of the American Assembly, a concept he developed into an institution by the end of 1950.

2273:. He had serious disagreements with Churchill and Montgomery over questions of strategy, but these rarely upset his relationships with them. He dealt with Soviet 26190: 22525: 15939: 14178: 1268:

In 1892, the family moved to Abilene, Kansas, which Eisenhower considered his hometown. As a child, he was involved in an accident that cost his younger brother

17105: 15647: 12732: 11905: 2114:(SHAEF), serving in a dual role until the end of hostilities in Europe in May 1945. He was charged in these positions with planning and carrying out the Allied 26160: 25920: 24985: 22095: 21643: 7247: 5227: 4501:

After leaving office, Eisenhower did not completely retreat from political life. He flew to San Antonio, where he had been stationed years earlier, to support

1224:

David Jacob Eisenhower, Eisenhower's father, was a college-educated engineer, despite his own father's urging to stay on the family farm. Eisenhower's mother,

9553: 2312:. The actual division of Germany followed the lines that Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin had previously agreed upon. The Soviet Red Army captured Berlin in a 1870:, Washington, later becoming the regimental executive officer. In March 1941 he was promoted to colonel and assigned as chief of staff of the newly activated 1317:

both wanted to attend college, though they lacked the funds. They made a pact to take alternate years at college while the other worked to earn the tuitions.

26275: 26130: 26005: 25895: 22487: 22064: 16813: 15864: 15831: 12525: 8920: 4107:. Eisenhower's denial of McCarthy's access to his staff reduced McCarthy's hearings to rants about trivial matters and contributed to his ultimate downfall. 3608: 3075:. He was assigned as an observer for the mission, which involved sending a convoy of Army vehicles coast to coast. His subsequent experience with the German 2175:

on May 8, 1945, Eisenhower, through SHAEF, commanded all Allied forces, and through his command of ETOUSA had administrative command of all US forces on the

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As the election approached, other prominent citizens and politicians from both parties urged Eisenhower to run. In January 1948, after learning of plans in

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of 1956, he condemned the Israeli, British, and French invasion of Egypt, and he forced them to withdraw. He also condemned the Soviet invasion during the

7226: – a 2004 American television film about the decisions Eisenhower made as Supreme Commander that led to the successful D-Day invasion of World War II 2514: 25955: 24667: 20118: 15973: 13858: 572: 2720:

in the general election, against the advice of his campaign team, refusing to surrender the region to the Democrats. The campaign strategy was dubbed "K

2364:

Following the German unconditional surrender, Eisenhower was appointed military governor of the American-occupied zone of Germany, located primarily in

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fired for suspected homosexuality from the State Department alone—a far greater number than were dismissed for their membership in the Communist party.

3564:

Eisenhower did provide France with bombers and non-combat personnel. After a few months with no success by the French, he added other aircraft to drop

3289:. In response to the revolution, the Eisenhower administration broke ties with Cuba and Eisenhower approved a CIA operation to carry out a campaign of 2107: 17098: 13742: 11614: 11537: 26270: 26265: 22088: 21636: 16970: 15468: 14002: 13701: 13432: 3461:. The armistice and boundary remain in effect today. The armistice, which concluded despite opposition from Secretary Dulles, South Korean President 26195: 13618: 13350: 12356:

Mr. Kennedy signed into law the act of Congress restoring the five-star rank of General of the Army to his predecessor, Dwight D. Eisenhower. (15:5)

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was signed a week before his departure date. Completely missing out on the warfront left him depressed and bitter for a time, despite receiving the

1390:, Texas, under the command of General Funston. In 1916, while stationed at Fort Sam Houston, Funston convinced him to become the football coach for 20708: 19905: 19898: 13579: 12494: 8369: 7383: 1265:) and "Little Ike" (Dwight); the nickname was intended as an abbreviation of their last name. By World War II, only Dwight was still called "Ike". 15611: 14153: 12343: 8743: 8343: 3951:

officials to make the city a model for the rest of the country in integrating black and white public-school children. He proposed to Congress the

1328:

and urged Dwight to apply, since no tuition was required. Eisenhower requested consideration for either Annapolis or West Point with his Senator,

957:

shortly before the entry of the US into World War II in 1941. After further promotion Eisenhower oversaw the Allied invasions of North Africa and

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Following the presidency, Eisenhower moved to the place where he and Mamie had spent much of their post-war time, a working farm adjacent to the

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another that he could not serve as Army Chief of Staff if others believed he had political ambitions. In 1945, Truman told Eisenhower during the

2210:

Every ground commander seeks the battle of annihilation; so far as conditions permit, he tries to duplicate in modern war the classic example of

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insignia were introduced in 1993 and now are displayed throughout the Interstate System. Several highways are also named for him, including the

3366:

declined Eisenhower's proposal at the Geneva conference in July 1955. In response to Sputnik being launched in October 1957, Eisenhower created

2440:, he was shocked by the scale of destruction in the city. However, by mid-1947, as east–west tensions over economic recovery in Germany and the 26235: 26230: 26010: 25699: 25418: 24660: 20683: 19857: 17686: 16903: 15378: 14308: 12611: 7795: 4329:, which necessitated surgery for a bowel obstruction on June 9, 1956. To treat the intestinal block, surgeons bypassed about ten inches of his 3587:

was made ambassador to "Free Vietnam", effectively elevating the country to sovereign status. Collins' instructions were to support the leader

1975: 1790:. He then was posted as chief military aide to General Douglas MacArthur, Army Chief of Staff. In 1932, he participated in the clearing of the 13888: 13664: 12305: 9949: 2484:

was considered the probable winner and would presumably serve two terms, meaning that Eisenhower, at age 66 in 1956, would be too old to run.

1807:

in developing their army. MacArthur allowed Eisenhower to handpick an officer whom he thought would contribute to the mission. Hence he chose

1378:. After graduation in 1915, Second Lieutenant Eisenhower requested an assignment in the Philippines, which was denied; because of the ongoing 26290: 26080: 26045: 25114: 20678: 19413: 17337: 16230: 16215: 16153: 15621: 13938: 13478: 10639:

Logsdon, John M., and Lear, Linda J. Exploring the Unknown:Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program/ Washington D.C.

8695: 7707: 4650: 4166: 13540: 12379: 10200: 7928: 4494:, 70 miles (110 km) from his ancestral home in Elizabethville, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. They also maintained a retirement home in 4412: 25985: 25935: 25376: 22204: 22146: 21782: 21694: 21521: 21432: 20839: 20753: 20728: 20693: 20668: 18537: 18517: 18497: 18477: 18457: 18437: 18417: 18397: 18377: 18357: 18337: 18317: 18297: 18277: 18257: 18237: 18217: 18197: 18177: 18157: 18137: 18117: 18097: 18077: 18057: 18037: 18017: 17997: 17977: 16988: 16080: 16075: 16070: 13175: 12265: 8661: 8128: 7252: 5006: 4613: 4447:

Because of legal issues related to holding a military rank while in a civilian office, Eisenhower had resigned his permanent commission as

2595:

in Washington. Two months later he fell ill with what was diagnosed as acute gastroenteritis, and he spent over a month in recovery at the

2369: 13228: 11499:"An interview with David K. Johnson author of The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government" 7639: 2692:

Eisenhower defeated Taft for the nomination, having won critical delegate votes from Texas. His campaign was noted for the simple slogan "

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leaders and officers on matters vital to the success of the Normandy invasion; he argued with Roosevelt over an essential agreement with

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President de Gaulle arrived by plane from Paris, on his first visit to the United States since the funeral of President Kennedy in 1963.

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issue, as Communists around the world used the racial discrimination and history of violence in the US as a point of propaganda attack.

1634:

His spirits were raised when the unit under his command received orders overseas to France. This time his wishes were thwarted when the

26245: 26185: 26140: 26100: 25925: 24978: 20723: 20713: 20698: 20035: 15642: 15549: 15046: 12695: 12557: 12269: 10692:

The Presidents's Science Advisory Committee, "Report of the Ad Hoc Panel on Man-in-Space" December 16, 1960. NASA Historical Collection

9106: 5830: 4170: 2974: 1069: 11506: 11236:"The Suez Crisis of 1956 and Its Aftermath: A Comparative Study of Constitutions, Use of Force, Diplomacy and International Relations" 10293: 3370:

as a civilian space agency in October 1958, signed a landmark science education law, and improved relations with American scientists.

1663:

Eisenhower (far right) with friends William Stuhler, Major Brett, and Paul V. Robinson in 1919, four years after graduating from the

26240: 20763: 20703: 20688: 18693: 17679: 17546: 16657: 16121: 5174: 4994: 4881: 3097: 2903: 14288: 12465: 10528: 7963: 26105: 25342: 22120: 22116: 22112: 21668: 21664: 21660: 21299: 20796: 20748: 20733: 20128: 19960: 19955: 19697: 17114: 16702: 16698: 16599: 16190: 16100: 16095: 16015: 15950: 15564: 15418: 7898: 4396: 2784: 2639: 2557: 2546:. The choice was subsequently characterized as not having been a good fit for either party. During that year, Eisenhower's memoir, 2466: 2417: 1775: 1164: 1009: 1005: 978: 220: 26095: 25512: 25261: 11365: 11235: 4381:

on the presidency, was ratified in 1951. Eisenhower was the first president constitutionally prevented from serving a third term.

2469:, and in 1947 he offered to run as Eisenhower's running mate on the Democratic ticket if MacArthur won the Republican nomination. 1048:

of nuclear deterrence prioritized "inexpensive" nuclear weapons while reducing funding for expensive Army divisions. He continued

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President Eisenhower delivered remarks about the need for a new highway program at Cadillac Square in Detroit on October 29, 1954

2860: 2126: 1763: 1639: 1579: 1424:; Funston approved 10 days of leave for their wedding. The Eisenhowers moved many times during their first 35 years of marriage. 809: 496: 13292: 11627:

Historians estimate that somewhere between 5,000 and tens of thousands of gay workers lost their jobs during the Lavender Scare.

4121:

The Democrats gained a majority in both houses in the 1954 election. Eisenhower had to work with the Democratic Majority Leader

4071:. Eisenhower was urged to respond directly and specify the various measures he had taken to purge the government of communists. 2890:" and used terms such as "progressive moderate" and "dynamic conservatism" to describe his approach. He continued all the major 26295: 26280: 26050: 26035: 25354: 23592: 22511: 21318: 21053: 20738: 20088: 20068: 19843: 19592: 10561: 8769: 4510: 4075: 3275:, under which any country in the Middle East could request American economic assistance or aid from American military forces. 2308:

for political reasons. Washington refused to support Churchill's plan to use Eisenhower's army for political maneuvers against

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Operation Torch also served as a valuable training ground for Eisenhower's combat command skills; during the initial phase of

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in 1950. The anvil represents the fact that his name is derived from the German for "iron hewer", making these an example of

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In the years that followed, Eisenhower increased the number of US military advisors in South Vietnam to 900. This was due to

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In November 1956, Eisenhower forced an end to the combined British, French and Israeli invasion of Egypt in response to the

2886:

Throughout his presidency, Eisenhower adhered to a political philosophy of dynamic conservatism. He described himself as a "

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After the Suez Crisis, the United States became the protector of unstable friendly governments in the Middle East via the "

3421:

In late 1952, Eisenhower went to Korea and discovered a military and political stalemate. Once in office, when the Chinese

3402: 1818:

Historians have concluded that this assignment provided valuable preparation for handling the challenging personalities of

1755: 1733:, where, joined by Mamie, he served until 1924. Under Conner's tutelage, he studied military history and theory (including 1176: 513: 43: 7830: 3838:

Initially, American authorities acknowledged the incident as the loss of a civilian weather research aircraft operated by

1228:, of predominantly German Protestant ancestry, moved to Kansas from Virginia. She married David on September 23, 1885, in 26090: 26075: 25890: 25142: 25092: 22492: 22199: 22141: 22069: 21777: 21689: 21072: 20875: 20507: 19712: 18545: 18524: 18504: 18484: 18464: 18444: 18424: 18404: 18384: 18364: 18344: 18324: 18304: 18284: 18264: 18244: 18224: 18204: 18184: 18164: 18144: 18124: 18104: 18084: 18064: 18044: 18024: 18004: 17984: 17960: 17947: 17934: 17921: 17908: 17895: 17882: 17869: 17856: 17843: 17830: 17817: 17791: 17778: 16178: 16090: 16085: 15322: 14918:

Jacobs, Travis Beal (1993). "Eisenhower, the American Assembly, and the 1952 Elections". In Warshaw, Shirley Anne (ed.).

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to make recommendations for his cabinet appointments. He accepted their recommendations without exception; they included

2477: 2257: 2160: 2031:. He became more adroit in such matters in later campaigns. In February 1943, his authority was extended as commander of 1953: 903: 78: 13365: 13130: 11117: 10630:

John M. Logsdon, "Exploring the Unknown: Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program" (NASA; 1995)

8221: 8097: 3596:) in October, Eisenhower immediately recognized the new state and offered military, economic, and technical assistance. 26255: 21461: 20953: 20527: 20053: 19818: 19403: 19374: 18646: 16002: 15777: 15530: 15371: 14998: 14874: 14820: 14761: 14687: 14666: 14498: 14032: 13268: 12449: 11952: 11473: 11336: 11097: 10369: 10268: 10241: 10111: 10029: 9212: 8435: 8410: 8120: 7088: 7020: 6941: 6052: 5703: 4705:

Following the access of Eisenhower's private papers, his reputation changed amongst presidential historians. Historian

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and signed those acts into law. The 1957 act for the first time established a permanent civil rights office inside the

3658:. This development came at a time when other victorious Allies and much of the rest of the world remained hostile to a 3398: 3385:

that would protect the United States. In strategic terms, it was Eisenhower who devised the American basic strategy of

3241: 2823: 2623: 2608: 2284:, which the Allies turned back in early 1945 after Eisenhower repositioned his armies and improved weather allowed the 1620: 1540: 1188: 966: 720: 25230: 14188: 13600:

Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands in an interview with H.G. Meijer, published in "Het Vliegerkruis", Amsterdam 1997,

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before assuming the presidency. Upon completion of his presidential term, his commission was reactivated by Congress.

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Mason, Robert. "War Hero in the White House: Dwight Eisenhower and the Politics of Peace, Prosperity, and Party." in

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state to overfly all states, a region free of military posturing and launch Earth satellites to explore space". His

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in 1956; the Eisenhower administration did not become directly involved, but condemned the military invasion by the

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Eisenhower, Dwight D.: visit to San Antonio in behalf of John Goode and Henry Catto, Jr.; downtown S.A. 10/29/1961

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Jones, Matthew (2008). "Targeting China: U.S. Nuclear Planning and 'Massive Retaliation' in East Asia, 1953–1955".

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in June 1944 under the code name Operation Overlord, the liberation of Western Europe and the invasion of Germany.

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Brothers Rivals Victors: Eisenhower, Patton, Bradley, and the Partnership that Drove the Allied Conquest in Europe

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Eisenhower was the last president born in the 19th century, and he was the oldest president-elect at age 62 since

1143:, which remains the largest construction of roadways in American history. In 1957, following the Soviet launch of 26085: 25930: 25905: 24931: 23293: 22998: 21479: 21168: 20597: 20547: 20477: 20417: 20397: 20277: 20247: 20197: 19838: 19752: 19717: 18670: 18628: 18604: 18598: 16836: 16623: 16405: 15910: 15772: 15634: 15599: 15594: 15589: 15584: 15579: 15574: 15569: 15520: 15483: 15410: 15308: 14263: 13804: 13463: 13345: 12000:

Robert P. Hudson, "Eisenhower's Heart Attack: How Ike Beat Heart Disease and Held on to the Presidency (review)"

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system in Germany. Commemorative signs reading "Eisenhower Interstate System" and bearing Eisenhower's permanent

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and others succeeded in convincing him, and he resigned his command at NATO in June 1952 to campaign full-time.

2133:, on June 5, 1944, the day before the D-Day invasion. The officer Eisenhower is speaking to is First Lieutenant 1770:

and graduated in 1928. After a one-year assignment in France, Eisenhower served as executive officer to General

1366:

Eisenhower later served as junior varsity football coach and cheerleader, which caught the attention of General

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Irish, Kerry. "Dwight Eisenhower and Douglas MacArthur in the Philippines: There Must Be a Day of Reckoning",

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the morale of the Chinese nationalists and signaled to Beijing that the US was committed to holding the line.

3324:

celebrated America's Moon landings, which began 11 years after NASA was created during Eisenhower's presidency

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Among Eisenhower's objectives in not directly confronting McCarthy was to prevent McCarthy from dragging the

3707: 3670:. This accord took the form of three separate executive agreements that pledged the United States to furnish 3334:, that Russia had the capability to launch a small payload into orbit and was likely to do so within a year. 3072: 2992:

which allowed the civilian world to develop nuclear fission technology for peaceful and prosperous purposes.

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Belair, Felix Jr. (March 29, 1969). "Eisenhower Dead at 78 as Ailing Heart Fails; Rites Will Start Today".

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Eisenhower received many honorary degrees from universities and colleges around the world. These included:

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in the Lifetime Achievement category for his contributions to the sport. In 1973, he was inducted into the

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in Washington, DC. Eisenhower graduated from this school when it was known as the Army Industrial College.

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The D-Day Normandy landings on June 6, 1944, were costly but successful. Two months later (August 15), the

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In 1935, he accompanied MacArthur to the Philippines, where he served as assistant military adviser to the

1344: 1302: 1294: 1085: 604: 15313: 13694: 13340: 11157: 7727:

Bergman, Jerry. "Steeped in Religion: President Eisenhower and the Influence of the Jehovah's Witnesses",

5926: 5398: 5304: 4747:, "Eisenhower's victories were but accidents without consequence in the history of the Republican party." 26260: 26025: 24412: 22290: 21868: 20825: 20587: 20557: 20297: 20227: 20159: 20005: 19920: 19874: 19702: 19597: 19577: 18904: 18664: 18652: 18560: 17147: 16428: 13622: 13458: 12861: 12081:

disease is a better man physically.' He added: 'Whether the American people will buy that, I don't know.'

9586: 9522: 8379: 6988: 6956: 6907: 6606: 5782: 5718: 5571: 5374: 4930: 4920: 4645: 4525:, Eisenhower issued a statement praising his former vice president and calling it a "day for rejoicing". 3980: 3338: 3217: 2591:

on the unification of the armed services. About six months after his appointment, he became the informal

2424:

and relations with the Soviets, Truman was guided by the State Department and ignored Eisenhower and the

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on recommendations by MacArthur, to become the chief of police of a new capital being planned, now named

1834:, making a solo flight over the Philippines in 1937, and obtained his private pilot's license in 1939 at 1515: 1371: 1340: 1325: 1218: 953:

crews. Between the wars he served in staff positions in the US and the Philippines, reaching the rank of

24: 20817: 13571: 12502: 12064:"Butler Criticizes Illness Reports: Says News Has Been Handled in Terms of Propaganda—Hagerty Denies It" 8335: 7387: 4474: 3100:

in early 1958 in response to the successful launch of the first orbital satellite from the Soviet Union

2587:

Within months of becoming university president, Eisenhower was requested to advise Secretary of Defense

1544:

was Eisenhower's favorite movie. His favorite reading material for relaxation was the Western novels of

1507:

on numerous occasions. Roberts, an investment broker, also handled the Eisenhower family's investments.

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systems to deter military threats and save money while cutting back on expensive Army combat units. A

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Goedde, Petra. "From Villains to Victims: Fraternization and the Feminization of Germany, 1945–1947",

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The incident occurred during the tenures of American president Dwight D. Eisenhower and Soviet leader

3281:

broke out during Eisenhower's second term, resulting in the replacement of pro-U.S. military dictator

2728:" and was intended to focus on attacking the Truman administration on three failures: the Korean War, 2256:

In recognition of his senior position in the Allied command, on December 20, 1944, he was promoted to

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The Making of the Masters: Clifford Roberts, Augusta National, and Golf's Most Prestigious Tournament

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Messerli F. H., Loughlin K. R., Messerli A. W., Welch W. R.: The President and the pheochromocytoma.

11642:

Documenting Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in State Employment

11569:

Documenting Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in State Employment

9052:

From January 1942 to June 1942, he was the commanding general, U.S. Army Forces in the British Isles.

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Graves of Dwight D. Eisenhower, Doud Dwight "Icky" Eisenhower and Mamie Eisenhower in Abilene, Kansas

4258:

cigarettes at West Point, often three or four packs a day. He joked that he "gave an order" to stop

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The Eisenhauer (German for "iron hewer" or "iron miner") family migrated from the German village of

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The Economics of the Political Parties, with Special Attention to Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy

14329:"U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower with commemorative plaque at Ohio University Memorial Auditorium" 14258: 14215: 12437: 12309: 12095:"President's Heart Reported Sound; Surgery Is Indicated: Inflamed, Obstructed, Intestine Is Blamed" 10969: 9957: 6839: 6747: 6691: 6067: 5815: 5697: 5259: 5002: 4682:

and the associated international embarrassment, for the Soviet Union's perceived leadership in the

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Eisenhower's goal to create improved highways was influenced by his involvement in the Army's 1919

2952: 2887: 2696:". It was essential to his success that Eisenhower express opposition to Roosevelt's policy at the 2377: 2320: 2044: 2028: 2020: 1871: 1642:

for his work at home. In World War II, rivals who had combat service in the Great War (led by Gen.

1428: 1391: 1214: 1132: 655: 636: 24652: 23010: 13948: 13482: 12935: 8691: 7704: 5866: 5219: 4063:, and the relationship between the two men led to tension between the Senate and the White House. 2335:) would be made, and took steps against it by demanding extensive photo and film documentation of 1060:. His administration provided major aid to help the French fight off Vietnamese Communists in the 25527: 24891: 24827: 23608: 22028: 21545: 21497: 21473: 20647: 19737: 19692: 19632: 19607: 19562: 19329: 19224: 17425: 17177: 16570: 16287: 15869: 15813: 15693: 15503: 14159: 13769: 13157: 11273:

Little, Douglas (1996). "His finest hour? Eisenhower, Lebanon, and the 1958 Middle East Crisis".

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to the degree that activists wanted. Eisenhower also attracted criticism for his handling of the

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refused to honor a federal court order to integrate their public school system stemming from the

3964: 3804: 3651: 3603:'s support of "uprisings" in the south and concern the nation would fall. In May 1957 Diem, then 2357: 2130: 2048: 1867: 1839: 1835: 1771: 1628: 703: 698: 597: 12607: 11944: 10966:

People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War

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instead relied excessively upon the advice of his subordinates, especially that of AEC chairman

3201:. Eisenhower sought to reach a nuclear test ban treaty with the Soviet Union, but following the 1928:, and took over command of ETOUSA from Chaney. He was promoted to lieutenant general on July 7. 1786:

His primary duty was planning for the next war, which proved most difficult in the midst of the

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Parmet, Herbert S. Eisenhower and the American Crusades (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1972)

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assumed administrative duties and provided communication with the president. He was treated by

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on the next day his physician, General Howard Snyder, recalled that Eisenhower "drank several

2197: 2163:, and then when Patton gave a speech in which he made improper comments about postwar policy. 1936: 1659: 25612: 24774: 23963: 23742: 23682: 23666: 23212: 22950: 22694: 21491: 21213: 21105: 20503: 20000: 19772: 19727: 18212: 17608: 17043: 16528: 16422: 16358: 15927: 15859: 15807: 15508: 14010: 13504: 13261:

Authoritative Numismatic Reference: Presidential Medal of Appreciation Award Medals 1958–1963

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at the age of three. Eisenhower was mostly reluctant to discuss his death. Their second son,

1225: 1108: 915: 813: 732: 13741: 13314: 12720:, Center for Bibliographical Studies and Research at the University of California Riverside. 11607:"'These People Are Frightened to Death' Congressional Investigations and the Lavender Scare" 11530:"'These People Are Frightened to Death' Congressional Investigations and the Lavender Scare" 11435:

Mayer, Michael S. (1989). "The Eisenhower Administration and the Civil Rights Act of 1957".

10842:"Crisis and Confrontations: Chinese-American Relations during the Eisenhower Administration" 10440: 6099: 5971: 5620: 5334: 1612:. His unit was later ordered to France, but, to his chagrin, he received orders for the new 25885: 25880: 25859: 24832: 24455: 24128: 24004: 23935: 23915: 23911: 22556: 22350: 21515: 21086: 20992: 20961: 20030: 20020: 19289: 19284: 19274: 19124: 19119: 19028: 19010: 18998: 18986: 18974: 18968: 17992: 17988: 17942: 17415: 17242: 17237: 16792: 16388: 16346: 16205: 16163: 16009: 15997: 15985: 15979: 15847: 15719: 13143:

This law allowed only 75% of pay and allowances to the grade for those on the retired list.

13034:

Griffith, Robert (January 1, 1982). "Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Corporate Commonwealth".

11498: 6873: 6350: 5956: 4797: 4727: 4579: 4491: 4388:. Under the act, Eisenhower was entitled to a lifetime pension, state-provided staff and a 4306:

The heart attack required six weeks' hospitalization, during which time Nixon, Dulles, and

4296: 4130: 3905: 3874: 3347: 3298: 2840: 2012: 2003:, a French antifascist monarchist. Eisenhower later appointed as High Commissioner General 1668: 1601: 1589: 1468: 1432: 1156: 1101: 934: 919: 25122: 14645:

Irish, Kerry E. "Apt Pupil: Dwight Eisenhower and the 1930 Industrial Mobilization Plan",

10932:

Accinelli, Robert (1990). "Eisenhower, Congress, and the 1954–55 offshore island crisis".

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Eisenhower's stint as the president of Columbia was punctuated by his activity within the

2150:

forces in covert operations against the Germans in advance of Operation Overlord. Admiral

1831: 1370:. He graduated from West Point in the middle of the class of 1915, which became known as " 8: 25696: 25537: 25415: 25243: 24947: 24627: 23418: 23220: 23204: 22686: 22256: 21849: 21829: 21736: 21557: 20973: 20453: 20373: 19983: 19194: 18932: 17964: 17951: 17847: 17730: 17648: 17520: 17490: 17465: 17440: 17430: 17410: 17395: 17365: 17322: 17302: 17272: 17257: 17058: 16648: 16370: 16168: 15825: 15670: 15493: 15458: 15282: 15138: 15126: 14782: 14385: 14372: 12469: 10896: 9990:

Herbert H. Hyman, and Paul B. Sheatsley, "The political appeal of President Eisenhower."

9204: 7959: 6926: 6892: 6719: 6355: 6236: 6209: 5605: 5357: 4590: 4583: 4545:'s Bethlehem Chapel, where he lay in repose for 28 hours. He was then transported to the 4104: 4033: 4008:

the federal government had used federal troops in the South to enforce the Constitution.

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while paving the way for spy satellite technology to orbit over sovereign territory, but

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for continued publication of these proposed methods of tank deployment, and he relented.

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On January 17, 1961, Eisenhower gave his final televised Address to the Nation from the

4082:

and other weapons programs. In December 1953, Eisenhower learned that nuclear scientist

3788: 906:. Eisenhower planned and supervised two of the most consequential military campaigns of 25470: 25019: 24937: 24907: 24876: 24860: 23857: 23833: 23790: 23758: 23130: 22894: 22886: 22572: 22465: 22458: 22408: 22313: 22222: 22035: 21978: 21800: 21017: 20936: 20911: 20443: 20015: 19880: 19309: 19249: 19139: 19034: 19016: 18992: 18914: 18759: 18741: 17938: 17929: 17851: 17740: 17735: 17725: 17653: 17643: 17613: 17500: 17470: 17450: 17445: 17435: 17312: 17282: 17192: 17028: 16980: 16556: 16382: 15920: 15819: 15559: 15292: 15211: 15042: 15018: 14655: 14364: 14293: 14184: 14088: 13975: 13943: 13051: 12989: 12977: 12916: 12589: 11937: 11361: 11286: 11171: 10941: 10795: 10740: 8374: 6662: 6521: 6409: 6381: 5383: 4865: 4695: 4326: 4203: 4005: 3828: 3745: 3718: 3703: 3530:

criticized the Eisenhower's administration decision as antithetical to the free press.

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in 1916. A November wedding date in Denver was moved up to July 1 due to the impending

1417: 1379: 1269: 1057: 1017: 962: 949:, he was denied a request to serve in Europe and instead commanded a unit that trained 669: 545: 261: 147: 17782: 15106:

How We Got Here: The 70s The Decade That Brought You Modern Life – For Better Or Worse

14679:

American Warlords: How Roosevelt's High Command Led America to Victory in World War II

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Belair, Felix Jr. (April 1, 1969). "World's Leaders Join in Services for Eisenhower".

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a stately old home, identified as the ancestral home of President Dwight D. Eisenhower

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in 1856. He was the third commanding general of the Army to serve as president, after

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but softened them by bringing in 400,000 tons of food for civilians and allowing more

1983: 1766:, he produced a guide to American battlefields in Europe. He then was assigned to the 25691: 25678: 25655: 25604: 25434: 25370: 25309: 25278: 25235: 25199: 24994: 24799: 24794: 24744: 24331: 24284: 24276: 24260: 24216: 24192: 24104: 24020: 23996: 23955: 23939: 23889: 23881: 23806: 23734: 23626: 23389: 23333: 23280: 23074: 23062: 22702: 22588: 22437: 22400: 22342: 22332: 22261: 22007: 21970: 21899: 21881: 21611: 21587: 21581: 21575: 21401: 21188: 21111: 20998: 20593: 20543: 20473: 20413: 20393: 20383: 20243: 20193: 20025: 19359: 19334: 19314: 19264: 19239: 19219: 19209: 19169: 19144: 19046: 18944: 18807: 18795: 18783: 18765: 18729: 18592: 18368: 18348: 18332: 18312: 18232: 18112: 18008: 17899: 17886: 17864: 17860: 17786: 17638: 17603: 17593: 17475: 17420: 17385: 17380: 17345: 17262: 17217: 17207: 17182: 16998: 16364: 16352: 16253: 16200: 16173: 16046: 15891: 15724: 15714: 15488: 15333: 15218: 15197: 15165: 15146: 15111: 15104: 15085: 15052: 15028: 15008: 14994: 14981: 14967: 14942: 14923: 14908: 14896:

Harris, Douglas B. "Dwight Eisenhower and the New Deal: The Politics of Preemption",

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The Shadow Presidents: The Secret History of the Chief Executives and Their Top Aides

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added sexuality to the criteria used to determine suitability for federal employment.

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On the Battlefield of Memory: The First World War and American Remembrance, 1919–1941

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Eisenhower was also the first outgoing president to come under the protection of the

4311: 4149: 4122: 4111: 3941: 3912:, actual implementation had been slow. Eisenhower made clear his stance in his first 3888: 3854: 3843: 3824: 3781: 3655: 3584: 3409: 3386: 3382: 3363: 3321: 3282: 3213: 3202: 2982: 2764: 2612: 2548: 2373: 2356:

General Eisenhower served as military governor of the American zone (highlighted) in

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General Eisenhower reads his order of the day for June 5, 1944, the day before D-Day.

2036: 1965: 1886:, at Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas. After successfully participating in the 1819: 1759: 1730: 1722: 1617: 1520: 1367: 1329: 1229: 1168: 1097: 1093: 1013: 970: 937:. Eisenhower, however, belonged to no organized church until 1952. He graduated from 725: 693: 674: 631: 468: 281: 249: 26136:

Recipients of the Grand Decoration with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria

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Hahn, Peter L. (2006). "Securing the Middle East: The Eisenhower Doctrine of 1957".

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American Airpower Comes of Age: General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold's World War II Diaries

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Fear spread through the United States that the Soviet Union would invade and spread

3037: 2898:. He expanded its programs and rolled them into the new Cabinet-level agency of the 25799: 25728: 25660: 25596: 25251: 25212: 25184: 25063: 24952: 24842: 24749: 24734: 24716: 24711: 24268: 24208: 24136: 23947: 23923: 23919: 23536: 23341: 23325: 23309: 23301: 23183: 22966: 22958: 22636: 22503: 21920: 21819: 21593: 21376: 21136: 21130: 21061: 20917: 20433: 20423: 20403: 20363: 20313: 20263: 20213: 19388: 19383: 19294: 19214: 19189: 19179: 19052: 18962: 18825: 18801: 18753: 18717: 18032: 17968: 17955: 17925: 17912: 17834: 17821: 17578: 17525: 17400: 17390: 17360: 17297: 17252: 17247: 17167: 17137: 17068: 17018: 16580: 16340: 16328: 16316: 16279: 16225: 15967: 15342: 15208:

My Three Years With Eisenhower The Personal Diary of Captain Harry C. Butcher, USNR

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Eisenhower's Heart Attack: How Ike Beat Heart Disease and Held on to the Presidency

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Campbell, Angus; Converse, Philip L.; Miller, Warren E.; Stokes, Donald E. (1960).

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in 1956, believing that citizen interaction would promote cultural interaction and

4354: 4114:, which would curtail international agreements by the Chief Executive, such as the 4060: 3997: 3948: 3635: 3545: 3505: 3394: 3359: 3355: 3278: 3186: 3137: 2978: 2856: 2771:, and the last not to have held political office prior to becoming president until 2768: 2697: 2664: 2523: 2437: 2381: 2365: 2332: 2313: 2211: 2067: 2052: 2024: 1961: 1902: 1898: 1843: 1808: 1787: 1748: 1718: 1699: 1558: 1500: 1464: 1460: 1383: 1274: 1180: 1148: 1136: 942: 838: 420: 326: 20: 24759: 20144: 14235: 13923: 12438:

Historical Society of Palm Desert; Rover, Hal; Kousken, Kim; Romer, Brett (2009).

8478: 6016: 5776: 5026: 4341:, and one or two gins on the rocks ... three or four wines with the dinner". 25835: 25620: 25584: 25551: 25478: 25410: 25322: 25317: 25304: 25299: 25266: 25172: 25132: 24942: 24817: 24721: 24572: 24496: 24420: 24236: 24116: 24108: 24074: 23980: 23972: 23959: 23849: 23798: 23782: 23774: 23706: 23674: 23634: 23381: 23228: 23082: 22942: 22902: 22838: 22806: 22758: 22710: 22379: 21834: 21731: 21605: 21569: 21395: 21257: 21142: 20967: 20533: 20513: 20483: 20343: 20323: 19467: 19398: 19319: 19259: 19154: 19149: 19134: 19129: 19114: 18956: 18938: 18926: 18920: 18879: 18831: 18777: 18228: 18148: 18132: 18128: 18108: 18028: 18012: 17873: 17825: 17808: 17799: 17795: 17588: 17573: 17535: 17515: 17495: 17370: 17350: 17267: 17222: 17212: 17162: 17157: 17088: 17078: 17033: 16887: 16778: 16741: 16724: 16682: 16667: 16633: 16592: 16538: 16460: 16453: 16334: 16322: 16295: 16258: 16220: 16131: 15741: 15736: 15463: 14879: 14778: 14725: 14721: 14677: 14626: 14595: 14538: 14412: 14333: 14068: 13071: 13014: 12012: 11087: 9557: 9413:

Mission on the Rhine: Reeducation and Denazification in American-Occupied Germany

8837: 8699: 8055: 7800: 7756: 7711: 7448: 7189: 6834: 6493: 5896: 5537: 5139: 5010: 4794: 4790: 4782: 4774: 4744: 4699: 4621: 4605: 4554: 4518: 4417: 4330: 4134: 4115: 3842:, but were forced to admit the mission's true purpose a few days later after the 3647: 3557: 3328:

Eisenhower and the CIA had known since at least January 1957, nine months before

3182: 3149: 2970: 2962: 2740: 2588: 2567:, a study group he led concerning the political and military implications of the 2553: 2481: 2441: 2385: 2238: 2226: 2134: 1917: 1909: 1812: 1726: 1703: 1597: 1596:, he immediately requested an overseas assignment but was denied and assigned to 1549: 1524: 1444: 1427:

The Eisenhowers had two sons. In late 1917 while he was in charge of training at

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and government contracts to private military manufacturers, which he dubbed "the

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A Matter of Justice: Eisenhower and the Beginning of the Civil Rights Revolution

9002: 7872: 7348: 5682: 4110:

In early 1954, the Old Guard put forward a constitutional amendment, called the

3630: 2902:, while extending benefits to an additional ten million workers. He implemented 2074:, had fallen in Italy, the Allies switched their attention to the mainland with 1986:

as High Commissioner in North Africa, despite Darlan's previous high offices in

1056:

as the legitimate government of China, and he won congressional approval of the

19:"Dwight David Eisenhower" and "Eisenhower" redirect here. For his grandson, see 25686: 25673: 25576: 25283: 25256: 25189: 25150: 25128: 25124: 24963: 24912: 24886: 24599: 24562: 24472: 24437: 24383: 24318: 24314: 24252: 24148: 24132: 24033: 23865: 23710: 23698: 23690: 23650: 23544: 23463: 23114: 23070: 22934: 22870: 22814: 22660: 22251: 22246: 22241: 22230: 21928: 21891: 21844: 21839: 21746: 21741: 21370: 21351: 21326: 21238: 21182: 21080: 21042: 20613: 20493: 20463: 20353: 20333: 20303: 20253: 20078: 20073: 19910: 19462: 19457: 19452: 19304: 19254: 19082: 19064: 19022: 18819: 18813: 18771: 18428: 18408: 18072: 18068: 18052: 18048: 17890: 17812: 17633: 17628: 17618: 17598: 17583: 17405: 17307: 17083: 17053: 17038: 16764: 16756: 16376: 15753: 15329: 15304: 14753: 14618: 13775: 13161: 12700: 12610:. Presidential Libraries System, National Archives and Records Administration. 10858: 10841: 10648:

W. D. Kay, Defining NASA The Historical Debate Over the Agency's Mission, 2005.

7838: 6808: 6324: 6105: 5911: 5492: 4956: 4839: 4786: 4756: 4755: – an idea he borrowed from the United States Army. Every president after 4567: 4353:. After Eisenhower's death in 1969, an autopsy revealed an undiagnosed adrenal 4215: 4020: 3625: 3496:, Eisenhower threatened to use nuclear weapons against PRC military targets in 3245: 3076: 2844: 2760: 2745: 2702: 2668: 2543: 2457: 2405: 2305: 2151: 1879: 1827: 1562: 1321: 1282: 1037: 1029: 997: 926: 899: 679: 359: 25966:

Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy alumni

22110: 21658: 13779: 12178: 12152: 12121: 12094: 12063: 11448: 10783: 10506: 6076: 5746: 5731: 4078:(AEC) into McCarthy's witchhunt, which might interfere with the AEC's work on 3120: 2487: 1858:

Eisenhower returned to the United States in December 1939 and was assigned as

1064:. After the French left, he gave strong financial support to the new state of 25869: 25811: 25495: 25442: 25360: 25336: 25331: 25207: 25071: 25058: 25024: 25009: 24881: 24764: 24754: 24611: 24546: 24537: 24416: 24402: 24339: 24322: 24310: 24244: 24228: 24224: 24200: 24184: 24078: 24066: 23951: 23931: 23927: 23907: 23750: 23726: 23642: 23519: 23483: 23397: 23373: 23365: 23191: 23159: 23143: 23106: 22982: 22822: 22766: 22742: 22734: 22678: 22652: 22644: 22429: 22266: 22172: 21999: 21824: 21808: 21720: 21599: 21533: 21345: 21194: 21036: 20883: 20583: 20553: 20293: 20223: 20083: 19408: 19349: 19234: 19058: 18789: 18328: 18308: 18268: 18248: 18208: 18192: 18172: 17916: 17903: 17877: 17480: 17455: 17375: 17292: 17287: 17277: 17232: 17227: 17172: 17152: 17132: 17063: 17023: 17013: 16935: 16919: 16709: 16439: 15886: 15704: 14745: 14697: 12985: 12912: 10791: 10736: 10713:"Beyond Brinkmanship: Eisenhower, Nuclear War Fighting, and Korea, 1953–1968" 8559: 8155: 8089: 8023: 7234: 6119: 5231: 4983: 4960: 4912: 4802: 4670:

unprecedented use of Army troops to enforce a federal desegregation order at

4612:

in 1865, a funeral train would not be part of a US state funeral again until

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in Washington, D.C., at age 78. The following day, his body was moved to the

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As a consequence of his heart attack Eisenhower developed a left ventricular

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Super Bomb: Organizational Conflict and the Development of the Hydrogen Bomb

14180:

Remarks at Washington College on Receiving an Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree

13836: 12466:"Inventory of the San Antonio Express-News Photograph Collection, 1960-1969" 11351:

State of the Union Address, February 2, 1953, Public Papers, 1953 pp. 30–31.

5663: 5614: 5253: 4674:

in Little Rock, Eisenhower was criticized for his reluctance to support the

1713:

From 1920, Eisenhower served under a succession of talented generals –

25847: 25787: 25775: 25522: 25225: 25194: 25081: 24639: 24554: 24533: 24520: 24512: 24488: 24480: 24363: 24355: 24300: 24168: 24112: 24058: 24037: 24012: 23841: 23718: 23658: 23577: 23507: 23499: 23459: 23451: 23426: 23098: 22862: 22596: 21467: 21282: 21176: 20633: 20623: 20603: 20573: 20233: 19428: 19423: 19344: 19324: 19279: 19229: 19199: 19164: 19088: 19070: 18855: 18843: 18735: 18723: 18711: 18528: 18508: 18488: 17838: 17623: 17530: 17505: 17355: 17327: 17202: 17142: 17127: 17008: 16609: 16486: 16434: 15790: 14713: 13008:"He Made It Look Easy: 'Eisenhower in War and Peace', by Jean Edward Smith" 12374: 11175: 10701:

Greg Ward, "A Rough Guide History of the USA" (Penguin Group: London, 2003)

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In November 1945, Eisenhower returned to Washington to replace Marshall as

2230: 2016: 2004: 1987: 1875: 1695: 1511: 1459:

from 1969 to 1971. He married Barbara Jean Thompson and had four children:

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Apocalypse Management: Eisenhower and the Discourse of National Insecurity

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Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Dwight D. Eisenhower

10233:

Going Home To Glory: A Memoir of Life with Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1961–1969

6168: 4266:

says the true story was more complex. At first, he removed cigarettes and

3857:, around two weeks before the scheduled opening of an east–west summit in 2650: 2352: 25723: 25647: 25365: 25348: 24769: 24584: 24576: 24176: 24140: 24124: 24086: 23565: 23479: 23447: 23410: 23167: 23090: 22926: 22790: 22782: 22774: 22612: 22604: 22564: 22321: 21751: 20847: 20563: 19447: 19442: 19433: 19418: 19393: 19379: 19244: 19040: 18950: 18849: 18747: 18468: 18452: 18448: 18432: 18412: 18288: 18272: 18252: 18152: 17317: 17187: 15760: 15307:

and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the

14808: 13528: 10993: 8452:"Manuel L. Quezon: 15 Mesmerizing Facts About Philippines' 2nd President" 6993:(Discharged as major and appointed as captain due to reduction of Army.) 6125: 5133: 4979: 4952: 4948: 4853: 4691: 4437: 4346: 4300: 4263: 4259: 4187: 4126: 3892: 3877:

issued a formal apology to the Soviet Union for its role in the mission.

3753: 3714: 3671: 3663: 3268: 2729: 2445: 2421: 2327:, Eisenhower anticipated that, in the future, attempts to recharacterize 2059: 1847: 1791: 1593: 1504: 1413: 1387: 1217:

in 1741. Accounts vary as to how and when the German name Eisenhauer was

1124: 1081: 1021: 946: 25830: 12993: 12961: 12889:"Eisenhower and Third World Nationalism: A Critique of the Revisionists" 11089:

Trapped by Success: The Eisenhower Administration and Vietnam, 1953–1961

10945: 10744: 10712: 7666:... Ike spent his weekends at Davis's camp on the Smoky Hill River. 3767:

by building regional alliances against it. Critics sometimes called it "

2705:

reputation, as well as youth to counter Eisenhower's more advanced age.

2280:

In December 1944, the Germans launched a surprise counteroffensive, the

933:. His family had a strong religious background, and his mother became a 886:, was an American military officer and statesman who served as the 34th 25971:

Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy

25823: 25517: 25392: 25382: 25167: 25076: 24822: 24631: 24451: 24375: 24292: 24120: 24041: 23814: 23527: 23491: 23471: 23317: 23260: 23175: 23122: 22918: 22878: 22854: 22726: 22669: 20283: 20203: 19369: 19339: 19299: 19184: 18873: 18867: 18837: 18512: 18492: 18372: 18352: 18092: 18088: 17485: 17003: 16410: 15675: 15356: 15099: 14912: 14853: 14727:

Eisenhower's Lieutenants: the Campaign of France and Germany, 1944–1945

13055: 12920: 12888: 12677:

Grose, Peter (March 31, 1969). "Nixon will Meet with De Gaulle Today".

9995: 8272:. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, and Boyhood Home. 7276:

For the 1946 United Nations condemnation of the Francoist regime, see "

5046:

granted to Eisenhower upon his incorporation as a knight of the Danish

4927:

Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy

4723: 4687: 4315: 3862: 3768: 3465:, and also within Eisenhower's party, has been described by biographer 3311: 3264: 3209: 3048: 2789: 2708: 2693: 2535: 2328: 2007:, who had been installed by the Allies as Darlan's commander-in-chief. 1714: 1691: 1533: 1472: 1348: 1210: 1160: 1139:. His administration undertook the development and construction of the 1033: 938: 739: 16835: 15347: 15067:

Diplomacy at the Brink: Eisenhower, Churchill and Eden in the Cold War

15024:

Eisenhower Decides to Run: Presidential Politics and Cold War Strategy

13572:"6 Army bases named after Confederate leaders get dates for new names" 11158:"Resolution 39 (I) of the UN General Assembly on the Spanish question" 8286:

Ike re-named it 'Camp David' in honor of his grandson David Eisenhower

5531: 4860:, which sends American youth on educational trips to other countries. 4709:

has summarized a more recent turnaround in evaluations by historians:

2500: 2492: 25560: 25460: 25424: 24779: 24619: 24607: 24367: 23272: 23264: 23256: 23248: 22846: 22750: 22371: 21949: 21307: 21288: 20643: 19076: 18472: 18392: 16025: 15267: 14369:

Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect (1893–1952)

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The Eisenhower dollar was the official dollar coin from 1971 to 1978.

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of France, who was in the United States for the first time since the

4482: 4459: 4405: 4350: 3880: 3374: 3329: 3290: 3101: 3093: 2803: 2324: 1969: 1545: 1416:. They were immediately taken with each other. He proposed to her on 1398:, and was an honorary member of the Sigma Beta Chi fraternity there. 1290: 1248: 1151:

and the establishment of a stronger, science-based education via the

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Danger and Survival: Choices About the Bomb in the First Fifty Years

13085:

Morgenthau, Hans J.: "Goldwater – The Romantic Regression", in

13047: 12904: 12005: 4361:

adrenalin-secreting tumor that may have made him more vulnerable to

3576:

Eisenhower responded to the French defeat with the formation of the

3128:

during Nasser's visit to United Nations in New York, September 1960.

2630:

the American and Canadian commitments ending after about ten years.

1092:. Near the end of his term, a summit meeting with the Soviet leader 25387: 24682: 24429: 24347: 24029: 23040: 22798: 21539: 20133: 19354: 18861: 18532: 18388: 18292: 17671: 15277: 12392:

From this farm the family migrated to Kansas in the summer of 1878.

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Ike's Bluff: President Eisenhower's Secret Battle to Save the World

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obey the court order. When Faubus balked, the president placed the

3975: 3870: 3760: 3706:. This resulted in increased strategic control over Iranian oil by 3548:

against the Communists, supplied from China, who were fighting the

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and intending to facilitate that objective, he gave his support to

1682:, a rank he held for 16 years. The major was assigned in 1919 to a 1605: 1585: 1486: 1112: 14867:

The President and the Apprentice: Eisenhower and Nixon, 1952–1961.

14124:"Honorary Degrees Conferred by The Catholic University of America" 13459:"Gilbane to manage design and construction of Eisenhower Memorial" 10668:

Eisenhower's Sputnik Moment: The Race for Space and World Prestige

9665:

1948: Harry Truman's Victory and the Year That Transformed America

7353:

Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home

7161: 7146: 7099: 4566:

and 191 foreign delegates from 78 countries, including 10 foreign

2089: 1778:, from 1929 to February 1933. Major Eisenhower graduated from the 1494:

Eisenhower was a golf enthusiast later in life, and he joined the

385:

Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home

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Waging Peace: How Eisenhower Shaped an Enduring Cold War Strategy

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GIs and Germans: Culture, Gender and Foreign Relations, 1945–1949

8240:"John S.D. Eisenhower dies; historian and president's son was 91" 7131: 7116: 7082: 7065: 7048: 7029: 7014: 6999: 6982: 6967: 6950: 6935: 6916: 6901: 6886: 6268: 6240: 6218: 4694:. In particular, Eisenhower was criticized for failing to defend 4563: 4267: 3929: 3883:

and sentenced to three years of imprisonment plus seven years of

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Before his inauguration, Eisenhower led a meeting of advisors at

2246: 1455:, retired as a brigadier general, became an author and served as 1144: 14067:

Office of the Secretary and Vice President for University Life,

13174:

The retirement provisions were also applied to the World War II

12290:

Nixon, Richard, The Memoirs of Richard Nixon, 1978, pp. 222–223.

11639:

Sears, Brad; Hunter, Nan D.; Mallory, Christy (September 2009).

11566:

Sears, Brad; Hunter, Nan D.; Mallory, Christy (September 2009).

10229: 7386:. The Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from 5413: 4365:. Eisenhower had seven heart attacks from 1955 until his death. 3457:

In July 1953, an armistice took effect with Korea divided along

2323:

throughout Europe. As the allies learned the full extend of the

2288:

to engage. German defenses continued to deteriorate on both the

15351: 15317: 13126: 12526:"When an ex-president helped an 'extreme' Republican candidate" 11400:

Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy

10618:"The Birth of the Internet | the Engines of Our Ingenuity" 4995:

Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th century

4978:

in Washington, D.C. In 2009 the commission chose the architect

4916: 4358: 4275:

sat down, "I do not have to do what that poor fellow is doing."

4239: 4004:, an all-white public school, marking the first time since the 3639: 3565: 3497: 3474: 3253: 2429: 2301: 2201:

Eisenhower with Allied commanders following the signing of the

1758:

directed by General Pershing, and with the help of his brother

1751:, Kansas, where he graduated first in a class of 245 officers. 1739: 1448: 1053: 26001:

Grand Crosses of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin

12733:"Bushes depart on first presidential funeral train since 1969" 10895:. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK: 10230:

Eisenhower, David; Julie Nixon Eisenhower (October 11, 2011).

9074:

Huston, John W. (2002). Maj. Gen. John W. Huston, USAF (ed.).

8403:

Rhodes Scholars, Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite

7921: 7258:

List of presidents of the United States by previous experience

4769:

On December 20, 1944, Eisenhower was appointed to the rank of

4631:

President Richard Nixon eulogized Eisenhower in 1969, saying:

3413:

billion in a race to the moon for national prestige is nuts."

3181:

and its satellites. The United States built up a stockpile of

3056:

Eisenhower championed and signed the bill that authorized the

2465:

that if desired, the president would help the general win the

2380:, he ordered camera crews to document evidence for use in the 1412:

While Eisenhower was stationed in Texas, he met Mamie Doud of

862: 850: 25981:

Graduates of the United States Military Academy Class of 1915

15766: 13541:"Plans are coming together for Fort Gordon renaming ceremony" 8664:. U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. Archived from 4940:, minted from 1971 to 1978. His centenary was honored on the 4505:, the unsuccessful Republican candidate against the Democrat 3858: 3577: 3556:

to Vietnam to assess the French forces there. Chief of Staff

2855:

with whom he developed his closest relationships, as well as

2192: 1729:. He first became executive officer to General Conner in the 1040:

if an armistice was not reached quickly. China did agree and

856: 16797: 14562:

The Victors: Eisenhower and His Boys the Men of World War II

10099: 7891: 7873:"President Dwight D. Eisenhower Baseball Related Quotations" 3861:, France. Khrushchev and Eisenhower had met face-to-face at 3721:. Simultaneously he condemned the brutal Soviet invasion of 26211:

United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni

26166:

Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Grunwald, 1st class

25262:

Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)

24447: 15783: 12223:"President Dwight Eisenhower: Health & Medical History" 5851: 5839: 5790: 4722:

President John F. Kennedy meets with General Eisenhower at

4533:

At 12:25 p.m. on March 28, 1969, Eisenhower died from

4028: 4019:

Eisenhower's administration contributed to the McCarthyist

3869:

had raised hopes globally for a peaceful resolution to the

3850:

equipment, including photographs of Soviet military bases.

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President at Columbia University and NATO Supreme Commander

2180: 2071: 1890:, he was promoted to brigadier general on October 3, 1941. 1878:. In June 1941, he was appointed chief of staff to General 1261:. All of the boys were nicknamed "Ike", such as "Big Ike" ( 1135:

and sent Army troops to enforce federal court orders which

1088:

but took no action. He deployed 15,000 soldiers during the

1001: 950: 844: 25951:

Candidates in the 1956 United States presidential election

25946:

Candidates in the 1952 United States presidential election

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Commander, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force

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That evening, Eisenhower's body was placed onto a special

3887:; he was released two years later, in February 1962, in a 3148:

Eisenhower visits the Republic of China and its President

3132: 2496:

Eisenhower lighting the Columbia University Yule Log, 1949

2348:

Military Governor of the American-occupied zone of Germany

2112:

Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force

1674:

After the war, Eisenhower reverted to his regular rank of

1147:, Eisenhower led the American response which included the 26286:

Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Ethiopia

21275:

Administrator of the Federal Civil Defense Administration

15749:

Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954

13366:"Architect Gehry Gets Design Gig For Eisenhower Memorial" 11613:. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. 11536:. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. 10223: 9463:

with Rhodes citing a 1963 profile called "Ike on Ike, in

3650:

and the United States, was a significant effort to break

3208:

As he promised, Eisenhower quickly ended the fighting in

3159:

Foreign policy of the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration

2906:

in two years, which had not been completed under Truman.

2277:, his Russian counterpart, and they became good friends. 2188:

blame or fault attaches to the attempt, it is mine alone.

2110:

and the following month was officially designated as the

1968:. Eisenhower was the first non-British person to command 1175:, he expressed his concerns about the dangers of massive 21300:

Director of the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization

11258:

Eisenhower and Israel: U.S.–Israeli Relations, 1953–1960

10871: 10869: 10199:

Black, Allida; Hopkins, June; et al., eds. (2003).

8702:

Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia.

7960:"Roller-coaster life of Indian icon, sports' first star" 7477: 7475: 7289:

Redesignation to Fort Eisenhower was on 27 October 2023.

4416:

Eisenhower sharing a light moment with President-elect

1908:

At the end of May 1942, Eisenhower accompanied Lt. Gen.

1499:

became close friends with the Augusta National Chairman

26126:

Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)

13640:"Awards & Medals | Eisenhower Presidential Library" 13479:"President Eisenhower named to World Golf Hall of Fame" 11906:"Personal and confidential To Milton Stover Eisenhower" 11878:"U.S. Senate: Vetoes by President Dwight D. Eisenhower" 11863:

Joseph W. Martin as told to Donavan, Robert J. (1960),

11329:

Internationalism and the State in the Twentieth Century

10806: 8921:"Dwight D. Eisenhower Pre-Presidential Papers, 1916–52" 4963: – released tribute albums in Eisenhower's honor. 4929:

is a senior war college of the Department of Defense's

4299:, his personal physician, misdiagnosed the symptoms as 3865:

in Maryland in September 1959, and the seeming thaw in

3544:

Early in 1953, the French asked Eisenhower for help in

3416: 3236:, and directed economic and military aid and advice to 2969:

on 8 December 1953, advocating for constructive use of

2701:

in part for that purpose. Nixon also provided a strong

2300:

with the Western Allies. The British wanted to capture

1490:

Mamie Eisenhower, painted in 1953 by Thomas E. Stephens

992:

In 1952, Eisenhower entered the presidential race as a

26176:

Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees

14628:

Dear General: Eisenhower's Wartime Letters to Marshall

13522: 12731:

Weissert, Will; Phillip, David J. (December 6, 2018).

11170:

Eisenhower gave verbal approval to Secretary of State

9950:"When New President Meets Old, It's Not Always Pretty" 7616:, Garden City, New York, Doubleday & Company, Inc. 7283: 7248:

Historical rankings of presidents of the United States

7192:, a speech to the UN General Assembly in December 1953 4420:

during their meeting in the Oval Office at White House

3681: 3228:. The administration did not approve the partition of 2615:, the institute began in 1951 and became a pioneer in 2476:

to elect delegates supporting him for the forthcoming

2319:

Throughout 1945, the allied armies liberated numerous

2316:, and the Germans finally surrendered on May 7, 1945. 1838:. Also around this time, he was offered a post by the 1584:

Eisenhower served initially in logistics and then the

1394:; he later became the coach at St. Louis College, now 996:

to block the isolationist foreign policies of Senator

26016:

Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath

25759: 21619:* indicates acting or interim president or chancellor 21447: 16978: 15865:

Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954

14033:"Chronological Listing of Honorary Degree Recipients" 13665:"USA and Foreign Decorations of Dwight D. Eisenhower" 13315:"Record Companies Run With Eisenhower Tribute Albums" 11268: 11266: 11116:. Swarthmore College Peace Collection. Archived from 11044: 11042: 10866: 8926:. Eisenhower Presidential Library. 1997. p. 74. 7472: 5890:, Knight Grand Cross (Netherlands) – October 6, 1945 4152:, with 181 vetoes of which only two were overridden. 4027:

in 1953. During Eisenhower's presidency thousands of

3984:

decision. Eisenhower demanded that Arkansas governor

3646:

The Pact of Madrid, signed on September 23, 1953, by

871: 847: 26116:

Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)

22533: 15244:

21-volume scholarly edition; complete for 1940–1961.

13529:(27 Oct 2023) Fort Eisenhower redesignation ceremony 10286:"An inside look at Eisenhower's civil rights record" 8336:"New Exhibit Offers a Look at Eisenhower the Artist" 4604:

for its journey from the capital to his hometown of

4517:, in San Francisco, and appeared with party nominee 3835:. Powers parachuted to the ground and was captured. 1990:

and his continued role as commander-in-chief of the

20174: 14437:

Dwight D. Eisenhower, Soldier, President, Statesman

12826:

Presidents and Civil Liberties from Wilson to Obama

12763:"1969 Year in Review: Eisenhower, Judy Garland die" 12026:

Ill-Advised: Presidential Health & Public Trust

11386:

Byrnes to DDE, August 27, 1953, Eisenhower Library"

10893:

The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History

8590: 5009:. On 27 October 2023, Fort Gordon was redesignated 4702:, though he privately deplored McCarthy's tactics. 4586:of Belgium and Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran. 3846:produced the captured pilot and parts of the U-2's 1956:(NATOUSA) through the new operational Headquarters 1080:orchestrated by his own administration. During the 896:

Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force

853: 841: 16:

World War II general, U.S. president (1953 to 1961)

26156:Recipients of the Order of Military Merit (Brazil) 26151:Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal 26121:Recipients of the Czechoslovak War Cross 1939–1945 26031:Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of Savoy 25991:Grand Crosses of the Order of George I with Swords 16127:Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, gravesite 15940:President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports 15504:Military Governor, U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany 15187:The Churchill–Eisenhower Correspondence, 1953–1955 15103: 14786: 14654: 14559: 14289:"Eisenhower Given Honorary Degree at Bard College" 13725: 12308:. USA Presidents. January 17, 1961. Archived from 11936: 11638: 11565: 11263: 11039: 9816: 9814: 8841: 8686:American President: An Online Reference Resource, 8625:. Conshohocken, PA Combined Publishing. p. 6. 8425: 8193:The Pennsylvania Relations of Dwight D. Eisenhower 8190: 3831:(present-day Yekaterinburg), after being hit by a 3619: 3205:the Kremlin canceled a scheduled summit in Paris. 2396:. Eisenhower followed the orders laid down by the 2229:'s attack being made in the north, while Generals 1897:, Eisenhower was assigned to the General Staff in 1104:, which was left to John F. Kennedy to carry out. 26146:Recipients of the National Order of Merit (Malta) 25503: 16571:Governor of the American Zone of Occupied Germany 15832:U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 12962:"Eisenhower Revisionism: A Decade of Scholarship" 12370:"Tiny Pennsylvania Town An Escape From Modernity" 12340:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum 10357: 9306: 8238:Weil, Martin; Langer, Emily (December 21, 2013). 7415: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7405: 4773:, placing him in the company of George Marshall, 3341:was officially modest until the Soviet launch of 2342: 2051:from the east and was ready for the start of the 1931: 1627:. He commanded a unit that trained tank crews at 26181:Republican Party presidents of the United States 25867: 24993: 15956:U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division 14884:The Hidden-Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader 13231:. People to People International. Archived from 10283: 10024:. The University of Chicago Press. p. 121. 9647: 9645: 8969: 8742:. Army Historical Foundation. January 22, 2015. 7419: 6865:, United States Military Academy: June 14, 1911 2633: 1948:In November 1942, Eisenhower was also appointed 1842:Government, namely by then Philippine President 1798: 1107:On the domestic front, Eisenhower governed as a 882:; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969), nicknamed 25996:Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta 23042:National Football Foundation Gold Medal winners 15974:Price–Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act 15003:Pach, Chester J., and Richardson, Elmo (1991). 13263:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 12739:. Sightline Media Group. The Associated Press. 12730: 12696:"For A Modest Man: A Simple Funeral Honors Ike" 12300: 12298: 12296: 11912:. Eisenhower Memorial. doc. 460. Archived from 11561: 11559: 10556: 10554: 10201:"Teaching Eleanor Roosevelt: Dwight Eisenhower" 9811: 9520: 9073: 8394: 8370:"Angels in the Outfield (1951): Review Summary" 8333: 8013: 8011: 7155:, Army of the United States: December 20, 1944 7057:, Army of the United States: September 29, 1941 4986:on Maryland Avenue, across the street from the 4432:Eisenhower's farewell address, January 17, 1961 4226: 4125:(later US president) in the Senate and Speaker 3879:Following his capture, Powers was convicted of 3504:. He authorized a series of bomb tests labeled 3337:Eisenhower's support of the nation's fledgling 2830:Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency 2269:, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery and General 2090:Supreme Allied commander and Operation Overlord 2062:forces in North Africa, Eisenhower oversaw the 1698:was strengthened by a close collaboration with 1649: 1536:, loaded with paint, has been driven over it". 1347:in 1912, when he tried to tackle the legendary 1100:over the Soviet Union. Eisenhower approved the 26191:Members of the Sons of the American Revolution 21250:Director of the Office of Defense Mobilization 15159: 13563: 11800: 11764: 11728: 11488:to DDE, September 25, 1957, Eisenhower Library 9805: 9714: 9712: 9675: 9673: 8904: 8768:. U.S. Army Center of Military History. 1990. 8479:"D-Day Memories of the Bridge Player in Chief" 8327: 7446: 7402: 7108:, Army of the United States: February 11, 1943 5228:European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal 4726:, April 22, 1961, three days after the failed 4454: 3662:regime sympathetic to the cause of the former 3500:. These threats prompted Mao Zedong to launch 3060:in 1956. He justified the project through the 2744:allusion to gay government employees who were 1924:(ETOUSA), based in London and with a house on 969:. After the war ended in Europe, he served as 26161:Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class 25921:American people of Pennsylvania Dutch descent 25108: 24979: 24668: 23593: 23026: 22519: 22096: 21644: 21433: 20833: 20160: 17687: 16964: 16821: 16216:Statue of Dwight D. Eisenhower (U.S. Capitol) 16154:Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport 16071:Republican Party presidential primaries (1948 15372: 15236:The White House Years: Waging Peace 1956–1961 15194:The Eden–Eisenhower correspondence, 1955–1957 14964:Dwight D. Eisenhower: Strategic Communicator. 14832:The Declassified Eisenhower: A Divided Legacy 14777: 14104:"President Eisenhower's Commencement Address" 13778:. 1945. Event occurs at 1:18. Archived from 13509:National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum 13422:"Dedication Of Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial" 13029: 13027: 12927: 12829:. Cambridge University Press. pp. i–ii. 12602: 12600: 12468:. University of Texas Library. Archived from 11362:"Eisenhower Press Conference, March 19, 1953" 9943: 9941: 9939: 9937: 9642: 9516: 9514: 8955:Komons, Nick (August 1989). "unknown title". 8740:"General of the Army Dwight David Eisenhower" 8419: 8149: 8017: 7957: 5007:National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum 4762:As president, Eisenhower also initiated the " 4620:in Abilene. As requested, he was buried in a 4167:Dwight D. Eisenhower Supreme Court candidates 4048:Official White House portrait of Eisenhower, 3064:as essential to American security during the 2451: 1514:while at Columbia University, after watching 1252:The Eisenhower family home in Abilene, Kansas 233:November 19, 1945 – February 6, 1948 26276:United States Army Infantry Branch personnel 26131:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Star 26006:Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Lion 25896:20th-century presidents of the United States 23607: 17553:Commanders of United States European Command 16491: 12781: 12501:. Museum of the Moving Image. Archived from 12293: 12266:National Archives and Records Administration 11556: 10959: 10957: 10955: 10551: 10198: 9632:, Doubleday; 1st edition (1948), 559 pages, 9543: 9301:Lend me your ears: great speeches in history 8883:, April 2010, Vol. 74, Issue 2, pp. 439–473. 8315: 8008: 7825: 7823: 6193:The Royal Yugoslav Commemorative War Cross ( 5920:, First Class (Pakistan) – December 7, 1957 5355: 5326:Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash 4785:, and the only five men to hold the rank of 3377:, so Eisenhower wanted to not only create a 2995: 2663:and declared himself to be a Republican. A " 2522:, Eisenhower presents an honorary degree to 2047:Sir Bernard Montgomery. The Eighth Army had 1950:Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force 1020:. Eisenhower's main goals in office were to 72:January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961 26226:United States Army personnel of World War I 26216:United States Army generals of World War II 26111:Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium) 21123:Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare 19946:National Republican Congressional Committee 16235: 15934:People to People Student Ambassador Program 15710:Khrushchev, Eisenhower and De-Stalinization 13621:. American Heraldry Society. Archived from 13357: 13341:"Frank Gehry to design Eisenhower Memorial" 12657: 12655: 12217: 12215: 12213: 11724: 11722: 10106:. University of Chicago Press. p. 56. 9709: 9670: 9475: 9473: 7230:People to People Student Ambassador Program 7074:, Army of the United States: March 27, 1942 4947:In 1969 four major record companies – 4270:, but that did not work. He told a friend: 3717:, receiving praise from Egyptian president 3244:as an alliance of anti-Communist states in 2900:Department of Health, Education and Welfare 1853: 1243: 1137:integrated schools in Little Rock, Arkansas 859: 776: 25956:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 25327:Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984) 25115: 25101: 24986: 24972: 24675: 24661: 23600: 23586: 23033: 23019: 22526: 22512: 22103: 22089: 21651: 21637: 21440: 21426: 20840: 20826: 20802: 20167: 20153: 20036:High School Republican National Federation 17694: 17680: 16971: 16957: 16828: 16814: 15379: 15365: 15268:Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum 15225: 15048:Dwight David Eisenhower and American Power 14411: 14173: 13700:. Austrian Parliament. 2012. p. 194. 13024: 12597: 12558:"Inauguration Is a Day For Rejoicing: Ike" 12523: 11903: 11859: 11857: 11410: 10461: 10256: 9934: 9801: 9799: 9511: 8943:references to Eisenhower's pilot's license 8836: 8796: 8237: 8208: 8204: 8202: 8119:Weingroff, Richard F. (March–April 2003). 7575: 7554:, biography on World War II graves website 7505: 7186:", phrase by Eisenhower, 1952, on religion 4738:Although he sought to slow or contain the 4593:"The Palms", and the playing of the hymn " 4523:the day Nixon was inaugurated as President 4245:Hawaii – August 21, 1959 (50th state) 4171:Dwight D. Eisenhower judicial appointments 4039: 3459:approximately the same boundary as in 1950 3240:. Washington led the establishment of the 2716:Eisenhower insisted on campaigning in the 2556:calls "a ruling without precedent" by the 2392:(DEFs), who were no longer subject to the 2193:Liberation of France and victory in Europe 2131:101st "Screaming Eagles" Airborne Division 1600:. In February 1918, he was transferred to 1573: 42: 16838:St. Mary's Rattlers head football coaches 16096:United States Presidential election (1952 15160:Young, Ken; Schilling, Warner R. (2019). 14649:70.1 (2006) 31–61 online in Project Muse. 13790:– via Associated Press and YouTube. 13254: 13252: 13250: 13119: 12936:"Dwight D. Eisenhower: Impact and Legacy" 12062:Johnston, Richard J. H. (June 13, 1956). 11904:Eisenhower, Dwight D. (October 9, 1953). 11048:Dunnigan, James and Nofi, Albert (1999), 10952: 10931: 10857: 10050: 9402:, Winter 1999, Vol. 23, Issue 1, pp. 1–19 9196: 9104: 9098: 8766:"Dwight David Eisenhower, The Centennial" 8118: 7820: 7091:, Army of the United States: July 7, 1942 6212:honor from several locations, including: 5021: 4882:List of memorials to Dwight D. Eisenhower 4875: 4690:, and for his failure to publicly oppose 2817: 2751:Eisenhower defeated Democratic candidate 1958:Allied (Expeditionary) Force Headquarters 1654: 1566:of gloating when he wins." Bridge expert 26271:Coaches of American football from Kansas 26266:Players of American football from Kansas 24536:/ Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / 22117:1956 United States presidential election 21665:1952 United States presidential election 20129:Timeline of modern American conservatism 19961:Republican Attorneys General Association 19956:National Republican Senatorial Committee 16798:Articles related to Dwight D. Eisenhower 16600:Chief of Staff of the United States Army 16191:Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center 16016:Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960 15386: 14846:Presidential Nominating Politics in 1952 14744: 14537:Ambrose, Stephen E. (January 17, 2012). 14183:(Speech). Washington College, Maryland: 13569: 13414: 13363: 13033: 12934:Pach, Chester J. Jr. (October 4, 2016). 12793: 12652: 12403: 12210: 12150: 12061: 11719: 11174:and to Director of Central Intelligence 11085: 10846:Journal of American-East Asian Relations 10205:Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site 10068: 9470: 8905:Villamor, Jesus; Snyder, Gerald (1968). 8898: 8802: 8620: 8400: 8364: 7747: 7253:History of the United States (1945–1964) 5037: 5025: 4885: 4717: 4644: 4481: 4473: 4458: 4423: 4411: 4155: 4086:had been accused of being a spy for the 4043: 3787: 3685: 3629: 3440: 3315: 3143: 3131: 3119: 3094:Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) 2904:racial integration in the Armed Services 2894:programs still in operation, especially 2873: 2863:in planning all phases of the Cold War. 2788: 2785:1956 United States presidential election 2707: 2688:"I Like Ike" televised campaign ad, 1952 2677: 2654:Eisenhower button from the 1952 campaign 2649: 2640:1952 United States presidential election 2530:In 1948, Eisenhower became President of 2513: 2499: 2491: 2351: 2196: 2120: 2093: 1935: 1658: 1485: 1374:", because 59 members eventually became 1357: 1295:International Bible Students Association 1247: 298:May 8, 1945 – November 10, 1945 190:June 7, 1948 – January 19, 1953 19951:National Republican Redistricting Trust 15314:"Life Portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower" 15251:, Prentice Hall; (1949) Dell paperback. 15041: 15017: 14807: 14720: 14706:Office of the Chief of Military History 14557: 14536: 14379: 14363: 14251:"Honorary Degree Recipients, 1844–2019" 14142:from the original on November 22, 2020. 14003:"Honorary Degree Recipients, 1850–2021" 13092: 12886: 12718:California Digital Newspaper Collection 12306:"Dwight D. Eisenhower Farewell Address" 12151:Knighton, William Jr. (June 10, 1956). 12119: 12049: 12037: 11854: 11848: 11836: 11824: 11812: 11713: 11701: 11689: 11677: 11195: 11186:, New York: Simon and Schuster, p. 333. 11073: 11061: 11050:Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War 11033: 11021: 11009: 10998:Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War 10919: 10886: 10884: 10875: 10827: 10815: 10757: 10710: 10590: 10427: 10415: 10403: 10391: 10345: 10333: 10277: 10192: 10186: 10174: 10162: 10150: 10138: 10126: 10044: 10019: 10007: 9978: 9928: 9916: 9904: 9892: 9832: 9796: 9790: 9667:, Union Square Publishing, 2011, p. 201 9617: 9573: 9551:Truman Wrote of '48 Offer to Eisenhower 9479: 9435: 9425:The United States in Germany, 1944–1955 9387:American Military Government in Germany 9361: 9349: 9324: 9287: 9275: 9263: 9251: 9239: 9227: 9184: 9172: 9160: 9148: 9117:from the original on September 20, 2015 9023: 8892: 8790: 8726: 8647: 8635: 8608: 8596: 8584: 8546: 8534: 8522: 8510: 8199: 8178: 8076: 7859: 7782: 7770: 7700: 7698: 7689: 7677: 7608: 7606: 7563: 7539: 7493: 7481: 7313: 6128:, with 8th Army clasp (United Kingdom) 5510:, Knight (Denmark) – December 15, 1945 4492:battlefield at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania 3763:deepened, Dulles sought to isolate the 3350:Policy attempted to legitimize illegal 3096:was put together by Eisenhower and his 2909:In a private letter, Eisenhower wrote: 1580:Military career of Dwight D. Eisenhower 1044:resulted, which remains in effect. His 26021:Honorary members of the Order of Merit 25868: 25231:Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921) 21231:Director of the Mutual Security Agency 20069:Republican National Coalition for Life 15339:Works by or about Dwight D. Eisenhower 15299:Dwight D. Eisenhower: A Resource Guide 15196:. University of North Carolina Press. 14936: 14917: 14869:New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 14675: 14652: 14507: 14471: 14449: 14357: 13799: 13797: 13634: 13632: 13364:Trescott, Jacqueline (April 2, 2009). 13247: 13098: 12822: 12661: 12586: 12538:from the original on December 20, 2016 12416:from the original on February 25, 2016 12406:"Eisenhower Family Civil War Veterans" 12404:Gasbarro, Norman (November 29, 2010). 11934: 11604: 11527: 11509:from the original on December 20, 2017 11461: 11422: 11326: 11272: 11209:Eisenhower and the Suez Crisis of 1956 10963: 10499:"The Last Week – The Road to War" 10479:from the original on November 20, 2007 10284:Miller, James A. (November 21, 2007). 10069:Crockett, Zachary (January 23, 2017). 9880: 9868: 9856: 9844: 9820: 9778: 9766: 9754: 9742: 9730: 9718: 9679: 9067: 8954: 8659: 8476: 7966:from the original on November 14, 2007 7865: 7378: 7376: 7374: 6203: 6111:Member Military Division June 12, 1945 6085:, Knight Grand Cross (United Kingdom) 5706:, Grand Cross with Gold Badge (Haiti) 4759:has appointed staff to this position. 4148:Eisenhower was relatively active with 4137:, for example, who as chairman of the 3992:under federal control and sent in the 3136:Eisenhower with Indian Prime Minister 2411: 1435:, his wife Mamie had their first son, 1155:. The Soviet Union began to reinforce 808:Eisenhower on military enforcement of 26236:United States Military Academy alumni 26231:United States Army War College alumni 26011:Grand Crosses of the Virtuti Militari 25096: 24967: 24656: 23581: 23014: 22507: 22288: 22084: 21866: 21632: 21421: 21319:Chair of the Atomic Energy Commission 21160: 20867: 20821: 20148: 20011:Republican National Hispanic Assembly 17675: 17550: 16952: 16809: 16796: 16490: 15360: 15305:Extensive essays on Dwight Eisenhower 15189:. University of North Carolina Press. 15124: 15079: 14920:Reexamining the Eisenhower presidency 14696: 14624: 14558:Ambrose, Stephen E. (July 15, 1999). 14488: 14392: 14382:Eisenhower: The President (1952–1969) 13707:from the original on October 22, 2012 13456: 13394: 13258: 13133:from the original on October 13, 2007 12799: 12769:from the original on October 10, 2016 12676: 12495:"Ike at Gettysburg (Goldwater, 1964)" 12367: 12229:from the original on January 17, 2013 12092: 11788: 11776: 11752: 11740: 11617:from the original on January 16, 2018 11540:from the original on January 16, 2018 11434: 11368:from the original on January 31, 2013 10890: 10769: 10572:from the original on January 17, 2013 10306: 9947: 9531:from the original on October 21, 2014 9373: 9312: 8933:from the original on February 9, 2017 8711: 8334:Dodson, Marcida (November 17, 1990). 8125:Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 8121:"The Man Who Changed America, Part I" 7649:. Eisenhower National Historic Site. 7647:Lesson Plans: The Molding of a Leader 7420:Barnett, Lincoln (November 9, 1942). 7196:Committee on Scientists and Engineers 5461:, with Special Grand Cordon, (China) 4375:22nd Amendment to the US Constitution 3403:submarine-launched ballistic missiles 2593:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 1678:and a few days later was promoted to 1232:, on the campus of their alma mater, 129:April 2, 1951 – May 30, 1952 26291:Deaths from congestive heart failure 26196:St. Mary's Rattlers football coaches 26081:People from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania 26046:Military personnel from Pennsylvania 25020:Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand 24013:The Generation Twenty-Five and Under 21169:Director of the Bureau of the Budget 17701: 16149:Eisenhower Executive Office Building 16086:Republican National Convention (1952 15521:Supreme Commander of NATO, 1951-1952 15137: 15098: 14840:The Eisenhower Presidency, 1953–1961 14829: 14474:Eisenhower and the American Crusades 14352:Bibliography of Dwight D. Eisenhower 13907:from the original on August 4, 2020. 13295:from the original on August 25, 2016 12959: 12933: 12787: 12568:from the original on August 19, 2017 12524:Goldschlag, William (May 11, 2016). 11299: 10881: 10839: 10081:from the original on January 6, 2017 10056: 10020:Johnson, David K. (March 22, 2023). 9703: 9691: 9651: 9599:from the original on October 8, 2016 8430:. Random House. pp. 31–32, 38. 8321: 8309: 8297: 8250:from the original on August 17, 2017 7831:"Biography: Dwight David Eisenhower" 7695: 7603: 7359:from the original on August 18, 2021 4640: 4608:. First incorporated into President 4589:The service included the singing of 4368: 4242: – January 3, 1959 (49th state) 3774: 3417:Korean War, Free China and Red China 3173:, from 1953 to 1961, focused on the 2444:escalated, Eisenhower agreed with a 2249:was successfully, albeit belatedly, 1756:American Battle Monuments Commission 1198: 961:before supervising the invasions of 945:, with whom he had two sons. During 433: 25986:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 25936:Army Black Knights football players 25143:State funerals in the United States 23559:2018: Aaron Feis & Jason Seaman 16695:for President of the United States 16317:Mary "Mamie" Geneva Doud Eisenhower 15323:American Presidents: Life Portraits 15283:Major speeches of Dwight Eisenhower 15069:. Louisiana State University Press. 14922:. Greenwood Press. pp. 17–32. 14592:. A detailed study by his grandson. 14051:from the original on June 29, 2019. 14021:from the original on April 1, 2020. 13794: 13629: 13582:from the original on April 18, 2023 13551:from the original on March 17, 2023 13457:Plumb, Tiereny (January 22, 2010). 13353:from the original on April 4, 2009. 13182:, both of whom held four-star rank. 12743:from the original on August 9, 2019 12608:"Dwight D. Eisenhower – Final Post" 12444:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 103. 12002:Bulletin of the History of Medicine 11505:. The University of Chicago. 2004. 11364:. The American Presidency Project. 11178:to proceed with the coup; Ambrose, 11145:President Kennedy: Profile of Power 10236:. Simon and Schuster. p. 126. 9499:from the original on April 20, 2016 8972:Our presidents: profiles in history 8746:from the original on March 24, 2016 8688:Dwight David Eisenhower (1890–1969) 8100:from the original on March 20, 2018 7656:from the original on March 26, 2014 7371: 6275: 4907:(Interstate 290) near Chicago, the 4515:1964 Republican National Convention 4511:Texas's 20th congressional district 4175:Eisenhower appointed the following 3819:territory. Flown by American pilot 3744:and soldiers to Lebanon as part of 3682:Middle East and Eisenhower doctrine 3486:Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty 3399:intercontinental ballistic missiles 3171:Dwight D. Eisenhower administration 3124:Eisenhower with Egyptian President 3020:Remarks in Cadillac Square, Detroit 2839:as his budget director, then asked 2778: 1954:North African Theater of Operations 1036:and may have threatened China with 13: 26206:United States Army Chiefs of Staff 26171:Recipients of the Order of Victory 24692:recipients 20054:Republican Main Street Partnership 16003:Student loans in the United States 15778:National Aeronautics and Space Act 15179: 15073: 15005:Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower 14771: 14631:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 14530: 13771:London Welcomes Her Newest Citizen 13619:"The Arms of Dwight D. Eisenhower" 13069:"The President and His Decision". 12978:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1993.tb00160.x 12802:"Presidential Lies and Deceptions" 12800:Walsh, Kenneth T. (June 6, 2008). 12614:from the original on March 8, 2019 12272:from the original on June 14, 2008 11605:Adkins, Judith (August 15, 2016). 11528:Adkins, Judith (August 15, 2016). 11287:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1996.tb00251.x 10455:"Summary of the Atomic Energy Act" 10364:. Random House. pp. 674–683. 9948:Gibbs, Nancy (November 10, 2008). 9042:from the original on June 13, 2018 8809:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 43. 8772:from the original on March 5, 2016 8623:Eisenhower, His Life and Campaigns 8492:from the original on June 30, 2016 8346:from the original on March 9, 2012 7614:At Ease: Stories I Tell to Friends 7533: 6944:, National Army: October 20, 1918 6053:Order of the Royal House of Chakri 5704:National Order of Honour and Merit 5653:, Knight Grand Cross with Swords ( 5555:, Knight Grand Cross with Cordon ( 4993:In December 1999 he was listed on 4974:Commission, to create an enduring 4735:which he dubbed "The Middle Way". 4181:Supreme Court of the United States 3823:, the aircraft had taken off from 3690:Eisenhower with the Shah of Iran, 3242:Southeast Asia Treaty Organization 3220:supported two military coups: the 3008: 2946: 2878:February 1959 White House portrait 2824:Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower 2624:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 2609:Institute of War and Peace Studies 2125:Eisenhower speaks with men of the 2049:advanced across the Western Desert 1503:, inviting Roberts to stay at the 1236:. David owned a general store in 721:Western Allied invasion of Germany 14: 26312: 26246:World Golf Hall of Fame inductees 26186:Residents of Thatched House Lodge 26141:Recipients of the Legion of Merit 26101:Presidents of Columbia University 25926:American people of the Korean War 21450:Presidents of Columbia University 21363:White House Deputy Chief of Staff 21161: 19996:Congressional Hispanic Conference 17557:Supreme Allied Commanders, Europe 16139:Eisenhower National Historic Site 15899:Federal Voting Assistance Program 15877:Air Pollution Control Act of 1955 15454:1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy 15290:collected news and commentary at 15273:Eisenhower National Historic Site 15256: 14992:Eisenhower: The White House Years 14453:Eisenhower: The White House Years 13859:"President Eisenhower in Carrick" 13570:Scribner, Herb (March 25, 2023). 13376:from the original on July 3, 2017 12868:from the original on June 6, 2008 12640:from the original on May 18, 2019 12179:"Out of Hospital Visit Postponed" 12120:Leviero, Anthony (June 9, 1956). 11910:Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower 11233: 11184:Eisenhower: Soldier and President 11180:Eisenhower, Vol. 2: The President 9080:. Air University Press. pp. 8276:from the original on July 6, 2017 7929:"Lt Eisenhower and Football Team" 7879:from the original on May 21, 2008 7212:Eisenhower National Historic Site 5903:Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav 5801:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 5311:Order of the Liberator San Martin 3533: 3445:Eisenhower in Korea with General 3115: 2127:502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment 1745:Command and General Staff College 1226:Ida Elizabeth (Stover) Eisenhower 1193:upper tier of American presidents 1165:unprecedented economic prosperity 975:American-occupied zone of Germany 286:American-occupied zone of Germany 26241:United States military governors 25853: 25841: 25829: 25817: 25805: 25793: 25781: 25769: 24693: 24683: 23245:Silver Anniversary Awards (NCAA) 21206:Ambassador to the United Nations 20893: 20801: 20792: 20791: 19966:Republican Governors Association 18505:2020 (Charlotte/other locations) 17104: 17097: 16658:President of Columbia University 16470: 16469: 15855:Excise Tax Reduction Act of 1954 15330:Works by Dwight David Eisenhower 14848:. 5 vols., Johns Hopkins Press. 14750:Eisenhower as Military Commander 14746:Sixsmith, Major General E. K. G. 14345: 14321: 14301: 14281: 14243: 14223: 14203: 14167: 14146: 14116: 14096: 14076: 14055: 14025: 13995: 13963: 13931: 13919:"Oxford Degrees for War Leaders" 13911: 13881: 13851: 13823: 13762: 13734: 13719: 13687: 13657: 13611: 13594: 13533: 13497: 13471: 13450: 13388: 13333: 13307: 13277: 13221: 13185: 13160:. April 11, 2007. Archived from 13146: 13079: 13062: 13000: 12953: 12880: 12850: 12816: 12755: 12724: 12688: 12670: 12626: 12580: 12550: 12517: 12487: 12458: 12431: 12397: 12361: 12342:. March 23, 1961. Archived from 12324: 12284: 12254: 12241: 12197: 12171: 12144: 12113: 12093:Clark, Robert E (June 9, 1956). 12086: 12055: 12043: 12031: 12018: 11994: 11981: 11968: 11928: 11897: 11884: 11870: 11865:My First Fifty Years in Politics 11842: 11830: 11818: 11806: 11794: 11782: 11770: 11758: 11746: 11734: 11707: 11695: 11683: 11671: 11632: 11598: 11521: 11491: 11482: 11455: 11428: 11416: 11404: 11389: 11380: 11354: 11345: 11320: 11314:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.00285.x 11293: 11250: 11227: 11214: 11201: 11189: 11164: 11150: 11137: 11124: 11106: 11079: 11067: 11055: 11027: 11015: 11003: 10986: 10925: 10913: 10833: 10821: 10763: 10751: 10729:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2004.00235.x 10711:Jackson, Michael Gordon (2005). 10704: 10695: 10686: 10673: 10670:(Cornell University Press; 2013) 10660: 10651: 10642: 10633: 10624: 10610: 10596: 10584: 10521: 10491: 10447: 10433: 10421: 10409: 10397: 10385: 10351: 10339: 10327: 10300: 10250: 10180: 10168: 10156: 10144: 10132: 10120: 10093: 10062: 10038: 10013: 10001: 9984: 9972: 9922: 9910: 9898: 9886: 9874: 9862: 9850: 9838: 9826: 9784: 9781:, pp. 152, 238–242, 245–249 9772: 9760: 9748: 9736: 9724: 9697: 9685: 9657: 9623: 9611: 9579: 9567: 9485: 9453: 9441: 9429: 9417: 9405: 9392: 9379: 9367: 9355: 9343: 9330: 9107:"Eisenhower Commanded Gibraltar" 9105:Gallagher, Wes (December 1942). 8131:from the original on May 9, 2013 7270: 7160: 7145: 7140:, Regular Army: August 30, 1943 7130: 7125:, Regular Army: August 30, 1943 7115: 7098: 7081: 7064: 7047: 7028: 7013: 7008:, Regular Army: August 26, 1924 6998: 6991:, Regular Army: November 4, 1922 6981: 6966: 6949: 6934: 6915: 6900: 6885: 6819: 6788: 6760: 6732: 6704: 6676: 6647: 6619: 6591: 6563: 6534: 6506: 6478: 6450: 6422: 6394: 6366: 6335: 6304: 6261: 6247: 6230: 6217: 6186: 6167: 6148: 6133: 6118: 6098: 6075: 6060: 6045: 6030: 6015: 6000: 5985: 5980:, Chief Commander (Philippines) 5970: 5955: 5940: 5925: 5910: 5895: 5880: 5865: 5850: 5838: 5823: 5808: 5789: 5775: 5760: 5745: 5730: 5711: 5696: 5681: 5662: 5643: 5628: 5613: 5598: 5583: 5564: 5545: 5530: 5515: 5500: 5481: 5474:Military Order of the White Lion 5466: 5451: 5436: 5424: 5412: 5397: 5390:Order of Military Merit (Brazil) 5382: 5367: 5348: 5343:, Grand Cordon (Belgium) – 1945 5333: 5318: 5303: 5297:International and foreign awards 5276: 5270: 5252: 5238: 5218: 5212: 5205: 5198: 5181: 5167: 5153: 5132: 5126:Navy Distinguished Service Medal 5118: 5108:Army Distinguished Service Medal 5098: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5071: 4829: 4820: 4576:state funeral of John F. Kennedy 4249: 4235:during Eisenhower's presidency. 4160: 3891:for Soviet intelligence officer 3780:This section is an excerpt from 3752:received American aid until the 3668:established with Nazi assistance 3540:United States in the Vietnam War 3320:In the 1970s the reverse of the 3157:This section is an excerpt from 3047:Problems playing this file? See 3024: 2775:entered office in January 2017. 2116:assault on the coast of Normandy 1592:until 1918. When the US entered 1401: 983:president of Columbia University 837: 798: 764:Navy Distinguished Service Medal 758:Army Distinguished Service Medal 512: 178:President of Columbia University 26106:Presidents of the United States 25746:: Presidents and chief justices 20176:Presidents of the United States 17664:* only Supreme Allied Commander 16624:Supreme Allied Commander Europe 16406:Eisenhower baseball controversy 15951:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights 15911:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 15773:EURATOM Cooperation Act of 1958 15484:People of Western Europe speech 15411:Supreme Allied Commander Europe 15309:Miller Center of Public Affairs 15210:, candid memoir by a top aide. 15131:Air & Space Forces Magazine 15125:Grant, Rebecca (June 1, 2001). 14959:(Brill, 2020) pp. 112–128. 14647:The Journal of Military History 14262:. November 2019. Archived from 13464:American City Business Journals 13346:American City Business Journals 13154:"Public Law 333, 79th Congress" 11867:, New York: McGraw Hill, p. 227 9318: 9293: 9281: 9269: 9257: 9245: 9233: 9221: 9190: 9178: 9166: 9154: 9142: 9129: 9057: 9036:"Major General James E. Chaney" 9028: 9017: 8987: 8978: 8963: 8948: 8913: 8886: 8873: 8848:. Henry Holt & Co. p. 8830: 8784: 8758: 8732: 8720: 8705: 8680: 8653: 8641: 8629: 8614: 8602: 8578: 8552: 8540: 8528: 8516: 8504: 8470: 8405:. Berghahn Books. p. 210. 8358: 8303: 8291: 8262: 8231: 8211:"President Eisenhower: Painter" 8184: 8172: 8143: 8112: 8082: 8070: 8040: 7978: 7958:Botelho, Greg (July 15, 1912). 7951: 7853: 7804:. April 4, 1969. Archived from 7788: 7776: 7764: 7734: 7721: 7683: 7671: 7632: 7619: 7569: 7557: 7552:Eisenhower, Dwight David "Ike". 7545: 7201:Eisenhower baseball controversy 7170:, Regular Army: April 11, 1946 5933:Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero 5476:, Grand Cross (Czechoslovakia) 4942:Eisenhower commemorative dollar 4539:Walter Reed Army Medical Center 4002:Little Rock Central High School 3899: 3800:On 1 May 1960, a United States 3620:Legitimation of Francoist Spain 3502:China's nuclear weapons program 3108:which was a predecessor to the 3082:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 3062:Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 2967:United Nations General Assembly 2828:For a chronological guide, see 2360:from May through November 1945. 2082:and initially outnumbering the 1962:in the underground headquarters 1895:Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor 1451:, Colorado. John served in the 1422:American entry into World War I 1362:West Point yearbook photo, 1915 1028:. In 1953, he considered using 1022:contain the spread of communism 429: 117:Supreme Allied Commander Europe 26056:NATO Supreme Allied Commanders 26041:Military personnel from Kansas 20059:Republican Majority for Choice 19887:Steering and Policy Committees 16732:President of the United States 15992:National Defense Education Act 15963:Federal Plant Pest Act of 1957 15479:June 6, 1944, order of the day 15469:European Theater of Operations 15403:President of the United States 15234:Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1965). 15226:Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1963). 15216:Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1948). 15007:. University Press of Kansas. 14898:Presidential Studies Quarterly 14625:Hobbs, Joseph Patrick (1999). 14543:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. 14132:Catholic University of America 13669:Eisenhower Presidential Center 13429:Eisenhower Memorial Commission 13289:Federal Highway Administration 13285:"Dwight D. Eisenhower Highway" 13176:Commandant of the Marine Corps 13036:The American Historical Review 12704:. Vol. 42, no. 205. 12368:Klaus, Mary (August 8, 1985). 11302:Presidential Studies Quarterly 10934:Presidential Studies Quarterly 10717:Presidential Studies Quarterly 10681:Eisenhower and the Missile Gap 10566:Eisenhower Presidential Center 10313:. Facts On File. p. xii. 10263:. Best Books on. p. 270. 10257:Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1959). 9461:The Making of the Atomic Bomb, 8995:"The Eisenhowers: The General" 7796:"Eisenhower: Soldier of Peace" 7612:Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1967). 7499: 7487: 7451:. Harper Collins. p. 63. 7440: 7341: 7307: 7217:Eisenhower Presidential Center 6961:(Reverted to permanent rank.) 6579:Catholic University of America 5845:Medal of Civic Merit (Mexico) 5593:, Grand Cross (France) – 1943 5286:National Defense Service Medal 5189:American Defense Service Medal 4997:. In 2009 he was named to the 4936:Eisenhower was honored on the 4850:People to People International 4651:statue of Dwight D. Eisenhower 4618:Eisenhower Presidential Center 3910:desegregating the Armed Forces 3904:While President Truman's 1948 3811:while conducting photographic 3796:C similar to the one shot down 3552:. Eisenhower sent Lt. General 3104:. ARPA eventually created the 2943:as the presidential aircraft. 2617:international security studies 2504:Eisenhower posing in front of 2478:Republican National Convention 2343:After World War II (1945–1953) 2314:very bloody large-scale battle 2203:German Instrument of Surrender 2001:Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle 1932:Operations Torch and Avalanche 1922:European Theater of Operations 1665:United States Military Academy 1588:at various camps in Texas and 1408:Family of Dwight D. Eisenhower 1313:freshman year. He and brother 1205:Family of Dwight D. Eisenhower 1153:National Defense Education Act 1123:and contributed to the end of 1070:regime-changing military coups 985:(1948–1953), and as the first 888:president of the United States 479:United States Military Academy 60:President of the United States 1: 26296:20th-century American farmers 26281:Centrism in the United States 26051:Military personnel from Texas 26036:Knights of the Holy Sepulchre 21388:White House Cabinet Secretary 20124:International Democracy Union 16769:United States Capitol rotunda 16273:Backstairs at the White House 16144:Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial 15968:Little Rock Nine intervention 15860:Internal Revenue Code of 1954 15228:Mandate for Change, 1953–1956 15192:Boyle, Peter G., ed. (2005). 15185:Boyle, Peter G., ed. (1990). 14830:Cook, Blanche Wiesen (1981). 14815:. Stanford University Press. 14063:"Honorary Degrees Since 1702" 13695:"Questions to the Chancellor" 13202:. Legis Works. Archived from 13180:Commandant of the Coast Guard 11437:Congress & the Presidency 9493:"Dwight Eisenhower in Poland" 8984:Korda (2007), pp 239–243 8150:O'Connell, Robert L. (2022). 8018:O'Connell, Robert L. (2022). 7990:Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial 7640:"Getting on the Right TRRACC" 7512:. Macmillan. pp. 21–22. 7296: 7023:, Regular Army: July 1, 1936 6976:, Regular Army: July 2, 1920 6959:, Regular Army: June 30, 1920 6910:, Regular Army: May 15, 1917 6895:, Regular Army: July 1, 1916 6851: 6224:Freedom of the City of London 5978:Legion of Honor (Philippines) 5965:, Grand Collar (Philippines) 5888:Order of the Netherlands Lion 5740:, Knight Grand Cross (Italy) 5459:Order of the Cloud and Banner 4988:National Air and Space Museum 4972:Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial 4789:. The rank was created by an 4568:heads of state and government 4543:Washington National Cathedral 4139:Republican National Committee 4049: 3827:, Pakistan, and crashed near 3408:NASA planners projected that 3305: 3301:after Eisenhower left office. 3073:Transcontinental Motor Convoy 2810:from Stevenson, while losing 2634:Presidential campaign of 1952 2542:, where he was inducted into 1850:, but he declined the offer. 1799:Philippine tenure (1935–1939) 1437:Doud Dwight "Icky" Eisenhower 1187:". Historical evaluations of 777:§ Awards and decorations 26061:New York (state) Republicans 25961:Companions of the Liberation 24838:Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala 16236:Other tributes and memorials 15514:European Advisory Commission 15301:from the Library of Congress 15164:. Cornell University Press. 14962:Medhurst, Martin J. (1993). 14937:Jacobs, Travis Beal (2001). 14730:. Indiana University Press. 14676:Jordan, Jonathan W. (2015). 14653:Jordan, Jonathan W. (2011). 14435:Krieg, Joann P. ed. (1987). 14418:Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life 14154:"Honorary Degree Recipients" 13971:"Honorary degree recipients" 13889:"Honorary Degrees 1871–2018" 12823:Walker, Samuel, ed. (2012). 12806:U.S. News & World Report 12636:. Architect of the Capitol. 12634:"Lying in State or in Honor" 11240:Boston University Law Review 8844:Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life 8692:"Life Before the Presidency" 8401:Schaeper, Thomas J. (2010). 7742:Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life 7627:Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life 7579:Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life 7509:Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life 7301: 5161:Mexican Border Service Medal 4858:student ambassador component 4570:. Guests included President 4478:Eisenhower's funeral service 4227:States admitted to the Union 4092:Oppenheimer security hearing 3936:The administration declared 3727:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 3702:to overthrow Prime Minister 3654:of Spain, together with the 3259:In 1956, Egyptian President 3167:United States foreign policy 2920:1954 Congressional elections 2565:Council on Foreign Relations 2260:, equivalent to the rank of 1926:Coombe, Kingston upon Thames 1912:, commanding general of the 1684:transcontinental Army convoy 1650:Between the Wars (1918–1939) 1098:a US spy plane was shot down 1086:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 794:Dwight D. Eisenhower's voice 680:Battle of the Falaise Pocket 7: 26221:United States Army generals 26096:People with Crohn's disease 26071:People from Abilene, Kansas 25916:American football halfbacks 25911:American five-star officers 20868: 20006:Republican Jewish Coalition 19921:Republican Governance Group 16429:Introduction to Outer Space 16417:And I don't care what it is 16231:Places named for Eisenhower 15814:Outer Continental Shelf Act 15635:Military–industrial complex 14903:Harris, Seymour E. (1962). 14860:Eisenhower and the Cold War 14844:David Paul T., ed. (1954). 14793:. Oxford University Press. 14582:Eisenhower at War 1943–1945 14491:Eisenhower in War and Peace 14489:Smith, Jean Edward (2012). 14472:Parmet, Herbert S. (1972). 13832:Eisenhower's Scottish Diary 12893:Political Science Quarterly 12887:McMahon, Robert J. (1986). 12862:Public Broadcasting Service 12499:1964: Johnson vs. Goldwater 11086:Anderson, David L. (1991). 11000:. St. Martins Press, p. 85. 10772:Journal of Cold War Studies 10562:"Interstate Highway System" 10361:Eisenhower in War and Peace 9527:. Macmillan. pp. 1–6. 9338:Eisenhower in War and Peace 8881:Journal of Military History 8621:Sixsmith, E. K. G. (1973). 8477:Walker, Karen (June 2009). 8428:Eisenhower in War and Peace 8426:Smith, Jean Edward (2012). 8220:(21): 30–40. Archived from 7316:"Eisenhower Was a Democrat" 7314:Ferrell, Robert H. (1990). 7184:And I don't care what it is 7176: 6607:College of William and Mary 5948:Orden Vasco Núñez de Balboa 5783:Military Medal (Luxembourg) 5770:, Grand Cross (Luxembourg) 5719:Order of the Holy Sepulchre 5572:Order of the Queen of Sheba 5405:Order of Aeronautical Merit 5375:Order of the Southern Cross 4931:National Defense University 4921:Interstate 80 in California 4793:on a temporary basis, when 4455:Post-presidency (1961–1969) 4349:was removed, containing 16 3248:. It ended two crises with 3226:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 3218:Central Intelligence Agency 2793:1956 electoral vote results 2712:1952 electoral vote results 2438:highest military decoration 2168:invasion of Southern France 1762:, then a journalist at the 1690:He assumed duties again at 1640:Distinguished Service Medal 1616:, where he was promoted to 1372:the class the stars fell on 1185:military–industrial complex 898:in Europe and achieved the 817:Recorded September 24, 1957 774: 25:Eisenhower (disambiguation) 10: 26317: 26091:People of the Congo Crisis 26076:People from Denison, Texas 25891:20th-century Presbyterians 25513:Chestnut and Gibson (1998) 25453:Herbert C. Hoover Building 24690:Philippine Legion of Honor 23874:Hungarian Freedom Fighters 21338:White House Chief of Staff 20891: 19926:Republican Study Committee 16545:Commanding General of the 16517:Commanding General of the 15682:Korean Armistice Agreement 15653:Presidential Proclamations 15560:State of the Union Address 15419:Chief of Staff of the Army 15206:Butcher, Harry C. (1946). 14976:Mayer, Michael S. (2009). 14941:. Transaction Publishers. 14865:Gellman, Irwin F. (2015). 14858:Divine, Robert A. (1981). 14838:Damms, Richard V. (2002). 14621:, early popular biography. 14580:Eisenhower, David (1986). 14349: 14211:"Honorary Degrees Awarded" 14041:University of Pennsylvania 13897:Queen's University Belfast 13505:"Hall of Great Westerners" 13481:. PGA Tour. Archived from 13395:Horan, Tim (May 8, 2020). 13019:New York Times Book Review 12185:. July 1, 1956. p. E2 11801:Young & Schilling 2019 11765:Young & Schilling 2019 11729:Young & Schilling 2019 11331:. Routledge. p. 316. 10859:10.1163/187656100793645921 10358:Jean Edward Smith (2012). 10307:Mayer, Michael S. (2009). 9806:Young & Schilling 2019 8803:Wukovits, John F. (2006). 8662:"Watershed at Leavenworth" 7754:"Public School Products". 7422:"General "Ike" Eisenhower" 6466:University of Pennsylvania 6320:Queen's University Belfast 6298:Gave commencement address 6008:Order of Polonia Restituta 5993:Distinguished Service Star 5918:Order of Nishan-e-Pakistan 5797:Order pro merito Melitensi 5753:Order of the Chrysanthemum 5691:, First Class (Guatemala) 5313:, Grand Cross (Argentina) 5246:World War II Victory Medal 4879: 4753:White House Chief of Staff 4595:Onward, Christian Soldiers 4164: 3914:State of the Union address 3779: 3623: 3605:President of South Vietnam 3537: 3494:First Taiwan Strait crisis 3381:to detect any threats but 3309: 3156: 3098:Science Advisory Committee 2999: 2957:History of nuclear weapons 2950: 2827: 2821: 2782: 2643: 2637: 2597:Augusta National Golf Club 2558:Department of the Treasury 2452:1948 presidential election 2448:to stop Soviet expansion. 2418:Chief of Staff of the Army 2058:After the capitulation of 1826:at the Zablan Airfield in 1776:Assistant Secretary of War 1577: 1496:Augusta National Golf Club 1405: 1202: 941:in 1915 and later married 890:from 1953 to 1961. During 221:Chief of Staff of the Army 18: 26256:Writers from Pennsylvania 25741: 25714: 25636: 25559: 25550: 25494: 25469: 25451: 25433: 25401: 25158: 25149: 25140: 25048: 25035:Akihito, Emperor of Japan 25002: 24921: 24900: 24869: 24851: 24808: 24702: 24394: 24160: 23825: 23815:The American Fighting-Man 23618: 23048: 22542: 22479: 22447: 22418: 22389: 22360: 22331: 22304:American Vegetarian Party 22302: 22284: 22272:George Bell Timmerman Jr. 22213: 22195: 22186: 22155: 22137: 22128: 22056: 22017: 21988: 21959: 21938: 21909: 21880: 21862: 21791: 21773: 21764: 21703: 21685: 21676: 21457: 21386: 21361: 21336: 21317: 21298: 21273: 21248: 21229: 21204: 21167: 21156: 21121: 21096: 21071: 21052: 21029:Secretary of the Interior 21027: 21008: 20983: 20952: 20929:Secretary of the Treasury 20927: 20902: 20874: 20863: 20787: 20659: 20182: 20101: 20064:Republican Liberty Caucus 20044: 19974: 19936: 19867: 19856: 19811: 19550: 19536: 19476: 19107: 19098: 18889: 18692: 18555: 17751: 17711: 17662: 17563: 17336: 17113: 17095: 16987: 16845: 16803: 16775: 16761: 16753: 16748: 16738: 16729: 16721: 16716: 16706: 16687: 16679: 16674: 16664: 16655: 16645: 16640: 16630: 16621: 16616: 16606: 16597: 16589: 16577: 16568: 16563: 16553: 16547:United States Army Europe 16543: 16535: 16525: 16519:United States Army Europe 16515: 16507: 16502: 16497: 16448: 16398: 16307: 16244: 16196:Eisenhower Medical Center 16109: 16066:Draft Eisenhower movement 16058: 16039: 15916:Interstate Highway System 15843:National Wool Act of 1954 15800: 15732:Atomic Energy Act of 1954 15694:"Chance for Peace" speech 15661: 15529: 15474:Allied invasion of Sicily 15437: 15394: 14754:B. C. T. Batsford Limited 14439:. 24 essays by scholars. 14380:Ambrose, Stephen (1984). 14084:"About: Honorary Degrees" 13743:"Eisenhower to get honor" 13644:www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov 13013:February 6, 2017, at the 12960:RABE, STEPHEN G. (1993). 12765:. UPI. October 25, 2005. 11943:. Little, Brown. p. 11449:10.1080/07343468909507929 11327:Navari, Cornelia (2000). 11130:Karnow, Stanley. (1991), 10784:10.1162/jcws.2008.10.4.37 9524:Eisenhower, the President 8970:Merrit, Jésus V. (1962). 8560:"Dwight David Eisenhower" 8048:"Dwight David Eisenhower" 7582:. Macmillan. p. 31. 7384:"Post-presidential years" 7040:Army of the United States 6070:, Grand Cordon (Tunisia) 6023:Order of Virtuti Militari 5935:, Grand Officer (Panama) 5873:Order of Ouissam Alaouite 5818:, Collar (Mexico) – 1945 5356: 5295: 5175:World War I Victory Medal 5145: 5060: 5016: 4856:. The program includes a 4610:Abraham Lincoln's funeral 3908:had begun the process of 3809:Soviet Air Defence Forces 3058:Interstate Highway System 3002:Interstate Highway System 2996:Interstate Highway System 2990:Atomic Energy Act of 1954 2988:. The speech lead to the 2861:National Security Council 2646:Draft Eisenhower movement 2384:. He reclassified German 1824:Philippine Army Air Corps 1287:Brethren in Christ Church 1141:Interstate Highway System 1052:'s policy of recognizing 987:supreme commander of NATO 826: 787: 750: 578: 568: 551: 541: 533: 528: 520: 508: 489: 474: 464: 443: 414: 401: 390: 380: 366: 342: 337: 333: 320: 310: 302: 291: 279: 267: 255: 245: 237: 226: 218: 206: 194: 183: 175: 163: 153: 141: 133: 122: 114: 102: 90: 76: 65: 57: 53: 41: 34: 26301:Progressive conservatism 26066:Pennsylvania Republicans 25901:American anti-communists 25030:Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono 24811:(Marangal na Komandante) 24688: 24532:: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. 23516:National Football League 23287:1985: William I. Spencer 23137:1968: Chester J. LaRoche 22535:Theodore Roosevelt Award 21220:James Jeremiah Wadsworth 21054:Secretary of Agriculture 19834:Northern Mariana Islands 16675:Party political offices 16492:Offices and distinctions 16267:(1949 television series) 16021:Civil Rights Act of 1960 15946:Civil Rights Act of 1957 15905:Bank Holding Company Act 15882:Agricultural Act of 1956 15838:Agricultural Act of 1954 15689:1953 Iranian coup d'état 15080:Bundy, McGeorge (1988). 15065:Watry, David M. (2014). 14566:. Simon & Schuster. 14393:Boyle, Peter G. (2005). 14259:University of Notre Dame 14216:Johns Hopkins University 13099:Medved, Michael (1979). 12004:72#1 (1998) pp. 161–162 11468:. Simon & Schuster. 11182:p. 111; Ambrose (1990), 11143:Reeves, Richard (1993), 10970:Cornell University Press 10964:Minami, Kazushi (2024). 10469:"The cracks are showing" 10441:"Atoms for Peace Speech" 9992:Public Opinion Quarterly 9521:Pusey, Merlo J. (1956). 8660:Bender, Mark C. (1990). 8372:. Movies & TV Dept. 8191:Berger-Knorr, Lawrence. 7710:August 20, 2010, at the 7263: 6870:No pin insignia in 1915 6840:Doctor of Humane Letters 6748:University of Notre Dame 6692:Johns Hopkins University 6267:Freedom of the Burgh of 6208:Eisenhower received the 5875:, Grand Cross (Morocco) 5816:Order of the Aztec Eagle 5525:, First Class (Ecuador) 5431:Campaign Medal (Brazil) 5260:Army of Occupation Medal 5003:Hall of Great Westerners 4535:congestive heart failure 4528: 4464:President Lyndon Johnson 4076:Atomic Energy Commission 4023:with Eisenhower issuing 3953:Civil Rights Act of 1957 3708:US and British companies 3222:1953 Iranian coup d'état 2953:History of nuclear power 2888:progressive conservative 2746:conflated with communism 2388:(POWs) in US custody as 2378:Nazi concentration camps 2376:. Upon discovery of the 2321:Nazi concentration camps 2173:end of the war in Europe 1854:World War II (1939–1945) 1392:Peacock Military Academy 1244:Early life and education 1215:Province of Pennsylvania 1133:Civil Rights Act of 1957 656:Allied invasion of Italy 637:Battle of Kasserine Pass 26201:Time Person of the Year 24892:Alfredo Montelibano Sr. 24828:Fernando Zobel de Ayala 24030:The Apollo 8 Astronauts 23411:Billy Joe "Red" McCombs 22420:Socialist Workers Party 22029:Edward Longstreet Bodin 21990:Socialist Workers Party 16289:Ike: Countdown to D-Day 15870:Small Watershed Program 15288:Dwight David Eisenhower 15247:Summersby, Kay (1948). 14309:"Past Honorary Degrees" 14160:Northwestern University 14158:Office of the Provost, 13839:. Event occurs at 0:13 13726:Eisenhower, John S. D. 13158:Naval Historical Center 12858:"Presidential Politics" 12262:"Former Presidents Act" 12011:April 29, 2017, at the 11222:Waging Peace: 1956–1961 11207:Kingseed, Cole (1995), 10891:Crean, Jeffrey (2024). 9769:, pp. 168–169, 175 9411:Tent, James F. (1982), 8566:. Sightline Media Group 8052:Internet Public Library 7449:"Ike: An American Hero" 7447:Korda, Michael (2007). 7223:Ike: Countdown to D-Day 6635:Northwestern University 6253:Freedom of the City of 6040:, First Class (Poland) 6025:, First Class (Poland) 6010:, Grand Cross (Poland) 5950:, Grand Cross (Panama) 5905:, Grand Cross (Norway) 5831:Medal of Military Merit 5738:Military Order of Italy 5689:Cross of Military Merit 5651:Royal Order of George I 5540:, Grand Cordon (Egypt) 5523:Order of Abdon Calderón 5407:, Grand Cross (Brazil) 5377:, Grand Cross (Brazil) 5062:US military decorations 5030:The star of the Soviet 4999:World Golf Hall of Fame 4513:seat. He addressed the 4496:Palm Desert, California 4466:with Eisenhower aboard 4210:Charles Evans Whittaker 4198:John Marshall Harlan II 4040:Relations with Congress 3994:101st Airborne Division 3990:Arkansas National Guard 3965:Civil Rights Commission 3652:international isolation 3425:began a buildup in the 3423:People's Volunteer Army 3087: 2436:and decorated with the 2358:Allied-occupied Germany 1840:Philippine Commonwealth 1780:Army Industrial College 1598:Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas 1574:World War I (1914–1918) 1169:minor recession in 1958 1157:their own space program 1016:, both times defeating 925:Eisenhower was born in 880:David Dwight Eisenhower 833:Dwight David Eisenhower 704:Operation Market Garden 699:Siegfried Line campaign 598:Pancho Villa Expedition 347:David Dwight Eisenhower 48:Official portrait, 1959 26086:People of the Cold War 25931:American Presbyterians 25906:American anti-fascists 25403:National Statuary Hall 24870:Commander (Komandante) 23989:Martin Luther King Jr. 23404:2000: Fred M. Kirby II 22171:Incumbent VP nominee: 22043:Homer Aubrey Tomlinson 20274:William Henry Harrison 19916:Problem Solvers Caucus 16765:lain in state or honor 16159:Eisenhower Fellowships 15249:Eisenhower Was My Boss 15145:. Simon and Schuster. 14939:Eisenhower at Columbia 14596:Eisenhower, John S. D. 13805:"Eisenhower in Ulster" 13776:British Movietone News 13259:Gomez, Darryl (2015). 12812:on September 29, 2008. 11462:Nichol, David (2007). 11220:Dwight D. Eisenhower, 10533:USS Washington (BB-56) 10503:USS Washington (BB-56) 9447:Goedde, Petra (2002). 9111:The Lewiston Daily Sun 8907:They Never Surrendered 8712:Trout, Steven (2010). 7740:D'Este, Carlo (2002). 7625:D'Este, Carlo (2002). 7576:D'Este, Carlo (2003). 7506:D'Este, Carlo (2003). 6088:Military Division 1945 5768:Order of the Oak Crown 5721:, Knight Grand Cross ( 5672:, Knight Grand Cross ( 5446:, Grand Cross (Chile) 5055: 5035: 5022:Awards and decorations 4968:United States Congress 4891: 4876:Tributes and memorials 4731: 4716: 4666: 4638: 4557:on March 30 and 31. A 4487: 4479: 4471: 4433: 4421: 4277: 4055: 4010:Martin Luther King Jr. 3833:surface-to-air missile 3797: 3695: 3643: 3585:Gen. J. Lawton Collins 3454: 3379:surveillance satellite 3325: 3234:1954 Geneva Conference 3153: 3141: 3129: 3038:Text of speech excerpt 3013: 2916: 2879: 2818:Presidency (1953–1961) 2794: 2713: 2689: 2655: 2527: 2511: 2497: 2361: 2222: 2206: 2190: 2138: 2103: 1945: 1864:15th Infantry Regiment 1862:of the 1st Battalion, 1764:Agriculture Department 1671: 1655:In service of generals 1541:Angels in the Outfield 1491: 1363: 1322:Edward "Swede" Hazlett 1253: 1119:. He covertly opposed 1115:agencies and expanded 625:Battle of Port Lyautey 615:North African campaign 201:Nicholas Murray Butler 23:. For other uses, see 24775:Franklin D. Roosevelt 24446:The Good Samaritans: 23743:Franklin D. Roosevelt 23683:Franklin D. Roosevelt 23667:Franklin D. Roosevelt 23213:Vincent dePaul Draddy 23091:Byron "Whizzer" White 22362:Socialist Labor Party 21940:Socialist Labor Party 21214:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 21106:Martin Patrick Durkin 21073:Secretary of Commerce 20504:Franklin D. Roosevelt 20001:Log Cabin Republicans 16529:Frank Maxwell Andrews 16423:Atoms for Peace Award 16359:Ida Stover Eisenhower 16355:(great-granddaughter) 15928:Fish and Wildlife Act 15808:Executive Order 10479 15617:Judicial appointments 15509:Disarmed Enemy Forces 15278:Eisenhower Foundation 15263:White House biography 14785:(February 12, 1998). 14708:, Dept. of the Army. 14540:The Supreme Commander 14175:Eisenhower, Dwight D. 14011:University of Toronto 11935:Thomas, Evan (2012). 9994:17.4 (1953): 443-460 9587:"ΦΒΚ U.S. Presidents" 9556:June 3, 2017, at the 9423:Zink, Harold (1957). 9385:Zink, Harold (1947). 9200:The Age of Eisenhower 9197:Hitchcock, W (2018). 8999:Dwightdeisenhower.com 8698:June 5, 2011, at the 8382:on September 28, 2013 7899:"Eisenhower BOQ 1915" 7835:Eisenhower Foundation 7760:. September 14, 1959. 6780:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 6752:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 6724:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 6696:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 6667:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 6639:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 6611:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 6583:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 6498:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 6470:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 6442:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 6438:University of Toronto 6386:Doctor of Laws (LL.D) 5670:Order of the Redeemer 5608:, Companion (France) 5508:Order of the Elephant 5048:Order of the Elephant 5041: 5034:awarded to Eisenhower 5029: 4905:Eisenhower Expressway 4889: 4721: 4711: 4676:civil rights movement 4663:United States Capitol 4648: 4633: 4547:United States Capitol 4485: 4477: 4462: 4431: 4415: 4386:Former Presidents Act 4272: 4233:admitted to the Union 4156:Judicial appointments 4084:J. Robert Oppenheimer 4069:1954 Senate elections 4047: 4025:Executive Order 10450 3938:racial discrimination 3926:Secretary of the Navy 3924:, Eisenhower's first 3867:U.S.-Soviet relations 3813:aerial reconnaissance 3807:was shot down by the 3791: 3692:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 3689: 3633: 3538:Further information: 3444: 3436:Strategic Air Command 3432:Joint Chiefs of Staff 3319: 3310:Further information: 3147: 3135: 3123: 3012: 2939:, which replaced the 2911: 2877: 2792: 2711: 2687: 2673:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 2653: 2573:The American Assembly 2520:president of Columbia 2517: 2503: 2495: 2398:Joint Chiefs of Staff 2390:Disarmed Enemy Forces 2355: 2208: 2200: 2185: 2161:slapped a subordinate 2124: 2101: 1939: 1805:Philippine government 1662: 1489: 1457:Ambassador to Belgium 1396:St. Mary's University 1361: 1343:and was a starter at 1341:varsity football team 1251: 1203:Further information: 1109:moderate conservative 918:in 1942–1943 and the 916:North Africa campaign 733:Occupation of Germany 552:Years of service 25876:Dwight D. Eisenhower 25135:in the United States 25055:Robert Gerard Brinks 25015:Dwight D. Eisenhower 24854:(Marangal na Pinuno) 24833:Jaime Zobel de Ayala 24727:Dwight D. Eisenhower 24563:The Silence Breakers 24430:The American Soldier 24411:The Whistleblowers: 24269:The Endangered Earth 24051:The Middle Americans 24005:William Westmoreland 23898:Dwight D. Eisenhower 23767:Dwight D. Eisenhower 23281:John F. McGillicuddy 23198:1976: Edgar B. Speer 23055:Dwight D. Eisenhower 22484:Other 1956 elections 22451:and other candidates 22351:Herbert C. Holdridge 22165:Dwight D. Eisenhower 22061:Other 1952 elections 22021:and other candidates 21713:Dwight D. Eisenhower 21087:Frederick H. Mueller 20993:Herbert Brownell Jr. 20962:Charles Erwin Wilson 20954:Secretary of Defense 20856:Dwight D. Eisenhower 20524:Dwight D. Eisenhower 20031:Republicans Overseas 20021:Teen Age Republicans 19824:District of Columbia 18225:1964 (San Francisco) 18185:1956 (San Francisco) 17721:National Union Party 17338:Vice Chiefs of Staff 16851:Dwight D. Eisenhower 16389:Milton S. Eisenhower 16347:Mary Jean Eisenhower 16206:Eisenhower Golf Club 16164:Eisenhower Institute 16010:Hawaii Admission Act 15998:Federal Perkins Loan 15986:Humane Slaughter Act 15980:Alaska Statehood Act 15848:Special Milk Program 15388:Dwight D. Eisenhower 14990:Newton, Jim. (2011) 14978:The Eisenhower Years 14783:Immerman, Richard H. 14511:Dwight D. Eisenhower 14508:Wicker, Tom (2002). 14450:Newton, Jim (2011). 14386:Simon & Schuster 14373:Simon & Schuster 14112:. November 28, 2018. 13983:on September 9, 2019 13675:on November 18, 2016 13625:on February 2, 2015. 13209:on November 21, 2015 12564:. January 21, 1969. 12382:on February 25, 2016 12251:2007; 99: 1325–1329. 10992:Dunnigan, James and 10840:Zhai, Qiang (2000). 10666:Yankek Mieczkowski, 10457:. February 22, 2013. 10310:The Eisenhower Years 9960:on November 11, 2008 9205:Simon & Schuster 9005:on December 30, 2010 8716:. pp. xv–xxxii. 8026:. pp. 117–119. 7875:. Baseball Almanac. 6351:University of Oxford 6055:, Knight (Thailand) 4811:admiral of the fleet 4728:Bay of Pigs Invasion 4626:World War II uniform 4624:casket, wearing his 4580:Kurt-Georg Kiesinger 4297:Howard McCrum Snyder 3906:Executive Order 9981 3875:Pakistani government 3299:Bay of Pigs Invasion 2961:Eisenhower gave the 2841:Herbert Brownell Jr. 2748:during McCarthyism. 2432:in 1945. Invited by 2013:Generalfeldmarschall 1874:under Major General 1471:. David, after whom 1324:was applying to the 1308:Eisenhower attended 1191:place him among the 1173:his farewell address 1163:. His two terms saw 1102:Bay of Pigs Invasion 1006:that year's election 920:invasion of Normandy 376:Washington, D.C., US 316:Position established 159:Position established 36:Dwight D. Eisenhower 26251:Writers from Kansas 25305:J. E. Hoover (1972) 25003:Grand Collar (Raja) 24948:Edith Nourse Rogers 24705:(Punong Komandante) 24628:Volodymyr Zelenskyy 23612:Persons of the Year 23441:2005: Jon F. Hanson 23435:William V. Campbell 23419:George Steinbrenner 23221:William P. Lawrence 23123:Earl H. "Red" Blaik 22257:W. Averell Harriman 22163:Incumbent nominee: 21850:Richard Russell Jr. 21830:W. Averell Harriman 21737:George T. Mickelson 20974:Thomas S. Gates Jr. 20454:William Howard Taft 20374:Rutherford B. Hayes 19984:College Republicans 18405:2000 (Philadelphia) 18145:1948 (Philadelphia) 18105:1940 (Philadelphia) 17922:1900 (Philadelphia) 17831:1872 (Philadelphia) 17779:1856 (Philadelphia) 17731:Fourth Party System 16649:Frank D. Fackenthal 16371:Edgar N. Eisenhower 16186:U.S. Postage stamps 16169:Eisenhower Monument 15826:Submerged Lands Act 15671:Eisenhower Doctrine 15494:Operation Veritable 15459:Louisiana Maneuvers 15238:, Doubleday and Co. 15051:. Harlan Davidson. 15043:Pickett, William B. 15019:Pickett, William B. 14880:Greenstein, Fred I. 14702:The Supreme Command 14397:. Pearson/Longman. 14358:General biographies 14269:on October 22, 2020 14191:on October 20, 2020 13951:on November 4, 2017 13869:on October 25, 2020 13782:on October 27, 2021 13438:on October 22, 2020 13370:The Washington Post 13193:"Public Law 79-333" 13164:on October 13, 2007 13006:John Lewis Gaddis, 12505:on October 19, 2013 12332:"A Chronology from 12225:. doctorzebra.com. 12099:Atlanta Daily World 11987:Clarence G. Lasby, 11916:on January 18, 2012 11803:, pp. 147, 150 11655:on February 6, 2017 11582:on February 6, 2017 10922:, pp. 245, 246 10897:Bloomsbury Academic 10593:, pp. 301, 326 10296:on January 7, 2012. 9336:Jean Edward Smith, 9278:, pp. 250, 298 8668:on October 29, 2008 8244:The Washington Post 8218:White House History 7718:, February 9, 1953. 7705:"Faith Staked Down" 7390:on October 23, 2013 7208:for time management 7168:General of the Army 7153:General of the Army 6720:University of Delhi 6356:Doctor of Civil Law 6237:Freedom of the City 6204:Freedom of the City 6141:War Medal 1939–1945 6091:Civil Division 1957 5606:Order of Liberation 5489:War Cross 1939–1945 5419:War Medal (Brazil) 5262:w/ "Germany" clasp 4848:Eisenhower founded 4771:General of the Army 4672:Central High School 4665:in Washington, D.C. 4449:General of the Army 4284:, he had a serious 4105:executive privilege 3998:nine black students 3821:Francis Gary Powers 3734:Eisenhower Doctrine 3725:in response to the 3550:First Indochina War 3273:Eisenhower Doctrine 2601:Columbia Associates 2577:Blanche Wiesen Cook 2532:Columbia University 2510:at Columbia in 1953 2412:Army Chief of Staff 2400:(JCS) in directive 2282:Battle of the Bulge 2258:General of the Army 2251:opened in late 1944 2243:Sixth US Army Group 2129:(PIR), part of the 2076:Operation Avalanche 2041:British Eighth Army 2037:Mediterranean basin 1992:French armed forces 1888:Louisiana Maneuvers 1882:, Commander of the 1735:Carl von Clausewitz 1382:, he was posted to 1310:Abilene High School 1303:Presbyterian Church 1299:Jehovah's Witnesses 1129:executive privilege 1127:by openly invoking 1096:was cancelled when 1090:1958 Lebanon crisis 1062:First Indochina War 979:Army Chief of Staff 904:General of the Army 716:Battle of the Bulge 687:Liberation of Paris 661:Operation Avalanche 573:General of the Army 26261:Writers from Texas 26026:Kansas Republicans 25505:US Capitol rotunda 25471:Old Senate Chamber 25160:US Capitol rotunda 25049:Grand Cross (Datu) 24938:Teodoro Locsin Sr. 24908:Benigno Aquino Jr. 24877:Benigno Aquino Jr. 24861:Teodoro Locsin Jr. 24193:Ayatollah Khomeini 23858:John Foster Dulles 23530:& George Weiss 23350:Norman Schwarzkopf 23152:Thomas J. Hamilton 23131:Frederick L. Hovde 22466:Gerald L. K. Smith 22459:T. Coleman Andrews 22409:Samuel H. Friedman 22343:Enoch A. Holtwick 22314:Herbert M. Shelton 22223:Adlai Stevenson II 22036:Henry B. Krajewski 21979:Samuel H. Friedman 21801:Adlai Stevenson II 21098:Secretary of Labor 21018:Arthur Summerfield 21010:Postmaster General 20943:Robert B. Anderson 20937:George M. Humphrey 20912:John Foster Dulles 20904:Secretary of State 20444:Theodore Roosevelt 20016:Republicans Abroad 19881:Legislative Digest 18345:1988 (New Orleans) 18285:1976 (Kansas City) 18265:1972 (Miami Beach) 18245:1968 (Miami Beach) 18045:1928 (Kansas City) 17909:1896 (Saint Louis) 17896:1892 (Minneapolis) 17741:Sixth Party System 17736:Fifth Party System 17726:Third Party System 16991:Commanding General 16981:United States Army 16717:Political offices 16557:Joseph T. McNarney 16383:Earl D. Eisenhower 16211:Eisenhower Theater 15921:Highway Trust Fund 15820:Refugee Relief Act 15720:1955 Geneva Summit 15643:Kennedy transition 15499:Berlin Declaration 15326:, October 25, 1999 15293:The New York Times 15222:, his war memoirs. 14615:General Eisenhower 14468:, popular history. 14338:. October 5, 1965. 14294:The New York Times 14185:Washington College 14089:Hofstra University 13976:Gettysburg College 13944:Harvard University 13939:"Honorary Degrees" 13748:The New York Times 12966:Diplomatic History 12679:The New York Times 12664:The New York Times 12590:The New York Times 12334:The New York Times 12203:Williams, Charles 12183:The New York Times 12126:The New York Times 12068:The New York Times 12028:(1992), pp. 53–150 11991:(1997) pp. 57–113. 11894:(2011) pp. 356–357 11815:, pp. 188–189 11791:, pp. 316–317 11779:, pp. 310–311 11743:, pp. 305–306 11680:, pp. 118–119 11503:press.uchicago.edu 11425:, pp. 438–439 11275:Diplomatic History 11172:John Foster Dulles 11132:Vietnam, A History 11120:on August 3, 2016. 11064:, pp. 204–209 11024:, pp. 175–157 10818:, pp. 106–107 10604:"Internet History" 10529:"About the Author" 10394:, pp. 321–325 10348:, pp. 285–288 10211:on January 5, 2007 10103:The American Voter 10022:The Lavender Scare 10010:, pp. 556–567 9981:, pp. 541–546 9919:, pp. 524–528 9895:, pp. 502–511 9859:, pp. 251–254 9835:, pp. 484–485 9823:, pp. 235–236 9793:, pp. 479–483 9757:, pp. 162–164 9745:, pp. 145–146 9733:, pp. 140–141 9663:Pietrusza, David, 9654:, pp. 171–172 9592:. Phi Beta Kappa. 9576:, pp. 455–460 9562:The New York Times 9482:, pp. 432–452 9438:, pp. 421–425 9400:Diplomatic History 9364:, pp. 395–406 9352:, pp. 375–380 9327:, pp. 340–354 9254:, pp. 286–288 9230:, pp. 280–281 9207:. pp. 21–23. 9187:, pp. 275–276 9175:, pp. 254–255 9163:, pp. 230–233 9151:, pp. 204–210 9038:. U.S. Air Force. 8909:. Vera-Reyes, Inc. 8375:The New York Times 8324:, pp. 172–173 8300:, pp. 165–167 7986:"Ike and the Team" 7089:Lieutenant General 7021:Lieutenant Colonel 6942:Lieutenant Colonel 6663:Washington College 6522:Hofstra University 6410:Gettysburg College 6382:Harvard University 6243:on August 24, 1945 5362:w/ palm (Belgium) 5056: 5036: 4892: 4866:United States Mint 4775:Henry "Hap" Arnold 4732: 4696:George C. Marshall 4667: 4488: 4480: 4472: 4434: 4422: 4262:in 1949. However, 4204:William J. Brennan 4150:legislative vetoes 4056: 4006:Reconstruction Era 3961:Justice Department 3928:, argued that the 3922:Robert B. Anderson 3918:Federal Government 3798: 3746:Operation Blue Bat 3719:Gamal Abdel Nasser 3704:Mohammad Mosaddegh 3700:authorized the CIA 3696: 3644: 3638:and Eisenhower in 3609:made a state visit 3467:Stephen E. Ambrose 3455: 3387:nuclear deterrence 3383:ballistic missiles 3326: 3261:Gamal Abdel Nasser 3154: 3142: 3130: 3126:Gamal Abdel Nasser 3014: 2929:Robert B. Anderson 2880: 2853:George M. Humphrey 2849:John Foster Dulles 2795: 2753:Adlai Stevenson II 2741:spoke out adroitly 2714: 2690: 2656: 2528: 2512: 2498: 2463:Potsdam Conference 2446:containment policy 2362: 2235:12th US Army Group 2207: 2139: 2104: 2064:invasion of Sicily 1976:French cooperation 1946: 1860:commanding officer 1672: 1644:Bernard Montgomery 1621:lieutenant colonel 1516:Thomas E. Stephens 1492: 1475:is named, married 1453:United States Army 1380:Mexican Revolution 1364: 1254: 1058:Formosa Resolution 1018:Adlai Stevenson II 810:school integration 670:Operation Overlord 546:United States Army 262:George C. Marshall 148:Bernard Montgomery 25976:Eisenhower family 25941:Burials in Kansas 25757: 25756: 25751: 25750: 25737: 25736: 25729:Lautenberg (2013) 25638:Great Hall of the 25546: 25545: 25490: 25489: 25257:R. A. Taft (1953) 25090: 25089: 24995:Order of Sikatuna 24961: 24960: 24800:Claudio Teehankee 24795:Maxwell D. Taylor 24745:Douglas MacArthur 24650: 24649: 24632:Spirit of Ukraine 24332:Pope John Paul II 24309:The Peacemakers: 24285:George H. W. Bush 24277:Mikhail Gorbachev 24261:Mikhail Gorbachev 24105:Susan Brownmiller 24021:Lyndon B. Johnson 23997:Lyndon B. Johnson 23906:U.S. Scientists: 23890:Charles de Gaulle 23882:Nikita Khrushchev 23834:Mohammed Mosaddeq 23807:Winston Churchill 23735:Winston Churchill 23627:Charles Lindbergh 23575: 23574: 23390:John H. McConnell 23334:George H. W. Bush 23294:William H. Morton 23075:Amos Alonzo Stagg 23063:Douglas MacArthur 23008: 23007: 22501: 22500: 22475: 22474: 22438:Myra Tanner Weiss 22401:Darlington Hoopes 22333:Prohibition Party 22280: 22279: 22262:Lyndon B. Johnson 22239:Other candidates: 22182: 22181: 22078: 22077: 22052: 22051: 22008:Myra Tanner Weiss 21971:Darlington Hoopes 21911:Progressive Party 21900:Enoch A. Holtwick 21882:Prohibition Party 21858: 21857: 21817:Other candidates: 21760: 21759: 21729:Other candidates: 21626: 21625: 21415: 21414: 21411: 21410: 21402:Robert Keith Gray 21189:Percival Brundage 21152: 21151: 21112:James P. Mitchell 20999:William P. Rogers 20815: 20814: 20594:George H. W. Bush 20544:Lyndon B. Johnson 20474:Warren G. Harding 20414:Benjamin Harrison 20394:Chester A. Arthur 20384:James A. Garfield 20244:John Quincy Adams 20194:George Washington 20142: 20141: 20097: 20096: 20026:Young Republicans 19894:Senate Conference 19852: 19851: 19532: 19531: 17844:1876 (Cincinnati) 17669: 17668: 17544: 17543: 16946: 16945: 16790: 16789: 16785: 16784: 16776:Succeeded by 16739:Succeeded by 16707:Succeeded by 16665:Succeeded by 16641:Academic offices 16631:Succeeded by 16607:Succeeded by 16578:Succeeded by 16554:Succeeded by 16526:Succeeded by 16503:Military offices 16484: 16483: 16461:John F. Kennedy → 16454:← Harry S. Truman 16365:Arthur Eisenhower 16353:Jennie Eisenhower 16283:(1979 miniseries) 16275:(1979 miniseries) 16265:Crusade in Europe 16254:Eisenhower jacket 16201:Eisenhower Trophy 16174:Eisenhower dollar 16048:Crusade in Europe 16035: 16034: 15892:Soil Bank Program 15725:1960 U-2 incident 15555:1957 inauguration 15550:1953 inauguration 15489:Normandy landings 15334:Project Gutenberg 15242:Eisenhower Papers 15219:Crusade in Europe 15171:978-1-5017-4516-4 14966:Greenwood Press. 14957:Profiles in Power 14698:Pogue, Forrest C. 14526:, popular history 14463:978-0-385-52353-0 14231:"India Likes Ike" 14109:Dartmouth College 13809:Belfast Telegraph 13401:The Wichita Eagle 13349:. April 1, 2009. 13089:, September 1964. 13075:. March 12, 1956. 13021:, April 20, 2012. 12836:978-1-107-01660-6 12737:MilitaryTimes.com 12157:The Baltimore Sun 10906:978-1-350-23394-2 10509:on March 23, 2007 10475:. June 26, 2008. 10320:978-0-8160-5387-2 9630:Crusade in Europe 9467:November 11, 1963 8816:978-0-230-61394-2 8564:MilitaryTimes.com 8340:Los Angeles Times 7349:"The Eisenhowers" 7206:Eisenhower method 7174: 7173: 7123:Brigadier General 7055:Brigadier General 6874:Second Lieutenant 6849: 6848: 6715:December 17, 1959 6574:November 19, 1953 6550:Dartmouth College 6201: 6200: 6143:(United Kingdom) 6108:(United Kingdom) 6083:Order of the Bath 6038:Cross of Grunwald 5963:Order of Sikatuna 5858:Order of Muhammad 5755:, Collar (Japan) 5638:w/ palm (France) 5147:US service medals 5112:oak leaf clusters 4976:national memorial 4938:Eisenhower dollar 4909:Eisenhower Tunnel 4870:Philadelphia Mint 4787:five-star general 4779:Douglas MacArthur 4707:John Lewis Gaddis 4684:nuclear arms race 4680:1960 U-2 incident 4641:Legacy and memory 4582:of West Germany, 4572:Charles de Gaulle 4507:Henry B. Gonzalez 4429: 4392:security detail. 4369:End of presidency 4312:Paul Dudley White 4254:Eisenhower began 4123:Lyndon B. Johnson 4112:Bricker Amendment 3996:. They protected 3942:national security 3889:prisoner exchange 3855:Nikita Khrushchev 3844:Soviet government 3782:1960 U-2 incident 3775:1960 U-2 incident 3656:Concordat of 1953 3634:Spanish dictator 3410:human spaceflight 3395:strategic bombers 3364:Nikita Khrushchev 3322:Eisenhower dollar 3291:terrorist attacks 3283:Fulgencio Batista 3263:nationalized the 3214:Bricker Amendment 3203:1960 U-2 incident 3030: 2983:nuclear arms race 2975:electrical energy 2765:George Washington 2685: 2613:William T. R. Fox 2549:Crusade in Europe 2394:Geneva Convention 2374:Frankfurt am Main 2271:Charles de Gaulle 2267:Winston Churchill 2148:French resistance 2099: 2019:'s move into the 1966:Rock of Gibraltar 1820:Winston Churchill 1772:George V. Moseley 1760:Milton Eisenhower 1731:Panama Canal Zone 1723:Douglas MacArthur 1521:George Washington 1368:Frederick Funston 1330:Joseph L. Bristow 1297:, later known as 1230:Lecompton, Kansas 1199:Family background 1177:military spending 1159:, escalating the 1094:Nikita Khrushchev 1004:. Eisenhower won 971:military governor 955:brigadier general 935:Jehovah's Witness 830: 829: 803: 726:Battle of Remagen 694:Operation Dragoon 675:Normandy landings 632:Tunisian campaign 469:Eisenhower family 282:Military Governor 250:J. Lawton Collins 26308: 25858: 25857: 25856: 25846: 25845: 25844: 25834: 25833: 25822: 25821: 25810: 25809: 25808: 25798: 25797: 25796: 25786: 25785: 25784: 25774: 25773: 25772: 25765: 25640:US Supreme Court 25557: 25556: 25501: 25500: 25279:MacArthur (1964) 25156: 25155: 25117: 25110: 25103: 25094: 25093: 25064:Aftab Ahmad Khan 24988: 24981: 24974: 24965: 24964: 24953:Richard Sakakida 24901:Officer (Pinuno) 24843:Napoleon G. Rama 24750:Ferdinand Marcos 24735:Francisco Franco 24717:Hassanal Bolkiah 24712:Emilio Aguinaldo 24697: 24687: 24677: 24670: 24663: 24654: 24653: 24643: 24635: 24623: 24615: 24603: 24595: 24593: 24566: 24558: 24550: 24542: 24540: 24524: 24516: 24508: 24500: 24492: 24484: 24476: 24468: 24460: 24458: 24441: 24433: 24425: 24423: 24406: 24403:Rudolph Giuliani 24387: 24379: 24371: 24359: 24351: 24343: 24335: 24327: 24325: 24304: 24296: 24288: 24280: 24272: 24264: 24256: 24248: 24240: 24232: 24220: 24212: 24204: 24196: 24188: 24180: 24172: 24153: 24151: 24137:Billie Jean King 24103:American Women: 24098: 24090: 24082: 24070: 24062: 24054: 24046: 24044: 24024: 24016: 24008: 24000: 23992: 23984: 23976: 23968: 23966: 23948:William Shockley 23924:Joshua Lederberg 23920:Donald A. Glaser 23901: 23893: 23885: 23877: 23869: 23861: 23853: 23845: 23837: 23818: 23810: 23802: 23794: 23786: 23778: 23770: 23762: 23754: 23746: 23738: 23730: 23722: 23714: 23702: 23694: 23686: 23678: 23670: 23662: 23654: 23646: 23638: 23630: 23602: 23595: 23588: 23579: 23578: 23568: 23560: 23555: 23547: 23539: 23537:Condoleezza Rice 23531: 23522: 23510: 23502: 23494: 23486: 23474: 23466: 23454: 23442: 23437: 23429: 23421: 23413: 23405: 23400: 23392: 23384: 23376: 23368: 23360: 23358:Thomas S. Murphy 23352: 23344: 23342:Donald R. Keough 23336: 23328: 23326:Thomas H. Moorer 23320: 23312: 23310:Clinton E. Frank 23304: 23302:Charles R. Meyer 23296: 23288: 23283: 23275: 23267: 23239: 23231: 23223: 23215: 23207: 23199: 23194: 23186: 23184:Gerald B. Zornow 23178: 23170: 23162: 23154: 23146: 23138: 23133: 23125: 23117: 23109: 23107:Donold B. Lourie 23101: 23093: 23085: 23077: 23065: 23057: 23035: 23028: 23021: 23012: 23011: 23001: 22993: 22985: 22977: 22969: 22961: 22953: 22951:Brooke-Marciniak 22945: 22937: 22929: 22921: 22913: 22905: 22897: 22889: 22881: 22873: 22865: 22857: 22849: 22841: 22833: 22825: 22817: 22809: 22801: 22793: 22785: 22777: 22769: 22761: 22753: 22745: 22737: 22729: 22721: 22713: 22705: 22697: 22689: 22681: 22673: 22663: 22655: 22647: 22639: 22631: 22623: 22615: 22607: 22599: 22591: 22583: 22575: 22567: 22559: 22551: 22528: 22521: 22514: 22505: 22504: 22286: 22285: 22193: 22192: 22188:Democratic Party 22135: 22134: 22130:Republican Party 22105: 22098: 22091: 22082: 22081: 21921:Vincent Hallinan 21864: 21863: 21820:Alben W. Barkley 21771: 21770: 21766:Democratic Party 21683: 21682: 21678:Republican Party 21653: 21646: 21639: 21630: 21629: 21451: 21442: 21435: 21428: 21419: 21418: 21377:Gerald D. Morgan 21158: 21157: 21137:Marion B. Folsom 21131:Oveta Culp Hobby 21062:Ezra Taft Benson 20985:Attorney General 20918:Christian Herter 20897: 20896: 20865: 20864: 20842: 20835: 20828: 20819: 20818: 20805: 20804: 20795: 20794: 20434:William McKinley 20424:Grover Cleveland 20404:Grover Cleveland 20364:Ulysses S. Grant 20314:Millard Fillmore 20264:Martin Van Buren 20214:Thomas Jefferson 20169: 20162: 20155: 20146: 20145: 19899:Policy Committee 19875:House Conference 19865: 19864: 19548: 19547: 19105: 19104: 18525:2024 (Milwaukee) 18485:2016 (Cleveland) 18385:1996 (San Diego) 18085:1936 (Cleveland) 18025:1924 (Cleveland) 17805:1864 (Baltimore) 17705: 17704:Republican Party 17696: 17689: 17682: 17673: 17672: 17548: 17547: 17108: 17101: 16989:Senior Officer / 16973: 16966: 16959: 16950: 16949: 16939: 16931: 16923: 16915: 16907: 16899: 16891: 16883: 16875: 16867: 16862: 16854: 16839: 16830: 16823: 16816: 16807: 16806: 16794: 16793: 16763:People who have 16754:Preceded by 16749:Honorary titles 16722:Preceded by 16680:Preceded by 16646:Preceded by 16590:Preceded by 16581:George S. Patton 16536:Preceded by 16508:Preceded by 16500: 16499: 16488: 16487: 16473: 16472: 16341:Susan Eisenhower 16329:David Eisenhower 16226:Mount Eisenhower 15659: 15658: 15648:Executive Orders 15629:Farewell address 15430: 15422: 15414: 15406: 15381: 15374: 15367: 15358: 15357: 15343:Internet Archive 15231: 15175: 15156: 15134: 15121: 15109: 15095: 15084:. Random House. 15062: 15038: 14952: 14933: 14900:, Vol. 27, 1997. 14835: 14826: 14804: 14792: 14779:Bowie, Robert R. 14767: 14741: 14722:Weigley, Russell 14717: 14693: 14672: 14660: 14642: 14584:, Random House. 14577: 14565: 14554: 14525: 14504: 14493:. Random House. 14485: 14467: 14432: 14408: 14389: 14384:. Vol. II. 14376: 14365:Ambrose, Stephen 14340: 14339: 14325: 14319: 14318: 14314:Grinnell College 14305: 14299: 14298: 14297:. June 21, 1964. 14285: 14279: 14278: 14276: 14274: 14268: 14255: 14247: 14241: 14240: 14227: 14221: 14220: 14207: 14201: 14200: 14198: 14196: 14187:. Archived from 14177:(June 7, 1954). 14171: 14165: 14164: 14150: 14144: 14143: 14141: 14128: 14120: 14114: 14113: 14100: 14094: 14093: 14080: 14074: 14073: 14059: 14053: 14052: 14050: 14037: 14029: 14023: 14022: 14020: 14007: 13999: 13993: 13992: 13990: 13988: 13979:. Archived from 13967: 13961: 13960: 13958: 13956: 13947:. Archived from 13935: 13929: 13928: 13915: 13909: 13908: 13906: 13893: 13885: 13879: 13878: 13876: 13874: 13865:. Archived from 13855: 13849: 13848: 13846: 13844: 13827: 13821: 13820: 13818: 13816: 13801: 13792: 13791: 13789: 13787: 13766: 13760: 13759: 13757: 13755: 13745: 13738: 13732: 13731: 13723: 13717: 13716: 13714: 13712: 13706: 13699: 13691: 13685: 13684: 13682: 13680: 13671:. Archived from 13661: 13655: 13654: 13652: 13650: 13636: 13627: 13626: 13615: 13609: 13598: 13592: 13591: 13589: 13587: 13567: 13561: 13560: 13558: 13556: 13537: 13531: 13526: 13520: 13519: 13517: 13515: 13501: 13495: 13494: 13492: 13490: 13485:on June 29, 2009 13475: 13469: 13468: 13454: 13448: 13447: 13445: 13443: 13437: 13431:. Archived from 13426: 13418: 13412: 13411: 13409: 13407: 13392: 13386: 13385: 13383: 13381: 13361: 13355: 13354: 13337: 13331: 13330: 13328: 13326: 13321:. April 12, 1969 13311: 13305: 13304: 13302: 13300: 13281: 13275: 13274: 13256: 13245: 13244: 13242: 13240: 13235:on March 1, 2009 13225: 13219: 13218: 13216: 13214: 13208: 13197: 13189: 13183: 13173: 13171: 13169: 13150: 13144: 13142: 13140: 13138: 13127:"Public Law 482" 13123: 13117: 13116: 13096: 13090: 13083: 13077: 13076: 13066: 13060: 13059: 13031: 13022: 13004: 12998: 12997: 12957: 12951: 12950: 12948: 12946: 12931: 12925: 12924: 12884: 12878: 12877: 12875: 12873: 12854: 12848: 12847: 12845: 12843: 12820: 12814: 12813: 12808:. Archived from 12797: 12791: 12785: 12779: 12778: 12776: 12774: 12759: 12753: 12752: 12750: 12748: 12728: 12722: 12721: 12715: 12713: 12692: 12686: 12685: 12674: 12668: 12667: 12659: 12650: 12649: 12647: 12645: 12630: 12624: 12623: 12621: 12619: 12604: 12595: 12594: 12584: 12578: 12577: 12575: 12573: 12554: 12548: 12547: 12545: 12543: 12521: 12515: 12514: 12512: 12510: 12491: 12485: 12484: 12479: 12477: 12462: 12456: 12455: 12435: 12429: 12428: 12423: 12421: 12401: 12395: 12394: 12389: 12387: 12378:. Archived from 12365: 12359: 12358: 12353: 12351: 12328: 12322: 12321: 12319: 12317: 12302: 12291: 12288: 12282: 12281: 12279: 12277: 12258: 12252: 12245: 12239: 12238: 12236: 12234: 12219: 12208: 12205:Harold Macmillan 12201: 12195: 12194: 12192: 12190: 12175: 12169: 12168: 12166: 12164: 12148: 12142: 12141: 12135: 12133: 12117: 12111: 12110: 12108: 12106: 12090: 12084: 12083: 12077: 12075: 12059: 12053: 12047: 12041: 12035: 12029: 12022: 12016: 11998: 11992: 11985: 11979: 11972: 11966: 11965: 11963: 11961: 11942: 11932: 11926: 11925: 11923: 11921: 11901: 11895: 11888: 11882: 11881: 11874: 11868: 11861: 11852: 11846: 11840: 11834: 11828: 11822: 11816: 11810: 11804: 11798: 11792: 11786: 11780: 11774: 11768: 11762: 11756: 11750: 11744: 11738: 11732: 11726: 11717: 11711: 11705: 11699: 11693: 11692:, pp. 56–62 11687: 11681: 11675: 11669: 11668: 11662: 11660: 11654: 11647: 11636: 11630: 11629: 11624: 11622: 11602: 11596: 11595: 11589: 11587: 11581: 11574: 11563: 11554: 11553: 11547: 11545: 11525: 11519: 11518: 11516: 11514: 11495: 11489: 11486: 11480: 11479: 11459: 11453: 11452: 11432: 11426: 11420: 11414: 11408: 11402: 11396:Dudziak, Mary L. 11393: 11387: 11384: 11378: 11377: 11375: 11373: 11358: 11352: 11349: 11343: 11342: 11324: 11318: 11317: 11297: 11291: 11290: 11270: 11261: 11254: 11248: 11247: 11231: 11225: 11218: 11212: 11205: 11199: 11193: 11187: 11168: 11162: 11161: 11154: 11148: 11141: 11135: 11128: 11122: 11121: 11110: 11104: 11103: 11092:. Columbia U.P. 11083: 11077: 11071: 11065: 11059: 11053: 11046: 11037: 11031: 11025: 11019: 11013: 11007: 11001: 10990: 10984: 10983: 10961: 10950: 10949: 10929: 10923: 10917: 10911: 10910: 10888: 10879: 10873: 10864: 10863: 10861: 10852:(3/4): 221–249. 10837: 10831: 10825: 10819: 10813: 10804: 10803: 10767: 10761: 10755: 10749: 10748: 10708: 10702: 10699: 10693: 10690: 10684: 10679:Peter J. Roman, 10677: 10671: 10664: 10658: 10655: 10649: 10646: 10640: 10637: 10631: 10628: 10622: 10621: 10614: 10608: 10607: 10600: 10594: 10588: 10582: 10581: 10579: 10577: 10558: 10549: 10548: 10546: 10544: 10535:. Archived from 10525: 10519: 10518: 10516: 10514: 10505:. Archived from 10495: 10489: 10488: 10486: 10484: 10465: 10459: 10458: 10451: 10445: 10444: 10443:. July 16, 2014. 10437: 10431: 10425: 10419: 10413: 10407: 10401: 10395: 10389: 10383: 10382: 10380: 10378: 10355: 10349: 10343: 10337: 10331: 10325: 10324: 10304: 10298: 10297: 10292:. Archived from 10290:The Boston Globe 10281: 10275: 10274: 10254: 10248: 10247: 10227: 10221: 10220: 10218: 10216: 10207:. Archived from 10196: 10190: 10184: 10178: 10172: 10166: 10160: 10154: 10153:, pp. 20–25 10148: 10142: 10136: 10130: 10124: 10118: 10117: 10097: 10091: 10090: 10088: 10086: 10066: 10060: 10054: 10048: 10042: 10036: 10035: 10017: 10011: 10005: 9999: 9988: 9982: 9976: 9970: 9969: 9967: 9965: 9956:. Archived from 9945: 9932: 9926: 9920: 9914: 9908: 9902: 9896: 9890: 9884: 9878: 9872: 9866: 9860: 9854: 9848: 9842: 9836: 9830: 9824: 9818: 9809: 9803: 9794: 9788: 9782: 9776: 9770: 9764: 9758: 9752: 9746: 9740: 9734: 9728: 9722: 9716: 9707: 9701: 9695: 9689: 9683: 9677: 9668: 9661: 9655: 9649: 9640: 9627: 9621: 9615: 9609: 9608: 9606: 9604: 9598: 9591: 9583: 9577: 9571: 9565: 9564:, July 11, 2003. 9547: 9541: 9540: 9538: 9536: 9518: 9509: 9508: 9506: 9504: 9495:. Polish Radio. 9489: 9483: 9477: 9468: 9459:Richard Rhodes, 9457: 9451: 9445: 9439: 9433: 9427: 9421: 9415: 9409: 9403: 9396: 9390: 9383: 9377: 9371: 9365: 9359: 9353: 9347: 9341: 9334: 9328: 9322: 9316: 9310: 9304: 9299:William Safire, 9297: 9291: 9285: 9279: 9273: 9267: 9261: 9255: 9249: 9243: 9237: 9231: 9225: 9219: 9218: 9194: 9188: 9182: 9176: 9170: 9164: 9158: 9152: 9146: 9140: 9133: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9102: 9096: 9095: 9071: 9065: 9061: 9055: 9054: 9049: 9047: 9032: 9026: 9021: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9010: 9001:. Archived from 8991: 8985: 8982: 8976: 8975: 8967: 8961: 8960: 8952: 8946: 8945: 8940: 8938: 8932: 8925: 8917: 8911: 8910: 8902: 8896: 8890: 8884: 8877: 8871: 8870: 8868: 8866: 8847: 8834: 8828: 8827: 8825: 8823: 8800: 8794: 8788: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8762: 8756: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8736: 8730: 8724: 8718: 8717: 8709: 8703: 8684: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8673: 8657: 8651: 8650:, pp. 73–76 8645: 8639: 8638:, pp. 70–73 8633: 8627: 8626: 8618: 8612: 8606: 8600: 8594: 8588: 8582: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8571: 8556: 8550: 8544: 8538: 8532: 8526: 8520: 8514: 8513:, pp. 61–62 8508: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8474: 8468: 8467: 8465: 8463: 8448: 8442: 8441: 8423: 8417: 8416: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8387: 8378:. Archived from 8362: 8356: 8355: 8353: 8351: 8331: 8325: 8319: 8313: 8307: 8301: 8295: 8289: 8288: 8283: 8281: 8266: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8235: 8229: 8228: 8227:on June 5, 2012. 8226: 8215: 8209:Beckett, Wendy. 8206: 8197: 8196: 8188: 8182: 8181:, pp. 59–60 8176: 8170: 8169: 8154:(1st ed.). 8147: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8136: 8116: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8086: 8080: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8063: 8054:. Archived from 8044: 8038: 8037: 8022:(1st ed.). 8015: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8001: 7996:on July 25, 2008 7992:. Archived from 7982: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7971: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7939:on July 17, 2007 7935:. Archived from 7933:Fort Sam Houston 7925: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7909:on July 17, 2007 7905:. Archived from 7903:Fort Sam Houston 7895: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7869: 7863: 7862:, pp. 44–48 7857: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7837:. Archived from 7827: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7792: 7786: 7780: 7774: 7768: 7762: 7761: 7751: 7745: 7738: 7732: 7725: 7719: 7702: 7693: 7687: 7681: 7675: 7669: 7668: 7663: 7661: 7655: 7644: 7636: 7630: 7623: 7617: 7610: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7573: 7567: 7561: 7555: 7549: 7543: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7503: 7497: 7491: 7485: 7484:, pp. 16–18 7479: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7417: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7395: 7380: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7320: 7311: 7290: 7287: 7281: 7278:Spanish Question 7274: 7164: 7149: 7134: 7119: 7102: 7085: 7068: 7051: 7042:: March 6, 1941 7032: 7017: 7002: 6985: 6970: 6953: 6938: 6929:: June 17, 1918 6919: 6904: 6893:First Lieutenant 6889: 6880:: June 12, 1915 6856: 6855: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6804:Grinnell College 6794: 6792: 6791: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6710: 6708: 6707: 6682: 6680: 6679: 6653: 6651: 6650: 6625: 6623: 6622: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6570:Washington, D.C. 6569: 6567: 6566: 6540: 6538: 6537: 6512: 6510: 6509: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6456: 6454: 6453: 6428: 6426: 6425: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6311:Northern Ireland 6310: 6308: 6307: 6283: 6282: 6276:Honorary degrees 6266: 6265: 6252: 6251: 6235: 6234: 6226:on June 12, 1945 6222: 6221: 6190: 6175:Order of Suvorov 6171: 6156:Order of Victory 6152: 6137: 6122: 6102: 6079: 6064: 6049: 6034: 6019: 6004: 5995:, (Philippines) 5989: 5974: 5959: 5944: 5929: 5914: 5899: 5884: 5869: 5854: 5842: 5827: 5812: 5793: 5779: 5764: 5749: 5734: 5715: 5700: 5685: 5666: 5647: 5632: 5617: 5602: 5591:Legion of Honour 5587: 5568: 5553:Order of Solomon 5549: 5534: 5519: 5504: 5485: 5470: 5455: 5440: 5428: 5416: 5401: 5386: 5371: 5361: 5360: 5352: 5341:Order of Leopold 5337: 5322: 5307: 5280: 5274: 5256: 5242: 5222: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5185: 5171: 5157: 5136: 5122: 5102: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5075: 5058: 5057: 5032:Order of Victory 4944:issued in 1990. 4833: 4824: 4698:from attacks by 4622:Government Issue 4430: 4355:pheochromocytoma 4231:Two states were 4116:Yalta Agreements 4061:William Knowland 4054: 4051: 3949:Washington, D.C. 3947:Eisenhower told 3636:Francisco Franco 3554:John W. O'Daniel 3546:French Indochina 3506:Operation Teapot 3360:Nikolai Bulganin 3356:Project Genetrix 3279:Cuban Revolution 3187:nuclear delivery 3138:Jawaharlal Nehru 3032: 3031: 3011: 2979:nuclear medicine 2857:Oveta Culp Hobby 2779:Election of 1956 2769:Ulysses S. Grant 2698:Yalta Conference 2686: 2665:Draft Eisenhower 2524:Jawaharlal Nehru 2386:prisoners of war 2382:Nuremberg Trials 2366:Southern Germany 2337:Nazi death camps 2333:Holocaust denial 2220: 2100: 2053:Tunisia Campaign 2025:Lloyd Fredendall 1940:Eisenhower as a 1903:Leonard T. Gerow 1844:Manuel L. Quezon 1788:Great Depression 1768:Army War College 1749:Fort Leavenworth 1719:John J. Pershing 1700:George S. Patton 1559:Alfred Gruenther 1501:Clifford Roberts 1384:Fort Sam Houston 1376:general officers 1353:Carlisle Indians 1275:Smoky Hill River 1181:deficit spending 1149:creation of NASA 1131:. He signed the 1026:federal deficits 929:, and raised in 874: 869: 868: 865: 864: 861: 858: 855: 852: 849: 846: 843: 805: 804: 779: 646:Italian campaign 529:Military service 516: 497:Military officer 437: 435: 431: 373: 357:October 14, 1890 356: 354: 338:Personal details 327:George S. Patton 323: 313: 296: 270: 258: 231: 209: 197: 188: 166: 156: 127: 105: 93: 81: 70: 46: 32: 31: 21:David Eisenhower 26316: 26315: 26311: 26310: 26309: 26307: 26306: 26305: 25866: 25865: 25864: 25854: 25852: 25842: 25840: 25828: 25816: 25806: 25804: 25794: 25792: 25782: 25780: 25770: 25768: 25760: 25758: 25753: 25752: 25747: 25733: 25710: 25706:O'Connor (2023) 25697:Ginsburg (2020, 25674:Blackmun (1999) 25656:Marshall (1993) 25639: 25632: 25542: 25538:Williams (2022) 25528:Sicknick (2021) 25486: 25465: 25447: 25429: 25416:Ginsburg (2020, 25411:Cummings (2019) 25397: 25318:Humphrey (1978) 25252:Pershing (1948) 25221:L'Enfant (1909) 25145: 25136: 25121: 25091: 25086: 25068:Graeme Matheson 25044: 24998: 24992: 24962: 24957: 24943:Geronima Pecson 24923: 24917: 24896: 24865: 24853: 24847: 24818:Gilbert Teodoro 24810: 24809:Grand Commander 24804: 24731:Leonardo Espina 24722:Chiang Kai-shek 24704: 24703:Chief Commander 24698: 24681: 24651: 24646: 24638: 24626: 24618: 24606: 24598: 24573:Jamal Khashoggi 24571:The Guardians: 24570: 24569: 24561: 24553: 24545: 24528: 24527: 24519: 24511: 24503: 24497:Mark Zuckerberg 24495: 24487: 24479: 24471: 24463: 24445: 24444: 24436: 24428: 24421:Sherron Watkins 24410: 24409: 24401: 24390: 24382: 24374: 24362: 24354: 24346: 24338: 24330: 24308: 24307: 24299: 24291: 24283: 24275: 24267: 24259: 24251: 24243: 24237:Peter Ueberroth 24235: 24223: 24215: 24207: 24199: 24191: 24183: 24175: 24167: 24156: 24109:Kathleen Byerly 24102: 24101: 24093: 24085: 24075:Henry Kissinger 24073: 24065: 24057: 24049: 24028: 24027: 24019: 24011: 24003: 23995: 23987: 23981:Pope John XXIII 23979: 23973:John F. Kennedy 23971: 23964:Robert Woodward 23960:James Van Allen 23905: 23904: 23896: 23888: 23880: 23872: 23864: 23856: 23850:Konrad Adenauer 23848: 23840: 23832: 23821: 23813: 23805: 23799:Harry S. Truman 23797: 23791:George Marshall 23789: 23783:James F. Byrnes 23781: 23775:Harry S. Truman 23773: 23765: 23759:George Marshall 23757: 23749: 23741: 23733: 23725: 23717: 23707:Chiang Kai-shek 23705: 23697: 23689: 23681: 23675:Hugh S. Johnson 23673: 23665: 23657: 23651:Mohandas Gandhi 23649: 23641: 23635:Walter Chrysler 23633: 23625: 23614: 23606: 23576: 23571: 23563: 23558: 23550: 23542: 23534: 23525: 23513: 23505: 23497: 23489: 23477: 23469: 23457: 23445: 23440: 23432: 23424: 23416: 23408: 23403: 23395: 23387: 23382:Jackie Robinson 23379: 23371: 23363: 23355: 23347: 23339: 23331: 23323: 23315: 23307: 23299: 23291: 23286: 23278: 23270: 23242: 23234: 23229:Walter J. Zable 23226: 23218: 23210: 23205:Louis H. Wilson 23202: 23197: 23189: 23181: 23173: 23165: 23157: 23149: 23141: 23136: 23128: 23120: 23112: 23104: 23096: 23088: 23083:John F. Kennedy 23080: 23068: 23060: 23052: 23044: 23039: 23009: 23004: 22996: 22988: 22980: 22972: 22964: 22956: 22948: 22940: 22932: 22924: 22916: 22908: 22900: 22892: 22884: 22876: 22868: 22860: 22852: 22844: 22836: 22828: 22820: 22812: 22804: 22796: 22788: 22780: 22772: 22764: 22756: 22748: 22740: 22732: 22724: 22716: 22708: 22700: 22692: 22684: 22676: 22666: 22658: 22650: 22642: 22634: 22626: 22618: 22610: 22602: 22594: 22586: 22578: 22570: 22562: 22554: 22546: 22538: 22532: 22502: 22497: 22471: 22443: 22414: 22391:Socialist Party 22385: 22380:Georgia Cozzini 22356: 22327: 22298: 22276: 22209: 22178: 22151: 22124: 22109: 22079: 22074: 22048: 22013: 21984: 21961:Socialist Party 21955: 21934: 21905: 21892:Stuart Hamblen 21876: 21854: 21835:Hubert Humphrey 21787: 21756: 21732:Riley A. Bender 21699: 21672: 21657: 21627: 21622: 21453: 21449: 21446: 21416: 21407: 21396:Maxwell M. Rabb 21382: 21357: 21332: 21313: 21294: 21269: 21258:Arthur Flemming 21244: 21225: 21200: 21163: 21148: 21143:Arthur Flemming 21117: 21092: 21067: 21048: 21023: 21004: 20979: 20968:Neil H. McElroy 20948: 20923: 20898: 20894: 20889: 20870: 20859: 20846: 20816: 20811: 20783: 20709:F. D. Roosevelt 20661: 20655: 20654: 20653: 20534:John F. Kennedy 20514:Harry S. Truman 20484:Calvin Coolidge 20344:Abraham Lincoln 20324:Franklin Pierce 20184: 20178: 20173: 20143: 20138: 20093: 20046: 20040: 19976: 19970: 19938: 19932: 19859: 19848: 19807: 19543: 19541: 19528: 19477:Chair elections 19472: 19094: 18993:D. B. Henderson 18981:T. J. Henderson 18906: 18903: 18901: 18896: 18892: 18885: 18703: 18700: 18698: 18695: 18688: 18561:administrations 18559: 18551: 18445:2008 (St. Paul) 18425:2004 (New York) 17770: 17767: 17765: 17761: 17758: 17754: 17747: 17707: 17703: 17700: 17670: 17665: 17658: 17559: 17545: 17540: 17332: 17115:Chiefs of Staff 17109: 17103: 17102: 17093: 16990: 16983: 16979:Leaders of the 16977: 16947: 16942: 16934: 16926: 16918: 16910: 16902: 16894: 16888:Tim Griesenbeck 16886: 16878: 16870: 16866:J. Kraus (1924) 16865: 16857: 16849: 16841: 16837: 16834: 16799: 16791: 16786: 16781: 16779:Everett Dirksen 16772: 16759: 16744: 16742:John F. Kennedy 16735: 16727: 16725:Harry S. Truman 16712: 16697: 16685: 16683:Thomas E. Dewey 16670: 16668:Grayson L. Kirk 16661: 16653: 16651: 16636: 16634:Matthew Ridgway 16627: 16612: 16603: 16595: 16593:George Marshall 16585: 16583: 16574: 16559: 16550: 16541: 16539:Jacob L. Devers 16531: 16522: 16513: 16493: 16485: 16480: 16444: 16394: 16349:(granddaughter) 16343:(granddaughter) 16337:(granddaughter) 16335:Anne Eisenhower 16323:John Eisenhower 16303: 16259:Eisenhower Tree 16246: 16240: 16221:Fort Eisenhower 16105: 16054: 16031: 15801:Domestic policy 15796: 15742:Restricted Data 15737:Atoms for Peace 15715:New Look policy 15657: 15533: 15525: 15464:Operation Torch 15449:Military career 15440: 15433: 15425: 15417: 15409: 15398: 15390: 15385: 15259: 15254: 15182: 15180:Primary sources 15172: 15153: 15118: 15110:. Basic Books. 15092: 15076: 15074:General history 15059: 15035: 15027:. Ivan R. Dee. 14980:Facts on File. 14949: 14930: 14886:. Basic Books. 14823: 14801: 14774: 14772:Civilian career 14764: 14738: 14690: 14682:. NAL/Caliber. 14669: 14661:. NAL/Caliber. 14639: 14574: 14551: 14533: 14531:Military career 14522: 14514:. Times Books. 14501: 14464: 14429: 14405: 14371:. Vol. I. 14360: 14354: 14348: 14343: 14334:Ohio University 14327: 14326: 14322: 14307: 14306: 14302: 14287: 14286: 14282: 14272: 14270: 14266: 14253: 14249: 14248: 14244: 14229: 14228: 14224: 14209: 14208: 14204: 14194: 14192: 14172: 14168: 14152: 14151: 14147: 14139: 14126: 14122: 14121: 14117: 14102: 14101: 14097: 14082: 14081: 14077: 14069:Yale University 14061: 14060: 14056: 14048: 14035: 14031: 14030: 14026: 14018: 14005: 14001: 14000: 13996: 13986: 13984: 13969: 13968: 13964: 13954: 13952: 13937: 13936: 13932: 13917: 13916: 13912: 13904: 13891: 13887: 13886: 13882: 13872: 13870: 13857: 13856: 13852: 13842: 13840: 13829: 13828: 13824: 13814: 13812: 13803: 13802: 13795: 13785: 13783: 13768: 13767: 13763: 13753: 13751: 13750:. 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April 1, 1969 12694: 12693: 12689: 12675: 12671: 12660: 12653: 12643: 12641: 12632: 12631: 12627: 12617: 12615: 12606: 12605: 12598: 12585: 12581: 12571: 12569: 12562:Chicago Tribune 12556: 12555: 12551: 12541: 12539: 12522: 12518: 12508: 12506: 12493: 12492: 12488: 12475: 12473: 12472:on June 2, 2016 12464: 12463: 12459: 12452: 12436: 12432: 12419: 12417: 12402: 12398: 12385: 12383: 12366: 12362: 12349: 12347: 12330: 12329: 12325: 12315: 12313: 12312:on May 13, 2008 12304: 12303: 12294: 12289: 12285: 12275: 12273: 12260: 12259: 12255: 12246: 12242: 12232: 12230: 12221: 12220: 12211: 12202: 12198: 12188: 12186: 12177: 12176: 12172: 12162: 12160: 12149: 12145: 12131: 12129: 12118: 12114: 12104: 12102: 12091: 12087: 12073: 12071: 12060: 12056: 12048: 12044: 12036: 12032: 12023: 12019: 12013:Wayback Machine 11999: 11995: 11986: 11982: 11973: 11969: 11959: 11957: 11955: 11933: 11929: 11919: 11917: 11902: 11898: 11889: 11885: 11876: 11875: 11871: 11862: 11855: 11847: 11843: 11835: 11831: 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6177:, First Class ( 5636:Croix de guerre 5538:Order of Ismail 5358:Croix de guerre 5282: 5281: 5275: 5224: 5223: 5217: 5210: 5203: 5140:Legion of Merit 5104: 5103: 5097: 5090: 5083: 5076: 5024: 5019: 5011:Fort Eisenhower 4884: 4878: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4843: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4826: 4825: 4791:Act of Congress 4783:Philip Sheridan 4745:Hans Morgenthau 4700:Joseph McCarthy 4643: 4606:Abilene, Kansas 4555:Capitol Rotunda 4531: 4519:Barry Goldwater 4470:in October 1965 4457: 4442:farewell speech 4424: 4418:John F. Kennedy 4371: 4331:small intestine 4327:Crohn's disease 4252: 4229: 4173: 4165:Main articles: 4163: 4158: 4135:Leonard W. Hall 4052: 4042: 4034:Communist Party 4029:lesbian and gay 3902: 3897: 3896: 3785: 3777: 3684: 3648:Francoist Spain 3628: 3622: 3558:Matthew Ridgway 3542: 3536: 3527:Washington Post 3419: 3389:based upon the 3314: 3308: 3303: 3302: 3267:, sparking the 3183:nuclear weapons 3162: 3150:Chiang Kai-shek 3118: 3090: 3054: 3053: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3033: 3025: 3022: 3015: 3009: 3004: 2998: 2971:nuclear fission 2963:Atoms for Peace 2959: 2949: 2947:Atoms for Peace 2896:Social Security 2837:Joseph M. Dodge 2833: 2826: 2820: 2787: 2781: 2727: 2723: 2678: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2589:James Forrestal 2554:David Pietrusza 2490: 2482:Thomas E. Dewey 2454: 2442:Greek Civil War 2434:Bolesław Bierut 2414: 2350: 2345: 2331:as propaganda ( 2227:21st Army Group 2221: 2218: 2195: 2135:Wallace Strobel 2094: 2092: 2086:forces 2 to 1. 2043:, commanded by 2039:to include the 1984:François Darlan 1934: 1918:James E. Chaney 1914:Army Air Forces 1910:Henry H. Arnold 1856: 1813:Philippine Army 1801: 1727:George Marshall 1704:Sereno E. Brett 1657: 1652: 1582: 1576: 1550:contract bridge 1525:Abraham Lincoln 1463:, Barbara Ann, 1445:John Eisenhower 1429:Fort Oglethorpe 1418:Valentine's Day 1410: 1404: 1259:Dwight L. Moody 1246: 1234:Lane University 1207: 1201: 1179:, particularly 1121:Joseph McCarthy 1117:Social Security 1068:. He supported 1050:Harry S. Truman 1046:New Look policy 1030:nuclear weapons 931:Abilene, Kansas 912:Operation Torch 872: 840: 836: 822: 821: 820: 819: 818: 816: 806: 799: 796: 783: 769:Legion of Merit 746: 745: 744: 709:Operation Queen 651:Operation Husky 620:Operation Torch 587: 564: 504: 460: 439: 427: 423: 403: 402:Other political 391:Political party 375: 371: 358: 352: 350: 349: 348: 321: 311: 306:Harry S. Truman 297: 292: 268: 256: 241:Harry S. Truman 232: 227: 213:Grayson L. Kirk 207: 195: 189: 184: 170:Matthew Ridgway 164: 154: 137:Harry S. Truman 128: 123: 109:John F. Kennedy 103: 97:Harry S. Truman 91: 77: 71: 66: 49: 37: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 26314: 26304: 26303: 26298: 26293: 26288: 26283: 26278: 26273: 26268: 26263: 26258: 26253: 26248: 26243: 26238: 26233: 26228: 26223: 26218: 26213: 26208: 26203: 26198: 26193: 26188: 26183: 26178: 26173: 26168: 26163: 26158: 26153: 26148: 26143: 26138: 26133: 26128: 26123: 26118: 26113: 26108: 26103: 26098: 26093: 26088: 26083: 26078: 26073: 26068: 26063: 26058: 26053: 26048: 26043: 26038: 26033: 26028: 26023: 26018: 26013: 26008: 26003: 25998: 25993: 25988: 25983: 25978: 25973: 25968: 25963: 25958: 25953: 25948: 25943: 25938: 25933: 25928: 25923: 25918: 25913: 25908: 25903: 25898: 25893: 25888: 25883: 25878: 25863: 25862: 25850: 25838: 25826: 25814: 25802: 25790: 25778: 25755: 25754: 25749: 25748: 25742: 25739: 25738: 25735: 25734: 25732: 25731: 25726: 25720: 25718: 25716:Senate Chamber 25712: 25711: 25709: 25708: 25703: 25694: 25692:Stevens (2019) 25689: 25684: 25676: 25671: 25669:Brennan (1997) 25666: 25658: 25653: 25644: 25642: 25634: 25633: 25631: 25630: 25618: 25610: 25602: 25594: 25582: 25574: 25565: 25563: 25554: 25552:Lain in repose 25548: 25547: 25544: 25543: 25541: 25540: 25535: 25530: 25525: 25520: 25515: 25509: 25507: 25498: 25492: 25491: 25488: 25487: 25485: 25484: 25475: 25473: 25467: 25466: 25464: 25463: 25457: 25455: 25449: 25448: 25446: 25445: 25439: 25437: 25431: 25430: 25428: 25427: 25422: 25413: 25407: 25405: 25399: 25398: 25396: 25395: 25390: 25385: 25380: 25368: 25363: 25358: 25346: 25334: 25329: 25320: 25315: 25307: 25302: 25300:Dirksen (1969) 25297: 25289: 25281: 25276: 25264: 25259: 25254: 25249: 25241: 25233: 25228: 25223: 25218: 25210: 25205: 25197: 25192: 25187: 25185:Stevens (1868) 25182: 25170: 25164: 25162: 25153: 25147: 25146: 25141: 25138: 25137: 25120: 25119: 25112: 25105: 25097: 25088: 25087: 25085: 25084: 25079: 25074: 25069: 25066: 25061: 25056: 25052: 25050: 25046: 25045: 25043: 25042: 25037: 25032: 25027: 25022: 25017: 25012: 25006: 25004: 25000: 24999: 24991: 24990: 24983: 24976: 24968: 24959: 24958: 24956: 24955: 24950: 24945: 24940: 24935: 24927: 24925: 24919: 24918: 24916: 24915: 24913:Manny Pacquiao 24910: 24904: 24902: 24898: 24897: 24895: 24894: 24889: 24887:Sotero Cabahug 24884: 24879: 24873: 24871: 24867: 24866: 24864: 24863: 24857: 24855: 24849: 24848: 24846: 24845: 24840: 24835: 24830: 24825: 24820: 24814: 24812: 24806: 24805: 24803: 24802: 24797: 24792: 24790:Lorenzo Tañada 24787: 24785:Achmad Sukarno 24782: 24777: 24772: 24767: 24762: 24757: 24752: 24747: 24742: 24740:José P. Laurel 24737: 24732: 24729: 24724: 24719: 24714: 24708: 24706: 24700: 24699: 24680: 24679: 24672: 24665: 24657: 24648: 24647: 24645: 24644: 24636: 24624: 24616: 24604: 24600:Greta Thunberg 24596: 24567: 24559: 24551: 24543: 24530:Ebola Fighters 24525: 24517: 24509: 24501: 24493: 24485: 24477: 24473:Vladimir Putin 24469: 24461: 24442: 24438:George W. Bush 24434: 24426: 24413:Cynthia Cooper 24407: 24398: 24396: 24392: 24391: 24389: 24388: 24384:George W. Bush 24380: 24372: 24360: 24352: 24344: 24336: 24328: 24319:Nelson Mandela 24315:F. W. de Klerk 24305: 24297: 24289: 24281: 24273: 24265: 24257: 24253:Corazon Aquino 24249: 24241: 24233: 24221: 24213: 24205: 24197: 24189: 24181: 24173: 24164: 24162: 24158: 24157: 24155: 24154: 24133:Barbara Jordan 24099: 24091: 24083: 24071: 24063: 24055: 24047: 24034:William Anders 24025: 24017: 24009: 24001: 23993: 23985: 23977: 23969: 23956:Charles Townes 23936:Edward Purcell 23912:Charles Draper 23902: 23894: 23886: 23878: 23870: 23866:Harlow Curtice 23862: 23854: 23846: 23838: 23829: 23827: 23823: 23822: 23820: 23819: 23811: 23803: 23795: 23787: 23779: 23771: 23763: 23755: 23747: 23739: 23731: 23723: 23715: 23711:Soong Mei-ling 23703: 23699:Wallis Simpson 23695: 23691:Haile Selassie 23687: 23679: 23671: 23663: 23655: 23647: 23639: 23631: 23622: 23620: 23616: 23615: 23605: 23604: 23597: 23590: 23582: 23573: 23572: 23570: 23569: 23561: 23556: 23548: 23545:Archie Manning 23540: 23532: 23523: 23511: 23503: 23495: 23487: 23475: 23467: 23464:Roger Staubach 23455: 23443: 23438: 23430: 23422: 23414: 23406: 23401: 23393: 23385: 23377: 23369: 23361: 23353: 23345: 23337: 23329: 23321: 23313: 23305: 23297: 23289: 23284: 23276: 23268: 23247:- All Honored 23240: 23237:Justin W. Dart 23232: 23224: 23216: 23208: 23200: 23195: 23187: 23179: 23171: 23163: 23155: 23147: 23139: 23134: 23126: 23118: 23115:Juan T. Trippe 23110: 23102: 23094: 23086: 23078: 23071:Herbert Hoover 23066: 23058: 23049: 23046: 23045: 23038: 23037: 23030: 23023: 23015: 23006: 23005: 23003: 23002: 22994: 22986: 22978: 22970: 22962: 22954: 22946: 22938: 22930: 22922: 22914: 22906: 22898: 22890: 22882: 22874: 22866: 22858: 22850: 22842: 22834: 22826: 22818: 22810: 22802: 22794: 22786: 22778: 22770: 22762: 22754: 22746: 22738: 22730: 22722: 22714: 22706: 22698: 22690: 22682: 22674: 22664: 22656: 22648: 22640: 22632: 22624: 22616: 22608: 22600: 22592: 22584: 22576: 22568: 22560: 22552: 22543: 22540: 22539: 22531: 22530: 22523: 22516: 22508: 22499: 22498: 22496: 22495: 22490: 22480: 22477: 22476: 22473: 22472: 22470: 22469: 22462: 22454: 22452: 22445: 22444: 22442: 22441: 22433: 22424: 22422: 22416: 22415: 22413: 22412: 22404: 22395: 22393: 22387: 22386: 22384: 22383: 22375: 22366: 22364: 22358: 22357: 22355: 22354: 22346: 22337: 22335: 22329: 22328: 22326: 22325: 22317: 22308: 22306: 22300: 22299: 22282: 22281: 22278: 22277: 22275: 22274: 22269: 22264: 22259: 22254: 22252:James C. Davis 22249: 22247:Happy Chandler 22244: 22242:John S. Battle 22235: 22234: 22231:Estes Kefauver 22226: 22217: 22215: 22211: 22210: 22208: 22207: 22202: 22196: 22190: 22184: 22183: 22180: 22179: 22177: 22176: 22168: 22159: 22157: 22153: 22152: 22150: 22149: 22144: 22138: 22132: 22126: 22125: 22108: 22107: 22100: 22093: 22085: 22076: 22075: 22073: 22072: 22067: 22057: 22054: 22053: 22050: 22049: 22047: 22046: 22039: 22032: 22024: 22022: 22015: 22014: 22012: 22011: 22003: 21994: 21992: 21986: 21985: 21983: 21982: 21974: 21965: 21963: 21957: 21956: 21954: 21953: 21944: 21942: 21936: 21935: 21933: 21932: 21929:Charlotta Bass 21924: 21915: 21913: 21907: 21906: 21904: 21903: 21895: 21886: 21884: 21878: 21877: 21860: 21859: 21856: 21855: 21853: 21852: 21847: 21845:Robert S. Kerr 21842: 21840:Estes Kefauver 21837: 21832: 21827: 21822: 21813: 21812: 21804: 21795: 21793: 21789: 21788: 21786: 21785: 21780: 21774: 21768: 21762: 21761: 21758: 21757: 21755: 21754: 21749: 21744: 21742:Harold Stassen 21739: 21734: 21725: 21724: 21716: 21707: 21705: 21701: 21700: 21698: 21697: 21692: 21686: 21680: 21674: 21673: 21656: 21655: 21648: 21641: 21633: 21624: 21623: 21616: 21615: 21609: 21603: 21597: 21591: 21585: 21579: 21573: 21567: 21561: 21555: 21549: 21543: 21537: 21531: 21525: 21519: 21513: 21507: 21501: 21495: 21489: 21483: 21477: 21471: 21465: 21458: 21455: 21454: 21445: 21444: 21437: 21430: 21422: 21413: 21412: 21409: 21408: 21406: 21405: 21399: 21392: 21390: 21384: 21383: 21381: 21380: 21374: 21371:Wilton Persons 21367: 21365: 21359: 21358: 21356: 21355: 21352:Wilton Persons 21349: 21342: 21340: 21334: 21333: 21331: 21330: 21327:John A. McCone 21323: 21321: 21315: 21314: 21312: 21311: 21304: 21302: 21296: 21295: 21293: 21292: 21286: 21279: 21277: 21271: 21270: 21268: 21267: 21261: 21254: 21252: 21246: 21245: 21243: 21242: 21239:Harold Stassen 21235: 21233: 21227: 21226: 21224: 21223: 21217: 21210: 21208: 21202: 21201: 21199: 21198: 21192: 21186: 21183:Rowland Hughes 21180: 21173: 21171: 21165: 21164: 21154: 21153: 21150: 21149: 21147: 21146: 21140: 21134: 21127: 21125: 21119: 21118: 21116: 21115: 21109: 21102: 21100: 21094: 21093: 21091: 21090: 21084: 21081:Sinclair Weeks 21077: 21075: 21069: 21068: 21066: 21065: 21058: 21056: 21050: 21049: 21047: 21046: 21043:Fred A. Seaton 21040: 21033: 21031: 21025: 21024: 21022: 21021: 21014: 21012: 21006: 21005: 21003: 21002: 20996: 20989: 20987: 20981: 20980: 20978: 20977: 20971: 20965: 20958: 20956: 20950: 20949: 20947: 20946: 20940: 20933: 20931: 20925: 20924: 20922: 20921: 20915: 20908: 20906: 20900: 20899: 20892: 20890: 20888: 20887: 20880: 20878: 20876:Vice President 20872: 20871: 20861: 20860: 20845: 20844: 20837: 20830: 20822: 20813: 20812: 20810: 20809: 20799: 20788: 20785: 20784: 20782: 20781: 20776: 20771: 20766: 20761: 20756: 20751: 20746: 20741: 20736: 20731: 20726: 20721: 20716: 20711: 20706: 20701: 20696: 20691: 20686: 20681: 20676: 20671: 20665: 20663: 20657: 20656: 20652: 20651: 20641: 20631: 20621: 20614:George W. Bush 20611: 20601: 20591: 20581: 20571: 20561: 20551: 20541: 20531: 20521: 20511: 20501: 20494:Herbert Hoover 20491: 20481: 20471: 20464:Woodrow Wilson 20461: 20451: 20441: 20431: 20421: 20411: 20401: 20391: 20381: 20371: 20361: 20354:Andrew Johnson 20351: 20341: 20334:James Buchanan 20331: 20321: 20311: 20304:Zachary Taylor 20301: 20291: 20281: 20271: 20261: 20254:Andrew Jackson 20251: 20241: 20231: 20221: 20211: 20201: 20190: 20189: 20188: 20186: 20183:Presidents and 20180: 20179: 20172: 20171: 20164: 20157: 20149: 20140: 20139: 20137: 20136: 20131: 20126: 20121: 20116: 20111: 20105: 20103: 20099: 20098: 20095: 20094: 20092: 20091: 20086: 20081: 20079:Liberty Caucus 20076: 20074:ConservAmerica 20071: 20066: 20061: 20056: 20050: 20048: 20042: 20041: 20039: 20038: 20033: 20028: 20023: 20018: 20013: 20008: 20003: 19998: 19993: 19992: 19991: 19980: 19978: 19972: 19971: 19969: 19968: 19963: 19958: 19953: 19948: 19942: 19940: 19934: 19933: 19931: 19930: 19929: 19928: 19923: 19918: 19913: 19911:Freedom Caucus 19903: 19902: 19901: 19891: 19890: 19889: 19884: 19871: 19869: 19862: 19854: 19853: 19850: 19849: 19847: 19846: 19844:Virgin Islands 19841: 19836: 19831: 19826: 19821: 19819:American Samoa 19815: 19813: 19809: 19808: 19806: 19805: 19800: 19795: 19790: 19785: 19780: 19775: 19770: 19765: 19760: 19755: 19753:South Carolina 19750: 19745: 19740: 19735: 19730: 19725: 19720: 19718:North Carolina 19715: 19710: 19705: 19700: 19695: 19690: 19685: 19680: 19675: 19670: 19665: 19660: 19655: 19650: 19645: 19640: 19635: 19630: 19625: 19620: 19615: 19610: 19605: 19600: 19595: 19590: 19585: 19580: 19575: 19570: 19565: 19560: 19554: 19552: 19545: 19534: 19533: 19530: 19529: 19527: 19526: 19521: 19516: 19511: 19506: 19501: 19496: 19491: 19486: 19480: 19478: 19474: 19473: 19471: 19470: 19465: 19460: 19455: 19450: 19445: 19436: 19431: 19426: 19421: 19416: 19411: 19406: 19401: 19396: 19391: 19386: 19377: 19372: 19367: 19362: 19357: 19352: 19347: 19342: 19337: 19332: 19327: 19322: 19317: 19312: 19307: 19302: 19297: 19292: 19287: 19282: 19277: 19272: 19267: 19262: 19257: 19252: 19247: 19242: 19237: 19232: 19227: 19222: 19217: 19212: 19207: 19202: 19197: 19192: 19187: 19182: 19177: 19172: 19167: 19162: 19157: 19152: 19147: 19142: 19137: 19132: 19127: 19122: 19117: 19111: 19109: 19102: 19096: 19095: 19093: 19092: 19086: 19080: 19074: 19068: 19062: 19056: 19050: 19044: 19038: 19032: 19026: 19020: 19014: 19008: 19002: 18996: 18990: 18984: 18978: 18972: 18966: 18960: 18954: 18948: 18942: 18936: 18930: 18924: 18918: 18911: 18909: 18887: 18886: 18884: 18883: 18877: 18871: 18865: 18859: 18853: 18847: 18841: 18835: 18829: 18823: 18817: 18811: 18805: 18799: 18793: 18787: 18781: 18775: 18769: 18763: 18757: 18751: 18745: 18739: 18733: 18727: 18721: 18715: 18708: 18706: 18690: 18689: 18687: 18686: 18680: 18674: 18668: 18662: 18656: 18650: 18644: 18638: 18632: 18626: 18620: 18614: 18608: 18602: 18596: 18590: 18584: 18578: 18572: 18565: 18563: 18553: 18552: 18550: 18549: 18546:2028 (Houston) 18542: 18541: 18540: 18522: 18521: 18520: 18502: 18501: 18500: 18482: 18481: 18480: 18462: 18461: 18460: 18442: 18441: 18440: 18422: 18421: 18420: 18402: 18401: 18400: 18382: 18381: 18380: 18365:1992 (Houston) 18362: 18361: 18360: 18342: 18341: 18340: 18322: 18321: 18320: 18305:1980 (Detroit) 18302: 18301: 18300: 18282: 18281: 18280: 18262: 18261: 18260: 18242: 18241: 18240: 18222: 18221: 18220: 18205:1960 (Chicago) 18202: 18201: 18200: 18182: 18181: 18180: 18165:1952 (Chicago) 18162: 18161: 18160: 18142: 18141: 18140: 18125:1944 (Chicago) 18122: 18121: 18120: 18102: 18101: 18100: 18082: 18081: 18080: 18065:1932 (Chicago) 18062: 18061: 18060: 18042: 18041: 18040: 18022: 18021: 18020: 18005:1920 (Chicago) 18002: 18001: 18000: 17985:1916 (Chicago) 17982: 17981: 17980: 17961:1912 (Chicago) 17958: 17948:1908 (Chicago) 17945: 17935:1904 (Chicago) 17932: 17919: 17906: 17893: 17883:1888 (Chicago) 17880: 17870:1884 (Chicago) 17867: 17857:1880 (Chicago) 17854: 17841: 17828: 17818:1868 (Chicago) 17815: 17802: 17792:1860 (Chicago) 17789: 17775: 17773: 17749: 17748: 17746: 17745: 17744: 17743: 17738: 17733: 17728: 17723: 17712: 17709: 17708: 17699: 17698: 17691: 17684: 17676: 17667: 17666: 17663: 17660: 17659: 17657: 17656: 17651: 17646: 17641: 17636: 17631: 17626: 17621: 17616: 17611: 17606: 17601: 17596: 17591: 17586: 17581: 17576: 17571: 17564: 17561: 17560: 17542: 17541: 17539: 17538: 17533: 17528: 17523: 17518: 17513: 17508: 17503: 17498: 17493: 17488: 17483: 17478: 17473: 17468: 17463: 17458: 17453: 17448: 17443: 17438: 17433: 17428: 17423: 17418: 17413: 17408: 17403: 17398: 17393: 17388: 17383: 17378: 17373: 17368: 17363: 17358: 17353: 17348: 17342: 17340: 17334: 17333: 17331: 17330: 17325: 17320: 17315: 17310: 17305: 17300: 17295: 17290: 17285: 17280: 17275: 17270: 17265: 17260: 17255: 17250: 17245: 17240: 17235: 17230: 17225: 17220: 17215: 17210: 17205: 17200: 17195: 17190: 17185: 17180: 17175: 17170: 17165: 17160: 17155: 17150: 17145: 17140: 17135: 17130: 17125: 17119: 17117: 17111: 17110: 17096: 17094: 17092: 17091: 17086: 17081: 17076: 17071: 17066: 17061: 17056: 17051: 17046: 17041: 17036: 17031: 17026: 17021: 17016: 17011: 17006: 17001: 16995: 16993: 16985: 16984: 16976: 16975: 16968: 16961: 16953: 16944: 16943: 16941: 16940: 16932: 16924: 16916: 16908: 16900: 16892: 16884: 16876: 16868: 16863: 16855: 16846: 16843: 16842: 16833: 16832: 16825: 16818: 16810: 16804: 16801: 16800: 16788: 16787: 16783: 16782: 16777: 16774: 16760: 16757:Herbert Hoover 16755: 16751: 16750: 16746: 16745: 16740: 16737: 16728: 16723: 16719: 16718: 16714: 16713: 16708: 16705: 16686: 16681: 16677: 16676: 16672: 16671: 16666: 16663: 16654: 16647: 16643: 16642: 16638: 16637: 16632: 16629: 16620: 16614: 16613: 16608: 16605: 16596: 16591: 16587: 16586: 16579: 16576: 16567: 16561: 16560: 16555: 16552: 16542: 16537: 16533: 16532: 16527: 16524: 16514: 16509: 16505: 16504: 16498: 16495: 16494: 16482: 16481: 16479: 16478: 16465: 16464: 16457: 16449: 16446: 16445: 16443: 16442: 16437: 16432: 16425: 16420: 16413: 16408: 16402: 16400: 16396: 16395: 16393: 16392: 16386: 16380: 16377:Roy Eisenhower 16374: 16368: 16362: 16356: 16350: 16344: 16338: 16332: 16326: 16320: 16313: 16311: 16305: 16304: 16302: 16301: 16293: 16285: 16277: 16269: 16261: 16256: 16250: 16248: 16242: 16241: 16239: 16238: 16233: 16228: 16223: 16218: 16213: 16208: 16203: 16198: 16193: 16188: 16183: 16182: 16181: 16171: 16166: 16161: 16156: 16151: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16135: 16134: 16124: 16119: 16113: 16111: 16107: 16106: 16104: 16103: 16098: 16093: 16088: 16083: 16078: 16073: 16068: 16062: 16060: 16056: 16055: 16053: 16052: 16043: 16041: 16037: 16036: 16033: 16032: 16030: 16029: 16023: 16018: 16013: 16007: 16006: 16005: 16000: 15989: 15983: 15977: 15971: 15965: 15960: 15959: 15958: 15953: 15943: 15937: 15931: 15925: 15924: 15923: 15918: 15908: 15902: 15896: 15895: 15894: 15889: 15879: 15874: 15873: 15872: 15862: 15857: 15852: 15851: 15850: 15845: 15835: 15829: 15823: 15817: 15811: 15804: 15802: 15798: 15797: 15795: 15794: 15788: 15787: 15786: 15775: 15770: 15764: 15758: 15757: 15756: 15754:Food for Peace 15746: 15745: 15744: 15739: 15729: 15728: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15707: 15697: 15691: 15686: 15685: 15684: 15673: 15667: 15665: 15663:Foreign policy 15656: 15655: 15650: 15645: 15640: 15639: 15638: 15626: 15625: 15624: 15614: 15609: 15608: 15607: 15602: 15597: 15592: 15587: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15541: 15539: 15527: 15526: 15524: 15523: 15518: 15517: 15516: 15511: 15501: 15496: 15491: 15486: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15466: 15461: 15456: 15451: 15445: 15443: 15435: 15434: 15432: 15431: 15423: 15415: 15407: 15395: 15392: 15391: 15384: 15383: 15376: 15369: 15361: 15355: 15354: 15345: 15336: 15327: 15311: 15302: 15296: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15258: 15257:External links 15255: 15253: 15252: 15245: 15239: 15232: 15223: 15214: 15204: 15190: 15181: 15178: 15177: 15176: 15170: 15157: 15151: 15135: 15122: 15116: 15096: 15090: 15075: 15072: 15071: 15070: 15063: 15057: 15039: 15033: 15015: 15001: 14999:978-0385523530 14988: 14974: 14960: 14953: 14947: 14934: 14928: 14915: 14901: 14894: 14877: 14875:978-0300181050 14863: 14856: 14842: 14836: 14827: 14822:978-0804758079 14821: 14805: 14799: 14773: 14770: 14769: 14768: 14763:978-0713412123 14762: 14742: 14736: 14718: 14694: 14689:978-0451414571 14688: 14673: 14668:978-0451232120 14667: 14650: 14643: 14637: 14622: 14613:Hatch, Alden. 14611: 14602:, Free Press. 14593: 14578: 14572: 14555: 14549: 14532: 14529: 14528: 14527: 14520: 14505: 14500:978-1400066933 14499: 14486: 14469: 14462: 14447: 14433: 14427: 14409: 14403: 14390: 14377: 14359: 14356: 14355: 14350:Main article: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14341: 14320: 14300: 14280: 14242: 14222: 14202: 14166: 14145: 14115: 14095: 14075: 14054: 14024: 13994: 13962: 13930: 13910: 13880: 13850: 13822: 13811:. July 5, 2008 13793: 13761: 13733: 13718: 13686: 13656: 13628: 13610: 13593: 13562: 13532: 13521: 13496: 13470: 13449: 13413: 13387: 13356: 13332: 13306: 13276: 13270:978-1511786744 13269: 13246: 13229:"Our Heritage" 13220: 13200:legisworks.org 13184: 13145: 13118: 13111: 13091: 13078: 13061: 13023: 12999: 12952: 12926: 12899:(3): 453–473. 12879: 12849: 12835: 12815: 12792: 12780: 12754: 12723: 12701:The Desert Sun 12687: 12669: 12651: 12625: 12596: 12579: 12549: 12516: 12486: 12457: 12451:978-0738559643 12450: 12430: 12410:Civil War Blog 12396: 12360: 12346:on May 3, 2006 12323: 12292: 12283: 12253: 12240: 12209: 12196: 12170: 12143: 12112: 12085: 12054: 12042: 12030: 12024:R.H. Ferrell, 12017: 11993: 11980: 11967: 11954:978-0316217279 11953: 11927: 11896: 11883: 11869: 11853: 11841: 11829: 11817: 11805: 11793: 11781: 11769: 11757: 11745: 11733: 11718: 11706: 11694: 11682: 11670: 11631: 11597: 11555: 11520: 11490: 11481: 11475:978-1416541509 11474: 11454: 11443:(2): 137–154. 11427: 11415: 11403: 11388: 11379: 11353: 11344: 11338:978-0415097475 11337: 11319: 11292: 11262: 11249: 11234:Lahav, Pnina. 11226: 11213: 11200: 11188: 11163: 11149: 11136: 11123: 11105: 11099:978-0231515337 11098: 11078: 11066: 11054: 11038: 11026: 11014: 11002: 10985: 10978: 10968:. Ithaca, NY: 10951: 10940:(2): 329–348. 10924: 10912: 10905: 10880: 10865: 10832: 10820: 10805: 10762: 10750: 10703: 10694: 10685: 10672: 10659: 10650: 10641: 10632: 10623: 10609: 10595: 10583: 10550: 10520: 10490: 10460: 10446: 10432: 10420: 10408: 10396: 10384: 10371:978-0679644293 10370: 10350: 10338: 10326: 10319: 10299: 10276: 10270:978-1623768300 10269: 10249: 10243:978-1439190913 10242: 10222: 10191: 10179: 10167: 10155: 10143: 10131: 10119: 10113:978-0226092546 10112: 10092: 10061: 10049: 10037: 10031:978-0226825724 10030: 10012: 10000: 9983: 9971: 9933: 9921: 9909: 9897: 9885: 9873: 9861: 9849: 9837: 9825: 9810: 9795: 9783: 9771: 9759: 9747: 9735: 9723: 9708: 9696: 9684: 9669: 9656: 9641: 9622: 9610: 9578: 9566: 9542: 9510: 9484: 9469: 9452: 9440: 9428: 9416: 9404: 9391: 9378: 9366: 9354: 9342: 9340:(2012) p. 451. 9329: 9317: 9305: 9292: 9280: 9268: 9256: 9244: 9232: 9220: 9214:978-1439175668 9213: 9189: 9177: 9165: 9153: 9141: 9139:, pp. 251–252. 9128: 9097: 9090: 9066: 9056: 9027: 9016: 8986: 8977: 8962: 8947: 8912: 8897: 8885: 8872: 8858: 8829: 8815: 8795: 8783: 8757: 8731: 8719: 8704: 8679: 8652: 8640: 8628: 8613: 8601: 8589: 8577: 8551: 8539: 8527: 8515: 8503: 8469: 8458:. June 3, 2019 8443: 8437:978-0679644293 8436: 8418: 8412:978-1845457211 8411: 8393: 8357: 8326: 8314: 8302: 8290: 8261: 8230: 8198: 8183: 8171: 8164: 8142: 8111: 8094:Sigma Beta Chi 8081: 8069: 8039: 8032: 8007: 7977: 7950: 7920: 7890: 7864: 7852: 7819: 7787: 7775: 7763: 7746: 7733: 7731:(Autumn 1998). 7729:Kansas History 7720: 7694: 7682: 7670: 7631: 7618: 7602: 7588: 7568: 7556: 7544: 7532: 7518: 7498: 7486: 7471: 7457: 7439: 7401: 7370: 7340: 7323:Kansas History 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7282: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7238: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7187: 7178: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7165: 7157: 7156: 7150: 7142: 7141: 7135: 7127: 7126: 7120: 7112: 7111: 7103: 7095: 7094: 7086: 7078: 7077: 7069: 7061: 7060: 7052: 7044: 7043: 7033: 7025: 7024: 7018: 7010: 7009: 7003: 6995: 6994: 6986: 6978: 6977: 6971: 6963: 6962: 6954: 6946: 6945: 6939: 6931: 6930: 6920: 6912: 6911: 6905: 6897: 6896: 6890: 6882: 6881: 6871: 6867: 6866: 6860: 6853: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6843: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6809:Doctor of Laws 6806: 6801: 6796: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6672: 6671: 6668: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6559: 6558: 6555: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6325:Doctor of Laws 6322: 6317: 6312: 6300: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6258: 6244: 6227: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6191: 6183: 6182: 6172: 6164: 6163: 6153: 6145: 6144: 6138: 6130: 6129: 6123: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6112: 6106:Order of Merit 6103: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6089: 6080: 6072: 6071: 6068:Order of Glory 6065: 6057: 6056: 6050: 6042: 6041: 6035: 6027: 6026: 6020: 6012: 6011: 6005: 5997: 5996: 5990: 5982: 5981: 5975: 5967: 5966: 5960: 5952: 5951: 5945: 5937: 5936: 5930: 5922: 5921: 5915: 5907: 5906: 5900: 5892: 5891: 5885: 5877: 5876: 5870: 5862: 5861: 5855: 5847: 5846: 5843: 5835: 5834: 5828: 5820: 5819: 5813: 5805: 5804: 5794: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5772: 5771: 5765: 5757: 5756: 5750: 5742: 5741: 5735: 5727: 5726: 5716: 5708: 5707: 5701: 5693: 5692: 5686: 5678: 5677: 5667: 5659: 5658: 5648: 5640: 5639: 5633: 5625: 5624: 5621:Military Medal 5618: 5610: 5609: 5603: 5595: 5594: 5588: 5580: 5579: 5569: 5561: 5560: 5550: 5542: 5541: 5535: 5527: 5526: 5520: 5512: 5511: 5505: 5497: 5496: 5493:Czechoslovakia 5486: 5478: 5477: 5471: 5463: 5462: 5456: 5448: 5447: 5444:Order of Merit 5441: 5433: 5432: 5429: 5421: 5420: 5417: 5409: 5408: 5402: 5394: 5393: 5392:, Grand Cross 5387: 5379: 5378: 5372: 5364: 5363: 5353: 5345: 5344: 5338: 5330: 5329: 5323: 5315: 5314: 5308: 5300: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5283: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5257: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5235: 5234: 5232:campaign stars 5225: 5211: 5204: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5164: 5163: 5158: 5150: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5115: 5114: 5105: 5091: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 4957:Buddha Records 4880:Main article: 4877: 4874: 4868:, through the 4840:Frank Gasparro 4838: 4837: 4828: 4827: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4757:Lyndon Johnson 4642: 4639: 4530: 4527: 4456: 4453: 4390:Secret Service 4379:two-term limit 4377:, which set a 4370: 4367: 4345:12, 1966, his 4339:gin-and-tonics 4251: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4243: 4228: 4225: 4220: 4219: 4216:Potter Stewart 4213: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4129:in the House. 4080:hydrogen bombs 4041: 4038: 4021:Lavender Scare 3901: 3898: 3786: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3683: 3680: 3626:Pact of Madrid 3624:Main article: 3621: 3618: 3583:In late 1954, 3535: 3534:Southeast Asia 3532: 3518:New York Times 3418: 3415: 3307: 3304: 3246:Southeast Asia 3191:major uprising 3163: 3155: 3117: 3116:Foreign policy 3114: 3089: 3086: 3044: 3034: 3023: 3018: 3017: 3016: 3007: 3006: 3005: 3000:Main article: 2997: 2994: 2965:speech to the 2948: 2945: 2845:Lucius D. Clay 2822:Main article: 2819: 2816: 2783:Main article: 2780: 2777: 2761:James Buchanan 2725: 2721: 2703:anti-communist 2669:Robert A. Taft 2638:Main article: 2635: 2632: 2544:Phi Beta Kappa 2538:university in 2489: 2486: 2458:Merlo J. Pusey 2453: 2450: 2413: 2410: 2406:fraternization 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2306:Czechoslovakia 2286:Army Air Force 2275:Marshal Zhukov 2216: 2194: 2191: 2152:Ernest J. King 2091: 2088: 2072:Italian leader 2021:Kasserine Pass 1972:in 200 years. 1933: 1930: 1880:Walter Krueger 1855: 1852: 1832:Jesus Villamor 1800: 1797: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1610:65th Engineers 1575: 1572: 1563:Ely Culbertson 1447:, was born in 1439:, who died of 1406:Main article: 1403: 1400: 1289:) sect of the 1283:River Brethren 1245: 1242: 1200: 1197: 1189:his presidency 1111:who continued 1038:nuclear attack 1000:, who opposed 998:Robert A. Taft 927:Denison, Texas 900:five-star rank 828: 827: 824: 823: 807: 797: 792: 791: 790: 789: 788: 785: 784: 782: 781: 771: 766: 761: 754: 752: 748: 747: 743: 742: 737: 736: 735: 730: 729: 728: 718: 713: 712: 711: 706: 696: 691: 690: 689: 684: 683: 682: 667: 666: 665: 664: 663: 653: 643: 642: 641: 640: 639: 629: 628: 627: 607: 602: 601: 600: 589: 588: 583: 582: 580: 576: 575: 570: 566: 565: 563: 562: 559: 555: 553: 549: 548: 543: 542:Branch/service 539: 538: 535: 531: 530: 526: 525: 522: 518: 517: 510: 506: 505: 503: 502: 499: 493: 491: 487: 486: 476: 472: 471: 466: 462: 461: 459: 458: 453: 447: 445: 441: 440: 425: 419: 418: 416: 412: 411: 405: 399: 398: 392: 388: 387: 382: 378: 377: 374:(aged 78) 370:March 28, 1969 368: 364: 363: 360:Denison, Texas 346: 344: 340: 339: 335: 334: 331: 330: 324: 318: 317: 314: 308: 307: 304: 300: 299: 289: 288: 277: 276: 271: 265: 264: 259: 253: 252: 247: 243: 242: 239: 235: 234: 224: 223: 216: 215: 210: 204: 203: 198: 192: 191: 181: 180: 173: 172: 167: 161: 160: 157: 151: 150: 145: 139: 138: 135: 131: 130: 120: 119: 112: 111: 106: 100: 99: 94: 88: 87: 82: 79:Vice President 74: 73: 63: 62: 55: 54: 51: 50: 47: 39: 38: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 26313: 26302: 26299: 26297: 26294: 26292: 26289: 26287: 26284: 26282: 26279: 26277: 26274: 26272: 26269: 26267: 26264: 26262: 26259: 26257: 26254: 26252: 26249: 26247: 26244: 26242: 26239: 26237: 26234: 26232: 26229: 26227: 26224: 26222: 26219: 26217: 26214: 26212: 26209: 26207: 26204: 26202: 26199: 26197: 26194: 26192: 26189: 26187: 26184: 26182: 26179: 26177: 26174: 26172: 26169: 26167: 26164: 26162: 26159: 26157: 26154: 26152: 26149: 26147: 26144: 26142: 26139: 26137: 26134: 26132: 26129: 26127: 26124: 26122: 26119: 26117: 26114: 26112: 26109: 26107: 26104: 26102: 26099: 26097: 26094: 26092: 26089: 26087: 26084: 26082: 26079: 26077: 26074: 26072: 26069: 26067: 26064: 26062: 26059: 26057: 26054: 26052: 26049: 26047: 26044: 26042: 26039: 26037: 26034: 26032: 26029: 26027: 26024: 26022: 26019: 26017: 26014: 26012: 26009: 26007: 26004: 26002: 25999: 25997: 25994: 25992: 25989: 25987: 25984: 25982: 25979: 25977: 25974: 25972: 25969: 25967: 25964: 25962: 25959: 25957: 25954: 25952: 25949: 25947: 25944: 25942: 25939: 25937: 25934: 25932: 25929: 25927: 25924: 25922: 25919: 25917: 25914: 25912: 25909: 25907: 25904: 25902: 25899: 25897: 25894: 25892: 25889: 25887: 25884: 25882: 25879: 25877: 25874: 25873: 25871: 25861: 25860:United States 25851: 25849: 25839: 25837: 25832: 25827: 25825: 25820: 25815: 25813: 25803: 25801: 25791: 25789: 25779: 25777: 25767: 25766: 25763: 25745: 25740: 25730: 25727: 25725: 25722: 25721: 25719: 25717: 25713: 25707: 25704: 25701: 25698: 25695: 25693: 25690: 25688: 25687:Scalia (2016) 25685: 25683: 25681: 25677: 25675: 25672: 25670: 25667: 25665: 25663: 25659: 25657: 25654: 25652: 25650: 25646: 25645: 25643: 25641: 25635: 25628: 25625: 25623: 25619: 25617: 25615: 25611: 25609: 25607: 25603: 25601: 25599: 25595: 25592: 25589: 25587: 25583: 25581: 25579: 25575: 25573: 25571: 25567: 25566: 25564: 25562: 25558: 25555: 25553: 25549: 25539: 25536: 25534: 25531: 25529: 25526: 25524: 25523:Graham (2018) 25521: 25519: 25516: 25514: 25511: 25510: 25508: 25506: 25502: 25499: 25497: 25496:Lain in honor 25493: 25483: 25481: 25477: 25476: 25474: 25472: 25468: 25462: 25459: 25458: 25456: 25454: 25450: 25444: 25443:Hooper (1875) 25441: 25440: 25438: 25436: 25435:House Chamber 25432: 25426: 25423: 25420: 25417: 25414: 25412: 25409: 25408: 25406: 25404: 25400: 25394: 25391: 25389: 25386: 25384: 25381: 25378: 25375: 25373: 25369: 25367: 25366:McCain (2018) 25364: 25362: 25361:Inouye (2012) 25359: 25356: 25353: 25351: 25347: 25344: 25341: 25339: 25335: 25333: 25332:Pepper (1989) 25330: 25328: 25324: 25321: 25319: 25316: 25314: 25312: 25308: 25306: 25303: 25301: 25298: 25296: 25294: 25290: 25288: 25286: 25282: 25280: 25277: 25274: 25271: 25269: 25265: 25263: 25260: 25258: 25255: 25253: 25250: 25248: 25246: 25242: 25240: 25238: 25234: 25232: 25229: 25227: 25224: 25222: 25219: 25217: 25215: 25211: 25209: 25206: 25204: 25202: 25198: 25196: 25195:Wilson (1875) 25193: 25191: 25190:Sumner (1874) 25188: 25186: 25183: 25180: 25177: 25175: 25171: 25169: 25166: 25165: 25163: 25161: 25157: 25154: 25152: 25151:Lain in state 25148: 25144: 25139: 25134: 25130: 25126: 25125:lain in state 25118: 25113: 25111: 25106: 25104: 25099: 25098: 25095: 25083: 25080: 25078: 25075: 25073: 25072:Jerril Santos 25070: 25067: 25065: 25062: 25060: 25059:Daniel Inouye 25057: 25054: 25053: 25051: 25047: 25041: 25038: 25036: 25033: 25031: 25028: 25026: 25025:Chuan Leekpai 25023: 25021: 25018: 25016: 25013: 25011: 25010:Juan Carlos I 25008: 25007: 25005: 25001: 24996: 24989: 24984: 24982: 24977: 24975: 24970: 24969: 24966: 24954: 24951: 24949: 24946: 24944: 24941: 24939: 24936: 24934: 24933: 24932:Escuadrón 201 24929: 24928: 24926: 24924:(Lehiyonaryo) 24920: 24914: 24911: 24909: 24906: 24905: 24903: 24899: 24893: 24890: 24888: 24885: 24883: 24882:Eulogio Balao 24880: 24878: 24875: 24874: 24872: 24868: 24862: 24859: 24858: 24856: 24852:Grand Officer 24850: 24844: 24841: 24839: 24836: 24834: 24831: 24829: 24826: 24824: 24821: 24819: 24816: 24815: 24813: 24807: 24801: 24798: 24796: 24793: 24791: 24788: 24786: 24783: 24781: 24778: 24776: 24773: 24771: 24768: 24766: 24765:Jesse Robredo 24763: 24761: 24760:Sergio Osmeña 24758: 24756: 24755:Imelda Marcos 24753: 24751: 24748: 24746: 24743: 24741: 24738: 24736: 24733: 24730: 24728: 24725: 24723: 24720: 24718: 24715: 24713: 24710: 24709: 24707: 24701: 24696: 24691: 24686: 24678: 24673: 24671: 24666: 24664: 24659: 24658: 24655: 24641: 24637: 24633: 24629: 24625: 24621: 24617: 24613: 24612:Kamala Harris 24609: 24605: 24601: 24597: 24592: 24591: 24586: 24582: 24578: 24574: 24568: 24564: 24560: 24556: 24552: 24548: 24547:Angela Merkel 24544: 24539: 24538:Salome Karwah 24535: 24531: 24526: 24522: 24518: 24514: 24510: 24506: 24505:The Protester 24502: 24498: 24494: 24490: 24486: 24482: 24478: 24474: 24470: 24466: 24462: 24457: 24456:Melinda Gates 24453: 24449: 24443: 24439: 24435: 24431: 24427: 24422: 24418: 24417:Coleen Rowley 24414: 24408: 24404: 24400: 24399: 24397: 24393: 24385: 24381: 24377: 24373: 24369: 24365: 24361: 24357: 24353: 24349: 24345: 24341: 24340:Newt Gingrich 24337: 24333: 24329: 24324: 24323:Yitzhak Rabin 24320: 24316: 24312: 24311:Yasser Arafat 24306: 24302: 24298: 24294: 24290: 24286: 24282: 24278: 24274: 24270: 24266: 24262: 24258: 24254: 24250: 24246: 24245:Deng Xiaoping 24242: 24238: 24234: 24230: 24229:Yuri Andropov 24226: 24225:Ronald Reagan 24222: 24218: 24214: 24210: 24206: 24202: 24201:Ronald Reagan 24198: 24194: 24190: 24186: 24185:Deng Xiaoping 24182: 24178: 24174: 24170: 24166: 24165: 24163: 24159: 24150: 24146: 24142: 24138: 24134: 24130: 24126: 24122: 24118: 24114: 24110: 24106: 24100: 24096: 24092: 24088: 24084: 24080: 24079:Richard Nixon 24076: 24072: 24068: 24067:Richard Nixon 24064: 24060: 24056: 24052: 24048: 24043: 24039: 24035: 24031: 24026: 24022: 24018: 24014: 24010: 24006: 24002: 23998: 23994: 23990: 23986: 23982: 23978: 23974: 23970: 23965: 23961: 23957: 23953: 23952:Edward Teller 23949: 23945: 23941: 23937: 23933: 23932:Linus Pauling 23929: 23928:Willard Libby 23925: 23921: 23917: 23913: 23909: 23908:George Beadle 23903: 23899: 23895: 23891: 23887: 23883: 23879: 23875: 23871: 23867: 23863: 23859: 23855: 23851: 23847: 23843: 23842:Elizabeth II 23839: 23835: 23831: 23830: 23828: 23824: 23816: 23812: 23808: 23804: 23800: 23796: 23792: 23788: 23784: 23780: 23776: 23772: 23768: 23764: 23760: 23756: 23752: 23751:Joseph Stalin 23748: 23744: 23740: 23736: 23732: 23728: 23727:Joseph Stalin 23724: 23720: 23716: 23712: 23708: 23704: 23700: 23696: 23692: 23688: 23684: 23680: 23676: 23672: 23668: 23664: 23660: 23656: 23652: 23648: 23644: 23643:Owen D. Young 23640: 23636: 23632: 23628: 23624: 23623: 23621: 23617: 23613: 23611: 23603: 23598: 23596: 23591: 23589: 23584: 23583: 23580: 23567: 23562: 23557: 23554: 23549: 23546: 23541: 23538: 23533: 23529: 23524: 23521: 23520:Roger Goodell 23517: 23512: 23509: 23504: 23501: 23496: 23493: 23488: 23485: 23484:Bill Bowerman 23481: 23476: 23473: 23468: 23465: 23461: 23456: 23453: 23449: 23444: 23439: 23436: 23431: 23428: 23423: 23420: 23415: 23412: 23407: 23402: 23399: 23398:Keith Jackson 23394: 23391: 23386: 23383: 23378: 23375: 23374:Gene Corrigan 23370: 23367: 23366:Harold Alfond 23362: 23359: 23354: 23351: 23346: 23343: 23338: 23335: 23330: 23327: 23322: 23319: 23314: 23311: 23306: 23303: 23298: 23295: 23290: 23285: 23282: 23277: 23274: 23269: 23266: 23262: 23258: 23254: 23250: 23246: 23241: 23238: 23233: 23230: 23225: 23222: 23217: 23214: 23209: 23206: 23201: 23196: 23193: 23192:David Packard 23188: 23185: 23180: 23177: 23172: 23169: 23164: 23161: 23160:Ronald Reagan 23156: 23153: 23148: 23145: 23144:Richard Nixon 23140: 23135: 23132: 23127: 23124: 23119: 23116: 23111: 23108: 23103: 23100: 23095: 23092: 23087: 23084: 23079: 23076: 23072: 23067: 23064: 23059: 23056: 23051: 23050: 23047: 23043: 23036: 23031: 23029: 23024: 23022: 23017: 23016: 23013: 23000: 22995: 22992: 22987: 22984: 22979: 22976: 22971: 22968: 22963: 22960: 22955: 22952: 22947: 22944: 22939: 22936: 22931: 22928: 22923: 22920: 22915: 22912: 22907: 22904: 22899: 22896: 22891: 22888: 22883: 22880: 22875: 22872: 22867: 22864: 22859: 22856: 22851: 22848: 22843: 22840: 22835: 22832: 22827: 22824: 22819: 22816: 22811: 22808: 22803: 22800: 22795: 22792: 22787: 22784: 22779: 22776: 22771: 22768: 22763: 22760: 22755: 22752: 22747: 22744: 22739: 22736: 22731: 22728: 22723: 22720: 22719:Not presented 22715: 22712: 22707: 22704: 22699: 22696: 22691: 22688: 22683: 22680: 22675: 22672: 22671: 22665: 22662: 22657: 22654: 22649: 22646: 22641: 22638: 22633: 22630: 22625: 22622: 22617: 22614: 22609: 22606: 22601: 22598: 22593: 22590: 22585: 22582: 22577: 22574: 22569: 22566: 22561: 22558: 22553: 22550: 22545: 22544: 22541: 22536: 22529: 22524: 22522: 22517: 22515: 22510: 22509: 22506: 22494: 22491: 22489: 22485: 22482: 22481: 22478: 22468: 22467: 22463: 22461: 22460: 22456: 22455: 22453: 22450: 22446: 22440: 22439: 22434: 22432: 22431: 22430:Farrell Dobbs 22426: 22425: 22423: 22421: 22417: 22411: 22410: 22405: 22403: 22402: 22397: 22396: 22394: 22392: 22388: 22382: 22381: 22376: 22374: 22373: 22368: 22367: 22365: 22363: 22359: 22353: 22352: 22347: 22345: 22344: 22339: 22338: 22336: 22334: 22330: 22324: 22323: 22318: 22316: 22315: 22310: 22309: 22307: 22305: 22301: 22296: 22292: 22287: 22283: 22273: 22270: 22268: 22267:Frank Lausche 22265: 22263: 22260: 22258: 22255: 22253: 22250: 22248: 22245: 22243: 22240: 22237: 22236: 22233: 22232: 22227: 22225: 22224: 22219: 22218: 22216: 22212: 22206: 22203: 22201: 22198: 22197: 22194: 22191: 22189: 22185: 22175: 22174: 22173:Richard Nixon 22169: 22167: 22166: 22161: 22160: 22158: 22154: 22148: 22145: 22143: 22140: 22139: 22136: 22133: 22131: 22127: 22122: 22118: 22114: 22106: 22101: 22099: 22094: 22092: 22087: 22086: 22083: 22071: 22068: 22066: 22062: 22059: 22058: 22055: 22045: 22044: 22040: 22038: 22037: 22033: 22031: 22030: 22026: 22025: 22023: 22020: 22016: 22010: 22009: 22004: 22002: 22001: 22000:Farrell Dobbs 21996: 21995: 21993: 21991: 21987: 21981: 21980: 21975: 21973: 21972: 21967: 21966: 21964: 21962: 21958: 21952: 21951: 21946: 21945: 21943: 21941: 21937: 21931: 21930: 21925: 21923: 21922: 21917: 21916: 21914: 21912: 21908: 21902: 21901: 21896: 21894: 21893: 21888: 21887: 21885: 21883: 21879: 21874: 21870: 21865: 21861: 21851: 21848: 21846: 21843: 21841: 21838: 21836: 21833: 21831: 21828: 21826: 21825:Paul A. Dever 21823: 21821: 21818: 21815: 21814: 21811: 21810: 21809:John Sparkman 21805: 21803: 21802: 21797: 21796: 21794: 21790: 21784: 21781: 21779: 21776: 21775: 21772: 21769: 21767: 21763: 21753: 21750: 21748: 21745: 21743: 21740: 21738: 21735: 21733: 21730: 21727: 21726: 21723: 21722: 21721:Richard Nixon 21717: 21715: 21714: 21709: 21708: 21706: 21702: 21696: 21693: 21691: 21688: 21687: 21684: 21681: 21679: 21675: 21670: 21666: 21662: 21654: 21649: 21647: 21642: 21640: 21635: 21634: 21631: 21621: 21620: 21613: 21610: 21607: 21604: 21601: 21598: 21595: 21592: 21589: 21586: 21583: 21580: 21577: 21574: 21571: 21568: 21565: 21562: 21559: 21556: 21553: 21550: 21547: 21544: 21541: 21538: 21535: 21532: 21529: 21526: 21523: 21520: 21517: 21514: 21511: 21508: 21505: 21502: 21499: 21496: 21493: 21490: 21487: 21484: 21481: 21478: 21475: 21472: 21469: 21466: 21463: 21460: 21459: 21456: 21452: 21443: 21438: 21436: 21431: 21429: 21424: 21423: 21420: 21403: 21400: 21397: 21394: 21393: 21391: 21389: 21385: 21378: 21375: 21372: 21369: 21368: 21366: 21364: 21360: 21353: 21350: 21347: 21346:Sherman Adams 21344: 21343: 21341: 21339: 21335: 21328: 21325: 21324: 21322: 21320: 21316: 21309: 21306: 21305: 21303: 21301: 21297: 21290: 21287: 21284: 21281: 21280: 21278: 21276: 21272: 21265: 21262: 21259: 21256: 21255: 21253: 21251: 21247: 21240: 21237: 21236: 21234: 21232: 21228: 21221: 21218: 21215: 21212: 21211: 21209: 21207: 21203: 21196: 21195:Maurice Stans 21193: 21190: 21187: 21184: 21181: 21178: 21175: 21174: 21172: 21170: 21166: 21162:Cabinet-level 21159: 21155: 21144: 21141: 21138: 21135: 21132: 21129: 21128: 21126: 21124: 21120: 21113: 21110: 21107: 21104: 21103: 21101: 21099: 21095: 21088: 21085: 21082: 21079: 21078: 21076: 21074: 21070: 21063: 21060: 21059: 21057: 21055: 21051: 21044: 21041: 21038: 21037:Douglas McKay 21035: 21034: 21032: 21030: 21026: 21019: 21016: 21015: 21013: 21011: 21007: 21000: 20997: 20994: 20991: 20990: 20988: 20986: 20982: 20975: 20972: 20969: 20966: 20963: 20960: 20959: 20957: 20955: 20951: 20944: 20941: 20938: 20935: 20934: 20932: 20930: 20926: 20919: 20916: 20913: 20910: 20909: 20907: 20905: 20901: 20885: 20884:Richard Nixon 20882: 20881: 20879: 20877: 20873: 20866: 20862: 20857: 20854: 20850: 20843: 20838: 20836: 20831: 20829: 20824: 20823: 20820: 20808: 20800: 20798: 20790: 20789: 20786: 20780: 20777: 20775: 20772: 20770: 20767: 20765: 20762: 20760: 20757: 20755: 20754:G. H. W. Bush 20752: 20750: 20747: 20745: 20742: 20740: 20737: 20735: 20732: 20730: 20729:L. B. Johnson 20727: 20725: 20722: 20720: 20717: 20715: 20712: 20710: 20707: 20705: 20702: 20700: 20697: 20695: 20692: 20690: 20687: 20685: 20682: 20680: 20677: 20675: 20672: 20670: 20667: 20666: 20664: 20658: 20649: 20645: 20642: 20639: 20635: 20632: 20629: 20625: 20622: 20619: 20615: 20612: 20609: 20605: 20602: 20599: 20595: 20592: 20589: 20585: 20584:Ronald Reagan 20582: 20579: 20575: 20572: 20569: 20565: 20562: 20559: 20555: 20554:Richard Nixon 20552: 20549: 20545: 20542: 20539: 20535: 20532: 20529: 20525: 20522: 20519: 20515: 20512: 20509: 20505: 20502: 20499: 20495: 20492: 20489: 20485: 20482: 20479: 20475: 20472: 20469: 20465: 20462: 20459: 20455: 20452: 20449: 20445: 20442: 20439: 20435: 20432: 20429: 20425: 20422: 20419: 20415: 20412: 20409: 20405: 20402: 20399: 20395: 20392: 20389: 20385: 20382: 20379: 20375: 20372: 20369: 20365: 20362: 20359: 20355: 20352: 20349: 20345: 20342: 20339: 20335: 20332: 20329: 20325: 20322: 20319: 20315: 20312: 20309: 20305: 20302: 20299: 20295: 20294:James K. Polk 20292: 20289: 20285: 20282: 20279: 20275: 20272: 20269: 20265: 20262: 20259: 20255: 20252: 20249: 20245: 20242: 20239: 20235: 20232: 20229: 20225: 20224:James Madison 20222: 20219: 20215: 20212: 20209: 20205: 20202: 20199: 20195: 20192: 20191: 20187: 20181: 20177: 20170: 20165: 20163: 20158: 20156: 20151: 20150: 20147: 20135: 20132: 20130: 20127: 20125: 20122: 20120: 20117: 20115: 20112: 20110: 20107: 20106: 20104: 20100: 20090: 20089:The Wish List 20087: 20085: 20084:Ripon Society 20082: 20080: 20077: 20075: 20072: 20070: 20067: 20065: 20062: 20060: 20057: 20055: 20052: 20051: 20049: 20043: 20037: 20034: 20032: 20029: 20027: 20024: 20022: 20019: 20017: 20014: 20012: 20009: 20007: 20004: 20002: 19999: 19997: 19994: 19990: 19987: 19986: 19985: 19982: 19981: 19979: 19973: 19967: 19964: 19962: 19959: 19957: 19954: 19952: 19949: 19947: 19944: 19943: 19941: 19935: 19927: 19924: 19922: 19919: 19917: 19914: 19912: 19909: 19908: 19907: 19904: 19900: 19897: 19896: 19895: 19892: 19888: 19885: 19883: 19882: 19878: 19877: 19876: 19873: 19872: 19870: 19866: 19863: 19861: 19860:organizations 19855: 19845: 19842: 19840: 19837: 19835: 19832: 19830: 19827: 19825: 19822: 19820: 19817: 19816: 19814: 19810: 19804: 19801: 19799: 19796: 19794: 19793:West Virginia 19791: 19789: 19786: 19784: 19781: 19779: 19776: 19774: 19771: 19769: 19766: 19764: 19761: 19759: 19756: 19754: 19751: 19749: 19746: 19744: 19741: 19739: 19736: 19734: 19731: 19729: 19726: 19724: 19721: 19719: 19716: 19714: 19711: 19709: 19706: 19704: 19701: 19699: 19698:New Hampshire 19696: 19694: 19691: 19689: 19686: 19684: 19681: 19679: 19676: 19674: 19671: 19669: 19666: 19664: 19661: 19659: 19658:Massachusetts 19656: 19654: 19651: 19649: 19646: 19644: 19641: 19639: 19636: 19634: 19631: 19629: 19626: 19624: 19621: 19619: 19616: 19614: 19611: 19609: 19606: 19604: 19601: 19599: 19596: 19594: 19591: 19589: 19586: 19584: 19581: 19579: 19576: 19574: 19571: 19569: 19566: 19564: 19561: 19559: 19556: 19555: 19553: 19549: 19546: 19539: 19535: 19525: 19522: 19520: 19517: 19515: 19512: 19510: 19507: 19505: 19502: 19500: 19497: 19495: 19492: 19490: 19487: 19485: 19482: 19481: 19479: 19475: 19469: 19466: 19464: 19461: 19459: 19456: 19454: 19451: 19449: 19446: 19444: 19440: 19437: 19435: 19432: 19430: 19427: 19425: 19422: 19420: 19417: 19415: 19412: 19410: 19407: 19405: 19402: 19400: 19397: 19395: 19392: 19390: 19387: 19385: 19381: 19378: 19376: 19373: 19371: 19368: 19366: 19363: 19361: 19358: 19356: 19353: 19351: 19348: 19346: 19343: 19341: 19338: 19336: 19333: 19331: 19328: 19326: 19323: 19321: 19318: 19316: 19313: 19311: 19308: 19306: 19303: 19301: 19298: 19296: 19293: 19291: 19288: 19286: 19283: 19281: 19278: 19276: 19273: 19271: 19268: 19266: 19263: 19261: 19258: 19256: 19253: 19251: 19248: 19246: 19243: 19241: 19238: 19236: 19233: 19231: 19228: 19226: 19223: 19221: 19218: 19216: 19213: 19211: 19208: 19206: 19203: 19201: 19198: 19196: 19193: 19191: 19188: 19186: 19183: 19181: 19178: 19176: 19173: 19171: 19168: 19166: 19163: 19161: 19158: 19156: 19153: 19151: 19148: 19146: 19143: 19141: 19138: 19136: 19133: 19131: 19128: 19126: 19123: 19121: 19118: 19116: 19113: 19112: 19110: 19106: 19103: 19101: 19097: 19090: 19087: 19084: 19081: 19078: 19075: 19072: 19069: 19066: 19063: 19060: 19057: 19054: 19051: 19048: 19045: 19042: 19039: 19036: 19033: 19030: 19027: 19024: 19021: 19018: 19015: 19012: 19009: 19006: 19003: 19000: 18997: 18994: 18991: 18988: 18985: 18982: 18979: 18976: 18973: 18970: 18967: 18964: 18961: 18958: 18955: 18952: 18949: 18946: 18943: 18940: 18937: 18934: 18931: 18928: 18925: 18922: 18919: 18916: 18913: 18912: 18910: 18908: 18899: 18894: 18888: 18881: 18878: 18875: 18872: 18869: 18866: 18863: 18860: 18857: 18854: 18851: 18848: 18845: 18842: 18839: 18836: 18833: 18830: 18827: 18824: 18821: 18818: 18815: 18812: 18809: 18806: 18803: 18800: 18797: 18794: 18791: 18788: 18785: 18782: 18779: 18776: 18773: 18770: 18767: 18764: 18761: 18758: 18755: 18752: 18749: 18746: 18743: 18740: 18737: 18734: 18731: 18728: 18725: 18722: 18719: 18716: 18713: 18710: 18709: 18707: 18705: 18697: 18691: 18684: 18681: 18678: 18675: 18672: 18671:G. H. W. Bush 18669: 18666: 18663: 18660: 18657: 18654: 18651: 18648: 18645: 18642: 18639: 18636: 18633: 18630: 18627: 18624: 18621: 18618: 18615: 18612: 18609: 18606: 18603: 18600: 18597: 18594: 18591: 18588: 18585: 18582: 18579: 18576: 18573: 18570: 18567: 18566: 18564: 18562: 18558: 18554: 18548: 18547: 18543: 18539: 18536: 18535: 18534: 18530: 18526: 18523: 18519: 18516: 18515: 18514: 18510: 18506: 18503: 18499: 18496: 18495: 18494: 18490: 18486: 18483: 18479: 18476: 18475: 18474: 18470: 18466: 18463: 18459: 18456: 18455: 18454: 18450: 18446: 18443: 18439: 18436: 18435: 18434: 18430: 18426: 18423: 18419: 18416: 18415: 18414: 18410: 18406: 18403: 18399: 18396: 18395: 18394: 18390: 18386: 18383: 18379: 18376: 18375: 18374: 18370: 18369:G. H. W. Bush 18366: 18363: 18359: 18356: 18355: 18354: 18350: 18349:G. H. W. Bush 18346: 18343: 18339: 18336: 18335: 18334: 18333:G. H. W. Bush 18330: 18326: 18325:1984 (Dallas) 18323: 18319: 18316: 18315: 18314: 18313:G. H. W. Bush 18310: 18306: 18303: 18299: 18296: 18295: 18294: 18290: 18286: 18283: 18279: 18276: 18275: 18274: 18270: 18266: 18263: 18259: 18256: 18255: 18254: 18250: 18246: 18243: 18239: 18236: 18235: 18234: 18230: 18226: 18223: 18219: 18216: 18215: 18214: 18210: 18206: 18203: 18199: 18196: 18195: 18194: 18190: 18186: 18183: 18179: 18176: 18175: 18174: 18170: 18166: 18163: 18159: 18156: 18155: 18154: 18150: 18146: 18143: 18139: 18136: 18135: 18134: 18130: 18126: 18123: 18119: 18116: 18115: 18114: 18110: 18106: 18103: 18099: 18096: 18095: 18094: 18090: 18086: 18083: 18079: 18076: 18075: 18074: 18070: 18066: 18063: 18059: 18056: 18055: 18054: 18050: 18046: 18043: 18039: 18036: 18035: 18034: 18030: 18026: 18023: 18019: 18016: 18015: 18014: 18010: 18006: 18003: 17999: 17996: 17995: 17994: 17990: 17986: 17983: 17979: 17976: 17975: 17974: 17970: 17966: 17962: 17959: 17957: 17953: 17949: 17946: 17944: 17940: 17936: 17933: 17931: 17927: 17923: 17920: 17918: 17914: 17910: 17907: 17905: 17901: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17888: 17884: 17881: 17879: 17875: 17871: 17868: 17866: 17862: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17849: 17845: 17842: 17840: 17836: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17823: 17819: 17816: 17814: 17810: 17806: 17803: 17801: 17797: 17793: 17790: 17788: 17784: 17780: 17777: 17776: 17774: 17772: 17763: 17756: 17750: 17742: 17739: 17737: 17734: 17732: 17729: 17727: 17724: 17722: 17719: 17718: 17717: 17714: 17713: 17710: 17706: 17697: 17692: 17690: 17685: 17683: 17678: 17677: 17674: 17661: 17655: 17652: 17650: 17647: 17645: 17642: 17640: 17637: 17635: 17632: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17620: 17617: 17615: 17614:Shalikashvili 17612: 17610: 17607: 17605: 17602: 17600: 17597: 17595: 17592: 17590: 17587: 17585: 17582: 17580: 17577: 17575: 17572: 17569: 17566: 17565: 17562: 17558: 17554: 17549: 17537: 17534: 17532: 17529: 17527: 17524: 17522: 17519: 17517: 17514: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17497: 17494: 17492: 17489: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17474: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17462: 17459: 17457: 17454: 17452: 17449: 17447: 17444: 17442: 17439: 17437: 17434: 17432: 17429: 17427: 17424: 17422: 17419: 17417: 17414: 17412: 17409: 17407: 17404: 17402: 17399: 17397: 17394: 17392: 17389: 17387: 17384: 17382: 17379: 17377: 17374: 17372: 17369: 17367: 17364: 17362: 17359: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17347: 17344: 17343: 17341: 17339: 17335: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17321: 17319: 17316: 17314: 17311: 17309: 17306: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17294: 17291: 17289: 17286: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17274: 17271: 17269: 17266: 17264: 17261: 17259: 17256: 17254: 17251: 17249: 17246: 17244: 17241: 17239: 17236: 17234: 17231: 17229: 17226: 17224: 17221: 17219: 17216: 17214: 17211: 17209: 17206: 17204: 17201: 17199: 17196: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17184: 17181: 17179: 17176: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17154: 17151: 17149: 17146: 17144: 17141: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17131: 17129: 17126: 17124: 17121: 17120: 17118: 17116: 17112: 17107: 17100: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17057: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17040: 17037: 17035: 17032: 17030: 17027: 17025: 17022: 17020: 17017: 17015: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17005: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16996: 16994: 16992: 16986: 16982: 16974: 16969: 16967: 16962: 16960: 16955: 16954: 16951: 16937: 16936:Lloyd Russell 16933: 16929: 16925: 16921: 16920:Frank Bridges 16917: 16913: 16909: 16905: 16901: 16897: 16896:Jim Hendricks 16893: 16889: 16885: 16881: 16880:Tom O'Donnell 16877: 16873: 16869: 16864: 16860: 16856: 16852: 16848: 16847: 16844: 16840: 16831: 16826: 16824: 16819: 16817: 16812: 16811: 16808: 16802: 16795: 16780: 16771: 16770: 16766: 16758: 16752: 16747: 16743: 16734: 16733: 16726: 16720: 16715: 16711: 16710:Richard Nixon 16704: 16700: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16684: 16678: 16673: 16669: 16660: 16659: 16650: 16644: 16639: 16635: 16626: 16625: 16619: 16615: 16611: 16602: 16601: 16594: 16588: 16582: 16573: 16572: 16566: 16562: 16558: 16549: 16548: 16540: 16534: 16530: 16521: 16520: 16512: 16506: 16501: 16496: 16489: 16477: 16476: 16467: 16466: 16463: 16462: 16458: 16456: 16455: 16451: 16450: 16447: 16441: 16440:Kay Summersby 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16430: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16418: 16414: 16412: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16403: 16401: 16397: 16390: 16387: 16384: 16381: 16378: 16375: 16372: 16369: 16366: 16363: 16360: 16357: 16354: 16351: 16348: 16345: 16342: 16339: 16336: 16333: 16330: 16327: 16324: 16321: 16318: 16315: 16314: 16312: 16310: 16306: 16300: 16298: 16294: 16292: 16290: 16286: 16284: 16282: 16278: 16276: 16274: 16270: 16268: 16266: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16251: 16249: 16243: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16227: 16224: 16222: 16219: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16187: 16184: 16180: 16179:commemorative 16177: 16176: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16133: 16130: 16129: 16128: 16125: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16114: 16112: 16108: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16092: 16089: 16087: 16084: 16082: 16079: 16077: 16074: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16063: 16061: 16057: 16051: 16049: 16045: 16044: 16042: 16038: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16011: 16008: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15995: 15994: 15993: 15990: 15987: 15984: 15981: 15978: 15975: 15972: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15957: 15954: 15952: 15949: 15948: 15947: 15944: 15941: 15938: 15935: 15932: 15929: 15926: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15913: 15912: 15909: 15906: 15903: 15900: 15897: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15887:Soil Bank Act 15885: 15884: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15871: 15868: 15867: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15853: 15849: 15846: 15844: 15841: 15840: 15839: 15836: 15833: 15830: 15827: 15824: 15821: 15818: 15815: 15812: 15809: 15806: 15805: 15803: 15799: 15792: 15789: 15785: 15781: 15780: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15768: 15765: 15762: 15759: 15755: 15752: 15751: 15750: 15747: 15743: 15740: 15738: 15735: 15734: 15733: 15730: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15706: 15705:Domino theory 15703: 15702: 15701: 15698: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15683: 15679: 15678: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15668: 15666: 15664: 15660: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15641: 15636: 15632: 15631: 15630: 15627: 15623: 15622:Supreme Court 15620: 15619: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15562: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15532: 15528: 15522: 15519: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15506: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15482: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15452: 15450: 15447: 15446: 15444: 15442: 15436: 15428: 15424: 15420: 15416: 15412: 15408: 15404: 15401: 15397: 15396: 15393: 15389: 15382: 15377: 15375: 15370: 15368: 15363: 15362: 15359: 15353: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15340: 15337: 15335: 15331: 15328: 15325: 15324: 15319: 15315: 15312: 15310: 15306: 15303: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15294: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15260: 15250: 15246: 15243: 15240: 15237: 15233: 15229: 15224: 15221: 15220: 15215: 15213: 15209: 15205: 15203: 15199: 15195: 15191: 15188: 15184: 15183: 15173: 15167: 15163: 15158: 15154: 15148: 15144: 15140: 15136: 15132: 15128: 15127:"Deep Strife" 15123: 15119: 15117:0-465-04196-5 15113: 15108: 15107: 15101: 15097: 15093: 15091:0-394-52278-8 15087: 15083: 15078: 15077: 15068: 15064: 15060: 15058:0-88-295918-2 15054: 15050: 15049: 15044: 15040: 15036: 15034:1-56-663787-2 15030: 15026: 15025: 15020: 15016: 15014: 15010: 15006: 15002: 15000: 14996: 14993: 14989: 14987: 14983: 14979: 14975: 14973: 14969: 14965: 14961: 14958: 14954: 14950: 14948:0-7658-0036-5 14944: 14940: 14935: 14931: 14925: 14921: 14916: 14914: 14910: 14906: 14902: 14899: 14895: 14893: 14889: 14885: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14872: 14868: 14864: 14861: 14857: 14855: 14851: 14847: 14843: 14841: 14837: 14833: 14828: 14824: 14818: 14814: 14810: 14806: 14802: 14800:9780199879083 14796: 14791: 14790: 14784: 14780: 14776: 14775: 14765: 14759: 14755: 14751: 14747: 14743: 14739: 14733: 14729: 14728: 14723: 14719: 14715: 14711: 14707: 14703: 14699: 14695: 14691: 14685: 14681: 14680: 14674: 14670: 14664: 14659: 14658: 14651: 14648: 14644: 14640: 14634: 14630: 14629: 14623: 14620: 14616: 14612: 14610:, by his son. 14609: 14605: 14601: 14597: 14594: 14591: 14587: 14583: 14579: 14575: 14573:9780684864549 14569: 14564: 14563: 14556: 14552: 14550:9780307946638 14546: 14542: 14541: 14535: 14534: 14523: 14517: 14513: 14512: 14506: 14502: 14496: 14492: 14487: 14483: 14479: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14459: 14456:. Doubleday. 14455: 14454: 14448: 14446: 14442: 14438: 14434: 14430: 14424: 14421:. Macmillan. 14420: 14419: 14414: 14413:D'Este, Carlo 14410: 14406: 14400: 14396: 14391: 14387: 14383: 14378: 14374: 14370: 14366: 14362: 14361: 14353: 14346:Print sources 14337: 14335: 14330: 14324: 14316: 14315: 14310: 14304: 14296: 14295: 14290: 14284: 14265: 14261: 14260: 14252: 14246: 14238: 14237: 14236:British Pathé 14232: 14226: 14218: 14217: 14212: 14206: 14190: 14186: 14182: 14181: 14176: 14170: 14162: 14161: 14155: 14149: 14138: 14134: 14133: 14125: 14119: 14111: 14110: 14105: 14099: 14091: 14090: 14085: 14079: 14071: 14070: 14064: 14058: 14047: 14043: 14042: 14034: 14028: 14017: 14013: 14012: 14004: 13998: 13982: 13978: 13977: 13972: 13966: 13950: 13946: 13945: 13940: 13934: 13926: 13925: 13924:British Pathé 13920: 13914: 13903: 13899: 13898: 13890: 13884: 13868: 13864: 13860: 13854: 13838: 13837:British Pathé 13834: 13833: 13826: 13810: 13806: 13800: 13798: 13781: 13777: 13773: 13772: 13765: 13749: 13744: 13737: 13729: 13722: 13711:September 30, 13703: 13696: 13690: 13674: 13670: 13666: 13660: 13645: 13641: 13635: 13633: 13624: 13620: 13614: 13607: 13603: 13597: 13581: 13577: 13573: 13566: 13550: 13546: 13542: 13536: 13530: 13525: 13510: 13506: 13500: 13484: 13480: 13474: 13466: 13465: 13460: 13453: 13434: 13430: 13423: 13417: 13402: 13398: 13391: 13375: 13371: 13367: 13360: 13352: 13348: 13347: 13342: 13336: 13320: 13316: 13310: 13294: 13290: 13286: 13280: 13272: 13266: 13262: 13255: 13253: 13251: 13239:September 29, 13234: 13230: 13224: 13205: 13201: 13194: 13188: 13181: 13177: 13163: 13159: 13155: 13149: 13132: 13128: 13122: 13114: 13108: 13104: 13103: 13095: 13088: 13082: 13074: 13073: 13065: 13057: 13053: 13049: 13045: 13042:(1): 87–122. 13041: 13037: 13030: 13028: 13020: 13016: 13012: 13009: 13003: 12995: 12991: 12987: 12983: 12979: 12975: 12972:(1): 97–115. 12971: 12967: 12963: 12956: 12941: 12940:Miller Center 12937: 12930: 12922: 12918: 12914: 12910: 12906: 12902: 12898: 12894: 12890: 12883: 12867: 12863: 12859: 12853: 12838: 12832: 12828: 12827: 12819: 12811: 12807: 12803: 12796: 12789: 12784: 12768: 12764: 12758: 12742: 12738: 12734: 12727: 12719: 12707: 12703: 12702: 12697: 12691: 12684: 12681:. p. 1. 12680: 12673: 12665: 12658: 12656: 12639: 12635: 12629: 12613: 12609: 12603: 12601: 12592: 12591: 12583: 12567: 12563: 12559: 12553: 12537: 12533: 12532: 12527: 12520: 12504: 12500: 12496: 12490: 12483: 12471: 12467: 12461: 12453: 12447: 12443: 12442: 12434: 12427: 12415: 12411: 12407: 12400: 12393: 12381: 12377: 12376: 12371: 12364: 12357: 12345: 12341: 12337: 12336:, March 1961" 12335: 12327: 12311: 12307: 12301: 12299: 12297: 12287: 12271: 12267: 12263: 12257: 12250: 12244: 12228: 12224: 12218: 12216: 12214: 12207:(2009) p. 345 12206: 12200: 12184: 12180: 12174: 12158: 12154: 12147: 12140: 12127: 12123: 12116: 12100: 12096: 12089: 12082: 12070:. p. 32A 12069: 12065: 12058: 12052:, p. 281 12051: 12046: 12040:, p. 272 12039: 12034: 12027: 12021: 12014: 12010: 12007: 12003: 11997: 11990: 11984: 11977: 11971: 11956: 11950: 11946: 11941: 11940: 11931: 11915: 11911: 11907: 11900: 11893: 11887: 11879: 11873: 11866: 11860: 11858: 11851:, p. 219 11850: 11845: 11839:, p. 157 11838: 11833: 11827:, p. 154 11826: 11821: 11814: 11809: 11802: 11797: 11790: 11785: 11778: 11773: 11767:, p. 128 11766: 11761: 11755:, p. 305 11754: 11749: 11742: 11737: 11731:, p. 132 11730: 11725: 11723: 11716:, p. 167 11715: 11710: 11704:, p. 140 11703: 11698: 11691: 11686: 11679: 11674: 11667: 11651: 11644: 11643: 11635: 11628: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11601: 11594: 11578: 11571: 11570: 11562: 11560: 11552: 11539: 11535: 11531: 11524: 11508: 11504: 11500: 11494: 11485: 11477: 11471: 11467: 11466: 11458: 11450: 11446: 11442: 11438: 11431: 11424: 11419: 11413:, p. 230 11412: 11407: 11401: 11397: 11392: 11383: 11367: 11363: 11357: 11348: 11340: 11334: 11330: 11323: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11303: 11296: 11288: 11284: 11280: 11276: 11269: 11267: 11259: 11253: 11245: 11241: 11237: 11230: 11223: 11217: 11210: 11204: 11198:, p. 129 11197: 11192: 11185: 11181: 11177: 11173: 11167: 11159: 11153: 11146: 11140: 11133: 11127: 11119: 11115: 11114:"Vietnam War" 11109: 11101: 11095: 11091: 11090: 11082: 11076:, p. 215 11075: 11070: 11063: 11058: 11051: 11045: 11043: 11036:, p. 185 11035: 11030: 11023: 11018: 11012:, p. 175 11011: 11006: 10999: 10995: 10989: 10981: 10979:9781501774157 10975: 10971: 10967: 10960: 10958: 10956: 10947: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10928: 10921: 10916: 10908: 10902: 10898: 10894: 10887: 10885: 10878:, p. 231 10877: 10872: 10870: 10860: 10855: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10836: 10830:, p. 173 10829: 10824: 10817: 10812: 10810: 10801: 10797: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10781: 10777: 10773: 10766: 10759: 10754: 10746: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10718: 10714: 10707: 10698: 10689: 10682: 10676: 10669: 10663: 10654: 10645: 10636: 10627: 10619: 10613: 10605: 10599: 10592: 10587: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10557: 10555: 10538: 10534: 10530: 10524: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10494: 10478: 10474: 10473:The Economist 10470: 10464: 10456: 10450: 10442: 10436: 10430:, p. 537 10429: 10424: 10417: 10412: 10406:, p. 297 10405: 10400: 10393: 10388: 10373: 10367: 10363: 10362: 10354: 10347: 10342: 10336:, p. 220 10335: 10330: 10322: 10316: 10312: 10311: 10303: 10295: 10291: 10287: 10280: 10272: 10266: 10262: 10261: 10253: 10245: 10239: 10235: 10234: 10226: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10195: 10188: 10183: 10176: 10171: 10164: 10159: 10152: 10147: 10140: 10135: 10128: 10123: 10115: 10109: 10105: 10104: 10096: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10065: 10058: 10053: 10047:, p. 571 10046: 10041: 10033: 10027: 10023: 10016: 10009: 10004: 9997: 9993: 9987: 9980: 9975: 9959: 9955: 9951: 9944: 9942: 9940: 9938: 9931:, p. 530 9930: 9925: 9918: 9913: 9907:, p. 512 9906: 9901: 9894: 9889: 9883:, p. 299 9882: 9877: 9871:, p. 279 9870: 9865: 9858: 9853: 9846: 9841: 9834: 9829: 9822: 9817: 9815: 9807: 9802: 9800: 9792: 9787: 9780: 9775: 9768: 9763: 9756: 9751: 9744: 9739: 9732: 9727: 9720: 9715: 9713: 9705: 9700: 9693: 9688: 9681: 9676: 9674: 9666: 9660: 9653: 9648: 9646: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9626: 9619: 9614: 9595: 9588: 9582: 9575: 9570: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9552: 9546: 9530: 9526: 9525: 9517: 9515: 9498: 9494: 9488: 9481: 9476: 9474: 9466: 9462: 9456: 9450: 9444: 9437: 9432: 9426: 9420: 9414: 9408: 9401: 9395: 9388: 9382: 9376:, p. 223 9375: 9370: 9363: 9358: 9351: 9346: 9339: 9333: 9326: 9321: 9314: 9309: 9302: 9296: 9290:, p. 278 9289: 9284: 9277: 9272: 9266:, p. 289 9265: 9260: 9253: 9248: 9242:, p. 284 9241: 9236: 9229: 9224: 9216: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9201: 9193: 9186: 9181: 9174: 9169: 9162: 9157: 9150: 9145: 9138: 9132: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9101: 9093: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9078: 9070: 9060: 9053: 9041: 9037: 9031: 9025: 9020: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8990: 8981: 8974:. p. 77. 8973: 8966: 8958: 8951: 8944: 8929: 8922: 8916: 8908: 8901: 8894: 8889: 8882: 8876: 8861: 8859:0-8050-5687-4 8855: 8851: 8846: 8845: 8839: 8838:D'Este, Carlo 8833: 8818: 8812: 8808: 8807: 8799: 8792: 8787: 8771: 8767: 8761: 8745: 8741: 8735: 8728: 8723: 8715: 8708: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8683: 8667: 8663: 8656: 8649: 8644: 8637: 8632: 8624: 8617: 8610: 8605: 8598: 8593: 8586: 8581: 8565: 8561: 8555: 8548: 8543: 8536: 8531: 8524: 8519: 8512: 8507: 8491: 8487: 8485: 8480: 8473: 8457: 8453: 8447: 8439: 8433: 8429: 8422: 8414: 8408: 8404: 8397: 8386:September 25, 8381: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8367: 8366:Erickson, Hal 8361: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8330: 8323: 8318: 8312:, p. 169 8311: 8306: 8299: 8294: 8287: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8234: 8223: 8219: 8212: 8205: 8203: 8194: 8187: 8180: 8175: 8167: 8165:9780062883322 8161: 8157: 8156:HarperCollins 8153: 8146: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8115: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8090:"We Remember" 8085: 8078: 8073: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8043: 8035: 8033:9780062883322 8029: 8025: 8024:HarperCollins 8021: 8014: 8012: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7981: 7965: 7961: 7954: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7924: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7894: 7878: 7874: 7868: 7861: 7856: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7826: 7824: 7807: 7803: 7802: 7797: 7791: 7784: 7779: 7772: 7767: 7759: 7758: 7750: 7743: 7737: 7730: 7724: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7706: 7701: 7699: 7691: 7686: 7679: 7674: 7667: 7652: 7648: 7641: 7635: 7628: 7622: 7615: 7609: 7607: 7591: 7585: 7581: 7580: 7572: 7565: 7560: 7553: 7548: 7541: 7536: 7525:September 13, 7521: 7515: 7511: 7510: 7502: 7495: 7490: 7483: 7478: 7476: 7460: 7458:9780061744969 7454: 7450: 7443: 7428:. p. 112 7427: 7423: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7389: 7385: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7344: 7328: 7324: 7317: 7310: 7306: 7286: 7279: 7273: 7269: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7236: 7235:Kay Summersby 7233: 7231: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7191: 7188: 7185: 7181: 7180: 7169: 7166: 7163: 7159: 7158: 7154: 7151: 7148: 7144: 7143: 7139: 7138:Major General 7136: 7133: 7129: 7128: 7124: 7121: 7118: 7114: 7113: 7107: 7104: 7101: 7097: 7096: 7090: 7087: 7084: 7080: 7079: 7073: 7072:Major General 7070: 7067: 7063: 7062: 7056: 7053: 7050: 7046: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7031: 7027: 7026: 7022: 7019: 7016: 7012: 7011: 7007: 7004: 7001: 6997: 6996: 6990: 6987: 6984: 6980: 6979: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6965: 6964: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6948: 6947: 6943: 6940: 6937: 6933: 6932: 6928: 6927:National Army 6924: 6921: 6918: 6914: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6899: 6898: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6884: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6817: 6816: 6813: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6786: 6785: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6771:June 20, 1964 6769: 6758: 6757: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6730: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6702: 6701: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6674: 6673: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6645: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6617: 6616: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6589: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6545:June 14, 1953 6543: 6541:New Hampshire 6532: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6504: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6476: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6448: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6392: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373:Massachusetts 6364: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6333: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6302: 6301: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6281: 6270: 6264: 6259: 6256: 6250: 6245: 6242: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6196: 6192: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6154: 6151: 6147: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6121: 6117: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6063: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6029: 6028: 6024: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6009: 6006: 6003: 5999: 5998: 5994: 5991: 5988: 5984: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5973: 5969: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5954: 5953: 5949: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5928: 5924: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5913: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5871: 5868: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5849: 5848: 5844: 5841: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5788: 5787: 5784: 5781: 5778: 5774: 5773: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5521: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5480: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5359: 5354: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5279: 5273: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5233: 5229: 5226: 5221: 5215: 5208: 5201: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5180: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5113: 5109: 5106: 5101: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5074: 5067: 5066: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5040: 5033: 5028: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4984:National Mall 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4966:In 1999, the 4964: 4962: 4961:Caedmon Audio 4958: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4913:Interstate 70 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4888: 4883: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4841: 4832: 4823: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4807:field marshal 4804: 4803:79th Congress 4799: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4765: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4708: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4637: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4602:funeral train 4598: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4585: 4584:King Baudouin 4581: 4578:, Chancellor 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4559:state funeral 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4503:John W. Goode 4499: 4497: 4493: 4484: 4476: 4469: 4468:Air Force One 4465: 4461: 4452: 4450: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4397:1960 election 4393: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4363:heart disease 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4308:Sherman Adams 4304: 4302: 4298: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4256:chain smoking 4250:Health issues 4244: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4224: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4192:Chief Justice 4189: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4168: 4161:Supreme Court 4153: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4106: 4100: 4098: 4097:Lewis Strauss 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4070: 4064: 4062: 4046: 4037: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3795: 3790: 3783: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3735: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3688: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3601:North Vietnam 3597: 3595: 3594:South Vietnam 3590: 3589:Ngo Dinh Diem 3586: 3581: 3579: 3574: 3572: 3571:Dien Bien Phu 3567: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3528: 3525: 3520: 3519: 3516: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3487: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3451:Baik Seon-yup 3448: 3447:Chung Il-kwon 3443: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3414: 3411: 3406: 3404: 3401:(ICBMs), and 3400: 3397:, land-based 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3354:flyovers and 3353: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3339:space program 3335: 3333: 3332: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3238:South Vietnam 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3193:broke out in 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3160: 3151: 3146: 3139: 3134: 3127: 3122: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3050: 3039: 3021: 3003: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2986:proliferation 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2937:Air Force One 2932: 2930: 2924: 2921: 2915: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2825: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2808:West Virginia 2805: 2801: 2791: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2719: 2710: 2706: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2652: 2647: 2641: 2631: 2627: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 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1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1942:major general 1938: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1709: 1708:court-martial 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1625:National Army 1622: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1581: 1571: 1569: 1568:Oswald Jacoby 1564: 1560: 1556: 1555:Manuel Quezon 1551: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1530: 1529:Wendy Beckett 1526: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1488: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1477:Richard Nixon 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1441:scarlet fever 1438: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1409: 1402:Personal life 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1360: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1326:Naval Academy 1323: 1318: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1293:, joined the 1292: 1288: 1284: 1278: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1250: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1206: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1167:except for a 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1066:South Vietnam 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1010:1956 election 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 989:(1951–1952). 988: 984: 981:(1945–1948), 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 876: 867: 834: 825: 815: 811: 795: 786: 778: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 759: 756: 755: 753: 749: 741: 738: 734: 731: 727: 724: 723: 722: 719: 717: 714: 710: 707: 705: 702: 701: 700: 697: 695: 692: 688: 685: 681: 678: 677: 676: 673: 672: 671: 668: 662: 659: 658: 657: 654: 652: 649: 648: 647: 644: 638: 635: 634: 633: 630: 626: 623: 622: 621: 618: 617: 616: 613: 612: 611: 608: 606: 603: 599: 596: 595: 594: 591: 590: 586: 581: 577: 574: 571: 567: 560: 557: 556: 554: 550: 547: 544: 540: 537:United States 536: 532: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 500: 498: 495: 494: 492: 488: 484: 480: 477: 473: 470: 467: 463: 457: 454: 452: 449: 448: 446: 442: 422: 417: 413: 409: 406: 400: 396: 393: 389: 386: 383: 381:Resting place 379: 369: 365: 361: 345: 341: 336: 332: 328: 325: 319: 315: 309: 305: 301: 295: 290: 287: 283: 278: 275: 272: 266: 263: 260: 254: 251: 248: 244: 240: 236: 230: 225: 222: 217: 214: 211: 205: 202: 199: 193: 187: 182: 179: 174: 171: 168: 162: 158: 152: 149: 146: 144: 140: 136: 132: 126: 121: 118: 113: 110: 107: 101: 98: 95: 89: 86: 85:Richard Nixon 83: 80: 75: 69: 64: 61: 56: 52: 45: 40: 33: 30: 26: 22: 25743: 25679: 25661: 25648: 25621: 25613: 25605: 25597: 25585: 25577: 25569: 25533:Evans (2021) 25518:Parks (2005) 25479: 25461:Brown (1996) 25425:Young (2022) 25383:Lewis (2020) 25371: 25349: 25337: 25310: 25292: 25291: 25284: 25267: 25244: 25236: 25226:Dewey (1917) 25213: 25208:Logan (1886) 25200: 25173: 25123:Individuals 25082:Sadako Ogata 25014: 24930: 24726: 24640:Taylor Swift 24588: 24555:Donald Trump 24534:Kent Brantly 24521:Pope Francis 24513:Barack Obama 24489:Ben Bernanke 24481:Barack Obama 24395:2001–present 24364:Bill Clinton 24356:Andrew Grove 24301:Bill Clinton 24217:The Computer 24169:Jimmy Carter 24145:Carol Sutton 24113:Alison Cheek 24059:Willy Brandt 24038:Frank Borman 23944:Emilio Segrè 23897: 23766: 23719:Adolf Hitler 23659:Pierre Laval 23609: 23553:None awarded 23552: 23508:Roscoe Brown 23500:Robert Gates 23460:Pete Dawkins 23452:Bobby Bowden 23427:Tommy Franks 23253:Willie Davis 23099:Roger Blough 23054: 22718: 22668: 22597:Omar Bradley 22548: 22483: 22464: 22457: 22449:Independents 22436:VP nominee: 22435: 22427: 22407:VP nominee: 22406: 22398: 22378:VP nominee: 22377: 22369: 22349:VP nominee: 22348: 22340: 22320:VP nominee: 22319: 22311: 22238: 22229:VP nominee: 22228: 22220: 22170: 22164: 22162: 22060: 22041: 22034: 22027: 22019:Independents 22006:VP nominee: 22005: 21997: 21977:VP nominee: 21976: 21968: 21947: 21927:VP nominee: 21926: 21918: 21898:VP nominee: 21897: 21889: 21816: 21807:VP nominee: 21806: 21798: 21728: 21719:VP nominee: 21718: 21712: 21710: 21669:→ 1956 21661:← 1948 21618: 21617: 21563: 21560:(1945–1948)* 21536:(1888–1889)* 21482:(1784–1787)* 21476:(1775–1776)* 21283:Val Peterson 21177:Joseph Dodge 20855: 20679:T. Roosevelt 20648:2021–present 20634:Donald Trump 20624:Barack Obama 20604:Bill Clinton 20574:Jimmy Carter 20523: 20234:James Monroe 20185:presidencies 20119:Bibliography 19879: 19758:South Dakota 19748:Rhode Island 19743:Pennsylvania 19723:North Dakota 18557:Presidential 18544: 18465:2012 (Tampa) 18188: 18168: 17769:presidential 17753:Presidential 17567: 17243:Westmoreland 17197: 16911: 16904:Barlow Irvin 16850: 16762: 16730: 16688: 16656: 16622: 16617: 16610:Omar Bradley 16598: 16569: 16564: 16544: 16516: 16511:James Chaney 16468: 16459: 16452: 16435:Eddie Slovik 16427: 16296: 16288: 16280: 16272: 16264: 16132:Boyhood home 16117:Bibliography 16047: 15791:Operation 40 15387: 15321: 15291: 15248: 15241: 15235: 15227: 15217: 15207: 15193: 15186: 15161: 15142: 15130: 15105: 15081: 15066: 15047: 15023: 15004: 14991: 14977: 14963: 14956: 14938: 14919: 14904: 14897: 14883: 14866: 14859: 14845: 14839: 14834:. Doubleday. 14831: 14812: 14809:Chernus, Ira 14788: 14749: 14726: 14701: 14678: 14656: 14646: 14627: 14614: 14599: 14581: 14561: 14539: 14510: 14490: 14473: 14452: 14436: 14417: 14394: 14381: 14368: 14332: 14323: 14312: 14303: 14292: 14283: 14271:. Retrieved 14264:the original 14257: 14245: 14234: 14225: 14214: 14205: 14193:. Retrieved 14189:the original 14179: 14174: 14169: 14157: 14148: 14130: 14118: 14107: 14098: 14087: 14078: 14066: 14057: 14039: 14027: 14009: 13997: 13985:. Retrieved 13981:the original 13974: 13965: 13953:. Retrieved 13949:the original 13942: 13933: 13922: 13913: 13895: 13883: 13871:. Retrieved 13867:the original 13862: 13853: 13841:. Retrieved 13835:(Newsreel). 13831: 13825: 13813:. Retrieved 13808: 13784:. Retrieved 13780:the original 13774:(Newsreel). 13770: 13764: 13752:. Retrieved 13747: 13736: 13727: 13721: 13709:. Retrieved 13689: 13677:. Retrieved 13673:the original 13659: 13647:. Retrieved 13643: 13623:the original 13613: 13596: 13584:. 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Retrieved 11914:the original 11909: 11899: 11891: 11886: 11872: 11864: 11849:Ambrose 1984 11844: 11837:Ambrose 1984 11832: 11825:Ambrose 1984 11820: 11813:Ambrose 1984 11808: 11796: 11784: 11772: 11760: 11748: 11736: 11714:Ambrose 1984 11709: 11702:Ambrose 1984 11697: 11690:Ambrose 1984 11685: 11678:Ambrose 1984 11673: 11664: 11657:. Retrieved 11650:the original 11641: 11634: 11626: 11619:. Retrieved 11611:archives.gov 11610: 11600: 11591: 11584:. Retrieved 11577:the original 11568: 11549: 11542:. Retrieved 11534:archives.gov 11533: 11523: 11513:December 16, 11511:. Retrieved 11502: 11493: 11484: 11464: 11457: 11440: 11436: 11430: 11418: 11406: 11399: 11391: 11382: 11370:. 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Hoover 25133:in repose 24780:Jaime Sin 24620:Elon Musk 24608:Joe Biden 24368:Ken Starr 24161:1976–2000 23826:1951–1975 23619:1927–1950 23273:Jack Kemp 23265:Jim Swink 23257:Jack Kemp 23249:Jim Brown 22991:Boudreaux 22943:Ueberroth 22871:Tagliabue 22839:de Varona 22759:Alexander 22581:Kraft Jr. 22428:Nominee: 22399:Nominee: 22372:Eric Hass 22370:Nominee: 22341:Nominee: 22312:Nominee: 22221:Nominee: 22205:Primaries 22147:Primaries 21998:Nominee: 21969:Nominee: 21948:Nominee: 21919:Nominee: 21890:Nominee: 21799:Nominee: 21783:Primaries 21711:Nominee: 21695:Primaries 21612:Armstrong 21600:Bollinger 21308:Leo Hoegh 21289:Leo Hoegh 20853:President 20662:timelines 20644:Joe Biden 20638:2017–2021 20628:2009–2017 20618:2001–2009 20608:1993–2001 20598:1989–1993 20588:1981–1989 20578:1977–1981 20568:1974–1977 20558:1969–1974 20548:1963–1969 20538:1961–1963 20528:1953–1961 20518:1945–1953 20508:1933–1945 20498:1929–1933 20488:1923–1929 20478:1921–1923 20468:1913–1921 20458:1909–1913 20448:1901–1909 20438:1897–1901 20428:1893–1897 20418:1889–1893 20408:1885–1889 20398:1881–1885 20378:1877–1881 20368:1869–1877 20358:1865–1869 20348:1861–1865 20338:1857–1861 20328:1853–1857 20318:1850–1853 20308:1849–1850 20298:1845–1849 20288:1841–1845 20268:1837–1841 20258:1829–1837 20248:1825–1829 20238:1817–1825 20228:1809–1817 20218:1801–1809 20208:1797–1801 20198:1789–1797 20109:Primaries 20045:Factional 19975:Sectional 19812:Territory 19798:Wisconsin 19763:Tennessee 19668:Minnesota 19643:Louisiana 19544:territory 19542:state and 19429:Gillespie 19414:Nicholson 19350:R. Morton 19330:T. Morton 19215:Rosewater 19205:Hitchcock 19195:Cortelyou 19017:Longworth 18880:McConnell 18760:Gallinger 18617:Roosevelt 18538:primaries 18518:primaries 18498:primaries 18478:primaries 18458:primaries 18438:primaries 18418:primaries 18398:primaries 18378:primaries 18358:primaries 18338:primaries 18318:primaries 18298:primaries 18278:primaries 18258:primaries 18238:primaries 18229:Goldwater 18218:primaries 18198:primaries 18178:primaries 18158:primaries 18138:primaries 18118:primaries 18098:primaries 18078:primaries 18058:primaries 18038:primaries 18018:primaries 17998:primaries 17993:Fairbanks 17978:primaries 17943:Fairbanks 17939:Roosevelt 17930:Roosevelt 17771:primaries 17649:Breedlove 17644:Stavridis 17589:Lemnitzer 17579:Gruenther 17501:Chiarelli 17401:B. Palmer 17371:Lemnitzer 17366:W. Palmer 17248:B. Palmer 17223:Lemnitzer 17183:MacArthur 17178:Summerall 17084:Schofield 17059:McClellan 17034:Wilkinson 17019:St. Clair 16928:Mose Sims 16872:Mose Sims 16391:(brother) 16385:(brother) 16379:(brother) 16373:(brother) 16367:(brother) 16059:Elections 16026:Sikes Act 14336:Libraries 13649:April 28, 13586:April 27, 13555:April 27, 13319:Billboard 13137:April 29, 12986:0145-2096 12913:0032-3195 12788:Frum 2000 11960:April 28, 11134:, p. 230. 10792:1520-3972 10737:0360-4918 10057:Frum 2000 9704:Cook 1981 9692:Cook 1981 9652:Owen 1999 9121:April 29, 8776:March 16, 8750:March 16, 8322:Owen 1999 8310:Owen 1999 8298:Owen 1999 8135:April 17, 8104:March 20, 7660:April 27, 7302:Citations 6554:Doctorate 6526:Doctorate 6414:Doctorate 6286:Location 6255:Edinburgh 5833:(Mexico) 5623:(France) 4764:up or out 4440:. In his 4406:Pat Nixon 3881:espionage 3805:spy plane 3756:in 1967. 3405:(SLBMs). 3375:communism 3177:with the 3102:Sputnik 1 2941:Columbine 2918:When the 2804:Louisiana 2730:Communism 2661:Democrats 2325:Holocaust 2292:with the 2144:De Gaulle 2080:divisions 2068:Mussolini 1970:Gibraltar 1809:James Ord 1636:armistice 1629:Camp Colt 1608:with the 1546:Zane Grey 1510:He began 1483:in 1968. 1469:Mary Jean 1305:in 1953. 1078:Guatemala 922:in 1944. 894:, he was 561:1961–1969 558:1915–1953 509:Signature 475:Education 465:Relatives 303:President 294:In office 238:President 229:In office 186:In office 176:13th 134:President 125:In office 68:In office 58:34th 25836:Politics 25598:McKinley 25570:Harrison 25214:McKinley 25201:Garfield 25129:in honor 24348:David Ho 22983:McLendon 22903:Dunwoody 22895:Mitchell 22887:Albright 22815:Staubach 22687:Lawrence 22645:Chandler 22621:Hamilton 21614:(2024–)* 21516:N. Moore 21498:B. Moore 21474:B. Moore 20797:Category 20699:Coolidge 20674:McKinley 20134:Trumpism 19989:Chairmen 19906:Factions 19868:Congress 19783:Virginia 19733:Oklahoma 19713:New York 19688:Nebraska 19678:Missouri 19663:Michigan 19653:Maryland 19638:Kentucky 19618:Illinois 19593:Delaware 19583:Colorado 19573:Arkansas 19463:McDaniel 19439:Martínez 19375:Richards 19290:Brownell 19285:Spangler 19270:Hamilton 19265:Fletcher 19175:Campbell 19170:Clarkson 19140:Chandler 19083:McCarthy 19059:Gingrich 18898:Speakers 18826:Knowland 18635:Coolidge 18611:McKinley 18605:Harrison 18593:Garfield 18029:Coolidge 18013:Coolidge 17926:McKinley 17913:McKinley 17900:Harrison 17887:Harrison 17861:Garfield 17760:national 17639:Craddock 17511:Campbell 17481:Shinseki 17471:Griffith 17451:Sullivan 17446:RisCassi 17441:A. Brown 17381:Eddleman 17293:Shinseki 17283:Sullivan 17193:Marshall 17168:Pershing 17153:H. Scott 17079:Sheridan 17054:W. Scott 17044:J. 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Hale 18742:Allison 18736:Sherman 18730:Edmunds 18724:Sherman 18718:Anthony 18696:leaders 18629:Harding 18575:Johnson 18569:Lincoln 18133:Bricker 18109:Willkie 18009:Harding 17969:Sherman 17956:Sherman 17852:Wheeler 17813:Johnson 17809:Lincoln 17796:Lincoln 17783:Frémont 17755:tickets 17716:History 17629:Ralston 17619:Joulwan 17584:Norstad 17574:Ridgway 17466:Tilelli 17436:Thurman 17431:Wickham 17421:Kroesen 17386:Hamlett 17351:Haislip 17346:Collins 17313:Odierno 17308:Dempsey 17273:Wickham 17238:Johnson 17233:Wheeler 17213:Ridgway 17208:Collins 17203:Bradley 17128:Chaffee 17074:Sherman 17064:Halleck 17009:Doughty 16912:No team 16767:in the 16693:nominee 16399:Related 16247:culture 16245:Popular 15612:Cabinet 15341:at the 15316:, from 14714:1247005 14617:(1944) 14239:. 1959. 13927:. 1945. 13056:1863309 12921:2151625 12872:May 23, 12747:May 19, 12712:May 19, 12644:May 19, 12618:May 19, 12531:Newsday 12476:May 17, 12350:May 30, 12316:May 23, 12276:May 23, 11211:, ch. 6 10543:May 23, 10513:May 23, 10075:vox.com 9694:, ch. 3 8496:May 25, 8062:May 23, 8000:May 23, 7970:May 23, 7962:. 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