John F. Kennedy - Knowledge

15958: 2705: 3326: 2083:. An estimated 70 million Americans, about two-thirds of the electorate, watched the first debate on September 26. Kennedy had met the day before with the producer to discuss the set design and camera placement. Nixon, just out of the hospital after a painful knee injury, did not take advantage of this opportunity and during the debate looked at the reporters asking questions and not at the camera. Kennedy wore a blue suit and shirt to cut down on glare and appeared sharply focused against the gray studio background. Nixon wore a light-colored suit that blended into the gray background; in combination with the harsh studio lighting that left Nixon perspiring, he offered a less-than-commanding presence. By contrast, Kennedy appeared relaxed, tanned, and telegenic, looking into the camera whilst answering questions. It is often claimed that television viewers overwhelmingly believed Kennedy, appearing to be the more attractive of the two, had won, while radio listeners (a smaller audience) thought Nixon had defeated him. However, only one poll split TV and radio voters like this and the methodology was poor. Pollster 3147: 2287: 3801: 3947: 1882:. The following year, Kennedy introduced a bill to prevent the expenditure of union dues for improper purposes or private gain; to forbid loans from union funds for illicit transactions; and to compel audits of unions, which would ensure against false financial reports. It was the first major labor relations bill to pass either house since the Taft–Hartley Act of 1947 and dealt largely with the control of union abuses exposed by the McClellan Committee but did not incorporate tough Taft–Hartley amendments requested by President Eisenhower. It survived Senate floor attempts to include Taft-Hartley amendments and passed but was rejected by the House. "Honest union members and the general public can only regard it as a tragedy that politics has prevented the recommendations of the McClellan committee from being carried out this year," Kennedy announced. 3730: 1918: 1304: 2882: 861: 2868: 3656: 4782: 3268: 32158: 3291:, Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed to negotiate a nuclear test ban treaty, originally conceived in Adlai Stevenson's 1956 presidential campaign. In their Vienna summit meeting in June 1961, Khrushchev and Kennedy reached an informal understanding against nuclear testing, but the Soviet Union began testing nuclear weapons that September. In response, the United States conducted tests five days later. Shortly afterwards, new U.S. satellites began delivering images that made it clear that the Soviets were substantially behind the U.S. in the arms race. Nevertheless, the greater nuclear strength of the U.S. was of little value as long as the Soviet Union perceived itself to be at parity. 3475: 52: 2627: 28926: 4279: 21102: 16419: 4545: 1977: 4467: 1493: 2357: 1802: 30264: 16426: 2216: 4043: 2774: 20677: 2432: 3776:

edited speeches that were inflammatory and collaborated on all aspects related to times and venues. Thousands of troops were placed on standby. Kennedy watched King's speech on TV and was very impressed. The March was considered a "triumph of managed protest," and not one arrest relating to the demonstration occurred. Afterwards, the March leaders accepted an invitation to the White House to meet with Kennedy and photos were taken. Kennedy felt that the March was a victory for him as well and bolstered the chances for his civil rights bill.

3448:, Kennedy's embrace of the tax cut shifted his administration's focus away from the proposed old-age health insurance program and other domestic expenditures. In January 1963, Kennedy proposed a tax cut that would reduce the top marginal tax rate from 91 to 65 percent, and lower the corporate tax rate from 52 to 47 percent. The predictions according to the Keynesian model indicated the cuts would decrease income taxes by about $ 10 billion and corporate taxes by about $ 3.5 billion. The plan included reforms designed to reduce the impact of 4036: 3068: 408: 30600: 4959: 2061: 5276: 5197: 3197: 4087: 3553: 4687: 4351: 33689: 35874: 35850: 21108: 4644: 2511: 4856: 1945:", describing his performance in the Senate and the House as "pathetic" on another occasion, saying that he was "smart enough, but he doesn't like the grunt work". Author John T. Shaw acknowledges that while his Senate career is not associated with acts of "historic statesmanship" or "novel political thought," Kennedy made modest contributions as a legislator, drafting more than 300 bills to assist Massachusetts and the New England region (some of which became law). 2092: 29368: 35862: 35838: 30505: 30122: 18111: 17176: 2798:

textbooks to students. However, the program did not meet many of its goals. Massive land reform was not achieved; populations more than kept pace with gains in health and welfare; and according to one study, only 2 percent of economic growth in 1960s Latin America directly benefited the poor. U.S. presidents after Kennedy were less supportive of the program and by 1973, the permanent committee established to implement the Alliance was disbanded by the OAS.

35790: 4769:, in July 1963, Hoover reportedly informed Robert Kennedy about the affair with a woman "suspected as a Soviet intelligence agent, someone linked to East German intelligence." Robert Kennedy reportedly took the matter sufficiently seriously to raise it with leading Democratic and Republican figures in Congress. Former Secret Service agent Larry Newman recalled "morale problems" that the president's indiscretions engendered within the Secret Service. 2455:. He made it clear that any treaty interfering with U.S. access rights in West Berlin would be regarded as an act of war. Shortly after Kennedy returned home, the Soviet Union announced its plan to sign a treaty with East Berlin, abrogating any third-party occupation rights in either sector of the city. Kennedy assumed that his only option was to prepare the country for nuclear war, which he thought had a one-in-five chance of occurring. 1049: 18121: 2150: 1937:, Kennedy called being a senator "the most corrupting job in the world." He complained that they were all too quick to cut deals and please campaign contributors to ensure their political futures. Kennedy, with the luxury of a rich father who could finance his campaigns, could remain independent of any special interest, except for those in his home state of Massachusetts that could align against his reelection. According to 15977: 4367:

Israel in 1951, at which point he became close with his then 25-year-old brother Robert, as well as his 27-year-old sister Patricia. Because they were several years apart in age, the brothers had previously seen little of each other. This 25,000-mile (40,000 km) trip was the first extended time they had spent together and resulted in their becoming best friends. Robert would eventually serve as his brother's

4189: 35826: 35814: 1228: 4631:, set up gym equipment in the White House basement, where Kennedy did stretching exercises thrice weekly. Details of these and other medical problems were not publicly disclosed during Kennedy's lifetime. Burkley realized that treatments by Jacobson and Travell, including excessive use of steroids and amphetamines, were medically inappropriate, and took action to remove Kennedy from their care. 1640: 3045:

to Germany and criticized communism and was met with an ecstatic response from the massive audience. Kennedy used the construction of the Berlin Wall as an example of the failures of communism: "Freedom has many difficulties, and democracy is not perfect. But we have never had to put a wall up to keep our people in, to prevent them from leaving us." The speech is known for its famous phrase

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reevaluated its policies in South Vietnam. Kennedy rejected the full-scale deployment of ground soldiers but also the total withdrawal of U.S. forces. Historians disagree on whether the U.S. military presence in Vietnam would have escalated had Kennedy survived and been re-elected in 1964. Fueling the debate are statements made by Secretary of Defense McNamara in the 2003 documentary film

12008: 11542: 11391: 10107: 9367: 8928: 5806: 1372:, on August 2. Despite re-injuring his back in the collision, Kennedy towed a badly burned crewman to the island with a life jacket strap clenched between his teeth. From there, Kennedy and his subordinate, Ensign George Ross, made forays through the coral islands, searching for help. When they encountered an English-speaking native with a canoe, Kennedy carved his location on a 1541:, one of his few political friends at the time, claimed that he was more interested in being a writer than a politician, and at that time he suffered from extreme shyness. Kennedy found "most of his fellow congressmen boring, preoccupied as they all seemed to be with their narrow political concerns." The arcane House rules and customs, which slowed legislation, exasperated him. 1952:, Kennedy was re-elected to the Senate, defeating his Republican opponent, Boston lawyer Vincent J. Celeste, with 73.6 percent of the vote, the largest winning margin in the history of Massachusetts politics. In the aftermath of his re-election, Kennedy began preparing to run for president by traveling throughout the U.S. with the aim of building his candidacy for 1960. 35802: 4029:... I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish. 1426:, taking ten marines aboard and delivering them to safety. Under doctor's orders, Kennedy was relieved of his command on November 18, and sent to the hospital on Tulagi. By December 1943, with his health deteriorating, Kennedy left the Pacific front and arrived in San Francisco in early January 1944. After receiving treatment for his back injury at the 1091:, the campus newspaper, but had little involvement with campus politics, preferring to concentrate on athletics and his social life. Kennedy played football and was on the JV squad during his sophomore year, but an injury forced him off the team, and left him with back problems that plagued him for the rest of his life. He won membership in the 2478:. Kennedy acquiesced to the wall, though he sent Vice President Johnson to West Berlin to reaffirm U.S. commitment to the enclave's defense. In the following months, in a sign of rising Cold War tensions, both the U.S. and the Soviet Union ended a moratorium on nuclear weapon testing. A brief stand-off between U.S. and Soviet tanks occurred at 1441:, a navy pilot, was killed on an air mission. His body was never recovered. The news reached the family's home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts a day later. Kennedy felt that Joe Jr.'s reckless flight was partly an effort to outdo him. To console himself, Kennedy set out to assemble a privately published book of remembrances of his brother, 3122:), effectively expropriating 99.5% of the IPC concession. British and U.S. officials demanded that the Kennedy administration place pressure on the Qasim regime. In April 1962, the State Department issued new guidelines on Iraq that were intended to increase American influence. Meanwhile, Kennedy instructed the CIA—under the direction of 3377:. Though the Senate passed the education bill, it was defeated in the House by a coalition of Republicans, Southern Democrats, and Catholics. Kennedy's health insurance bill, which would have paid for hospitalization and nursing costs for the elderly, failed to pass either house of Congress. A bill that would have established the 2567:; 114 were killed and Kennedy was forced to negotiate for the release of the 1,189 survivors. After twenty months, Cuba released the captured exiles in exchange for a ransom of $ 53 million worth of food and medicine. The incident made Castro wary of the U.S. and led him to believe that another invasion would take place. 2701:(or "quarantine"). On October 22, after privately informing the cabinet and leading members of Congress about the situation, Kennedy announced the naval blockade on national television and warned that U.S. forces would seize "offensive weapons and associated materiel" that Soviet vessels might attempt to deliver to Cuba. 11714: 1914:

Massachusetts, which lacked a sizable Black population, Kennedy was not particularly sensitive to the problems of African Americans. Robert Kennedy later reflected, "We weren't thinking of the Negroes of Mississippi or Alabama—what should be done for them. We were thinking of what needed to be done in Massachusetts."

2342:, leader of Katanga, declared its independence from the Congo and the Soviet Union responded by sending weapons and technicians to underwrite their struggle. On October 2, 1962, Kennedy signed United Nations bond issue bill to ensure U.S. assistance in financing UN peacekeeping operations in the Congo and elsewhere. 4969:

The term "Camelot" is often used to describe his presidency, reflecting both the mythic grandeur accorded Kennedy in death and powerful nostalgia for that era of American history. According to Richard Dean Burns and Joseph M. Siracusa, the most popular theme surrounding Kennedy's legacy is its replay

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Kennedy inspired affection and loyalty from the members of his team and his supporters. According to Reeves, this included "the logistics of Kennedy's liaisons ... required secrecy and devotion rare in the annals of the energetic service demanded by successful politicians." Kennedy believed that his

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Ultimately, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union were the initial signatories to a limited treaty, which prohibited atomic testing on the ground, in the atmosphere, or underwater, but not underground. The U.S. Senate approved the treaty on September 23, 1963, and Kennedy signed

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report, which concluded that the training program for the South Vietnamese military had sufficiently progressed to justify the withdrawal. However, NSAM 263 also approved the first recommendation of the report to continue providing support to South Vietnam to prevent the spread of communism and until

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above the levels of the Eisenhower administration, and authorizing U.S. helicopter units to provide support to South Vietnamese forces. On January 18, 1962, Kennedy formally authorized escalated involvement when he signed the National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM) – "Subversive Insurgency (War of

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that the U.S. would remove the Jupiter missiles from Turkey "within a short time after this crisis was over." On October 28, Khrushchev agreed to dismantle the missile sites, subject to UN inspections. The U.S. publicly promised never to invade Cuba and privately agreed to remove its Jupiter missiles

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took the lead in recommending a military buildup alongside NATO allies. In a July 1961 speech, Kennedy announced his decision to add $ 3.25 billion (equivalent to $ 33.14 billion in 2023) to the defense budget, along with over 200,000 additional troops, stating that an attack on West Berlin

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On June 4, 1961, Kennedy met with Khrushchev in Vienna and left the meeting angry and disappointed that he had allowed the premier to bully him, despite the warnings he had received. Khrushchev, for his part, was impressed with the president's intelligence but thought him weak. Kennedy did succeed in

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spent hours on the phone with reporters and editors, seeking information, trading confidences, and cajoling them into publishing puff pieces on John, ones that invariably played up his war record in the Pacific. He oversaw a professional advertising campaign that ensured ads went up in just the right

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families. John spent his first years at Choate in his older brother's shadow and compensated with rebellious behavior that attracted a clique. Their most notorious stunt was exploding a toilet seat with a firecracker. In the next chapel assembly, the headmaster, George St. John, brandished the toilet

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in ways more common to pop singers and movie stars than politicians, influencing fashion trends and becoming the subjects of photo spreads in popular magazines. Although Eisenhower had allowed presidential press conferences to be filmed for television, Kennedy was the first president to ask for them

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Though Gallup polling showed that many in the public were skeptical of the necessity of the Apollo program, members of Congress were strongly supportive in 1961 and approved a major increase in NASA's funding. Webb began reorganizing NASA, increasing its staffing level, and building two new centers:

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praised Kennedy's actions and stated that the steel industry's price increase "imperil the economic welfare of the country by inviting a tidal wave of inflation." Nevertheless, the administration's Bureau of Budget reported the price increase would have caused a net gain for the GDP as well as a net

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To reinforce the U.S. alliance with West Germany, Kennedy travelled to West Germany and West Berlin in June 1963. On June 26, Kennedy toured West Berlin, culminating in a public speech at the city hall in front of hundreds of thousands of enthusiastic Berliners. He reiterated the American commitment

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as the U.S. ambassador to South Vietnam. Days after his arrival in South Vietnam, Lodge reported that several South Vietnamese generals sought the assent of the U.S. government to their plan of removing Diem from power. The Kennedy administration was split regarding not just the removal of Diem, but

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The U.S. Navy would stop and inspect all Soviet ships arriving off Cuba, beginning October 24. Several Soviet ships approached the blockade line, but they stopped or reversed course. The OAS gave unanimous support to the removal of the missiles. Kennedy exchanged two sets of letters with Khrushchev,

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Kennedy scrapped the decision-making structure of Eisenhower, preferring an organizational structure of a wheel with all the spokes leading to the president; he was willing to make the increased number of quick decisions required in such an environment. Though the cabinet remained important, Kennedy

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voting bloc in Massachusetts, Kennedy delivered a speech in November 1947 supporting a $ 227 million aid package to Italy. He maintained that Italy was in danger from an "onslaught of the communist minority" and that the country was the "initial battleground in the communist drive to capture Western

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Island. Intelligence had been sent to Kennedy's Commander Thomas G. Warfield expecting the arrival of the large Japanese naval force that would pass on the evening of August 1. Of the 24 torpedoes fired that night by eight of the American PTs, not one hit the Japanese convoy. On that moonless night,

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for his nine children that guaranteed lifelong financial independence. His business kept him away from home for long stretches, but Joe Sr. was a formidable presence in his children's lives. He encouraged them to be ambitious, emphasized political discussions at the dinner table, and demanded a high

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to advise him on issues concerning the status of women. Former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt led the commission. The commission's final report was issued in October 1963; it documented the legal and cultural discrimination women in America faced and made several policy recommendations to bring about

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Kennedy believed the grassroots movement for civil rights would anger many Southern Whites and make it more difficult to pass civil rights laws in Congress, and he distanced himself from it. As articulated by Robert Kennedy, the administration's early priority was to "keep the president out of this

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Kennedy faced a dilemma: if the U.S. attacked the sites, it might lead to nuclear war with the Soviet Union, but if the U.S. did nothing, it would be faced with the increased threat from close-range nuclear weapons (positioned approximately 90 mi (140 km) away from the Florida coast). The

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those of the U.S. To address fears that his being Catholic would impact his decision-making, he told the Greater Houston Ministerial Association on September 12: "I am not the Catholic candidate for president. I am the Democratic Party candidate for president who also happens to be a Catholic. I do

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When Kennedy entered the convention, he had the most delegates, but not enough to ensure that he would win the nomination. Stevenson—the 1952 and 1956 presidential nominee—remained very popular, while Johnson also hoped to win the nomination with support from party leaders. Kennedy's candidacy also

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wrote an extensive history of Kennedy's health based on a collection of Kennedy-associated papers from 1955 to 1963, including X-rays and prescription records from Travell. According to Travell's records, during his presidential years Kennedy suffered from high fevers; stomach, colon, and prostate

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left two dead and dozens injured, prompting Kennedy to send in 3,000 troops to quell the riot. Meredith did finally enroll in class. Kennedy regretted not sending in troops earlier and he began to doubt whether the "evils of Reconstruction" he had been taught or believed were true. On November 20,

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In the final analysis, it is their war. They are the ones who have to win it or lose it. We can help them, we can give them equipment, we can send our men out there as advisers, but they have to win it, the people of Vietnam, against the Communists... But I don't agree with those who say we should

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Kennedy anxiously anticipated a summit with Nikita Khrushchev. The proceedings for the summit got off to a problematic start when Kennedy reacted aggressively to a routine Khrushchev speech on Cold War confrontation in early 1961. The speech was intended for domestic audiences in the Soviet Union,

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The address reflected Kennedy's confidence that his administration would chart a historically significant course in both domestic policy and foreign affairs. The contrast between this optimistic vision and the pressures of managing daily political realities would be one of the main tensions of the

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For the problems are not all solved and the battles are not all won—and we stand today on the edge of a New Frontier. ... But the New Frontier of which I speak is not a set of promises—it is a set of challenges. It sums up not what I intend to offer the American people, but what I intend to ask of

1434:, a resort and temporary military hospital in Arizona. On March 1, 1945, Kennedy retired from the Navy Reserve on physical disability and was honorably discharged with the full rank of lieutenant. When later asked how he became a war hero, Kennedy joked: "It was easy. They cut my PT boat in half." 4988:

and quoted its closing lines: "Don't let it be forgot, that once there was a spot, for one brief, shining moment that was known as Camelot." Critics, especially historians, have mocked the Camelot myth as a distortion of Kennedy's actions, beliefs, and policies. However, in the public memory, the

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injected and ingested corticosteroids for his adrenal insufficiency; procaine shots and ultrasound treatments and hot packs for his back; Lomotil, Metamucil, paregoric, phenobarbital, testosterone, and trasentine to control his diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, and weight loss; penicillin and other

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The economy turned around and prospered during Kennedy's presidency. The GDP expanded by an average of 5.5% from early 1961 to late 1963, while inflation remained steady at around 1% and unemployment eased. Industrial production rose by 15% and motor vehicle sales increased by 40%. This sustained

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on February 8, 1963. Despite persistent rumors that the CIA orchestrated the coup, declassified documents and the testimony of former CIA officers indicate that there was no direct American involvement. The Kennedy administration was pleased with the outcome and ultimately approved a $ 55-million

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at the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham; by the end of the day, four Black children had died in the explosion, and two others were shot to death in the aftermath. Due to this resurgent violence, the civil rights legislation underwent some drastic amendments that critically endangered any

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and obtained King's release from prison, which drew additional Black support to his brother's candidacy. Recognizing that conservative Southern Democrats could block legislation, Kennedy did not introduce civil rights legislation on taking office. He needed their support to pass his economic and

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By November 1963, there were 16,000 American military personnel in South Vietnam, up from Eisenhower's 900 advisors; more than one hundred Americans had been killed in action and no final policy decision was made. In the aftermath of the aborted coup in September 1963, the Kennedy administration

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paramilitary officers. Kennedy had campaigned on a hardline stance against Castro, and when presented with the plan that had been developed under the Eisenhower administration, he enthusiastically adopted it regardless of the risk of inflaming tensions with the Soviet Union. Kennedy approved the

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for breaking Senate rules and abusing an Army general, Kennedy was the only Democrat not to cast a vote against him. Kennedy drafted a speech supporting the censure. However, it was not delivered because Kennedy was hospitalized for back surgery in Boston. Although Kennedy never indicated how he

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The Kennedy family is one of the most established political families in the United States, having produced a president, three senators, three ambassadors, and multiple other representatives and politicians. While a congressman, Kennedy embarked on a seven-week trip to India, Japan, Vietnam, and

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The Department of Justice was assigned to coordinate the federal government's involvement in the March on Washington on August 28; several hundred thousand dollars to were channeled to the six sponsors of the March. To ensure a peaceful demonstration, the organizers and the president personally

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called to advise him that his two-year signature effort in Congress to combat poverty in Appalachia had been defeated, primarily by the votes of Southern Democrats and Republicans. When Arthur Schlesinger Jr. complimented Kennedy on his remarks, Kennedy bitterly replied, "Yes, and look at what

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said that Kennedy focused primarily on the political repercussions of the plan rather than military considerations. When it proved unsuccessful, he was convinced that the plan was a setup to make him look bad. He took responsibility for the failure, saying, "We got a big kick in the leg and we

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deserved it. But maybe we'll learn something from it." Kennedy's approval ratings climbed afterwards, helped in part by the vocal support given to him by Nixon and Eisenhower. He appointed Robert Kennedy to help lead a committee to examine the causes of the failure. The Kennedy administration

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concluded that the debates raised interest, boosted turnout, and gave Kennedy an extra two million votes, mostly as a result of the first debate. The debates are now considered a milestone in American political history—the point at which the medium of television began to play a dominant role.

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standards in the region. In response to Kennedy's plea, Congress voted for an initial grant of $ 500 million in May 1961. The Alliance for Progress supported the construction of housing, schools, airports, hospitals, clinics and water-purification projects as well as the distribution of free

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U.S. would also appear to the world as less committed to the defense of the Western Hemisphere. On a personal level, Kennedy needed to show resolve in reaction to Khrushchev, especially after the Vienna summit. To deal with the crisis, he formed an ad-hoc body of key advisers, later known as

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All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin." In closing, he expanded on his desire for greater internationalism:

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was established to ensure clear communications between the leaders of the two countries. This crisis brought the world closer to nuclear war than at any point before or after, but "the humanity" of Khrushchev and Kennedy prevailed. The crisis improved the image of American willpower and the

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Almost every weekend that Congress was in session, Kennedy would fly back to Massachusetts to give speeches to veteran, fraternal, and civic groups, while maintaining an index card file on individuals who might be helpful for a campaign for statewide office. Contemplating whether to run for

3444:-style tax cut designed to help spur economic growth, and Kennedy adopted this policy. The idea was that a tax cut would stimulate consumer demand, which in turn would lead to higher economic growth, lower unemployment, and increased federal revenues. To the disappointment of liberals like 3979:, was far from certain as Eisenhower held an ambivalent attitude. Early in his presidency, Kennedy was poised to dismantle the crewed space program, but he postponed any decision out of deference to Vice President Johnson, who had been a strong supporter of the program in the Senate. With 1913:

agreed to let the provision die as a compromise measure. Kennedy also voted for the "Jury Trial Amendment." Many civil rights advocates criticized that vote as one which would weaken the act. A final compromise bill, which Kennedy supported, was passed in September 1957. As a senator from

3452:, as well as provisions to help the elderly and handicapped. Republicans and many Southern Democrats opposed the bill, calling for simultaneous reductions in expenditures, but debate continued throughout 1963. Three months after Kennedy died, Johnson pushed the plan through Congress. The 2380:, as its first director. Through this program, Americans volunteered to help developing countries in fields like education, farming, health care, and construction. Kennedy believed that countries that received Peace Corps volunteers were less likely to succumb to a communist revolution. 2015:, who was concerned about Kennedy's lack of experience. Kennedy knew that a second ballot could give the nomination to Johnson or someone else, and his well-organized campaign was able to earn the support of just enough delegates to win the presidential nomination on the first ballot. 4498:

The Kennedys invited a range of artists, writers and intellectuals to White House dinners, raising the profile of the arts in America. On the White House lawn, they established a swimming pool and tree house, while Caroline attended a preschool with 10 other children inside the home.

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was suppressed, while the third recommendation suggested that even if the majority of the U.S. military objective was completed by the end of 1965 that continued presence of U.S. training personnel in more limited numbers could be necessary if the insurgency was not suppressed.

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published an editorial which argued that while Kennedy had initially "moved too slowly and with little evidence of deep moral commitment" in regards to civil rights he "now demonstrate a genuine sense of urgency about eradicating racial discrimination from our national life."

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prospects for passage of the bill, to the outrage of Kennedy. He called the congressional leaders to the White House and by the following day the original bill, without the additions, had enough votes to get it out of the House committee. Gaining Republican support, Senator

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requested both parties to reverse their decisions and enter a cooling-off period. Khrushchev agreed, but Kennedy did not. Kennedy managed to preserve restraint when a Soviet missile unauthorizedly downed a U.S. Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft over Cuba, killing pilot

568: 1254:, but his health problems seemed almost certain to prevent active duty. Kennedy's father intervened by providing misleading medical records and convincing PT officers that his presence would bring publicity to the fleet. Kennedy completed six months of training at the 1584:

on January 30, 1949, Kennedy denounced Truman and the State Department for contributing to the "tragic story of China whose freedom we once fought to preserve. What our young men had saved , our diplomats and our President have frittered away." Having served as a

3609:, organized integrated Freedom Rides to test a Supreme Court case ruling that declared segregation on interstate transportation illegal. The Riders were repeatedly met with mob violence, including by federal and state law enforcement officers. Kennedy assigned 12472: 4093:

On November 21, 1962, in a cabinet meeting with Webb and other officials, Kennedy explained that the Moon shot was important for reasons of international prestige, and that the expense was justified. On July 20, 1969, almost six years after Kennedy's death,

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to halt the project, but he declined, citing a critical need for flood control. He expressed concern about the plight of the Seneca and directed government agencies to assist in obtaining more land, damages, and assistance to mitigate their displacement.

3772:. Although Kennedy only gave written approval for limited wiretapping of King's phones "on a trial basis, for a month or so," Hoover extended the clearance so his men were "unshackled" to look for evidence in any areas of King's life they deemed worthy. 11232: 3526:

investigation against U.S. Steel, and President Kennedy convinced other steel companies to rescind their price increases until finally even U.S. Steel, isolated and in danger of being undersold, agreed to rescind its own price increase. An editorial in

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in Massachusetts. Kennedy's suggestions for stimulating the region's economy appealed to both parties by offering benefits to business and labor, and promising to serve national defense. Congress would eventually enact most of the program. Kennedy, a

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Into late 1961, disagreements existed among Kennedy's doctors concerning the balance of medication and exercise. Kennedy preferred the former because he was short on time and desired immediate relief. The president's primary White House physician,

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In 1961, Kennedy prioritized passing five bills: federal assistance for education, medical insurance for the elderly, housing legislation, federal aid to struggling areas, and an increase in the federal minimum wage. Kennedy's bill to increase the

3095:. Describing the protection of Israel as a moral and national commitment, he was the first to introduce the concept of a 'special relationship' between the U.S. and Israel. In 1962, the Kennedy administration sold Israel a major weapon system, the 2099:

Kennedy's campaign gained momentum after the first debate, and he pulled slightly ahead of Nixon in most polls. On Election Day, Kennedy defeated Nixon in one of the closest presidential elections of the 20th century. In the national popular vote,

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survey showed Kennedy with a retrospective approval rating of 90 percent, the highest of all U.S. presidents in recent history. Assessments of his policies are mixed. Many of Kennedy's legislative proposals were passed after his death, during the

3249:. Also known as "A Strategy of Peace", not only did Kennedy outline a plan to curb nuclear arms, but he also "laid out a hopeful, yet realistic route for world peace at a time when the U.S. and Soviet Union faced the potential for an escalating 1170:. The book was one of the first to offer information about the war and its origins, and quickly became a bestseller. In addition to addressing Britain's unwillingness to strengthen its military in the lead-up to the war, the book called for an 5314: 3217: 567: 3870:

Kennedy had relatively little interest in agricultural issues, but he sought to remedy the issue of overproduction, boost the income of farmers, and lower federal expenditures on agriculture. Under the direction of Secretary of Agriculture

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At the start of the fall general election campaign, the Republican nominee and incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon held a six-point lead in the polls. Major issues included how to get the economy moving again, Kennedy's Catholicism, the

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No nation which expects to be the leader of other nations can expect to stay behind in this race for space. ... We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard.

4025:. Though he was concerned about the program's costs, Kennedy agreed to Johnson's recommendation that the U.S. commit to a crewed lunar landing as the major objective of the space program. In a May 25 speech to Congress, Kennedy declared, 2673:

of the Soviets' construction of intermediate-range ballistic missile sites in Cuba. The photos were shown to Kennedy on October 16; a consensus was reached that the missiles were offensive in nature and posed an immediate nuclear threat.

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At the start of his first term, Kennedy focused on fulfilling the promise of his campaign to do "more for Massachusetts" than his predecessor. Although Kennedy's and Lodge's legislative records were similarly liberal, Lodge voted for the

4761:'s house. Furthermore, people at the White House switchboard noted that Monroe had called Kennedy during 1962. J. Edgar Hoover, the FBI director, received reports about Kennedy's indiscretions. These included an alleged East German spy, 4020:

In the aftermath of Gagarin's flight, as well as the failed Bay of Pigs invasion, Kennedy felt pressured to respond to the perceived erosion of American prestige. He asked Johnson to explore the feasibility of beating the Soviets to the

2325:

During the election campaign, Kennedy attacked the Eisenhower administration for losing ground on the African continent, and stressed that the U.S. should be on the side of anti-colonialism and self-determination. Kennedy considered the

2971:, or face potential withdrawal of U.S. support and removal from power, Kennedy instructed Lodge to offer covert assistance to a coup d'état, excluding assassination. On November 1, 1963, a junta of senior military officers executed the 11993: 2003:, who controlled most of the delegates, and to prove to his detractors that a Catholic could win popular support. Victories over Senator Humphrey in the Wisconsin and West Virginia primaries gave Kennedy momentum as he moved on to the 4220:

on November 24, before he could be prosecuted. Ruby was arrested and convicted for the murder of Oswald. Ruby successfully appealed his conviction but died of cancer on January 3, 1967, while the date for his new trial was being set.

3037:. At the same time, French President Charles de Gaulle was trying to build a Franco-West German counterweight to the American and Soviet spheres of influence. To Kennedy's eyes, this Franco-German cooperation seemed directed against 3751:

on August 28, 1963. Kennedy initially opposed the march, fearing it would have a negative effect on the prospects for the civil rights bills pending in Congress. These fears were heightened just prior to the march when FBI Director

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attacks against American military and civilian targets, and blaming them on the Cuban government to gain approval for a war against Cuba. However, the administration continued to plan for an invasion of Cuba in the summer of 1962.

16169: 3341:". However, Kennedy's small margin of victory in the 1960 election, his lack of deep connections to influential members of Congress, and his administration's focus on foreign policy hindered the passage of New Frontier policies. 9780: 9447: 1536:

As a congressman, Kennedy had a reputation for not taking much interest in the running of his office or his constituents' concerns, with one of the highest absenteeism rates in the House, although much was explained by illness.

9603: 3875:, the administration sought to limit the production of farmers, but these proposals were generally defeated in Congress. To increase demand for domestic agricultural products and help the impoverished, Kennedy launched a pilot 2562:

and immediately came under heavy fire. The goal was to spark a widespread popular uprising against Castro, but no such uprising occurred. No U.S. air support was provided. The invading force was defeated within two days by the

14693: 1126:, and the Middle East in preparation for his Harvard senior honors thesis. He then went to Berlin, where a U.S. diplomatic representative gave him a secret message about war breaking out soon to pass on to his father, and to 12713: 1908:

and this was considered by some to be an appeasement of Southern Democratic opponents of the bill. Kennedy did vote for Title III of the act, which would have given the Attorney General powers to enjoin, but Majority Leader

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The 1963 LIFE article represented the first use of the term "Camelot" in print and is attributed with having played a major role in establishing and fixing this image of the Kennedy Administration and period in the popular

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Kennedy suffered from chronic severe back pain, for which he had surgery. His condition may have had diplomatic repercussions, as he appears to have been taking a combination of drugs to treat back pain during the 1961

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down and to encourage growth of the economy. He presided over the first government budget to top the $ 100 billion mark, in 1962, and his first budget in 1961 resulted in the nation's first non-war, non-recession

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provision for giving the South an unfair advantage over Massachusetts in labor costs. In May 1953, Kennedy introduced "The Economic Problems of New England", a 36-point program to help Massachusetts industries such as

5315: 1397:). It followed Kennedy into politics and provided a strong foundation for his appeal as a leader. Hersey portrayed Kennedy as a modest, self-deprecating hero. For his courage and leadership, Kennedy was awarded the 1339:

and fourteen other PTs were ordered to block or repel four Japanese destroyers and floatplanes carrying food, supplies, and 900 Japanese soldiers to the Vila Plantation garrison on the southern tip of the Solomon's

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were the first countries to participate. The organization grew to 5,000 members by March 1963 and 10,000 the year after. Since 1961, over 200,000 Americans have joined the Peace Corps, representing 139 countries.

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had grown by an average of only 2.2% per annum during the Eisenhower administration (scarcely more than population growth at the time), and it had declined by 1% during Eisenhower's last twelve months in office.

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to the Capitol to lie in state. Throughout the day and night, hundreds of thousands lined up to view the guarded casket, with a quarter million passing through the rotunda during the 18 hours of lying in state.

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address in 1961, he suggested international cooperation in space. Khrushchev declined, as the Soviets did not wish to reveal the status of their rocketry and space capabilities. In April 1961, Soviet cosmonaut

14742: 9007: 6690: 1988:. Though some questioned Kennedy's age and experience, his charisma and eloquence earned him numerous supporters. Kennedy faced several potential challengers, including Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson, 5294: 5454: 4248:." The committee was unable to identify the other gunmen or the extent of the conspiracy. This conclusion was based largely on audio recordings of the shooting. Subsequently, investigative reports from the 2553:

bombers left Nicaragua to bomb Cuban airfields. The bombers missed many of their targets, leaving most of Castro's air force intact. On April 17, the 1,500 U.S.-trained Cuban exile invasion force, known as

2428:, but was supported by the U.S. and other Western powers. The Soviets wanted to reunify Berlin under the control of East Germany, partly due to the large number of East Germans who had fled to West Berlin. 29342: 28724: 14446: 8250: 5215: 3216: 2928:

Though Kennedy provided support for South Vietnam throughout his tenure, Vietnam remained a secondary issue for the Kennedy administration until 1963. On September 2, Kennedy declared in an interview with

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against the rising totalitarian powers. Kennedy became increasingly supportive of U.S. intervention in World War II, and his father's isolationist beliefs resulted in the latter's dismissal as ambassador.

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Believing that "those who make peaceful revolution impossible, will make violent revolution inevitable," Kennedy sought to contain the perceived threat of communism in Latin America by establishing the

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speech on national television and radio, launching his initiative for civil rights legislation—to provide equal access to public schools and other facilities, and greater protection of voting rights.

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As a senator, Kennedy quickly won a reputation for responsiveness to requests from constituents (i.e., co-sponsoring legislation to provide federal loans to help rebuild communities damaged by the

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in labor-management relations. The hearings attracted extensive radio and television coverage where the Kennedy brothers engaged in dramatic arguments with controversial labor leaders, including

11985: 4236:—to investigate the assassination. The commission concluded that Oswald acted alone in killing Kennedy and that Oswald was not part of any conspiracy. These conclusions are disputed by many. A 1142:

for speeches endorsing the United Kingdom's declaration of war on Germany. Kennedy was sent as his father's representative to help with arrangements for American survivors of the torpedoing of

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to be "the cork in the bottle" in regards to the regional threat. In March 1961, Kennedy voiced a change in policy from supporting a "free" Laos to a "neutral" Laos, indicating privately that

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in the District of Columbia, the only remaining jurisdiction in the United States with such a penalty. The death penalty has not been applied in D.C. since 1957 and has now been abolished.

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with historians and the general public. His personal life has been the focus of considerable sustained interest following public revelations in the 1970s of his chronic health ailments and

3218: 3174:, attended a State Dinner in Dublin, and was conferred with the freedom of the towns and cities of Wexford, Cork, Dublin, Galway, and Limerick. He visited the cottage at Dunganstown, near 36084: 33734: 33727: 33720: 33713: 33706: 33496: 566: 15001: 11779: 3373:

to those who did not qualify for public housing. Kennedy proposed a bill providing for $ 2.3 billion in federal educational aid to the states, with more money going to states with lower

2704: 2322:. The Food for Peace program became a central element in American foreign policy, and eventually helped many countries to develop their economies and become commercial import customers. 36044: 36024: 20508: 9772: 9439: 5370: 5292: 5213: 3099:. Historians differ as to whether Kennedy pursued security ties with Israel primarily to shore up support with Jewish-American voters, or because of his admiration of the Jewish state. 9564: 3532:

budget surplus. The stock market, which had steadily declined since Kennedy's election in 1960, dropped 10% shortly after the administration's action on the steel industry took place.

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or add to the country's financial burden. The problem, as he saw it, was not simply to be anti-communist but to stand for something that these emerging nations would find appealing.

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should be deemed America's tripwire for communism's spread in the area. Though he was unwilling to commit U.S. forces to a major military intervention in Laos, Kennedy did approve

28975: 28863: 15994: 10286: 6435: 4718:, who later wrote that the future president tried to end his marriage to be with her before having any children with his wife. Kennedy was also reported to have had affairs with 2697:

missiles in Italy and Turkey in 1958. It also could not be assured that the assault would be 100% effective. In concurrence with a majority vote of the NSC, Kennedy decided on a

1045:. Kennedy graduated from Choate in June 1935, finishing 64th of 112 students. He had been the business manager of the school yearbook and was voted the "most likely to succeed." 20282: 14575: 6295: 2942:

withdraw. That would be a great mistake... made this effort to defend Europe. Now Europe is quite secure. We also have to participate—we may not like it—in the defense of Asia.

9655: 36134: 35984: 32389: 20862: 20440: 19243: 16852: 13494: 13403: 8913: 3146: 35934: 33761: 28043: 19953: 5235: 14545: 3498:. The economy, which had been through two recessions in three years and was in one when Kennedy took office, accelerated notably throughout his administration. Despite low 34686: 14612: 12433: 9565:"Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis: A Reassertion of Robert Kennedy's Role as the President's 'Indispensable Partner' in the Successful Resolution of the Crisis" 7055: 2023: 16354: 13434: 5293: 3302:. It quickly became clear that a comprehensive test ban would not be implemented, due largely to the reluctance of the Soviets to allow inspections to verify compliance. 34645: 30199: 19236: 19183: 19179: 18223: 17312: 16757: 12217: 7542: 7081: 5214: 4273: 4030: 3800: 1856: 29622: 12904: 8707: 6332: 1461:; the assignment kept Kennedy's name in the public eye and "expose him to journalism as a possible career." That May he went to Berlin as a correspondent, covering the 34478: 34335: 29450: 18157: 13585: 13071: 12989: 10464: 7767: 2286: 1430:

in Massachusetts from May to December 1944, he was released from active duty. Beginning in January 1945, Kennedy spent three months recovering from his back injury at

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in reverse." There was some concern from the international community (asked in confidence) that the assault plan was an overreaction given that Eisenhower had placed

36039: 34736: 20855: 16827: 16797: 8146: 6697: 3253:." Kennedy also announced that the Soviets had expressed a desire to negotiate a nuclear test ban treaty, and that the U.S. had postponed planned atmospheric tests. 2108:, he won 303 votes to Nixon's 219 (269 were needed to win). Fourteen electors from Mississippi and Alabama refused to support Kennedy because of his support for the 13736: 3033:

In 1963, Germany was enduring a time of particular vulnerability due to Soviet aggression to the east as well as the impending retirement of West German Chancellor

2065: 35909: 33754: 30462: 25198: 25001: 24820: 24639: 24456: 24266: 24076: 20878: 20460: 20455: 17225: 16102: 13876: 12845: 10408: 9309: 1208:. Despite months of training, he was medically disqualified due to his chronic back problems. On September 24, 1941, Kennedy, with the help of the director of the 14826: 14443: 9999:

JFK's "Address on the First Anniversary of the Alliance for Progress", White House reception for diplomatic cors of the Latin American republics, March 13, 1962.

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by the U.S. His public position was in opposition. In June 1961, the Dominican Republic's leader was assassinated; in the days following, Undersecretary of State

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Kennedy's foreign policy was dominated by American confrontations with the Soviet Union, manifested by proxy contests in the global state of tension known as the

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and audited classes, but he left after a semester to help his father complete his memoirs as an American ambassador. In early 1941, Kennedy toured South America.

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Years after Kennedy's death, it was revealed that in September 1947, when he was 30 and in his first term in Congress, he was diagnosed by Sir Daniel Davis at

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happened to area development the very next day in the House." He then added, "But of course, I had to give that speech, and I'm glad that I did." On June 16,

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In the aftermath of the Bay of Pigs invasion, Khrushchev increased economic and military assistance to Cuba. The Soviet Union planned to allocate in Cuba 49

2599:, and others. The group's objective—to overthrow Castro via espionage, sabotage, and other covert tactics—was never pursued. In November 1961, he authorized 2180:"Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you. 1530: 10020: 6569: 3357:

and the Housing Act of 1961. The Area Redevelopment Act, a $ 394 million program, provided federal funding to economically struggling regions (primarily in

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Kennedy spotted a Japanese destroyer heading north on its return from the base of Kolombangara around 2:00 a.m., and attempted to turn to attack, when

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to protect the Riders rather than using federal troops or uncooperative FBI agents. Kennedy feared sending federal troops would stir up "hated memories of

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civil rights mess." Civil rights movement participants, mainly those on the front line in the South, viewed Kennedy as lukewarm, especially concerning the

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seat and spoke of "muckers" who would "spit in our sea," leading Kennedy to name his group "The Muckers Club," which included roommate and lifelong friend

13051: 10739: 10055: 7429: 4615:. The combination included hormones, animal organ cells, steroids, vitamins, enzymes, and amphetamines, and possible side effects included hyperactivity, 1732:, Kennedy excoriated Lodge for not doing enough to prevent the increasing migration of manufacturing jobs from Massachusetts to the South, and blamed the 34602: 30239: 30234: 30229: 30224: 30219: 30214: 30209: 30204: 29560: 28856: 16934: 16740: 16540: 16535: 16399: 16147: 13137: 12878: 8829: 7587: 4111: 3946: 1949: 1922: 1652: 1644: 1634: 1630: 23984: 10434: 8965: 8364: 4895:'s Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Kennedy 14th highest overall among the 43 persons who have been president, including then-president 1824:

which would connect the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean, despite opposition from Massachusetts politicians who argued that the project would hurt the

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Kennedy underwent several spinal operations over the next two years. Often absent from the Senate, he was at times critically ill and received Catholic

36119: 36094: 33365: 32435: 28344: 26373: 20494: 16252: 15275: 14401: 11255: 9352: 5458: 4450:, nicknamed "John-John" by the press as a child, was born in late November 1960, 17 days after his father was elected. John Jr. died in 1999 when the 36124: 35959: 34575: 34570: 34539: 31578: 31155: 30447: 30179: 29007: 28884: 28334: 25152: 24969: 24788: 24607: 24424: 24234: 24044: 20517: 17349: 16954: 16924: 16735: 16094: 13846: 11571:

Rehm, John B. (April 1968). "Developments in the law and institutions of international economic relations: the Kennedy Round of Trade Negotiations".

11519: 8557: 5316: 4746:. There have been several conspiracy theories surrounding the deaths of Monroe and Meyer, alleging that Kennedy may have had a part in their deaths. 4245: 829: 693: 10843: 36014: 29587: 28842: 28685: 28028: 27555: 26305: 20294: 20277: 18026: 13553: 9067: 4840: 4388: 3792:. On July 2, 1964, the guarantees Kennedy proposed in his June 1963 speech became federal law, when President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act. 2490:. In remarks to his aides on the Berlin Wall, Kennedy noted that "it's not a very nice solution, but a wall is a hell of a lot better than a war." 1357: 15999: 14422: 10160: 8782:

Stephen G Rabe, "John F. Kennedy" in Timothy J Lynch, ed., "The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic History" (2013) 1:610–615.

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passed Congress by wide majorities. It authorized the president to negotiate tariff reductions on a reciprocal basis of up to 50 percent with the

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carried Massachusetts by 208,000 votes, but Kennedy narrowly defeated Lodge by 70,000 votes for the Senate seat. The following year, he married

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Kennedy as an above-average president, and he is usually the highest-ranking president who served less than one full term. A 2014 survey from

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issues; abscesses; high cholesterol; and adrenal problems. Travell kept a "Medicine Administration Record", cataloging Kennedy's medications:

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Under the leadership of the attorney general, the Kennedy administration shifted the focus of the Justice Department, the FBI, and the IRS to

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to Moscow to negotiate a treaty with the Soviets. The introductory sessions included Khrushchev, who later delegated Soviet representation to

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Kennedy traveled extensively to build his support. His campaign strategy was to win several primaries to demonstrate his electability to the

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and had been tapped by their father to seek the presidency. After Joe's death, the assignment fell to JFK as the second eldest. Boston mayor

1205: 703: 558: 16364: 8522:"Debunking Nixon's radio victory in the 1960 election: Re-analyzing the historical record and considering currently unexamined polling data" 7508: 4328:. It was attended by approximately 1,200 guests, including representatives from over 90 countries. After the service, Kennedy was buried at 3629: 35395: 31771: 31636: 31271: 31213: 30248: 29399: 29392: 29249: 28104: 19106: 19086: 19066: 19046: 19026: 19006: 18986: 18966: 18946: 18926: 18906: 18886: 18866: 18846: 18821: 18801: 18781: 18761: 18741: 18721: 18701: 18681: 18661: 18641: 18621: 18601: 18581: 18561: 18541: 18071: 18046: 18011: 17986: 16545: 14288: 13960: 13178: 6262: 6127: 5940: 5355: 4372: 2817:

led a cautious reaction by the nation. Robert Kennedy, who saw an opportunity for the U.S., called Bowles "a gutless bastard" to his face.

1985: 1967: 1505: 1259: 749:. In October 1962, U.S. spy planes discovered Soviet missile bases had been deployed in Cuba. The resulting period of tensions, termed the 14772: 11160: 8389: 5505: 4591:. Davis estimated that Kennedy would not live for another year, while Kennedy hoped he could live for ten. In 1966, White House physician 3999:

became the first person to fly in space, reinforcing American fears about being left behind by the Soviet Union. Less than a month later,

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foreign policy agendas, and to support his reelection in 1964. Kennedy did appoint many Blacks to office, including civil rights attorney

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After the election, Eisenhower emphasized to Kennedy that the communist threat in Southeast Asia required priority; Eisenhower considered

1512:. Kennedy won the Democratic primary with 42 percent of the vote, defeating nine other candidates. According to Fredrik Logevall, Joe Sr. 35929: 34585: 29219: 28078: 26965: 23836: 20367: 20342: 20230: 17991: 16488: 13898: 12138: 10701: 5409:

was nine months younger when he first rose to the office from the vice presidency on September 14, 1901 in the wake of his predecessor's

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John F. Kennedy: 1962 : containing the public messages, speeches, and statements of the president, January 20 to December 31, 1962

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Zachary K. Goldman, "Ties that bind: John F. Kennedy and the foundations of the American–Israeli alliance: The Cold War and Israel."

8761: 4920: 4623:, at first was unknown to the other two, as his mode of treatment was controversial and used for the most severe bouts of back pain. 4488: 4293:

Kennedy's body was brought back to Washington. On November 23, six military pallbearers carried the flag-draped coffin into the

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A month later, both the Soviet Union and East Berlin began blocking any further passage of East Germans into West Berlin and erected

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Most historians and political scientists who have written about Kennedy refer to his U.S. Senate years as an interlude. According to

1482: 956: 14101: 14024: 13486: 13395: 13067: 12985: 12360: 10134: 8905: 8498: 5716: 5557: 4698:, and John F. Kennedy talk during the president's May 19, 1962, early birthday party, where Monroe publicly serenaded Kennedy with " 3983:, Johnson was given a major role in overseeing the administration's space policy, and at Johnson's recommendation Kennedy appointed 3432: 1496:

Kennedy (back row, second from right) and Richard Nixon (far right) participate in a radio broadcast as 1947 freshmen House members.

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comedy album, which parodied the president, the first lady, their family, and the administration, sold about four million copies.

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that Kennedy was strongly considering pulling out of Vietnam after the 1964 election, and comments made by Kennedy administration

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to the western sector, reacting to statements from the Soviet Union. Kennedy began intensive meetings on the Berlin issue, where

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from 1946 to 1955 as district vice chairman, member of the executive board, vice-president, and National Council Representative.

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Kennedy was proud that his Labor Department helped keep wages steady in the steel industry, but was outraged in April 1962 when

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space, and on window stickers ("Kennedy for Congress") for cars and homes and was the force behind the mass mailing of Hersey's

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During his years at Choate, Kennedy was beset by health problems that culminated with his emergency hospitalization in 1934 at

4380: 3789: 3420: 1837: 1565: 173: 12209: 8703: 7534: 7384: 7077: 7048:"Remarks Of Representative John F. Kennedy At The Philip J. Durkin Testimonial Dinner, Salem, Massachusetts, January 30, 1949" 1489:, but Joe Sr. preferred a congressional campaign that could send John to Washington, where he could have national visibility. 35949: 35609: 34170: 30158: 29638: 28033: 25968: 25655: 25633: 23973: 23846: 23711: 22266: 22046: 21601: 21131: 20931: 20706: 20445: 20110: 16904: 15821: 15778: 15754: 15704: 15683: 15664: 15643: 15619: 15598: 15577: 15551: 15530: 15509: 15444: 15425: 15399: 15373: 15350: 15331: 15307: 15285: 15249: 15186: 15145: 15126: 15107: 15086: 13703: 13642: 13214: 11582: 11063: 10853: 10788: 10749: 9732: 9112: 8801: 8036: 7975: 7818: 7280: 7255: 6932: 6839: 6336: 6174: 6084: 6055: 5975: 5916: 5872: 5768: 5693: 5668: 5489: 5178: 5157: 5136: 5012: 3385: 3306:

it on October 7, 1963. France was quick to declare that it was free to continue developing and testing its nuclear defenses.

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emerged as campaign manager. Kennedy's mother and sisters contributed as highly effective canvassers by hosting a series of "

1255: 28218: 27056: 15255: 14795: 13790: 12806:. White House Tapes–Presidential Recordings Program, Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from 10456: 4165:

on November 22, 1963. He was in Texas on a political trip to smooth over frictions in the Democratic Party between liberals

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also their assessment of the military situation and the proper U.S. role in the country. After the State Department sent a

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in his junior year. In 1940, Kennedy completed his thesis, "Appeasement in Munich", about British negotiations during the

36109: 36079: 36029: 35161: 35111: 34382: 32305: 32138: 32069: 31766: 31631: 31559: 31266: 31208: 30467: 29670: 29328: 28941: 28762: 28073: 26480: 25613: 24014: 21846: 20746: 20736: 20120: 19093: 19073: 19053: 19033: 19013: 18993: 18973: 18953: 18933: 18913: 18893: 18873: 18853: 18828: 18808: 18788: 18768: 18748: 18728: 18708: 18688: 18668: 18648: 18628: 18608: 18588: 18568: 18548: 18528: 18515: 18502: 18489: 18476: 18463: 18450: 18437: 18424: 18411: 18398: 18385: 18372: 18333: 18320: 18307: 18294: 18281: 18268: 18255: 17825: 16914: 16561: 16556: 16215: 14904: 13159:"Majority in U.S. Still Believe JFK Killed in a Conspiracy: Mafia, federal government top list of potential conspirators" 12744: 12414:"Not Undertaking the Almost-Impossible Task: The 1961 Wire Act's Development, Initial Applications, and Ultimate Purpose" 11828: 11740: 9231: 9128: 6651: 4619:, impaired judgment, nervousness, and mood swings. Kennedy at one time was regularly seen by three doctors, one of whom, 4257: 3580:, who had been jailed while trying to integrate a department store lunch counter. Robert Kennedy called Georgia Governor 3062: 2881: 2004: 1852: 1810: 1621:, Kennedy abandoned interest in the former, believing that the governor "sat in an office, handing out sewer contracts." 614: 89: 25722: 25650: 13868: 12841: 10412: 9305: 1152:

While Kennedy was an upperclassman at Harvard, he began to take his studies more seriously and developed an interest in

35974: 34555: 34461: 32204: 30482: 30452: 29631: 29615: 29537: 29474: 28870: 28716: 28162: 27515: 26610: 25588: 25473: 25427: 25422: 25368: 23771: 23376: 21551: 21306: 17845: 16909: 15839: 15730: 10960: 10592: 6401: 5386: 5252: 5102: 5036:, U.S. Navy aircraft carrier ordered in April 1964, launched May 1967, decommissioned August 2007; nicknamed "Big John" 4478:

Kennedy and his wife were younger than the presidents and first ladies who preceded them, and both were popular in the

4376: 4125: 3954: 3780: 2576: 2153: 1778: 1605:, Kennedy wanted the United States to develop nonmilitary techniques of resistance that would not create suspicions of 533: 35249: 16020:

at the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections, documenting one of his last visits before his assassination

13759: 11095: 8251:"Address of Senator John F. Kennedy Accepting the Democratic Party Nomination for the Presidency of the United States" 3716:, in Mississippi. As Kennedy had predicted, the day after his TV speech, and in reaction to it, House Majority leader 2451:

conveying the bottom line to Khrushchev on the most sensitive issue before them, a proposed treaty between Moscow and

1036:, but Joe Sr. thought that if they were to compete in the political world, they needed to be with boys from prominent 36099: 36064: 35989: 35964: 35126: 32421: 28989: 28877: 28651: 27247: 26810: 26080: 26021: 22971: 20195: 17775: 17695: 17275: 15164: 14943: 12466: 11669: 5410: 5306: 4757:) is not known, though it has been reported that they spent a weekend together in March 1962 while he was staying at 4647: 3941: 3522:, quietly informed Kennedy that his company would raise prices. In response, Attorney General Robert Kennedy began a 3354: 3346: 3004:

ordering the withdrawal of 1,000 military personnel by the end of the year following the third recommendation of the

2867: 2856: 2125: 2105: 1350: 1204:, but canceled when American entry into World War II seemed imminent. In 1940, Kennedy attempted to enter the army's 407: 25818: 12532: 11368: 7353: 6772: 1677:" at hotels and parlors across Massachusetts to reach out to women voters. In the presidential election, Republican 1074:, as his older brother had done. Ill health forced his return to the U.S. in October 1935, when he enrolled late at 36159: 36114: 35645: 35291: 35197: 34637: 34627: 34513: 34374: 34344: 33980: 33887: 32324: 32242: 32166: 31885: 31754: 31619: 31428: 31254: 31196: 30189: 28900: 28893: 28607: 26950: 26945: 26440: 26403: 26132: 25578: 23456: 21011: 20415: 20347: 20304: 19811: 19266: 19166: 18166: 17765: 17309: 17262: 16929: 16919: 16899: 16747: 16720: 15740: 15213: 14973: 14874: 12239: 10612: 8873: 5069: 5055: 4982:. In an interview following Kennedy's death, his widow Jacqueline mentioned his affection for the Broadway musical 4773:

friendly relationship with members of the press would help protect him from public revelations about his sex life.

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Committee determined that "reliable acoustic data do not support a conclusion that there was a second gunman." The

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During his four-day visit to his ancestral home of Ireland beginning on June 26, 1963, Kennedy accepted a grant of

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in November 2013 showed 61% believed in a conspiracy, and only 30% thought that Oswald did it alone. In 1979, the

1422:

acted as a shield from shore fire as they escaped on two rescue landing craft at the base of the Warrior River at

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During his presidency, Kennedy continued policies that provided political, economic, and military support to the

2662: 2580: 2537:'s regime though an invasion of Cuba by a counter-revolutionary insurgency composed of U.S.-trained, anti-Castro 1010: 770: 26445: 26332: 26320: 20676: 13162: 12525:"Norton Letter to U.S. Attorney Says Death Penalty Trial That Begins Today Part of Troubling and Futile Pattern" 8189: 7130:"Remarks Of Representative John F. Kennedy In The House Of Representatives, Washington, D.C., November 20, 1947" 4244:

concluded, with one third of the committee dissenting, "that Kennedy was probably assassinated as a result of a

4003:

became the first American to travel into space, strengthening Kennedy's confidence in NASA. The following year,

2900:

government. Vietnam had been divided into a communist North Vietnam and a non-communist South Vietnam after the

1901:

in 1959 to eliminate the requirement that aid recipients sign a loyalty oath and provide supporting affidavits.

860: 32886: 32223: 32115: 29601: 29553: 29242: 28394: 27101: 26870: 26450: 26352: 26085: 25529: 25524: 23631: 21666: 21656: 20235: 20200: 20115: 20105: 20065: 19756: 19136: 18216: 17755: 17685: 17635: 17585: 17535: 17493: 17388: 16086: 15714: 13048: 12626: 10926: 7421: 4368: 4081: 4068: 3918: 3618: 3167: 2686: 2646: 2198: 2054: 1898: 1844: 1820:), except on certain occasions when the national interest was at stake. In 1954, Kennedy voted in favor of the 1549: 1279: 602: 523: 70: 26770: 26500: 26011: 25783: 13134: 12867: 12580:"320—Letter to the President of the Seneca Nation of Indians Concerning the Kinzua Dam on the Allegheny River" 8818: 8025: 7964: 7807: 7579: 2801:

The Eisenhower administration, through the CIA, had begun formulating plans to assassinate Castro in Cuba and

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was defused largely through a backchannel communication the Kennedy administration had set up with Soviet spy

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but was prevented from entering. In response, Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent 400 federal marshals. The

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to become mayor of Boston in 1946. Kennedy established legal residency at 122 Bowdoin Street across from the

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not speak for my Church on public matters—and the Church does not speak for me." He promised to respect the

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to switch its support to Kennedy by promising the publisher a $ 500,000 loan), while John's younger brother

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Bobby and J. Edgar: The Historic Face-Off Between the Kennedys and J. Edgar Hoover That Transformed America

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In late 1961, the White House formed the Special Group (Augmented), headed by Robert Kennedy and including

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shell and requested a boat rescue. Seven days after the collision, with the coconut message delivered, the

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Kantor Exhibit No. 3—Handwritten notes made by Seth Kantor concerning events surrounding the assassination

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as his vice-presidential nominee. He believed that the Texas senator could help him win support from the

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Kennedy's presidency saw high tensions with communist states in the Cold War. He increased the number of

677: 513: 287: 28517: 28497: 28419: 13554:"JFK The Bigamist. ... . The Truth At Last; Kennedy was already married when he got wed to Jackie. ... " 9059: 4278: 4212:

and was subsequently charged with Kennedy's assassination. He denied shooting anyone, claiming he was a

3764:, were communists. When King ignored the administration's warning, Robert Kennedy authorized the FBI to 2416:. The summit would cover several topics, but both leaders knew that the most contentious issue would be 1001:, where they swam, sailed, and played touch football. Christmas and Easter holidays were spent at their 35780: 35471: 35239: 34919: 34534: 34473: 34407: 31457: 30640: 30126: 29697: 29567: 29434: 29205: 28785: 28502: 27890: 27111: 27096: 27086: 26940: 26540: 26028: 25831: 25598: 22941: 22891: 22641: 22591: 21821: 21366: 20410: 20170: 20145: 20050: 20015: 19846: 19219: 19213: 19207: 17955: 17945: 17925: 17895: 17705: 17555: 17023: 16959: 16615: 16447: 14419: 10156: 4404: 4333: 4318: 3914: 3465: 3349:

to $ 1.25 an hour passed in early 1961, but an amendment inserted by conservative leader from Georgia,

3246: 3080: 2741:

from Italy and Turkey, which were by then obsolete and had been supplanted by submarines equipped with

2381: 2310:," expanding economic aid and appointing knowledgeable ambassadors. His administration established the 1870:(also known as the McClellan Committee) with his brother Robert, who was chief counsel, to investigate 1791: 1698:, a book about U.S. senators who risked their careers for their personal beliefs, for which he won the 1319: 1298: 1247: 1071: 920: 543: 309: 35059: 28389: 28238: 17625: 15463:

Gleijeses, Piero (February 1995). "Ships in the Night: The CIA, the White House and the Bay of Pigs".

10687:

Logevall, Frederick (1998), "Vietnam and the Question of What Might Have Been," in Mark J. White, ed.

10129: 4427:. In 1956, they sold their Hickory Hill estate to Kennedy's brother Robert, and bought a townhouse in 3747:

A crowd of over 250,000, predominantly African Americans, gathered in Washington for the civil rights

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In April 1943, Kennedy was assigned to Motor Torpedo Squadron TWO, and on April 24 he took command of

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president's credibility. Kennedy's approval rating increased from 66% to 77% immediately thereafter.

2412:

but Kennedy interpreted it as a personal challenge. His mistake helped raise tensions going into the

1614: 1590: 1509: 1308: 1231: 34714: 28507: 28384: 16418: 16257: 8301: 5787: 51: 36149: 35894: 34251: 33972: 33573: 33425: 32088: 32080: 31038: 30930: 30841: 30776: 30406: 30067: 29963: 29724: 29677: 29663: 28644: 28574: 28233: 28223: 28181: 27745: 27312: 26575: 26465: 26219: 25763: 23992: 22146: 22111: 21361: 20661: 20272: 20225: 20210: 20185: 20090: 20030: 20005: 19975: 19965: 19933: 19493: 17605: 17525: 17179: 17101: 16802: 16790: 16384: 16048: 16027: 15930: 12039: 10320: 4928: 4544: 4411:, a journalist, introduced the pair at a dinner party. They were married on September 12, 1953, at 3826: 3813: 3709: 3185:, the Irish parliament. Kennedy later told aides that the trip was the best four days of his life. 1976: 1905: 1719: 1533:, Kennedy defeated his Republican opponent in the general election, taking 73 percent of the vote. 1492: 1139: 1029: 1014: 980: 928: 876: 865: 833: 734: 649: 495: 249: 33746: 29298: 28522: 28482: 28369: 27485: 14686:"New ranking of U.S. presidents puts Lincoln at No. 1, Obama at 18; Kennedy judged most overrated" 10350: 9724: 3701:, which had just been federalized by order of the president. That evening Kennedy gave his famous 1929:. Kennedy's margin of victory of 874,608 votes was the largest in Massachusetts political history. 737:

began during his presidency. In 1961, he authorized attempts to overthrow the Cuban government of

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concluded "that no persuasive evidence can be identified to support the theory of a conspiracy".

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with alarm, fearing that it could eventually pose a threat to the U.S. On October 14, 1962, CIA

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that would provide aid to Soviet satellite nations. Kennedy also introduced an amendment to the

1761:

in raw wool, stronger efforts to research and market American fish products, an increase in the

911:. All four of his grandparents were children of Irish immigrants. Kennedy had an older brother, 35724: 35687: 35587: 35421: 34774: 34085: 33641: 33577: 32930: 32824: 32017: 31853: 31515: 31361: 31049: 30920: 30791: 30400: 30059: 29947: 29853: 29752: 29503: 28512: 27765: 27269: 26663: 26337: 25813: 25573: 25568: 25361: 24019: 23101: 23091: 22821: 22711: 22606: 22596: 22576: 22381: 22371: 21211: 20319: 20314: 20175: 20055: 20020: 19686: 18519: 18493: 18480: 18432: 18428: 18315: 18276: 17591: 17470: 17095: 16889: 16699: 15768: 14935: 14768: 11149: 8397: 5506:"A History of 83 Beals Street, Brookline, Massachusetts: Birthplace of John Fitzgerald Kennedy" 5169: 5092: 4442:

After a miscarriage in 1955 and a stillbirth in 1956 (their daughter Arabella), their daughter

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to be among the most important foreign policy issues facing his presidency, and he supported a

2215: 2027: 1817: 1438: 1427: 1263: 924: 638: 472: 28462: 27975: 16939: 15023: 12130: 11772: 11018: 8064: 7180: 5600: 3388:, a three-year program aimed at retraining workers displaced by new technology. Its impact on 3087:

Kennedy ended the arms embargo that the Truman and Eisenhower administrations had enforced on

979:

neighborhood of New York City in September 1927. Several years later, his brother Robert told

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On March 22, 1962, Kennedy signed into law a bill abolishing the mandatory death penalty for

3822: 3805: 3693:, from attending. Wallace moved aside only after being confronted by Deputy Attorney General 3682: 3649: 3644: 3625: 3547: 3469: 3288: 3130: 3111: 3106:'s Iraqi government passed Public Law 80, which restricted the partially American-controlled 3072: 2955: 2810: 2790: 2778: 2768: 2689:(NSC) members favored an unannounced air assault on the missile sites, but some saw this as " 2505: 2483: 2406: 2164: 2109: 1821: 1742: 1656: 1601:

Europe." To combat Soviet efforts to take control in Middle Eastern and Asian countries like

1458: 1185: 1111: 912: 880: 790: 778: 680:, but left him with serious injuries. After a brief stint in journalism, Kennedy represented 358: 152: 20486: 14715: 14064: 14047: 13760:"Kennedys Mourn Death of Infant – Kennedys Mourning Baby Son; Funeral Today Will Be Private" 13456: 10457:"Track the rapid escalation of the Vietnam War under Pres. John F. Kennedy's administration" 9716: 7172: 5592: 4042: 2997:

in a 2008 memoir suggesting that Kennedy was undecided about what policy direction to take.

2201:, and the younger Kennedy became the "assistant president" who advised on all major issues. 2018:

Kennedy ignored the opposition of his brother Robert, who wanted him to choose labor leader

35904: 35899: 35878: 35854: 35310: 34884: 34607: 34592: 33790: 33599: 33593: 33291: 32964: 32840: 32771: 32751: 32747: 32733: 32602: 31417: 31231: 31059: 30943: 30880: 30826: 30715: 30704: 30509: 30328: 30320: 30144: 30099: 29979: 29915: 29792: 29523: 29282: 28821: 28600: 28409: 27540: 27307: 27162: 27116: 27031: 27026: 26825: 26724: 26673: 26668: 26560: 26515: 26470: 26408: 26239: 26214: 26164: 26092: 26006: 25856: 25458: 25437: 25209: 25184: 25163: 25012: 24980: 24831: 24799: 24650: 24618: 24467: 24435: 24277: 24245: 24096: 24055: 23731: 23671: 23661: 23581: 23576: 23486: 23461: 23331: 23321: 23301: 23141: 23096: 23066: 23041: 22836: 22631: 22611: 22536: 22276: 22041: 21736: 21281: 21261: 21171: 20811: 20791: 20646: 19816: 19557: 18358: 18341: 17841: 17413: 17381: 17366: 17358: 17333: 17217: 17158: 16817: 16604: 16465: 16273: 16263: 15881: 13816: 8450: 6473: 4979: 4588: 4568:. After withdrawing from Princeton University, Kennedy was hospitalized for observation at 4538: 4298: 4056: 3621:(ICC) to adhere to federal law. By September 1961, the ICC ruled in favor of the petition. 3404:, which provided funding to local mental health community centers and research facilities. 3048: 2914: 2631: 2621: 2604: 2550: 2499: 2319: 2244:. This strategy relied on multiple options for responding to the Soviet Union, discouraged 1795: 1678: 1581: 1501: 1332: 1243: 1153: 1107: 1075: 1025: 1002: 900: 766: 750: 742: 205: 164: 124: 105: 28: 35141: 35065: 28467: 28379: 14331: 10825: 8753: 4529:, and ear infections. These ailments compelled him to spend a considerable amount of time 4297:, where he lay in repose for 24 hours. Then, the coffin was carried on a horse-drawn 2968: 2967:

to Lodge that ordered him to pressure Diem to remove military authority from his brother,

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Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts

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lowered the top individual rate to 70 percent, and the top corporate rate to 48 percent.

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designed to defeat Communist insurgents through bombing raids and the recruitment of the

2245: 1694: 1365: 1096: 1087: 1006: 986: 845: 837: 698: 341: 28487: 26840: 26753: 15945: 14098: 13791:"Happy Anniversary to the first scheduled presidential press conference—93 years young!" 12807: 12788: 12071: 11183: 10738:

Gehler, Michael; Kaiser, Professor of European Studies Wolfram; Kaiser, Wolfram (2004).

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years of Kennedy's presidency are still seen as a brief, brilliant, and shining moment.

4204:, where he was pronounced dead 30 minutes later, at 1:00 p.m. He was 46 years old. 3896: 3892: 3330: 1790:

remained unsullied by industrialization. On September 3, 1959, Kennedy co-sponsored the

765:, Kennedy sent an army convoy to reassure West Berliners of U.S. support, and delivered 35489: 34856: 34827: 34786: 34676: 34655: 33866: 32693: 32669: 32626: 32594: 32397: 31830: 31730: 31532: 31525: 31475: 31380: 31289: 30997: 30953: 30430: 30418: 30352: 30107: 30075: 29862: 29025: 28553: 28139: 27935: 27920: 27845: 27825: 27820: 27805: 27652: 27400: 27152: 27036: 26790: 26693: 26678: 26590: 26580: 26555: 26550: 26315: 26269: 26184: 26169: 26112: 25928: 25851: 25727: 25618: 25608: 24087: 23883: 23801: 23736: 23556: 23451: 23391: 23326: 23291: 23271: 23266: 23111: 23036: 22861: 22846: 22806: 22796: 22776: 22506: 22311: 22301: 22251: 22176: 22151: 22101: 21921: 21901: 21806: 21731: 21726: 21461: 21451: 21416: 21331: 21246: 21221: 21066: 21056: 20921: 20796: 20766: 20601: 20299: 19791: 19746: 19741: 19721: 19641: 19599: 19551: 19509: 19366: 19330: 19320: 19308: 19278: 18752: 18732: 18616: 18556: 18536: 18366: 18350: 18204: 18199: 18189: 17761: 17302: 17131: 17113: 16979: 16969: 16752: 16483: 15877: 15744: 15566: 15488: 15362: 15321: 15205: 15076: 14928: 14849: 13626: 13176:"Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives" 12579: 11833: 11594: 10530: 9595: 8549: 8390:"THE KENNEDY-NIXON PRESIDENTIAL DEBATES, 1960 – The Museum of Broadcast Communications" 7725: 6123: 5406: 5049: 4932: 4727: 3991: 3614: 3573: 3449: 3134: 3103: 2809:. When Kennedy took office, he privately instructed the CIA that any plan must include 2806: 2600: 2479: 2431: 2121: 1989: 1848: 1806: 1754: 1682: 1462: 1131: 1092: 936: 904: 746: 657: 653: 433: 391: 27835: 27664: 12398: 12357:"Executive Order 10980—Establishing the President's Commission on the Status of Women" 10351:"Interview with Walter Cronkite, Inaugurating a CBS TV News Program, 2 September 1963" 7920: 7299: 6924: 5614: 3423:

negotiations, concluding on June 30, 1967, the last day before expiration of the Act.

1568:, which restricted the power of labor unions. Though not as vocally anti-communist as 832:

persist. After Kennedy's death, Congress enacted many of his proposals, including the

35842: 35710: 35697: 35674: 35623: 35453: 35389: 35328: 35297: 35254: 35218: 34982: 34966: 34949: 34671: 34612: 34363: 34125: 34069: 34016: 33810: 33798: 33653: 33647: 33549: 33167: 33120: 33112: 33096: 33052: 33028: 32940: 32856: 32832: 32791: 32775: 32725: 32717: 32642: 32570: 32462: 32256: 32231: 32193: 32146: 32031: 32006: 31930: 31918: 31705: 31669: 31504: 31467: 31409: 31399: 31328: 30863: 30763: 30412: 30278: 29812: 29406: 29228: 29120: 29056: 28835: 28424: 28414: 28404: 28364: 28319: 28152: 28005: 27950: 27925: 27880: 27810: 27785: 27750: 27740: 27709: 27596: 27480: 27450: 27187: 27177: 27091: 26985: 26830: 26545: 26342: 26199: 26152: 26050: 26001: 25975: 25953: 25793: 25773: 25717: 25705: 25519: 25354: 25301: 25247: 25229: 25131: 25059: 25030: 24948: 24876: 24849: 24704: 24668: 24530: 24485: 24349: 24295: 24177: 24132: 24114: 23831: 23786: 23721: 23566: 23536: 23496: 23491: 23446: 23351: 23311: 23261: 23231: 23126: 23086: 23076: 23016: 22876: 22826: 22736: 22686: 22621: 22551: 22526: 22511: 22396: 22376: 22366: 22131: 22126: 22051: 21976: 21956: 21946: 21686: 21651: 21581: 21526: 21431: 21371: 21286: 21231: 21186: 21181: 21141: 21071: 20941: 20926: 20916: 20776: 20731: 20711: 20696: 20626: 20621: 20551: 20309: 19856: 19851: 19826: 19806: 19796: 19623: 19587: 19503: 19432: 19402: 19354: 19342: 19324: 19314: 19284: 18901: 18792: 18776: 18656: 18636: 18497: 18471: 17911: 17861: 17791: 17731: 17711: 17701: 17561: 17511: 17435: 17398: 17325: 17165: 17143: 17107: 16679: 16404: 16227: 16012: 15866: 15861: 15835: 15817: 15800: 15774: 15750: 15726: 15719: 15700: 15694: 15679: 15660: 15654: 15639: 15633: 15615: 15594: 15573: 15547: 15541: 15526: 15520: 15505: 15492: 15480: 15440: 15421: 15414: 15395: 15369: 15346: 15327: 15317: 15303: 15281: 15245: 15182: 15160: 15141: 15122: 15103: 15097: 15082: 14939: 14642: 14069: 13699: 13638: 13631: 13210: 12905:"Kennedy Is Killed By Sniper As He Rides In Car In Dallas; Johnson Sworn In On Plane" 12622: 12462: 11665: 11193: 10922: 10849: 10784: 10745: 10588: 10534: 9728: 9599: 9587: 9510: 9108: 8797: 8553: 8541: 8032: 7971: 7835:"John F. Kennedy's Pre-Presidential Voting Record & Stands on Issues (p. 1 of 9)" 7814: 7768:"John F. Kennedy's Pre-Presidential Voting Record & Stands on Issues (p. 2 of 9)" 7276: 7251: 7173: 6928: 6835: 6170: 6080: 6051: 5971: 5912: 5868: 5764: 5689: 5664: 5593: 5485: 5174: 5153: 5132: 5127: 4984: 4766: 4691: 4628: 4600: 4584: 4355: 4229: 4205: 4201: 3950: 3586: 3557: 3374: 3250: 3245:

On June 10, 1963, Kennedy, at the high point of his rhetorical powers, delivered the

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Kennedy speaking in a televised press conference on the situation in Southeast Asia,

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of Virginia, as did an elector from Oklahoma. Forty-three years old, Kennedy was the

2104:, Kennedy led Nixon by just two-tenths of one percent (49.7% to 49.5%), while in the 1942: 1910: 1733: 1670: 1166: 1143: 932: 825: 813: 805: 451: 117: 28457: 28129: 27800: 15588: 14965:

Linda Czuba Brigance, "For One Brief Shining Moment: Choosing to Remember Camelot."

13598:

that Kennedy had married previously have been soundly disproven. Reeves states that

7376: 4809:. Growing up on Cape Cod, Kennedy and his siblings developed a lifelong passion for 2467:

would be taken as an attack on the U.S. The speech received an 85% approval rating.

1387:

rescue became a highly publicized event. The story was chronicled by John Hersey in

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When the World Calls: The Inside Story of the Peace Corps and Its First Fifty Years

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Kennedy and Jackie leaving the hospital following his spinal surgery, December 1954

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Kennedy ended a period of tight fiscal policies, loosening monetary policy to keep

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The Personal Papers of Theodore H. White (1915–1986): Series 11. Camelot Documents

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The full extent of Kennedy's relationship with Monroe (who in 1962 famously sang "

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Kennedy was single in the 1940s while having relationships with Danish journalist

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in Houston. Kennedy took the latter occasion as an opportunity to deliver another

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At the president's direction, Robert Kennedy privately informed Soviet Ambassador

2339: 1576:, which required communists to register with the government, and he deplored the " 35866: 35603: 35570: 35497: 35429: 35341: 35336: 35323: 35318: 35191: 35151: 35077: 35053: 34931: 34913: 34872: 34780: 34402: 34117: 33964: 33587: 33408: 33332: 33256: 33072: 32952: 32944: 32910: 32816: 32795: 32685: 32634: 32618: 32610: 32542: 32510: 32470: 32332: 32294: 32212: 31973: 31815: 31735: 31700: 31690: 31446: 31064: 31054: 30831: 30821: 30671: 29995: 29987: 29426: 28593: 28477: 28359: 28309: 28204: 28134: 27990: 27980: 27965: 27945: 27930: 27905: 27850: 27615: 27583: 27475: 27435: 27197: 27192: 27132: 27073: 26805: 26683: 26510: 26475: 26383: 26378: 26102: 25996: 25670: 25603: 25593: 25558: 25514: 25501: 25453: 25310: 25283: 25113: 24930: 24758: 24322: 24150: 23756: 23726: 23716: 23706: 23701: 23691: 23616: 23531: 23526: 23466: 23441: 23436: 23416: 23386: 23196: 23191: 23186: 23136: 23081: 23056: 23051: 22976: 22961: 22856: 22831: 22816: 22811: 22791: 22771: 22696: 22561: 22556: 22486: 22481: 22471: 22461: 22456: 22436: 22411: 22356: 22336: 22306: 22291: 22271: 22261: 22256: 22246: 22226: 22186: 22161: 22156: 22106: 22096: 22076: 22061: 22016: 21996: 21896: 21891: 21831: 21816: 21776: 21721: 21681: 21661: 21596: 21591: 21541: 21521: 21446: 21436: 21406: 21386: 21376: 21356: 21351: 21271: 21256: 21251: 21156: 21081: 21051: 21036: 21026: 21001: 20991: 20981: 20976: 20971: 20966: 20956: 20756: 20576: 20571: 20531: 19918: 19786: 19781: 19716: 19701: 19593: 19474: 19336: 19057: 18917: 18840: 18836: 18832: 18812: 18796: 18712: 18696: 18506: 18389: 18328: 18324: 18250: 17831: 17801: 17661: 17641: 15989: 15561: 15239: 14977: 14450: 14426: 14405: 14105: 13794: 13182: 13141: 13093: 13055: 13035: 12784: 12359:. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. 9470:"In Echo Park Many Local Cubans Celebrate Death Of Former President Fidel Castro" 9102: 8877: 8537: 4739: 4573: 4517:

Despite a privileged youth, Kennedy was plagued by childhood diseases, including

4484: 4435:, their legal residence during John's congressional career, and a summer home in 4321: 4225: 4121: 4047: 4008: 3872: 3844: 3785: 3761: 3753: 3617:" among conservative Southern whites. The Justice Department then petitioned the 3610: 3581: 3076: 2951: 2930: 2904:, but Kennedy escalated American involvement in Vietnam in 1961 by financing the 2885: 2802: 2730: 2596: 2592: 2377: 2369: 2257: 2012: 1993: 1879: 1832: 1665: 1569: 1553: 1538: 1328: 1201: 1082: 1033: 951:

level of academic achievement. John's first exposure to politics was touring the

908: 32779: 26097: 15609: 6480:(in Japanese). Embassy of the United States of America in Japan. April 5, 2015. 4192:

The Kennedys and the Connallys in the presidential limousine moments before the

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presented Kennedy with reports that some of King's close advisers, specifically

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failed gubernatorial campaign. With Joe Sr.'s business ventures concentrated on

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to those areas in which oil was actually being produced (namely, the fields at

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FOR MASSACHUSETTS". Joe Sr. again financed his son's candidacy (persuading the

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In January 1942, Kennedy was assigned to the ONI field office at Headquarters,

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The Allegany Senecas and Kinzua Dam: Forced Relocation Through Two Generations

14896: 13028: 12736: 10014: 9132: 6917: 4686: 4350: 3178:, County Wexford, where his ancestors had lived before emigrating to America. 2060: 1270:

from December 7, 1942, until February 23, 1943. Unhappy to be assigned to the

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PT 109: An American Epic of War, Survival, and the Destiny of John F. Kennedy

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PT-109: An American Epic of War, Survival, and the Destiny of John F. Kennedy

15271: 15174: 12012: 11546: 11395: 11197: 10584: 10111: 9656:"U.S. planned massive Cuba invasion force, the kidnapping of Cuban officials" 9591: 9371: 8932: 8545: 5810: 4963: 4924: 4916: 4664: 4612: 4592: 4534: 4502: 4479: 4174: 3984: 3906: 3686: 3490: 3437: 3416: 3362: 2947: 2897: 2413: 2402: 2113: 1934: 1766: 1577: 1394: 1221: 1037: 972: 892: 730: 719: 634: 423: 129: 17449: 14771:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016. 12429: 9583: 9334:. Elite series #166. Illustrated by Stephen Walsh. Osprey Publishing. p. 17. 6691:"Peoria Open Space Master Plan: Chapter 4 – Historic and Cultural Resources" 4572:

in Boston. He then spent the spring of 1936 working as a ranch hand outside

4533:. Three months prior to his third birthday, in 1920, Kennedy came down with 2892:

interviewing Kennedy on September 2, 1963, about U.S. involvement in Vietnam

1106:

In July 1938, Kennedy sailed overseas with his older brother to work at the

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The Torch is Passed: The Associated Press Story of the Death of a President

15804: 15788: 15383: 15295: 14073: 14048:"Endocrine and Autoimmune Aspects of the Health History of John F. Kennedy" 5244: 4904: 4899:. The survey found Kennedy to be the most overrated U.S. president. A 2017 4896: 4723: 4711: 4620: 4616: 4577: 4530: 4209: 4182: 4013: 4000: 3996: 3972: 3713: 3606: 3569: 3523: 3515: 3338: 3320: 2994: 2918: 2844: 2794: 2666: 2555: 2534: 2515: 2510: 2482:

in October following a dispute over free movement of Allied personnel. The

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Kennedy was sworn in as the 35th president at noon on January 20, 1961. In

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Kennedy cast a procedural vote against President Eisenhower's bill for the

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National Security Action Memoranda [NSAM]: NSAM 263, South Vietnam

10526: 4855: 4419:. The newlyweds honeymooned in Mexico, before settling in their new home, 2632:

Proclamation for Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba

1847:, and delivered the state delegation to the party's presidential nominee, 35742: 35666: 35384: 35367: 35047: 34943: 34896: 34815: 34493: 34483: 34419: 34301: 34215: 34183: 34146: 33903: 33826: 33677: 33420: 33412: 33012: 32976: 32960: 32922: 31874: 31720: 31388: 31044: 31003: 30975: 30925: 30167: 30083: 29955: 29762: 27955: 27560: 27530: 27385: 27375: 27274: 27137: 26930: 26419: 26249: 26234: 26045: 25893: 25861: 25748: 25563: 25468: 25407: 23918: 23641: 23586: 22936: 22926: 22886: 22851: 22841: 22726: 22671: 22516: 22441: 22066: 21941: 21826: 21646: 21561: 21546: 21401: 21381: 20896: 20651: 19923: 19886: 19647: 19635: 19438: 19426: 19384: 19290: 18362: 17881: 17292: 17119: 17005: 16237: 16179: 15387: 13599: 10056:"JFK proposes an Alliance for Progress for Latin America, March 13, 1961" 4971: 4758: 4735: 4561: 4522: 4359: 4237: 4233: 4117: 3717: 3652:, which prohibited racial discrimination in federally supported housing. 3353:, exempted laundry workers from the law. Kennedy also won passage of the 3350: 3151: 3096: 3027: 2862: 2559: 2538: 2475: 2471: 2452: 2421: 2373: 2361: 2351: 2315: 2307: 2237: 2233: 2156: 2049: 2030:. In accepting the presidential nomination, Kennedy gave his well-known " 1938: 1875: 1758: 1746: 1703: 1674: 1618: 1552:. He concentrated his attention on international affairs, supporting the 1518: 960: 947: 940: 774: 762: 754: 689: 669: 575: 56: 35861: 15209: 15197: 14970: 14870: 11225:"Obama will echo Kennedy's American University nuclear speech from 1963" 10620: 9492: 8870: 4537:, a highly contagious and life-threatening disease, and was admitted to 2278:. Kennedy interpreted this step as a direct threat to the "free world." 676:

and his rescue of his fellow sailors made him a war hero and earned the

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Counting Every Vote: The Most Contentious Elections in American History

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Two Days in June: John F. Kennedy and the 48 Hours That Changed History

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The Presidential Medal of Freedom : winners and their achievements

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Robert G. Lewis, "What Food Crisis?: Global Hunger and Farmers' Woes."

5331: 5264: 4912:, and Kennedy's death gave those proposals a powerful moral component. 4707: 4004: 3953:

explains the Saturn system to President Kennedy during his tour at the

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During the 1960 presidential campaign, Kennedy endorsed the concept of

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In the weeks immediately following the summit, more than 20,000 people

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Kennedy and Richard Nixon participate in the nation's second televised

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would have voted, the episode damaged his support among members of the

1689: 1586: 1401:, and the injuries he suffered during the incident qualified him for a 891:

Fitzgerald), a philanthropist and socialite. His paternal grandfather,

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American Politics and the African American Quest for Universal Freedom

12064:"U.S. Marshals Mark 50th Anniversary of the Integration of 'Ole Miss'" 10957:

American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945

9899:"The World on the Brink: John F. Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis" 8754:"1961–1968: The Presidencies of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson" 8242: 7656: 7103: 4371:

and closest presidential advisor; he would later run for president in

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magazine that his father left Boston because of job signs that read: "

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in American history, and he was elected president, narrowly defeating

621:, and the majority of his foreign policy concerned relations with the 35837: 35579: 35479: 35443: 35029: 34744: 34580: 34549: 34008: 34000: 33992: 33984: 33605: 33455: 33443: 33203: 32174: 31963: 31685: 31438: 28274: 28010: 27855: 27704: 27677: 27490: 27445: 27354: 27322: 27302: 27294: 26623: 26413: 23381: 22401: 21991: 20836: 19938: 19928: 19900: 19876: 19456: 19296: 19077: 19061: 19041: 19021: 17961: 16807: 15676:

Leading Ladies: The 50 Most Unforgettable Actresses of the Studio Era

14336: 9440:"The Bay of Pigs Invasion and its Aftermath, April 1961–October 1962" 5221:

President Kennedy comments on the possible prevention of the Cold War

4294: 4217: 4178: 4095: 3963: 3499: 3115: 3010: 2964: 2048:, and whether the space and missile programs of the Soviet Union had 1184:

from Harvard with a Bachelor of Arts in government, concentrating on

1180: 1078:, but had to leave after two months due to gastrointestinal illness. 817: 32110: 29197: 15916: 15244:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. 14496: 11590: 8619: 8617: 4075:

promoting the space effort on September 12, 1962, in which he said:

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from 1953 to 1960. While in the Senate, Kennedy published his book,

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List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots

4557: 4458:. However, he died after two days due to complications from birth. 4060: 3816:. In December 1961, Kennedy signed an executive order creating the 3175: 3034: 2934: 2889: 2385: 2229: 2194: 2149: 1787: 1651:

As early as 1949, Kennedy began preparing to run for the Senate in

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Kennedy served in the House for six years, joining the influential

1274:, far from the fighting, Kennedy appealed to Massachusetts senator 1021:, after which he withdrew from Canterbury and recuperated at home. 998: 618: 28173: 26709:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

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The Bystander: John F. Kennedy and the Struggle for Black Equality

15155:

Brauer, Carl M. (2002). "John F. Kennedy". In Graff, Henry (ed.).

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The Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara

14507:"Shaping Up America: JFK, Sports and the Call to Physical Fitness" 14332:"Meet JFK's Alleged Mistresses – and How Some Met Mysterious Ends" 5933:"John F. Kennedy's Princeton University undergraduate alumni file" 5413:, but he was not elected to the office until 1904, when he was 46. 5300:

Announcement by John F. Kennedy to go to the Moon (duration 00:11)

3022: 1753:, as well as the Boston seaport. Kennedy's policy agenda included 1639: 1408:

After a month's recovery Kennedy returned to duty, commanding the

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on October 26, 1941, and joined the ONI staff in Washington, D.C.

1149:

before flying back to the U.S. on his first transatlantic flight.

816:

was arrested for the assassination, but he was shot and killed by

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