United States Senate

2296:. Committee chairs are elected, but, in practice, seniority is rarely bypassed. The chairs hold extensive powers: they control the committee's agenda, and so decide how much, if any, time to devote to the consideration of a bill; they act with the power of the committee in disapproving or delaying a bill or a nomination by the president; they manage on the floor of the full Senate the consideration of those bills the committee reports. This last role was particularly important in mid-century, when floor amendments were thought not to be collegial. They also have considerable influence: senators who cooperate with their committee chairs are likely to accomplish more good for their states than those who do not. The Senate rules and customs were reformed in the twentieth century, largely in the 1970s. Committee chairmen have less power and are generally more moderate and collegial in exercising it, than they were before reform. The second-highest member, the spokesperson on the committee for the minority party, is known in most cases as the ranking member. 2473:, justices of the Supreme Court, and other federal judges. Under Article II, Section 2, of the Constitution, a large number of government appointments are subject to potential confirmation; however, Congress has passed legislation to authorize the appointment of many officials without the Senate's consent (usually, confirmation requirements are reserved for those officials with the most significant final decision-making authority). Typically, a nominee is the first subject to a hearing before a Senate committee. Thereafter, the nomination is considered by the full Senate. The majority of nominees are confirmed; however, in a small number of cases each year, Senate committees purposely fail to act on a nomination to block it. In addition, the president sometimes withdraws nominations when they appear unlikely to be confirmed. Because of this, outright rejections of nominees on the Senate floor are infrequent (there have been only nine Cabinet nominees rejected outright in United States history). 1718:(CSRS). FERS has been the Senate's retirement system since January 1, 1987, while CSRS applies only for those senators who were in the Senate from December 31, 1986, and prior. As it is for federal employees, congressional retirement is funded through taxes and the participants' contributions. Under FERS, senators contribute 1.3% of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2% of their salary in Social Security taxes. The amount of a senator's pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest three years of their salary. The starting amount of a senator's retirement annuity may not exceed 80% of their final salary. In 2006, the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under CSRS was $ 60,972, while those who retired under FERS, or in combination with CSRS, was $ 35,952. 835: 2192:

vote. A senator, however, may challenge the presiding officer's assessment and request a recorded vote. The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one-fifth of the senators present. In practice, however, senators second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy. When a recorded vote is held, the clerk calls the roll of the Senate in alphabetical order; senators respond when their name is called. Senators who were not in the chamber when their name was called may still cast a vote so long as the voting remains open. The vote is closed at the discretion of the presiding officer, but must remain open for a minimum of 15 minutes. A majority of those voting determines whether the motion carries. If the vote is tied, the vice president, if present, is entitled to cast a

1927:, for they are not an elected member of the Senate) in the case of a tie, but are not required to. For much of the nation's history the task of presiding over Senate sessions was one of the vice president's principal duties (the other being to receive from the states the tally of electoral ballots cast for president and vice president and to open the certificates "in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives", so that the total votes could be counted). Since the 1950s, vice presidents have presided over few Senate debates. Instead, they have usually presided only on ceremonial occasions, such as swearing in new senators, joint sessions, or at times to announce the result of significant legislation or nomination, or when a tie vote on an important issue is anticipated. 2092:

speak. Thus, the presiding officer has little control over the course of the debate. Customarily, the majority leader and minority leader are accorded priority during debates even if another senator rises first. All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer, who is addressed as "Mr. President" or "Madam President", and not to another member; other Members must be referred to in the third person. In most cases, senators do not refer to each other by name, but by state or position, using forms such as "the senior senator from Virginia", "the gentleman from California", or "my distinguished friend the chairman of the Judiciary Committee". Senators address the Senate standing next to their desks.

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extent of information and stability of character, requires at the same time that the senator should have reached a period of life most likely to supply these advantages; and which, participating immediately in transactions with foreign nations, ought to be exercised by none who are not thoroughly weaned from the prepossessions and habits incident to foreign birth and education. The term of nine years appears to be a prudent mediocrity between a total exclusion of adopted citizens, whose merits and talents may claim a share in the public confidence, and an indiscriminate and hasty admission of them, which might create a channel for foreign influence on the national councils.

2143:. In most cases, cloture requires the support of three-fifths of the Senate; however, if the matter before the Senate involves changing the rules of the body – this includes amending provisions regarding the filibuster – a two-thirds majority is required. In practice, the threat of filibuster is more important than its use; almost any motion that does not have the support of three-fifths of the Senate effectively fails. This means that 41 senators can make a filibuster happen. Historically, cloture has rarely been invoked because bipartisan support is usually necessary to obtain the required 916: 2607:

disproportionate amounts of federal funding when compared to voters from larger states. Ian Millhiser argues that the points made in favor of the status quo do not hold up since some states vote the same as large states, and that the current system was just a political compromise to unite 13 sovereign nations after the Revolutionary War. He also documents 21st century examples of how this malaportionment has led to the party receiving the most votes losing control of the Senate (and as a result, the Judiciary) and predicts the trend looks set to continue and possibly increase.

880: 128: 114: 10353: 2411: 2656:, in his book "America's Constitution: A Biography," explains that the Senate's structure is integral to the federal system, ensuring that smaller states have a voice in the democratic process. Stanford political theorist Bruce E. Cain writes that equal representation in the Senate "fosters a more inclusive and representative democracy, where diverse regional interests are considered in the legislative process" ensuring that legislation must account for a wide array of perspectives, promoting broader national cohesion. 354: 25: 512: 2314: 1647:, however, changed the opening date for sessions to noon on the third day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. The Twentieth Amendment also states that the Congress shall assemble at least once every year, and allows the Congress to determine its convening and adjournment dates and other dates and schedules as it desires. Article 1, Section 3, provides that the president has the power to convene Congress on extraordinary occasions at his discretion. 2435: 2060:" is placed when the leader's office is notified that a senator intends to object to a request for unanimous consent from the Senate to consider or pass a measure. A hold may be placed for any reason and can be lifted by the senator who placed it at any time. A senator may place a hold simply to review a bill, to negotiate changes to the bill, or to kill the bill. A bill can be held for as long as the senator who objects to the bill wishes to block its consideration. 1691: 6197: 6315: 1891: 1632:), where the terms of one-third expired after two years, the terms of another third expired after four, and the terms of the last third expired after six years. This arrangement was also followed after the admission of new states into the union. The staggering of terms has been arranged such that both seats from a given state are not contested in the same general election, except when a vacancy is being filled. 2242: 1847: 2365:, or bills authorizing the expenditure of federal funds. Historically, the Senate has disputed the interpretation advocated by the House. However, when the Senate originates an appropriations bill, the House simply refuses to consider it, thereby settling the dispute in practice. The constitutional provision barring the Senate from introducing revenue bills is based on the practice of the 4749: 1939:

delegates the responsibility of presiding to a majority-party senator who presides over the Senate, usually in blocks of one hour on a rotating basis. Frequently, freshmen senators (newly elected members) are asked to preside so that they may become accustomed to the rules and procedures of the body. It is said that, "in practice they are usually mere mouthpieces for

1315:, sets three qualifications for senators: (1) they must be at least 30 years old; (2) they must have been citizens of the United States for at least nine years; and (3) they must be inhabitants of the states they seek to represent at the time of their election. The age and citizenship qualifications for senators are more stringent than those for representatives. In 2107:. The length of these speeches is not limited by the rules; thus, in most cases, senators may speak for as long as they please. Often, the Senate adopts unanimous consent agreements imposing time limits. In other cases (for example, for the budget process), limits are imposed by statute. However, the right to unlimited debate is generally preserved. 1464:(also known as a "jungle primary" or "top-two primary") is held in which all candidates participate in a single primary regardless of party affiliation and the top two candidates in terms of votes received at the primary election advance to the general election, where the winner is the candidate with the greater number of votes. In Louisiana, the 1612:

authority to the legislature – not the people or the state generally – it is unclear whether the ballot measure supplants the legislature's statute granting that authority. As a result, it is uncertain whether an Alaska governor may appoint an interim senator to serve until a special election is held to fill the vacancy.

2049:. Unanimous consent agreements are typically negotiated beforehand by party leaders. A senator may block such an agreement, but in practice, objections are rare. The presiding officer enforces the rules of the Senate, and may warn members who deviate from them. The presiding officer sometimes uses the 2633:

James Madison emphasized that the Senate serves as a check against the potential tyranny of the majority, ensuring that the interests of smaller states are not drowned out by the more populous ones. This was despite Madison being initially opposed to equal suffrage before coming around to support it.

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The Constitution provides several unique functions for the Senate that form its ability to "check and balance" the powers of other elements of the federal government. These include the requirement that the Senate may advise and must consent to some of the president's government appointments; also the

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The Senate's right to amend general appropriation bills has been allowed the widest possible scope. The upper house may add to them what it pleases; may go altogether outside of their original provisions and tack to them entirely new features of legislation, altering not only the amounts but even the

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The Senate uses committees (and their subcommittees) for a variety of purposes, including the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch. Formally, the whole Senate appoints committee members. In practice, however, the choice of members is made by the political parties. Generally, each

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On occasion, the Senate may go into what is called a secret or closed session. During a closed session, the chamber doors are closed, cameras are turned off, and the galleries are completely cleared of anyone not sworn to secrecy, not instructed in the rules of the closed session, or not essential to

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Political scientist William F. Connelly Jr., in his book "James Madison Rules America: The Constitutional Origins of Congressional Partisanship," argues that this structure "provides stability and continuity, balancing the rapidly changing political winds of the House of Representatives". Yale legal

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When the debate concludes, the motion in question is put to a vote. The Senate often votes by voice vote. The presiding officer puts the question, and members respond either "Yea/Aye" (in favor of the motion) or "Nay" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice

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wrote of the Senate, "the degree of unequal representation in the U.S. Senate is by far the most extreme profound violation of the democratic idea of political equality among citizens." The countermajoritarianism is rooted in two features. First, the Senate's apportionment scheme, which apportions

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was exercised by both major parties in the 2010s to weaken the filibuster for confirmations. Supporters generally consider the filibuster to be an important protection for the minority views and a check against the unfettered single-party rule when the same party holds the Presidency and a majority

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that either has a majority of seats or can form a coalition or caucus with a majority of seats; if two or more parties are tied, the vice president's affiliation determines which party is the majority party. The next-largest party is known as the minority party. The president pro tempore, committee

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I, ___ ___, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion;

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In 2004, Alaska enacted legislation and a separate ballot referendum that took effect on the same day, but that conflicted with each other. The effect of the ballot-approved law is to withhold from the governor authority to appoint a senator. Because the 17th Amendment vests the power to grant that

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It must be acknowledged that this complicated check on legislation may in some instances be injurious as well as beneficial; and that the peculiar defense which it involves in favor of the smaller States, would be more rational, if any interests common to them, and distinct from those of the other

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Filibustered bills require a three-fifths majority to overcome the cloture vote (which usually means 60 votes). To pass a bill, a simple majority (usually 51 votes) is needed. Some news media have confused the 60 votes needed to overcome a filibuster with the 51 votes needed to approve a bill with

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is frequently debated as the Constitution specifies a simple majority threshold to pass legislation, and some critics feel the de facto three-fifths threshold for general legislation prevents beneficial laws from passing. Steven Wirls argues that the filibuster, elevated in importance in 1917, was

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Debate, like most other matters governing the internal functioning of the Senate, is governed by internal rules adopted by the Senate. During a debate, senators may only speak if called upon by the presiding officer, but the presiding officer is required to recognize the first senator who rises to

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explicitly demonstrates otherwise. A senator may request a quorum call by "suggesting the absence of a quorum"; a clerk then calls the roll and notes which members are present. In practice, senators rarely request quorum calls to establish the quorum as present; instead, quorum calls are generally

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for "president for a time"), who presides over the chamber in the vice president's absence and is, by custom, the senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service. Like the vice president, the president pro tempore does not normally preside over the Senate, but typically

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Except for the president of the Senate (who is the vice president), the Senate elects its own officers, who maintain order and decorum, manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate, and interpret the Senate's rules, practices and precedents. Many non-member officers are

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disqualifies as senators any federal or state officers who had taken the requisite oath to support the Constitution but who later engaged in rebellion or aided the enemies of the United States. This provision, which came into force soon after the end of the Civil War, was intended to prevent those

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On the one hand, some claim the U.S. Senate has a bias against Republicans. However, since 1920, Democrats have controlled the Senate for about 58 years. During most of that period Senate Democrats earned a larger share of Senate seats than their share of the national House vote. Since filibuster

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trials. A senator may call for and force a closed session if the motion is seconded by at least one other member, but an agreement usually occurs beforehand. If the Senate does not approve the release of a secret transcript, the transcript is stored in the Office of Senate Security and ultimately

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A senator must be thirty years of age at least; as a representative must be twenty-five. And the former must have been a citizen nine years; as seven years are required for the latter. The propriety of these distinctions is explained by the nature of the senatorial trust, which, requiring greater

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The Senate's structure gives states with smaller populations the same number of senators (two) as states with larger populations. Historian Daniel Wirls contends that this structure makes the Senate "non-democratic", while Levitsky and Ziblatt argue that the Senate is America's most minoritarian

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presides over the trial. During an impeachment trial, senators are constitutionally required to sit on oath or affirmation. Conviction requires a two-thirds majority of the senators present. A convicted official is automatically removed from office; in addition, the Senate may stipulate that the

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By tradition, seniority is a factor in the selection of physical offices and in party caucuses' assignment of committees. When senators have been in office for the same length of time, a number of tiebreakers are used, including comparing their former government service and then their respective

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The Senate also has a role in ratifying treaties. The Constitution provides that the president may only "make Treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur" in order to benefit from the Senate's advice and consent and give each state an equal vote in the process. However, not all

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In May 2021, Oklahoma permitted its governor again to appoint a successor who is of the same party as the previous senator for at least the preceding five years when the vacancy arises in an even-numbered year, only after the appointee has taken an oath not to run in either a regular or special

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mails one of three forms to the state's governor to inform them of the proper wording to certify the appointment of a new senator. If a special election for one seat happens to coincide with a general election for the state's other seat, each seat is contested separately. A senator elected in a

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The Senate (not the judiciary) is the sole judge of a senator's qualifications. During its early years, however, the Senate did not closely scrutinize the qualifications of its members. As a result, four senators who failed to meet the age requirement were nevertheless admitted to the Senate:

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By the beginning of the 21st century, two-thirds of legislatures globally had become unicameral, with the remaining upper houses tending to become more representative or less powerful; in contrast, the U.S. Senate remained an outlier by not following what Ziblatt and Levitsky refer to as a

1437:, depending on the state) with the general election following a few months later. In most of these states, the nominee may receive only a plurality, while in some states, a runoff is required if no majority was achieved. In the general election, the winner is the candidate who receives a 2484:

remains valid only temporarily; the office becomes vacant again at the end of the next congressional session. Nevertheless, presidents have frequently used recess appointments to circumvent the possibility that the Senate may reject the nominee. Furthermore, as the Supreme Court held in

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Each senator chooses a desk based on seniority within the party. By custom, the leader of each party sits in the front row along the center aisle. Forty-eight of the desks date back to 1819, when the Senate chamber was reconstructed after the original contents were destroyed in the 1812

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estimating in 2018 that Democrats would need to keep winning the popular vote by more than 6% to maintain control of the Senate. Elizabeth Rusch and Daniel Lazare argue that the Senate's structure gives voters from small states disproportionate influence and allows them to benefit from

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presides. The lower tier of the dais is used by clerks and other officials. Sessions of the Senate are opened with a special prayer or invocation and typically convene on weekdays. Sessions of the Senate are generally open to the public and are broadcast live on television, usually by

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provides that "All bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives". As a result, the Senate does not have the power to initiate bills imposing taxes. Furthermore, the House of Representatives holds that the Senate does not have the power to originate

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sent to the national archives. The proceedings remain sealed indefinitely until the Senate votes to remove the injunction of secrecy. In 1973, the House adopted a rule that all committee sessions should be open unless a majority on the committee voted for a closed session.

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Each Senate committee and subcommittee is led by a chair (usually a member of the majority party). Formerly, committee chairs were determined purely by seniority; as a result, several elderly senators continued to serve as chair despite severe physical infirmity or even

2589:(undemocratic) institution. The disparity in population between the most and least populous states has grown over time. In 1790, Virginia had 10 times the population of Rhode Island, while California had 70 times the population of Wyoming in 2020. U.S. citizens in the 2076:

used to temporarily delay proceedings. Usually, such delays are used while waiting for a senator to reach the floor to speak or to give leaders time to negotiate. Once the need for a delay has ended, a senator may request unanimous consent to rescind the quorum call.

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Holds can be overcome, but require time-consuming procedures such as filing cloture. Holds are considered private communications between a senator and the leader, and are sometimes referred to as "secret holds". A senator may disclose the placement of a hold.

858:. Problems with repeated vacant seats due to the inability of a legislature to elect senators, intrastate political struggles, bribery and intimidation gradually led to a growing movement to amend the Constitution to allow for the direct election of senators. 2150:

If the Senate invokes cloture, the debate does not necessarily end immediately; instead, it is limited to up to 30 additional hours unless increased by another three-fifths vote. The longest filibuster speech in the Senate's history was delivered by

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with the approval of a simple majority in each House of Congress, rather than a two-thirds majority in the Senate. Neither executive agreements nor congressional-executive agreements are mentioned in the Constitution, leading some scholars such as

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The approval of both houses is required for any bill, including a revenue bill, to become law. Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill; if there are differences, they may be resolved by sending amendments back and forth or by a

1388:. By the early years of the 20th century, the legislatures of as many as 29 states had provided for popular election of senators by referendums. Popular election to the Senate was standardized nationally in 1913 by the ratification of the 3762: 1834:

chairs, and some other officials are generally from the majority party; they have counterparts (for instance, the "ranking members" of committees) in the minority party. Independents and members of third parties (so long as they do not

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the session. Closed sessions are rare and usually held only when the Senate is discussing sensitive subject matter such as information critical to national security, private communications from the president, or deliberations during

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erroneously stating "The vote was 58–39 in favor of the provision establishing concealed carry permit reciprocity in the 48 states that have concealed weapons laws. That fell two votes short of the 60 needed to approve the measure".

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provide that no senator may make more than two speeches on a motion or bill on the same legislative day. A legislative day begins when the Senate convenes and ends with adjournment; hence, it does not necessarily coincide with the

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began. The Senate's legislative and executive business is managed and scheduled by the Senate's majority leader, who on occasion negotiates some matters with the Senate's minority leader. A prominent practice in the Senate is the

2268:. Each standing committee may consider, amend, and report bills that fall under its jurisdiction. Furthermore, each standing committee considers presidential nominations to offices related to its jurisdiction. (For instance, the 2138:

is a tactic used to defeat bills and motions by prolonging debate indefinitely. A filibuster may entail long speeches, dilatory motions, and an extensive series of proposed amendments. The Senate may end a filibuster by invoking

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and the idea of a proportional "people's house" were widely popular, discussions about Senate representation proved contentious. In the end, some small states—unwilling to give up their equal power with larger states under the

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of each senator, since 2009, is $ 174,000; the president pro tempore and party leaders receive $ 193,400. In 2003, at least 40 senators were millionaires; by 2018, over 50 senators were millionaires (partly due to inflation).

2554:. The Twelfth Amendment requires the Senate to choose from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes. Electoral College deadlocks are rare. The Senate has only broken a deadlock once; in 1837, it elected 6582: 2853:

Angus King of Maine, who cruised to victory last week running as an independent, said Wednesday that he will caucus with Senate Democrats. The Senate's other independent, Bernie Sanders of Vermont, also caucuses with the

6989: 1992:, who maintains public records, disburses salaries, monitors the acquisition of stationery and supplies, and oversees clerks. The assistant secretary of the Senate aids the secretary's work. Another official is the 3853: 3649: 6187: 2643:

States, would otherwise be exposed to peculiar danger. But as the larger States will always be able, by their power over the supplies, to defeat unreasonable exertions of this prerogative of the lesser States…

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have never been represented in the Senate. One analysis of democracies by Harvard professors Daniel Ziblatt and Steven Levitsky found that only Argentina and Brazil's upper chambers deviate further from the

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Today, whereas a populous state like Texas is granted equal suffrage to smaller states, Texas has a congressional delegation several times larger than many smaller states in the House of Representatives.

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Senate elections. The last time Republicans earned the same was in the 1920s. Equal representation for smaller states was pivotal for the legislative accomplishments of the Clinton presidency, like the

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at the age of 29, which was only 13 days prior to his 30th birthday on November 20, 1972. Therefore, he reached his 30th birthday before the swearing-in ceremony for incoming senators in January 1973.

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The manner by which the Seventeenth Amendment is enacted varies among the states. A 2018 report breaks this down into the following three broad categories (specific procedures vary among the states):

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international agreements are considered treaties under U.S. domestic law, even if they are considered treaties under international law. Congress has passed laws authorizing the president to conclude

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federal officials for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors" and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments. If the sitting president of the United States is being tried, the

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requires only a simple majority and does not remove a senator from office. Some senators have opted to withdraw from their re-election races rather than face certain censure or expulsion, such as

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Senators serve terms of six years each; the terms are staggered so that approximately one-third of the seats are up for election every two years. This was achieved by dividing the senators of the

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in 2019 and 2021. The trials of Johnson, Clinton and both Trump trials ended in acquittal; in Johnson's case, the Senate fell one vote short of the two-thirds majority required for conviction.

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The House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials, of whom seven were convicted (one resigned before the Senate could complete the trial). Only three presidents have been impeached:

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Article I, Section 3: "The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years; each Senator shall have one vote."

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now be bypassed, so that chairs do run the risk of being deposed by their colleagues. See in particular p. 17, for the unreformed Congress, and pp.188–9, for the Stevenson reforms of 1977.

1976:. Floor leaders act as the party chief spokesmen. The Senate majority leader is responsible for controlling the agenda of the chamber by scheduling debates and votes. Each party elects an 6572: 1608:

In September 2009, Massachusetts changed its law to enable the governor to appoint a temporary replacement for the late senator Edward Kennedy until the special election in January 2010.

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defendant be banned from holding office. No further punishment is permitted during the impeachment proceedings; however, the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law.

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Senate must consent to all treaties with foreign governments; it tries all impeachments, and it elects the vice president in the event no person gets a majority of the electoral votes.

740:, who is traditionally the most senior member of the Senate's majority party, presides over the Senate, and more often by rule allows a junior senator to take the chair, guided by the 7207: 7177: 2476:

The powers of the Senate concerning nominations are, however, subject to some constraints. For instance, the Constitution provides that the president may make an appointment during a

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The remaining thirty-eight states provide for gubernatorial appointments, "with the appointed senator serving the balance of the term or until the next statewide general election".

6471: 5130: 4252: 2170:" by which Congress can pass bills related to the budget without those bills being subject to a filibuster. This is accomplished by limiting all Senate floor debate to 20 hours. 11267: 7679: 7172: 7081: 4832:, the Constitution provides the origination requirement for revenue bills, whereas tradition provides the origination requirement for appropriation bills. See Sullivan, John. " 12872: 8651: 8215: 7217: 6869: 4368: 1772:, who represents New York, may be identified as "D–New York" or (D-NY). And sometimes they are identified as to whether they are the junior or senior senator in their state ( 8446: 8200: 7395: 6524: 2585:

seats based on states rather than population, resulting in a small-state advantage. Second, the filibuster enables a minority of the chamber to block action in the chamber.

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party honors the preferences of individual senators, giving priority based on seniority. Each party is allocated seats on committees in proportion to its overall strength.

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Apart from rules governing civility, there are few restrictions on the content of speeches; there is no requirement that speeches pertain to the matter before the Senate.

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for vice president, the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office. The Senate conducts trials of officials who have been

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wrote that the Senate has extremely broad amendment authority with regard to appropriations bills, as distinguished from bills that levy taxes. See Wilson, Woodrow.

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wherever present, references to page numbers in superscripts refer to the electronic (.pdf) pagination, not as found printed on the bottom margin of displayed pages.

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have faced a significant amount of resistance and in 1960, the U.S. Senate passed a legally non-binding resolution against recess appointments to the Supreme Court.

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principle than the U.S. Senate does. This disparity in representation between large and small states has increasingly favored Republicans since the 1960s, with

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The Seventeenth Amendment permits state legislatures to empower their governors to make temporary appointments until the required special election takes place.

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The Almanac of American Politics 1976: The Senators, the Representatives and the Governors: Their Records and Election Results, Their States and Districts

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Although the Constitution gave the House the power to initiate revenue bills, in practice the Senate is equal to the House in the respect of spending. As

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Senate procedure depends not only on the rules, but also on a variety of customs and traditions. The Senate commonly waives some of its stricter rules by

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special election takes office as soon as possible after the election and serves until the original six-year term expires (i.e. not for a full-term).

1153: 1009: 737: 225: 14849: 4166: 2684:, at a time when Democrats earned more seats in lower population states like North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, West Virginia, Nebraska and Iowa. 2580:

The Senate has been characterized as uniquely counter-majoritarian institutions in relation to legislatures in other countries. Political scientist

2469:

of the Senate. Officials whose appointments require the Senate's approval include members of the Cabinet, heads of most federal executive agencies,

1643:

The Constitution set the date for Congress to convene — Article 1, Section 4, Clause 2, originally set that date for the third day of December. The

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to suggest that they unconstitutionally circumvent the treaty-ratification process. However, courts have upheld the validity of such agreements.

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was elected to the Senate at the age of 29; he waited until he turned 30 (on the next June 19) to take the oath of office. On November 7, 1972,

615:

appointments to high offices, approve or reject treaties, and try cases of impeachment brought by the House. The Senate and the House provide a

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sits in a chair in the front of the Senate chamber. The powers of the presiding officer of the Senate are far less extensive than those of the

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from serving. That Amendment, however, also provides a method to remove that disqualification: a two-thirds vote of both chambers of Congress.

1357: 1299: 824: 8762: 4274: 2991: 2280:.) Committees may block nominees and impede bills from reaching the floor of the Senate. Standing committees also oversee the departments and 1670:

to support the Constitution. Congress has prescribed the following oath for all federal officials (except the President), including senators:

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grants each state (and Congress, if it so desires to implement a uniform law) the power to legislate a method by which senators are elected.

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in the Senate without that state's consent. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959.

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justified this arrangement by arguing that the "senatorial trust" called for a "greater extent of information and stability of character":

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Along with earning salaries, senators receive retirement and health benefits that are identical to other federal employees, and are fully

788:. The Connecticut Compromise provided, among other things, that each state—regardless of population—would be represented by two senators. 14133: 13976: 13871: 13616: 13354: 12474: 12385: 12127: 12112: 11994: 10318: 10163: 9574: 9202: 9078: 9047: 8861: 8799: 8516: 8132: 7848: 7729: 7447: 7400: 6994: 6396: 4786: 2567: 2216: 1988:

In addition to the vice president, the Senate has several officers who are not members. The Senate's chief administrative officer is the

1940: 1076: 741: 690: 5298: 4930: 4614: 4244: 3908: 2924: 14829: 14330: 13959: 13474: 13469: 13459: 12832: 12561: 11809: 9915: 9636: 9264: 9109: 8830: 8298: 7996: 7637: 7076: 4639: 2099: 2022: 1190: 567: 5046: 1954:. The presiding officer calls on senators to speak (by the rules of the Senate, the first senator who rises is recognized); ruling on 834: 14503: 14128: 14071: 13964: 13793: 13235: 11738: 10101: 9357: 9140: 7437: 7363: 6916: 6804: 6529: 4836: 2674: 2393:

objects of expenditure, and making out of the materials sent them by the popular chamber measures of an almost totally new character.

1973: 1967: 1958:(objections by senators that a rule has been breached, subject to appeal to the whole chamber); and announcing the results of votes. 1806: 1027: 745: 317: 294: 271: 248: 4908: 4359: 14175: 13971: 13464: 12952: 12892: 12452: 12107: 11999: 11849: 10463: 10428: 10412: 10132: 9853: 9233: 8702: 8646: 7986: 7952: 7734: 7289: 7284: 7099: 6534: 981: 976: 6282: 1448:, a runoff between the top two candidates occurs if the plurality winner in the general election does not also win a majority. In 915: 14783: 14081: 14054: 14013: 14008: 13981: 13911: 13798: 13594: 13401: 12989: 12813: 12711: 12343: 11326: 11287: 11091: 10979: 7843: 7719: 7612: 7489: 7279: 5462: 3548: 2693: 2590: 2167: 2123: 694: 5812:(2010); massive, highly detailed summary of Congressional activity, as well as major executive and judicial decisions; based on 14763: 14182: 13891: 13574: 13479: 13309: 13257: 13218: 12785: 12780: 12634: 12571: 12524: 12502: 12467: 12122: 11978: 10915: 10796: 10445: 8752: 8437: 8341: 8244: 7647: 7572: 6946: 6492: 6386: 2374: 2119: 2026: 2000:

handle routine police work, with the sergeant at arms primarily responsible for general oversight. Other employees include the

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presides. The lower tier of the dais is used by clerks and other officials. One hundred desks are arranged in the chamber in a

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requires that vacancies in the Senate be filled by special election. Whenever a senator must be appointed or elected, the

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due to its longer terms, smaller size, and statewide constituencies, which historically led to a more collegial and less

646:; in total, the Senate consists of 100 members. From its beginning in 1789 until 1913, each senator was appointed by the 497: 484: 199: 38: 3297: 2575: 2325:

There are presently three Senate office buildings located along Constitution Avenue, north of the Capitol. They are the

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Every member, when he speaks, shall address the chair, standing in his place, and when he has finished, shall sit down.

2524: 1699: 1292: 4856: 3127: 1764:" before their names. Senators are usually identified in the media and other sources by party and state; for example, 14864: 14453: 14165: 14145: 14096: 14086: 13954: 13876: 13853: 13813: 13677: 13667: 13544: 13519: 13426: 13406: 12884: 12674: 12400: 11782: 11338: 11027: 10991: 10860: 10812: 10732: 10668: 10588: 10556: 10524: 8460: 8314: 8070: 7557: 7066: 7016: 6519: 5677: 5276: 4540: 3941: 3728: 3624: 3283: 2954: 2551: 2504: 1779: 1629: 1381: 991: 953: 855: 698: 647: 643: 461: 80: 6819: 4335: 3166: 1675:

and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God.

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debated more about how to award representation in the Senate than about any other part of the Constitution. While

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of the executive branch. In discharging their duties, standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to

2029:, the Senate meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. At one end of the chamber of the Senate is a 1715: 1406:

Elections to the Senate are held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years,

2260:

Most committee work is performed by 16 standing committees, each of which has jurisdiction over a field such as

15121: 15080: 14999: 14969: 14801: 14618: 14568: 14508: 14443: 14267: 14187: 13861: 13808: 13724: 13714: 13682: 13611: 13599: 13554: 13441: 13339: 13201: 13121: 13111: 12897: 12754: 12457: 12415: 12358: 12132: 12043: 11541: 11139: 10764: 10652: 8729: 8573: 8554: 8537: 8251: 8239: 8122: 8050: 4977:"Recess Appointments To The Federal Judiciary: An Unconstitutional Transformation Of Senate Advice And Consent" 4768: 3950: 3159:"The Rapid Sequence of Events Forcing the Senate's Hand: A Reappraisal of the Seventeenth Amendment, 1890–1913" 2703: 2660:

rules were revised in 1975, the Democratic Party earned filibuster-proof supermajorities three times after the

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by the House. The Senate has typically been considered both a more deliberative and prestigious body than the

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Democracy More or Less: America's Political Reform Quandary (Cambridge Studies in Election Law and Democracy)

4525: 2419: 1996:

who, as the Senate's chief law enforcement officer, maintains order and security on the Senate premises. The

1799: 1369: 1285: 899: 14438: 4389: 14791: 14708: 14513: 14433: 14234: 14227: 14160: 14023: 13906: 13828: 13818: 13672: 13633: 13589: 13549: 13506: 13454: 13386: 13359: 13319: 13297: 13106: 12920: 12867: 12800: 12657: 12613: 12541: 12462: 12380: 12191: 12055: 11884: 11792: 11600: 11199: 10568: 10536: 8656: 8641: 8599: 8594: 8481: 8424: 8173: 8034: 7964: 7585: 7385: 7380: 6831: 6410: 6406: 6402: 5759: 4722: 4468: 4304: 4188: 3565: 2987: 2624: 2427: 1997: 1814: 1407: 1235: 1046: 884: 717: 670: 519: 105: 6814: 3410:"Party In Power – Congress and Presidency – A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress, 1945–2008" 2071:

to do business. Under the rules and customs of the Senate, a quorum is always assumed as present unless a

1685: 736:; the vice president may vote only if the Senate is equally divided. In the vice president's absence, the 14683: 14385: 14155: 14106: 13921: 13823: 13746: 13628: 13524: 13349: 13334: 13272: 12907: 12862: 12669: 12551: 12405: 11187: 11039: 10931: 10911: 10792: 10780: 10744: 8851: 8559: 8384: 8268: 7981: 7306: 7028: 6891: 3849: 2782: 2334: 2273: 2129: 1636:

comprises Senators whose six-year terms are set to expire on January 3, 2025. There is no constitutional

1558:– provide for gubernatorial appointments, but also require a special election on an accelerated schedule. 1461: 1434: 1263: 674: 6271: 5971:

The Walls of Jericho: Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, Richard Russell and the Struggle for Civil Rights

3413: 2761:

does not caucus with the Democrats, but is "formally aligned with the Democrats for committee purposes".

14974: 14628: 14528: 14059: 13929: 13761: 13741: 13729: 13539: 13529: 13211: 13116: 12729: 12719: 12246: 12241: 12231: 12226: 11748: 11119: 10959: 8604: 8389: 7316: 6977: 6157: 6054:. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1885; also 15th ed. 1900, repr. by photoreprint, Transaction books, 2002. 3349: 3259:

Democracy in One Book or Less: How It Works, Why It Doesn't, and Why Fixing It Is Easier Than You Think

2250: 2110:

Within the United States, the Senate is sometimes referred to as "world's greatest deliberative body".

1874:

traditionally sits to the presiding officer's left, regardless of which party has a majority of seats.

1625: 1419: 772: 555: 14994: 6266: 4214: 4174: 3180:

Lee, Frances E. (June 16, 2006). "Agreeing to Disagree: Agenda Content and Senate Partisanship, 198".

14658: 14633: 14463: 14400: 14370: 14320: 13638: 12944: 12749: 12744: 12306: 11760: 11215: 11183: 11063: 10856: 10776: 10728: 10664: 10584: 10552: 10540: 10520: 10504: 8666: 8379: 8283: 6221: 5073:

Taking Text and Structure Seriously: Reflections on Free-Form Method in Constitutional Interpretation

2005: 1838:

support either of the larger parties) are not considered in determining which is the majority party.

781: 216: 14578: 4278: 3671: 3100:

Stewart, Charles; Reynolds, Mark (January 1, 1990). "Television Markets and U.S. Senate Elections".

2925:"Democratic Sen. Joe Manchin of West Virginia registers as independent, citing 'partisan extremism'" 14834: 14814: 13751: 13131: 13101: 13096: 13086: 12852: 12808: 12649: 12410: 12196: 12060: 11874: 11814: 11235: 11167: 11103: 10848: 10680: 10632: 10616: 10576: 10488: 8522: 7959: 6809: 6096: 3475:"The Folkways of the United States Senate: Conformity to Group Norms and Legislative Effectiveness" 2750: 2281: 2156: 1041: 4424: 15024: 14989: 14819: 14643: 14335: 13245: 12981: 12739: 11706: 11207: 10963: 10840: 10544: 8509: 8453: 8263: 7873: 7704: 7562: 7552: 7342: 7269: 6886: 6288: 5722: 2628: 2265: 1989: 1493: 1346: 1342: 1067: 791:

First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient

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and candidates receiving a majority of the votes is declared the winner, skipping a run-off. In

45: 15014: 14949: 14939: 14243: 13697: 13047: 12857: 12837: 12639: 12494: 12289: 12236: 12221: 12065: 11753: 11151: 10943: 10927: 10752: 10436: 10385: 9645: 8495: 8413: 8256: 6375: 3642:"Election audit confirms win for Ballot Measure 2 and Alaska's new ranked-choice voting system" 3595: 3031: 2555: 2487: 1338: 785: 584: 465: 153: 6116:

Vol. II, a topical series of addresses on various aspects of the Senate's operation and powers

4783: 4041: 14773: 14753: 14728: 14678: 14428: 13896: 13579: 12694: 12251: 12216: 12211: 12154: 12137: 11867: 11330: 11291: 11231: 11095: 11007: 10983: 10967: 10824: 10696: 8361: 7577: 7504: 7417: 7412: 6921: 5810:

Congress and the Nation XII: 2005–2008: Politics and Policy in the 109th and 110th Congresses

5784:

Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress

5308: 4937: 4621: 3900: 2929: 1895: 1879: 1794:

a senator by a two-thirds vote. Fifteen senators have been expelled in the Senate's history:

1477: 1230: 721: 596: 523: 455: 4646: 4358: 62: 14959: 14929: 14874: 14723: 14638: 14593: 14583: 14573: 14248: 13376: 13250: 13141: 11951: 11931: 11879: 11829: 11770: 11701: 11223: 11023: 10919: 10888: 10808: 10800: 10624: 10277: 8565: 8321: 8178: 7969: 7879: 7816: 7750: 7699: 7274: 6938: 6217: 5038: 4865: 2599: 2155:(D-SC), who spoke for over 24 hours in an unsuccessful attempt to block the passage of the 1605:– the governor must appoint someone of the same political party as the previous incumbent. 1445: 710: 384: 4833: 4014: 8: 15044: 15039: 14743: 14613: 14345: 13788: 13704: 13514: 13230: 12915: 12546: 11743: 11299: 11283: 11247: 11111: 11079: 11047: 10999: 10872: 10600: 10496: 10472: 8671: 8278: 8229: 7991: 7942: 7627: 7494: 5401:"The Senate Has Always Favored Smaller States. It Just Didn't Help Republicans Until Now" 5254:

You call this democracy? : how to fix our government and deliver power to the people

5008:"SCOTUS for law students (sponsored by Bloomberg Law): Recess appointments and the Court" 4900: 4829: 2681: 2500: 2439: 2277: 1185: 682: 446: 14259: 5904:

Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations.

879: 650:

of the state they represented. Since 1913, each senator has been elected by a statewide

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describes this process; one of the reforms is that seniority within the majority party

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On Capitol Hill : The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences, 1948–2000

3545: 1980:, who works to ensure that his party's senators vote as the party leadership desires. 1778:). Unless in the context of elections, they are rarely identified by which one of the 1349:(aged 28 in 1818). Such an occurrence, however, has not been repeated since. In 1934, 861:

In contrast to the House of Representatives, the Senate has historically had stronger

14984: 14914: 14879: 14758: 14718: 14668: 14608: 14603: 14483: 14478: 14390: 14375: 14315: 13771: 12927: 12279: 11777: 11696: 11681: 11159: 11135: 10951: 10935: 10760: 10648: 8975: 8431: 8395: 8374: 7831: 7567: 7514: 7474: 7459: 7146: 6001: 5989: 5977: 5696: 5657: 5632: 5629:

James Madison Rules America: The Constitutional Origins of Congressional Partisanship

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has argued that the Senate's arcane rules have rendered it obsolete and ineffective.

2046: 1818: 1465: 1316: 1206: 1106: 827:

stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its

733: 608: 14563: 10397: 5964:

From Obstruction to Moderation: The Transformation of Senate Conservatism, 1938–1952

4882:, Chapter III: "Revenue and Supply". Text common to all printings or "editions"; in 4587: 3086: 2558:. The House elects the president if the Electoral College deadlocks on that choice. 1480:

is used to nominate and elect candidates for federal offices, including the Senate.

883:

Members of the United States Senate by class from the staggered term system for the

15004: 14859: 14839: 14663: 14548: 14473: 14350: 14340: 14325: 14310: 13687: 13534: 13240: 13060: 12070: 11911: 11894: 11889: 11728: 11239: 11127: 10832: 10352: 10079: 9905: 9533: 9428: 9409: 8808: 8193: 7592: 7442: 7261: 6330: 6276: 5138: 3486: 3319: 3189: 3058: 2867:"Senate group eyes Social Security changes as Biden hits Republicans over benefits" 2790: 2594: 2410: 2356:

Bills may be introduced in either chamber of Congress. However, the Constitution's

1748:

is the senior senator from New York, having served in the senate since 1999, while

1430: 1415: 1350: 1111: 784:—threatened to secede and won the day by a vote of 5–4 in what became known as the 744:. In the early 1920s, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their 725: 527: 469: 433: 427: 127: 113: 9750: 6335: 5531: 4544: 3846:"Temporary Appointment of US Senator Shall not be a candidate in special election" 3379: 15075: 14954: 14693: 14673: 14648: 14623: 14598: 14588: 14543: 14538: 14493: 14458: 13396: 13172: 13070: 12842: 12142: 12075: 11844: 11765: 11711: 11191: 11031: 10899: 10864: 10816: 10784: 10736: 10672: 10592: 10560: 10528: 9738: 9459: 9304: 9192: 9099: 8944: 8721: 8408: 7358: 7266: 6047: 5959:. Prescott, Ariz.: Sharlot Hall Museum, 1995 (Democratic majority leader 1950–52) 5789: 5365: 5248: 5213: 5079: 4860: 4840: 4815: 4790: 4400: 4135: 3945: 3552: 2708: 2653: 2603: 2477: 2351: 1955: 1830: 1633: 651: 611:

to pass or defeat federal legislation. The Senate has exclusive power to confirm

278: 6044:

U. of Arkansas Press, 1998. (Arkansas Democrat who was Majority leader in 1930s)

3886: 3818: 3759:"Kentucky lawmakers override veto of Mitch McConnell-backed Senate vacancy plan" 1426:

rules for independent and minor party candidates also vary from state to state.

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The Origination Clause of the U.S. Constitution: Interpretation and Enforcement

3193: 2754: 2735: 2532: 2509: 2423: 2385: 2179: 2152: 1795: 1586: 1127: 969: 828: 6021:

The Making of an American Senate: Reconstitutive Change in Congress, 1787–1841

5272: 5187: 5143: 4067: 3628: 3231: 3128:"When the House and the Senate Are Controlled by Different Parties, Who Wins?" 2317: 15100: 15070: 15065: 14420: 12847: 12147: 11956: 11591: 10903: 10720: 10640: 10327: 10308: 9955: 9862: 9769: 9688: 9626: 9490: 9366: 8770: 7826: 7652: 7432: 7239: 6245: 6232: 6136: 5504: 5152: 3498: 3070: 2747: 2144: 2080: 1769: 1761: 1745: 1654:; a member who has been appointed to a seat, but not yet seated, is called a 1598: 1539: 1423: 1320: 600: 588: 580: 511: 353: 255: 206: 5493:"America's electoral system gives the Republicans advantages over Democrats" 5332:"'Our moment is now': can Washington DC statehood finally become a reality?" 3293: 15060: 14909: 14844: 14360: 13154: 13126: 12181: 11143: 10768: 10656: 10234: 10091: 9936: 9843: 9719: 9595: 9564: 9521: 9335: 9130: 9118: 9006: 8932: 8901: 8783: 8697: 7921: 7821: 7469: 7464: 5303: 5252: 5167: 4853: 4759: 4671: 4667: 3211: 2540: 2536: 2104: 1863: 1810: 1516: 1508: 792: 776: 232: 52: 5589:

Tyranny of the Minority: why American democracy reached the breaking point

5222:

Tyranny of the Minority: why American democracy reached the breaking point

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is held first for the Republican and Democratic parties (and a select few

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was created from a revision of this article dated 4 August 2006

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The Ernest W. McFarland Papers: The United States Senate Years, 1940–1952

5936:

The Road to Mass Democracy: Original Intent and the Seventeenth Amendment

3273: 2786: 2743: 2581: 2072: 2057: 1798:, for treason, in 1797, and fourteen in 1861 and 1862 for supporting the 1736:

The senator in each state with the longer time in office is known as the

1543: 1531: 1174: 1148: 862: 301: 148: 6113:

Vol. I, a chronological series of addresses on the history of the Senate

3158: 2942:

Manchin will continue to caucus with Democrats and keep his chairmanship

2178:

prominently and persistently wielded in defense of white supremacy. The

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Profiles in Character: Hubris and Heroism in the U.S. Senate, 1789–1990

5770:

First Among Equals: Outstanding Senate Leaders of the Twentieth Century

5072: 3506: 2898:"Sanders calls Sinema 'corporate Democrat' who 'sabotaged' legislation" 2774: 2727: 2620: 2470: 2370: 2135: 1923: 1760:

Like members of the House of Representatives, Senators use the prefix "

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Mike Mansfield, Majority Leader: A Different Kind of Senate, 1961–1976

5943:

Sizing Up the Senate: The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation

3113: 3078: 2067:

The Constitution provides that a majority of the Senate constitutes a

1690: 13783: 13776: 10215: 10029: 9924: 9440: 9316: 9161: 7893: 7499: 6283:

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 to Present

5922:

The Most Exclusive Club: A History Of The Modern United States Senate

5172:. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. pp. 2, 40, 44. 3837: 2202: 1802: 1535: 1520: 1457: 1354: 1164: 6305: 3672:"The Term of A Senator – When Does It Begin and End? – Senate 98-29" 3490: 11966: 11916: 10141: 10122: 9874: 9812: 8468:

First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln

7886: 7337: 6309: 6127: 5917:(Legislative procedure, informal practices, and member information) 4901:"This Is What Happened Last Time a Cabinet Nomination Was Rejected" 4854:

Bills for Raising Revenue Under the Federal and State Constitutions

3718:"U.S. Senate Vacancies: Contemporary Developments and Perspectives" 3062: 3049:

Amar, Vik D. (January 1, 1988). "The Senate and the Constitution".

2835: 2513: 2450: 2293: 2285: 2039: 1590: 1578: 1574: 666: 661:

As the upper chamber of Congress, the Senate has several powers of

2426:

in 1868; by one vote, the Senate exonerated Johnson on charges of

7407: 6299: 5631:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers (published June 16, 2010). 2758: 2739: 2520: 2261: 2140: 1890: 1602: 1582: 1566: 1551: 1085: 754: 2503:

without action by the Senate. Similarly, the president may make

1921:

serves as president of the Senate. They may vote in the Senate (

8273: 7868: 6339: 3213:

The Senate : from white supremacy to governmental gridlock

2770: 2068: 1707: 1650:

A member who has been elected, but not yet seated, is called a

1570: 1527: 1512: 1473: 1143: 3788:"House approves appointment process for U.S. Senate vacancies" 2831:"Maine Independent Angus King To Caucus With Senate Democrats" 1903:

also hired to run various day-to-day functions of the Senate.

1850:

A typical Senate desk on the floor of the United States Senate

1813:

in 1995. The Senate has also censured and condemned senators;

603:. Together, the Senate and the House have the authority under 8447:

Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States

6321:

Chart of all U.S. Senate seat-holders, by state, 1978–present

4039: 3216:. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. p. 40. 2731: 2414:

The Senate has the power to try impeachments; shown above is

2241: 2050: 1935: 1870:

traditionally sits to the presiding officer's right, and the

1846: 1547: 1469: 804: 46:

https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/article-1/section-3/

5820:

vol XIII has been announced for September 2014 publication.

3278:. Stephen Wirls. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 3157:

Joseph S. Friedman, undergraduate student (March 30, 2009).

630:

The composition and powers of the Senate are established by

7519: 5695:. Cambridge University Press (published December 8, 2014). 4936:. US Senate, Congressional Research Service. Archived from 2030: 1855: 1785: 1594: 838:

Graph showing historical party control of the U.S. Senate,

732:

serves as presiding officer and president of the Senate by

5938:. Transaction Books, 1995. (Popular elections of senators) 4615:"Secret Sessions of Congress: A Brief Historical Overview" 2519:

The Constitution empowers the House of Representatives to

2196:. If the vice president is not present, the motion fails. 1809:

when faced with expulsion proceedings – for example,

14289: 7240:

Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media

5982:

Press Gallery: Congress and the Washington Correspondents

5794:

The Years of Lyndon Johnson. Vol. 3: Master of the Senate

5169:

The Senate: from white supremacy to governmental gridlock

4886:

it is Vol.4 (1968), p.91; for unchanged text, see p. 13,

3163:

Curej – College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal

1805:. Although no senator has been expelled since 1862, many 1710:

after five years of service. Senators are covered by the

728:, the nation's capital. Despite not being a senator, the 542: 6261: 5909:

Davidson, Roger H., and Walter J. Oleszek, eds. (1998).

5067:

For an example, and a discussion of the literature, see

2699:

Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate

1752:

is New York's junior senator, having served since 2009.

1666:

The Constitution requires that senators take an oath or

1444:

However, in five states, different methods are used. In

6035:

Post-Passage Politics: Bicameral Resolution in Congress

5803:

Seeking Justices: The Judging of Supreme Court Nominees

5763:

The Senate of the United States: A Bicentennial History

5994:

The Congress of the United States: A Student Companion

4809:

Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics

3873: 3871: 2576:

United States Congress § Outside income and gifts

1414:. Senators are elected by their state as a whole. The 1365:

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

10427: 6014:

Politics and Power the United States Senate 1869–1901

1866:

pattern and are divided by a wide central aisle. The

8370:

List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex

6088:

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

3794:. Oklahoma Council of Public Affairs. May 27, 2021. 4360:"Filibusters and arcane obstructions in the Senate" 3868: 15117:Legislative branch of the United States government 8751: 7916: 4995:– via Penn Law Legal Scholarship Repository. 4843:", Library of Congress (accessed August 26, 2013). 3156: 1930:The Constitution authorizes the Senate to elect a 1466:blanket primary is considered the general election 1410:, and occur simultaneously with elections for the 5753:U.S. senator bibliography (congressional memoirs) 4136:"Use of the Honorable for U.S. Elected Officials" 3681:. United States Printing Office. pp. 14–15. 854:in 1913, senators were elected by the individual 15098: 12995:Native American recognition in the United States 8489:George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door 8056:Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations 6073:The American Congress: The Building of Democracy 5463:"American democracy's Senate problem, explained" 3566:"1801–1850, November 16, 1818: Youngest Senator" 3402: 2982: 2980: 2955:"Sinema Trashes Dems: 'Old Dudes Eating Jell-O'" 1824: 1565:In ten states within the final category above – 6141:Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789–1993 5586: 5360: 5212: 5086:, Vol. 108, No. 6. (April 1995), pp. 1221–1303. 4040:Sean Loughlin and Robert Yoon (June 13, 2003). 3099: 6132:Historical Almanac of the United States Senate 2373:approved by Parliament have originated in the 14275: 13392:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 11576: 10413: 8737: 6360: 6061:Johns Hopkins U. Press, 2004. (Early history) 5614:The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 4506:. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006 4469:"Senate reform: Lazing on a Senate afternoon" 3810: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 2977: 2480:without the Senate's advice and consent. The 1913:Presiding Officer of the United States Senate 1854:At one end of the chamber of the Senate is a 1293: 632:Article One of the United States Constitution 6289:United States Senate Calendars and Schedules 6080: 6006:The U.S. Congress: A Very Short Introduction 5626: 5563:"America's democracy is failing. Here's why" 4819:, pp. 155–156 (Transaction Publishers 2002). 4757: 4562:"How majority rule works in the U.S. Senate" 4009: 4007: 4005: 2753:with the Democratic Party; independent Sen. 2318:Senate Building, Washington DC, HD from 35mm 8517:Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way 5370:"How American Democracy Fell So Far Behind" 4556: 4554: 3974: 3972: 2568:Democratic backsliding in the United States 2272:considers nominees for judgeships, and the 2217:Closed sessions of the United States Senate 813: 797: 14282: 14268: 11590: 11583: 11569: 10420: 10406: 8744: 8730: 6374: 6367: 6353: 5950:The American Senate: An Insider's History. 5941:Lee, Frances E. and Oppenheimer, Bruce I. 5587:Levitsky, Steven; Ziblatt, Daniel (2023). 4439:"World's greatest deliberative body watch" 3756: 3700: 2299: 1380:Originally, senators were selected by the 1300: 1286: 568:Standing Rules of the United States Senate 510: 126: 112: 13005:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 6262:The United States Senate Official Website 6122:Vol. IV, Historical Statistics, 1789–1992 6059:The Invention of the United States Senate 6042:Joe T. Robinson: Always a Loyal Democrat. 5560: 5432:"How to Stop the Minority-Rule Doom Loop" 5429: 5142: 4784:The Invention of the United States Senate 4664:American Dictionary of National Biography 4640:"Secret Sessions of the House and Senate" 4002: 3821:. Massachusetts Great and General Court. 3442: 3440: 3275:The Invention of the United States Senate 2895: 2675:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 2402:, which includes members of both bodies. 2113: 1968:Party leaders of the United States Senate 1313:Article I, Section 3, of the Constitution 697:. If no candidate receives a majority of 81:Learn how and when to remove this message 15112:1789 establishments in the United States 8703:United States Capitol cornerstone laying 6213:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 6196: 5996:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 5782:David W. Brady and Mathew D. McCubbins. 5591:. New York: Crown. pp. 4, 206–209. 5460: 4551: 4417:"The World's Greatest Deliberative Body" 4328:"Presiding Loses Its Prestige in Senate" 4099:"Traditions of the United States Senate" 3969: 3472: 3372: 2433: 2409: 2276:considers nominees for positions in the 2240: 1889: 1845: 1786:Expulsion and other disciplinary actions 1689: 1686:United States Congress § Privileges 878: 833: 53:https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1248598962 34:lists the same citations more than once. 13056:List of counties and county equivalents 7470:Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) 6430: 6030:Sharpe, 1999 (Senate Democratic leader) 6000: 5988: 5976: 5730:from the original on September 11, 2024 5652:Amar, Akhil Reed (September 13, 2005). 5611: 5461:Yglesias, Matthew (December 17, 2019). 5398: 5380:from the original on September 20, 2023 5018:from the original on September 11, 2024 5005: 4846: 4741: 4497: 4325: 4245:"Senate Chamber Desks – Desk Occupants" 3844:DeLeo, Robert A. (September 17, 2009). 3817:DeLeo, Robert A. (September 17, 2009). 3782: 3780: 3765:from the original on September 11, 2024 3300:from the original on September 11, 2024 2922: 2694:Divided government in the United States 2124:Reconciliation (United States Congress) 15099: 10446:United States House of Representatives 6947:Caucuses of the United States Congress 6327:Works by or about United States Senate 5952:Oxford University Press, 2013. 455 pp. 5715: 5542:from the original on December 20, 2022 5529: 5342:from the original on February 13, 2023 5036: 5006:Wermiel, Stephen (February 15, 2013). 4911:from the original on December 10, 2020 4729:from the original on February 10, 2014 4356: 4303:. United States Senate. Archived from 4301:"Glossary Term: president pro tempore" 4277:. United States Senate. Archived from 4146:from the original on November 24, 2020 4133: 4115:from the original on December 11, 2018 4078:from the original on November 12, 2019 4048:from the original on December 23, 2020 3930:United States Constitution, Article VI 3798:from the original on February 13, 2023 3688:from the original on December 22, 2020 3652:from the original on February 19, 2021 3639: 3606:from the original on December 24, 2023 3576:from the original on December 26, 2002 3454:from the original on November 24, 2020 3437: 3412:. uspolitics.about.com. Archived from 3320:"Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary: 3138:from the original on November 21, 2023 2994:from the original on November 27, 2022 2405: 2120:Filibuster in the United States Senate 1983: 1679: 1402:List of United States Senate elections 919:Great Seal of the United States Senate 875:List of current United States senators 593:United States House of Representatives 14263: 11564: 11549:Lists of past U.S. state legislatures 10401: 8725: 7915: 7238: 6429: 6348: 6139:, with the Senate Historical Office. 6119:Vol. III, Classic Speeches, 1830–1993 5814:Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 5718:"How Democrats Lost Their Majorities" 5511:from the original on February 6, 2023 5473:from the original on February 6, 2023 5442:from the original on February 6, 2023 5411:from the original on February 4, 2023 5329: 5247: 5243: 5241: 5194:from the original on December 8, 2023 5165: 5128: 5124: 5122: 5097:"Complete list of impeachment trials" 4974: 4775: 4479:from the original on October 14, 2010 4255:from the original on January 21, 2022 4225:from the original on October 26, 2020 4195:from the original on October 18, 2012 4021:from the original on January 14, 2021 3911:from the original on December 8, 2020 3843: 3819:"Temporary Appointment of US Senator" 3816: 3715: 3539: 3360:from the original on November 9, 2020 3330:from the original on January 14, 2012 3271: 3238:from the original on December 8, 2023 3209: 3205: 3203: 2896:Schonfeld, Zach (December 11, 2022). 2843:from the original on December 8, 2020 2237:United States congressional committee 1943:, who whispers what they should do". 1728:Seniority in the United States Senate 1375: 5948:MacNeil, Neil and Richard A. Baker. 5775:Barone, Michael, and Grant Ujifusa, 5690: 5651: 5049:from the original on January 7, 2021 4899:King, Elizabeth (February 3, 2017). 4898: 4637: 4612: 4568:from the original on January 7, 2021 3856:from the original on January 8, 2021 3825:from the original on August 29, 2019 3777: 3390:from the original on August 30, 2010 3256: 3048: 2965:from the original on October 8, 2023 2904:from the original on August 31, 2023 2877:from the original on August 31, 2023 2614: 2004:, who is elected by the Senate, and 1906: 1215:Vice presidential tie-breaking votes 720:is located in the north wing of the 18: 6578:Expelled, censured, and reprimanded 6302:(U.S. Government Publishing Office) 6095:The following are published by the 5945:. U. of Chicago Press 1999. 304 pp. 5779:(1975); new edition every two years 5654:America's Constitution: A Biography 5561:Millhiser, Ian (January 30, 2020). 5530:Lazare, Daniel (December 2, 2014). 5039:"Restore the Senate's Treaty Power" 5037:Bolton, John R. (January 5, 2009). 4794:(Taylor & Francis 2004). p. 188 4723:"Constitution of the United States" 4164: 4042:"Millionaires populate U.S. Senate" 4015:"US Congress Salaries and Benefits" 3901:"Dates of Sessions of the Congress" 3879:"Stevens could keep seat in Senate" 3716:Neale, Thomas H. (April 12, 2018). 3640:Brooks, James (December 14, 2020). 3265: 3179: 3169:from the original on July 24, 2019. 2988:"Constitution of the United States" 2720: 2680:and the Obama presidency, like the 2638:Madison writes about this tradeoff: 1712:Federal Employees Retirement System 927:History of the United States Senate 767:History of the United States Senate 753:on some matters and its remedy the 730:vice president of the United States 587:. The United States Senate and the 13: 6183: 6057:Wirls, Daniel and Wirls, Stephen. 5895:Congress and the Nation: 1945–1964 5888:Congress and the Nation: 1965–1968 5881:Congress and the Nation: 1969–1972 5874:Congress and the Nation: 1973–1976 5867:Congress and the Nation: 1977–1980 5860:Congress and the Nation: 1981–1984 5853:Congress and the Nation: 1985–1988 5846:Congress and the Nation: 1989–1992 5839:Congress and the Nation: 1993–1996 5832:Congress and the Nation: 1997–2001 5825:Congress and the Nation: 2001–2004 5580: 5430:Jentleson, Adam (April 12, 2021). 5238: 5119: 4781:Wirls, Daniel and Wirls, Stephen. 4588:"Yea or Nay? Voting in the Senate" 4564:. Nieman Watchdog. July 31, 2009. 4357:Packer, George (January 7, 2009). 3957:from the original on July 28, 2018 3885:. October 28, 2009. Archived from 3727:. Congressional Research Service. 3200: 2773:(for its primary elections only), 2525:chief justice of the United States 2505:congressional-executive agreements 914: 14: 15133: 12401:Director of National Intelligence 10429:Legislatures of the United States 8461:Progress of Civilization Pediment 8315:Congressional Pictorial Directory 7168:By length of service historically 6164: 5818:Congress and the Nation 2009–2012 5627:Connelly Jr., William F. (2010). 5135:American Political Science Review 4975:Pyser, Steven M. (January 2006). 4594:from the original on May 11, 2011 4371:from the original on July 1, 2014 4215:"Senate Chamber Desks – Overview" 4096: 3734:from the original on June 5, 2018 3600:Constitution of the United States 3533:Constitution of the United States 3479:American Political Science Review 3036:Constitution of the United States 3018:Constitution of the United States 2210: 2162:Under certain circumstances, the 2053:of the Senate to maintain order. 2016: 890: 691:other federal executive officials 669:, as well as the confirmation of 14504:Democratic Republic of the Congo 12557:Government Accountability Office 10351: 8329:Official Congressional Directory 7948:Gov. Accountability Office (GAO) 6313: 6195: 5709: 5684: 5645: 5620: 5299:"Non-voting members of Congress" 5279:from the original on May 2, 2022 4752: This article incorporates 4747: 4638:Amer, Mildred (March 27, 2008). 4613:Amer, Mildred (March 27, 2008). 3450:. U.S. Senate official website. 3014:"Article 1, Section 3, Clause 1" 2367:Parliament of the United Kingdom 2312: 2164:Congressional Budget Act of 1974 1961: 825:Article Five of the Constitution 665:. These include the approval of 352: 23: 15086:List of legislatures by country 8138:Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper 6985:Arab and Middle Eastern members 6882:Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group 6417:Lists of United States Congress 6336:Congressional Chronicle: Senate 5897:(1965), the first of the series 5816:and the annual CQ almanac. The 5746: 5716:Showah, Robert (July 5, 2022). 5605: 5554: 5523: 5485: 5454: 5423: 5392: 5354: 5323: 5291: 5206: 5159: 5131:"Senate Countermajoritarianism" 5089: 5061: 5030: 4999: 4968: 4955: 4923: 4892: 4872: 4822: 4797: 4715: 4702: 4681: 4656: 4631: 4606: 4580: 4532: 4498:Quinton, Jeff (July 27, 2003). 4491: 4461: 4431: 4409: 4383: 4350: 4319: 4293: 4275:"Glossary Term: vice president" 4267: 4237: 4207: 4181: 4158: 4134:Hickey, Robert (May 18, 2020). 4127: 4090: 4060: 4033: 3934: 3923: 3893: 3750: 3664: 3633: 3618: 3588: 3558: 3521: 3466: 3428: 3342: 3312: 3250: 3173: 3150: 3120: 3093: 3042: 3024: 3006: 2166:provides for a process called " 1744:. For example, majority leader 1716:Civil Service Retirement System 795:. The name is derived from the 639: 15081:List of abolished upper houses 14200:Separation of church and state 12416:National Reconnaissance Office 12359:President of the United States 11542:List of U.S. state legislators 8753:Current United States senators 8240:Congressional Research Service 7987:Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR) 6990:Asian Pacific American members 5772:Congressional Quarterly, 1991. 5399:Drutman, Lee (July 29, 2020). 5330:Greve, Joan E. (May 3, 2021). 4769:Congressional Research Service 4423:. July 5, 1993. Archived from 3761:. Louisville Courier Journal. 2947: 2923:Mascaro, Lisa (May 31, 2024). 2916: 2889: 2859: 2823: 2800: 2764: 2704:Elections in the United States 2345: 2331:Dirksen Senate Office Building 2327:Russell Senate Office Building 2247:Dirksen Senate Office Building 2183:in both the House and Senate. 1807:senators have chosen to resign 1774: 16:Upper house of the US Congress 1: 8475:Surrender of General Burgoyne 7832:Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) 6995:Asian Pacific American Caucus 6588:Lost re-election in a primary 6306:Works by United States Senate 6037:. U. of Pittsburgh Press 1995 5676:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 4981:Journal of Constitutional Law 4392:Senate Procedure and Practice 4326:Mershon, Erin (August 2011). 3448:"Direct Election of Senators" 3182:Legislative Studies Quarterly 3102:Legislative Studies Quarterly 2816: 2443: 2230: 1825:Majority and minority parties 868: 840:U.S. House of Representatives 679:justices of the Supreme Court 65:to identify unique citations. 12562:Government Publishing Office 12030:Technological and industrial 8482:Surrender of Lord Cornwallis 8425:The Apotheosis of Washington 8159:Chief Administrative Officer 7997:Gov. Publishing Office (GPO) 6277:Standing Rules of the Senate 6023:. U. of Michigan Press, 1996 5257:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 3951:"U.S. Senate Oath of Office" 3473:Matthews, Donald R. (1959). 2625:Pluralism (political theory) 2561: 2428:high crimes and misdemeanors 2340: 2011: 1941:the Senate's parliamentarian 1917:Under the Constitution, the 1829:The "majority party" is the 1721: 1638:limit to the number of terms 1483: 1395: 1000:United States Vice President 885:118th United States Congress 865:of conduct for its members. 644:staggered terms of six years 106:118th United States Congress 7: 14034:Women's reproductive health 13000:Federally recognized tribes 12863:Public utilities commission 12767:Public Health Service Corps 12670:Code of Federal Regulations 12552:Congressional Budget Office 12406:Central Intelligence Agency 12312:Water supply and sanitation 11739:Declaration of Independence 8647:Health and Fitness Facility 8439:Declaration of Independence 7208:Killed or wounded in office 7029:Congressional Jewish Caucus 7002:Hispanic and Latino members 6323:, via Texas Tech University 6312:(public domain audiobooks) 5984:. Harvard University Press. 5966:. Susquehanna U. Press 2000 5129:Evans, C. Lawrence (2024). 3850:Massachusetts General Court 3350:"Hawaii becomes 50th state" 2783:nonpartisan blanket primary 2687: 2335:Hart Senate Office Building 2274:Foreign Relations Committee 2249:, used for hearings by the 2130:Clay pigeon floor procedure 1885: 1462:nonpartisan blanket primary 850:Before the adoption of the 10: 15138: 13212:Red states and blue states 13117:City commission government 13112:Council–manager government 8061:Interparliamentary Affairs 7982:Congr. Budget Office (CBO) 7618:Riddick's Senate Procedure 7045:Gender and sexual identity 6158:Government Printing Office 6153:Riddick's Senate Procedure 6008:. Oxford University Press. 5750: 4814:February 12, 2021, at the 4789:February 12, 2021, at the 4548:(Procedure in the Senate). 3551:November 23, 2021, at the 3194:10.3162/036298008784311000 2618: 2565: 2349: 2251:Senate Judiciary Committee 2245:Committee Room 226 in the 2234: 2214: 2127: 2117: 1965: 1910: 1841: 1725: 1683: 1420:United States Constitution 1399: 872: 764: 760: 695:federal uniformed officers 556:United States Constitution 15053: 14800: 14782: 14742: 14419: 14301: 14221: 14047: 13920: 13852: 13505: 13501: 13492: 13440: 13305: 13296: 13192: 13163: 13140: 13079: 13046: 13037: 12980: 12968:Comparison of governments 12943: 12906: 12883: 12799: 12779: 12710: 12648: 12570: 12493: 12351: 12342: 12338: 12329: 12051: 12042: 11987: 11947:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 11788:drafting and ratification 11761:Articles of Confederation 11674: 11608: 11599: 11536: 11348: 11266: 10462: 10435: 10360: 10349: 8791: 8759: 8690: 8667:Old Supreme Court Chamber 8632: 8582: 8547: 8536: 8380:Congressional Prayer Room 8360: 8297: 8228: 8146: 8095: 8088: 8043: 8017: 8010: 7933: 7929: 7911: 7861: 7827:Congress Hall (1790–1800) 7778: 7769: 7743: 7661: 7540: 7351: 7325: 7249: 7245: 7234: 7173:Current members by wealth 7160: 7108: 7092: 7044: 6955: 6937: 6930: 6904: 6857: 6773: 6766: 6606: 6598:Elected but did not serve 6548: 6485: 6449: 6442: 6438: 6425: 6382: 6081:Official Senate histories 6040:Weller, Cecil Edward Jr. 5913:, 6th ed. Washington DC: 5906:Cambridge U. Press, 2001. 5893:Congressional Quarterly, 5886:Congressional Quarterly, 5879:Congressional Quarterly, 5872:Congressional Quarterly, 5865:Congressional Quarterly, 5858:Congressional Quarterly, 5851:Congressional Quarterly, 5844:Congressional Quarterly, 5837:Congressional Quarterly. 5830:Congressional Quarterly, 5805:U. Press of Kansas, 2004. 5144:10.1017/S0003055424000510 4931:"Recess Appointments FAQ" 4839:October 16, 2015, at the 4524:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3546:Federalist Papers, No. 62 3261:. Ecco. pp. 153–154. 2379:constitutional convention 2311: 2306: 2186: 2086: 1780:three classes of senators 1755: 1740:, while the other is the 1358:was elected to the Senate 782:Articles of Confederation 566: 561: 554: 549: 540: 535: 518: 509: 504: 491: 478: 425: 420: 410: 360: 351: 343: 338: 315: 292: 269: 246: 223: 197: 192: 181:January 3, 2023 175: 170: 160: 142: 137: 125: 111: 104: 97: 14769:Northern Mariana Islands 13987:Prescription drug prices 13107:Mayor–council government 13097:Coterminous municipality 13087:Consolidated city-county 12853:Agriculture commissioner 12503:House of Representatives 12411:National Security Agency 12061:Contiguous United States 11307:Northern Mariana Islands 7960:Architect of the Capitol 7822:Federal Hall (1789–1790) 6963:African-American members 6387:House of Representatives 6097:Senate Historical Office 6071:Zelizer, Julian E., ed. 6052:Congressional Government 5915:Congressional Quarterly. 5911:Congress and Its Members 5902:Cooper, John Milton Jr. 5823:Congressional Quarterly 5808:Congressional Quarterly 5768:Baker, Richard A., ed., 5616:. Yale University Press. 5078:January 8, 2021, at the 4884:Papers of Woodrow Wilson 4880:Congressional Government 4869:, Vol. 4, p. 330 (1919). 4859:January 7, 2021, at the 4504:Backcountry Conservative 4191:. Senate Chamber Desks. 2714: 2288:witnesses and evidence. 2157:Civil Rights Act of 1957 2027:House of Representatives 2025:for operation. Like the 1412:House of Representatives 1036:the United States Senate 898:This article is part of 707:House of Representatives 685:, regulatory officials, 627:branches of government. 14072:Criticism of government 13417:Social welfare programs 13010:State-recognized tribes 11995:Outline of U.S. history 11707:Continental Association 8510:Washington at Princeton 8454:Apotheosis of Democracy 7874:Congressional Quarterly 7563:Executive communication 7553:Blue slip (U.S. Senate) 7510:Suspension of the rules 7036:Native American members 6462:By shortness of service 6145:essays reprinted online 5927:Hernon, Joseph Martin. 5723:The Wall Street Journal 4674:; in general, Ritchie, 4500:"Thurmond's Filibuster" 4399:March 23, 2019, at the 4017:. Usgovinfo.about.com. 3032:"Seventeenth Amendment" 2793:, for their respective 2781:additionally utilize a 2629:Tyranny of the majority 2461:The president can make 2300:Senate office buildings 1990:secretary of the Senate 1978:assistant leader (whip) 1894:The Senate side of the 1661: 1619: 1494:secretary of the Senate 1368:who had sided with the 1345:(aged 28 in 1816), and 1343:Armistead Thomson Mason 1252:Senate office buildings 595:, comprise the federal 333:since January 20, 2021 310:since January 20, 2021 287:since January 20, 2021 264:since January 20, 2021 200:President of the Senate 132:Flag of the U.S. Senate 119:Seal of the U.S. Senate 14331:Bosnia and Herzegovina 14134:Environmental movement 13977:Health insurance costs 13872:Educational attainment 13397:Federal Reserve System 13355:Science and technology 12858:Insurance commissioner 12396:Intelligence Community 12091:minor outlying islands 11854:Civil rights movement 10437:United States Congress 8677:Webster Page Residence 8652:House Recording Studio 8496:Revolutionary War Door 8257:Register of Copyrights 7838:Biographical Directory 7307:"Necessary and Proper" 6847:Policy Committee Chair 6825:Policy Committee Chair 6376:United States Congress 6191: 6171:Listen to this article 5973:. Harcourt Brace, 1996 5166:Wirls, Daniel (2021). 4754:public domain material 4167:"Too Many Honorables?" 3596:"Fourteenth Amendment" 3555:, Library of Congress. 3529:"Article 1, Section 3" 3272:Wirls, Daniel (2004). 3210:Wirls, Daniel (2021). 2645: 2556:Richard Mentor Johnson 2488:Myers v. United States 2454: 2431: 2395: 2253: 2114:Filibuster and cloture 1899: 1851: 1695: 1677: 1339:John Jordan Crittenden 1330: 1055:Politics and procedure 920: 887: 847: 814: 798: 786:Connecticut Compromise 638:is represented by two 585:United States Congress 241:since January 3, 2023 154:United States Congress 61:Please consider using 15122:National upper houses 14509:Republic of the Congo 13960:Immigrant health care 13475:Transportation safety 13470:Transportation policy 13460:Public transportation 12530:President pro tempore 12386:Executive departments 12155:National Park Service 11810:Territorial evolution 11350:Legislative elections 8776:President pro tempore 8002:Technology Assessment 7423:Dear Colleague letter 7418:Continuing resolution 7413:Concurrent resolution 6892:Republican Conference 6832:Republican Conference 6793:President pro tempore 6525:Born outside the U.S. 6267:Sortable contact data 6246:38.89056°N 77.00889°W 6190: 6108:The Senate, 1789–1989 5955:McFarland, Ernest W. 5751:Further information: 5612:Farrand, Max (1911). 5368:(September 5, 2023). 5220:(2023). "Chapter 6". 4834:How Our Laws Are Made 4189:"Seating Arrangement" 2930:Associated Press News 2839:. November 14, 2012. 2640: 2611:democratizing trend. 2453:are visible by desks. 2437: 2413: 2390: 2350:Further information: 2244: 2008:, who are appointed. 1932:president pro tempore 1896:United States Capitol 1893: 1880:Burning of Washington 1849: 1693: 1672: 1640:a senator may serve. 1490:Seventeenth Amendment 1441:of the popular vote. 1400:Further information: 1390:Seventeenth Amendment 1325: 1246:Senate Reception Room 1231:United States Capitol 1047:Republican Conference 1010:President pro tempore 918: 882: 852:Seventeenth Amendment 837: 738:president pro tempore 734:virtue of that office 656:Seventeenth Amendment 654:, as required by the 619:on the powers of the 597:bicameral legislature 524:United States Capitol 456:Instant-runoff voting 226:President pro tempore 37:The reason given is: 15107:United States Senate 14129:Environmental issues 13794:Political ideologies 13693:Indigenous languages 12893:List of legislatures 12690:separation of powers 12391:Independent agencies 12317:World Heritage Sites 11952:September 11 attacks 11875:Spanish–American War 11815:Mexican–American War 11771:Confederation period 11702:Continental Congress 11277:District of Columbia 10453:United States Senate 8566:Mountains and Clouds 8322:Congressional Record 8179:Floor Services Chief 8066:Law Revision Counsel 7817:Continental Congress 7312:Power of enforcement 7275:Contempt of Congress 7178:From multiple states 7131:Mormon (LDS) members 6939:Congressional caucus 6583:Served a single term 6515:Expelled or censured 6457:By length of service 6222:More spoken articles 6156:. Washington, D.C.: 6033:VanBeek, Stephen D. 5962:Malsberger, John W. 5691:Cain, Bruce (2014). 5532:"Abolish the Senate" 5311:on November 23, 2010 5101:United States Senate 4943:on December 29, 2017 4866:Minnesota Law Review 4281:on November 30, 2016 4249:United States Senate 4219:United States Senate 4106:United States Senate 4068:"Wealth of Congress" 3984:United States Senate 3905:United States Senate 3883:Anchorage Daily News 3679:United States Senate 3646:Anchorage Daily News 3570:United States Senate 3382:Article 1, Section 1 3380:"U.S. Constitution: 3257:Litt, David (2020). 3051:The Yale Law Journal 2600:one person, one vote 2591:District of Columbia 2501:executive agreements 2478:congressional recess 2463:certain appointments 2400:conference committee 1974:Senate party leaders 1952:speaker of the House 1694:U.S. Senate salaries 1628:into thirds (called 1478:ranked-choice voting 908:United States Senate 771:The drafters of the 577:United States Senate 99:United States Senate 14709:Trinidad and Tobago 14434:Antigua and Barbuda 13972:Health care finance 13465:Rail transportation 13231:Imperial presidency 12953:State constitutions 12898:List of legislators 12848:Auditor/Comptroller 12821:Lieutenant governor 12547:Library of Congress 12438:Diplomatic Security 12081:Indian reservations 11744:American Revolution 11339:U.S. Virgin Islands 8590:Building Commission 8071:Legislative Counsel 7992:Library of Congress 7953:Comptroller General 7943:Congressional staff 7628:Senatorial courtesy 7017:Hispanic Conference 6432:Members and leaders 6251:38.89056; -77.00889 6242: / 6064:Zelizer, Julian E. 5801:Comiskey, Michael. 5224:. New York: Crown. 5107:on December 2, 2010 4830:Library of Congress 4662:See, for examples, 4449:on February 4, 2021 4443:The Washington Post 4427:on August 11, 2009. 4338:on February 8, 2017 4307:on December 5, 2016 4177:on January 1, 2016. 4140:formsofaddress.info 3990:on January 14, 2021 3416:on November 1, 2012 2682:Affordable Care Act 2493:Recess appointments 2440:U.S. Senate chamber 2406:Checks and balances 2363:appropriation bills 2278:Department of State 2270:Judiciary Committee 2100:rules of the Senate 1984:Non-member officers 1898:in Washington, D.C. 1680:Salary and benefits 1645:Twentieth Amendment 1341:(aged 29 in 1817), 1337:(aged 29 in 1806), 1186:Senatorial courtesy 1034:Party leadership of 992:Women in the Senate 671:Cabinet secretaries 177:New session started 39:DuplicateReferences 14930:Kingdom of Ireland 14875:Dominican Republic 14519:Dominican Republic 14082:affirmative action 14055:Capital punishment 14014:Poverty and health 14009:Physician shortage 13982:Health care prices 13912:Standard of living 13595:standard of living 13402:Financial position 13029:Hawaiian home land 13017:Indian reservation 12990:Tribal sovereignty 12833:Secretary of state 12702:United States Code 12618:Territorial courts 12590:Associate Justices 12475:Inspector generals 11962:War in Afghanistan 11825:Reconstruction era 11692:Stamp Act Congress 11268:Other legislatures 10464:State legislatures 8662:Old Senate Chamber 8528:VP Bust Collection 8352:United States Code 8284:Jefferson Building 7977:Cap. Guide Service 7844:Divided government 7761:Seal of the Senate 7725:Select and special 7690:Discharge petition 7643:Tie-breaking votes 7608:Recess appointment 7548:Advice and consent 7428:Discharge petition 7371:Appropriation bill 7280:Declaration of war 6472:Non-voting members 6272:Senate Chamber Map 6192: 6002:Ritchie, Donald A. 5990:Ritchie, Donald A. 5978:Ritchie, Donald A. 5084:Harvard Law Review 5043:The New York Times 4758:James V. Saturno. 4712:, pp .44, 175, 209 4691:, p. 44. Zelizer, 4652:on August 6, 2009. 4627:on August 6, 2009. 4097:Baker, Richard A. 3132:The New York Times 2961:. March 23, 2023. 2726:Independent Sens. 2572:Universal suffrage 2482:recess appointment 2467:advice and consent 2455: 2432: 2418:'s drawing of the 2358:Origination Clause 2254: 1972:Each party elects 1900: 1852: 1750:Kirsten Gillibrand 1733:state population. 1696: 1382:state legislatures 1376:Elections and term 1241:Old Senate Chamber 1136:Recess appointment 1063:Advice and consent 921: 888: 856:state legislatures 848: 663:advice and consent 441:Varies in 4 states 15094: 15093: 14746:other territories 14584:Japan (post-1947) 14529:Equatorial Guinea 14257: 14256: 14217: 14216: 14213: 14212: 14183:National security 13892:Income inequality 13772:Statue of Liberty 13575:income inequality 13488: 13487: 13480:Trucking industry 13292: 13291: 13288: 13287: 13219:Foreign relations 13207:Electoral College 13188: 13187: 12976: 12975: 12928:District attorney 12775: 12774: 12602:Courts of appeals 12325: 12324: 12038: 12037: 11979:COVID-19 pandemic 11932:Feminist Movement 11778:American frontier 11697:Thirteen Colonies 11558: 11557: 10395: 10394: 8719: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8711: 8710: 8628: 8627: 8432:Statue of Freedom 8396:Statue of Freedom 8375:Brumidi Corridors 8347:Statutes at Large 8301:Publishing Office 8224: 8223: 8084: 8083: 7907: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7857: 7856: 7805:election disputes 7793:speaker elections 7756:Mace of the House 7603:Presiding Officer 7568:Executive session 7515:Unanimous consent 7475:Multiple referral 7460:Lame-duck session 7230: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7156: 7155: 6956:Ethnic and racial 6900: 6899: 6887:Democratic Caucus 6810:Democratic Caucus 6762: 6761: 6188: 6137:Hatfield, Mark O. 6075:(2004) (overview) 6019:Swift, Elaine K. 5760:Baker, Richard A. 5598:978-0-593-44307-1 5264:978-0-358-17692-3 5231:978-0-593-44307-1 5179:978-0-8139-4691-7 4907:. Time USA, LLC. 4828:According to the 4165:Mewborn, Mary K. 3223:978-0-8139-4691-7 3134:. July 11, 2018. 2873:. March 3, 2023. 2808:Louisiana primary 2806:Louisiana uses a 2795:primary elections 2636:Federalist No. 62 2615:Counter-arguments 2552:Electoral College 2548:Twelfth Amendment 2420:impeachment trial 2416:Theodore R. Davis 2323: 2322: 2266:foreign relations 2194:tie-breaking vote 2175:Senate filibuster 2047:unanimous consent 2035:presiding officer 1948:presiding officer 1907:Presiding officer 1860:presiding officer 1819:Robert Torricelli 1656:senator-designate 1616:Senate election. 1386:popular elections 1317:Federalist No. 62 1310: 1309: 1207:Unanimous consent 1107:Executive session 1042:Democratic Caucus 1020:Presiding officer 809:council of elders 648:state legislature 617:check and balance 613:U.S. presidential 609:U.S. Constitution 591:of Congress, the 573: 572: 91: 90: 83: 15129: 14975:Northern Ireland 14940:Japan (pre-1947) 14935:Irish Free State 14284: 14277: 14270: 14261: 14260: 14237: 14230: 14117:African American 13999:Health insurance 13887:Household income 13757:National symbols 13688:American English 13661:Federal holidays 13570:household income 13503: 13502: 13499: 13498: 13303: 13302: 13241:Anti-Americanism 13165:Special district 13092:Independent city 13061:County executive 13044: 13043: 12838:Attorney general 12797: 12796: 12786:Federal District 12369:Executive Office 12349: 12348: 12340: 12339: 12336: 12335: 12096:populated places 12076:federal enclaves 12071:federal district 12049: 12048: 11912:American Century 11895:Great Depression 11890:Roaring Twenties 11850:Women's suffrage 11729:Halifax Resolves 11722:Founding Fathers 11717:military history 11682:Pre-colonial era 11606: 11605: 11585: 11578: 11571: 11562: 11561: 11551: 11544: 11529: 11522: 11515: 11508: 11501: 11494: 11487: 11480: 11473: 11466: 11459: 11452: 11445: 11438: 11431: 11424: 11417: 11410: 11403: 11396: 11389: 11382: 11375: 11368: 11361: 11341: 11334: 11318: 11302: 11295: 11279: 11259: 11243: 11227: 11211: 11195: 11179: 11163: 11147: 11131: 11115: 11099: 11083: 11067: 11051: 11035: 11019: 11003: 10987: 10971: 10955: 10939: 10923: 10907: 10891: 10884: 10868: 10852: 10836: 10820: 10804: 10788: 10772: 10756: 10740: 10724: 10708: 10692: 10676: 10660: 10644: 10628: 10612: 10596: 10580: 10564: 10548: 10532: 10516: 10500: 10484: 10455: 10448: 10422: 10415: 10408: 10399: 10398: 10384: 10375: 10366: 10355: 10338: 10326: 10307: 10295: 10276: 10264: 10245: 10233: 10214: 10202: 10183: 10171: 10152: 10140: 10121: 10109: 10090: 10078: 10059: 10047: 10028: 10016: 9997: 9985: 9966: 9954: 9935: 9923: 9904: 9892: 9873: 9861: 9842: 9830: 9811: 9799: 9780: 9768: 9749: 9737: 9718: 9706: 9687: 9675: 9656: 9644: 9625: 9613: 9594: 9582: 9563: 9551: 9532: 9520: 9501: 9489: 9470: 9458: 9439: 9427: 9408: 9396: 9377: 9365: 9346: 9334: 9315: 9303: 9284: 9272: 9253: 9241: 9222: 9210: 9191: 9179: 9160: 9148: 9129: 9117: 9098: 9086: 9067: 9055: 9036: 9024: 9005: 8993: 8974: 8962: 8943: 8931: 8912: 8900: 8881: 8869: 8850: 8838: 8819: 8807: 8782: 8769: 8746: 8739: 8732: 8723: 8722: 8545: 8544: 8362:Capitol Building 8336:U.S. Gov. 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Archived from 4644: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4620:. Archived from 4619: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4558: 4549: 4547: 4538:Reconciliation, 4536: 4530: 4529: 4523: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4445:. Archived from 4435: 4429: 4428: 4413: 4407: 4390:Martin B. Gold, 4387: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4362: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4334:. Archived from 4323: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4173:. Archived from 4162: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4114: 4103: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4011: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3986:. Archived from 3976: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3938: 3932: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3889:on May 28, 2009. 3875: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3784: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3757:Morgan Watkins. 3754: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3733: 3722: 3713: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3687: 3676: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3637: 3631: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3562: 3556: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3485:(4): 1064–1089. 3470: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3444: 3435: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3207: 3198: 3197: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3057:(6): 1111–1130. 3046: 3040: 3039: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2984: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2939: 2937: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2850: 2848: 2827: 2811: 2804: 2798: 2791:two-round system 2768: 2762: 2724: 2595:U.S. territories 2448: 2445: 2375:House of Commons 2316: 2315: 2304: 2303: 2021:The Senate uses 1994:sergeant at arms 1872:Republican Party 1868:Democratic Party 1768:majority leader 1431:primary election 1429:In 45 states, a 1416:Elections Clause 1351:Rush D. Holt Sr. 1302: 1295: 1288: 1112:Morning business 895: 894: 817: 801: 726:Washington, D.C. 722:Capitol Building 545: 528:Washington, D.C. 514: 498:November 5, 2024 485:November 8, 2022 470:Two-round system 458: 434:Plurality voting 400: 388: 383: 373: 362:Political groups 356: 217:January 20, 2021 188: 186: 130: 116: 95: 94: 86: 79: 75: 72: 66: 63:named references 27: 26: 19: 15137: 15136: 15132: 15131: 15130: 15128: 15127: 15126: 15097: 15096: 15095: 15090: 15076:Multicameralism 15049: 14796: 14778: 14745: 14738: 14415: 14297: 14288: 14258: 14253: 14240: 14233: 14226: 14209: 14195:Opioid epidemic 14112:Native American 14092:intersex rights 14043: 14039:Life expectancy 14029:Medical deserts 14019:Race and health 13916: 13902:Personal income 13848: 13752:National anthem 13585:personal income 13550:Economic issues 13484: 13436: 13284: 13184: 13173:School district 13159: 13142:Minor divisions 13136: 13075: 13033: 12972: 12958:Statutory codes 12939: 12902: 12879: 12789: 12784: 12771: 12706: 12663:civil liberties 12644: 12635:Other tribunals 12614:District courts 12566: 12525:current members 12508:current members 12489: 12423:Law enforcement 12321: 12034: 11983: 11974:Great Recession 11845:Progressive Era 11835:Native genocide 11766:Perpetual Union 11754:Treaty of Paris 11712:United Colonies 11670: 11595: 11589: 11559: 11554: 11547: 11540: 11532: 11525: 11518: 11511: 11504: 11497: 11490: 11483: 11476: 11469: 11462: 11455: 11448: 11441: 11434: 11427: 11420: 11413: 11406: 11399: 11392: 11385: 11378: 11371: 11364: 11357: 11344: 11337: 11321: 11305: 11298: 11282: 11275: 11262: 11246: 11230: 11214: 11198: 11182: 11166: 11150: 11134: 11118: 11102: 11086: 11070: 11054: 11038: 11022: 11006: 10990: 10974: 10958: 10942: 10926: 10910: 10894: 10887: 10871: 10855: 10839: 10823: 10807: 10791: 10775: 10759: 10743: 10727: 10711: 10695: 10679: 10663: 10647: 10631: 10615: 10599: 10583: 10567: 10551: 10535: 10519: 10503: 10487: 10471: 10458: 10451: 10444: 10431: 10426: 10396: 10391: 10382: 10373: 10364: 10356: 10347: 10346: 10343: 10336: 10335: 10331: 10324: 10323: 10312: 10305: 10304: 10300: 10293: 10292: 10281: 10274: 10273: 10269: 10262: 10261: 10250: 10243: 10242: 10238: 10231: 10230: 10219: 10212: 10211: 10207: 10200: 10199: 10188: 10181: 10180: 10176: 10169: 10168: 10157: 10150: 10149: 10145: 10138: 10137: 10126: 10119: 10118: 10114: 10107: 10106: 10095: 10088: 10087: 10083: 10076: 10075: 10064: 10057: 10056: 10052: 10045: 10044: 10033: 10026: 10025: 10021: 10014: 10013: 10002: 9995: 9994: 9990: 9983: 9982: 9971: 9964: 9963: 9959: 9952: 9951: 9940: 9933: 9932: 9928: 9921: 9920: 9909: 9902: 9901: 9897: 9890: 9889: 9878: 9871: 9870: 9866: 9859: 9858: 9847: 9840: 9839: 9835: 9828: 9827: 9816: 9809: 9808: 9804: 9797: 9796: 9785: 9778: 9777: 9773: 9766: 9765: 9754: 9747: 9746: 9742: 9735: 9734: 9723: 9716: 9715: 9711: 9704: 9703: 9692: 9685: 9684: 9680: 9673: 9672: 9661: 9654: 9653: 9649: 9642: 9641: 9630: 9623: 9622: 9618: 9611: 9610: 9599: 9592: 9591: 9587: 9580: 9579: 9568: 9561: 9560: 9556: 9549: 9548: 9537: 9530: 9529: 9525: 9518: 9517: 9506: 9499: 9498: 9494: 9487: 9486: 9475: 9468: 9467: 9463: 9456: 9455: 9444: 9437: 9436: 9432: 9425: 9424: 9413: 9406: 9405: 9401: 9394: 9393: 9382: 9375: 9374: 9370: 9363: 9362: 9351: 9344: 9343: 9339: 9332: 9331: 9320: 9313: 9312: 9308: 9301: 9300: 9289: 9282: 9281: 9277: 9270: 9269: 9258: 9251: 9250: 9246: 9239: 9238: 9227: 9220: 9219: 9215: 9208: 9207: 9196: 9189: 9188: 9184: 9177: 9176: 9165: 9158: 9157: 9153: 9146: 9145: 9134: 9127: 9126: 9122: 9115: 9114: 9103: 9096: 9095: 9091: 9084: 9083: 9072: 9065: 9064: 9060: 9053: 9052: 9041: 9034: 9033: 9029: 9022: 9021: 9010: 9003: 9002: 8998: 8991: 8990: 8979: 8972: 8971: 8967: 8960: 8959: 8948: 8941: 8940: 8936: 8929: 8928: 8917: 8910: 8909: 8905: 8898: 8897: 8886: 8879: 8878: 8874: 8867: 8866: 8855: 8848: 8847: 8843: 8836: 8835: 8824: 8817: 8816: 8812: 8805: 8804: 8787: 8780: 8767: 8755: 8750: 8720: 8707: 8686: 8634: 8624: 8578: 8539: 8532: 8409:Hall of Columns 8356: 8300: 8293: 8231: 8220: 8201:Parliamentarian 8142: 8133:Parliamentarian 8080: 8039: 8006: 7935: 7925: 7918:Capitol Complex 7899: 7853: 7849:Party divisions 7765: 7739: 7657: 7541:Senate-specific 7536: 7391:Closed sessions 7359:Act of Congress 7347: 7321: 7317:Taxing/spending 7241: 7222: 7213:Party switchers 7182:Died in office 7152: 7104: 7088: 7057:Equality Caucus 7040: 7012:Hispanic Caucus 6951: 6926: 6896: 6853: 6758: 6602: 6544: 6481: 6434: 6421: 6378: 6373: 6314: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6241: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6214: 6208: 6206: 6203:This audio file 6200: 6193: 6184: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6083: 6078: 6048:Wilson, Woodrow 5934:Hoebeke, C. H. 5790:Caro, Robert A. 5755: 5749: 5744: 5743: 5733: 5731: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5689: 5685: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5650: 5646: 5639: 5625: 5621: 5610: 5606: 5599: 5585: 5581: 5571: 5569: 5559: 5555: 5545: 5543: 5528: 5524: 5514: 5512: 5491: 5490: 5486: 5476: 5474: 5459: 5455: 5445: 5443: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5412: 5405:FiveThirtyEight 5397: 5393: 5383: 5381: 5362:Ziblatt, Daniel 5359: 5355: 5345: 5343: 5328: 5324: 5314: 5312: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5282: 5280: 5265: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5218:Ziblatt, Daniel 5211: 5207: 5197: 5195: 5180: 5164: 5160: 5127: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5080:Wayback Machine 5066: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5004: 5000: 4990: 4988: 4973: 4969: 4960: 4956: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4897: 4893: 4877: 4873: 4861:Wayback Machine 4851: 4847: 4841:Wayback Machine 4827: 4823: 4816:Wayback Machine 4802: 4798: 4791:Wayback Machine 4780: 4776: 4764: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4730: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4707: 4703: 4693:On Capitol Hill 4686: 4682: 4661: 4657: 4649: 4642: 4636: 4632: 4624: 4617: 4611: 4607: 4597: 4595: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4571: 4569: 4560: 4559: 4552: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4517: 4516: 4509: 4507: 4496: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4452: 4450: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4401:Wayback Machine 4388: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4324: 4320: 4310: 4308: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4284: 4282: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4258: 4256: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4228: 4226: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4198: 4196: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4171:Washington Life 4163: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4132: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4101: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4038: 4034: 4024: 4022: 4013: 4012: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3978: 3977: 3970: 3960: 3958: 3949: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3877: 3876: 3869: 3859: 3857: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3815: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3786: 3785: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3755: 3751: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3720: 3714: 3701: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3638: 3634: 3623: 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which the 2019: 2014: 1986: 1970: 1964: 1956:points of order 1915: 1909: 1888: 1858:from which the 1844: 1831:political party 1827: 1790:The Senate may 1788: 1758: 1730: 1724: 1688: 1682: 1664: 1622: 1526:Eight states – 1486: 1404: 1398: 1378: 1306: 1275: 1274: 1211: 1195: 1179: 1158: 1132: 1116: 1100: 1038: 1035: 1024: 996: 988: 987: 970:Hill committees 960: 959: 942:Current members 893: 877: 871: 811:, derived from 769: 763: 755:vote on cloture 742:parliamentarian 541: 530: 526: 522: 494: 481: 474: 454: 443: 442: 437: 430: 413: 398: 381: 380: 371: 363: 334: 332: 320: 311: 309: 297: 288: 286: 279:Mitch McConnell 274: 272:Minority Leader 265: 263: 251: 249:Majority Leader 242: 240: 228: 219: 214: 202: 184: 182: 178: 163: 156: 151: 133: 121: 100: 87: 76: 70: 67: 60: 59: 56: 49: 42: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15135: 15125: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15092: 15091: 15089: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15068: 15063: 15057: 15055: 15051: 15050: 15048: 15047: 15045:Weimar Germany 15042: 15037: 15032: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15002: 15000:Russian Empire 14997: 14992: 14987: 14982: 14977: 14972: 14967: 14962: 14957: 14952: 14947: 14942: 14937: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14867: 14865:Czechoslovakia 14862: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14842: 14837: 14832: 14827: 14822: 14820:British Guiana 14817: 14812: 14806: 14804: 14798: 14797: 14795: 14794: 14788: 14786: 14780: 14779: 14777: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14754:American Samoa 14750: 14748: 14740: 14739: 14737: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14714:United Kingdom 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14606: 14601: 14596: 14591: 14586: 14581: 14576: 14571: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14551: 14546: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14514:Czech Republic 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14461: 14456: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14436: 14431: 14425: 14423: 14417: 14416: 14414: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14383: 14378: 14373: 14368: 14363: 14358: 14353: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14307: 14305: 14299: 14298: 14287: 14286: 14279: 14272: 14264: 14255: 14254: 14252: 14251: 14246: 14239: 14238: 14231: 14223: 14222: 14219: 14218: 14215: 14214: 14211: 14210: 14208: 14207: 14202: 14197: 14192: 14191: 14190: 14180: 14179: 14178: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14151:Mass shootings 14148: 14143: 14142: 14141: 14139:Climate change 14136: 14126: 14121: 14120: 14119: 14114: 14109: 14104: 14099: 14094: 14089: 14084: 14077:Discrimination 14074: 14069: 14068: 14067: 14057: 14051: 14049: 14045: 14044: 14042: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13990: 13989: 13984: 13979: 13969: 13968: 13967: 13962: 13957: 13952: 13947: 13942: 13932: 13926: 13924: 13918: 13917: 13915: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13867:American Dream 13864: 13858: 13856: 13850: 13849: 13847: 13846: 13841: 13836: 13834:Transportation 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13780: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13767:Mount Rushmore 13764: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13738: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13707: 13702: 13701: 13700: 13695: 13690: 13680: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13664: 13663: 13653: 13648: 13647: 13646: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13625: 13624: 13619: 13609: 13608: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13547: 13542: 13537: 13532: 13527: 13522: 13517: 13511: 13509: 13496: 13490: 13489: 13486: 13485: 13483: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13446: 13444: 13438: 13437: 13435: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13409: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13387:Federal budget 13384: 13379: 13374: 13373: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13357: 13352: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13325:Communications 13322: 13317: 13306: 13300: 13294: 13293: 13290: 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12803: 12794: 12777: 12776: 12773: 12772: 12770: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12758: 12757: 12755:National Guard 12752: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12716: 12714: 12708: 12707: 12705: 12704: 12699: 12698: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12672: 12667: 12666: 12665: 12658:Bill of Rights 12654: 12652: 12646: 12645: 12643: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12631: 12630: 12628:list of judges 12625: 12623:list of courts 12611: 12610: 12609: 12607:list of judges 12599: 12598: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12576: 12574: 12568: 12567: 12565: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12542:Capitol Police 12539: 12538: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12517: 12516: 12515: 12510: 12499: 12497: 12491: 12490: 12488: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12471: 12470: 12465: 12463:Secret Service 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12420: 12419: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12376:Vice President 12373: 12372: 12371: 12366: 12355: 12353: 12346: 12333: 12327: 12326: 12323: 12322: 12320: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12303: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12256: 12255: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12164: 12163: 12162: 12160:National Parks 12152: 12151: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12120: 12115: 12113:Extreme points 12110: 12105: 12104: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12052: 12046: 12040: 12039: 12036: 12035: 12033: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11991: 11989: 11985: 11984: 11982: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11970: 11969: 11964: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11908: 11907: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11871: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11800:Federalist Era 11797: 11796: 11795: 11793:Bill of Rights 11790: 11780: 11775: 11774: 11773: 11768: 11758: 11757: 11756: 11751: 11741: 11736: 11734:Lee Resolution 11731: 11726: 11725: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11684: 11678: 11676: 11672: 11671: 11669: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11612: 11610: 11603: 11597: 11596: 11594: articles 11588: 11587: 11580: 11573: 11565: 11556: 11555: 11553: 11552: 11545: 11537: 11534: 11533: 11531: 11530: 11523: 11516: 11509: 11502: 11495: 11488: 11481: 11474: 11467: 11460: 11453: 11446: 11439: 11432: 11425: 11418: 11411: 11404: 11397: 11390: 11383: 11376: 11369: 11362: 11354: 11352: 11346: 11345: 11343: 11342: 11335: 11319: 11303: 11296: 11284:American Samoa 11280: 11272: 11270: 11264: 11263: 11261: 11260: 11244: 11228: 11212: 11196: 11180: 11164: 11148: 11132: 11116: 11100: 11088:South Carolina 11084: 11068: 11052: 11036: 11020: 11004: 10988: 10976:North Carolina 10972: 10956: 10940: 10924: 10908: 10892: 10885: 10869: 10853: 10837: 10821: 10805: 10789: 10773: 10757: 10741: 10725: 10709: 10693: 10677: 10661: 10645: 10629: 10613: 10597: 10581: 10565: 10549: 10533: 10517: 10501: 10485: 10468: 10466: 10460: 10459: 10457: 10456: 10449: 10441: 10439: 10433: 10432: 10425: 10424: 10417: 10410: 10402: 10393: 10392: 10390: 10389: 10380: 10371: 10361: 10358: 10357: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10344: 10333: 10332: 10316: 10315: 10313: 10302: 10301: 10285: 10284: 10282: 10271: 10270: 10254: 10253: 10251: 10240: 10239: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10209: 10208: 10192: 10191: 10189: 10178: 10177: 10161: 10160: 10158: 10147: 10146: 10130: 10129: 10127: 10116: 10115: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10085: 10084: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10054: 10053: 10037: 10036: 10034: 10023: 10022: 10006: 10005: 10003: 9992: 9991: 9975: 9974: 9972: 9961: 9960: 9944: 9943: 9941: 9930: 9929: 9913: 9912: 9910: 9899: 9898: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9868: 9867: 9851: 9850: 9848: 9837: 9836: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9806: 9805: 9789: 9788: 9786: 9775: 9774: 9758: 9757: 9755: 9744: 9743: 9727: 9726: 9724: 9713: 9712: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9682: 9681: 9665: 9664: 9662: 9651: 9650: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9620: 9619: 9603: 9602: 9600: 9589: 9588: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9558: 9557: 9541: 9540: 9538: 9527: 9526: 9510: 9509: 9507: 9496: 9495: 9479: 9478: 9476: 9465: 9464: 9448: 9447: 9445: 9434: 9433: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9403: 9402: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9372: 9371: 9355: 9354: 9352: 9341: 9340: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9310: 9309: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9279: 9278: 9262: 9261: 9259: 9248: 9247: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9217: 9216: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9186: 9185: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9155: 9154: 9138: 9137: 9135: 9124: 9123: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9093: 9092: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9062: 9061: 9045: 9044: 9042: 9031: 9030: 9014: 9013: 9011: 9000: 8999: 8983: 8982: 8980: 8969: 8968: 8952: 8951: 8949: 8938: 8937: 8921: 8920: 8918: 8907: 8906: 8890: 8889: 8887: 8876: 8875: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8845: 8844: 8828: 8827: 8825: 8814: 8813: 8797: 8796: 8793: 8792: 8789: 8788: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8749: 8748: 8741: 8734: 8726: 8717: 8716: 8713: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8705: 8700: 8694: 8692: 8688: 8687: 8685: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8657:Senate chamber 8654: 8649: 8644: 8642:Botanic Garden 8638: 8636: 8630: 8629: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8595:office lottery 8592: 8586: 8584: 8580: 8579: 8577: 8576: 8571: 8570: 8569: 8557: 8551: 8549: 8542: 8534: 8533: 8531: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8513: 8506: 8503:Columbus Doors 8499: 8492: 8485: 8478: 8471: 8464: 8457: 8450: 8443: 8435: 8428: 8421: 8419:Visitor Center 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8400: 8399: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8366: 8364: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8332: 8325: 8318: 8311: 8309:Public Printer 8305: 8303: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8279:Adams Building 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8260: 8259: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8236: 8234: 8226: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8197: 8196: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8150: 8148: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8099: 8097: 8090: 8086: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8047: 8045: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8021: 8019: 8012: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7973: 7972: 7962: 7957: 7956: 7955: 7945: 7939: 7937: 7927: 7926: 7909: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7897: 7890: 7883: 7876: 7871: 7865: 7863: 7859: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7813: 7812: 7807: 7800:Senate history 7797: 7796: 7795: 7790: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7747: 7745: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7675:ranking member 7667: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7638:Standing Rules 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7613:Reconciliation 7610: 7605: 7600: 7598:Nuclear option 7595: 7590: 7587:Senate Journal 7583: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7544: 7542: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7534: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7525:Line-item veto 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7490:Reconciliation 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7456: 7455: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7398: 7388: 7383: 7381:Budget process 7378: 7373: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7355: 7353: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7329: 7327: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7302:Naturalization 7299: 7298: 7297: 7292: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7264: 7259: 7253: 7251: 7243: 7242: 7232: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7164: 7162: 7158: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7150: 7143: 7141:Quaker members 7138: 7136:Muslim members 7133: 7128: 7126:Jewish members 7123: 7118: 7112: 7110: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7096: 7094: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7086: 7085: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7048: 7046: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7032: 7031: 7024:Jewish members 7021: 7020: 7019: 7014: 7009: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6987: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6943: 6941: 6932: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6922:Gerrymandering 6919: 6914: 6908: 6906: 6902: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6807: 6802: 6801: 6800: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6777: 6775: 6768: 6764: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6552: 6550: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6501: 6500: 6489: 6487: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6453: 6451: 6444: 6436: 6435: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6414: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6372: 6371: 6364: 6357: 6349: 6343: 6342: 6333: 6324: 6318: 6303: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6215: 6201: 6194: 6182: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6165:External links 6163: 6162: 6161: 6148: 6134: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6117: 6114: 6093: 6092: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6076: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6045: 6038: 6031: 6026:Valeo, Frank. 6024: 6017: 6010: 5998: 5986: 5974: 5969:Mann, Robert. 5967: 5960: 5953: 5946: 5939: 5932: 5925: 5918: 5907: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5877: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5842: 5835: 5828: 5806: 5799: 5787: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5765:Krieger, 1988. 5756: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5708: 5702:978-1107612266 5701: 5683: 5663:978-1400062621 5662: 5644: 5638:978-0742599659 5637: 5619: 5604: 5597: 5579: 5553: 5522: 5484: 5453: 5422: 5391: 5353: 5322: 5290: 5263: 5237: 5230: 5205: 5178: 5158: 5118: 5088: 5069:Laurence Tribe 5060: 5029: 5012:SCOTUSblog.com 4998: 4967: 4954: 4922: 4891: 4871: 4845: 4821: 4804:Woodrow Wilson 4796: 4774: 4740: 4725:. Senate.gov. 4714: 4701: 4680: 4655: 4630: 4605: 4590:. Senate.gov. 4579: 4550: 4531: 4490: 4460: 4430: 4408: 4382: 4365:The New Yorker 4349: 4318: 4292: 4266: 4236: 4206: 4180: 4157: 4126: 4089: 4059: 4032: 4001: 3968: 3933: 3922: 3892: 3867: 3836: 3809: 3776: 3749: 3699: 3663: 3632: 3617: 3587: 3557: 3538: 3520: 3465: 3436: 3427: 3401: 3371: 3341: 3311: 3284: 3264: 3249: 3222: 3199: 3188:(2): 199–222. 3172: 3149: 3119: 3108:(4): 495–523. 3092: 3063:10.2307/796343 3041: 3023: 3005: 2990:. Senate.gov. 2976: 2946: 2915: 2888: 2858: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2812: 2799: 2763: 2755:Kyrsten Sinema 2736:Bernie Sanders 2718: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2689: 2686: 2616: 2613: 2563: 2560: 2533:Andrew Johnson 2510:Laurence Tribe 2465:only with the 2424:Andrew Johnson 2407: 2404: 2386:Woodrow Wilson 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2321: 2320: 2309: 2308: 2301: 2298: 2235:Main article: 2232: 2229: 2215:Main article: 2212: 2211:Closed session 2209: 2188: 2185: 2180:nuclear option 2168:reconciliation 2153:Strom Thurmond 2115: 2112: 2088: 2085: 2023:Standing Rules 2018: 2017:Daily sessions 2015: 2013: 2010: 1998:Capitol Police 1985: 1982: 1966:Main article: 1963: 1960: 1919:vice president 1911:Main article: 1908: 1905: 1887: 1884: 1843: 1840: 1826: 1823: 1796:William Blount 1787: 1784: 1757: 1754: 1742:junior senator 1738:senior senator 1726:Main article: 1723: 1720: 1684:Main article: 1681: 1678: 1663: 1660: 1621: 1618: 1587:North Carolina 1563: 1562: 1559: 1524: 1507:Four states – 1485: 1482: 1397: 1394: 1377: 1374: 1308: 1307: 1305: 1304: 1297: 1290: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1266: 1261: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1236:Senate chamber 1233: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1193: 1191:Standing Rules 1188: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1140: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1130: 1128:Nuclear option 1125: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1098: 1088: 1082: 1080: 1073:Closed session 1070: 1065: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1032: 1030: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1007: 995: 994: 989: 986: 985: 979: 972: 968: 966: 964:Former members 961: 958: 957: 951: 944: 940: 935: 934: 930: 929: 923: 922: 911: 910: 904: 903: 892: 891:Qualifications 889: 870: 867: 829:equal suffrage 765:Main article: 762: 759: 718:Senate chamber 675:federal judges 634:. Each of the 571: 570: 564: 563: 559: 558: 552: 551: 547: 546: 538: 537: 533: 532: 520:Senate Chamber 516: 515: 507: 506: 502: 501: 495: 492: 489: 488: 482: 479: 476: 475: 473: 472: 459: 440: 439: 438: 431: 426: 423: 422: 418: 417: 414: 412:Length of term 411: 408: 407: 406: 405: 390: 389: 378: 364: 361: 358: 357: 349: 348: 345: 341: 340: 336: 335: 323: 321: 316: 313: 312: 300: 298: 293: 290: 289: 277: 275: 270: 267: 266: 254: 252: 247: 244: 243: 231: 229: 224: 221: 220: 205: 203: 198: 195: 194: 190: 189: 179: 176: 173: 172: 168: 167: 164: 161: 158: 157: 147: 146: 144: 140: 139: 135: 134: 131: 123: 122: 117: 109: 108: 102: 101: 98: 89: 88: 71:September 2024 58: 57: 55:(refs: 14, 83) 50: 36: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15134: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15104: 15102: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15071:Tricameralism 15069: 15067: 15066:Unicameralism 15064: 15062: 15059: 15058: 15056: 15052: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14811: 14808: 14807: 14805: 14803: 14799: 14793: 14790: 14789: 14787: 14785: 14784:Non-UN states 14781: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14751: 14749: 14747: 14744:Dependent and 14741: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14426: 14424: 14422: 14418: 14412: 14411:United States 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14308: 14306: 14304: 14300: 14296: 14292: 14285: 14280: 14278: 14273: 14271: 14266: 14265: 14262: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14241: 14236: 14232: 14229: 14225: 14224: 14220: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14193: 14189: 14186: 14185: 14184: 14181: 14177: 14174: 14173: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14131: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14124:Energy policy 14122: 14118: 14115: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14079: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14066: 14065:incarceration 14063: 14062: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14052: 14050: 14046: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13974: 13973: 13970: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13950:Prenatal care 13948: 13946: 13945:Birth control 13943: 13941: 13938: 13937: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13927: 13925: 13923: 13919: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13882:Homeownership 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13859: 13857: 13855: 13851: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13759: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13712: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13685: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13662: 13659: 13658: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13645: 13642: 13641: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13614: 13613: 13610: 13606: 13605:working class 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13565:homeownership 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13552: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13528: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13512: 13510: 13508: 13504: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13491: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13447: 13445: 13443: 13439: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13358: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13345:Manufacturing 13343: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13312: 13311: 13308: 13307: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13295: 13281: 13278: 13274: 13273:Third parties 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13260: 13259: 13256: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13238: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13225: 13222: 13221: 13220: 13217: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13204: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13194: 13191: 13179: 13176: 13175: 13174: 13171: 13170: 13168: 13166: 13162: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13147: 13145: 13143: 13139: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13084: 13082: 13078: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13053: 13051: 13049: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13036: 13030: 13027: 13023: 13020: 13019: 13018: 13015: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12997: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12987: 12985: 12983: 12979: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12950: 12948: 12946: 12942: 12934: 12931: 12930: 12929: 12926: 12922: 12919: 12918: 12917: 12914: 12913: 12911: 12909: 12905: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12890: 12888: 12886: 12882: 12874: 12871: 12870: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12827: 12824: 12823: 12822: 12819: 12815: 12812: 12811: 12810: 12807: 12806: 12804: 12802: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12787: 12782: 12778: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12722: 12721: 12718: 12717: 12715: 12713: 12709: 12703: 12700: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12677: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12664: 12661: 12660: 12659: 12656: 12655: 12653: 12651: 12647: 12641: 12640:U.S. attorney 12638: 12636: 12633: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12620: 12619: 12615: 12612: 12608: 12605: 12604: 12603: 12600: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12585:Chief Justice 12583: 12582: 12581: 12580:Supreme Court 12578: 12577: 12575: 12573: 12569: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12522: 12521: 12518: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12505: 12504: 12501: 12500: 12498: 12496: 12492: 12486: 12485:Public policy 12483: 12481: 12480:Civil service 12478: 12476: 12473: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12425: 12424: 12421: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12398: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12361: 12360: 12357: 12356: 12354: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12341: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12328: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12262: 12261: 12257: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12169: 12168: 12165: 12161: 12158: 12157: 12156: 12153: 12149: 12148:Sierra Nevada 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12125: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12086:insular zones 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12058: 12057: 12054: 12053: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12041: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11992: 11990: 11986: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11959: 11958: 11957:War on Terror 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11937:LGBT Movement 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11906: 11903: 11902: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11855: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11785: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11763: 11762: 11759: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11746: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11689: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11679: 11677: 11673: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11613: 11611: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11598: 11593: 11592:United States 11586: 11581: 11579: 11574: 11572: 11567: 11566: 11563: 11550: 11546: 11543: 11539: 11538: 11535: 11528: 11524: 11521: 11517: 11514: 11510: 11507: 11503: 11500: 11496: 11493: 11489: 11486: 11482: 11479: 11475: 11472: 11468: 11465: 11461: 11458: 11454: 11451: 11447: 11444: 11440: 11437: 11433: 11430: 11426: 11423: 11419: 11416: 11412: 11409: 11405: 11402: 11398: 11395: 11391: 11388: 11384: 11381: 11377: 11374: 11370: 11367: 11363: 11360: 11356: 11355: 11353: 11351: 11347: 11340: 11336: 11332: 11328: 11324: 11320: 11316: 11312: 11308: 11304: 11301: 11297: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11281: 11278: 11274: 11273: 11271: 11269: 11265: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11245: 11241: 11237: 11233: 11229: 11225: 11221: 11217: 11216:West Virginia 11213: 11209: 11205: 11201: 11197: 11193: 11189: 11185: 11181: 11177: 11173: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11153: 11149: 11145: 11141: 11137: 11133: 11129: 11125: 11121: 11117: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11089: 11085: 11081: 11077: 11073: 11069: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11049: 11045: 11041: 11037: 11033: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11017: 11013: 11009: 11005: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10949: 10945: 10941: 10937: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10917: 10913: 10912:New Hampshire 10909: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10890: 10886: 10882: 10878: 10874: 10870: 10866: 10862: 10858: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10793:Massachusetts 10790: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10774: 10770: 10766: 10762: 10758: 10754: 10750: 10746: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10718: 10714: 10710: 10706: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10690: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10670: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10638: 10634: 10630: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10614: 10610: 10606: 10602: 10598: 10594: 10590: 10586: 10582: 10578: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10538: 10534: 10530: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10469: 10467: 10465: 10461: 10454: 10450: 10447: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10438: 10434: 10430: 10423: 10418: 10416: 10411: 10409: 10404: 10403: 10400: 10387: 10381: 10378: 10372: 10369: 10363: 10362: 10359: 10354: 10341: 10329: 10322: 10320: 10314: 10310: 10298: 10291: 10289: 10283: 10279: 10267: 10260: 10258: 10252: 10248: 10236: 10229: 10227: 10221: 10217: 10205: 10198: 10196: 10190: 10186: 10174: 10167: 10165: 10159: 10155: 10143: 10136: 10134: 10128: 10124: 10112: 10105: 10103: 10097: 10093: 10081: 10074: 10072: 10066: 10062: 10050: 10043: 10041: 10035: 10031: 10019: 10012: 10010: 10004: 10000: 9988: 9981: 9979: 9973: 9969: 9957: 9950: 9948: 9942: 9938: 9926: 9919: 9917: 9911: 9907: 9895: 9888: 9886: 9880: 9876: 9864: 9857: 9855: 9849: 9845: 9833: 9826: 9824: 9818: 9814: 9802: 9795: 9793: 9787: 9783: 9771: 9764: 9762: 9756: 9752: 9740: 9733: 9731: 9725: 9721: 9709: 9702: 9700: 9694: 9690: 9678: 9671: 9669: 9663: 9659: 9647: 9640: 9638: 9632: 9628: 9616: 9609: 9607: 9601: 9597: 9585: 9578: 9576: 9570: 9566: 9554: 9547: 9545: 9539: 9535: 9523: 9516: 9514: 9508: 9504: 9492: 9485: 9483: 9477: 9473: 9461: 9454: 9452: 9446: 9442: 9430: 9423: 9421: 9415: 9411: 9399: 9392: 9390: 9384: 9380: 9368: 9361: 9359: 9353: 9349: 9337: 9330: 9328: 9322: 9318: 9306: 9299: 9297: 9291: 9287: 9275: 9268: 9266: 9260: 9256: 9244: 9237: 9235: 9229: 9225: 9213: 9206: 9204: 9198: 9194: 9182: 9175: 9173: 9167: 9163: 9151: 9144: 9142: 9136: 9132: 9120: 9113: 9111: 9105: 9101: 9089: 9082: 9080: 9074: 9070: 9058: 9051: 9049: 9043: 9039: 9027: 9020: 9018: 9012: 9008: 8996: 8989: 8987: 8981: 8977: 8965: 8958: 8956: 8950: 8946: 8934: 8927: 8925: 8919: 8915: 8903: 8896: 8894: 8888: 8884: 8872: 8865: 8863: 8857: 8853: 8841: 8834: 8832: 8826: 8822: 8810: 8803: 8801: 8795: 8794: 8790: 8785: 8779: 8777: 8772: 8771:Kamala Harris 8766: 8764: 8758: 8754: 8747: 8742: 8740: 8735: 8733: 8728: 8727: 8724: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8695: 8693: 8689: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8631: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8581: 8575: 8572: 8568: 8567: 8563: 8562: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8535: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8518: 8514: 8512: 8511: 8507: 8505: 8504: 8500: 8498: 8497: 8493: 8491: 8490: 8486: 8484: 8483: 8479: 8477: 8476: 8472: 8470: 8469: 8465: 8463: 8462: 8458: 8456: 8455: 8451: 8449: 8448: 8444: 8442: 8440: 8436: 8434: 8433: 8429: 8427: 8426: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8414:Statuary Hall 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8398: 8397: 8393: 8392: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8359: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8337: 8333: 8331: 8330: 8326: 8324: 8323: 8319: 8317: 8316: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8269:Poet Laureate 8267: 8265: 8262: 8258: 8255: 8254: 8253: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8241: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8233: 8227: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8211:Reading Clerk 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8145: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8100: 8098: 8094: 8091: 8087: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8051:Congr. Ethics 8049: 8048: 8046: 8042: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8016: 8013: 8009: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7954: 7951: 7950: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7932: 7928: 7923: 7919: 7914: 7910: 7896: 7895: 7891: 7889: 7888: 7884: 7882: 7881: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7860: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7839: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7801: 7798: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7785: 7784: 7783:House history 7781: 7780: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7768: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7748: 7746: 7742: 7736: 7735:Subcommittees 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7720:List (Senate) 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7660: 7654: 7653:Treaty Clause 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7588: 7584: 7582: 7581: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7539: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7448:Joint session 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7433:Enrolled bill 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7350: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7324: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7237: 7233: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7149: 7148: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7121:Hindu members 7119: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7083: 7082:current House 7080: 7078: 7077:Issues Caucus 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7043: 7037: 7034: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7022: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6954: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6933: 6929: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6917:Apportionment 6915: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6903: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6856: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6830: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6769: 6765: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6547: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6484: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6428: 6424: 6418: 6415: 6412: 6409: → 6408: 6405: ← 6404: 6400: 6398: 6397:Joint session 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6365: 6363: 6358: 6356: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6341: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6297: 6296:Senate Manual 6294: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6284: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6255: 6223: 6219: 6204: 6159: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6121: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6084: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6063: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6043: 6039: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5972: 5968: 5965: 5961: 5958: 5954: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5931:Sharpe, 1997. 5930: 5926: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5905: 5901: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5878: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5864: 5861: 5857: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5829: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5804: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5754: 5729: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5712: 5704: 5698: 5694: 5687: 5679: 5673: 5665: 5659: 5655: 5648: 5640: 5634: 5630: 5623: 5615: 5608: 5600: 5594: 5590: 5583: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5526: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5497:The Economist 5494: 5488: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5457: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5426: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5384:September 20, 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5326: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5294: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5256: 5255: 5250: 5244: 5242: 5233: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5162: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5123: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5033: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5002: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4964: 4958: 4939: 4932: 4926: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4855: 4849: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4785: 4778: 4770: 4763: 4762: 4755: 4744: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4711: 4705: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4623: 4616: 4609: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4555: 4546: 4545:§ 641(e) 4542: 4535: 4527: 4521: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4478: 4474: 4473:The Economist 4470: 4464: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4386: 4370: 4366: 4361: 4353: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4322: 4306: 4302: 4296: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4111: 4108:. p. 4. 4107: 4100: 4093: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4020: 4016: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3975: 3973: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3942:5 U.S.C. 3937: 3931: 3926: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3872: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3829:September 28, 3824: 3820: 3813: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3781: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3746: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3667: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3630: 3626: 3625:2 U.S.C. 3621: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3469: 3453: 3449: 3443: 3441: 3431: 3420:September 17, 3415: 3411: 3405: 3389: 3385: 3383: 3375: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3345: 3329: 3325: 3323: 3315: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3285:0-8018-7438-6 3281: 3277: 3276: 3268: 3260: 3253: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3206: 3204: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3153: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3009: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2981: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2943: 2932: 2931: 2926: 2919: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2855: 2842: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2826: 2822: 2809: 2803: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2748:West Virginia 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2723: 2719: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2657: 2655: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2586: 2583: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2539:in 1998, and 2538: 2534: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2452: 2441: 2436: 2429: 2425: 2422:of President 2421: 2417: 2412: 2403: 2401: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2353: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2319: 2310: 2305: 2297: 2295: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2228: 2225: 2218: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2197: 2195: 2184: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2146: 2145:supermajority 2142: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2121: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2093: 2084: 2082: 2081:George Packer 2077: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1962:Party leaders 1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1914: 1904: 1897: 1892: 1883: 1881: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1848: 1839: 1837: 1832: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1783: 1782:they are in. 1781: 1777: 1776: 1771: 1770:Chuck Schumer 1767: 1763: 1762:The Honorable 1753: 1751: 1747: 1746:Chuck Schumer 1743: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1701: 1692: 1687: 1676: 1671: 1669: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1652:senator-elect 1648: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1599:West Virginia 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1540:Massachusetts 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1435:third parties 1432: 1427: 1425: 1424:Ballot access 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1403: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1373: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1321:James Madison 1318: 1314: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1284: 1283: 1281: 1280: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1213: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1197: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1181: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1160: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1118: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1102: 1096: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1053: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1031: 1029: 1028:Party leaders 1026: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1001: 998: 997: 993: 990: 983: 980: 978: 974: 973: 971: 967: 965: 962: 955: 952: 950: 946: 945: 943: 939: 938: 937: 936: 932: 931: 928: 925: 924: 917: 913: 912: 909: 906: 905: 901: 897: 896: 886: 881: 876: 866: 864: 859: 857: 853: 845: 841: 836: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 816: 810: 806: 802: 800: 794: 789: 787: 783: 778: 774: 768: 758: 756: 752: 747: 746:floor leaders 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 714: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 683:flag officers 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 659: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 628: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 601:United States 598: 594: 590: 589:lower chamber 586: 582: 581:upper chamber 578: 569: 565: 560: 557: 553: 548: 544: 539: 534: 531:United States 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 508: 505:Meeting place 503: 499: 496: 493:Next election 490: 486: 483: 480:Last election 477: 471: 467: 463: 460: 457: 452: 448: 445: 444: 435: 432: 429: 428:Voting system 424: 419: 415: 409: 403: 397: 396: 395: 394: 393:Minority (49) 386: 379: 376: 370: 369: 368: 367:Majority (51) 365: 359: 355: 350: 346: 342: 337: 330: 326: 322: 319: 318:Minority Whip 314: 307: 303: 299: 296: 295:Majority Whip 291: 284: 280: 276: 273: 268: 261: 257: 256:Chuck Schumer 253: 250: 245: 238: 234: 230: 227: 222: 218: 212: 208: 207:Kamala Harris 204: 201: 196: 191: 180: 174: 169: 165: 159: 155: 150: 145: 141: 136: 129: 124: 120: 115: 110: 107: 103: 96: 93: 85: 82: 74: 64: 54: 51: 48:(refs: 7, 24) 47: 44: 43: 40: 35: 32:This article 30: 21: 20: 15061:Bicameralism 15025:Soviet Union 15015:South Africa 14880:East Germany 14830:Burkina Faso 14689:South Africa 14410: 14295:legislatures 14293:of national 14291:Upper houses 14166:Human rights 14146:Gun politics 14097:Islamophobia 14087:antisemitism 13955:Hospice care 13897:Middle class 13877:Homelessness 13854:Social class 13814:Social class 13678:Human rights 13668:Homelessness 13580:middle class 13545:Demographics 13520:Architecture 13427:Unemployment 13407:Labor unions 13155:Town meeting 13132:City council 13127:City manager 12868:State police 12730:Marine Corps 12720:Armed Forces 12695:civil rights 12675:Constitution 12519: 12247:Southwestern 12242:Southeastern 12232:Northwestern 12227:Northeastern 12192:Mid-Atlantic 12182:Great Plains 11900:World War II 11783:Constitution 11687:Colonial era 11666:2008–present 11104:South Dakota 11072:Rhode Island 11056:Pennsylvania 10992:North Dakota 10452: 10317: 10286: 10255: 10224: 10193: 10162: 10131: 10100: 10069: 10038: 10007: 9976: 9945: 9914: 9883: 9852: 9821: 9790: 9759: 9728: 9697: 9666: 9646:Cortez Masto 9635: 9604: 9573: 9542: 9511: 9480: 9449: 9418: 9387: 9356: 9325: 9294: 9263: 9232: 9201: 9170: 9139: 9108: 9077: 9046: 9015: 8984: 8976:Hickenlooper 8953: 8922: 8891: 8860: 8829: 8798: 8784:Patty Murray 8774: 8761: 8698:Capitol Hill 8564: 8515: 8508: 8501: 8494: 8487: 8480: 8473: 8466: 8459: 8452: 8445: 8438: 8430: 8423: 8394: 8334: 8327: 8320: 8313: 7922:Capitol Hill 7892: 7885: 7878: 7837: 7715:List (House) 7710:List (Joint) 7680:Of the Whole 7586: 7579: 7578:Jefferson's 7465:Magic minute 7218:Slave owners 7201:2000–present 7147:Sikh members 7145: 7052:LGBT members 6978:Black Caucus 6754:118th (2023) 6749:117th (2021) 6744:116th (2019) 6739:115th (2017) 6734:114th (2015) 6729:113th (2013) 6724:112th (2011) 6719:111th (2009) 6714:110th (2007) 6709:109th (2005) 6704:108th (2003) 6699:107th (2001) 6694:106th (1999) 6689:105th (1997) 6684:104th (1995) 6679:103rd (1993) 6674:102nd (1991) 6669:101st (1989) 6664:100th (1987) 6391: 6281: 6227: 6151: 6140: 6131: 6107: 6094: 6086: 6072: 6065: 6058: 6051: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6020: 6013: 6005: 5993: 5981: 5970: 5963: 5956: 5949: 5942: 5935: 5928: 5921: 5914: 5910: 5903: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5873: 5866: 5859: 5852: 5845: 5838: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5802: 5798:Knopf, 2002. 5792: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5747:Bibliography 5732:. 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Retrieved 2834: 2825: 2802: 2766: 2722: 2677: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2632: 2609: 2587: 2579: 2545: 2541:Donald Trump 2537:Bill Clinton 2530: 2518: 2497: 2486: 2475: 2460: 2456: 2396: 2391: 2383: 2355: 2324: 2290: 2259: 2255: 2220: 2201: 2200:for example 2198: 2190: 2172: 2161: 2149: 2133: 2109: 2105:calendar day 2097: 2094: 2090: 2078: 2066: 2062: 2055: 2044: 2020: 1987: 1971: 1945: 1929: 1922: 1916: 1901: 1876: 1864:semicircular 1853: 1828: 1811:Bob Packwood 1789: 1773: 1759: 1741: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1705: 1697: 1673: 1665: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1642: 1626:1st Congress 1623: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1564: 1517:Rhode Island 1509:North Dakota 1502: 1499: 1487: 1443: 1428: 1408:Election Day 1405: 1379: 1362: 1331: 1326: 1311: 949:by seniority 907: 860: 849: 820: 812: 808: 796: 793:Roman Senate 790: 777:bicameralism 773:Constitution 770: 715: 713:atmosphere. 660: 652:popular vote 629: 576: 574: 550:Constitution 436:in 46 states 392: 391: 366: 233:Patty Murray 92: 77: 68: 33: 15020:South Korea 14965:New Zealand 14895:El Salvador 14825:British Raj 14810:Afghanistan 14774:Puerto Rico 14764:Isle of Man 14679:Saint Lucia 14659:Philippines 14639:Netherlands 14574:Ivory Coast 14406:Switzerland 14396:South Sudan 14171:Immigration 14102:LGBT rights 14004:Food safety 13839:Video games 13432:Wall Street 13412:Public debt 13315:Agriculture 13251:nationalism 12963:Uniform act 12885:Legislative 12792:Territorial 12750:Coast Guard 12745:Space Force 12495:Legislative 12290:Red (South) 12280:Mississippi 12202:New England 12138:Appalachian 12108:Earthquakes 12005:Discoveries 12000:Demographic 11942:Vietnam War 11885:World War I 11880:Imperialism 11830:Indian Wars 11805:War of 1812 11323:Puerto Rico 10841:Mississippi 10569:Connecticut 10386:Independent 8672:Power Plant 8264:Law Library 7965:Cap. Police 7934:Legislative 7623:Senate hold 7530:Pocket veto 7505:Sponsorship 7485:Quorum call 7285:Impeachment 6659:99th (1985) 6654:98th (1983) 6649:97th (1981) 6644:96th (1979) 6639:95th (1977) 6634:94th (1975) 6629:93rd (1973) 6624:92nd (1971) 6619:91st (1969) 6614:90th (1967) 6607:New members 6249: / 6104:Robert Byrd 6090:, 1774–1989 5515:February 6, 5477:February 6, 5446:February 6, 5415:February 4, 5346:January 31, 4987:(1): 61–114 4342:February 8, 4259:January 21, 4082:November 8, 3946:§ 3331 3738:October 13, 3656:January 10, 3354:History.com 3304:January 30, 2787:Mississippi 2744:Joe Manchin 2582:Robert Dahl 2471:ambassadors 2447: 1873 2371:money bills 2369:, in which 2346:Legislation 2224:impeachment 2079:Journalist 2073:quorum call 1800:Confederate 1698:The annual 1668:affirmation 1544:Mississippi 1532:Connecticut 1370:Confederacy 1149:Quorum call 687:ambassadors 677:(including 605:Article One 385:Independent 302:Dick Durbin 162:Term limits 149:Upper house 15101:Categories 14960:Mauritania 14850:Costa Rica 14792:Somaliland 14724:Uzbekistan 14699:Tajikistan 14614:Madagascar 14594:Kazakhstan 14205:Xenophobia 13994:Disability 13935:Healthcare 13844:Visual art 13789:Philosophy 13735:television 13725:newspapers 13715:journalism 13705:Literature 13617:attainment 13268:Republican 13263:Democratic 13236:Ideologies 13197:Corruption 12762:NOAA Corps 12685:preemption 12680:federalism 12295:Rio Grande 12197:Midwestern 12177:West Coast 12172:East Coast 12015:Inventions 11927:Space Race 11922:Korean War 11905:home front 11840:Gilded Age 11200:Washington 10944:New Mexico 10928:New Jersey 10537:California 10377:Democratic 10368:Republican 9999:Whitehouse 9782:Gillibrand 9534:Hyde-Smith 9410:Van Hollen 8995:Blumenthal 8809:Tuberville 8635:facilities 8342:Serial Set 8230:Library of 8206:Postmaster 8169:Doorkeeper 8030:Historical 7685:Conference 7663:Committees 7648:Traditions 7573:Filibuster 7326:Privileges 7100:Physicians 7093:Occupation 6842:Vice-Chair 6443:Membership 6234:38°53′26″N 6218:Audio help 6209:2006-08-04 5273:1124772479 5188:1248598962 4733:January 1, 4483:October 4, 4375:October 4, 4025:October 2, 3994:October 2, 3980:"Salaries" 3961:January 8, 3394:January 8, 3334:January 8, 3232:1248598962 2998:January 8, 2969:August 31, 2908:August 31, 2881:August 31, 2854:Democrats. 2817:References 2779:Washington 2775:California 2728:Angus King 2621:Federalism 2619:See also: 2566:See also: 2546:Under the 2333:, and the 2231:Committees 2136:filibuster 2128:See also: 1924:ex officio 1766:Democratic 1714:(FERS) or 1556:Washington 1454:Washington 1450:California 1347:John Eaton 1335:Henry Clay 1202:Traditions 1123:Filibuster 1091:Committees 873:See also: 869:Membership 846:since 1855 844:Presidency 842:, and the 823:in Latin. 819:, meaning 751:filibuster 642:who serve 543:senate.gov 500:(34 seats) 487:(35 seats) 402:Republican 375:Democratic 325:John Thune 193:Leadership 185:2023-01-03 15040:Venezuela 14970:Nicaragua 14559:Indonesia 14316:Australia 14311:Argentina 14188:Terrorism 13965:Rationing 13862:Affluence 13809:Sexuality 13777:Uncle Sam 13683:Languages 13612:Education 13555:affluence 13515:Americana 13442:Transport 13340:Insurance 13330:Companies 13310:By sector 13202:Elections 12843:Treasurer 12801:Executive 12740:Air Force 12712:Uniformed 12535:President 12352:Executive 12123:Mountains 12056:Territory 12044:Geography 11868:1954–1968 11863:1896–1954 11858:1865–1896 11820:Civil War 11661:1991–2008 11656:1980–1991 11651:1964–1980 11646:1945–1964 11641:1917–1945 11636:1865–1917 11631:1849–1865 11626:1815–1849 11621:1789–1815 11616:1776–1789 11609:By period 11232:Wisconsin 11120:Tennessee 10825:Minnesota 10745:Louisiana 10080:Blackburn 9968:Fetterman 9491:Klobuchar 9305:McConnell 9193:Duckworth 8840:Murkowski 8763:President 8610:Longworth 8540:buildings 8523:VP's Room 8184:Historian 8123:Librarian 8118:Historian 8103:Secretary 8089:Employees 7894:Roll Call 7705:Oversight 7633:Seniority 7500:Saxbe fix 7438:Expulsion 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