Flag of Germany - Knowledge

1949: 3106: 1432: 2598:, Hitler explained the process by which the Nazi flag design was created: It was necessary to use the same colours as Imperial Germany, because in Hitler's opinion they were "revered colours expressive of our homage to the glorious past and which once brought so much honour to the German nation." The most important requirement was that "the new flag ... should prove effective as a large poster" because "in hundreds of thousands of cases a really striking emblem may be the first cause of awakening interest in a movement." Nazi propaganda clarified the symbolism of the flag: the red colour stood for the social, white for the movement's national thinking and the swastika for the victory of Aryan humanity and the victory of productive humanity. 1047: 1444: 2848: 1594: 2701: 2270: 2503: 1480: 7088: 2836: 3032: 1891: 2939: 757: 3211:), public use of the national flag increased drastically. This explosion in the flag's occurrence in day-to-day life was initially greeted by many Germans with a mixture of surprise and apprehension. The decades-old fear that German flag-waving and national pride was inextricably associated with its Nazi past was dismissed by the end of the tournament by Germans and non-Germans alike. As many Germans regarded showing their flag as part of support for their own team in the tournament, most flags disappeared after the end of a tournament, sometimes due to administrative decisions. 2480: 2458: 2015: 2916: 2876: 2958: 2885: 3169: 83: 2950: 2927: 2781: 2712: 2491: 2469: 2262: 2045: 1901: 1490: 1052: 213: 2895: 2446: 762: 749: 744: 338: 847: 2945: 2922: 2776: 2707: 2486: 2464: 2257: 2040: 1896: 1485: 291: 286: 203: 198: 78: 73: 1913: 333: 173: 2251: 1728: 2755:(British zone), chose to use the black-red-gold tricolour as their flag, defaced with the state's coat of arms. These two states were formed from parts of other states, and no colour combinations from these previous states were accepted as a new state flag. This led to the use of the black-red-gold for two reasons: the colours did not relate particularly to any one of the previous states, and using the old flag from the Weimar Republic was intended to be a symbol of the new democracy. 269: 1154: 662: 7300: 1803: 296: 208: 1541: 3134: 596: 1792: 2860: 5449: 1555: 3241: 2770: 48: 777:. Most town halls fly their town flag together with the national flag in this way; many town flags in Germany exist only in vertical form. The proportions of these vertical flags are not specified. In 1996, a layout for the vertical version of the government flag was established, that coincidentally matched the pattern of the "conventional" black-red-gold flag of the 2405:. This organisation was formed to protect the fragile democracy of the Weimar Republic, which was under constant pressure by both the far right and far left. Through this organisation, the black-red-gold flag became not only a symbol of German democracy, but also of resistance to political extremism. This was summarised by the organisation's first chairman, 1134:) stated that the usage of "black–red–yellow" and the like had "through years of Nazi agitation, attained the significance of a malicious slander against the democratic symbols of the state" and was now an offence. As summarised by heraldist Arnold Rabbow in 1968, "the German colours are black–red–yellow but they are called black–red–gold." 1784:

for liberty, and the golden dawn of freedom. In a memoir, Anton Probsthan of Mecklenburg, who served in the Lützow Free Corps, claimed his relative Fraulein Nitschke of Jena presented the Burschenschaft with a flag at the time of its foundation, and for this purpose chose the black-red-and-gold colours of the defunct secret society

3063:, the black-red-gold tricolour was instead selected as the flag of the German Democratic Republic upon the formation of this state on 7 October 1949. From 1949 to 1959, the flags of both West and East Germany were identical. On 1 October 1959, the East German government changed its flag with the addition of 560:, which were mostly worn by university students and were formed during the struggle against the occupying forces of Napoleon. Whatever the true explanation, those colours soon came to be regarded as the national colours of Germany during that brief period. Especially after their reintroduction during the 2739:

in 1946. As its flag, Württemberg-Baden adopted the black-red-gold tricolour. The choice of these colours was not based on the historical use of the tricolour, but the simple addition of gold to Württemberg's colours of red and black. Coincidentally, Baden's colours were red and yellow, so the colour

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proposed a black-red-gold banner for the Burschen. Some members interpreted the colours as a rebirth of the Imperial black-yellow colours embellished with the red of liberty or the blood of war. More radical students exclaimed that the colours stood for the black night of slavery, the bloody struggle

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and became Francis I of Austria. Taking the colours of the banner of the Holy Roman Emperor, the flag of the Austrian Empire was black and gold. Francis II was the last Holy Roman Emperor, with Napoleon forcing the empire's dissolution in 1806. After this point, these colours continued to be used as

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is displayed in the centre of the flag, overlapping with up to one fifth of the black and gold bands. When hung like a banner or draped, the black band should be on the left, as illustrated. When flown from a vertical flagpole, the black band must face the staff. The only type of vertical flag that

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In the face of the increasingly violent conflicts between the communists and Nazis, the growing polarisation of the German population and a multitude of other factors, mainly the drastic economic sinking, extreme hyperinflation and corruption of the republic, the Weimar Republic collapsed in 1933

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was definitely restored under Austrian-Prussian leadership. The tricolour remained official but was no longer used before 1863 at a conference of the German governments. Afterwards, the most pressing issue was whether or not to include Austria in any future German nation, as Austria's status as a

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The question regarding what flag should be adopted by the new confederation was first raised by the shipping sector and its desire to have an internationally recognisable identity. Virtually all international shipping that belonged to the confederation originated from either Prussia or the three

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in November 1989, many East Germans removed the coat of arms from their flags to imply the plain black-red-gold tricolour symbolic of a united Germany. The widespread act of removing the coat of arms from the East German flag implied the plain black-red-gold tricolour as symbol for a united and

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for freedom, unity, and civil rights. The colours black, red, and gold had become a well established symbol for the liberal, democratic and republican movement within the German states since the Wartburg Festival, and flags in these colours were flown en masse at the Hambach Festival. While

1937:, revolutionaries took to the streets, many flying the tricolour. The Confederation's Bundestag, alarmed by the events, hasted to adopt the tricolour (9 March 1848). Liberals took power and made the Bundestag call for general elections for a German parliament, the national assembly. This 1718:

in the unit were red and black. As the members of this unit came from all over Germany and included a modest but well known number of university students and academics, the Lützow Free Corps and their colours gained considerable exposure among the German people.

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While the use of black-red-gold had been suggested in the Soviet zone in 1946, the Second People's Congress in 1948 decided to adopt the old black-white-red tricolour as a national flag for East Germany. This choice was based on the use of these colours by the

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and those members of German royalty who long for the peaceful reintroduction of a German democratic monarchy. This use of the old flag is almost completely overshadowed by its prevalent use by the far right, however; since the aforementioned ban on all

1399:. When flags are required to be flown at half-staff, vertical flags are not lowered. A black mourning ribbon is instead attached, either atop the staff (if hung from a pole) or to each end of the flag's supporting cross-beams (if flown like a banner). 3129:

was formed. The duty of this organisation, directly responsible to the federal government, is to examine the consequences of the former East German regime. As its logo, the foundation used an East German flag with the Communist coat of arms cut out.

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In Germany, the use of the flag and other national symbols has been relatively low for most of the time since World War II – a reaction against the widespread use of flags by the Nazi Party and against nationalistic fervour in general. During the

2333:, the old colours continued to be used in various forms. Many conservatives wanted the old colours to return, while monarchists and the far right were far more vocal with their objections, referring to the new flag with various derogatory names ( 1768:

eventually adopted a flag with three equal horizontal bands of red, black, and red, with gold trim and a golden oak branch across the black band, following the colours of the uniforms of the Free Corps. The famous gymnast and student union

3088:. After the East German national flag was changed in 1959, neither country accepted the flag of the other. As a compromise, a new flag was used by the United Team of Germany from 1960 to 1964, featuring the black-red-gold tricolour 1848:. Therefore, the colours black, red, and gold eventually became symbolic of this desire for a unified German state. The Ministerial Council of the German Confederation, in its determination to maintain the status quo, enacted the 1699:. This unit had uniforms in black with red facings and gold buttons. The colour choice had pragmatic origins, even though black-red-gold were the former colours used by the Holy Roman Empire. At the time, the colours represented: 2580:. When the German ambassador protested, US officials responded that the German national flag had not been harmed, only a political party symbol. The new flag law was announced at the annual party rally in Nuremberg, where 3229:, etc.) and their showing of the German flag as a symbol of their nationalism, the flag again became more widespread but remained somewhat contentious in everyday life. Mainstream society remains hesitant to use the colours. 2285:

was founded in August 1919. To form a continuity between the anti-autocratic movement of the 19th century and the new democratic republic, the old black-red-gold tricolour was designated as the national German flag in the

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in the red stripe. In 1968 the teams from the two German states entered separately, but both used the same German Olympic flag. From 1972 to 1988, the separate West and East German teams used their respective national

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The design of the Nazi flag was introduced by Hitler as the party flag in mid-1920, roughly a year before (29 July 1921) he became his political party's leader: a flag with a red background, a white disk and a black

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was appointed chancellor on 30 January 1933 the black-red-gold flag was banned; a ruling on 12 March established two legal flags: the reintroduced black-white-red imperial tricolour national flag and the flag of the

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Following specifications set by the West German government in 1950, the flag displays three bars of equal width and has a width–length ratio of 3:5; the tricolour used during the Weimar Republic had a ratio of 2:3.

5278: 2820:. Although there were objections to the creation of a national flag before reunification with the east, it was decided to proceed. This decision was primarily motivated by the proposed constitution by the eastern 1055:

A version of the German flag where the golden band is of a metallic golden colour. This version was sometimes used in official publications before the introduction of the federal government's corporate design in

2667:. Although there was neither a national German government nor a German flag, German ships were required by international law to have a national ensign of some kind. As a provisional civil ensign of Germany, the 3218:, usage of the German flag had been increasing sporadically. In the following period the display of the German flag colours, even outside stadiums, was regularly limited to the period of major sporting events. 1866:

contemporary illustrations showed prominent use of a gold-red-black tricolour (an upside-down version of the modern German flag), surviving flags from the event were in black-red-gold. Such an example is the

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Members of the corps were required to supply their own clothing: in order to present a uniform appearance it was easiest to dye all clothes black. Gold-coloured buttons were widely available, and

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democratic Germany. Finally, on 3 October 1990, as the area of the German Democratic Republic was absorbed into the Federal Republic of Germany, the black-red-gold tricolour became the flag of a

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that was a predecessor of the Kingdom of Prussia. The absence of gold from the flag also made it clear that this German state did not include the "black and gold" monarchy of Austria. In the

1948: 3165:, etc.) is still in effect within today's Germany, the far right have been forced to forgo any Nazi flags and instead use the old imperial flag, which the Nazis themselves banned in 1935. 1691:, the German struggle against the occupying French forces was significantly symbolised by the colours of black, red, and gold, which became popular after their use in the uniforms of the 1981:

in 1866. During the war, the southern states allied with Austria adopted the black-red-gold tricolour as their flag, and the 8th German Army Corps also wore black-red-gold armbands. The

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There are many theories in circulation regarding the origins of the colour scheme used in the 1848 flag. It has been proposed that the colours were those of the Jena Students' League (

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co-conspirator Josef. The tricolour was ultimately selected, largely to illustrate the continuity between the Weimar Republic and this new German state. With the enactment of the

3067:. In West Germany, these changes were seen as a deliberate attempt to divide the two Germanies. Displaying this flag in West Germany and West Berlin—where it became known as the 1747:—the last Holy Roman Emperor—as its president. The confederation did not have a flag of its own, although the black-red-gold tricolour is sometimes mistakenly attributed to it. 3582: 723:

The government flag may only be used by federal government authorities and its use by others is an offence, punishable with a fine. However, public use of flags similar to the

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as its flag. To demonstrate the commitment of the Saar to be a part of West Germany, a new flag was selected on 9 July 1956: the black-red-gold tricolour defaced with the new

5888: 1977:(Lesser German) solution for a Germany that encompassed only German lands and excluded Austria. The Prussian–Austrian duality within the Confederation eventually led to the 1030:

The value given here is an alternative to the following more-complicated combination: Yellow (765 g), Red 032 (26 g), Black (11 g), Transp. White (198 g)

5268: 1676:, a confederation of Napoleonic client states. These states preferred to use their own flags. The confederation had no flag of its own; instead it used the blue-white-red 2808:, the three western Allies met in March 1948 to merge their zones of occupation and allow the formation of what became the Federal Republic of Germany, commonly known as 2694: 1573:(13th–17th century). Hanseatic trading ships were identifiable by their red-white pennants, and most Hanseatic cities adopted red and white as their city colours (see 5347: 5631: 5626: 5064: 1743:, a loose union of all remaining German states after the Napoleonic Wars. The Confederation was created as a replacement for the now-extinct Holy Roman Empire, with 2325:

This change was not welcomed by many people in Germany, who saw this new flag as a symbol of humiliation following Germany's defeat in the First World War. In the

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Since the mid-19th century, Germany has two competing traditions of national colours, black-red-gold and black-white-red. Black-red-gold were the colours of the

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are also flag days in some states, in addition to other state-specific flag days. The public display of flags to mark other events, such as the election of the

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Since the students who served in the Lützow Free Corps came from various German states, the idea of a unified German state began to gain momentum within the

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The symbols of Imperial Germany became symbols of monarchist and nationalist protest and were often used by monarchist and nationalist organisations (e.g.

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was flown alongside the black-gold imperial banner. This flag, known as the "Saint George Flag", was a white cross on a red background: the reverse of the

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can be flown under the Federal Government Decree is a banner. Flags in vertical format, vertical flags with outrigger and hanging flags are not permitted.

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on a golden background. After the late 13th or early 14th century, the claws and beak of the eagle were coloured red. From the early 15th century, a

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comprises Germany – the Reuss elder line that ruled the principality used a flag whose proportions were close to a "nearly square"-shape 4:5

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Black-red-gold is the official flag of the Federal Republic of Germany. As an official symbol of the constitutional order, it is protected against

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While there were other suggestions for the new flag for West Germany, the final choice was between two designs, both using black-red-gold. The

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An off-centred disk version of the swastika flag was used as the civil ensign on German-registered civilian ships and was used as the jack on

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and its predominately north German allies defeated Austria and made way for the realisation of the Lesser German solution a few years later.

1273: 855: 634: 442:. This nation state for Prussia and other north and central German states was expanded to the south German states in 1870–71, under the name 3466: 5661: 5213: 5092: 2322:(gold) in their flag. As a civil ensign, the black-white-red tricolour was retained, albeit with the new tricolour in the top left corner. 3524: 5641: 1819:

and similar Burschenschaft that were subsequently formed throughout the Confederation. On 18 October 1817, the fourth anniversary of the

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claimed the old black-white-red flag, while honoured, was the symbol of a bygone era and under threat of being used by "reactionaries".

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in 1949. Following the creation of separate government and military flags in later years, the plain tricolour is now used as the German

446:. It kept these colours until the revolution of 1918–19. Thereafter, black-white-red became a symbol of the political right. The Nazis ( 7255: 5611: 5591: 5246: 5180: 5147: 4395: 3105: 2475:, co-official with the Nazi party swastika flag. It used a slightly different aspect ratio than the previous flag of the German Empire. 1396: 3647: 2894: 7260: 6807: 5646: 5596: 3578: 3393: 1150:

on 22 March 2005, the flag must be flown from public buildings on the following dates. Only 1 May and 3 October are public holidays.

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choice could be mistaken for a combination of the two flags. In 1952, Württemberg-Baden became part of the modern German state of

2728: 2220:. A new constitution of 1871 gave the federal state the new name of German Empire and the Prussian king the title of Emperor. The 6727: 1206: 537: 3887: 1964: 5413: 5009: 4712: 1431: 4901:

Rabbow, Arnold (May–August 1983). "A Flag Against Hitler. The 1944 National Flag Proposal of the German Resistance Movement".

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The black-white-red tricolour remained the flag of Germany until the end of the German Empire in 1918, in the final days of

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or the death of a prominent politician (whereupon flags would be at half-staff), can be declared at the discretion of the

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retained black, white, and red as its national colours. An ordinance of 1892 dealt with the official use of the colours.

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Following the reunification of Germany and the fall of the Berlin Wall, many Germans cut out the emblem of East Germany.

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with banners displayed in mourning (note the black ribbons atop each staff) after the death of former German president

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used immediately following World War II was the signal pennant for the letter E ending in a swallowtail, and the

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The colours red and white were also significant during this period. When the Holy Roman Empire took part in the

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Die Bundesflagge besteht aus drei gleich breiten Querstreifen, oben schwarz, in der Mitte rot, unten goldfarben

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voted to join West Germany. Since its establishment as a separate French protectorate in 1947, the Saar had a

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In May 1849, the larger states actively fought the revolution and the Frankfurt parliament. In late 1850, the

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on 23 May 1949, the black-red-gold tricolour was readopted as the flag for the Federal Republic of Germany.

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was enacted, where a horizontal black-white-red tricolour was declared to be both the civil and war ensign.

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Out of the blackness (black) of servitude through bloody (red) battles to the golden (gold) light of freedom

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in 1933. After World War II, black-white-red was still used by some conservative groups or by groups of the

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Rabbow, Arnold (2007). "Schwarz-Rot-Gold: Einheit in Freiheit" [Black-Red-Gold. Unity in Freedom].

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image, so the reverse side had a "left-facing" swastika; the national flag was right-facing on both sides.

1443: 1294: 1202: 1088:. For the German flag, such a distinction is made: the colour used in the flag is called gold, not yellow. 489:

surfaced in the radical 1840s, when the black-red-gold flag was used to symbolise the movement against the

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stating its civil ensign was the black-red-yellow tricolour. Also, a naval war ensign used these colours.

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incident" of 26 July 1935, in which a group of demonstrators in New York City boarded the ocean liner SS

2291: 2039: 1618: 1602: 409: 369: 72: 4836: 4456: 3024:, also proposed on this day. This flag came into force on 1 January 1957, upon the establishment of the 2944: 2921: 2859: 2775: 2485: 2463: 2159:. This national state consisted of Prussia, the largest member state, and 21 other north German states. 7265: 7072: 6885: 6395: 6307: 6285: 6204: 6189: 6005: 5985: 5827: 5535: 5406: 3605: 2558:, the dual flag arrangement was ended, with the exclusive use of the Nazi flag as the national flag of 2299: 2205: 2148: 1673: 778: 552: 439: 428: 337: 4089: 3073:(divider-flag)—was seen as a breach of the constitution and subsequently banned until the late 1960s. 2620:

From 1933 to at least 1938, the Nazis sometimes "sanctified" swastika flags by touching them with the

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When the black–red–gold tricolour was adopted by the Weimar Republic as its flag, it was attacked by

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Following the dissolution of the German Confederation, Prussia formed its unofficial successor, the

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in November 1946, where black-red-gold were suggested as the colours for a future German republic.

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Brian Leigh Davis: Flags & standards of the Third Reich, Macdonald & Jane's, London 1975,

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made a deep run into the knockout rounds (being eliminated in the semi-finals by eventual winners

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National flag and naval jack of Germany (1935–1945). An alternate centre-disc version used by the

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in 1778, the first-ever black-red-gold tricolour flag was adopted within a German sovereign state.

556:. Another claim goes back to the uniforms (mainly black with red facings and gold buttons) of the 7348: 7338: 7214: 7164: 7116: 6997: 6992: 6760: 6634: 6614: 6591: 6571: 6531: 6494: 6443: 6317: 6280: 6050: 5772: 5203: 4054: 3458: 3254: 3226: 3177: 3117: 2997:. Wirmer suggested a variant of the 1944 "Resistance" flag (using the black-red-gold scheme in a 2394: 2310:

had upheld the 1778-established tradition, and had always continued to use the German colours of

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proposed the re-introduction of the old Weimar flag, while the conservative parties such as the

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abolished all Nazi symbols and repealed all relevant laws. The possession of swastika flags is

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was the first-ever appearance of the black-red-gold tricolour in its modern arrangement in any

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At the time of the adoption of the flag there were no exact colour specifications other than

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during the festival: a black-red-gold tricolour where the red band contains the inscription

1479: 714:, whose main differences are the illustration of the eagle and the shape of the shield: the 7126: 7077: 6504: 6448: 6332: 6270: 6265: 6235: 6167: 6145: 6093: 5995: 5743: 5738: 5500: 5422: 3639: 3274: 3122: 3081: 3077: 3060: 2938: 2764: 2748: 2720: 2520: 1957: 1938: 1828: 1823:, hundreds of fraternity members and academics from across the Confederation states met in 1740: 1513: 1392: 1345: 1228:

Established for German labour unions to demonstrate for the promotion of workers' welfare.

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This article is about the flag of the Federal Republic of Germany. Not to be confused with

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Aus der Schwärze der Knechtschaft durch blutige Schlachten ans goldene Licht der Freiheit.

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by the Foundation for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship. Retrieved on 9 March 2008.

4301: 3492:[Administrative Offences Act § 124: Use of crest or official flags] (in German). 3423: 3215: 3200: 3173: 2982: 2915: 2614: 2549: 2287: 2213: 2204:

was satisfied with the colour choice: the red and white were also taken to represent the

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after 1512) did not have a national flag, but black and gold were used as colours of the

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With the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, many of its dukes and princes joined the

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adopted in 1935, with some minor changes in 1938, used by the army and navy until 1945.

2506: 2353: 1994: 1982: 1736: 1645: 1465: 1422: 882:

for the German government which defined the specifications of the official colours as:

875: 831: 756: 604: 490: 2685:). The Council ruled that "no ceremony shall be accorded this flag which shall not be 2479: 2457: 2014: 1577:). Red and white still feature as the colours of many former Hanseatic cities such as 7154: 6962: 6707: 6682: 6629: 6576: 6390: 6162: 5954: 5540: 5070: 4816: 4366: 3877: 3089: 3013: 2998: 2884: 2732: 2366:(Nazi Party)—used the imperial colours, a practice that has continued today with the 1845: 1820: 1657: 1497: 1457: 695: 646: 612: 565: 5001: 4720: 4488:"Verordnung über die vorläufige Regelung der Flaggenführung auf Kauffahrteischiffen" 4435: 3669: 2581: 735:) is tolerated, and such flags are sometimes seen at international sporting events. 7206: 7174: 7159: 7106: 7042: 7037: 7012: 6870: 6769: 6717: 6712: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6519: 6484: 6458: 6130: 5934: 5903: 5858: 5853: 5520: 4869: 4308:[Decree of the President for the provisional regulation of raising flags]. 3944: 3912: 3489: 3017: 2706: 2629: 2563: 2498:

was the co-official party flag along with the tricolour national flag (1933–1935).

2386: 2311: 1972: 1862: 1849: 1795: 1753: 1570: 1333: 955: 879: 835: 585: 527: 373: 365: 133: 7144: 3701: 3547:"Flag hoisting formats and terminology (Germany, Austria, and adjacent countries)" 2957: 2445: 7304: 7067: 7017: 6977: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6875: 6860: 6855: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6816: 6672: 6662: 6609: 6035: 5753: 5713: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5568: 5490: 5470: 5115: 5096: 4517: 4421: 4336: 4023: 3442: 3430: 3303: 3269: 3259: 2994: 2633: 2424: 2282: 2256: 2190: 2186: 1895: 1688: 1666: 1661: 1626: 1574: 1531: 1521: 1517: 1143: 679: 545: 420: 405: 385: 357: 285: 4775: 4743: 4690: 4212: 2406: 1852:

of 1819 that banned all student organisations, officially putting an end to the

7190: 7169: 7111: 7062: 7052: 7032: 7022: 7007: 7002: 6982: 6952: 6920: 6905: 6880: 6774: 6652: 6639: 6302: 6060: 5683: 5563: 5558: 5525: 5485: 5475: 4305: 4123: 3246: 3151: 2817: 2209: 2176: 2164: 1988: 1873: 1773: 1677: 1484: 1359: 1252: 846: 633:), containing only the black-red-gold tricolour, was introduced as part of the 513: 459: 4595: 4154:[Act concerning the introduction of a German navy and merchant flag]. 4084: 3133: 2628:(blood flag), the swastika flag used by Nazi paramilitaries during the failed 7317: 7237: 7047: 6972: 6942: 6015: 5688: 5495: 4306:"Erlaß des Reichspräsidenten über die vorläufige Regelung der Flaggenhissung" 4278:[Symbol for Freedom, Unity and Democracy] (in German). Archived from 3156: 3109:

Flag of unified Germany raised at midnight of 3 October 1990 in front of the

3093: 2805: 2319: 2221: 1696: 1084: 774: 620: 561: 530:. The colours are mentioned in their canonical order in the seventh verse of 443: 381: 349: 5381: 5031: 4659: 4152:"Gesetz betreffend die Einführung einer deutschen Kriegs- und Handelsflagge" 3546: 3362: 2689:

in salute to warships or merchant ships of any nationality". Similarly, the

1941:

declared the black-red-gold as the official colours of Germany and passed a

1912: 743: 6400: 6075: 6070: 6040: 5939: 5893: 5126:. See German section for more detailed text. Retrieved on 24 February 2008. 4243: 3056: 3002: 2931: 2902: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2793: 2785: 2752: 2686: 2640: 2604: 2577: 2559: 2534: 2510: 2430: 2239: 2035: 2031: 1905: 1750:

Upon returning from the war, veterans of the Lützow Free Corps founded the

1727: 1318: 1314: 1168: 1092: 642: 486: 401: 281: 189: 145: 68: 4551: 1961:

multi-ethnic empire complicated the dream of a united Greater Germany—the

1882:(Germany's rebirth). This flag is now on permanent display at the castle. 332: 268: 172: 6410: 6124: 5959: 5908: 5748: 5309: 5241: 5175: 5142: 5138:"Dr. Strangelove: How Germans Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Flag" 2898: 2610: 2402: 2277:

Following the declaration of the German republic in 1918 and the ensuing

2228: 1121:, using the same derogatory terms as previously used by the monarchists. 1075: 827: 571: 408:) from 1919 to 1933, and has been in use since its reintroduction in the 4273: 3145:

The old black-white-red tricolour of the German Empire is still used by

2250: 1153: 661: 6619: 6240: 4552:"Law N° 1 from the Control Council for Germany: Repealing of Nazi Laws" 3146: 3138: 3059:

in the last two years of the war. In 1949, following a suggestion from

2909:

was proposed by conservative parties as a flag for West Germany (1948).

2594: 2539: 2495: 2363: 2328: 2027: 1802: 1236: 1096: 805: 638: 521: 466: 447: 185: 163:

Bundesdienstflagge und Dienstflagge der Landstreitkräfte der Bundeswehr

64: 60: 1791: 1164: 769:

In addition to the normal horizontal format, many public buildings in

720:

is rounded at the base, whereas the standard coat of arms is pointed.

595: 6230: 5878: 5372: 5237:"Germany's World Cup Recovery: From Humorless to Carefree in 30 Days" 2623: 2573: 2382: 1832: 1629: 1384: 1100: 988: 455: 3818:

Federal Court of Justice of Germany (16 November 1959). 3 StR 45/59.

2554: 2234:

A visually near-identical flag was used as the national flag of the

1546: 1540: 322:

A swallowtail of the civil flag with the coat of arms at the centre.

5764: 5391: 5342: 3162: 3025: 2589: 2414: 2410: 1824: 1681: 1509: 1505: 1493: 1079: 930: 817: 498: 423:

of 1919–1933 and the Federal Republic (since 1949). They were also

193: 6785: 3828:

Rabbow, Arnold (1968). "Schwarz–Rot–Gold oder Schwarz–Rot–Gelb?".

2769: 47: 6509: 5929: 5873: 5795: 4672:

Contains quotation from discussion of the constitution committee.

2789: 2179:, secretary of the Hamburg Chamber of Commerce, suggested in the 2168: 1578: 1560: 971: 770: 353: 1554: 5032:

Government of the German Democratic Republic (1 October 1959).

3222: 3052: 1715: 1711: 1582: 1354: 1147: 1061: 608: 494: 438:

appeared for the first time in 1867 in the constitution of the

5108: 4518:"Historical Flags of Our Ancestors – The German Swastika Flag" 4485: 4385: 3794:

Dreyhaupt, Rüdiger F. (2000). "Flags of the Weimar Republic".

3637: 2651:

since then, with the importation or display of them forbidden

2185:

on 22 September 1866 that any planned flag should combine the

1103:, who referred to the colours with spiteful nicknames such as 542:("On the Dissolution of the Jena Students' League") quoted by 5889:

Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples

5868: 4837:"SED-proposed constitution of the German Democratic Republic" 4428: 3849: 3732: 3603: 3514: 3487: 3456: 2905:'s "Resistance" design (1944), created by his brother Ernst. 2663:

After the defeat of Germany in World War II, the country was

2315: 478: 377: 137: 2723:, the German states were reorganised along the lines of the 2440: 1989:

North German Confederation and the German Empire (1867–1918)

603:

that was raised on 3 October 1990. It flies in front of the

3172:

German football fans during a match against Ecuador in the

1759: 694:

for short. It was introduced in 1950. It is the civil flag

1885: 450:) re-established these colours along with the party's own 368:

consisting of three equal horizontal bands displaying the

2993:(parliamentary council) and future advisor of chancellor 2453:

docked in New York Harbor, United States on 26 July 1935.

2449:

Illustration depicting anti-Nazi demonstrators attacking

1005: 482: 141: 4074:, English translation 1917. Volume 3 Appendixes, p. 603. 400:. It was officially adopted as the national flag of the 2985:

proposed a suggestion by Josef Wirmer, a member of the

1636:

ratio, instead of the modern German flag's 3:5 figure.

1192:

Commemoration Day for the Victims of National Socialism

5066:

Belonging: Solidarity and Division in Modern Societies

4580: 4546: 3398:

Germany Tourism and Travel by Everything about Germany

3127:

Foundation for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship

3076:

From 1956 to 1964, West and East Germany attended the

2613:, 1933–1945) warships. The flags for use on sea had a 2409:, who described their task as a "struggle against the 1861:

In May 1832, around 30,000 people demonstrated at the

1196:

Tag des Gedenkens an die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus

568:

in general. (The colours also appear in the mediaeval

7236: 5269:"Nach der WM: Die Party ist aus: Flaggen müssen weg" 5204:"In World Cup Surprise, Flags Fly With German Pride" 4386:

Government of the German Reich (15 September 1935).

4300: 4149: 3490:"§ 124 OWiG: Benutzen von Wappen oder Dienstflaggen" 3236: 3012:

In 1955, the inhabitants of the French-administered

2529:

List of German flags § Nazi Germany (1933–1945)

1370:

In memory of all killed during wartime (half-staff)

5135: 4486:Government of the German Reich (20 December 1933). 3945:"Unidentified 'Rhine Republic' Flag 1806 (Germany)" 729:(e.g. using the actual coat of arms instead of the 5201: 3830:Neue Heraldische Mitteilungen / Kleeblatt-Jahrbuch 3733:Federal Government of Germany (17 December 2007). 3515:Federal Government of Germany (13 November 1996). 2747:Two other states that were created after the war, 2545:On 15 September 1935, one year after the death of 4274:State government of Rhineland-Palatinate (2007). 3437:. See Article 22. Retrieved on 24 February 2008. 3221:With the rise of nationalist currents, however, ( 2658: 1835:), calling for a free and unified German nation. 1078:rarely distinguishes between gold and yellow; in 7315: 5234: 5002:"Constitution of the German Democratic Republic" 4182:"Constitution of the North German Confederation" 3638:Government of the German Reich (11 April 1921). 3415: 3413: 3411: 2290:in 1919. Only the tiny German principalities of 2155:in August 1866 and then the ratification of the 2004:North German Confederation and the German Empire 830:) was introduced: the government flag ending in 599:The German Unity Flag is a national memorial to 4328: 3850:Federal Government of Germany (22 March 2005). 3203:, which took place in Germany and in which the 3194:and may only be used by government authorities. 3018:white Nordic cross on a blue and red background 2137:A horizontal tricolour of black, white, and red 823:Dienstflagge der Seestreitkräfte der Bundeswehr 259:Dienstflagge der Seestreitkräfte der Bundeswehr 3214:By the time of Germany's World Cup victory in 2853:"Republican Tricolour" by Paul Wentzcke (1948) 2758: 2298:design had originated some 140 years earlier, 2245: 2195:constitution of the North German Confederation 1925:above where the Frankfurt Parliament assembled 1588: 862:The federal flag shall be black, red and gold. 7222: 6801: 5780: 5407: 4988:Gesetz Nr. 509 über das Wappen des Saarlandes 4982:Gesetz Nr. 508 über die Flagge des Saarlandes 4586:"Law No. 39 of the Allied Control Commission" 4276:"Symbol für Freiheit, Einheit und Demokratie" 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3787: 3604:Federal Government of Germany (25 May 1956). 3488:Federal Government of Germany (24 May 1968). 3457:Federal Government of Germany (7 July 1950). 3420:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany 3408: 2697:was a swallowtailed letter D signal pennant. 1731:The flag adopted by the Jena Urburschenschaft 856:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany 392:). The flag was first sighted in 1848 in the 5119: 5102: 4986: 4980: 4894: 4864: 4862: 4439: 4072:History of Germany in the Nineteenth Century 4061:, English translation 1917. Volume 3, p. 51. 4059:History of Germany in the Nineteenth Century 4005: 3870: 3811: 3809: 3328:[Order concerning the German flags] 3189: 3068: 2986: 2680: 2621: 2602: 2422: 2374: 2351: 2326: 2193:(red and white). In the following year, the 2180: 1970: 1962: 1877: 1867: 1853: 1839: 1814: 1771: 1763: 1751: 1680:and the Imperial Standard of its protector, 1363: 1337: 1306: 1286: 1265: 1240: 1221: 1194: 1158: 1129: 1116: 1110: 1104: 821: 811: 803: 788: 782: 730: 724: 715: 705: 699: 689: 683: 665: 624: 569: 543: 535: 519: 511: 505: 257: 161: 5899:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) 5298: 5296: 5168: 4381: 4379: 4018: 4016: 3726: 3633: 3631: 2632:in 1923. This ceremony took place at every 854:Article 22 of the German constitution, the 688:(state flag of the federal authorities) or 649:use the German national flag together with 7229: 7215: 6808: 6794: 5787: 5773: 5414: 5400: 5305:"EM-Patriotismus: Schwarz-rot-kompliziert" 4719:(in German). 13 April 1951. Archived from 4713:"Preliminary constitution of Lower Saxony" 3969: 3845: 3843: 3821: 3642:[Regulation on the German Flags]. 3539: 3519:[Arrangement of the German Flag]. 3461:[Arrangement of the German Flag]. 3452: 3450: 2552:and Hitler's elevation to the position of 1652:. In response to this, Holy Roman Emperor 1205:(1945), observed by the United Nations as 458:, as it is not forbidden, unlike specific 5302: 5062: 4979:Government of the Saarland (9 July 1956) 4859: 4150:Frankfurt Parliament (12 November 1848). 3806: 3793: 3662: 2800:With relations deteriorating between the 2441:Nazi Germany and World War II (1933–1945) 5329: 5293: 4994: 4689:(in German). 18 May 1947. Archived from 4376: 4294: 4174: 4143: 4013: 4004:Scheidler, Karl Hermann (5 August 1865) 3628: 3597: 3391: 3167: 3132: 3104: 3030: 2965:, as used from the 1960 to 1968 Olympics 2956: 2937: 2914: 2768: 2699: 2501: 2478: 2456: 2444: 2268: 2249: 1947: 1911: 1889: 1801: 1790: 1726: 1621:on 12 May 1778, the flag adopted by the 1592: 1478: 1152: 1045: 845: 755: 742: 660: 594: 477:The German association with the colours 448:National Socialist German Worker's Party 341:Common unofficial flag variant with the 331: 5261: 5195: 5025: 4806: 4650:"Württemberg-Baden 1947–1952 (Germany)" 4267: 4236: 4205: 3852:"Beflaggungserlass der Bundesregierung" 3840: 3640:"Verordnung über die deutschen Flaggen" 3508: 3447: 3392:Tourists, The German (25 August 2011). 2364:National Socialist German Workers Party 2265:Flag of the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) 1969:solution. Alternatively, there was the 1886:Revolution and the Frankfurt Parliament 1722: 1660:declared his personal domain to be the 1569:Red and white were also colours of the 1468:and featured in the imperial banner: a 1207:International Holocaust Remembrance Day 538:Zur Auflösung der Jenaer Burschenschaft 7316: 5063:Guibernau, Montserrat (26 July 2013). 4900: 4683:"Constitution of Rhineland-Palatinate" 3982: 3907: 3905: 3827: 3517:"Anordnung über die deutschen Flaggen" 3459:"Anordnung über die deutschen Flaggen" 3326:"Anordnung über die deutschen Flaggen" 2675:representing the letter C ending in a 2373:On 24 February 1924, the organisation 1952:Revolutionaries in Berlin (March 1848) 1462:Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation 1317:, the failed assassination attempt on 1066:"Tierced in fess sable, gules and or." 1039:Recommended RGB values for online use. 850:Specifications for the flag of Germany 682:of Germany is officially known as the 7210: 6789: 5768: 5395: 5317:from the original on 28 December 2017 5249:from the original on 16 February 2008 5150:from the original on 15 February 2008 5044:from the original on 13 November 2019 5012:from the original on 30 November 2019 4847:from the original on 26 November 2019 4467:from the original on 24 February 2021 4398:from the original on 27 November 2019 4254:from the original on 27 November 2019 4244:"Constitution of the Weimar Republic" 3937: 3682:from the original on 28 February 2008 3435:English version (December 2000) (PDF) 3339:from the original on 5 September 2017 3049:National Committee for a Free Germany 3037:National Committee for a Free Germany 3001:pattern) designed by his brother and 2347:Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten 1376:Source: Federal Government of Germany 462:such as the aforementioned swastika. 5794: 5421: 5136:Sontheimer, Michael (29 June 2006). 4815:] (in German). Athenäum-Verlag. 4528:from the original on 8 December 2019 4498:from the original on 24 October 2019 4347:from the original on 8 December 2019 4337:"The German Swastika Flag 1933–1945" 4316:from the original on 24 October 2019 4223:from the original on 17 October 2019 4192:from the original on 28 October 2019 4162:from the original on 19 October 2019 3702:"Historical Use of the Current Flag" 3616:from the original on 4 December 2018 3585:from the original on 15 October 2022 3559:from the original on 9 February 2008 3469:from the original on 21 October 2019 3181: 2673:international signal pennant Charlie 2572:, tore the Nazi Party flag from the 2473:National flag of Germany (1933–1935) 2368:National Democratic Party of Germany 2273:Merchant flag of the Weimar Republic 1838:The gold-red-black flag of the Jena 834:. This naval flag is also used as a 6815: 5387:Imperial German Empire Army colours 5350:from the original on 6 January 2019 5335: 5303:Borcholte, Andreas (12 June 2016). 5202:Bernstein, Richard (14 June 2006). 4882:from the original on 1 January 2018 4619:"Constitution of Württemberg-Baden" 4562:from the original on 10 August 2017 4213:"Constitution of the German Empire" 3902: 3890:from the original on 1 January 2018 3714:from the original on 8 January 2019 3176:. Some flags seen here contain the 2827: 1798:(May 1832), contemporary lithograph 1137: 13: 7086: 5338:"Deutschlandfahne: Farbe bekennen" 5281:from the original on 8 August 2020 5183:from the original on 13 March 2008 4788:from the original on 16 March 2008 4756:from the original on 10 March 2008 4334: 4098:from the original on 28 March 2006 3957:from the original on 16 March 2008 3373:from the original on 28 April 2017 3055:organisation that operated in the 2665:placed under Allied administration 2294:– where the use and layout of the 2151:, in 1866 with the signing of the 1639: 1611:Heinrich XI, Prince Reuss of Greiz 1407: 656: 14: 7360: 7196:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 5366: 5235:Crossland, David (10 July 2006). 5216:from the original on 14 July 2011 4927:. 23 October 1955. Archived from 4629:from the original on 3 March 2016 4417:"Germany: Little Man, Big Doings" 4341:Historical flags of our ancestors 4036:from the original on 2 March 2008 3775:from the original on 15 June 2020 3650:from the original on 15 June 2009 3527:from the original on 13 June 2010 3496:from the original on 23 June 2011 1201:Anniversary of the liberation of 797: 738: 7298: 5447: 4744:"Rhineland-Palatinate (Germany)" 4446:(17 September 1935) (in German). 4085:"Austria: The Age of Metternich" 3925:from the original on 4 June 2010 3765:"Styleguide der Bundesregierung" 3239: 2948: 2943: 2925: 2920: 2893: 2883: 2874: 2858: 2846: 2834: 2779: 2774: 2744:, whose flag is black and gold. 2710: 2705: 2562:. One reason may have been the " 2489: 2484: 2467: 2462: 2421:with the Nazi seizure of power ( 2260: 2255: 2043: 2038: 2013: 1899: 1894: 1553: 1539: 1488: 1483: 1442: 1430: 1397:Federal Ministry of the Interior 1050: 760: 747: 579: 396:. The flag was also used by the 336: 294: 289: 284: 267: 211: 206: 201: 196: 171: 81: 76: 71: 46: 5991:German revolutions of 1848–1849 5960:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation) 5336:Lau, Mariam (17 October 2018). 5228: 5162: 5129: 5083: 5056: 4970: 4943: 4913: 4870:"Proposals 1944–1949 (Germany)" 4843:(in German). 14 November 1946. 4829: 4800: 4768: 4736: 4705: 4675: 4642: 4611: 4574: 4540: 4510: 4479: 4449: 4410: 4359: 4110: 4077: 4064: 4048: 3995: 3757: 3694: 3332:(in German). 13 November 1996. 3297: 3100: 3084:as a single team, known as the 2643:, the first law enacted by the 1921:. The painting hung inside the 1033: 1024: 874:". However on 2 June 1999, the 810:) are a federal authority, the 802:Since the German armed forces ( 685:Dienstflagge der Bundesbehörden 510:), one of the radically minded 398:German Empire from 1848 to 1849 5976:Early modern period, 1500–1800 5864:List of early Germanic peoples 5274:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 4951:"Constitution of the Saarland" 3739:Corporate Design Documentation 3670:"Colors of the Flag (Germany)" 3571: 3481: 3385: 3355: 3318: 2659:After World War II (1945–1949) 2649:forbidden in several countries 2360:German National People's Party 1460:(800/962 – 1806, known as the 1414:Flags of the Holy Roman Empire 1146:in Germany. Following federal 564:, they became synonymous with 1: 6099:History of Germany since 1990 5627:Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania 5506:Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania 5382:All medieval flags of Germany 5008:(in German). 7 October 1949. 4957:(in German). 15 December 1947 4250:(in German). 11 August 1919. 3290: 2865:Draft by Edwin Redslob (1948) 2792:(1949–present), also flag of 2385:by the member parties of the 2377:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold 1844:featured prominently at this 1615:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 590: 5169:Young, Marc (14 June 2006). 5069:. Polity Press. p. 95. 4219:(in German). 16 April 1871. 3028:as a state of West Germany. 2841:Design by Robert Lehr (1948) 2104:; 105 years ago 2067:; 157 years ago 1295:East German uprising of 1953 1203:Auschwitz concentration camp 1002: 986: 969: 953: 937: 900: 7: 7344:National symbols of Germany 5118:of monarchist organisation 4639:See Article 45 (in German). 4188:(in German). 27 June 1867. 3854:(in German). Archived from 3741:(in German). Archived from 3280:National colours of Germany 3232: 2790:Germany after reunification 2759:Divided Germany (1949–1990) 2336: 2246:Weimar Republic (1918–1933) 2189:(black and white) with the 2118:; 89 years ago 2081:; 91 years ago 1739:led to the creation of the 1619:Principality of Reuss-Greiz 1589:Principality of Reuss-Greiz 1308:Jahrestag des 20. Juli 1944 1304:Anniversary of 20 July 1944 1288:Jahrestag des 17. Juni 1953 1284:Anniversary of 17 June 1953 1109:(black–red–yellow) or even 816:is also used as the German 493:, which was established in 410:Federal Republic of Germany 370:national colours of Germany 37:Federal Republic of Germany 10: 7365: 6006:North German Confederation 5986:Confederation of the Rhine 4390:[Reich Flag Act]. 3007:(West) German constitution 2762: 2679:, known as the C-Pennant ( 2518: 2206:Margraviate of Brandenburg 2149:North German Confederation 1992: 1695:, a volunteer unit of the 1674:Confederation of the Rhine 1411: 1402: 779:Principality of Reuss-Gera 635:(West) German constitution 583: 553:Academic Festival Overture 472: 440:North German Confederation 429:German Democratic Republic 404:(during the period of the 20: 7295: 7274: 7248: 7183: 7135: 7097: 7084: 6823: 6740: 6600: 6480: 6471: 6354: 6345: 6226: 6217: 6153: 6144: 6107: 6086: 5968: 5922: 5846: 5815: 5806: 5719:Silesia and Lower Silesia 5670: 5577: 5549: 5456: 5445: 5429: 4457:"The Life of the Fuehrer" 3878:"Flag Protocol (Germany)" 3154:(e.g. the swastika), the 2715:The C-Pennant (1946–1949) 2576:, and tossed it into the 2429:) and the appointment of 2163:Hanseatic city-states of 2141: 2133: 2096: 2059: 2051: 2021: 2012: 2008: 1999:Flag of the German Empire 1931:Springtime of the Peoples 1879:Deutschlands Wiedergeburt 1374: 1339:Tag der Deutschen Einheit 1124:On 24 December 1951, the 1070: 924: 915: 906: 896: 893: 890: 841: 787:) from 1806 to 1918: the 630: 544: 520: 512: 326: 318: 310: 302: 275: 266: 255: 251: 247: 235: 227: 219: 179: 170: 159: 155: 151: 128: 97: 89: 54: 45: 41: 23:Flag of the German Empire 7334:Flags introduced in 1990 7329:Flags introduced in 1949 6158:Administrative divisions 5171:"Germany flies the flag" 5095:27 February 2012 at the 4776:"Lower Saxony (Germany)" 3441:27 February 2008 at the 3429:16 November 2019 at the 2308:its republican successor 1601:began his rule over the 1126:Federal Court of Justice 672:German Embassy, Canberra 532:August Daniel von Binzer 4807:Friedel, Alois (1968). 4090:Encyclopædia Britannica 4055:Heinrich von Treitschke 3255:Coat of arms of Germany 3137:Flag delegation of the 3118:fall of the Berlin Wall 2653:particularly in Germany 2236:Republic of Upper Volta 1762:in June 1815. The Jena 712:coat of arms of Germany 343:coat of arms of Germany 103:; 105 years ago 7275:National coats of arms 7091: 6866:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6419:Science and technology 6120:History of Brandenburg 6011:Unification of Germany 6001:Frankfurt Constitution 5632:North Rhine-Westphalia 5511:North Rhine-Westphalia 5120: 4987: 4981: 4809:Deutsche Staatssymbole 4582:Allied Control Council 4548:Allied Control Council 4440: 4127:. 2007. Archived from 4118:"The Hambach Festival" 4024:"German Confederation" 4006: 3307: 3265:Flags of German states 3195: 3190: 3182:should not be confused 3142: 3113: 3086:United Team of Germany 3069: 3043: 2987: 2966: 2963:United Team of Germany 2954: 2935: 2797: 2716: 2681: 2645:Allied Control Council 2622: 2603: 2514: 2499: 2476: 2454: 2423: 2375: 2352: 2327: 2274: 2266: 2218:unification of Germany 2210:Imperial elector state 2181: 2055:2:3 (3:5 in 1933–1935) 1971: 1963: 1953: 1926: 1909: 1878: 1872:, the flag flown from 1868: 1854: 1840: 1815: 1810: 1799: 1772: 1764: 1752: 1732: 1708: 1606: 1501: 1383:Election days for the 1364: 1353:The 2nd Sunday before 1338: 1323:Claus von Stauffenberg 1307: 1287: 1266: 1241: 1222: 1195: 1172: 1159: 1142:There are a number of 1130: 1117: 1111: 1105: 1057: 864: 851: 822: 820:on land. In 1956, the 812: 804: 789: 783: 766: 753: 731: 725: 716: 706: 700: 690: 684: 675: 666: 625: 616: 570: 536: 506: 389: 361: 345: 258: 162: 116:; 75 years ago 7287:Dependent territories 7261:Dependent territories 7090: 6056:Flight and expulsions 5114:4 August 2020 at the 4921:"The Saar referendum" 4717:Verfassungen der Welt 4687:Verfassungen der Welt 4623:Verfassungen der Welt 4442:Völkischer Beobachter 4388:"Reichsflaggengesetz" 4070:Heinrich Treitschke, 3394:"The Flag of Germany" 3205:Germany national team 3188:, which displays the 3171: 3136: 3108: 3034: 2989:Parlamentarischer Rat 2960: 2941: 2918: 2772: 2703: 2695:Ryūkyūan civil ensign 2691:Japanese civil ensign 2505: 2482: 2460: 2448: 2362:(see poster) and the 2350:). This included the 2272: 2253: 1951: 1915: 1893: 1805: 1794: 1781:Friedrich Ludwig Jahn 1730: 1701: 1623:Fürstentum Reuß-Greiz 1617:to rule the then-new 1596: 1520:, and similar to the 1482: 1360:People's Mourning Day 1156: 1049: 860: 849: 759: 746: 664: 598: 507:Jenaer Burschenschaft 335: 6728:World Heritage Sites 6406:German states by GDP 5996:German Confederation 5637:Rhineland-Palatinate 5516:Rhineland-Palatinate 5090:Information pamphlet 4813:German state symbols 4625:. 30 November 1946. 4584:(30 November 1946). 4425:, 23 September 1935. 4302:von Hindenburg, Paul 4122:Official website of 4007:Illustrierte Zeitung 3745:on 26 September 2007 3275:List of German flags 3178:federal coat of arms 3082:Summer Olympic Games 3061:Friedrich Ebert, Jr. 2765:Flag of East Germany 2749:Rhineland-Palatinate 2735:were merged to form 2521:Flag of Nazi Germany 2279:revolutionary period 2202:Wilhelm I of Prussia 2157:Constitution of 1867 2153:Confederation Treaty 1958:German Confederation 1939:Frankfurt Parliament 1829:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 1745:Francis I of Austria 1741:German Confederation 1723:German Confederation 1346:German reunification 784:Fürstentum Reuß-Gera 710:is a variant of the 601:German reunification 394:German Confederation 239:The civil flag with 112:(original 2:3 ratio) 31:Flag of East Germany 27:Flag of Nazi Germany 7305:Heraldry portal 7098:States with limited 6364:Automobile industry 5950:Carolingian dynasty 5884:History of the Huns 5122:Tradition und Leben 4693:on 15 February 2008 4461:research.calvin.edu 3913:"Holy Roman Empire" 3886:. 6 February 2002. 3858:on 16 December 2007 3610:Gesetze im Internet 3555:. 26 October 2001. 3521:Gesetze im Internet 3201:2006 FIFA World Cup 3174:2006 FIFA World Cup 2725:zones of occupation 2615:through and through 2550:Paul von Hindenburg 2288:Weimar Constitution 2214:Franco-Prussian War 2182:Bremer Handelsblatt 2005: 1979:Austro-Prussian War 1935:Revolutions of 1848 1650:First French Empire 1500:(13th–14th century) 1474:double-headed eagle 1389:European Parliament 1334:Day of German Unity 1313:Anniversary of the 1293:Anniversary of the 1272:Anniversary of the 1249:Schuman Declaration 1247:Anniversary of the 362:Flagge Deutschlands 38: 7092: 6434:Telecommunications 6115:History of Prussia 6031:Revolution of 1918 6026:War guilt question 5945:Carolingian Empire 5914:Sack of Rome (410) 5823:History of Germany 5657:Schleswig-Holstein 5536:Schleswig-Holstein 5377:Flags of the World 5209:The New York Times 4925:European Navigator 4875:Flags of the World 4781:Flags of the World 4749:Flags of the World 4655:Flags of the World 4591:Flags of the World 4556:European Navigator 4550:(30 August 1945). 4029:Flags of the World 3985:Der Flaggenkurier 3950:Flags of the World 3918:Flags of the World 3883:Flags of the World 3707:Flags of the World 3675:Flags of the World 3552:Flags of the World 3285:Reichskriegsflagge 3196: 3186:Bundesdienstflagge 3143: 3114: 3111:Reichstag building 3044: 2967: 2955: 2936: 2798: 2751:(French zone) and 2717: 2592:in the middle. In 2525:Reichskriegsflagge 2515: 2500: 2477: 2455: 2354:Reichskriegsflagge 2275: 2267: 2187:colours of Prussia 2127:(second 3:5 ratio) 2090:(second 3:5 ratio) 2003: 1995:Reichskriegsflagge 1983:Kingdom of Prussia 1954: 1927: 1910: 1904:War ensign of the 1811: 1800: 1737:Congress of Vienna 1733: 1646:Napoleon Bonaparte 1607: 1599:Prince Heinrich XI 1502: 1466:Holy Roman Emperor 1423:Holy Roman Emperor 1173: 1058: 852: 813:Bundesdienstflagge 767: 754: 726:Bundesdienstflagge 691:Bundesdienstflagge 676: 667:Bundesdienstflagge 617: 605:Reichstag building 491:Conservative Order 346: 36: 7311: 7310: 7204: 7203: 6783: 6782: 6736: 6735: 6467: 6466: 6381:Chemical Triangle 6341: 6340: 6328:Political parties 6276:Foreign relations 6213: 6212: 6140: 6139: 6051:Allied occupation 5955:Holy Roman Empire 5762: 5761: 5729:Western Pomerania 5587:Baden-Württemberg 5466:Baden-Württemberg 5038:documentArchiv.de 5006:documentArchiv.de 4955:documentArchiv.de 4841:documentArchiv.de 4822:978-3-7610-5115-3 4733:See Article 1 #2. 4608:See Article 1 #3. 4492:documentArchiv.de 4392:documentArchiv.de 4310:documentArchiv.de 4304:(12 March 1933). 4248:documentArchiv.de 4217:documentArchiv.de 4186:documentArchiv.de 4156:documentArchiv.de 4131:on 19 August 2004 3836:. Hanover: 30–32. 3796:Der Flaggenkurier 3678:. 5 August 1998. 3644:documentArchiv.de 3463:documentArchiv.de 3123:reunified Germany 3014:Saar Protectorate 2742:Baden-Württemberg 2737:Württemberg-Baden 2609:(the name of the 2435:German chancellor 2191:Hanseatic colours 2175:. Based on this, 2145: 2144: 2113:(first 2:3 ratio) 2076:(first 2:3 ratio) 1846:Wartburg festival 1821:Battle of Leipzig 1693:Lützow Free Corps 1630:within what today 1613:was appointed by 1514:St George's Cross 1498:Holy Roman Empire 1458:Holy Roman Empire 1449:15th–19th century 1381: 1380: 1251:, leading to the 1131:Bundesgerichtshof 1020: 1019: 765:Government banner 613:German parliament 558:Lützow Free Corps 330: 329: 7356: 7324:Flags of Germany 7303: 7302: 7301: 7282:Sovereign states 7256:Sovereign states 7231: 7224: 7217: 7208: 7207: 7136:Dependencies and 6824:Sovereign states 6810: 6803: 6796: 6787: 6786: 6763: 6756: 6749: 6713:Prussian virtues 6478: 6477: 6386:Economic history 6352: 6351: 6246: 6224: 6223: 6175:Cities and towns 6151: 6150: 6131:Baden Revolution 5935:Treaty of Verdun 5904:Marcomannic Wars 5859:Migration Period 5854:Germanic peoples 5838:Military history 5813: 5812: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5766: 5765: 5451: 5423:Flags of Germany 5416: 5409: 5402: 5393: 5392: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5300: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5277:. 11 July 2006. 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5133: 5127: 5125: 5106: 5100: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5029: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 4998: 4992: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4931:on 11 March 2008 4917: 4911: 4910: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4866: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4740: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4723:on 11 March 2008 4709: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4679: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4662:on 12 March 2008 4658:. Archived from 4646: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4615: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4598:on 12 March 2008 4594:. Archived from 4578: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4453: 4447: 4445: 4438:, quoted in the 4432: 4426: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4383: 4374: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4271: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4240: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4209: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4081: 4075: 4068: 4062: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4020: 4011: 4009: 4003: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3980: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3909: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3847: 3838: 3837: 3825: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3804: 3803: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3635: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3579:"Kinds of flags" 3575: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3454: 3445: 3417: 3406: 3405: 3404:on 29 June 2010. 3400:. Archived from 3389: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3346: 3344: 3338: 3331: 3322: 3310: 3301: 3249: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3193: 3072: 3065:its coat of arms 3051:, a German anti- 2992: 2971:Social Democrats 2952: 2947: 2929: 2924: 2901:is a variant of 2897: 2887: 2878: 2862: 2850: 2838: 2828:Proposed designs 2783: 2778: 2721:Oder–Neisse line 2714: 2709: 2684: 2630:Beer Hall Putsch 2627: 2608: 2493: 2488: 2471: 2466: 2428: 2387:Weimar Coalition 2380: 2357: 2332: 2296:schwarz-rot-gold 2281:, the so-called 2264: 2259: 2184: 2126: 2124: 2119: 2112: 2110: 2105: 2089: 2087: 2082: 2075: 2073: 2068: 2047: 2042: 2017: 2006: 2002: 1976: 1968: 1903: 1898: 1881: 1871: 1863:Hambach Festival 1857: 1855:Burschenschaften 1850:Carlsbad Decrees 1843: 1841:Urburschenschaft 1818: 1816:Urburschenschaft 1796:Hambach Festival 1777: 1774:Burschenschaften 1767: 1765:Urburschenschaft 1757: 1754:Urburschenschaft 1658:Habsburg dynasty 1603:Reuss elder line 1571:Hanseatic League 1557: 1543: 1492: 1487: 1446: 1434: 1367: 1341: 1310: 1290: 1274:German Basic Law 1269: 1263:Constitution Day 1244: 1225: 1198: 1175: 1174: 1162: 1144:flag flying days 1138:Flag flying days 1133: 1120: 1118:Schwarz–Rot–Gold 1114: 1112:Schwarz–Rot–Senf 1108: 1106:Schwarz–Rot–Gelb 1082:, they are both 1054: 1040: 1037: 1031: 1028: 974:(approximation) 885: 884: 880:corporate design 825: 815: 809: 792: 786: 764: 751: 734: 728: 719: 709: 703: 693: 687: 669: 632: 628: 586:Flags of Germany 575: 549: 548: 541: 534:'s student song 528:Carlsbad Decrees 525: 524: 517: 516: 514:Burschenschaften 509: 417:1848 Revolutions 390:Schwarz-Rot-Gold 340: 298: 293: 288: 271: 261: 241:the coat of arms 215: 210: 205: 200: 175: 165: 124: 122: 117: 114:23 May 1949 111: 109: 104: 101:3 July 1919 85: 80: 75: 50: 39: 35: 7364: 7363: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7354: 7353: 7314: 7313: 7312: 7307: 7299: 7297: 7291: 7270: 7244: 7235: 7205: 7200: 7179: 7137: 7131: 7117:Northern Cyprus 7099: 7093: 7082: 6998:North Macedonia 6819: 6817:Flags of Europe 6814: 6784: 6779: 6766: 6759: 6752: 6745: 6732: 6596: 6547:Life expectancy 6463: 6337: 6308:Law enforcement 6244: 6209: 6136: 6103: 6082: 6066:Divided Germany 6036:Weimar Republic 5964: 5930:Frankish Empire 5918: 5842: 5808: 5802: 5793: 5763: 5758: 5754:Hanseatic flags 5666: 5573: 5545: 5452: 5443: 5439:Flag of Germany 5425: 5420: 5369: 5364: 5363: 5353: 5351: 5334: 5330: 5320: 5318: 5301: 5294: 5284: 5282: 5267: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5233: 5229: 5219: 5217: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5167: 5163: 5153: 5151: 5134: 5130: 5116:Wayback Machine 5107: 5103: 5097:Wayback Machine 5088: 5084: 5077: 5061: 5057: 5047: 5045: 5030: 5026: 5015: 5013: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4967:See Article 61. 4960: 4958: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4934: 4932: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4899: 4895: 4885: 4883: 4868: 4867: 4860: 4850: 4848: 4835: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4789: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4759: 4757: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4726: 4724: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4665: 4663: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4632: 4630: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4601: 4599: 4579: 4575: 4565: 4563: 4545: 4541: 4531: 4529: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4501: 4499: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4433: 4429: 4415: 4411: 4401: 4399: 4384: 4377: 4364: 4360: 4350: 4348: 4333: 4329: 4319: 4317: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4272: 4268: 4257: 4255: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4233:See Article 55. 4226: 4224: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4202:See Article 55. 4195: 4193: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4165: 4163: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4069: 4065: 4053: 4049: 4039: 4037: 4022: 4021: 4014: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3981: 3970: 3960: 3958: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3928: 3926: 3911: 3910: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3861: 3859: 3848: 3841: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3814: 3807: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3769:Bundesregierung 3763: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3746: 3731: 3727: 3717: 3715: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3683: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3653: 3651: 3636: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3602: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3513: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3486: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3455: 3448: 3443:Wayback Machine 3431:Wayback Machine 3422:(23 May 1949). 3418: 3409: 3390: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3313: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3270:Hanseatic flags 3260:Flag of Prussia 3245: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3125:. In 1998, the 3103: 2995:Konrad Adenauer 2913: 2912: 2911: 2910: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2880: 2879: 2866: 2863: 2854: 2851: 2842: 2839: 2830: 2767: 2761: 2682:C-Doppelstander 2671:designated the 2661: 2634:Nuremberg Rally 2547:Reich President 2531: 2443: 2425:Machtergreifung 2381:was founded in 2304:Waldeck-Pyrmont 2283:Weimar Republic 2248: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2001: 1991: 1888: 1725: 1689:Napoleonic Wars 1667:flag of Austria 1662:Austrian Empire 1642: 1640:Napoleonic Wars 1627:sovereign state 1591: 1575:Hanseatic flags 1567: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1535: 1534: 1532:Hanseatic flags 1522:flag of Denmark 1518:flag of England 1454: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1426: 1425: 1421:Banners of the 1416: 1410: 1408:Medieval period 1405: 1377: 1362: 1344:Anniversary of 1336: 1305: 1285: 1264: 1239: 1220: 1193: 1140: 1073: 1064:in English as, 1044: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1025: 928: 919: 910: 876:federal cabinet 872:"Black-Red-Gold 844: 800: 741: 680:government flag 659: 657:Government flag 593: 588: 582: 546:Johannes Brahms 475: 436:black-white-red 421:Weimar Republic 406:Weimar Republic 120: 118: 115: 113: 107: 105: 102: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7362: 7352: 7351: 7349:Tricolor flags 7346: 7341: 7339:National flags 7336: 7331: 7326: 7309: 7308: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7284: 7278: 7276: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7252: 7250: 7249:National flags 7246: 7245: 7238:National flags 7234: 7233: 7226: 7219: 7211: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7193: 7191:European Union 7187: 7185: 7184:Other entities 7181: 7180: 7178: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7141: 7139: 7138:other entities 7133: 7132: 7130: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7103: 7101: 7095: 7094: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7080: 7075: 7073:United Kingdom 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6886:Czech Republic 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6827: 6825: 6821: 6820: 6813: 6812: 6805: 6798: 6790: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6765: 6764: 6757: 6750: 6742: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6644:Cultural icons 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6606: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6481: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6424:Stock exchange 6421: 6416: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6377: 6376: 6366: 6361: 6355: 6349: 6343: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6299: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6238: 6233: 6227: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6117: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6063: 6061:Denazification 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5850: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5833:Historiography 5830: 5825: 5819: 5817: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5792: 5791: 5784: 5777: 5769: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5680: 5678: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5583: 5581: 5579:Municipalities 5575: 5574: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5555: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5462: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5441: 5435: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5419: 5418: 5411: 5404: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5368: 5367:External links 5365: 5362: 5361: 5328: 5310:Spiegel Online 5292: 5260: 5242:Spiegel Online 5227: 5194: 5176:Spiegel Online 5161: 5143:Spiegel Online 5128: 5101: 5082: 5076:978-0745655079 5075: 5055: 5024: 5022:See Article 2. 4993: 4969: 4942: 4912: 4893: 4858: 4828: 4821: 4799: 4767: 4735: 4704: 4674: 4641: 4610: 4573: 4539: 4509: 4478: 4448: 4436:Hermann Göring 4427: 4409: 4375: 4358: 4327: 4293: 4282:on 28 May 2013 4266: 4264:See Article 3. 4235: 4204: 4173: 4142: 4124:Hambach Castle 4109: 4076: 4063: 4047: 4012: 4010:, Leipzig, 98. 3994: 3968: 3936: 3901: 3869: 3839: 3820: 3805: 3786: 3756: 3735:"Primärfarben" 3725: 3693: 3661: 3627: 3596: 3570: 3538: 3507: 3480: 3446: 3424:German version 3407: 3384: 3354: 3316: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3247:Germany portal 3234: 3231: 3152:Nazi symbolism 3102: 3099: 2907:The right flag 2892: 2891: 2882: 2881: 2873: 2872: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2868: 2867: 2864: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2818:Herrenchiemsee 2760: 2757: 2660: 2657: 2639:At the end of 2582:Hermann Göring 2442: 2439: 2247: 2244: 2177:Adolf Soetbeer 2143: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2128: 2114: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2077: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2048: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2010: 2009: 1990: 1987: 1887: 1884: 1874:Hambach Castle 1758:fraternity in 1724: 1721: 1678:flag of France 1641: 1638: 1590: 1587: 1559: 1552: 1551: 1545: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1448: 1441: 1440: 1436: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1365:Volkstrauertag 1357: 1350: 1349: 1342: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1311: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1291: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1270: 1267:Grundgesetztag 1261: 1257: 1256: 1253:European Union 1245: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1223:Tag der Arbeit 1215: 1211: 1210: 1199: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1139: 1136: 1072: 1069: 1042: 1041: 1032: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1001: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 985: 984: 981: 978: 975: 968: 967: 964: 961: 958: 952: 951: 948: 945: 942: 936: 935: 925: 923: 916: 914: 907: 905: 899: 898: 895: 892: 889: 888:Colour scheme 843: 840: 799: 798:Military flags 796: 775:vertical flags 740: 739:Vertical flags 737: 658: 655: 651:their own flag 592: 589: 581: 578: 474: 471: 328: 327: 324: 323: 320: 316: 315: 312: 308: 307: 304: 300: 299: 279: 273: 272: 264: 263: 253: 252: 249: 248: 245: 244: 243:at the centre. 237: 233: 232: 229: 225: 224: 221: 217: 216: 183: 177: 176: 168: 167: 157: 156: 153: 152: 149: 148: 130: 126: 125: 99: 95: 94: 91: 87: 86: 58: 52: 51: 43: 42: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7361: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7306: 7294: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7273: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7242:coats of arms 7239: 7232: 7227: 7225: 7220: 7218: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7182: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7150:Faroe Islands 7148: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7134: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7122:South Ossetia 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7096: 7089: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6958:Liechtenstein 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6811: 6806: 6804: 6799: 6797: 6792: 6791: 6788: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6739: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6587:Social issues 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6515:Ethnic groups 6513: 6512: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6094:Reunification 6092: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6016:German Empire 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5921: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5811: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5790: 5785: 5783: 5778: 5776: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5734:German Empire 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5724:Upper Silesia 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5652:Saxony-Anhalt 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5576: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5531:Saxony-Anhalt 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5412: 5410: 5405: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5339: 5332: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5299: 5297: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5264: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5231: 5215: 5211: 5210: 5205: 5198: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5165: 5149: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5132: 5124: 5123: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5105: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5086: 5078: 5072: 5068: 5067: 5059: 5043: 5040:(in German). 5039: 5035: 5028: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4989: 4983: 4973: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4908: 4904: 4903:Flag Bulletin 4897: 4881: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4865: 4863: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4832: 4824: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4787: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4771: 4755: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4739: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4645: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4543: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4497: 4494:(in German). 4493: 4489: 4482: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4452: 4444: 4443: 4437: 4434:Statement by 4431: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4397: 4394:(in German). 4393: 4389: 4382: 4380: 4372: 4371:0-356-04879-9 4368: 4362: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4331: 4315: 4312:(in German). 4311: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4208: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4161: 4158:(in German). 4157: 4153: 4146: 4130: 4126: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4097: 4093: 4091: 4086: 4080: 4073: 4067: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4025: 4019: 4017: 4008: 3998: 3990: 3987:(in German). 3986: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3956: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3940: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3908: 3906: 3889: 3885: 3884: 3879: 3873: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3844: 3835: 3832:(in German). 3831: 3824: 3812: 3810: 3801: 3798:(in German). 3797: 3790: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3703: 3697: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3671: 3665: 3649: 3646:(in German). 3645: 3641: 3634: 3632: 3615: 3612:(in German). 3611: 3607: 3600: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3542: 3526: 3523:(in German). 3522: 3518: 3511: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3468: 3465:(in German). 3464: 3460: 3453: 3451: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3350: 3335: 3327: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3237: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3158: 3157:Schutzstaffel 3153: 3148: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3112: 3107: 3098: 3095: 3094:Olympic rings 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3071: 3070:Spalterflagge 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2964: 2959: 2951: 2946: 2940: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2917: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2899:The left flag 2896: 2886: 2877: 2861: 2856: 2849: 2844: 2837: 2832: 2831: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2806:United States 2803: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2771: 2766: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2713: 2708: 2702: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2625: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2606: 2599: 2597: 2596: 2591: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2556: 2551: 2548: 2543: 2541: 2536: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2481: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2459: 2452: 2447: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2426: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2378: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2331: 2330: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2271: 2263: 2258: 2252: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2222:German Empire 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2115: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2078: 2064: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2000: 1996: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1974: 1967: 1966: 1959: 1950: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1924: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1883: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1864: 1859: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1809: 1804: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1776: 1775: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1755: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1729: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1707: 1705: 1700: 1698: 1697:Prussian Army 1694: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1648:declared the 1647: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1562: 1556: 1548: 1542: 1533: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1445: 1433: 1424: 1415: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1219: 1218:Day of Labour 1216: 1213: 1212: 1209:(half-staff) 1208: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1160:Stadtweinhaus 1155: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1135: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1119: 1113: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1093:conservatives 1089: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1053: 1048: 1036: 1027: 1023: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1003: 998: 995: 992: 990: 987: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 965: 962: 959: 957: 954: 949: 947:5.0PB 3.0/12 946: 943: 941: 938: 934: 932: 926: 922: 917: 913: 908: 904: 901: 887: 886: 883: 881: 878:introduced a 877: 873: 868: 863: 859: 857: 848: 839: 837: 833: 829: 826:(Flag of the 824: 819: 814: 808: 807: 795: 791: 785: 780: 776: 772: 763: 758: 750: 745: 736: 733: 727: 721: 718: 713: 708: 702: 697: 692: 686: 681: 673: 668: 663: 654: 652: 648: 647:German states 644: 640: 636: 627: 622: 621:national flag 614: 611:(seat of the 610: 606: 602: 597: 587: 580:Flag variants 577: 574: 573: 567: 563: 562:Weimar period 559: 555: 554: 547: 540: 539: 533: 529: 523: 515: 508: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 470: 468: 463: 461: 457: 453: 452:swastika flag 449: 445: 444:German Empire 441: 437: 432: 431:(1949–1990). 430: 426: 422: 418: 413: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 350:national flag 344: 339: 334: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 292: 287: 283: 280: 278: 274: 270: 265: 262: 260: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 209: 204: 199: 195: 191: 187: 184: 182: 178: 174: 169: 166: 164: 158: 154: 150: 147: 143: 139: 135: 132:A horizontal 131: 127: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 79: 74: 70: 66: 62: 59: 57: 53: 49: 44: 40: 32: 28: 24: 19: 16:National flag 7127:Transnistria 7078:Vatican City 6915: 6761:Bibliography 6667: 6635:Coat of arms 6615:Architecture 6592:Trade unions 6572:Prostitution 6532:Homelessness 6495:Demographics 6444:Trade unions 6411: 6401:German model 6374:Central bank 6318:Conservatism 6281:Human rights 6266:Court system 6261:Constitution 6241: 6087:Contemporary 6076:West Germany 6071:East Germany 6046:World War II 6041:Nazi Germany 5981:18th-century 5940:East Francia 5894:Cimbrian War 5744:East Germany 5739:Nazi Germany 5622:Lower Saxony 5501:Lower Saxony 5438: 5352:. 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