Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

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during the final adjustments of the bomb the Japanese defenders should attack, a faulty move might easily result in some kind of failure. Such an end to an advertised demonstration of power would be much worse than if the attempt had not been made. It was now evident that when the time came for the bombs to be used we should have only one of them available, followed afterwards by others at all-too-long intervals. We could not afford the chance that one of them might be a dud. If the test were made on some neutral territory, it was hard to believe that Japan's determined and fanatical military men would be impressed. If such an open test were made first and failed to bring surrender, the chance would be gone to give the shock of surprise that proved so effective. On the contrary, it would make the Japanese ready to interfere with an atomic attack if they could. Though the possibility of a demonstration that would not destroy human lives was attractive, no one could suggest a way in which it could be made so convincing that it would be likely to stop the war.

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log was 9,470 meters (31,060 ft)—the latter possibly an error transposing two digits. A later calculation using the indicated atmospheric pressure arrived at the figure of 9,800 meters (32,200 ft). Similarly, several values have been reported as the altitude of the Little Boy bomb at the moment of detonation. Published sources vary in the range of 550 to 610 m (1,800 to 2,000 ft) above the city. The device was set to explode at 575 m (1,885 ft), but this was approximate. Malik uses the figure of 580 m (1,903 ft) plus or minus 15 m (50 ft), determined after data review by

2653:, which have a distinctively bright white flash) had happened to go off immediately in their vicinity, causing tremendous damage (throwing people across rooms, breaking glass, crushing buildings). After emerging from the ruins the survivors gradually understood that the entire city had been attacked at the same instant. Survivor accounts frequently feature walking through the ruins of the city without a clear sense of where to go, and encountering the cries of people trapped within crushed structures, or people with horrific burns. As the numerous small fires created by the blast began to grow, they merged into a 3996: 3239: 3289:

timber or other materials not designed to withstand explosions. Nagasaki had been permitted to grow for many years without conforming to any definite city zoning plan; residences were erected adjacent to factory buildings and to each other almost as closely as possible throughout the entire industrial valley. On the day of the bombing, an estimated 263,000 people were in Nagasaki, including 240,000 Japanese residents, 10,000 Korean residents, 2,500 conscripted Korean workers, 9,000 Japanese soldiers, 600 conscripted Chinese workers, and 400 Allied prisoners of war in a camp to the north of Nagasaki.

953: 2794: 3560:. After initially deciding that if Nagasaki were obscured on their arrival the crew would carry the bomb to Okinawa and dispose of it in the ocean if necessary, Ashworth agreed with Sweeney's suggestion that a radar approach would be used if the target was obscured. At about 07:50 Japanese time, an air raid alert was sounded in Nagasaki, but the "all clear" signal was given at 08:30. When only two B-29 Superfortresses were sighted at 10:53 Japanese Time (GMT+9), the Japanese apparently assumed that the planes were only on reconnaissance and no further alarm was given. 1920: 43: 1582: 4905: 3692:. Of 7,500 Japanese employees who worked inside the Mitsubishi Munitions plant, including "mobilized" students and regular workers, 6,200 were killed. Some 17,000–22,000 others who worked in other war plants and factories in the city died as well. The 1946 Manhattan Project report estimated 39,000 dead and 25,000 injured, and the 1951 U.S.-led Joint Commission report estimated 39,214 dead and 25,153 injured; Japanese-led reconsiderations in the 1970s estimated 70,000 dead in Nagasaki by the end of the year. A modern estimate by the 2818: 2308: 5058:, and the ethical, legal, and military controversies surrounding the United States' justification for them have been the subject of scholarly and popular debate. On one hand, it has been argued that the bombings caused the Japanese surrender, thereby preventing casualties that an invasion of Japan would have involved. Stimson talked of saving one million casualties. The naval blockade might have starved the Japanese into submission without an invasion, but this would also have resulted in many more Japanese deaths. 1355: 22051: 2723: 4052:. Some reporters were horrified by the scene, however, referring to what they saw as a "death laboratory" littered with "human guinea pigs". General MacArthur found the reporting to have turned from good PR into bad PR and threatened to court martial the entire group. He withdrew Burchett's press accreditation and expelled the journalist from the occupation zones. The authorities also accused him of being under the sway of Japanese propaganda and later suppressed another story, on the Nagasaki bombing, by 2747: 1461: 1621:, targeting islands around Tinian and later the Japanese home islands, until as late as August 14, 1945. Some of the missions over Japan were flown by single unescorted bombers with a single payload to accustom the Japanese to this pattern. They also simulated actual atomic bombing runs, including the directions of ingress and egress with respect to the wind. Tibbets himself was barred from flying most missions over Japan for fear that he might be captured and interrogated. On 5 April 1945, the 2670:

the morning of the attack, and uncertainty in methodology. Reports by the Manhattan Project in 1946 and the U.S. occupation–led Joint Commission for the Investigation of the Atomic Bomb in Japan in 1951 estimated 66,000 dead and 69,000 injured, and 64,500 dead and 72,000 injured, respectively, while Japanese-led reconsiderations of the death toll in the 1970s estimated 140,000 dead in Hiroshima by the end of the year. Estimates also vary on the number of Japanese military personnel killed. The

26053: 3928: 2527: 16430: 4652: 3095: 3700: 3613: 3472:, the flight engineer notified Sweeney that an inoperative fuel transfer pump made it impossible to use 2,400 liters (640 U.S. gal) of fuel carried in a reserve tank. This fuel would still have to be carried all the way to Japan and back, consuming still more fuel. Replacing the pump would take hours; moving the Fat Man to another aircraft might take just as long and was dangerous as well, as the bomb was live. Tibbets and Sweeney therefore elected to have 24404: 24368: 18447: 16280: 4134:, is reported to have reached Tokyo in English by January 1947, and the translated version was released in Japan in 1949. It narrated the stories of the lives of six bomb survivors from immediately prior to, and months after, the dropping of the Little Boy bomb. Beginning in 1974, a compilation of drawings and artwork made by the survivors of the bombings began to be compiled, with completion in 1977, and under both book and exhibition format, it was titled 4779:. He was confirmed to be 3 km (1.9 mi) from ground zero in Hiroshima on a business trip when the bomb was detonated. He was seriously burnt on his left side and spent the night in Hiroshima. He arrived at his home city of Nagasaki on 8 August, the day before the bombing, and he was exposed to residual radiation while searching for his relatives. He was the first officially recognized survivor of both bombings. He died in 2010 of stomach cancer. 4251: 3944: 4142: 24414: 2295:. At the time of the attack, the population was approximately 340,000–350,000. Residents wondered why Hiroshima had been spared destruction by firebombing. Some speculated that the city was to be saved for U.S. occupation headquarters, others thought perhaps their relatives in Hawaii and California had petitioned the U.S. government to avoid bombing Hiroshima. More realistic city officials had ordered buildings torn down to create long, straight 3045: 3033: 4743:. The surviving women of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, that could conceive, who were exposed to substantial amounts of radiation, had children with no higher incidence of abnormalities/birth defects than the rate which is observed in the Japanese average. A study of the long-term psychological effects of the bombings on the survivors found that even 17–20 years after the bombings had occurred survivors showed a higher prevalence of 3533:, to produce black smoke. The clouds and smoke resulted in 70 percent of the area over Kokura being covered, obscuring the aiming point. Three bomb runs were made over the next 50 minutes, burning fuel and exposing the aircraft repeatedly to the heavy defenses around Kokura, but the bombardier was unable to drop visually. By the time of the third bomb run, Japanese anti-aircraft fire was getting close, and Second Lieutenant 1407:, on 9–10 March killed an estimated 100,000 people and destroyed 41 km (16 sq mi) of the city and 267,000 buildings in a single night. It was the deadliest bombing raid of the war, at a cost of 20 B-29s shot down by flak and fighters. By May, 75 percent of bombs dropped were incendiaries designed to burn down Japan's "paper cities". By mid-June, Japan's six largest cities had been devastated. The end of the 15451: 26029: 26041: 1087:

The loss of shipping also affected the fishing fleet, and the 1945 catch was only 22 percent of that in 1941. The 1945 rice harvest was the worst since 1909, and hunger and malnutrition became widespread. U.S. industrial production was overwhelmingly superior to Japan's. By 1943, the U.S. produced almost 100,000 aircraft a year, compared to Japan's production of 70,000 for the entire war. In February 1945, Prince

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1945. On 10 August, he sent a memorandum to Marshall in which he wrote that "the next bomb ... should be ready for delivery on the first suitable weather after 17 or 18 August." The memo today contains hand-written comment written by Marshall: "It is not to be released over Japan without express authority from the President." At the cabinet meeting that morning, Truman discussed these actions.

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built around timber frames. The city as a whole was highly susceptible to fire damage. It was the second largest city in Japan after Kyoto that was still undamaged by air raids, primarily because it lacked the aircraft manufacturing industry that was the XXI Bomber Command's priority target. On 3 July, the Joint Chiefs of Staff placed it off limits to bombers, along with Kokura, Niigata and Kyoto.

3601:, was dropped over the city's industrial valley. It exploded 47 seconds later at 11:02 Japanese Time at 503 ± 10 m (1,650 ± 33 ft), above a tennis court, halfway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south and the Nagasaki Arsenal in the north. This was nearly 3 km (1.9 mi) northwest of the planned hypocenter; the blast was confined to the 2101:, "kill by silence"), and that Japan would fight to the end. The statement was taken by both Japanese and foreign papers as a clear rejection of the declaration. Emperor Hirohito, who was waiting for a Soviet reply to non-committal Japanese peace feelers, made no move to change the government position. Japan's willingness to surrender remained conditional on the preservation of the 2951:, remained on duty at the Red Cross Hospital. Nonetheless, by early afternoon the police and volunteers had established evacuation center at hospitals, schools and tram stations, and a morgue was established in the Asano library. Survivors of the blast gathered for medical treatment, but many would die before receiving any help, leaving behind rings of corpses around hospitals. 4904: 1950:

Hiroshima may have been leafleted in late July or early August, as survivor accounts talk about a delivery of leaflets a few days before the atomic bomb was dropped. Three versions were printed of a leaflet listing 11 or 12 cities targeted for firebombing; a total of 33 cities listed. With the text of this leaflet reading in Japanese "...

7471:. Radar returns from the tops of multistory buildings near the hypocenter may have triggered the detonation at a somewhat higher altitude than planned. Kerr et al. (2005) found that a detonation altitude of 600 m (1,968.5 ft), plus or minus 20 m (65.6 ft), gave the best fit for all the measurement discrepancies. 1376:, assumed command in January 1945 and initially continued to use the same precision bombing tactics, with equally unsatisfactory results. The attacks initially targeted key industrial facilities but much of the Japanese manufacturing process was carried out in small workshops and private homes. Under pressure from 5077:, argued that the entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan "played a much greater role than the atomic bombs in inducing Japan to surrender because it dashed any hope that Japan could terminate the war through Moscow's mediation". A view among critics of the bombings, popularized by American historian 1351:, aimed at key industries and transportation networks, even after these tactics had not produced acceptable results. These efforts proved unsuccessful due to logistical difficulties with the remote location, technical problems with the new and advanced aircraft, unfavorable weather conditions, and enemy action. 15454: 4254: 3947: 5443: 4253: 3946: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4145: 3951: 3950: 3945: 5138:

that the atomic bombings of both Hiroshima and Nagasaki were illegal under international law of that time, as an indiscriminate bombardment of undefended cities. The court denied the appellants compensation on the grounds that the Japanese government had waived the right for reparations from the U.S.

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was the first death officially certified to be the result of radiation poisoning or, as it was referred to by many, the "atomic bomb disease". She was some 650 meters (2,130 ft) from the hypocenter at Hiroshima and would die on 24 August 1945 after traveling to Tokyo. It was unappreciated at the

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Moreover, the enemy has begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb, the power of which to do damage is, indeed, incalculable, taking the toll of many innocent lives. Should we continue to fight, not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would

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But now the war has lasted for nearly four years. Despite the best that has been done by every one—the gallant fighting of military and naval forces, the diligence and assiduity of Our servants of the State and the devoted service of Our one hundred million people, the war situation has developed not

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had failed, and that the United States and its allies had "spent two billion dollars on the greatest scientific gamble in history—and won". Truman then warned Japan: "If they do not now accept our terms, they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth.

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noticed that the Hiroshima station had gone off the air. He tried to re-establish his program by using another telephone line, but it too had failed. About 20 minutes later the Tokyo railroad telegraph center realized that the main line telegraph had stopped working just north of Hiroshima. From some

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stayed over the target area for two minutes and was 16 kilometers (10 mi) away when the bomb detonated. Only Tibbets, Parsons, and Ferebee knew of the nature of the weapon; the others on the bomber were only told to expect a blinding flash and given black goggles. "It was hard to believe what we

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The Little Boy bomb, except for the uranium payload, was ready at the beginning of May 1945. There were two uranium-235 components, a hollow cylindrical projectile and a cylindrical target insert. The projectile was completed on 15 June, and the target insert on 24 July. The projectile and eight bomb

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This weapon is to be used against Japan between now and August 10th. I have told the Sec. of War, Mr. Stimson, to use it so that military objectives and soldiers and sailors are the target and not women and children. Even if the Japs are savages, ruthless, merciless and fanatic, we as the leader

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on 11 June and the Scientific Advisory Panel rejected his report on 16 June, saying that "we can propose no technical demonstration likely to bring an end to the war; we see no acceptable alternative to direct military use." Franck then took the report to Washington, D.C., where the Interim Committee

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suggested the use of atomic bombs on Germany as soon as possible, but was informed the first usable atomic weapons were still months away. America's reserves of manpower were running out. Deferments for groups such as agricultural workers were tightened, and there was consideration of drafting women.

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on 17 September 1945. More than half the bridges were destroyed, and the roads and railroads were damaged, further devastating the city. The population increased from 83,000 soon after the bombing to 146,000 in February 1946. The city was rebuilt after the war, with help from the national government

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of unspecified lethality were likely due to radiation from the bombs or some other post-attack city effects, with the statistical excess being 200 leukemia deaths and 1,700 solid cancers of undeclared lethality. Both of these statistics being derived from the observation of approximately half of the

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In contrast to Hiroshima, almost all of the buildings were of old-fashioned Japanese construction, consisting of timber or timber-framed buildings with timber walls (with or without plaster) and tile roofs. Many of the smaller industries and business establishments were also situated in buildings of

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Unlike the other target cities, Nagasaki had not been placed off limits to bombers by the Joint Chiefs of Staff's 3 July directive, and was bombed on a small scale five times. During one of these raids on 1 August, a number of conventional high-explosive bombs were dropped on the city. A few hit the

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The staff officer went to the airport and took off for the southwest. After flying for about three hours, while still nearly 160 km (100 mi) from Hiroshima, he and his pilot saw a great cloud of smoke from the firestorm created by the bomb. After circling the city to survey the damage they

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Twelve American airmen were imprisoned at the Chugoku Military Police Headquarters, about 400 meters (1,300 ft) from the hypocenter of the blast. Most died instantly, although two were reported to have been executed by their captors, and two prisoners badly injured by the bombing were left next

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U.S. surveys estimated that 12 km (4.7 sq mi) of the city were destroyed. Japanese officials determined that 69 percent of Hiroshima's buildings were destroyed and another 6 to 7 percent damaged. Some of the reinforced concrete buildings in Hiroshima had been very strongly constructed

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After leaving Tinian, the aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima to rendezvous with Sweeney and Marquardt at 05:55 at 2,800 meters (9,200 ft), and set course for Japan. The aircraft arrived over the target in clear visibility at 9,470 meters (31,060 ft). Parsons, who was in command

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The 509th Composite Group, 20th Air Force will deliver its first special bomb as soon as weather will permit visual bombing after about 3 August 1945 on one of the targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata and Nagasaki. To carry military and civilian scientific personnel from the War Department to observe

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announced that the British government concurred with the use of nuclear weapons against Japan, which would be officially recorded as a decision of the Combined Policy Committee. As the release of information to third parties was also controlled by the Quebec Agreement, discussion then turned to what

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Extant sources show that while Stimson was personally familiar with Kyoto, this was the result of a visit decades after his marriage, not because he honeymooned there. On 30 May, Stimson asked Groves to remove Kyoto from the target list due to its historical, religious and cultural significance, but

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The work of the Manhattan Project took place at dozens of sites across the United States, and even some outside of its borders. It would ultimately cost over US$ 2 billion (equivalent to about $ 27 billion in 2023) and employ over 125,000 people simultaneously at its peak. Groves appointed

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stopped attempting to intercept the air raids to preserve fighter aircraft to counter the expected invasion. By mid-1945 the Japanese only occasionally scrambled aircraft to intercept individual B-29s conducting reconnaissance sorties over the country, to conserve supplies of fuel. In July 1945, the

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By 30 June 1946, there were components for nine atomic bombs in the US arsenal, all Fat Man devices identical to the one used at Nagasaki. The nuclear weapons were handmade devices, and a great deal of work remained to improve their ease of assembly, safety, reliability and storage before they were

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Examination of the prenatally exposed in terms of IQ performance and school records, determined the beginning of a statistically significant reduction in both, when exposed to greater than 0.1 to 0.5 gray, during the same gestational period of 8–25 weeks. However outside this period, at less than 8

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An estimated 90,000 to 166,000 people in Hiroshima (between 26 and 49 percent of its population) and 60,000 to 80,000 people in Nagasaki (between 22 and 32 percent of its population) died in 1945, of which a majority in each case were killed on the days of the bombings, due to the force and heat of

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There were plans for further attacks on Japan following Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Groves expected to have another "Fat Man" atomic bomb ready for use on 19 August, with three more in September and a further three in October. A second Little Boy bomb (using U-235) would not be available until December

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developed in Nagasaki as the damaged areas did not furnish enough fuel to generate the phenomenon. Instead, ambient wind pushed the fire spread along the valley. Had the bomb been dropped more precisely at the intended aiming point, which was downtown Nagasaki at the heart of the historic district,

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bounced up into the air again for about 7.6 meters (25 ft) before slamming back down hard. The heavy B-29 slewed left and towards a row of parked B-24 bombers before the pilots managed to regain control. Its reversible propellers were insufficient to slow the aircraft adequately, and with both

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after the war) only 170 meters (560 ft) from ground zero at the time of the attack. He died in 1982, aged 84. Akiko Takakura was among the closest survivors to the hypocenter of the blast. She was in the solidly-built Bank of Hiroshima only 300 meters (980 ft) from ground-zero at the time

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The Target Committee stated that "It was agreed that psychological factors in the target selection were of great importance. Two aspects of this are (1) obtaining the greatest psychological effect against Japan and (2) making the initial use sufficiently spectacular for the importance of the weapon

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in 1941 to 1,560,000 tons in March 1945, and 557,000 tons in August 1945. The lack of raw materials forced the Japanese war economy into a steep decline after the middle of 1944. The civilian economy, which had slowly deteriorated throughout the war, reached disastrous levels by the middle of 1945.

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describes how various values were recorded for the B-29's altitude at the moment of bomb release over Hiroshima. The strike report said 9,200 meters (30,200 ft), the official history said 9,600 meters (31,600 ft), Parson's log entry was 10,000 meters (32,700 ft), and the navigator's

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Nagasaki was rebuilt in dramatically changed form after the war. The pace of reconstruction was initially slow, and the first simple emergency dwellings were not provided until 1946. The focus on redevelopment was the replacement of war industries with foreign trade, shipbuilding and fishing. This

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filtered or shifted the absorbed neutron-radiation profile, so that the dose of radiation energy received in Nagasaki was mostly that from exposure to X-rays/gamma rays. Contrast this to the environment within 1500 meters of the hypocenter at Hiroshima, where the in-utero dose depended more on the

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Until 9 August, Japan's war council still insisted on its four conditions for surrender. The full cabinet met at 14:30 on 9 August, and spent most of the day debating surrender. Anami conceded that victory was unlikely, but argued in favor of continuing the war. The meeting ended at 17:30, with no

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shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city, and several hit the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works. By early August, the city was defended by the 134th Anti-Aircraft Regiment of the 4th Anti-Aircraft Division with four batteries of 7 cm (2.8 in) anti-aircraft guns and two

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Military bases repeatedly tried to call the Army Control Station in Hiroshima. The complete silence from that city puzzled the General Staff; they knew that no large enemy raid had occurred and that no sizable store of explosives was in Hiroshima at that time. A young officer was instructed to fly

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The exact number of people killed by the blast, firestorm, and radiation effects of the bombing are unknown. Difficulty in coming up with a correct figure is due to the imprecise record-keeping during the war, the chaos caused by the attack, lack of agreement on how many people were in the city on

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concerning the ethical and legal justification for the bombings. According to supporters, the atomic bombings were necessary to bring an end to the war with minimal casualties and ultimately prevented a greater loss of life; according to critics, the bombings were unnecessary for the war's end and

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as a result of prenatal exposure, have been conducted with "no statistically significant linear relationship seen". There is a suggestion that in the most extremely exposed, those who survived within a kilometer or so of the hypocenters, a trend emerges akin to that seen in SMR, though the sample

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As in Hiroshima, the bombing badly dislocated the city's medical facilities. A makeshift hospital was established at the Shinkozen Primary School, which served as the main medical center. The trains were still running, and evacuated many victims to hospitals in nearby towns. A medical team from a

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Responsibility for the timing of the second bombing was delegated to Tibbets. Scheduled for 11 August, the raid was moved earlier by two days to avoid a five-day period of bad weather forecast to begin on 10 August. Three bomb pre-assemblies had been transported to Tinian, labeled F-31, F-32, and

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Military District Headquarters that was responsible for issuing and lifting air raid warnings was located in a semi-basement in the castle. Yoshie Oka, a Hijiyama Girls High School student who had been mobilized to serve as a communications officer, had just sent a message that the alarm had been

2569:. The release at 08:15 (Hiroshima time) went as planned, and the Little Boy containing about 64 kg (141 lb) of uranium-235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about 9,400 meters (31,000 ft) to a detonation height of about 580 meters (1,900 ft) above the city. 2287:

buildings. Outside the center, the area was congested by a dense collection of small timber workshops set among Japanese houses. A few larger industrial plants lay near the outskirts of the city. The houses were constructed of timber with tile roofs, and many of the industrial buildings were also

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Hiroshima was a supply and logistics base for the Japanese military. The city was a communications center, a key port for shipping, and an assembly area for troops. It supported a large war industry, manufacturing parts for planes and boats, for bombs, rifles, and handguns. The center of the city

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on 26 July, and arrived at North Field 28 July. Three Fat Man high-explosive pre-assemblies, designated F31, F32, and F33, were picked up at Kirtland on 28 July by three B-29s, two from the 393d Bombardment Squadron plus one from the 216th Army Air Force Base Unit, and transported to North Field,

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It was evident that everyone would suspect trickery. If a bomb were exploded in Japan with previous notice, the Japanese air power was still adequate to give serious interference. An atomic bomb was an intricate device, still in the developmental stage. Its operation would be far from routine. If

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middle of an urban industrial area. It is a good radar target and it is such a size that a large part of the city could be extensively damaged. There are adjacent hills which are likely to produce a focusing effect which would considerably increase the blast damage. Due to rivers it is not a good

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at Hiroshima still has the largest uncertainty as the Little Boy bomb design was never tested before deployment or afterward; as such, the estimated radiation profile absorbed by individuals at Hiroshima had required greater reliance on calculations than the Japanese soil, concrete and roof-tile

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The radius of total destruction was about 1.6 km (1 mi), followed by fires across the northern portion of the city to 3.2 km (2 mi) south of the bomb. About 58 percent of the Mitsubishi Arms Plant was damaged, and about 78 percent of the Mitsubishi Steel Works. The Mitsubishi

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These cities were largely untouched during the nightly bombing raids, and the Army Air Forces agreed to leave them off the target list so accurate assessment of the damage caused by the atomic bombs could be made. Hiroshima was described as "an important army depot and port of embarkation in the

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to develop the means of delivering an atomic weapon against targets in Germany and Japan. Because the flying squadrons of the group consisted of both bomber and transport aircraft, the group was designated as a "composite" rather than a "bombardment" unit. Due to its remoteness, Tibbets selected

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in China to make a series of raids on strategic targets in Japan. This effort failed to achieve the strategic objectives that its planners had intended, largely because of logistical problems, the bomber's mechanical difficulties, the vulnerability of Chinese staging bases, and the extreme range

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remained ineffective. In general, the Japanese regarded the leaflet messages as truthful, with many Japanese choosing to leave major cities. The leaflets caused such concern that the government ordered the arrest of anyone caught in possession of a leaflet. Leaflet texts were prepared by recent

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took the only photographs of Hiroshima immediately after the bombing. He described in a later interview that, immediately after the bombing, "everywhere there was dust; it made a grayish darkness over everything." He took five photographs in total before he could not continue: "It was really a

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might be moved to the demonstration site and be killed by the bomb. They also worried that the bomb might be a failure, as the Trinity test was that of a stationary device, not an air-dropped bomb. In addition, although more bombs were in production, only two would be available at the start of

1822:... Kyoto has the advantage of the people being more highly intelligent and hence better able to appreciate the significance of the weapon. Hiroshima has the advantage of being such a size and with possible focussing from nearby mountains that a large fraction of the city may be destroyed. The 3264:

Shipyards, Electrical Shipyards, Arms Plant, and Steel and Arms Works, which employed about 90 percent of the city's labor force, and accounted for 90 percent of the city's industry. Although an important industrial city, Nagasaki had been spared from firebombing because its geography made it

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wrote that it was 27 July, and Theodore H. McNelly wrote that it was 30 July. The USAAF history noted that eleven cities were targeted with leaflets on 27 July, but Hiroshima was not one of them, and there were no leaflet sorties on 30 July. Leaflet sorties were undertaken on 1 and 4 August.

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Significant increases at doses greater than 50 rads in Hiroshima and 200 in Nagasaki were found, with the risk of mental retardation generally rising directly with increasing dose. The lower dose-effect in Hiroshima may have been due to irradiation by neutrons which were virtually absent in

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For several months, the U.S. had warned civilians of potential air raids by dropping more than 63 million leaflets across Japan. Many Japanese cities suffered terrible damage from aerial bombings; some were as much as 97 percent destroyed. LeMay thought that leaflets would increase the

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island with the Fat Man, with Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the secondary target. The mission plan for the second attack was nearly identical to that of the Hiroshima mission, with two B-29s flying an hour ahead as weather scouts and two additional B-29s in Sweeney's flight for

2905: 1234:, who estimated the invading Allies would suffer between 1.7 and 4 million casualties, of whom between 400,000 and 800,000 would be dead, while Japanese fatalities would have been around 5 to 10 million. In a meeting with the President and commanders on June 18, 1945, General 4451:

was not significantly higher among the children of survivors who were pregnant at the time of the bombings. He also studied the longevity of the children who survived the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, reporting that between 90 and 95 percent were still living 50 years later.

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because of the earthquake danger in Japan, and their framework did not collapse even though they were fairly close to the blast center. Since the bomb detonated in the air, the blast was directed more downward than sideways, which was largely responsible for the survival of the

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some two years and above, peaking around six to eight years later. Jarrett Foley published the first major reports on the significant increased incidence of the latter among survivors. Almost all cases of leukemia over the following 50 years were in people exposed to more than

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through the Hiroshima Peace Memorial City Construction Law passed in 1949. It provided financial assistance for reconstruction, along with land donated that was previously owned by the national government and used for military purposes. In 1949, a design was selected for the

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and stated that without a surrender, the Allies would attack Japan, resulting in "the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland". The atomic bomb was not mentioned in the communiqué.

3118: 4147: 15512: 3170:, broadcast a similar message to Japan every 15 minutes about Hiroshima, stating that more Japanese cities would face a similar fate in the absence of immediate acceptance of the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and emphatically urged civilians to evacuate major cities. 912:, and Nagasaki. These targets were chosen because they were large urban areas that also held militarily significant facilities. On 6 August, a Little Boy was dropped on Hiroshima. Three days later, a Fat Man was dropped on Nagasaki. Over the next two to four months, the 8426: 3120: 2164:

from Project Alberta. Responding to concerns expressed by the 509th Composite Group about the possibility of a B-29 crashing on takeoff, Birch had modified the Little Boy design to incorporate a removable breech plug that would permit the bomb to be armed in flight.

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While the United States had developed plans for an air campaign against Japan prior to the Pacific War, the capture of Allied bases in the western Pacific in the first weeks of the conflict meant that this offensive did not begin until mid-1944 when the long-ranged

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total survivors, strictly those who took part in the study. A meta-analysis from 2016 found that radiation exposure increases cancer risk, but also that the average lifespan of survivors was reduced by only a few months compared to those not exposed to radiation.

4014:

was also one of the first Western journalists to visit Hiroshima after the bombing. He arrived alone by train from Tokyo on 2 September, defying the traveling ban put in place on Western correspondents. Burchett's dispatch, "The Atomic Plague", was printed by the

3803:. Although cast, it still needed to be pressed and coated, which would take until 16 August. Therefore, it could have been ready for use on 19 August. Unable to reach Marshall, Groves ordered on his own authority on 13 August that the core should not be shipped. 3635:

came in fast, landing at 230 km/h (140 mph) instead of the normal 190 kilometers per hour (120 mph). The number two engine died from fuel starvation as he began the final approach. Touching down on only three engines midway down the landing strip,

3117: 1632:

The 509th Composite Group had an authorized strength of 225 officers and 1,542 enlisted men, almost all of whom eventually deployed to Tinian. In addition to its authorized strength, the 509th had attached to it on Tinian 51 civilian and military personnel from

3730:

Electric Works suffered only 10 percent structural damage as it was on the border of the main destruction zone. The Nagasaki Arsenal was destroyed in the blast. Although many fires likewise burnt following the bombing, in contrast to Hiroshima where sufficient

4102:

reels were confiscated by the American authorities, but they were requested by the Japanese government, and declassified. The public release of film footage of the city post-attack, and some research about the effects of the attack, was restricted during the

4307:(ARS), all within about 20 to 30 days. Many people not injured by the blast eventually died within that timeframe as well after suffering from ARS. At the time, the doctors had no idea what the cause was and were unable to effectively treat the condition. 4077:, arrived in September 1945 to document the effects of the bombing of Japan. He used a film crew to document the effects of the bombings in early 1946. The film crew shot 27,000 m (90,000 ft) of film, resulting in a three-hour documentary titled 3119: 2762: 4459:

increase in birth defects occurred directly after the bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima when the cities were taken as wholes, in terms of distance from the hypocenters. However, Neel and others noted that in approximately 50 humans who were of an early

3991:

published an abbreviated version of his 27 August UP article. Nearly all references to uranium poisoning were omitted. An editor's note was added to say that, according to American scientists, "the atomic bomb will not have any lingering after-effects."

3116: 3077:

landed south of the city, where the staff officer, after reporting to Tokyo, began to organize relief measures. Tokyo learned that the city had been destroyed by a new type of bomb from President Truman's announcement of the strike, sixteen hours later.

18627: 3115: 3114: 4215:

in late 1945 showed a significant minority of Americans (23 percent) wishing that more atomic bombs could have been dropped on Japan. The initial positive response was supported by the imagery presented to the public (mainly the powerful images of the

4037:, sometimes lasting more than thirty days after the blast. Burchett especially noted that people were dying "horribly" after bleeding from orifices, and their flesh would rot away from the injection holes where vitamin A was administered, to no avail. 3904:

Such being the case, how are we to save the millions of our subjects, or to atone ourselves before the hallowed spirits of our imperial ancestors? This is the reason why we have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the joint declaration of the

2516:

of the mission, armed the bomb in flight to minimize the risks during takeoff. He had witnessed four B-29s crash and burn at takeoff, and feared that a nuclear explosion would occur if a B-29 crashed with an armed Little Boy on board. His assistant,

2707:

in 1996 over the objections of the United States and China, which expressed reservations on the grounds that other Asian nations were the ones who suffered the greatest loss of life and property, and a focus on Japan lacked historical perspective.

4862: 1905:

Like Compton, many U.S. officials and scientists argued that a demonstration would sacrifice the shock value of the atomic attack, and the Japanese could deny the atomic bomb was lethal, making the mission less likely to produce surrender. Allied

3152:

Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware." This was a widely broadcast speech picked up by Japanese news agencies.

3212:, the Chief of the Naval General Staff, estimated that no more than one or two additional bombs could be readied, so they decided to endure the remaining attacks, acknowledging "there would be more destruction but the war would go on". American 1752:

from the Manhattan Project. The Target Committee met in Washington on 27 April; at Los Alamos on 10 May, where it was able to talk to the scientists and technicians there; and finally in Washington on 28 May, where it was briefed by Tibbets and

4704:. As of 31 March 2024, 106,825 were still alive, mostly in Japan, The government of Japan recognizes about one percent of these as having illnesses caused by radiation. The memorials in Hiroshima and Nagasaki contain lists of the names of the 2278:

of the 3rd Anti-Aircraft Division, including units from the 121st and 122nd Anti-Aircraft Regiments and the 22nd and 45th Separate Anti-Aircraft Battalions. In total, an estimated 40,000 Japanese military personnel were stationed in the city.

4989:. The cathedral was located close to the hypocenter and completely destroyed. At the time, it was crowded with worshippers for confession as the Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary was approaching on August 15. All were killed. 3836:

be preserved. A second cabinet meeting was held at 18:00. Only four ministers supported Anami's position of adhering to the four conditions, but since cabinet decisions had to be unanimous, no decision was reached before it ended at 22:00.

9078: 2674:

estimated in 1946 that there were 24,158 soldiers present in Hiroshima at the time of the attack, and that 6,789 were killed or missing as a result; the 1970s reconsiderations estimated about 10,000 military dead. A modern estimate by the

3626:

flew on to Okinawa, arriving with only sufficient fuel for a single approach. Sweeney tried repeatedly to contact the control tower for landing clearance, but received no answer. He could see heavy air traffic landing and taking off from

3747:

was a doctor working in the radiology department of Nagasaki Medical College Hospital. He received a serious injury that severed his right temporal artery, but joined the rest of the surviving medical staff in treating bombing victims.

4527:(SMR), that was observed in some 30 individuals, with SMR being a common outcome of the aforementioned microencephaly. While a lack of statistical data, with just 30 individuals out of 1,800, prevents a definitive determination of a 2946:

Over 90 percent of the doctors and 93 percent of the nurses in Hiroshima were killed or injured—most had been in the downtown area which received the greatest damage. The hospitals were destroyed or heavily damaged. Only one doctor,

2881: 1346:

began missions against Japan on 18 November 1944. The early attempts to bomb Japan from the Marianas proved just as ineffective as the China-based B-29s had been. Hansell continued the practice of conducting so-called high-altitude

3219:

Purnell, Parsons, Tibbets, Spaatz, and LeMay met on Guam that same day to discuss what should be done next. Since there was no indication of Japan surrendering, they decided to proceed with dropping another bomb. Parsons said that

1873:. They agreed that the atomic bomb was to be used (1) against Japan at the earliest opportunity, (2) without special warning, and (3) on a "dual target" of military installation surrounded by other buildings susceptible to damage. 3985:(UP) journalist, filed the first personal account of the scene to appear in American newspapers. He observed that large numbers of survivors continued to die from what later became recognized as radiation poisoning. On 31 August, 3493:, flown by the group's operations officer, Major James I. Hopkins, Jr. Observers aboard the weather planes reported both targets clear. When Sweeney's aircraft arrived at the assembly point for his flight off the coast of Japan, 1945:. No warning was given to Hiroshima that a new and much more destructive bomb was going to be dropped. Various sources gave conflicting information about when the last leaflets were dropped on Hiroshima prior to the atomic bomb. 15516: 2935:

The air raid warning had been cleared at 07:31, and many people were outside, going about their activities. Eizō Nomura was the closest known survivor, being in the basement of a reinforced concrete building (it remained as the

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in advance, and he reneged on his promise to inform them if a meeting was to be held. The meeting commenced at 23:50. No consensus had emerged by 02:00 on 10 August, but the emperor gave his "sacred decision", authorizing the

1430:

preparations proved inadequate. Japanese fighters and anti-aircraft guns had difficulty engaging bombers flying at high altitude. From April 1945, the Japanese interceptors also had to face American fighter escorts based on

1242:. Additionally, with the Japanese position rendered "hopeless" by an invasion of their mainland, Marshall speculated that Soviet entry into the war might be "the decisive action" needed to finally " them into capitulation." 2662:

terrible scene. It was just like something out of hell." Survivor accounts also prominently feature cases of survivors who appeared uninjured, but who would succumb within hours or days to what would later be identified as

5115:, but rather that there was no general agreement of how to interpret those laws. This means that aerial bombardment of civilian areas in enemy territory by all major belligerents during World War II was not prohibited by 8430: 5199:. American nuclear weapons were stored on Okinawa, and sometimes in Japan itself, albeit in contravention of agreements between the two nations. Lacking the resources to fight the Soviet Union using conventional forces, 4974:. There were no children in the school building at the time as the building was being used for the payroll department of the Mitsubishi Arms Factory, but 138 of the 158 people inside, mostly civilian payroll staff, died. 4207:

for a thanksgiving service for the war's end, calling the use of atomic weapons "an act of wholesale, indiscriminate massacre". Nonetheless, news of the atomic bombing was greeted enthusiastically in the U.S.; a poll in

4047:

confirming the existence of a terrifying affliction in Hiroshima, where many had symptoms such as hair loss and vomiting blood before dying. Lawrence had gained access to the city as part of a press junket promoting the

3726:, was in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing but survived, reportedly having been shielded from the effects of the bomb by the concrete walls of his cell. There were 24 Australian POWs in Nagasaki, all of whom survived. 2649:—a loud booming sound. The experiences of survivors in the city varied depending on their location and circumstances, but a common factor in survivor accounts was a sense that a conventional weapon (sometimes cited as a 1027:. Nearly one million of the casualties occurred during the last year of the war, from June 1944 to June 1945. In December 1944, American battle casualties hit an all-time monthly high of 88,000 as a result of the German 15265: 3779:

recorded in his diary that: "Truman said he had given orders to stop atomic bombing. He said the thought of wiping out another 100,000 people was too horrific. He didn't like the idea of killing, as he said, 'all those

3224:

would have it ready by 11 August, but Tibbets pointed to weather reports indicating poor flying conditions on that day due to a storm, and asked if the bomb could be readied by 9 August. Parsons agreed to try to do so.

1840:... the only person deserving credit for saving Kyoto from destruction is Henry L. Stimson, the Secretary of War at the time, who had known and admired Kyoto ever since his honeymoon there several decades earlier. 1731:

In April 1945, Marshall asked Groves to nominate specific targets for bombing for final approval by himself and Stimson. Groves formed a Target Committee, chaired by himself, that included Farrell, Major John A. Derry,

3784:" The previous order that the target cities were to be attacked with atomic bombs "as made ready" was thus modified. There was already discussion in the War Department about conserving the bombs then in production for 3513:

for forty minutes. Before leaving the rendezvous point, Sweeney consulted Ashworth, who was in charge of the bomb. As commander of the aircraft, Sweeney made the decision to proceed to the primary, the city of Kokura.

1011:

entered its fourth year. Most Japanese military units fought fiercely, ensuring that the Allied victory would come at an enormous cost. The 1.25 million battle casualties incurred in total by the United States in

4933:

was formally declared when the Nagasaki International Culture City Reconstruction Law was passed in May 1949. New temples were built, as well as new churches owing to an increase in the presence of Christianity. The

3005:, intended to repel the American invasion, to collect the wounded and take them down the rivers to the military hospital at Ujina. Trucks and trains brought in relief supplies and evacuated survivors from the city. 2554:. An alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities, among them Hiroshima. The all-clear was sounded in Hiroshima at 00:05. About an hour before the bombing, the air raid alert was sounded again, as 1063:, where heavy fighting continued until June. Along the way, the ratio of Japanese to American casualties dropped from five to one in the Philippines to two to one on Okinawa. Although some Japanese soldiers were 2032:

and record the effects of the explosion of the bomb, additional aircraft will accompany the airplane carrying the bomb. The observing planes will stay several miles distant from the point of impact of the bomb.

3113: 1852:

about the matter. Truman agreed with Stimson, and Kyoto was temporarily removed from the target list. Groves attempted to restore Kyoto to the target list in July, but Stimson remained adamant. On 25 July,

3073:

immediately to Hiroshima, to land, survey the damage, and return to Tokyo with reliable information for the staff. It was felt that nothing serious had taken place and that the explosion was just a rumor.

9977: 6790:. Series: Black and White Photographs of U.S. Air Force and Predecessors' Activities, Facilities, and Personnel, Domestic and Foreign, 1900–2003. National Archives and Records Administration. 25 July 1945 1940:

decided against a demonstration bomb and against a special leaflet warning. Those decisions were implemented because of the uncertainty of a successful detonation and also because of the wish to maximize

916:

killed 90,000 to 166,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,000 to 80,000 people in Nagasaki; roughly half occurred on the first day. For months afterward, many people continued to die from the effects of burns,

6590: 3860:, to notify the Allies that Japan would accept their terms on one condition, that the declaration "does not comprise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign ruler." 3065:

small railway stops within 16 km (10 mi) of the city came unofficial and confused reports of a terrible explosion in Hiroshima. All these reports were transmitted to the headquarters of the

3208:

and other atomic physicists arrived at the city, and carefully examined the damage. They then went back to Tokyo and told the cabinet that Hiroshima was indeed destroyed by a nuclear weapon. Admiral

2857: 2845: 4081:. The documentary included images from hospitals, burned-out buildings and cars, and rows of skulls and bones on the ground. It was classified "secret" for the next 22 years. Motion picture company 4255: 3948: 3525:, proceeded to Kokura, thirty minutes away. The delay at the rendezvous had resulted in clouds and drifting smoke over Kokura from fires started by a major firebombing raid by 224 B-29s on nearby 7357: 5158:

ready for production. There were also many improvements to their performance that had been suggested or recommended, but that had not been possible under the pressure of wartime development. The

4566:

26 weeks "were observed to be mentally retarded", with the condition therefore being isolated to those solely of 8–26 weeks of age and who absorbed more than approximately "0.09" to "0.15" Gy of

3497:

failed to make the rendezvous. According to Cheshire, Hopkins was at varying heights including 2,700 meters (9,000 ft) higher than he should have been, and was not flying tight circles over

4178:

said "I think it's dreadful of the Americans to have done it. I think it is madness on their part", but Heisenberg replied, "One could equally well say 'That's the quickest way of ending the war

4146: 1929: 9082: 4455:

While the National Academy of Sciences raised the possibility that Neel's procedure did not filter the Kure population for possible radiation exposure which could bias the results, overall, a

1419:

also regularly struck targets in Japan during 1945 in preparation for Operation Downfall. Firebombing switched to smaller cities, with populations ranging from 60,000 to 350,000. According to

8205:"Sheryl P. Walter Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 20 Mar 2014 Sheryl P. Walter Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 20 Mar 2014" 5026: 3978:, a popular Japanese newspaper. After Japan's surrender and the arrival of American forces, copies of his photographs were seized amid the ensuing censorship, but some records have survived. 2657:

that moved quickly throughout the ruins, killing many who had been trapped, and causing people to jump into Hiroshima's rivers in search of sanctuary (many of whom drowned). The photographer

1365:

on the night of 9–10 March 1945, was the single deadliest air raid in history, with a greater area of fire damage and loss of life than either of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima or Nagasaki.

3256:

The city of Nagasaki had been one of the largest seaports in southern Japan, and was of great wartime importance because of its wide-ranging industrial activity, including the production of

2986:, who was only slightly wounded, took over the administration of the city, and coordinated relief efforts. Many of his staff had been killed or fatally wounded, including Lieutenant Colonel 2247:

At the time of its bombing, Hiroshima was a city of industrial and military significance. A number of military units were located nearby, the most important of which was the headquarters of

3871:

could not be preserved. Hirohito simply replied, "Of course." As the Allied terms seemed to leave intact the principle of the preservation of the Throne, Hirohito recorded on 14 August his

2534:

During the night of 5–6 August, Japanese early warning radar detected the approach of numerous American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan. Radar detected 65 bombers headed for

16155: 3605:

and a major portion of the city was protected by the intervening hills. The resulting explosion released the equivalent energy of 21 ± 2 kt (87.9 ± 8.4 TJ).

4801:

as afforded to all Japanese survivors, a situation which resulted in the denial of free health benefits to them in Japan. Most issues were eventually addressed in 2008 through lawsuits.

3766:

Memorandum from Leslie Groves to George C. Marshall regarding the third bomb, with Marshall's hand-written caveat that the third bomb not be used without express presidential instruction

2869: 2035:

Additional bombs will be delivered on the above targets as soon as made ready by the project staff. Further instructions will be issued concerning targets other than those listed above.

7969: 7703: 5169:, decried the use of the atomic bombs as adopting "an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages", but in October 1947 he reported a military requirement for 400 bombs. 3674:, none of the 393d's B-29s had yet had names painted on the noses, a fact which Laurence himself noted in his account. Unaware of the switch in aircraft, Laurence assumed Victor 77 was 3111: 2793: 2600:, with only 1.7 percent of its material fissioning. The radius of total destruction was about 1.6 kilometers (1 mi), with resulting fires across 11 km (4.4 sq mi). 5172:

The American monopoly on nuclear weapons lasted four years before the Soviet Union detonated an atomic bomb in September 1949. The United States responded with the development of the

2262:. Hata's command consisted of some 400,000 men, most of whom were on Kyushu where an Allied invasion was correctly anticipated. Also present in Hiroshima were the headquarters of the 7198: 4842:

On January 27, 1981, the Atomic Bombing Relic Selecting Committee of Hiroshima announced to build commemorative plaques at nine historical sites related to the bombing in the year.

1452:

decided to resume attacks on Allied bombers from late June, by this time there were too few operational fighters available for this change of tactics to hinder the Allied air raids.

4735:

carry some hereditary or even contagious disease. This is despite the fact that no statistically demonstrable increase of birth defects/congenital malformations was found among the

1966: 4739:

children born to survivors of the nuclear weapons used at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, or has been found in the later conceived children of cancer survivors who had previously received

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stockpiled for the invasion of Japan. About 72,000,000 litres (604,000 US bbl) had been consumed in the home islands area in April, May and June 1945. While the Japanese

1160:

made up of Australian, British and Canadian divisions. The target date was chosen to allow for Olympic to complete its objectives, for troops to be redeployed from Europe, and the

4954:

to provide legal protection against future development. These four sites, together with "ground zero" (the hypocenter of the atomic bomb explosion) were collectively designated a

25968: 3710:

Unlike Hiroshima's military death toll, only 150 Japanese soldiers were killed instantly, including 36 from the 134th AAA Regiment of the 4th AAA Division. At least eight Allied

24450: 17439: 15075: 4873: 1857:

was put on the target list in place of Kyoto. It was a major military port, one of Japan's largest shipbuilding and repair centers, and an important producer of naval ordnance.

2833: 18284: 1986:, which stipulated that nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent. Stimson therefore had to obtain British permission. A meeting of the 10103:

Ivey, William D. (7 April 1996). Objectives and Success – Linking National Policy Objectives and Military Strategic Objectives to Achieve Success (Report). Fort Belvoir, VA.

9239: 2734: 11965: 4708:

who are known to have died since the bombings. Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings, as of August 2024, the memorials record the names of more than 540,000

14981: 10720:

Imamura, Y.; Nakane, Y.; Ohta, Y.; Kondo, H. (2007). "Lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia among individuals prenatally exposed to atomic bomb radiation in Nagasaki City".

18595: 16717: 16635: 11360: 4487:

examined Neel's research and confirmed that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Many members of the ABCC and its successor

4325: 3922: 3830:. Kido informed him that the emperor had agreed to hold an imperial conference, and gave a strong indication that the emperor would consent to surrender on condition that 1629:'s Operations Division was not cleared to know any details of it. The first bombing was later codenamed Operation Centerboard I, and the second, Operation Centerboard II. 925: 7835: 7553: 5218:. Elayne Whyte Gómez, President of the UN negotiations, said, "the world has been waiting for this legal norm for 70 years". As of 2023, Japan has not signed the treaty. 3112: 20622: 18128: 16217: 9464: 4491:(RERF) were still looking for possible birth defects among the survivors decades later, but found no evidence that they were significantly common among the survivors or 20367: 9949: 19975: 4229: 2318:

Hiroshima was the primary target of the first atomic bombing mission on 6 August, with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets. The 393rd Bombardment Squadron B-29

18762: 2291:

The population of Hiroshima had reached a peak of over 381,000 earlier in the war but prior to the atomic bombing, the population had steadily decreased because of a

2045:

of the world for the common welfare cannot drop that terrible bomb on the old capital or the new . He and I are in accord. The target will be a purely military one.

765:, respectively. The bombings killed between 150,000 and 246,000 people, most of whom were civilians, and remain the only use of nuclear weapons in an armed conflict. 26123: 23631: 22810: 21973: 19991: 18636: 18493: 17434: 5049: 929: 17654: 2805: 18690: 8172: 4589:

in both the SMR and cognitive performance data – is typical. The reported threshold dose variance between the two cities is suggested to be a manifestation of the

3882:

In his declaration's fifth paragraph, Hirohito solely mentions the duration of the conflict; and did not explicitly mention the Soviets as a factor for surrender:

20311: 3193:. Four hours later, word reached Tokyo of the Soviet Union's official declaration of war. The senior leadership of the Japanese Army began preparations to impose 1689:

but the passengers were not permitted to leave the dock area. An advance party of the air echelon, consisting of 29 officers and 61 enlisted men, flew by C-54 to

19914: 19886: 19030: 16840: 11662: 9984: 9265: 3509:. Instead, Hopkins was flying 64-kilometer (40 mi) dogleg patterns. Though ordered not to circle longer than fifteen minutes, Sweeney continued to wait for 2975:

Headquarters (some 100 kilometers (62 mi) away) that "Hiroshima has been attacked by a new type of bomb. The city is in a state of near-total destruction."

6600: 25942: 25937: 25932: 25927: 23493: 23312: 21952: 20631: 20318: 19452: 10764: 9806: 666: 4861:

all unveiled plaques with historical photographs and descriptions. The rest sites planned including Hondō Shopping Street, Motomachi No.2 Army Hospital site,

4154:

Life among the rubble in Hiroshima in March and April 1946. Film footage taken by Lieutenant Daniel A. McGovern (director) and Harry Mimura (cameraman) for a

25910: 23934: 20934: 20297: 19606: 19231: 18514: 15202: 11845: 4884: 4867: 4797:. About 5,000–8,000 Koreans were killed in Hiroshima and 1,500–2,000 in Nagasaki. Korean survivors had a difficult time fighting for the same recognition as 2292: 11770: 8906: 8619: 4186:

observed that even if it had, "we would have obliterated London but would still not have conquered the world, and then they would have dropped them on us".

3645:

made a swerving 90-degree turn at the end of the runway to avoid running off it. A second engine died from fuel exhaustion before the plane came to a stop.

3465:

instrumentation and photographic support of the mission. Sweeney took off with his weapon already armed but with the electrical safety plugs still engaged.

19947: 19893: 19079: 17669: 16870: 16377: 14390: 11225: 5103:, which address the codes of wartime conduct on land and at sea, were adopted before the rise of air power. Despite repeated diplomatic attempts to update 11195: 8601: 7962:"U. S. Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, June 19, 1946. President's Secretary's File, Truman Papers" 5085:. James Orr wrote that this idea became the accepted position in Japan and that it may have played some part in the decision-making of the US government. 4918:

can be seen in the center left of the image, the Motoyasu Bridge can be seen in the right of the image. The original target for the bomb was the T-shaped

2817: 24443: 23657: 23647: 20404: 19900: 19516: 18006: 17617: 17323: 9377: 9079:"U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, June 19, 1946. President's Secretary's File, Truman Papers" 8427:"U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, June 19, 1946. President's Secretary's File, Truman Papers" 7700:"U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, June 19, 1946. President's Secretary's File, Truman Papers" 581: 15226: 1923:

Various leaflets were dropped on Japan listing cities targeted for destruction by firebombing. The other side stated that other cities may be attacked.

1585:

The "Tinian Joint Chiefs": Captain William S. Parsons (left), Rear Admiral William R. Purnell (center), and Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell (right)

26088: 23453: 23300: 18926: 18673: 15351: 13573: 10610:

Hunter, N.; Charles, M. W. (2002). "The impact of possible modifications to the DS86 dosimetry on neutron risk and relative biological effectiveness".

8719: 5509: 5192: 5111:, it was not updated before World War II. The absence of specific international humanitarian law did not mean aerial warfare was not covered under the 4299:

report discusses 6,882 people examined in Hiroshima and 6,621 people examined in Nagasaki, who were largely within 2,000 meters (6,600 ft) of the

3567:

dropped instruments attached to three parachutes. These instruments also contained an unsigned letter to Professor Ryokichi Sagane, a physicist at the

1489:

would develop atomic weapons first, especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries, were expressed in the

1411:

that month provided airfields even closer to the Japanese mainland, allowing the bombing campaign to be further escalated. Aircraft flying from Allied

15192: 7029: 5176:, a thousand times as powerful as the bombs that devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Such ordinary fission bombs would henceforth be regarded as small 1568:, but it lacked the human, mineral, and financial resources of the Manhattan Project, and never made much progress towards developing an atomic bomb. 1185:

made this invasion plan obvious to the Japanese; they were able to predict the Allied invasion plans accurately and thus adjust their defensive plan,

24845: 24371: 20290: 19737: 19613: 8133: 6814:. File Unit: Ross, Mr. And MRS. Charles G. [Truman's Potsdam diary], 1945–1953. Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum. 25 July 1945 5004:. The school building and facilities were destroyed by the atomic bomb. Over 850 people, including faculty, staff, students, and nurses, were killed. 4851: 4292:

the blasts themselves. Nearly all of the remainder of victims died within two to four months, due to radiation exposure and resulting complications.

4000: 1664: 253: 11823: 10995: 4472:

was observed upon birth, with the incidence of these two particular malformations being nearly 3 times what was to be expected when compared to the

3891:

The sixth paragraph by Hirohito specifically mentions the use of nuclear ordnance devices, from the aspect of the unprecedented damage they caused:

1392:, the aim of the air offensive against Japan was to destroy the enemy's war industries, kill or disable civilian employees of these industries, and 23853: 23478: 23427: 19590: 18970: 17469: 14620:

Yamada, Michiko; Izumi, Shizue (2002). "Psychiatric Sequelae in Atomic Bomb Survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki Two Decades After the Explosions".

4878: 4615: 4547:, with the risk then linearly increasing to a 43-percent rate of SMR when exposed to a fetal dose of 1 Gy at any point during these weeks of rapid 4083: 4021:

newspaper in London on 5 September 1945. The reports from Nakashima and Burchett informed the public for the first time of the gruesome effects of

3305:

B-29 and a post war Mk III nuclear weapon painted to resemble the Fat Man bomb, at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, Dayton, Ohio

2137:

were sent to Tinian, but found that LeMay would not let them accompany the mission. All they could do was send a strongly worded signal to Wilson.

1902:

met on 21 June to re-examine its earlier conclusions; but it reaffirmed that there was no alternative to the use of the bomb on a military target.

1833: 114: 83: 18659: 13407:

Kerr, George D.; Young, Robert W.; Cullings, Harry M.; Christy, Robert F. (2005). "Bomb Parameters". In Young, Robert W.; Kerr, George D. (eds.).

8964: 23488: 23306: 23201: 22739: 20027: 19339: 18113: 17659: 16404: 15261: 15206: 11546: 8273: 7965: 4066:

story was published, Lawrence also backtracked and dismissed the reports on radiation sickness as Japanese efforts to undermine American morale.

921:, and other injuries, compounded by illness and malnutrition. Though Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison, most of the dead were civilians. 17649: 11334: 3579:. The messages were found by military authorities but not turned over to Sagane until a month later. In 1949, one of the authors of the letter, 3174:, which continued to extoll victory for Japan by never surrendering had informed the Japanese of the destruction of Hiroshima by a single bomb. 3147:

After the Hiroshima bombing, Truman issued a statement announcing the use of the new weapon. He stated, "We may be grateful to Providence" that

24436: 23623: 22202: 19846: 19148: 18669: 18194: 18189: 4823:. Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall, the closest surviving building to the location of the bomb's detonation, was designated the 1493:

to Roosevelt in 1939. This prompted preliminary research in the United States in late 1939. Progress was slow until the arrival of the British

1171: 1082:

As the Allies advanced towards Japan, conditions became steadily worse for the Japanese people. Japan's merchant fleet declined from 5,250,000

637: 25512: 21845: 18664: 13408: 11663:"Shimoda case (Compensation claim against Japan brought by the residents of Hiroshmina & Nagasaki), Tokyo District Court, 7 December 1963" 11536:, p. 698 "The bombs were authorized not because the Japanese refused to surrender but because they refused to surrender unconditionally." 6271: 6101: 4220:). During this time in America, it was a common practice for editors to keep graphic images of death out of films, magazines, and newspapers. 1219:, estimated that Downfall would result in 132,500 to 220,000 U.S. casualties, with U.S. dead and missing in the range from 27,500 to 50,000. 426: 23610: 20638: 20601: 20578: 20099: 19021: 18991: 18144: 17835: 17832: 16170: 2679:(RERF) estimates a city population of 340,000 to 350,000 at the time of the bombing, of which 90,000 to 166,000 died by the end of the year. 20353: 9917:

Medical Effects Of Atomic Bombs The Report Of The Joint Commission For The Investigation Of The Effects Of The Atomic Bomb In Japan Volume 1

8936: 6682: 3696:(RERF) estimates a city population of 250,000 to 270,000 at the time of the bombing, of which 60,000 to 80,000 died by the end of the year. 1869:

was created by Stimson at the urging of leaders of the Manhattan Project and with the approval of Truman to advise on matters pertaining to

24740: 23518: 23458: 23357: 23104: 23032: 22933: 22844: 22820: 22726: 22607: 22523: 22446: 22394: 22314: 20731: 20587: 20571: 20543: 19791: 18998: 18501: 18238: 17550: 17539: 17341: 11273:"Korean Hibakusha, Japan's Supreme Court and the International Community: Can the U.S. and Japan Confront Forced Labor and Atomic Bombing?" 8208: 7190: 5215: 2562:. It read: "Cloud cover less than 3/10th at all altitudes. Advice: bomb primary." The all-clear was sounded over Hiroshima again at 07:09. 1513:. Consequently, the work was accelerated, first as a pilot program, and finally in the agreement by Roosevelt to turn the work over to the 1245:

Marshall began contemplating the use of a weapon that was "readily available and which assuredly can decrease the cost in American lives":

18721: 8269: 25963: 25196: 24289: 23637: 23399: 23214: 21488: 20555: 20467: 20411: 20374: 19656: 18648: 17595: 17474: 16860: 16791: 15735: 15597: 14506:(2020). "The Kyoto Misconception: What Truman Knew, and Didn't Know, About Hiroshima". In Gordin, Michael D.; Ikenberry, G. John (eds.). 12074:

Asada, Sadao (1996). "The Shock of the Atomic Bomb and Japan's Decision to Surrender: A Reconsideration". In Maddox, Robert James (ed.).

9739: 3066: 649: 18748: 9430:"The Bombing of Nagasaki After Yosuke Yamahata: A collection of 24 photographs taken the day after the bombing, [Japan] 1945–46" 25095: 24950: 24755: 23980: 23926: 23890: 23463: 22852: 20460: 19192: 18219: 17977: 17590: 17570: 10874: 7759: 6075: 5236: 2962:, barely 820 meters (900 yd) from the hypocenter. The attack killed 3,243 troops on the parade ground. The communications room of 2003:

scientific details would be revealed in the press announcement of the bombing. The meeting also considered what Truman could reveal to

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to conduct investigations of the late effects of radiation among the survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In 1956, the ABCC published

3743:

naval hospital reached the city in the evening, and fire-fighting brigades from the neighboring towns assisted in fighting the fires.

2778: 26113: 25760: 23536: 23473: 23468: 23421: 22382: 22342: 20594: 18984: 18942: 18741: 17858: 17771: 17507: 16804: 16686: 16314: 8876: 4911: 3762: 3617: 1064: 15541: 10974:

Health risk assessment from the nuclear accident after the 2011 Great East Japan and Tsunami, based on a preliminary dose estimation

10661:

Maruyama, T.; Kumamoto, Y.; Noda, Y. (January 1988). "Reassessment of gamma doses from the atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki".

9915:

Oughterson, A. W.; LeRoy, G. V.; Liebow, A. A.; Hammond, E. C.; Barnett, H. L.; Rosenbaum, J. D.; Schneider, B. A. (19 April 1951).

924:

Scholars have extensively studied the effects of the bombings on the social and political character of subsequent world history and

24955: 23895: 23807: 23793: 23652: 23603: 23556: 23551: 23498: 23448: 23393: 22896: 22761: 22573: 21815: 19634: 19408: 19171: 19037: 18848: 18736: 18214: 18209: 18000: 17622: 16587: 16577: 12049:. The United States Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. 11667: 5094: 4004: 3648:

Following the mission, there was confusion over the identification of the plane. The first eyewitness account by war correspondent

3190: 1189:, accordingly. The Japanese planned an all-out defense of Kyūshū, with little left in reserve. In all, there were 2.3 million 901: 537: 462: 389: 24900: 24830: 24624: 18644: 11973: 9243: 4316:) was approximately halved; that is, smaller doses were made more lethal when the individual experienced concurrent blast or burn 24279: 23939: 23885: 23483: 23442: 23413: 22985: 20710: 20507: 19544: 19044: 18956: 18892: 17866: 17757: 17627: 17528: 7481: 6152: 5744: 4700:, a Japanese word that translates to "explosion-affected people". The Japanese government has recognized about 650,000 people as 4351:(RERF) on 1 April 1975. A binational organization run by both the United States and Japan, the RERF is still in operation today. 4340: 4189:

Hahn told the others, "Once I wanted to suggest that all uranium should be sunk to the bottom of the ocean". The Vatican agreed;

3164: 2271: 1999: 1836:, was incorrectly said to have prevented the bombing of Kyoto. In his autobiography, Reischauer specifically refuted this claim: 16382: 15550: 11364: 11096: 9902:"Latest Knowledge on Radiological Effects: Radiation Health Effects of Atomic Bomb Explosions and Nuclear Power Plant Accidents" 4771:), nine of whom claimed to be in the blast zone in both cities. On 24 March 2009, the Japanese government officially recognized 26118: 24725: 24690: 24675: 23546: 23385: 23370: 23295: 23278: 20913: 20425: 19275: 18813: 18326: 18154: 17972: 17919: 17730: 17583: 17387: 17361: 13081:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. 7843: 7562: 6413: 4435:

One of the early studies conducted by the ABCC was on the outcome of pregnancies occurring in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and in a

4070: 3827: 2671: 1338:

would better serve as B-29 bases, but they were in Japanese hands. Strategies were shifted to accommodate the air war, and the

24965: 7450: 25730: 24880: 24795: 24790: 24459: 24407: 23975: 23872: 23780: 23525: 23407: 23364: 23229: 22197: 22192: 22179: 21509: 21414: 20941: 20687: 20562: 19648: 19622: 19479: 19185: 19102: 17578: 17331: 15085: 15061: 15040: 14970: 14926: 14907: 14863: 14835: 14805: 14783: 14764: 14745: 14723: 14677: 14554: 14520: 14415: 14312: 14285: 14258: 14236: 14206: 14187: 14160: 14133: 14066: 14032: 14005: 13978: 13959: 13910: 13842: 13784: 13655: 13615: 13551: 13512: 13464: 13397: 13333: 13297: 13278: 13249: 13205: 13174: 13136: 13086: 13027: 13008: 12976: 12917: 12890: 12840: 12777: 12758: 12739: 12717: 12690: 12660: 12629: 12600: 12570: 12486: 12410: 12383: 12364: 12337: 12306: 12280: 12261: 12242: 12223: 12113: 12083: 12044: 11646: 11592: 10989: 10433: 10281: 10261: 10192: 10139: 9960: 8517: 8024: 7897: 7119: 5246: 5159: 4488: 4384: 4348: 4088: 3909:

In his "Rescript to the Soldiers and Sailors" delivered on 17 August, Hirohito did not refer to the atomic bombs or possible

3693: 2676: 2267: 1514: 1389: 1342:

between June and August 1944. Air bases were developed, and B-29 operations commenced from the Marianas in October 1944. The

396: 309: 275: 246: 23317: 15164: 14332:"Atmospheric Effects and Societal Consequences of Regional Scale Nuclear Conflicts and Acts of Individual Nuclear Terrorism" 13311:. The United States Army in World War II: Special Studies. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. 9403: 7726:"Statements by China and the United States of America during the Inscription of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial (Genbaku Dome)" 7268: 4574:

weeks and greater than 26 after conception, "there is no evidence of a radiation-related effect on scholastic performance."

4443:, located 29 km (18 mi) south of Hiroshima, to discern the conditions and outcomes related to radiation exposure. 2999: 2927:

of the bomb that formed at c. 08:16. However, due to its much greater height, the scene was identified in March 2016 as the

1291: 25819: 25777: 25670: 25665: 25650: 25455: 25243: 24935: 24905: 24885: 24800: 24715: 24644: 23191: 22104: 21742: 21149: 21035: 20200: 19667: 19663: 19641: 19245: 18181: 17159: 16920: 16796: 16696: 16681: 16592: 16552: 7866: 5184:

had 40,159. In early 2019, more than 90% of the world's 13,865 nuclear weapons were owned by the United States and Russia.

4951: 2824: 2746: 1198: 1040: 552: 510: 343: 24840: 11699:

Falk, Richard A. (October 1965). "The Shimoda Case: A Legal Appraisal of the Atomic Attacks Upon Hiroshima and Nagasaki".

10901: 10592: 4267:

scars. Survivors were asked to stand in the orientation they were in at the time of the flash, to document and convey the

3316:

as the drop airplane. Assembly F-33 was expended testing the components and F-31 was designated for the 9 August mission.

3126:

President Truman talks about the bombing of Hiroshima, which he describes as "a military base", after his return from the

3019:

were falsely reported by Japanese authorities as having been killed in the atomic blast as part of an attempted cover up.

26093: 25755: 25735: 25494: 25460: 25050: 25010: 24860: 24665: 24619: 24397: 23814: 23564: 23117: 23057: 22647: 22161: 21657: 21121: 20453: 20439: 19652: 18358: 18204: 18199: 18118: 17907: 17747: 17712: 17542: 17459: 17454: 17174: 16676: 14573: 7733: 7330: 6354: 5188: 4504: 3853: 3688:

Although the bomb was more powerful than the one used on Hiroshima, its effects were confined by hillsides to the narrow

3182: 2274:, a recently formed mobile unit. The city was defended by five batteries of 70 mm and 80 mm (2.8 and 3.1 inch) 654: 319: 8182: 7939: 7242: 3714:(POWs) died from the bombing, and as many as thirteen may have died. The eight confirmed deaths included a British POW, 2938: 2722: 2080:

On 28 July, Japanese papers reported that the declaration had been rejected by the Japanese government. That afternoon,

25958: 25877: 25715: 25570: 25161: 25135: 25115: 25085: 25080: 25055: 25025: 25005: 24835: 24785: 24775: 24745: 24730: 24609: 24546: 24392: 23879: 23642: 23503: 23435: 23375: 23169: 22672: 22662: 22578: 21866: 21735: 21613: 21191: 20906: 20857: 20615: 20170: 19422: 19261: 19109: 18963: 18603: 18509: 18171: 17801: 17031: 17026: 16925: 16865: 16656: 16646: 16337: 11123: 10789: 7784: 7485: 5211:. In the decades after Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the United States would threaten many times to use its nuclear weapons. 5100: 4395:

study continues with time, the RERF estimates that, from 1950 to 2000, 46 percent of leukemia deaths which may include

3572: 1440: 1436: 1384:

against Japanese cities were the only way to destroy their production capabilities, shifting from precision bombing to

1339: 314: 25685: 14774:

The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1981).

14704: 5691: 4464:

at the time of the bombing and who were all within about 1 kilometer (0.62 mi) of the hypocenter, an increase in

3913:, and instead described the Soviet declaration of war as "endangering the very foundation of the Empire's existence." 2597: 2111:), assumption by the Imperial Headquarters of responsibility for disarmament and demobilization, no occupation of the 1659:

The ground support echelon of the 509th Composite Group moved by rail on 26 April 1945, to its port of embarkation at

1167: 26078: 25710: 25645: 25530: 25524: 25482: 25222: 25070: 24990: 24875: 24820: 24695: 24680: 23541: 23531: 23067: 22704: 22541: 22124: 21982: 20864: 20836: 20653: 20235: 19954: 19921: 18608: 18159: 17762: 16347: 16342: 15615: 13874: 13685: 10188: 9699: 9607: 5061:

However, critics of the bombings have asserted that atomic weapons are fundamentally immoral, that the bombings were

3788:, and Marshall suggested to Stimson that the remaining cities on the target list be spared attack with atomic bombs. 3297: 2919: 1928:

psychological impact of bombing, and reduce the international stigma of area-bombing cities. Even with the warnings,

1694: 1316: 1079:

in April to June 1945, 94 percent were killed; 7,401 Japanese soldiers surrendered, an unprecedentedly large number.

19137: 14507: 9381: 7523: 4513:

exposed at the time of the bombings, that were both within a close proximity to the two hypocenters, to survive the

3658:, who accompanied the mission aboard the aircraft piloted by Bock, reported that Sweeney was leading the mission in 3597:, to visually sight the target as ordered. The Fat Man weapon, containing a core of about 5 kg (11 lb) of 3015:, where they were stoned to death. Eight U.S. prisoners of war killed as part of the medical experiments program at 1521:. This work was consolidated within the newly created Manhattan Engineer District, which became better known as the 26083: 25744: 25640: 25518: 25274: 25264: 25145: 25125: 25075: 25065: 25040: 24945: 24850: 24780: 24629: 24541: 24505: 23840: 23094: 22923: 22756: 22716: 22595: 22129: 22019: 21177: 21114: 20249: 20085: 19208: 18554: 18484: 17366: 17351: 17346: 17061: 16820: 16753: 16542: 16362: 16357: 15210: 9782:"Transcript of Surreptitiously Taped Conversations among German Nuclear Physicists at Farm Hall (August 6–7, 1945)" 4320:

injuries. Conventional skin injuries that cover a large area frequently result in bacterial infection; the risk of

4044: 3822:

decision having been reached. Suzuki went to the palace to report on the outcome of the meeting, where he met with

1707:

of the Military Policy Committee, who were on hand to decide higher policy matters on the spot. Along with Captain

809: 778: 239: 19762: 14466:

Walker, J. Samuel (April 2005). "Recent Literature on Truman's Atomic Bomb Decision: A Search for Middle Ground".

11841: 6787:

Letter received from General Thomas Handy to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the first atomic bomb

5081:

in 1965, is that the United States used nuclear weapons to intimidate the Soviet Union in the early stages of the

4175: 25680: 25660: 25488: 25105: 25090: 24041: 23775: 23731: 23127: 22625: 22481: 21543: 21384: 21373: 21209: 20968: 20927: 20820: 20758: 20145: 19415: 19284: 19252: 18580: 18549: 18254: 18083: 18012: 17612: 17607: 17602: 17054: 15590: 13268: 13049:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. 9269: 8914: 8627: 7839: 7217: 6102:"History of 509th Composite Group – 313th Bombardment Wing – Twentieth Air Force – Activation to August 15, 1945" 6022: 5717: 5037:

Panoramic view of the monument marking the hypocenter, or ground zero, of the atomic bomb explosion over Nagasaki

4828: 4332: 4296: 3840:

Calling an imperial conference required the signatures of the prime minister and the two service chiefs, but the

2911:

Elder sister and younger brother who suffered radiation disease. The brother died in 1949 and the sister in 1965.

2248: 1626: 1565: 564: 19932: 19500: 13073: 12801:. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Defense and the Energy Research and Development Administration. 11221: 6272:"History of 509th Composite Group – 313th Bombardment Wing – Twentieth Air Force – Activation to 15 August 1945" 25889: 24940: 23511: 23380: 23147: 21929: 21901: 21779: 21572: 20809: 20260: 20186: 19982: 19353: 19072: 18977: 18862: 18544: 18529: 17987: 17852: 17840: 17531: 17429: 17076: 16777: 16547: 16352: 11430: 11199: 9503: 7681: 5104: 4540: 3968:, correspondent Higashi, and artist Yamada arrived in the city with instructions to record the destruction for 3537:, who was monitoring Japanese communications, reported activity on the Japanese fighter direction radio bands. 1995: 1846: 1238:

stated that "there was reason to believe" casualties for the first 30 days would not exceed the price paid for

1220: 875: 813: 491: 481: 6185:"The Nagasaki atomic bomb damage records, Part 2 Section 1 Chapter 1: Period leading up to the atomic bombing" 4535:

dose for SMR, at the most radiosensitive period of cognitive development, when there is the largest number of

2982:

had been killed while eating breakfast with his son and granddaughter at the mayoral residence, Field Marshal

1036:

At the same time, the public was becoming war-weary, and demanding that long-serving servicemen be sent home.

26103: 25973: 25770: 24562: 24226: 23835: 23820: 23755: 23745: 23716: 23706: 23244: 21989: 21922: 21873: 21804: 21629: 21135: 21086: 20850: 20843: 20446: 20207: 19998: 19051: 18654: 18613: 18570: 18334: 18071: 17742: 17562: 17500: 17356: 16786: 16701: 16691: 16307: 15230: 13864: 8661: 5163: 4820: 4619: 3887:

necessarily to Japan's advantage, while the general trends of the world have all turned against her interest.

3487:

This time Penney and Cheshire were allowed to accompany the mission, flying as observers on the third plane,

3148: 1554: 1377: 1370: 1269:

from stockpiles in Australia and New Guinea in preparation for Operation Olympic, and MacArthur ensured that

913: 851: 843: 681: 406: 17634: 15355: 13587: 12935:

Grunden, Walter E. (1998). "Hungnam and the Japanese atomic bomb: Recent Historiography of a Postwar Myth".

10277: 8730: 8204: 7555:

Radiation Dose Reconstruction U.S. Occupation Forces in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, 1945–1946 (DNA 5512F)

1933:

Japanese prisoners of war because they were thought to be the best choice "to appeal to their compatriots".

26108: 25443: 25181: 23825: 23799: 23785: 23760: 23750: 23701: 23617: 23224: 22734: 22508: 22402: 22187: 22113: 22063: 21959: 21334: 21295: 20214: 20049: 20034: 19961: 19940: 19758: 19436: 19222: 19215: 19199: 18910: 18869: 18841: 18231: 17931: 17644: 17336: 17207: 16666: 16607: 16597: 16222: 15560: 11587: 10846:"Nagasaki Mayor: Nuclear Weapons 'Threat to Humankind';G7 Ambassadors Absent from A-Bomb Memorial Ceremony" 10022: 9814: 7033: 6568: 5132:. The District Court of Tokyo ruled the use of nuclear weapons in warfare was not illegal, but held in its 5128: 4889: 4461: 4336: 4233: 2204: 2161: 2160:, and arrived on Tinian on 26 July. The target insert followed by air on 30 July, accompanied by Commander 2147: 1795:

The target was larger than 4.8 km (3 mi) in diameter and was an important target in a large city.

1783:, an urban center for aircraft manufacture, machine tools, docks, electrical equipment and oil refineries; 1749: 1701: 1044: 774: 721: 431: 336: 287: 14982:"The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Atom Bomb, the American Military Mind and the End of the Second World War" 8052: 4111:, in its first issue published on 10 March 1946, devoted itself to detailing the damage from the bombing. 3706:

photographed this child incinerated in Nagasaki. American forces censored such images in Japan until 1952.

2994:

who was serving as a General Staff Officer. Hata's senior surviving staff officer was the wounded Colonel

1215:

intelligence. On 15 June 1945, a study by the Joint War Plans Committee, drawing on the experience of the

26098: 25814: 25201: 25191: 24567: 24255: 24151: 23721: 22990: 22367: 22332: 22026: 21350: 21302: 20920: 20892: 20745: 20360: 20339: 19860: 19523: 19429: 18919: 18519: 18274: 18018: 17845: 17776: 17016: 16835: 16706: 16190: 11766: 11386: 11020:

Winther, J. F.; Boice, J. D.; Thomsen, B. L.; Schull, W. J.; Stovall, M.; Olsen, J. H. (1 January 2003).

10972: 6595: 5120: 5033: 4934: 4554:

However either side of this radiosensitive age, none of the prenatally exposed to the bombings at an age

3576: 2955: 2255: 1490: 782: 586: 15194:

Order from General Thomas Handy to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the first atomic bomb

11933: 10845: 9836: 7587: 4195:

expressed regret that the bomb's inventors did not destroy the weapon for the benefit of humanity. Rev.

4182:". Hahn was grateful that the German project had not succeeded in developing "such an inhumane weapon"; 3863:

On 12 August, the Emperor informed the imperial family of his decision to surrender. One of his uncles,

3548:

headed for their secondary target, Nagasaki. Fuel consumption calculations made en route indicated that

2611:... the men aboard with me gasped 'My God'." He and Tibbets compared the shockwave to "a close burst of 26019: 25565: 25448: 23845: 23830: 23695: 23209: 22551: 22327: 22297: 22262: 21824: 21320: 21239: 21184: 21072: 21028: 20678: 20304: 20228: 20130: 20007: 19879: 19872: 19832: 19805: 19537: 19470: 19065: 18876: 18806: 18524: 18108: 17901: 17298: 17267: 16283: 15583: 15444: 15433: 15422: 13225:

The Epicenters of the Atomic Bombs. Reevaluation of All Available Physical Data With Recommended Values

9508: 9469: 8974: 6751: 5116: 4436: 3982: 3666:. Laurence had interviewed Sweeney and his crew, and was aware that they referred to their airplane as 3104: 1486: 1197:

of 28 million. Casualty predictions varied widely, but were extremely high. The Vice Chief of the

676: 505: 476: 360: 24770: 13578:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. Vol. 7. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 13410:

Reassessment of the Atomic Bomb Radiation Dosimetry for Hiroshima and Nagasaki – Dosimetry System 2002

4794: 4170:. Hahn stated that he had not believed an atomic weapon "would be possible for another twenty years"; 3557: 26045: 24685: 24335: 24320: 24310: 24269: 24191: 24156: 23726: 22793: 22620: 22590: 22359: 21726: 21643: 21428: 21288: 21260: 21093: 20998: 20788: 20221: 19295: 18949: 18775: 18396: 18289: 18149: 17994: 17953: 17948: 17943: 17914: 17257: 17252: 17179: 17139: 16930: 16617: 16165: 16160: 15336: 13456: 11338: 10981: 9292: 4524: 4376: 4303:, who suffered injuries from the blast and heat but died from complications frequently compounded by 4268: 2479: 2344: 1987: 1638: 1301: 1149: 1056: 859: 576: 19493: 17119: 16409: 15095:

Ward, Wilson (Spring 2007). "The Winning Weapon? Rethinking Nuclear Weapons in Light of Hiroshima".

12134:(Spring 1991). "Eclipsed by Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Early Thinking about Tactical Nuclear Weapons". 11966:"Nagasaki marks 75th A-bomb anniversary with call for Japan to sign nuke ban as new arms race looms" 11771:"Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" "An ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages"" 7755: 1545:, where bomb design work was carried out. Two different types of bombs were eventually developed: a 25269: 24340: 24315: 24231: 24136: 24096: 23688: 23234: 23077: 23062: 22963: 22911: 22869: 22857: 22694: 22496: 22097: 21465: 21442: 20694: 20495: 20488: 20152: 19812: 19784: 19777: 19164: 18450: 18306: 18045: 18029: 17871: 17493: 17371: 17154: 17101: 17049: 16671: 16499: 16300: 16247: 15780: 15639: 13425: 9670: 7936:

transcript from the video Hiroshima Witness produced by the Hiroshima Peace Cultural Center and NHK

7358:"Rare Photo of the Mushroom Cloud Over Hiroshima Discovered in a Former Japanese Elementary School" 6282: 6108: 5177: 4843: 4824: 4788: 4480: 4456: 4363: 4359: 4304: 4155: 3360: 2799:

22-year old victim Toyoko Kugata being treated at the Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital (6 October 1945)

2753: 2684: 2263: 2154: 1708: 1697: 1393: 1270: 1194: 1153: 1145: 1125: 741: 522: 382: 25130: 24960: 22771: 19509: 19486: 9545: 8555: 3310:

F-33 on their exteriors. On 8 August, a dress rehearsal was conducted off Tinian by Sweeney using

3260:, ships, military equipment, and other war materials. The four largest companies in the city were 2607:

saw", Tibbets told reporters, while Parsons said "the whole thing was tremendous and awe-inspiring

25895: 25100: 25015: 24577: 24330: 24325: 24305: 24196: 24186: 24181: 24161: 23711: 23239: 22556: 22501: 22302: 21887: 21831: 21701: 21561: 21246: 20899: 20795: 20701: 20269: 20137: 20107: 20071: 20056: 19928: 19820: 19798: 19744: 19730: 19712: 19376: 19157: 18885: 18834: 18264: 18055: 17982: 17890: 17767: 17194: 17071: 17001: 16810: 16562: 16489: 16242: 16139: 15694: 14384: 14246: 13041: 10218: 9050: 8098: 6688: 5140: 4191: 3841: 3796: 2311: 2196: 2081: 1787:, a port with industrial facilities including steel and aluminum plants and an oil refinery; and 1598: 1594: 1546: 1420: 894: 871: 832: 770: 707: 527: 22247: 14084:

Sharp, Patrick B. (2000). "From Yellow Peril to Japanese Wasteland: John Hersey's 'Hiroshima'".

4627:

measurements which began to reach accurate levels and thereby inform researchers, in the 1990s.

3995: 2026:, the acting chief of staff, since Marshall was at the Potsdam Conference with Truman. It read: 1911:

August, and they cost billions of dollars, so using one for a demonstration would be expensive.

1779:, an embarkation port and industrial center that was the site of a major military headquarters; 1399:

Over the next six months, the XXI Bomber Command under LeMay firebombed 64 Japanese cities. The

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The 509th Remembered: A History of the 509th Composite Group as Told by the Veterans Themselves

9901: 8311: 8277: 6687:[Air Raid Notice] (in Japanese). 岐阜新聞社 (Gifu Shinbunsha (Open Library)). Archived from 4836: 4590: 3936: 3280: 2928: 2092: 1190: 1133: 1121: 1083: 1048: 1008: 882:

on 26 July 1945, the alternative being "prompt and utter destruction". The Japanese government

793: 571: 282: 24670: 9138: 9116: 7030:"U. S. Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" 2146:

pre-assemblies (partly assembled bombs without the powder charge and fissile components) left

1656:, pneumatic actuators for rapid opening and closing of bomb bay doors and other improvements. 1645:

B-29s. These aircraft were specially adapted to carry nuclear weapons, and were equipped with

1178:

preparing the public for the invasion of Japan after the end of the war with Germany and Italy

26002: 25500: 25279: 24890: 24146: 24141: 24016: 23739: 23290: 23273: 23249: 23142: 23137: 23084: 22906: 22874: 22682: 22667: 22257: 22232: 22217: 22070: 21793: 21636: 21532: 21502: 21458: 21198: 21163: 21156: 21079: 20977: 20418: 20395: 20242: 19853: 19390: 19130: 19116: 18799: 18575: 18417: 18402: 18279: 17807: 17783: 17752: 16935: 16397: 16262: 16087: 15830: 15775: 15297: 15139:. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army. pp. 831–922. 13606:

McNelly, Theodore H. (2000). "The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb". In Jacob Neufeld (ed.).

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Mole, R. H. (1992). "ICRP and impairment of mental function following prenatal irradiation".

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The Effect of Exposure to the Atomic Bombs on Pregnancy Termination in Hiroshima and Nagasaki

9781: 9027: 8806: 8241: 8239: 8237: 6184: 4759:

Perhaps as many as 200 people from Hiroshima sought refuge in Nagasaki. The 2006 documentary

4536: 4345:

The Effect of Exposure to the Atomic Bombs on Pregnancy Termination in Hiroshima and Nagasaki

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Silent film footage taken in Hiroshima in March 1946 showing survivors with severe burns and

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started sending cameramen to Nagasaki and Hiroshima in September 1945. On 24 October 1945, a

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on Tinian, between 15 and 22 May. There were also two representatives from Washington, D.C.,

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Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945

12710:

Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo

9916: 8620:"Steel mill worker reveals blocking view of U.S. aircraft on day of Nagasaki atomic bombing" 6079: 4528: 4312:

time but the average radiation dose that would kill approximately 50 percent of adults (the

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the destruction to medical and administrative infrastructure would have been even greater.

3213: 2998:, who acted as his chief of staff. Soldiers from the undamaged Hiroshima Ujina Harbor used 2968: 2401: 2112: 1690: 1614: 1305: 1212: 1205: 1120:, the Allied invasion of Japan. The operation had two parts: set to begin in October 1945, 671: 659: 547: 353: 25227: 24710: 24634: 11166:"Twice Bombed, Twice Survived: Film Explores Untold Stories from Hiroshima & Nagasaki" 10219:"Long-term health effects of Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs not as dire as perceived" 9570: 8884: 8234: 1617:. Each bombardier completed at least 50 practice drops of inert or conventional explosive 1186: 8: 25725: 25619: 25186: 24870: 24750: 24221: 24171: 24126: 24116: 24101: 24091: 24076: 24056: 24031: 24021: 24011: 23765: 23585: 23575: 23017: 22766: 22459: 22377: 22372: 22322: 22222: 22090: 22012: 21786: 21664: 21620: 21142: 20276: 20042: 19569: 19399: 19383: 19332: 18314: 18078: 18061: 18050: 18040: 17966: 17896: 17718: 17693: 17293: 17240: 17213: 17203: 17149: 17144: 17129: 17006: 16830: 16509: 16504: 16387: 15931: 15886: 15846: 15669: 15538: 15404: 15391: 14182:. Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese Studies Series. London; New York: RoutledgeCurzon. 13902: 6210: 4196: 4104: 4049: 4034: 3900:

The seventh paragraph gives the reason for the ending of hostilities against the Allies:

3876: 3857: 3816: 3649: 3580: 3568: 3186: 2972: 2704: 2284: 2069: 2055: 1829: 1791:, a major industrial center. The target selection was subject to the following criteria: 1408: 1211:

The Americans were alarmed by the Japanese buildup, which was accurately tracked through

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Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Physical, Medical, and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings

14350: 14330:

Toon, O. B.; Turco, R. P.; Robock, A.; Bardeen, C.; Oman, L.; Stenchikov, G. L. (2007).

13242:

Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Physical, Medical, and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings

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paraphrased Truman as saying "there will be further dropping of the atomic bomb," while

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spotted the explosion from 160 kilometers (100 mi) away, and flew over to observe.

2565:

At 08:09, Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier, Major

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Quester, George H. (September 1970). "Japan and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty".

13744: 13736: 13501: 13353:"Why Did Henry Stimson Spare Kyoto from the Bomb?: Confusion in Postwar Historiography" 13194: 13163: 13158: 13069: 13037: 12511: 12453: 12430: 12167: 12159: 12023: 11724: 11716: 11048: 11021: 10745: 10733: 10686: 10643: 10526: 10521: 10504: 10482: 10145: 8292: 7789: 6557: 5055: 4955: 4856: 4815: 4793:

During the war, Japan brought as many as 670,000 Korean conscripts to Japan to work as

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who had still been living between 1958 and 1987 and who took part in the study. As the

4387:, a statistical excess of 507 cancers, of undefined lethality, were observed in 79,972 4209: 4074: 4058: 3987: 3957: 3844: 3812: 3785: 3654: 3553: 3178: 3127: 2663: 2658: 2353: 2180: 2087:

declared at a press conference that the Potsdam Declaration was no more than a rehash (

2072:, which outlined the terms of surrender for Japan. The declaration was presented as an 2012: 1870: 1757: 1704: 1610: 1485:

in 1938 made the development of an atomic bomb a theoretical possibility. Fears that a

1343: 1319: 1286: 1274: 1235: 1182: 1157: 1117: 1107: 1072: 1028: 1017: 918: 889:

The consent of the United Kingdom was obtained for the bombing, as was required by the

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Flames Over Tokyo: the US Army Air Forces' Incendiary Campaign against Japan 1944–1945

11842:"Global Nuclear Arsenal Declines, But Future Cuts Uncertain Amid U.S.-Russia Tensions" 11547:"Historians: Soviet offensive, key to Japan's WWII surrender, was eclipsed by A-bombs" 8996: 8602:"The Untold Story of How Japanese Steel Workers Saved Their City From the Atomic Bomb" 7909: 7527: 7489: 6145: 5752: 4335:(ABCC) was established in accordance with a presidential directive from Truman to the 4279:, thick clothing and fabric offered protection in many cases. The sometimes extensive 3965: 3848: 3703: 1625:

Operation Centerboard was assigned. The officer responsible for its allocation in the

25840: 25765: 25705: 25700: 25624: 25598: 25506: 25417: 25332: 25297: 25030: 24525: 24490: 24413: 24176: 24131: 24071: 24046: 24001: 23944: 23181: 23012: 22825: 22412: 22207: 22168: 21996: 21880: 21770: 21710: 21671: 21604: 21586: 21552: 21495: 21449: 21393: 21218: 20956: 20948: 20885: 20738: 20332: 19864: 19325: 19304: 19014: 18700: 18585: 18088: 17960: 17938: 17736: 17688: 17303: 16996: 16976: 16743: 16372: 16211: 16200: 16107: 15966: 15961: 15911: 15760: 15755: 15745: 15606: 15140: 15112: 15081: 15057: 15051: 15036: 15016: 14966: 14949: 14932: 14922: 14903: 14886: 14869: 14859: 14831: 14811: 14801: 14779: 14760: 14741: 14719: 14713: 14683: 14673: 14645: 14637: 14608: 14607:. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. 14584: 14560: 14550: 14526: 14516: 14495: 14483: 14479: 14454: 14421: 14411: 14394: 14364: 14318: 14308: 14291: 14281: 14264: 14254: 14232: 14212: 14202: 14183: 14166: 14156: 14139: 14129: 14121: 14101: 14072: 14062: 14038: 14028: 14011: 14001: 13984: 13974: 13955: 13924: 13916: 13906: 13880: 13870: 13848: 13838: 13832: 13811: 13780: 13774: 13761: 13748: 13728: 13691: 13681: 13661: 13651: 13634: 13611: 13579: 13557: 13547: 13530: 13508: 13487: 13470: 13460: 13417: 13393: 13387: 13374: 13339: 13329: 13312: 13293: 13274: 13255: 13245: 13228: 13211: 13201: 13180: 13170: 13142: 13132: 13115: 13092: 13082: 13050: 13023: 13004: 12998: 12994: 12982: 12972: 12952: 12923: 12913: 12896: 12886: 12866: 12846: 12836: 12830: 12810: 12783: 12773: 12754: 12735: 12713: 12696: 12686: 12666: 12656: 12649: 12635: 12625: 12606: 12596: 12576: 12566: 12558: 12538: 12519: 12492: 12482: 12461: 12437: 12416: 12406: 12389: 12379: 12360: 12343: 12333: 12312: 12302: 12276: 12257: 12238: 12219: 12214:(1996). "Japan's Delayed Surrender: A Reinterpretation". In Hogan, Michael J. (ed.). 12171: 12151: 12119: 12109: 12102: 12089: 12079: 12050: 12031: 11728: 11642: 11609: 11100: 11053: 10985: 10954: 10950: 10875:"Children of Hiroshima, Nagasaki survivors facing prejudice, discrimination in Japan" 10823: 10737: 10702: 10694: 10647: 10635: 10631: 10569: 10486: 10478: 10439: 10429: 10360: 10257: 10149: 10135: 10062: 10057: 10044: 10010: 9930: 9759: 9055: 8020: 7725: 5242: 5208: 5074: 4895: 4772: 4694: 4686: 4200: 4171: 4167: 3872: 3502: 3456:

At 03:47 Tinian time (GMT+10), 02:47 Japanese time, on the morning of 9 August 1945,

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Kort, Michael. "The Historiography of Hiroshima: The Rise and Fall of Revisionism."

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was 18.5 km (11.5 mi) away before it felt the shock waves from the blast.

2084: 1845:

Groves pointed to its military and industrial significance. Stimson then approached

1826:

in Tokyo has a greater fame than any other target but is of least strategic value."

1711:, the commander of Project Alberta, they became known as the "Tinian Joint Chiefs". 25835: 25740: 25720: 25402: 25392: 25327: 25166: 25045: 24995: 24915: 24760: 24700: 24520: 24470: 24206: 24086: 24051: 23949: 23864: 23859: 23350: 22788: 22751: 22677: 22635: 22531: 22491: 22292: 22287: 21915: 21908: 21852: 21516: 21281: 21267: 21170: 21107: 21058: 20871: 20724: 20671: 20481: 20432: 20346: 19576: 19553: 19086: 18437: 18432: 18269: 18123: 17444: 17164: 16885: 16557: 16232: 16031: 16016: 15981: 15956: 15810: 15765: 15410: 15397: 15104: 15004: 14996: 14900:

Hiroshima Diary: The Journal of a Japanese Physician, August 6 – September 30, 1945

14793: 14657: 14629: 14503: 14475: 14446: 14354: 14093: 13940: 13803: 13720: 13678:

The Road to Trinity: A Personal Account of How America's Nuclear Policies Were Made

13364: 13154: 12944: 12727: 12532: 12290: 12203: 12199: 12179: 12143: 12131: 11708: 11601: 11551: 11043: 11033: 11022:"Sex ratio among offspring of childhood cancer survivors treated with radiotherapy" 10946: 10729: 10678: 10627: 10561: 10516: 10474: 10421: 10249: 10127: 10104: 10052: 10034: 9920: 9378:"Imperial Rescript ending war – What Hirohito really said in his acceptance speech" 8803: 7677: 5196: 5166: 4898:. The committee also planned to establish 30 commemorative plaques in three years. 4429: 4241: 4116: 4011: 3974: 3910: 3776: 3711: 3631:. Firing off every flare on board to alert the field to his emergency landing, the 3489: 3479: 3420: 2959: 2259: 2184: 2134: 1983: 1907: 1784: 1745: 1741: 1412: 1400: 1385: 1362: 1246: 1231: 1223: 1161: 1092: 1020: 952: 890: 829: 805: 627: 455: 441: 411: 324: 304: 24930: 24720: 24604: 19095: 17419: 15033:

Letters from the End of the World: A Firsthand Account of the Bombing of Hiroshima

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purposes. Yamahata took scores of photographs, and on 21 August, they appeared in

3284:

The harbor at Nagasaki in August 1945 before the city was hit with the atomic bomb

2324:, named after Tibbets's mother and piloted by Tibbets, took off from North Field, 2299:. These continued to be expanded and extended up to the morning of 6 August 1945. 25690: 25412: 25382: 25352: 24274: 24211: 24166: 24066: 23072: 23005: 22901: 22862: 22746: 22689: 22561: 22464: 22362: 22282: 22277: 22227: 21938: 21650: 21565: 21523: 21421: 21364: 21232: 21014: 21005: 20534: 20116: 20092: 19346: 18725: 18534: 18470: 18390: 17677: 17516: 17464: 17169: 17091: 17011: 16484: 16323: 16237: 16077: 16041: 15971: 15906: 15896: 15871: 15770: 15750: 15725: 15545: 14946:

Original Child Bomb: Points for Meditation to be Scratched on the Walls of a Cave

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Living with the Bomb: American and Japanese Cultural Conflicts in the Nuclear Age

12858: 12678: 12537:. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 12474: 11124:"NUCLEAR CRISIS: Hiroshima and Nagasaki cast long shadows over radiation science" 10850: 10309:"Nuclear Crisis: Hiroshima and Nagasaki cast long shadows over radiation science" 10246:

Ciba Foundation Symposium 203 – Health Impacts of Large Releases of Radionuclides

9644: 9407: 7816: 7272: 6922: 6920: 6907: 6905: 5152: 5066: 4492: 4440: 4245: 4204: 4026: 3772: 3715: 3628: 3526: 3385: 3221: 3198: 2948: 2465: 2387: 2339: 2188: 2023: 1877: 1849: 1634: 1482: 1335: 1239: 1216: 1128:

intended to capture the southern third of the southernmost main Japanese island,

1116:

on 8 May 1945, plans were underway for the largest operation of the Pacific War,

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post-attack environment, data from this cohort do support the increased risk of

3586:

At 11:01 Japanese Time, a last-minute break in the clouds over Nagasaki allowed

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who studied with three of the scientists responsible for the atomic bomb at the

2119:, and delegation of the punishment of war criminals to the Japanese government. 25793: 25560: 25407: 25367: 25357: 25337: 25302: 24865: 23954: 23022: 23000: 22978: 22956: 22951: 22476: 22407: 22337: 22082: 21945: 21481: 21407: 19459: 19318: 18539: 18319: 17706: 17639: 17414: 17308: 17134: 17124: 16981: 16945: 16367: 16180: 16175: 15946: 15891: 15881: 15876: 15795: 15720: 15649: 15564: 15108: 14733: 13892: 13860: 13075:

Atoms for Peace and War, 1953–1961: Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission

12796: 11638: 10911: 10253: 9744: 9675: 8247: 6008: 5108: 5078: 4847: 4724: 4559: 4465: 4217: 4130: 4121: 4030: 3799:, to collect them. At Los Alamos, technicians worked 24 hours straight to cast 3792: 3689: 3205: 2979: 2924: 2593: 2589: 2566: 2551: 2547: 2169: 2127: 1881: 1719: 1650: 1646: 1494: 1416: 1254: 1088: 1076: 909: 615: 469: 377: 299: 48: 24805: 17449: 17424: 15555: 15438: 15427: 15416: 14633: 14530: 14515:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 34–55, 317–321. 13444: 13369: 13352: 13129:

The American Experience in World War II: The Atomic Bomb in History and Memory

12948: 12043:

Appleman, Roy E.; Burns, James M.; Gugeler, Russell A.; Stevens, John (1948).

11605: 10818: 10196: 8700: 6917: 6902: 6558:"The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II, A Collection of Primary Sources" 6350: 4284: 3823: 3795:

for Tinian on 11 and 14 August, and Tibbets was ordered by LeMay to return to

1426:

The Japanese military was unable to stop the Allied attacks and the country's

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Rights and Liberties in the Biotech Age: Why We Need a Genetic Bill of Rights

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The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America

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Fallout: the Hiroshima cover-up and the reporter who revealed it to the world

7931: 7773: 7246: 5340: 5173: 5134: 4631: 4484: 4473: 4448: 4444: 4413: 4396: 4053: 4017: 3964:

On 10 August 1945, the day after the Nagasaki bombing, military photographer

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In preparation for dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, the Oppenheimer-led

1894: 1518: 1464: 1427: 1227: 158: 129: 116: 98: 85: 24660: 17041: 14936: 14873: 14564: 14425: 14398: 14359: 14322: 14170: 14143: 14076: 14042: 14015: 13988: 13884: 13852: 13695: 13665: 13343: 13316: 13215: 13184: 13146: 13096: 12927: 12850: 12639: 12393: 12347: 12316: 12123: 11312: 11131: 10162: 10039: 9948:

CERVENY, T. JAN; MacVITTIE, THOMAS J.; YOUNG, ROBERT W. (27 December 2016).

7116:"Frequently Asked Questions about the Atomic-bomb Survivor Research Program" 6890: 6809: 3529:

the previous day. Additionally, the Yahata Steel Works intentionally burned

3257: 1581: 1517:

to construct the production facilities necessary to produce uranium-235 and

26033: 25362: 25312: 23153: 23089: 22630: 22055: 21859: 20159: 20064: 19695: 19058: 18822: 18780: 16537: 16414: 16252: 16134: 15991: 15936: 15916: 15901: 15805: 15629: 15561:

Hiroshima and Nagasaki: A Look Back at the US Atomic Bombing 64 Years Later

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140 Days to Hiroshima: The Story of Japan's Last Chance to Avert Armageddon

14649: 14612: 14216: 13936: 13583: 13491: 13003:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 12870: 12814: 12465: 12035: 11272: 11057: 11038: 10741: 10639: 10443: 10308: 9235: 9022: 8102:. Burnie, Tasmania: National Library of Australia. 9 August 1945. p. 1 7362: 5181: 4915: 4832: 4748: 4740: 4651: 4598: 4548: 4520: 4421: 4412:

While during the preimplantation period, that is one to ten days following

4400: 4392: 4324:

and death is increased when a usually non-lethal radiation dose moderately

4237: 3699: 3209: 2581: 2444: 2342:, which carried instrumentation, and a then-nameless aircraft later called 2258:, which commanded the defense of all of southern Japan, and was located in 2236: 2061: 2008: 1991: 1971: 1898: 1618: 1601: 1373: 1202: 1013: 897: 789: 769:

to the Allies on 15 August, six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the

754: 606: 601: 515: 34: 17111: 16728: 15372:"Photo Essay: Hiroshima and Nagasaki: 75th anniversary of atomic bombings" 15144: 14885:. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Energy, History Division. 14386:

Diplomatic Papers: The Conference of Berlin (the Potsdam Conference), 1945

12441: 11261:, p. 140 Dower says that Korean survivor groups use higher estimates. 10706: 10573: 10544:

Blot, William J.; Miller, Robert W. (1973). "Mental Retardation Following

10415: 10244:

Streffer, Christian (2007). "Biological Effects of Prenatal Irradiation".

10066: 8270:"Statement by the President Announcing the Use of the A-Bomb at Hiroshima" 5721: 4602: 4509:

Despite the small sample size of 1,600 to 1,800 persons who came forth as

4166:

and other German atomic scientists, whom the British held at Farm Hall in

1593:

was constituted on 9 December 1944, and activated on 17 December 1944, at

1460: 42: 25545: 25377: 24572: 23045: 22973: 22889: 22709: 22434: 21694: 21680: 21342: 20018: 19839: 19824: 19178: 18384: 18166: 17184: 16738: 16082: 16036: 16001: 15976: 15921: 15825: 15815: 15699: 15071: 14828:

Road to Surrender: Three Men and the Countdown to the End of World War II

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Nuclear Dawn: the Atomic Bomb, from the Manhattan Project to the Cold War

14054: 12294: 12211: 10906: 10794: 10131: 9704: 9031:. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 19 September 1945. p. 20 8969: 8941: 8581: 8569: 8076: 8074: 6785: 5203:

came to depend on the use of nuclear weapons to defend itself during the

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strictly dependent manner dependent on their distance from the hypocenter

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had insufficient fuel to reach Iwo Jima and would be forced to divert to

3534: 3517:

After exceeding the original departure time limit by nearly a half-hour,

3274: 3194: 3171: 2995: 2991: 2692: 2585: 2543: 2535: 2523:, removed the safety devices 30 minutes before reaching the target area. 2240: 2221: 2019: 1975: 1642: 1510: 1502: 1381: 1000: 947: 855: 817: 292: 263: 30: 13971:

Project Alberta: The Preparation of Atomic Bombs For Use in World War II

13740: 13416:. Hiroshima: The Radiation Effects Research Foundation. pp. 42–61. 4950:, and an arch near ground zero. In 2013, four locations were designated 3238: 2588:, by approximately 240 m (800 ft) and detonated directly over 2558:

flew over the city. It broadcast a short message which was picked up by

1051:. Offensives were undertaken to reduce the Japanese forces remaining in 25372: 25317: 23132: 23040: 22946: 22879: 22652: 21049: 20802: 20781: 19674: 19007: 18935: 18770: 18259: 17826: 16986: 16602: 16185: 16129: 15866: 15856: 15785: 15008: 14153:

Nuke-rebuke: Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons

13823: 13758:

Effects of Ionizing Radiation: Atomic Bomb Survivors and Their Children

13724: 13569: 13266: 12449: 12163: 11948:"Editorial: It's time for Japan to step up and join nuclear ban treaty" 11720: 11097:"Birth defects among the children of atomic-bomb survivors (1948–1954)" 10768: 10690: 10361:"Birth defects among the children of atomic-bomb survivors (1948–1954)" 10108: 9765: 9465:"For one reporter, 1945 visit to Hiroshima was about more than a scoop" 8177: 7804: 7504: 4594: 4582: 4317: 4300: 4272: 4183: 3969: 3800: 3757: 3261: 3139: 3011: 2696: 2232: 2065: 1799: 1772: 1550: 1542: 1273:

units were trained in their use. Consideration was also given to using

905: 825: 22968: 16895: 15513:"Annotated bibliography for atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" 15174: 14113: 11824:"Here's how many nuclear warheads exist, and which countries own them" 10698: 10565: 10417:

Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V

9934: 8457: 8152: 8071: 7377: 7048: 7027: 5069:. The Japanese may have surrendered without the bombings, but only an 3181:

had informed Tokyo of the Soviet Union's unilateral abrogation of the

1919: 1760:

from Project Alberta, and the Manhattan Project's scientific advisor,

25387: 25307: 24495: 24485: 22798: 22417: 22267: 21312: 20717: 20514: 20325: 20123: 20078: 17882: 17313: 17288: 17283: 17096: 16967: 16900: 16572: 16227: 16093: 15861: 15664: 13114:(3rd ed.). Hiroshima: Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation. 2003. 10285: 10080:

National Research Council (1991). Neel, J. V.; Schull, W. J. (eds.).

7870: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6578: 5062: 4670: 4646: 4623: 4163: 4022: 3735: 3731: 3598: 3575:, urging him to tell the public about the danger involved with these 3498: 3483:

Nagasaki before and after the bombing, after the fires had burned out

3342: 3266: 3086: 3051: 2654: 2577: 2437: 2320: 2296: 2227: 2177: 2097: 2073: 1954:

we cannot promise that only these cities will be among those attacked

1776: 1754: 1653: 1637:, known as the 1st Technical Detachment. The 509th Composite Group's 1622: 1538: 1175: 883: 840: 758: 715: 71: 19599: 15575: 14434: 14180:

The Japanese-Soviet Neutrality Pact: A Diplomatic History, 1941–1945

13807: 12621:

MacArthur's ULTRA: Codebreaking and the War Against Japan, 1942–1945

12481:. Washington, D.C.: Center for Air Force History. pp. 383–452. 12357:

House of War: The Pentagon and the Disastrous Rise of American Power

12147: 12078:. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. pp. 24–58. 11860:"Nuclear weapons: Which countries have them and how many are there?" 11712: 10765:"Hiroshima urges shift from nuclear deterrence on 79th A-bomb anniv" 10682: 9925: 6980: 6863:

can fall anywhere in the range of "ignore" to "treat with contempt".

5863: 3044: 3032: 2068:

desert exceeded expectations. On 26 July, Allied leaders issued the

1497:

report in late 1941, which indicated that only 5 to 10 kilograms of

1354: 23174: 23112: 22884: 22803: 19583: 19311: 17392: 16825: 16516: 16460: 16267: 16100: 15634: 15569: 15460: 14902:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. 14097: 13546:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. 12964: 12770:

Hell to Pay: Operation Downfall and the Invasion of Japan 1945–1947

6838: 6826: 5204: 5082: 4661: 4510: 4367: 3875:

which was broadcast to the Japanese nation the next day despite an

3530: 3378: 3312: 3244: 3156: 2785: 2539: 2173: 1854: 1780: 1686: 1682: 1449: 1432: 1258: 1250: 1095: 1075:

were killed. Of the 117,000 Okinawan and Japanese troops defending

762: 75: 17485: 16292: 15539:

Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims

13110: 12829:

Goldstein, Donald; Dillon, Katherine V; Wenger, J Michael (1995).

12376:

Target Hiroshima: Deak Parsons and the Creation of the Atomic Bomb

10425: 10169: 9081:. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. p. 19. Archived from 8429:. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. p. 15. Archived from 7822: 7401: 7389: 6715: 6575: 4761:

Twice Survived: The Doubly Atomic Bombed of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

4585:– rather than the biologically significant, biologically weighted 1818:

to be internationally recognized when publicity on it is released.

1723:

The mission runs of 6 and 9 August, with Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and

16567: 16257: 16124: 15551:

Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims

14382: 14229:

War's End: An Eyewitness Account of America's Last Atomic Mission

12516:

Atom Bombs: The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man

11934:"122 countries adopt 'historic' UN treaty to ban nuclear weapons" 11635:

Terror from the Sky: The Bombing of German Cities in World War II

11491: 9380:. Translated by William Wetherall. Yosha Research. Archived from 9153: 8298: 7702:. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. p. 9. Archived from 7115: 7060: 6189:

Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims

5267: 5265: 4744: 4611: 4606: 4586: 4276: 3832: 3791:

Two more Fat Man assemblies were readied, and scheduled to leave

3602: 3249: 2958:

headquarters were undergoing physical training on the grounds of

2612: 2526: 2151: 2116: 2103: 1733: 1660: 1558: 1498: 1423:, the U.S. fire-bombed over a hundred Japanese towns and cities. 1309: 1068: 836: 816:

on 8 May 1945, and the Allies turned their full attention to the

15169:

Newman, Robert P. "Hiroshima and the Trashing of Henry Stimson"

15135:(1966). "Manhattan Project". In Ahnfeldt, Arnold Lorentz (ed.). 14393:. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 13920: 10503:

Otake, Masanori; Yoshimaru, Hiroshi; Schull, William J. (1989).

9194: 9192: 7547: 7545: 6968: 6754:. Washington, DC: United States Department of State. 4 July 1945 5330: 5328: 5238:

Culture Shock and Japanese-American Relations: Historical Essays

5180:. By 1986, the United States had 23,317 nuclear weapons and the 4831:

was opened in 1955 in the Peace Park. Hiroshima also contains a

2328:, about six hours' flight time from Japan, at 02:45 local time. 1505:

were needed for a bomb instead of tons of natural uranium and a

1444:

Japanese had 137,800,000 litres (1,156,000 US bbl) of

20193: 18791: 17245: 16419: 15643: 15489: 14574:"Memory Wars: The Politics of Remembering the Asia-Pacific War" 11146: 7729: 7432: 7430: 7428: 6126: 4577:

The reporting of doses in terms of absorbed energy in units of

4515: 4321: 4264: 3806: 3461: 3160: 2772:

worn by a survivor burned into her skin in tight-fitting areas.

2769: 2325: 2187:

in a magnesium field carrying case designed for the purpose by

2108: 1768: 1724: 1331: 1327: 1141: 1129: 863: 15254:"The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" 13153: 12832:

Rain of Ruin: a Photographic History of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

12403:

Japan, 1945: From Operation Downfall to Hiroshima and Nagasaki

12254:

Creating Military Power: the Sources of Military Effectiveness

11995: 11479: 10375: 9813:. Associated Press. 7 August 1945. p. 1–A. Archived from 9334: 9222: 9097: 8706: 8338: 7639: 7122:(Formerly known as the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC)) 6926: 6911: 6393: 5971: 5262: 5214:

On 7 July 2017, more than 120 countries voted to adopt the UN

5191:, but Japan was not one of them. Japan reluctantly signed the 5073:

surrender would satisfy the Allies. Others, such as historian

4723:

and their children were (and still are) victims of fear-based

4079:

The Effects of the Atomic Bombs Against Hiroshima and Nagasaki

4043:

then apparently reversed course and ran a front-page story by

2126:

that Britain be represented when the atomic bomb was dropped.

1880:

had suggested giving the Japanese a non-combat demonstration.

231: 20381: 16612: 14547:

Blankets of Fire: U.S. Bombers over Japan during World War II

13290:

The Consequential Damages of Nuclear War: The Rongelap Report

11071: 10819:"Cancer did not hinder atomic bomb survivor's annual mission" 9204: 9189: 8748: 8726: 7542: 7299: 7287: 6992: 6766: 6044: 5839: 5827: 5779: 5767: 5671: 5635: 5623: 5611: 5599: 5575: 5325: 4942: 4656: 4360:

Cancers do not immediately emerge after exposure to radiation

3935:

dated 8 August 1945. The cartoon refers back to the Japanese

3662:. He also noted its "Victor" number as 77, which was that of 2971:, when the bomb exploded. She used a special phone to inform 1982:

In 1943, the United States and the United Kingdom signed the

1788: 1445: 1266: 13525:; Tolzer, Eliot (August 1957). "How We Dropped the A-Bomb". 13000:

Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan

11914: 11735: 11688:. International Law Association of Japan. 1994. p. 147. 9914: 9882: 9571:"Oppenheimer: Monaghan man who captured nuclear devastation" 9322: 9310: 8379: 8377: 8134:"Americans Killed by Atomic Bomb to be Honored in Hiroshima" 7425: 7011: 7009: 7007: 6944: 6932: 6621: 6619: 5412: 5388: 5376: 5195:

in February 1970, but is still sheltered under the American

3923:

Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in popular culture

3321:

Special Mission 16, secondary target Nagasaki, 9 August 1945

2691:(A-bomb) dome, which was only 150 m (490 ft) from 2360:

Special Mission 13, primary target Hiroshima, 6 August 1945

2183:, was transported in the custody of Project Alberta courier 18129:

1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection

17813: 16205: 15674: 15077:

Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944–1945

13650:. East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press. 13270:

Unforgettable Fire: Pictures Drawn by Atomic Bomb Survivors

12563:

My true course: Dutch Van Kirk, Northumberland to Hiroshima

12042: 11996:"Japan | Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons" 11902: 11793: 11791: 11290: 9625: 8469: 8245: 7642:

Unforgettable fire: Pictures drawn by atomic bomb survivors

6458: 6351:"Atomic Bomb: Decision – Target Committee, May 10–11, 1945" 6107:. 509th Composite Group. 1945. pp. 8–9. Archived from 5911: 5587: 5563: 5539: 5529: 5527: 5510:"Minutes of Meeting held at the White House, June 18, 1945" 5346: 5200: 4630:

Many other investigations into cognitive outcomes, such as

4519:

absorption of a substantial dose of radiation and then the

4420:" can cause complications of implantation and death of the 4313: 2987: 2931:

that engulfed the city, some three hours after the bombing.

2239:(center in photograph) can be seen with six members of the 2200: 1893:

The possibility of a demonstration was raised again in the

1323: 15515:. Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues. Archived from 14856:

Five Days in August: How World War II Became a Nuclear War

14435:"The Decision to Use the Bomb: A Historiographical Update" 12683:

The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner

12595:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–142. 11890: 11844:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL). 17 June 2019. 11747: 9516: 9404:"Emperor Hirohito's Surrender Rescript to Japanese Troops" 7311: 7191:"Literary Fallout: The legacies of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" 7158: 6956: 6565:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 162

6509: 6146:"Minutes of 3rd Target Committee Meeting 28 May 1945" 5923: 5478: 5400: 5364: 5126:

In 1963 the bombings were subjected to judicial review in

4531:, the data collected suggests a threshold intrauterine or 4230:

Epidemiology data for low-linear energy transfer radiation

3189:, Soviet infantry, armor, and air forces had launched the 2530:

The Hiroshima atom bomb cloud 2–5 minutes after detonation

1990:, which included one Canadian representative, was held at 1670:

for the Marianas, while group materiel was shipped on the

1663:, Washington. On 6 May the support elements sailed on the 994: Gray: Areas controlled by the Soviet Union (neutral) 933:

were a war crime, raising moral and ethical implications.

24458: 15298:"Tale of Two Cities: The Story of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" 14223: 13112:

Eyewitness Testimonies: Appeals from the A-Bomb Survivors

12218:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 80–115. 11503: 11019: 10413: 10079: 9860: 9858: 9719: 9358: 8997:"How Effective Was Navajo Code? One Former Captive Knows" 8790: 8682: 8648: 8587: 8575: 8542: 8394: 8392: 8374: 8350: 7606: 7004: 6648: 6646: 6616: 6591:"The Information War in the Pacific, 1945 Paths to Peace" 6446: 6369: 6252: 6240: 5815: 5647: 5050:

Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

3751: 3061: 2811:

A photograph of the aftermath of the bombing of Hiroshima

11866: 11803: 11788: 10935:"The Children of Atomic Bomb Survivors: A Genetic Study" 10505:"Prenatal Exposure to Atomic Radiation and Brain Damage" 10341: 9346: 9228: 9139:"The Achievements of Dr. Takashi Nagai | 長崎市平和・原爆" 8907:"A Veiled Truth: The U.S. Censorship of the Atomic Bomb" 8833: 8821: 8760: 8481: 8173:"Hidden History: American POWS Were Killed in Hiroshima" 7756:"A Photo-Essay on the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" 7091: 7089: 7087: 6521: 6485: 6381: 6324: 6312: 6056: 5899: 5659: 5524: 5352: 4498: 3847:

had already obtained signatures from Toyoda and General

2592:. It released the equivalent energy of 16 ± 2 2293:

systematic evacuation ordered by the Japanese government

1775:), the site of one of Japan's largest munitions plants; 1308:

involved India-based B-29s staging through bases around

1193:

troops prepared to defend the home islands, backed by a

753:

On 6 and 9 August 1945, the United States detonated two

13625:

Moore, Mike (July–August 1995). "Troublesome Imagery".

12326:

The Silverplate Bombers: A History and Registry of the

11878: 11567: 11099:. Radiation Effects Research Foundation. Archived from 8857: 8493: 8326: 7996: 7146: 6752:"Minutes of a Meeting of the Combined Policy Committee" 6665: 6663: 6661: 6475: 6473: 6436: 6434: 6300: 5875: 5551: 5424: 4428:

caused by the radiation from the bombings, during this

3540:

With fuel running low because of the failed fuel pump,

1961: 1098:

that defeat was inevitable, and urged him to abdicate.

19453:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

15282:"Scientific Data of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Disaster" 14705:"Hiroshima and Nagasaki Missions – Planes & Crews" 14329: 13223:

Hubbell, Harry; Cheka, Joseph; Jones, Throyce (1969).

12883:

Now it Can be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project

12332:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. 11467: 10719: 9855: 9177: 9165: 8772: 8548: 8445: 8404: 8389: 7810: 7413: 7170: 7072: 6643: 6497: 6228: 6032: 5803: 5301: 5289: 5277: 4731:; much of the public persist with the belief that the 4635:

size is too small to determine with any significance.

3556:, which had become entirely Allied-occupied territory 3185:

on 5 April. At two minutes past midnight on 9 August,

3022: 1805:

The target was unlikely to be attacked by August 1945.

26017: 18515:

United States aircraft production during World War II

14963:

Hiroshima no shiroi sora (The White Sky in Hiroshima)

14858:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 14847:

Unconditional: The Japanese Surrender in World War II

13756:

Peterson, Leif E.; Abrahamson, Seymour, eds. (1998).

12912:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. 12828: 11515: 11240: 9947: 9870: 8937:"Nagasaki memorial adds British POW as A-bomb victim" 7451:"The Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Explosions" 7134: 7084: 6986: 6732: 6703: 6078:. Air Force Historical Studies Office. Archived from 5791: 5466: 4940:

Some of the rubble was left as a memorial, such as a

4914:

Panoramic view of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. The

4447:

led the study which found that the overall number of

1700:, the deputy commander of the Manhattan Project, and 15492:. Google Earth mapping of Hiroshima bombing archives 15284:. Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University 15227:"Correspondence Regarding Decision to Drop the Bomb" 14227:; Antonucci, James A.; Antonucci, Marion K. (1997). 12460:. Vol. 6. London: Purnell. pp. 2536–2544. 12182:(1986). "A postwar myth: 500,000 U.S. lives saved". 12030:. Vol. 6. London: Purnell. pp. 2566–2576. 11337:. Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation. Archived from 11172:. Columbia University. 2 August 2006. Archived from 10660: 10502: 10126:, United Nations, pp. 3–10, 12 September 2016, 10084:(Report). Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press 9731: 9581: 9488: 9486: 9484: 9482: 9480: 9449: 9447: 8362: 8094:"Heart of Hiroshima Wiped Out as by Giant Bulldozer" 7551: 7028:

United States Strategic Bombing Survey (June 1946).

6878: 6658: 6631: 6533: 6470: 6431: 5745:"1945 Tokyo Firebombing Left Legacy of Terror, Pain" 5490: 5313: 4616:

higher biological effect per unit of energy absorbed

2314:

for the Hiroshima bombing as posted on 5 August 1945

2191:. Magnesium was chosen because it does not act as a 1876:

During the meetings on 31 May and 1 June, scientist

1059:

and the Philippines. In April 1945, American forces

18007:

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

15476:. Google Earth mapping of Nagasaki bombing archives 15203:"Documents on the Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb" 14549:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 14155:. Iowa City, Iowa: The Spirit That Moves Us Press. 14128:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 14059:

The Atomic Bomb: Voices from Hiroshima and Nagasaki

14025:

Wings of Judgment: American Bombing in World War II

13610:. New York: Diane Publishing Co. pp. 131–170. 12301:. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. pp. 10–25. 12256:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 11998:. International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons 11686:

The Japanese Annual of International Law: Volume 36

10011:"The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission in Retrospect" 8845: 8712: 8688: 8114: 8033: 8019:. New York: First Simon & Schuster. p. 5. 7984: 7482:"The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima, Aug 6, 1945" 6866: 6414:"Henry Stimson didn't go to Kyoto on his honeymoon" 5983: 5959: 5935: 5887: 5851: 5692:"March 9, 1945: Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy" 4416:, intrauterine radiation exposure of "at least 0.2 4095:cameraman from continuing to film in Nagasaki. All 3896:

lead to the total extinction of human civilization.

3197:on the nation, with the support of Minister of War 1208:, predicted up to 20 million Japanese deaths. 15409:is available for free viewing and download at the 15396:is available for free viewing and download at the 14275: 13755: 13500: 13193: 13162: 12795:Glasstone, Samuel; Dolan, Philip J., eds. (1977). 12648: 12591:(1996). "The Bombed". In Hogan, Michael J. (ed.). 12479:Case Studies in the Achievement of Air Superiority 12429: 12101: 11307: 11305: 10248:. Novartis Foundation Symposia. pp. 155–166. 10175: 10163:"The Fallout – the medical aftermath of Hiroshima" 9664: 9662: 8463: 8158: 8080: 7510: 7407: 7395: 7383: 7066: 7054: 6896: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6001: 5947: 5720:. The Future of Freedom Foundation. Archived from 5193:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 4362:; instead, radiation-induced cancer has a minimum 3867:, asked whether the war would be continued if the 3204:On 7 August, a day after Hiroshima was destroyed, 2203:transport aircraft of the 509th Composite Group's 1525:, eventually under the direction of Major General 1067:, most fought until they were killed or committed 18492: 15418:Video footage of the bombing of Nagasaki (silent) 13776:Before The Fallout: From Marie Curie to Hiroshima 12732:Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire 11363:. Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. Archived from 9829: 9598: 9596: 9477: 9444: 9268:. Voices of the Manhattan Project. Archived from 8807:"Eyewitness Account of Atomic Bomb Over Nagasaki" 7580: 5715: 5207:, a policy that became known in the 1950s as the 1604:. Tibbets was assigned to organize and command a 904:, for atomic bombs to be used against Hiroshima, 804:that devastated 64 Japanese cities, including an 26124:Strategic bombing conducted by the United States 26065: 22112: 17470:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 15429:Reconstruction video of the bombing of Hiroshima 14307:. New Hope, Pennsylvania: Enola Gay Remembered. 13267:Japanese Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) (1977). 12624:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 12330:and Other B-29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs 10552:to the Atomic Bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki". 10420:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 9807:"Vatican Regrets Inventors Did Not Destroy Bomb" 8520:. The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Archived from 7526:. The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Archived from 7333:. The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Archived from 7271:. The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Archived from 7269:"Timeline #2 – the 509th; The Hiroshima Mission" 7245:. The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Archived from 6179: 6177: 6175: 6173: 4963:former Nagasaki City Shiroyama Elementary School 4716:; 344,306 in Hiroshima and 198,785 in Nagasaki. 3956:The Hiroshima ruins in March and April 1946, by 2923:For decades this photo was misidentified as the 2216: 968: White and green: Areas controlled by Japan 18190:United States Senate election in Missouri, 1934 18155:Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site 17440:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation 15456:The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki 15314:"The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" 15262:Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum 15207:Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum 14849:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 13036: 11302: 10015:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9659: 9117:"Rescue and Relief Activities | 長崎市平和・原爆" 8965:"Two Dutch POWs join Nagasaki bomb victim list" 8662:"Spitzer Personal Diary Page 25 (CGP-ASPI-025)" 8274:Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum 8248:"The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" 8222: 7966:Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum 7692: 7331:"Timeline #2- the 509th; The Hiroshima Mission" 7323: 7237: 7235: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7104: 6844: 6832: 6726: 6336: 6002:Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). 5995: 4591:difference between X-ray and neutron absorption 3233: 2596:(66.9 ± 8.4 TJ). The weapon was 1101: 1071:. Nearly 99 percent of the 21,000 defenders of 771:Soviet Union's declaration of war against Japan 16429: 15229:. Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. Archived from 15053:Hibakusha: Survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 14622:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 14251:Bombing Civilians: A Twentieth Century History 13705:Hiroshima in History: The Myths of Revisionism 13498: 13227:. Hiroshima: Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission. 12794: 12772:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 12378:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 11072:"Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF)" 10498: 10496: 10381: 9593: 9544:Goodman, Amy; Goodman, David (5 August 2005). 9543: 9103: 8518:"Timeline #3- the 509th; The Nagasaki Mission" 7032:. Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. Archived from 6281:. Tinian. 1945. pp. 17–22. Archived from 5742: 5012: 4997: 4982: 4967: 4710: 4676: 4407: 3501:as previously agreed with Sweeney and Captain 2899:A mobilized school girl suffered burns to face 2642: 2629: 956:Situation of the Pacific War on 1 August 1945. 854:was trained and equipped with the specialized 24444: 22383:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 22098: 18807: 18478: 17501: 16308: 15591: 15330:"The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II" 14883:The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb 14126:A World Destroyed: Hiroshima and its Legacies 13973:. Los Alamos, New Mexico: Exceptional Books. 13608:Pearl to V-J Day: World War II in the Pacific 13482:Knebel, Fletcher; Bailey, Charles W. (1960). 13443: 13239: 13222: 12565:. Lawrenceville, Georgia: Red Gremlin Press. 12556: 12510: 12452:(1969). "Japan at the End of Her Tether". In 12251: 12022:Allen, Louis (1969). "The Nuclear Raids". In 11296: 11196:"Japan Confirms First Double A-Bomb Survivor" 10609: 10181: 9631: 9602: 9340: 7682:"Counting the dead at Hiroshima and Nagasaki" 7468: 7305: 7293: 6950: 6938: 6170: 5334: 5241:. University of Missouri Press. p. 228. 4539:neural cells (8 to 15 weeks post-conception) 3450:Strike spare – did not complete mission 2827:for the American airmen who died in the blast 2509:Strike spare – did not complete mission 2095:, that the government intended to ignore it ( 2018:Orders for the attack were issued to General 2015:, as this also required British concurrence. 1767:The Target Committee nominated five targets: 802:conventional bombing and firebombing campaign 247: 23307:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 18239:1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries 14049: 13998:World War II in the Pacific: an Encyclopedia 13481: 13323: 12252:Brooks, Risa; Stanley, Elizabeth A. (2007). 12237:. Mankato, Minnesota: The Creative Company. 11497: 11485: 9776: 9774: 9766:Japanese Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) 1977 8421: 8419: 8246:Manhattan Engineer District (29 June 1946). 8228: 8209:National Archives and Records Administration 7640:Japan Broadcasting Corporation, ed. (1977). 7576:– via Defense Threat Reduction Agency. 7516: 7232: 7101: 5718:"Bombings Worse than Nagasaki and Hiroshima" 5216:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 4128:and originally published in article form in 3807:Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation 3563:A few minutes later at 11:00 Japanese Time, 2122:At Potsdam, Truman agreed to a request from 1727:(the original target for 9 August) displayed 1576: 1140:, near Tokyo on the main Japanese island of 18114:Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite 17596:1952 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum 16792:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office 15572:2005 website commemorating 60th anniversary 14619: 14502: 14245: 13521: 13324:Jowett, Philip S.; Andrew, Stephen (2002). 13068: 12655:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. 11908: 11361:"Fifty Years for the Peace Memorial Museum" 11152: 10493: 10278:"The Radiation Effects Research Foundation" 9799: 9740:"Eighty-Five from the Archive: John Hersey" 9290: 9242:. Aviation Publishing Group. Archived from 8796: 7654: 7317: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6399: 5869: 4664:, Japan. One-legged torii in the background 3939:to rationalize the American atomic bombing. 3460:, flown by Sweeney's crew, lifted off from 3201:, to stop anyone attempting to make peace. 3105:Truman talks about the bombing of Hiroshima 3050:Hiroshima after the bombing and subsequent 1132:. This was to be followed in March 1946 by 24451: 24437: 22105: 22091: 18814: 18800: 18485: 18471: 17978:Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946 17508: 17494: 16315: 16301: 15598: 15584: 15406:Children of Hiroshima (Reel 2 of 2) (1952) 15393:Children of Hiroshima (Reel 1 of 2) (1952) 14664: 14383:United States Department of State (1960). 14276:Thomas, Gordon; Morgan-Witts, Max (1977). 14177: 13830: 13406: 13017: 12707: 12531:Craven, Wesley; Cate, James, eds. (1953). 12530: 11455:(in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs 11401: 10543: 9978:"Nuclear fallout medical effects. Mettler" 9888: 8754: 8344: 7864: 7785:"The Hiroshima Mushroom Cloud That Wasn't" 7760:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 7436: 7164: 7015: 6772: 6625: 6375: 6246: 6068: 5917: 5905: 5845: 5833: 5821: 5785: 5773: 5677: 5653: 5641: 5629: 5617: 5605: 5593: 5581: 5569: 5557: 4727:and exclusion for marriage or work due to 3722:, and seven Dutch POWs. One American POW, 2636:—a brilliant flash of light—followed by a 2040:That day, Truman noted in his diary that: 2022:on 25 July under the signature of General 1455: 1124:involved a series of landings by the U.S. 254: 240: 51:over Hiroshima (left) and Nagasaki (right) 26089:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 25676:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 22831:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 18706:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 17701:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 17190:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 16805:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors 14405: 14358: 13898:Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb 13499:Krimsky, Sheldon; Shorett, Peter (2005). 13368: 13240:Ishikawa, Eisei; Swain, David L. (1981). 12767: 12518:. Waukesha, Wisconsin: J. Coster-Mullen. 12373: 12178: 12130: 11821: 11701:The American Journal of International Law 11198:. Sky News. 24 March 2009. Archived from 11047: 11037: 10899: 10762: 10593:"New Study Questions Hiroshima Radiation" 10520: 10056: 10038: 9924: 9771: 9501: 9406:. Taiwan Document Project. Archived from 9210: 9198: 8766: 8416: 7218:"Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing Timeline" 6998: 6974: 6418:Restricted Data: The Nuclear Secrecy Blog 6318: 5929: 5683: 5533: 5484: 5418: 5406: 5394: 5382: 5370: 5271: 4668:The survivors of the bombings are called 4223: 3879:by militarists opposed to the surrender. 3683: 3583:, met with Sagane and signed the letter. 2728:Hiroshima in the aftermath of the bombing 2348:, commanded by Captain George Marquardt. 1978:ordering the dropping of the atomic bombs 1938:Scientific Panel of the Interim Committee 1860: 987: Red: Areas controlled by the Allies 824:had produced two types of atomic bombs: " 24:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 18210:1944 United States presidential election 16578:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement 14602: 14022: 13760:. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. 13680:. New York: William Morrow and Company. 13357:Journal of American-East Asian Relations 13287: 13169:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 13018:Hein, Laura; Selden, Mark, eds. (1997). 12993: 12910:Imperial Japan's World War II, 1931–1945 12751:Tettei kenshō Shōwa Tennō "dokuhakuroku" 12748: 12677: 12323: 12289: 12271:Bungei, Shunjū Senshi Kenkyūkai (1981). 12104:World War II: A 50th Anniversary History 11920: 11896: 11872: 11809: 11797: 11741: 11680: 11678: 11668:International Committee of the Red Cross 11586:Gómez, Javier Guisández (20 June 1998). 10902:"Prejudice haunts atomic bomb survivors" 10409: 10407: 10405: 10347: 10243: 9787:. German History in Documents and Images 9522: 9352: 9328: 9316: 8839: 8827: 8654: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8499: 8487: 8332: 8170: 8099:Advocate (Burnie, Tas. : 1890–1954) 7561:. Defense Nuclear Agency. Archived from 7552:W. McRaney; J. McGahan (6 August 1980). 7243:"509th Timeline: Inception to Hiroshima" 7212: 7210: 7208: 7021: 6962: 6545: 6464: 6452: 6306: 6258: 6234: 5545: 5444:"The Final Months of the War With Japan" 5307: 5295: 5283: 5095:Aerial bombardment and international law 4650: 4249: 4140: 4007:(ICRC), on 30 August 1945 from Hiroshima 4005:International Committee of the Red Cross 3994: 3942: 3926: 3761: 3698: 3611: 3478: 3296: 3279: 3237: 3191:Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation 2918: 2525: 2306: 2220: 1965: 1918: 1736:William P. Fisher, Joyce C. Stearns and 1718: 1580: 1459: 1353: 1290: 1166: 951: 902:chief of staff of the United States Army 16:August 1945 attacks in Japan during WWII 25786: 22986:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 17867:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 17628:Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination 14917:Krauss, Robert; Krauss, Amelia (2005). 14672:. Fortress. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 14544: 14302: 14120: 13995: 13793: 13772: 13672: 13605: 13309:Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb 13196:Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict 13157:; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; 12934: 12646: 12427: 12354: 12235:The Bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki 11884: 11445: 10816: 10363:. Radiation Effects Research Foundation 10328: 10326: 9737: 9159: 8791:Sweeney, Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 8683:Sweeney, Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 8649:Sweeney, Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 8599: 8588:Sweeney, Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 8576:Sweeney, Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 8543:Sweeney, Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 8475: 7895: 7823:Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation 2003 7152: 6652: 6515: 6503: 6411: 6132: 6062: 5809: 5797: 5665: 5472: 5088: 5043: 4993:former Nagasaki Medical University gate 4234:Acute radiation syndrome § History 3080: 2685:Prefectural Industrial Promotional Hall 2618: 2302: 1313:required to reach key Japanese cities. 893:, and orders were issued on 25 July by 775:invasion of Japanese-occupied Manchuria 26066: 20661: 20639:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 18327:Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur 17973:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 17731:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 17388:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 14712:Allen, Thomas; Polmar, Norman (1995). 14465: 14432: 14391:Foreign Relations of the United States 14178:Slavinskiĭ, Boris Nikolaevich (2004). 13947: 13891: 13859: 13645: 13541: 13126: 12877: 12857: 12270: 12232: 11753: 11533: 11509: 11473: 11270: 11222:"Man who survived two atom bombs dies" 11158: 11121: 10872: 10306: 10008: 9864: 9697: 9668: 9462: 9234: 9183: 9171: 9023:"POW's Remarkable Escapes in Nagasaki" 8778: 8451: 8410: 8299:United States Department of State 1960 7672: 7670: 7668: 7666: 7624: 7588:"Super-fortress crew tell their story" 7442: 7188: 7176: 7140: 7078: 6738: 6709: 6669: 6539: 5977: 4287:when they cover a large area of skin. 4156:United States Strategic Bombing Survey 4071:United States Strategic Bombing Survey 3828:Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan 3752:Plans for more atomic attacks on Japan 3616:The bomb destroyed the Roman Catholic 3292: 2672:United States Strategic Bombing Survey 2049: 24460:Strategic bombing during World War II 24432: 23914: 23676: 23338: 22142: 22086: 21510:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 20942:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 20588:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 20544:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 19649:Rape during the occupation of Germany 18795: 18466: 18001:President's Committee on Civil Rights 17833:U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82, 17489: 16296: 15605: 15579: 15352:"Photo gallery of aftermath pictures" 14571: 14196: 14150: 14083: 14027:. New York: Oxford University Press. 13624: 13544:Death in Life: Survivors of Hiroshima 13507:. Lantham: Rowman & Littlefield. 13350: 13306: 12907: 12726: 12587: 12436:. New York: Oxford University Press. 12359:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 12073: 12021: 11675: 11593:International Review of the Red Cross 11585: 11521: 11431:"Nagasaki History Facts and Timeline" 11258: 11246: 11001:from the original on 15 December 2017 10932: 10591:Broad, William J. (13 October 1992). 10590: 10402: 10333:"The American Spectator, Volume 35". 10282:Radiation Effects Research Foundation 10193:Radiation Effects Research Foundation 9876: 9725: 9587: 9364: 8863: 8505: 8383: 8356: 8014: 7896:Slavick, Elin O'Hara (27 July 2009). 7782: 7612: 7448: 7419: 7205: 7120:Radiation Effects Research Foundation 7095: 6884: 6856: 6811:Harry S. Truman, Diary, July 25, 1945 6637: 6527: 6491: 6479: 6440: 6387: 6330: 6138: 6076:"Factsheets: 509th Operational Group" 6050: 6038: 5989: 5965: 5953: 5496: 5234: 5160:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 4814:Hiroshima was subsequently struck by 4693: 4685: 4499:Investigations into brain development 4489:Radiation Effects Research Foundation 4385:Radiation Effects Research Foundation 4349:Radiation Effects Research Foundation 4326:suppresses the white blood cell count 3694:Radiation Effects Research Foundation 2967:issued for Hiroshima and neighboring 2887:Corpse near the Western Parade Ground 2677:Radiation Effects Research Foundation 1390:strategic bombing during World War II 1280: 800:. This undertaking was preceded by a 777:. The Japanese government signed the 235: 25553: 20632:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 19664:Rape during the liberation of France 16797:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff 16553:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 14408:The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb 13968: 13568: 13385: 13326:The Japanese Army 1931–45: 2 1942–45 13191: 12863:Britain and Atomic Energy, 1935–1945 12708:Fiévé, Nicolas; Waley, Paul (2003). 12685:. New York; London: Bloomsbury USA. 12617: 12472: 12448: 12400: 11765: 11698: 11411:(in Japanese). Hiroshima Peace Media 10456: 10323: 10102: 9950:"ACUTE RADIATION SYNDROME IN HUMANS" 9563: 9502:Nakashima, Leslie (27 August 1945). 9291:Wellerstein, Alex (16 August 2013). 8802: 8694: 8398: 8368: 8053:"Memories of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" 6588: 6279:Air Force Historical Research Agency 5941: 5893: 5881: 5857: 5716:Laurence M. Vance (14 August 2009). 5689: 5512:. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum 5450:. Part III (note 24). Archived from 5430: 5358: 5319: 4283:is not unusual, being common to all 4107:, but the Hiroshima-based magazine, 3505:, who was piloting the support B-29 3216:intercepted the cabinet's messages. 3067:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff 2332:was accompanied by two other B-29s: 2150:, California, on 16 July aboard the 1962:Consultation with Britain and Canada 1714: 1609:Wendover for his training base over 1471:director, with a map of the Far East 1199:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff 25995: 18200:Democratic National Convention 1944 18019:Presidential Succession Act of 1947 17908:National Institute of Mental Health 17543:Vice President of the United States 17515: 17460:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman 16707:East Asia Development Board (Kōain) 16322: 15570:Hiroshima & Nagasaki Remembered 15440:Hiroshima – 1945 – Movietone Moment 15056:. Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Company. 14921:. Buchanan, Michigan: 509th Press. 14738:The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb 14707:. Atomic Heritage Foundation. 2016. 13954:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 13702: 13292:. Walnutt Creek: Left Coast Press. 12963: 12534:The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki 12210: 11573: 11228:from the original on 7 January 2010 9051:"Nagasaki marks tragic anniversary" 9043: 8851: 8120: 8039: 8002: 7990: 7736:from the original on 29 August 2005 7663: 7659:. Harper and Row. pp. 187–189. 7201:from the original on 6 August 2021. 6987:Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1995 6872: 6859:, pp. 233–234. The meaning of 4782: 4754: 4505:Radiation-induced cognitive decline 4354: 4174:did not believe the news at first. 3432:Strike observation and photography 3023:Japanese realization of the bombing 2491:Strike observation and photography 2395:Weather reconnaissance (Hiroshima) 2107:(Imperial institution and national 1537:to organize and head the project's 1031:. Worried by the losses sustained, 13: 22673:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 22663:Assassination of James A. Garfield 20858:German invasion of the Netherlands 19138:Weather events during World War II 18604:Hispanic Americans in World War II 18510:American music during World War II 16063:Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 15300:. National Science Digital Library 14718:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 14696: 14451:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1990.tb00078.x 14433:Walker, J. Samuel (January 1990). 14410:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. 14000:. New York: Taylor & Francis. 13869:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 12937:Intelligence and National Security 11822:Reichmann, Kelsey (16 June 2019). 11555:. Associated Press. 14 August 2010 11271:Palmer, David (20 February 2008). 10734:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10877.x 10612:Journal of Radiological Protection 10522:10.1111/j.1741-4520.1989.tb00751.x 10459:Journal of Radiological Protection 10414:National Research Council (1990). 9463:Haynes, Danielle (6 August 2015). 9266:"Lawrence Litz's Interview (2012)" 8626:. 23 November 2015. Archived from 7942:from the original on 16 April 2007 7486:United States Department of Energy 6357:from the original on 8 August 2005 6158:from the original on 9 August 2006 5101:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 4789:Anti-Korean sentiment § Japan 4719:If they discuss their background, 4543:of approximately "0.09" to "0.15" 4366:of some five years and above, and 3573:University of California, Berkeley 3414:Blast measurement instrumentation 3372:Weather reconnaissance (Nagasaki) 3265:difficult to locate at night with 3093: 3060:The Tokyo control operator of the 2473:Blast measurement instrumentation 2431:Weather reconnaissance (Nagasaki) 1441:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service 1437:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service 14: 26135: 22705:Assassination of William McKinley 21489:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 18609:Native Americans and World War II 17763:National Security Resources Board 15505: 15180: 15153: 15035:. Tokyo: Kodansha International. 14980:O'Brien, Phillips Payson (2019). 14572:White, Geoffrey. M. (July 1995). 14339:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14061:. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. 13834:My Life Between Japan And America 13703:Orr, James J. (2008). "Review of 13627:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 12477:. In Cooling, B. Franklin (ed.). 12275:. Tokyo: Kodansha International. 12184:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 11848:from the original on 2 July 2019. 10933:Heath, Clark W. (5 August 1992). 10900:Matsubara, Hiroshi (8 May 2001). 10817:Soejima, Hideki (7 August 2024). 10763:Mochizuki, Toma (6 August 2024). 9698:Richie, Donald (16 August 2013). 7783:Broad, William J. (23 May 2016). 7686:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 7657:At Work in the Fields of the Bomb 7355: 7189:Nathan, Richard (6 August 2021). 798:invasion of the Japanese mainland 26114:History of the Manhattan Project 26051: 26039: 26027: 24412: 24403: 24402: 24367: 24366: 22924:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 22717:Nadir of American race relations 22596:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 22049: 18821: 18626: 18555:Internment of Japanese Americans 18446: 18445: 17802:Joint Long Range Proving Grounds 17603:State of the Union Address (1946 17160:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 16428: 16279: 16278: 15532: 15449: 14881:Gosling, Francis George (1994). 14480:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2005.00476.x 13392:. New York: Donald I. Fine Inc. 12865:. London: Macmillan Publishing. 12293:(2004). "The Atomic Plague". In 11988: 11958: 11940: 11926: 11852: 11834: 11815: 11759: 11692: 11655: 11627: 11579: 11539: 11527: 11423: 11379: 11353: 11335:"Peace Memorial City, Hiroshima" 11327: 11264: 11252: 11214: 11188: 11115: 11089: 11064: 11013: 10965: 10951:10.1001/jama.1992.03490050109039 10926: 10893: 10873:Simons, Lewis M. (7 June 1984). 10866: 10838: 10810: 10782: 10756: 10713: 10654: 10603: 10584: 10537: 10450: 10387: 10353: 10300: 10270: 10237: 10211: 10155: 10115: 10096: 10073: 10009:Putnam, Frank W. (12 May 1998). 10002: 9970: 9941: 9908: 9894: 9691: 9637: 9537: 9528: 9495: 9456: 9422: 9396: 9370: 9284: 9258: 9131: 9109: 9071: 9015: 8989: 8957: 8929: 8899: 8869: 8664:. The Atomic Heritage Foundation 8612: 8600:Kleeman, Sophie (29 July 2014). 8593: 8304: 8262: 8197: 8171:Mitchell, Greg (5 August 2011). 8164: 8126: 8086: 8045: 8008: 7954: 7924: 7889: 7858: 7828: 7748: 7718: 7648: 7633: 7618: 7474: 7456:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 7349: 7261: 7220:. The Atomic Heritage Foundation 7182: 6850: 6802: 6208: 5743:Joseph Coleman (10 March 2005). 5189:nine nations had nuclear weapons 5123:international humanitarian law. 5025: 4903: 4769:double explosion-affected people 4275:, and to show that, much like a 3678:, which was in fact, Victor 89. 3468:During pre-flight inspection of 3354:Weather reconnaissance (Kokura) 3138:Problems playing this file? See 3109: 3043: 3031: 2904: 2892: 2880: 2868: 2856: 2844: 2832: 2816: 2804: 2792: 2777: 2761: 2745: 2733: 2721: 2623:People on the ground reported a 2413:Weather reconnaissance (Kokura) 1557:that used plutonium-239, called 1304:became ready for use in combat. 1295:A B-29 over Osaka on 1 June 1945 41: 22626:First transcontinental railroad 18550:Internment of Italian Americans 18084:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952 18013:Housing and Home Finance Agency 17175:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 15556:Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum 13288:Johnston, Barbara Rose (2008). 12835:. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's. 12593:Hiroshima in History and Memory 12458:History of the Second World War 12216:Hiroshima in History and Memory 12028:History of the Second World War 11972:. 9 August 2020. Archived from 11387:"Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park" 10189:"Frequently Asked Questions #2" 9679:. From the Archives. p. 66 8973:. 5 August 2005. Archived from 8276:. 6 August 1945. Archived from 7840:Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum 6778: 6744: 6675: 6405: 6264: 6202: 6094: 6023:Gross Domestic Product deflator 5736: 5709: 5502: 5436: 4978:former Urakami Cathedral Belfry 4829:Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum 4333:Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission 4297:Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission 3641:pilots standing on the brakes, 3183:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 1958:..." Hiroshima was not listed. 1740:from the USAAF; and scientists 1571: 1566:Japanese nuclear weapon program 261: 220:Total killed (by end of 1945): 21736:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 19446:Territorial changes of Germany 19354:Indonesian National Revolution 18545:Internment of German Americans 18530:New Mexico during World War II 17853:Office of Defense Mobilization 17841:Defense Production Act of 1950 17713:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act 17532:President of the United States 17430:Japanese settlers in Manchuria 16548:Imperial Rescript on Education 15161:New England Journal of History 14231:. New York: Quill Publishing. 13837:. New York: Harper & Row. 12798:The Effects of Nuclear Weapons 12204:10.1080/00963402.1986.11459388 11122:Voosen, Paul (11 April 2011). 10722:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 10307:Voosen, Paul (11 April 2011). 10176:Peterson & Abrahamson 1998 9700:"The pure horror of Hiroshima" 9669:Angell, Roger (31 July 1995). 9608:"The Great Hiroshima Cover-Up" 8464:Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977 8159:Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977 8081:Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977 7511:Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977 7449:Malik, John (September 1985). 7408:Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977 7396:Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977 7384:Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977 7067:Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977 7055:Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977 6897:Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977 5228: 5105:international humanitarian law 5008:Sannō shrine second torii gate 4958:in 2016. These sites include: 4922:seen in the left of the image. 4809: 4495:in the children of survivors. 4285:second- and third-degree burns 3877:attempted military coup d'état 3149:the German atomic bomb project 3062:Japan Broadcasting Corporation 2954:Most elements of the Japanese 2863:A victim with whole body burns 2851:A victim with whole body burns 1930:Japanese opposition to the war 1834:U.S. Army Intelligence Service 1802:would create effective damage. 1549:that used uranium-235, called 1226:commissioned his own study by 941: 914:effects of the atomic bombings 876:Imperial Japanese armed forces 1: 26119:Presidency of Harry S. Truman 21136:Japanese invasion of Thailand 21087:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 20851:German invasion of Luxembourg 19232:Mediterranean and Middle East 18614:Puerto Ricans in World War II 18571:Women Airforce Service Pilots 18494:United States in World War II 18335:Backstairs at the White House 18119:Missouri Office and Courtroom 18072:Unrelated Business Income Tax 17988:Legislative Reference Service 17920:U.S. Atomic Energy Commission 17743:National Security Act of 1947 16881:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha) 16787:Imperial General Headquarters 16378:Foreign commerce and shipping 15258:U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey 15001:10.1080/01402390.2018.1559150 14406:Wainstock, Dennis D. (1996). 13866:The Making of the Atomic Bomb 13831:Reischauer, Edwin O. (1986). 13779:. New York: Walker & Co. 13648:Truman and the Hiroshima Cult 13328:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 13040:; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). 12374:Christman, Albert B. (1998). 12324:Campbell, Richard H. (2005). 12014: 10124:Radiation Effects and Sources 7932:"Testimony of Akiko Takakura" 6004:"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?" 4927: 4874:Fukuromachi Elementary School 4821:Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park 4620:radiation dose reconstruction 4176:Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker 4062:. Less than a week after his 2875:Victim with burns on her back 2217:Hiroshima during World War II 1555:implosion-type nuclear weapon 1435:and Okinawa. That month, the 1388:with incendiaries. Like most 1378:United States Army Air Forces 936: 852:United States Army Air Forces 844:implosion-type nuclear weapon 23794:Hispanic and Latino American 22648:Second Industrial Revolution 22482:Nat Turner's slave rebellion 22188:Exploration of North America 22114:History of the United States 21043:Invasion of the Soviet Union 20732:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 20050:Independent State of Croatia 18581:Woman's Land Army of America 17932:Council of Economic Advisers 17208:Hirohito surrender broadcast 16608:Greater East Asia Conference 16223:Oppenheimer security hearing 14989:Journal of Strategic Studies 14961:Murakami, Chikayasu (2007). 14948:. New York: New Directions. 14755:Barrett, David Dean (2020). 14545:Werrell, Kenneth P. (1996). 14249:; Young, Marilyn B. (2009). 14086:Twentieth Century Literature 13486:. New York: Harper and Row. 13455:] (in Japanese). Tōkyō: 13273:. New York: Pantheon Books. 12401:Chun, Clayton K. S. (2008). 11862:. BBC News. 14 January 2020. 10023:National Academy of Sciences 9738:Michaub, Jon (8 June 2010). 8314:. Atomic Heritage Foundation 8015:Blume, Lesley M. M. (2020). 7898:"Hiroshima: A Visual Record" 7655:Del Tredici, Robert (1987). 6569:George Washington University 5129:Ryuichi Shimoda v. The State 5065:, and that they constituted 5054:The role of the bombings in 4863:Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital 4804: 4638: 4605:that surrounded the core of 4597:emitting substantially more 4541:to begin at a threshold dose 4337:National Academy of Sciences 3916: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3248:and its crew, who dropped a 3234:Nagasaki during World War II 3038:Hiroshima before the bombing 2687:, now commonly known as the 2364: 2235:" atomic bomb on Hiroshima. 2211: 2205:320th Troop Carrier Squadron 2148:Hunters Point Naval Shipyard 1515:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1102:Preparations to invade Japan 870:. The Allies called for the 820:. By July 1945, the Allies' 781:on 2 September, effectively 757:over the Japanese cities of 708:Manchuria and Northern Korea 213:8–13 Allied prisoners of war 7: 23318:Indictments of Donald Trump 22509:First Industrial Revolution 22343:Declaration of Independence 22333:Second Continental Congress 22027:End of World War II in Asia 21867:Western invasion of Germany 21374:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 21351:Second Battle of El Alamein 20921:Hundred Regiments Offensive 20893:Battle of the Mediterranean 20746:Italian invasion of Albania 18920:Air warfare of World War II 18520:Arizona during World War II 18275:Harry S. Truman Scholarship 17846:Relief of Douglas MacArthur 17777:Central Intelligence Agency 16593:Supreme Court of Judicature 15466: 15459:public domain audiobook at 15354:. Time-Life. Archived from 15185: 15173:71#1 (1998), pp. 5–32 14898:Hachiya, Michihiko (1955). 14854:Gordin, Michael D. (2007). 13951:Hiroshima: The World's Bomb 13713:Journal of Japanese Studies 13542:Lifton, Robert Jay (1991). 13529:. pp. 71–75, 209–210. 12885:. New York: Da Capo Press. 12712:. London: RoutledgeCurzon. 12273:The Day Man Lost: Hiroshima 10790:"Relief for A-bomb victims" 7968:. p. 7. Archived from 6845:Hewlett & Anderson 1962 6833:Hewlett & Anderson 1962 6727:Hewlett & Anderson 1962 6596:Central Intelligence Agency 5690:Long, Tony (9 March 2011). 5448:Central Intelligence Agency 4935:Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum 4711: 4457:statistically insignificant 4408:Birth defect investigations 4331:In the spring of 1948, the 3981:Leslie Nakashima, a former 3577:weapons of mass destruction 3426:Major James I. Hopkins, Jr. 3366:Captain Charles F. McKnight 3348:Captain George W. Marquardt 3228: 2598:considered very inefficient 2503:Captain Charles F. McKnight 2485:Captain George W. Marquardt 2060:The 16 July success of the 1914: 1172:U.S. Army propaganda poster 1041:returned to the Philippines 1039:In the Pacific, the Allies 810:war in the European theatre 506:Dutch East Indies (1941–42) 463:Strategic bombing (1944–45) 10: 26140: 26094:August 1945 events in Asia 23915: 23677: 23339: 23210:Killing of Osama bin Laden 22298:First Continental Congress 22143: 21953:Naval bombardment of Japan 21321:First Battle of El Alamein 21240:Battle of Christmas Island 21185:Japanese invasion of Burma 20949:Italian invasion of Greece 20865:German invasion of Belgium 20837:German invasion of Denmark 20810:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 20679:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 18943:Comparative military ranks 18525:Nevada during World War II 17902:National Mental Health Act 17859:Science Advisory Committee 17748:U.S. Department of Defense 17655:Presidential Proclamations 17551:U.S. Senator from Missouri 17299:Second Philippine Republic 17077:Manchuria–Mongolia problem 15246: 15171:The New England Quarterly, 15109:10.1162/isec.2007.31.4.162 15080:. New York: W. W. Norton. 14830:. New York: Random House. 14151:Sklar, Morty, ed. (1984). 13948:Rotter, Andrew J. (2008). 13709:The End of the Pacific War 13646:Newman, Robert P. (1995). 13447:; Yoshitake, Oka (1966). 13386:Kerr, E. Bartlett (1991). 13127:Hixson, Walter L. (2002). 12734:. New York: Random House. 10632:10.1088/0952-4746/22/4/302 10479:10.1088/0952-4746/12/2/005 10382:Krimsky & Shorett 2005 10254:10.1002/9780470515006.ch11 9509:United Press International 9470:United Press International 9293:"The Third Core's Revenge" 9104:Glasstone & Dolan 1977 7865:Kato, Toru (4 June 1999). 5235:Asada, Sadao (June 2007). 5150: 5092: 5047: 4937:opened in the mid-1990s. 4786: 4644: 4558:8 weeks, that is prior to 4502: 4227: 3920: 3810: 3755: 3084: 3009:to the Aioi Bridge by the 2053: 1649:engines, Curtiss Electric 1487:German atomic bomb project 1474: 1284: 1105: 945: 655:Volcano and Ryukyu Islands 194:12 Allied prisoners of war 25986: 25951: 25920: 25909: 25870: 25849: 25828: 25807: 25633: 25612: 25581: 25544: 25469: 25433: 25288: 25257: 25236: 25210: 25154: 24978: 24653: 24593: 24586: 24555: 24534: 24513: 24504: 24466: 24388: 24354: 24298: 24262: 24250: 23989: 23963: 23925: 23921: 23910: 23683: 23672: 23345: 23334: 23200: 23103: 23031: 22932: 22843: 22794:Wall Street Crash of 1929 22725: 22606: 22591:Emancipation Proclamation 22522: 22445: 22393: 22360:Articles of Confederation 22313: 22198:Native American epidemics 22178: 22153: 22149: 22138: 22120: 22042: 21874:Bratislava–Brno offensive 21814: 21805:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 21542: 21429:Allied invasion of Sicily 21383: 21289:Aleutian Islands campaign 21261:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 21208: 21199:Greek famine of 1941–1944 21094:Second Battle of Changsha 20999:German invasion of Greece 20967: 20844:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 20819: 20757: 20652: 20533: 20259: 20169: 20017: 19720: 19711: 19469: 19294: 19186:North and Central Pacific 19147: 18909: 18902: 18829: 18776:Destroyers-for-bases deal 18761: 18714: 18683: 18674:Medal of Honor recipients 18635: 18624: 18594: 18563: 18500: 18412: 18397:Martha Ellen Young Truman 18377: 18298: 18290:Statue of Harry S. Truman 18247: 18180: 18172:Truman Little White House 18150:Harry S. Truman Farm Home 18137: 18101: 17995:National School Lunch Act 17915:Atomic Energy Act of 1946 17881: 17758:National Security Council 17668: 17561: 17523: 17407: 17380: 17322: 17276: 17233: 17226: 17180:Japan during World War II 17140:Pacification of Manchukuo 17110: 17040: 17032:Invasion of Taiwan (1895) 17027:Invasion of Taiwan (1874) 16965: 16958: 16909: 16896:Control Faction (Tōseiha) 16849: 16775: 16768: 16715: 16633: 16626: 16618:Imperial Japanese Airways 16525: 16472: 16437: 16426: 16330: 16276: 16166:Bismuth phosphate process 16161:Atomic Energy Act of 1946 16148: 16117: 16050: 15839: 15708: 15622: 15613: 15337:National Security Archive 15137:Radiology in World War II 15050:Sekimori, Gaynor (1986). 14778:. New York: Basic Books. 14634:10.1007/s00127-002-0572-5 14303:Tibbets, Paul W. (1998). 14199:The Politics of Terrorism 14023:Schaffer, Ronald (1985). 13996:Sandler, Stanley (2001). 13370:10.1163/18765610-01902004 13244:. New York: Basic Books. 13200:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 13022:. New York: M.E. Sharpe. 12971:. Sydney: HarperCollins. 12949:10.1080/02684529808432475 12647:Edwards, Pail N. (1996). 12559:Van Kirk, Theodore Jerome 11606:10.1017/S0020860400091075 11297:Ishikawa & Swain 1981 10982:World Health Organization 9632:Ishikawa & Swain 1981 9341:Kido & Yoshitake 1966 9162:, pp. 175, 203, 224. 7306:Dietz & Van Kirk 2012 7294:Dietz & Van Kirk 2012 6899:, pp. 326, 356, 370. 5872:, pp. 5, 84–85, 117. 5335:Brooks & Stanley 2007 5146: 5013: 4998: 4983: 4968: 4677: 4525:severe mental retardation 4341:National Research Council 3873:capitulation announcement 3003:-class suicide motorboats 2643: 2630: 2195:. The core departed from 1988:Combined Policy Committee 1832:, a Japan expert for the 1681:made brief port calls at 1639:393d Bombardment Squadron 1577:Organization and training 1394:undermine civilian morale 1302:Boeing B-29 Superfortress 1114:surrender of Nazi Germany 860:Boeing B-29 Superfortress 271: 177: 153: 145: 66: 56: 40: 28: 23: 26079:1945 in military history 24476:Aerial bombing of cities 24280:Northern Mariana Islands 22853:Strike wave of 1945–1946 21466:Allied invasion of Italy 21443:Solomon Islands campaign 21192:Third Battle of Changsha 20789:First Battle of Changsha 20695:Second Sino-Japanese War 19635:German military brothels 19501:United States war crimes 18763:Diplomatic participation 18270:Truman Dam and Reservoir 18046:Agricultural Act of 1949 18030:Agricultural Act of 1948 17872:National Security Agency 17155:Second Sino-Japanese War 17102:Racial Equality Proposal 16682:Agriculture and Commerce 15544:3 September 2009 at the 15031:Ogura, Toyofumi (2001). 14845:Gallichio, Marc (2020). 14603:Williams, M. H. (1960). 13969:Russ, Harlow W. (1990). 13457:Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai 13448: 13351:Kelly, Jason M. (2012). 13072:; Holl, Jack M. (1989). 13043:The New World, 1939–1946 12768:Giangreco, D.M. (2009). 12753:. Tōkyō: Ōtsuki Shoten. 12749:Fujiwara, Akira (1991). 12618:Drea, Edward J. (1992). 12428:Compton, Arthur (1956). 12233:Bodden, Valerie (2007). 12046:Okinawa: The Last Battle 11936:. CBC News. 7 July 2017. 11588:"The Law of Air Warfare" 11498:Selden & Selden 1990 11486:Jowett & Andrew 2002 10984:. 2013. pp. 23–24. 10396:Press Institute of India 9546:"The Hiroshima Cover-Up" 9240:"Paul Tibbets Interview" 9001:News from Indian Country 8229:Knebel & Bailey 1960 7867:"A Short-Sighted Parrot" 6683: 6135:, pp. 163, 167–168. 6053:, pp. 511–516, 522. 5980:, pp. 40–43, 76–79. 5221: 5178:tactical nuclear weapons 4825:Hiroshima Peace Memorial 4562:or at a gestational age 4481:Johns Hopkins University 4305:acute radiation syndrome 3177:Soviet Foreign Minister 2701:Hiroshima Peace Memorial 2140: 1271:Chemical Warfare Service 742:Second Sino-Japanese War 582:Estevan Point Lighthouse 337:Indian Ocean (1941–1945) 288:Marshalls–Gilberts raids 188:80,000–156,000 civilians 26084:1945 in the environment 23815:Middle Eastern American 23632:Technology and industry 22502:Seneca Falls Convention 22303:Continental Association 22203:Settlement of Jamestown 21888:Second Guangxi campaign 21743:Philippines (1944–1945) 21247:Battle of the Coral Sea 21150:Fall of the Philippines 20796:Battle of South Guangxi 20702:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 20108:Italian Social Republic 18418:← Franklin D. Roosevelt 18354:(1997 documentary film) 18265:Harry S Truman Building 17983:Federal Tort Claims Act 17072:Washington Naval Treaty 17017:Anglo–Japanese Alliance 17002:First Sino-Japanese War 16821:Nuclear weapons program 16563:Great Japan Youth Party 16490:National seals of Japan 16243:S-1 Executive Committee 16191:Einstein–Szilard letter 14944:Merton, Thomas (1962). 14360:10.5194/acp-7-1973-2007 14305:Return Of The Enola Gay 14253:. New York: New Press. 14201:. New York: M. Dekker. 14197:Stohl, Michael (1979). 13773:Preston, Diana (2005). 13307:Jones, Vincent (1985). 13192:Hoyt, Edwin P. (2001). 13131:. New York: Routledge. 12475:"Air War Against Japan" 12473:Coox, Alvin D. (1994). 12355:Carroll, James (2007). 11909:Hewlett & Holl 1989 11224:. CNN. 8 January 2010. 11153:Yamada & Izumi 2002 10040:10.1073/pnas.95.10.5426 9504:"Hiroshima as I saw it" 8556:"The Story of Nagasaki" 7524:"The Bomb-"Little Boy"" 7318:Lewis & Tolzer 1957 5870:Tanaka & Young 2009 5141:Treaty of San Francisco 4089:U.S. military policeman 3842:Chief Cabinet Secretary 3797:Albuquerque, New Mexico 3618:Urakami Tenshudo Church 3252:atomic bomb on Nagasaki 2197:Kirtland Army Air Field 1943:shock in the leadership 1865:In early May 1945, the 1595:Wendover Army Air Field 1547:gun-type fission weapon 1491:Einstein–Szilard letter 1456:Atomic bomb development 872:unconditional surrender 833:gun-type fission weapon 812:concluded when Germany 779:instrument of surrender 344:Japanese merchant raids 207:60,000–80,000 civilians 24481:Area bombing directive 23935:Admission to the Union 23301:Afghanistan withdrawal 23296:January 6 insurrection 23215:Rise in mass shootings 23187:Virginia Tech shooting 22740:Paris Peace Conference 22514:Second Great Awakening 22253:American Enlightenment 21473:Armistice of Cassibile 21275:Battle of Dutch Harbor 21226:Battle of the Java Sea 21129:Attack on Pearl Harbor 21029:Syria–Lebanon campaign 21022:Battle of South Shanxi 20992:Invasion of Yugoslavia 20775:Battle of the Atlantic 20389:Korean Liberation Army 20102:(until September 1943) 20059:(until September 1944) 20037:(until September 1944) 18696:Attack on Pearl Harbor 18637:Military participation 18425:Dwight D. Eisenhower → 17927:Employment Act of 1946 17821:Revolt of the Admirals 17120:Shōwa financial crisis 16912:Imperial Japanese Navy 16852:Imperial Japanese Army 16583:Peace Preservation Law 15685:Salt Wells Pilot Plant 15316:. Atomic Archive. 1946 15264:. 1946. Archived from 15097:International Security 14736:; Tree, Sanho (1996). 14668:; Noon, Steve (2010). 13674:Nichols, Kenneth David 13159:Westfall, Catherine L. 12908:Gruhl, Werner (2007). 12557:Dietz, Suzanne Simon; 12136:International Security 12108:. London: Hale. 1990. 11039:10.1038/sj.bjc.6600748 10122:"What is Radiation?", 9889:Hein & Selden 1997 7165:Fiévé & Waley 2003 7016:Zaloga & Noon 2010 6977:, pp. 64–65, 163. 6773:Craven & Cate 1953 6626:Craven & Cate 1953 6247:Craven & Cate 1953 5918:Zaloga & Noon 2010 5906:Zaloga & Noon 2010 5846:Craven & Cate 1953 5834:Craven & Cate 1953 5822:Craven & Cate 1953 5786:Craven & Cate 1953 5774:Craven & Cate 1953 5678:Craven & Cate 1953 5654:Craven & Cate 1953 5642:Craven & Cate 1953 5630:Craven & Cate 1953 5618:Craven & Cate 1953 5606:Craven & Cate 1953 5594:Craven & Cate 1953 5582:Craven & Cate 1953 5570:Craven & Cate 1953 5558:Craven & Cate 1953 5274:, pp. 2–3, 49–51. 4956:National Historic Site 4665: 4432:period, is not known. 4347:. The ABCC became the 4288: 4224:Post-attack casualties 4159: 4136:The Unforgettable Fire 4008: 3961: 3940: 3907: 3898: 3889: 3801:another plutonium core 3767: 3707: 3620: 3593:s bombardier, Captain 3558:only six weeks earlier 3484: 3476:continue the mission. 3306: 3285: 3253: 3098: 2992:Korean imperial family 2932: 2754:Hiroshima Genbaku Dome 2703:and was made a UNESCO 2699:). The ruin was named 2580:, the bomb missed the 2531: 2315: 2244: 2208:arriving on 2 August. 2047: 2038: 1979: 1924: 1891: 1861:Proposed demonstration 1842: 1728: 1586: 1472: 1405:Operation Meetinghouse 1366: 1360:Operation Meetinghouse 1296: 1179: 996: 796:prepared for a costly 643:Hiroshima and Nagasaki 487:Burma and India (1944) 310:Gilberts and Marshalls 185:90,000–166,000 killed 130:32.77361°N 129.86333°E 99:34.39472°N 132.45472°E 23927:Territorial evolution 23291:George Floyd Protests 23274:Unite the Right rally 23143:Oklahoma City bombing 23138:Republican Revolution 23085:Space Shuttle program 22907:Civil Rights Movement 22875:North Atlantic Treaty 22683:Sherman Antitrust Act 22668:Chinese Exclusion Act 22258:French and Indian War 22248:Prelude to Revolution 22233:First Great Awakening 22193:European colonization 21637:Second Battle of Guam 21533:Bengal famine of 1943 21503:Second Battle of Kiev 21459:Battle of the Dnieper 21164:Battle of Wake Island 21036:East African campaign 20978:Battle of South Henan 20623:atrocities by Germans 20396:Korean Volunteer Army 19377:Occupation of Germany 19131:Music in World War II 18403:Clifton Truman Daniel 18307:Give 'em Hell, Harry! 18280:Truman Sports Complex 18109:Early life and career 17808:North Atlantic Treaty 17784:Displaced Persons Act 17753:Joint Chiefs of Staff 17660:Eisenhower transition 17645:"The buck stops here" 17618:Judicial appointments 17591:Assassination attempt 17062:Siberian Intervention 16871:Railways and Shipping 16687:Commerce and Industry 16383:Industrial production 16263:X-10 Graphite Reactor 16218:Nobel Prize laureates 16088:509th Composite Group 14740:. New York: Vintage. 14670:Defense of Japan 1945 14605:Chronology, 1941–1945 11641:. 2010. p. 167. 10335:Saturday Evening Club 9645:"Destructive Effects" 8301:, pp. 1376–1377. 7625:Hersey, John (1946). 6589:Williams, Josette H. 6151:. National Archives. 5361:, pp. 2540–2544. 5139:government under the 4654: 4281:burn scar contracture 4262: 4153: 3998: 3955: 3933:Chicago Daily Tribune 3930: 3902: 3893: 3884: 3765: 3702: 3615: 3482: 3444:Major Ralph R. Taylor 3300: 3283: 3241: 3097: 2922: 2590:Shima Surgical Clinic 2529: 2425:Major Ralph R. Taylor 2338:, commanded by Major 2310: 2224: 2113:Japanese Home Islands 2042: 2028: 2000:Henry Maitland Wilson 1969: 1922: 1886: 1884:later recalled that: 1838: 1722: 1641:was equipped with 15 1597:, Utah, commanded by 1591:509th Composite Group 1584: 1553:, and a more complex 1539:Los Alamos Laboratory 1535:J. Robert Oppenheimer 1527:Leslie R. Groves, Jr. 1463: 1369:Hansell's successor, 1357: 1340:islands were captured 1294: 1170: 1156:Armies, as well as a 1136:, the capture of the 955: 928:, and there is still 848:509th Composite Group 788:In the final year of 553:Philippines (1944–45) 511:Philippines (1941–42) 204:60,000–80,000 killed 169:509th Composite Group 26104:History of Hiroshima 24846:Ludwigshafen / Oppau 24578:Saint-Leu-d'Esserent 23841:Palestinian American 23268:Obergefell v. Hodges 23160:September 11 attacks 22996:Second-wave feminism 22917:Cuban Missile Crisis 22777:Bath School disaster 22695:Spanish–American War 22658:The Gospel of Wealth 22537:California Gold Rush 22497:Mexican–American War 22487:Nullification crisis 22455:Era of Good Feelings 22355:Confederation period 22263:Proclamation of 1763 22213:Atlantic slave trade 21923:Surrender of Germany 21401:Battle of West Hubei 21358:Guadalcanal campaign 21328:Battle of Stalingrad 21254:Battle of Madagascar 20028:Albania protectorate 19815:(formerly Swaziland) 19524:Wehrmacht war crimes 19340:Expulsion of Germans 19124:Art and World War II 19022:British contribution 18971:Governments in exile 18310:(1975 play and film) 18226:Dewey Defeats Truman 18035:Executive Order 9981 17725:Executive Order 9835 17694:Declaration to Japan 17475:Political dissidence 17324:Occupied territories 17067:General Election Law 16891:Taiwan Army of Japan 16171:British contribution 16073:Operation Peppermint 16068:Operation Crossroads 15927:Maria Goeppert Mayer 15163:64.1 (2007): 31–48. 14965:. Tokyo: Bungeisha. 14800:. New York: Osprey. 14509:The Age of Hiroshima 14280:. London: Hamilton. 13903:Simon & Schuster 12180:Bernstein, Barton J. 12132:Bernstein, Barton J. 12076:Hiroshima in History 12061:on 26 September 2009 11500:, pp. xxx–xxxi. 11389:. Japan Deluxe Tours 11315:. Atomic Bomb Museum 11277:Asia-Pacific Journal 11134:on 25 September 2020 10509:Congenital Anomalies 10446:– via nap.edu. 10398:. 2008. p. 697. 10132:10.18356/64ea2039-en 9966:on 27 December 2016. 9671:"Hersey and History" 9647:. Atomic Bomb Museum 9384:on 15 September 2013 9223:Hoddeson et al. 1993 8911:Duke East Asia Nexus 8804:Laurence, William L. 8720:"Stories from Riken" 8707:Hoddeson et al. 1993 7902:Asia-Pacific Journal 7513:, pp. 423. 427. 6927:Hoddeson et al. 1993 6912:Hoddeson et al. 1993 6684:空襲予告ビラ、高山市民が保管市内で展示 6211:"The Luck of Kokura" 5347:Appleman et al. 1948 5089:Legal considerations 5044:Debate over bombings 4952:Registered Monuments 4695:[çibakɯ̥ꜜɕa] 4687:[çibaꜜkɯ̥ɕa] 4622:work, the estimated 4192:L'Osservatore Romano 3684:Events on the ground 3081:Events of 7–9 August 2619:Events on the ground 2407:Major John A. Wilson 2354:photography aircraft 2303:Bombing of Hiroshima 2007:, the leader of the 1974:'s order to General 1897:issued by physicist 1615:Mountain Home, Idaho 1401:firebombing of Tokyo 1363:firebombing of Tokyo 1306:Operation Matterhorn 354:Homfreyganj massacre 26109:History of Nagasaki 25921:Mandatory Palestine 24290:U.S. Virgin Islands 23776:Lithuanian American 23732:Vietnamese American 23078:End of the Cold War 23068:Invasion of Grenada 23018:Iran hostage crisis 22767:Tulsa race massacre 22574:Election of Lincoln 22569:Dred Scott decision 22557:Kansas–Nebraska Act 22460:Missouri Compromise 22378:Northwest Ordinance 22368:Pennsylvania Mutiny 22363:and Perpetual Union 22323:American Revolution 22238:War of Jenkins' Ear 22013:Potsdam Declaration 21902:Italy (Spring 1945) 21665:Liberation of Paris 21122:Siege of Sevastopol 20140:(until August 1944) 20043:Wang Jingwei regime 19865:from September 1943 19825:from September 1944 19763:from September 1944 19623:Romanian war crimes 19614:Persecution of Jews 19600:Croatian war crimes 19570:Japanese war crimes 19384:Occupation of Japan 19333:First Indochina War 19045:Military production 18957:Declarations of war 18385:Bess Wallace Truman 18285:U.S. Postage stamps 18079:Revenue Act of 1951 18062:Revenue Act of 1950 18056:Dingell–Johnson Act 18051:Housing Act of 1949 18041:Revenue Act of 1948 17897:Revenue Act of 1945 17689:Agreement on Europe 17294:Wang Jingwei regime 17204:Potsdam Declaration 17195:Soviet–Japanese War 17150:Anti-Comintern Pact 17145:January 28 incident 17130:London Naval Treaty 17007:Triple Intervention 16836:Supreme War Council 16720:deliberative bodies 15932:George Kistiakowsky 15887:Charles Critchfield 15490:"Hiroshima Archive" 15268:on 16 November 2018 15197:. Wikisource. 2015. 15133:Warren, Stafford L. 14759:. Diversion Books. 14581:Asia-Pacific Issues 14351:2007ACP.....7.1973T 14051:Selden, Kyoko Iriye 13575:The Final Campaigns 13070:Hewlett, Richard G. 13038:Hewlett, Richard G. 12807:1977enw..book.....G 12512:Coster-Mullen, John 12454:Hart, Basil Liddell 12196:1986BuAtS..42f..38B 12024:Hart, Basil Liddell 11923:, pp. 319–322. 11767:Khan, Shahedul Anam 11756:, pp. 212–213. 11744:, pp. 266–267. 11576:, pp. 521–529. 11155:, pp. 409–415. 10881:. Knight-Rider News 10675:1988RadR..113....1M 10624:2002JRP....22..357H 10471:1992JRP....12...93M 10337:. 2002. p. 57. 10199:on 28 November 2010 10031:1998PNAS...95.5426P 9728:, pp. 434–452. 9410:on 12 February 2012 9367:, pp. 316–319. 9331:, pp. 209–210. 9319:, pp. 207–208. 9238:(1 November 2007). 9225:, pp. 396–397. 9213:, pp. 111–112. 9201:, pp. 149–173. 8977:on 20 December 2005 8917:on 26 February 2018 8887:on 26 February 2018 8793:, pp. 222–226. 8685:, pp. 216–217. 8651:, pp. 213–215. 8630:on 22 November 2015 8545:, pp. 204–205. 8524:on 11 February 2012 8478:, pp. 233–234. 8466:, pp. 353–354. 8386:, pp. 283–284. 8359:, pp. 288–289. 8347:, pp. 153–154. 8185:on 18 February 2017 8161:, pp. 444–445. 8083:, pp. 443–444. 8005:, pp. 330–331. 7912:on 9 September 2009 7908:(3). Archived from 7836:"Special Exhibit 3" 7615:, pp. 264–265. 7386:, pp. 391–392. 7249:on 20 December 2007 7057:, pp. 224–225. 7001:, pp. 70, 163. 6847:, pp. 395–396. 6835:, pp. 389–390. 6775:, pp. 712–713. 6729:, pp. 372–373. 6530:, pp. 255–260. 6518:, pp. 238–239. 6494:, pp. 255–256. 6467:, pp. 149–150. 6412:Wellerstein, Alex. 6402:, pp. 319–321. 6390:, pp. 183–203. 6333:, pp. 528–529. 6209:Alex, Wellerstein. 6082:on 24 February 2013 6025:figures follow the 5884:, pp. 412–414. 5848:, pp. 642–643. 5836:, pp. 614–617. 5788:, pp. 568–570. 5776:, pp. 608–610. 5724:on 13 November 2012 5680:, pp. 574–576. 5644:, pp. 558–560. 5632:, pp. 548–551. 5620:, pp. 514–521. 5608:, pp. 507–509. 5584:, pp. 169–175. 5548:, pp. 164–165. 5433:, pp. 202–225. 5421:, pp. 121–124. 5397:, pp. 169–171. 5385:, pp. 125–130. 5349:, pp. 462–467. 4885:Hiroshima City Hall 4835:, built in 1966 by 4383:, conducted by the 4203:, prohibited using 4197:Cuthbert Thicknesse 4162:The bombing amazed 4105:occupation of Japan 4050:U.S. Army Air Force 4035:radiation poisoning 3999:A telegram sent by 3937:Pearl Harbor Attack 3817:Occupation of Japan 3650:William L. Laurence 3569:University of Tokyo 3323: 3293:Bombing of Nagasaki 2956:Second General Army 2839:A victim with burns 2786:thermal flash burns 2768:The pattern of the 2705:World Heritage Site 2361: 2285:reinforced concrete 2256:Second General Army 2070:Potsdam Declaration 2056:Potsdam Declaration 2050:Potsdam Declaration 1830:Edwin O. Reischauer 1409:fighting on Okinawa 1084:gross register tons 1033:President Roosevelt 880:Potsdam Declaration 149:6 and 9 August 1945 135:32.77361; 129.86333 126: / 104:34.39472; 132.45472 95: / 26099:Explosions in 1945 26046:Nuclear technology 25197:Rotterdam (Allied) 23940:Historical regions 23896:Transgender people 23454:Capital punishment 23313:Support of Ukraine 23262:Black Lives Matter 23170:War in Afghanistan 23095:Invasion of Panama 23051:Iran–Contra affair 22912:Early–mid Cold War 22782:Harlem Renaissance 22641:Compromise of 1877 22616:Reconstruction era 22552:Fugitive Slave Act 22547:Compromise of 1850 22492:Westward expansion 22430:Louisiana Purchase 22273:Stamp Act Congress 22218:King William's War 22006:Surrender of Japan 21839:Battle of Iwo Jima 21688:Belgrade offensive 21101:Siege of Leningrad 20985:Battle of Shanggao 20914:British Somaliland 20879:Dunkirk evacuation 20830:Norwegian campaign 20768:Invasion of Poland 20595:Japanese prisoners 19563:Italian war crimes 19494:British war crimes 19409:Soviet occupations 19193:South-West Pacific 19080:Allied cooperation 19038:Military equipment 18742:Japanese Americans 18576:Women's Army Corps 18438:Alben W. Barkley → 18433:← Henry A. Wallace 18067:Excess profits tax 17939:Flood Control Acts 17790:Key West Agreement 17683:Potsdam Conference 17022:Russo-Japanese War 16992:Two Lords Incident 16647:Imperial Household 15997:Henry DeWolf Smyth 15776:Robert Oppenheimer 15731:Priscilla Duffield 15474:"Nagasaki Archive" 14715:Code-Name Downfall 14468:Diplomatic History 14439:Diplomatic History 14122:Sherwin, Martin J. 13725:10.1353/jjs.0.0036 12995:Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi 12969:Hiroshima Nagasaki 12405:. Oxford: Osprey. 11512:, pp. 97–114. 11341:on 6 February 2008 10597:The New York Times 10109:10.21236/ada308549 9837:"No Abbey Service" 9297:nuclearsecrecy.com 9141:. City of Nagasaki 9119:. City of Nagasaki 9085:on 5 November 2018 8757:, pp. 43, 46. 8433:on 5 November 2018 8312:"Warning Leaflets" 8231:, pp. 175–201 7972:on 1 February 2016 7938:. Atomic Archive. 7790:The New York Times 7706:on 1 February 2016 7469:Hubbell et al 1969 7356:Rosen, Rebecca J. 7195:Red Circle Authors 7036:on 11 October 2004 6951:Coster-Mullen 2012 6939:Coster-Mullen 2012 6691:on 12 October 2013 6288:on 27 January 2012 6114:on 27 January 2012 4666: 4570:radiation energy. 4399:and 11 percent of 4289: 4160: 4075:Daniel A. McGovern 4059:Chicago Daily News 4041:The New York Times 4009: 4003:, delegate of the 3988:The New York Times 3962: 3958:Daniel A. McGovern 3941: 3931:The front page of 3845:Hisatsune Sakomizu 3813:Surrender of Japan 3786:Operation Downfall 3768: 3734:was available, no 3708: 3655:The New York Times 3621: 3485: 3386:Charles W. Sweeney 3319: 3307: 3286: 3254: 3214:Magic codebreakers 3179:Vyacheslav Molotov 3128:Potsdam Conference 3099: 2990:, a prince of the 2933: 2740:Ruins of Hiroshima 2664:radiation sickness 2659:Yoshito Matsushige 2542:, 261 en route to 2532: 2466:Charles W. Sweeney 2388:Claude R. Eatherly 2359: 2316: 2283:contained several 2276:anti-aircraft guns 2245: 2013:Potsdam Conference 2011:, at the upcoming 1980: 1925: 1871:nuclear technology 1758:Frederick Ashworth 1729: 1709:William S. Parsons 1705:William R. Purnell 1611:Great Bend, Kansas 1587: 1473: 1367: 1344:XXI Bomber Command 1320:Haywood S. Hansell 1297: 1287:Air raids on Japan 1281:Air raids on Japan 1275:biological weapons 1236:George C. Marshall 1180: 1158:Commonwealth Corps 1118:Operation Downfall 1108:Operation Downfall 1029:Ardennes Offensive 1018:military personnel 997: 919:radiation sickness 862:, and deployed to 806:operation on Tokyo 701:Japanese surrender 667:Naval bombardments 597:Fire balloon bombs 320:Volcano and Ryukyu 315:Marianas and Palau 26015: 26014: 26011: 26010: 25982: 25981: 25911:Mediterranean and 25905: 25904: 25803: 25802: 25540: 25539: 25313:Barrow-in-Furness 25298:Battle of Britain 24974: 24973: 24751:Freiburg (Allies) 24491:Strategic bombing 24426: 24425: 24384: 24383: 24380: 24379: 23945:American frontier 23906: 23905: 23836:Lebanese American 23821:Egyptian American 23756:Estonian American 23746:Albanian American 23740:European American 23717:Japanese American 23707:Filipino American 23668: 23667: 23330: 23329: 23326: 23325: 23279:COVID-19 pandemic 23182:Hurricane Katrina 23123:Los Angeles riots 23013:Watergate scandal 22858:Start of Cold War 22826:Manhattan Project 22413:Whiskey Rebellion 22243:King George's War 22208:Thirteen Colonies 22169:Pre-Columbian Era 22080: 22079: 22038: 22037: 21881:Battle of Okinawa 21780:Burma (1944–1945) 21614:Mariana and Palau 21394:Tunisian campaign 21219:Fall of Singapore 21143:Fall of Hong Kong 20886:Battle of Britain 20739:Operation Himmler 20648: 20647: 20312:Dutch East Indies 19955:Southern Rhodesia 19707: 19706: 19607:Genocide of Serbs 19510:German war crimes 19487:Soviet war crimes 19480:Allied war crimes 19326:Division of Korea 19305:Chinese Civil War 19103:Strategic bombing 19015:Manhattan Project 18789: 18788: 18757: 18756: 18737:Chinese Americans 18722:African Americans 18701:Normandy landings 18622: 18621: 18586:Rosie the Riveter 18460: 18459: 18338:(1979 miniseries) 18160:Historic District 18097: 18096: 18089:1952 steel strike 17961:Fulbright Program 17737:Hoover Commission 17483: 17482: 17455:Socialist thought 17403: 17402: 17342:Dutch East Indies 17304:Empire of Vietnam 17222: 17221: 16997:Satsuma Rebellion 16977:Meiji Restoration 16954: 16953: 16764: 16763: 16702:Greater East Asia 16588:Political parties 16543:Foreign relations 16290: 16289: 16212:Los Alamos Primer 16201:Interim Committee 16156:African Americans 16108:The Great Artiste 15967:Isidor Isaac Rabi 15962:Norman Ramsey Jr. 15761:Franklin Matthias 15700:Heavy water sites 15607:Manhattan Project 15213:on 5 October 2011 15087:978-0-393-08065-0 15063:978-4-333-01204-6 15042:978-4-7700-2776-4 14972:978-4-286-03708-0 14928:978-0-923568-66-5 14909:978-0-80784-547-9 14865:978-0-691-12818-4 14837:978-0-399-58925-6 14807:978-1-84603-396-4 14794:Delgado, James P. 14785:978-0-465-02985-3 14766:978-1-63576-581-6 14747:978-0-679-76285-0 14725:978-0-684-80406-4 14679:978-1-84603-687-3 14666:Zaloga, Steven J. 14556:978-1-56098-665-2 14522:978-0-691-19344-1 14504:Wellerstein, Alex 14417:978-0-275-95475-8 14314:978-0-9703666-0-3 14287:978-0-241-89726-3 14278:Ruin from the Air 14260:978-1-59558-547-9 14238:978-0-380-78874-3 14208:978-0-8247-6764-8 14189:978-0-415-32292-8 14162:978-0-930370-16-9 14135:978-0-8047-3957-3 14068:978-0-87332-773-2 14034:978-0-19-503629-9 14007:978-0-8153-1883-5 13980:978-0-944482-01-8 13961:978-0-19-280437-2 13912:978-0-68-480400-2 13844:978-0-06-039054-9 13786:978-0-8027-1445-9 13657:978-0-87013-403-6 13617:978-1-4379-1286-9 13553:978-0-8078-4344-4 13514:978-0-7425-4341-6 13466:978-4-13-030012-4 13453:Kido Kōichi Diary 13431:on 10 August 2015 13399:978-1-55611-301-7 13335:978-1-84176-354-5 13299:978-1-59874-346-3 13280:978-0-394-74823-8 13251:978-0-465-02985-3 13207:978-0-8154-1118-5 13176:978-0-521-44132-2 13155:Hoddeson, Lillian 13138:978-0-415-94035-1 13088:978-0-520-06018-0 13029:978-1-56324-967-9 13010:978-0-674-01693-4 12978:978-0-7322-8845-7 12919:978-0-7658-0352-8 12892:978-0-306-80189-1 12842:978-1-57488-033-5 12779:978-1-59114-316-1 12760:978-4-272-52022-0 12741:978-0-679-41424-7 12728:Frank, Richard B. 12719:978-0-7007-1409-4 12692:978-1-60819-670-8 12662:978-0-262-55028-4 12631:978-0-7006-0504-0 12602:978-0-521-56682-7 12572:978-0-692-01676-3 12488:978-0-912799-63-6 12412:978-1-84603-284-4 12385:978-1-55750-120-2 12366:978-0-618-87201-5 12339:978-0-7864-2139-8 12308:978-0-224-06288-6 12291:Burchett, Wilfred 12282:978-0-87011-471-7 12263:978-0-8047-5399-9 12244:978-1-58341-545-0 12225:978-0-521-56682-7 12115:978-0-7090-3991-4 12085:978-0-8262-1962-6 11976:on 31 August 2020 11952:The Asahi Shimbun 11899:, pp. 80–82. 11769:(6 August 2017). 11648:978-1-8454-5844-7 11488:, pp. 23–24. 11409:"ヒロシマの記録 1981 1月" 11367:on 30 August 2007 11103:on 9 October 2014 10991:978-92-4-150513-0 10914:on 10 August 2007 10824:The Asahi Shimbun 10566:10.1148/106.3.617 10435:978-0-309-03995-6 10263:978-0-470-51500-6 10141:978-92-1-059959-7 9891:, pp. 25–26. 9817:on 23 August 2013 9606:(7 August 2009). 9550:The Baltimore Sun 9525:, pp. 10–25. 9246:on 13 August 2020 8877:"Yosuke Yamahata" 8866:, pp. 56–60. 8401:, pp. 64–65. 8057:The Asahi Shimbun 8026:978-1-982128-51-7 7680:(4 August 2020). 7678:Wellerstein, Alex 7644:. Pantheon Books. 7439:, pp. 42–43. 6965:, pp. 38–40. 6571:. 13 August 1945. 6455:, pp. 67–68. 6261:, pp. 14–15. 6065:, pp. 50–52. 6041:, pp. 82–84. 5932:, pp. 79–80. 5920:, pp. 58–59. 5755:on 27 August 2011 5668:, pp. 24–26. 5596:, pp. 29–31. 5572:, pp. 22–24. 5487:, pp. 98–99. 5409:, pp. 45–48. 5373:, pp. 32–34. 5337:, pp. 41–44. 5322:, pp. 48–49. 5248:978-0-8262-6569-2 5075:Tsuyoshi Hasegawa 5056:Japan's surrender 4896:Hiroshima Station 4837:Nipponzan-Myōhōji 4773:Tsutomu Yamaguchi 4692: 4260: 4201:dean of St Albans 4172:Werner Heisenberg 4168:Operation Epsilon 4151: 3953: 3676:The Great Artiste 3668:The Great Artiste 3660:The Great Artiste 3565:The Great Artiste 3546:The Great Artiste 3523:The Great Artiste 3521:, accompanied by 3507:The Great Artiste 3503:Frederick C. Bock 3454: 3453: 3407:Frederick C. Bock 3400:The Great Artiste 3121: 3017:Kyushu University 2825:Andersonville NHS 2756:after the bombing 2713:Hiroshima bombing 2550:and 66 bound for 2546:, 111 headed for 2521:Morris R. Jeppson 2518:Second Lieutenant 2513: 2512: 2459:The Great Artiste 2335:The Great Artiste 2193:neutron reflector 2172:, along with its 2124:Winston Churchill 2093:Cairo Declaration 1947:Robert Jay Lifton 1867:Interim Committee 1762:Richard C. Tolman 1738:David M. Dennison 1715:Choice of targets 1695:Brigadier General 1523:Manhattan Project 1507:neutron moderator 1481:The discovery of 1477:Manhattan Project 1469:Manhattan Project 1413:aircraft carriers 1349:precision bombing 1317:Brigadier General 1263:cyanogen chloride 1187:Operation Ketsugō 1183:Japan's geography 1134:Operation Coronet 1122:Operation Olympic 1061:landed on Okinawa 1025:wounded in action 822:Manhattan Project 767:Japan surrendered 750: 749: 592:Lookout Air Raids 499:Southwest Pacific 230: 229: 164:Manhattan Project 26131: 26056: 26055: 26054: 26044: 26043: 26042: 26032: 26031: 26030: 26023: 25993: 25992: 25918: 25917: 25815:Allied Singapore 25784: 25783: 25551: 25550: 25509:(Czechoslovakia) 25192:Rotterdam (Axis) 24591: 24590: 24511: 24510: 24506:European theatre 24471:Area bombardment 24453: 24446: 24439: 24430: 24429: 24416: 24406: 24405: 24370: 24369: 24299:Outlying islands 24256:Washington, D.C. 24251:Federal District 23950:Manifest destiny 23923: 23922: 23912: 23911: 23854:Native Americans 23826:Iranian American 23800:Mexican American 23786:Serbian American 23771:Italian American 23761:Finnish American 23751:English American 23702:Chinese American 23689:African American 23674: 23673: 23479:Direct democracy 23469:The Constitution 23428:Higher education 23351:American Century 23336: 23335: 22789:Great Depression 22762:Women's suffrage 22752:Roaring Twenties 22678:Haymarket affair 22636:Enforcement Acts 22425:Jeffersonian era 22373:Shays' Rebellion 22293:Intolerable Acts 22288:Boston Tea Party 22223:Queen Anne's War 22151: 22150: 22140: 22139: 22107: 22100: 22093: 22084: 22083: 22073: 22066: 22059: 22056:World portal 22054: 22053: 22029: 22022: 22015: 22008: 21999: 21992: 21985: 21976: 21969: 21962: 21955: 21948: 21941: 21932: 21925: 21918: 21916:Prague offensive 21911: 21909:Battle of Berlin 21904: 21897: 21890: 21883: 21876: 21869: 21862: 21855: 21853:Vienna offensive 21848: 21841: 21834: 21832:Battle of Manila 21827: 21807: 21798: 21789: 21782: 21773: 21766: 21759: 21752: 21745: 21738: 21731: 21722: 21713: 21706: 21697: 21690: 21683: 21676: 21667: 21660: 21653: 21646: 21639: 21632: 21625: 21616: 21609: 21600: 21591: 21582: 21575: 21573:Korsun–Cherkassy 21568: 21557: 21535: 21526: 21519: 21512: 21505: 21498: 21491: 21484: 21475: 21468: 21461: 21454: 21445: 21438: 21431: 21424: 21417: 21415:Bombing of Gorky 21410: 21403: 21396: 21376: 21369: 21360: 21353: 21346: 21337: 21330: 21323: 21316: 21305: 21298: 21291: 21284: 21282:Battle of Midway 21277: 21270: 21268:Battle of Gazala 21263: 21256: 21249: 21242: 21235: 21228: 21221: 21201: 21194: 21187: 21180: 21178:Battle of Borneo 21173: 21171:Malayan campaign 21166: 21159: 21152: 21145: 21138: 21131: 21124: 21117: 21115:Bombing of Gorky 21110: 21108:Battle of Moscow 21103: 21096: 21089: 21082: 21075: 21068: 21052: 21045: 21038: 21031: 21024: 21017: 21008: 21001: 20994: 20987: 20980: 20960: 20951: 20944: 20937: 20930: 20923: 20916: 20909: 20902: 20895: 20888: 20881: 20874: 20872:Battle of France 20867: 20860: 20853: 20846: 20839: 20832: 20812: 20805: 20798: 20791: 20784: 20777: 20770: 20748: 20741: 20734: 20727: 20725:Munich Agreement 20720: 20713: 20704: 20697: 20690: 20681: 20674: 20659: 20658: 20641: 20634: 20625: 20618: 20611: 20610:Soviet prisoners 20604: 20597: 20590: 20581: 20574: 20565: 20558: 20551: 20550:German prisoners 20546: 20526: 20517: 20510: 20503: 20498: 20491: 20484: 20477: 20470: 20463: 20456: 20449: 20442: 20435: 20428: 20421: 20414: 20407: 20398: 20391: 20384: 20377: 20370: 20363: 20356: 20349: 20342: 20335: 20328: 20321: 20314: 20307: 20300: 20293: 20286: 20279: 20272: 20252: 20245: 20238: 20231: 20224: 20217: 20210: 20203: 20196: 20189: 20182: 20162: 20155: 20148: 20141: 20133: 20126: 20119: 20110: 20103: 20095: 20088: 20086:French Indochina 20081: 20074: 20067: 20060: 20052: 20045: 20038: 20030: 20010: 20001: 19994: 19985: 19978: 19971: 19964: 19957: 19950: 19943: 19936: 19933:from August 1944 19924: 19917: 19910: 19903: 19896: 19889: 19882: 19875: 19868: 19856: 19849: 19842: 19835: 19828: 19816: 19808: 19801: 19794: 19787: 19780: 19773: 19766: 19754: 19747: 19740: 19733: 19718: 19717: 19698: 19691: 19684: 19677: 19670: 19659: 19644: 19637: 19630: 19625: 19616: 19609: 19602: 19593: 19586: 19579: 19577:Nanjing Massacre 19572: 19565: 19556: 19554:Nuremberg trials 19547: 19540: 19533: 19526: 19519: 19512: 19503: 19496: 19489: 19482: 19462: 19455: 19448: 19439: 19432: 19425: 19418: 19411: 19404: 19395: 19386: 19379: 19372: 19365: 19356: 19349: 19342: 19335: 19328: 19321: 19314: 19307: 19287: 19278: 19271: 19264: 19255: 19248: 19241: 19234: 19225: 19218: 19211: 19202: 19195: 19188: 19181: 19174: 19167: 19160: 19158:Asia and Pacific 19140: 19133: 19126: 19119: 19112: 19105: 19098: 19089: 19087:Mulberry harbour 19082: 19075: 19068: 19061: 19054: 19047: 19040: 19033: 19024: 19017: 19010: 19001: 18994: 18987: 18980: 18973: 18966: 18959: 18952: 18945: 18938: 18929: 18922: 18907: 18906: 18895: 18888: 18879: 18872: 18865: 18858: 18851: 18844: 18837: 18816: 18809: 18802: 18793: 18792: 18749:Jewish Americans 18681: 18680: 18630: 18561: 18560: 18487: 18480: 18473: 18464: 18463: 18449: 18448: 18362:(2022 TV series) 18124:Truman Committee 18024:Taft–Hartley Act 17891:Medal of Freedom 17666: 17665: 17650:Executive Orders 17554: 17546: 17535: 17510: 17503: 17496: 17487: 17486: 17445:Shinmin no Michi 17435:Internment camps 17347:French Indochina 17231: 17230: 17082:Taishō Democracy 16963: 16962: 16886:Japanese holdout 16773: 16772: 16697:Colonial Affairs 16631: 16630: 16558:Yokusan Sonendan 16464: 16456: 16448: 16432: 16431: 16358:Economic history 16317: 16310: 16303: 16294: 16293: 16282: 16281: 16233:Quebec Agreement 16017:John von Neumann 15957:George B. Pegram 15766:Dorothy McKibbin 15600: 15593: 15586: 15577: 15576: 15528: 15526: 15524: 15501: 15499: 15497: 15485: 15483: 15481: 15453: 15452: 15441: 15430: 15419: 15411:Internet Archive 15398:Internet Archive 15387: 15385: 15383: 15367: 15365: 15363: 15347: 15345: 15343: 15334: 15325: 15323: 15321: 15309: 15307: 15305: 15293: 15291: 15289: 15277: 15275: 15273: 15242: 15240: 15238: 15233:on 31 March 2010 15222: 15220: 15218: 15209:. Archived from 15198: 15148: 15128: 15091: 15067: 15046: 15027: 15025: 15023: 14986: 14976: 14957: 14940: 14913: 14894: 14877: 14850: 14841: 14819: 14789: 14770: 14751: 14729: 14708: 14691: 14661: 14616: 14599: 14597: 14595: 14578: 14568: 14541: 14539: 14537: 14514: 14499: 14462: 14429: 14402: 14379: 14377: 14375: 14362: 14345:(8): 1973–2002. 14336: 14326: 14299: 14272: 14242: 14225:Sweeney, Charles 14220: 14193: 14174: 14147: 14117: 14080: 14046: 14019: 13992: 13965: 13944: 13941:Internet Archive 13888: 13856: 13827: 13790: 13769: 13752: 13699: 13669: 13642: 13621: 13602: 13600: 13598: 13592: 13586:. Archived from 13565: 13538: 13523:Lewis, Robert A. 13518: 13506: 13495: 13478: 13440: 13438: 13436: 13430: 13424:. Archived from 13415: 13403: 13382: 13372: 13347: 13320: 13303: 13284: 13263: 13236: 13219: 13199: 13188: 13168: 13150: 13123: 13107: 13105: 13103: 13080: 13065: 13063: 13061: 13048: 13033: 13014: 12990: 12960: 12931: 12904: 12874: 12859:Gowing, Margaret 12854: 12825: 12823: 12821: 12791: 12764: 12745: 12723: 12704: 12679:Ellsberg, Daniel 12674: 12654: 12643: 12614: 12584: 12553: 12551: 12549: 12527: 12507: 12505: 12503: 12469: 12445: 12435: 12424: 12397: 12370: 12351: 12320: 12286: 12267: 12248: 12229: 12207: 12175: 12127: 12107: 12097: 12070: 12068: 12066: 12057:. Archived from 12039: 12008: 12007: 12005: 12003: 11992: 11986: 11985: 11983: 11981: 11962: 11956: 11955: 11944: 11938: 11937: 11930: 11924: 11918: 11912: 11906: 11900: 11894: 11888: 11882: 11876: 11870: 11864: 11863: 11856: 11850: 11849: 11838: 11832: 11831: 11819: 11813: 11807: 11801: 11795: 11786: 11785: 11783: 11781: 11763: 11757: 11751: 11745: 11739: 11733: 11732: 11696: 11690: 11689: 11682: 11673: 11672: 11659: 11653: 11652: 11631: 11625: 11624: 11622: 11620: 11600:(323): 347–363. 11583: 11577: 11571: 11565: 11564: 11562: 11560: 11552:Fox News Channel 11543: 11537: 11531: 11525: 11519: 11513: 11507: 11501: 11495: 11489: 11483: 11477: 11471: 11465: 11464: 11462: 11460: 11449: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11438: 11427: 11421: 11420: 11418: 11416: 11405: 11399: 11398: 11396: 11394: 11383: 11377: 11376: 11374: 11372: 11357: 11351: 11350: 11348: 11346: 11331: 11325: 11324: 11322: 11320: 11313:"After the Bomb" 11309: 11300: 11294: 11288: 11287: 11285: 11283: 11268: 11262: 11256: 11250: 11244: 11238: 11237: 11235: 11233: 11218: 11212: 11211: 11209: 11207: 11202:on 18 April 2016 11192: 11186: 11185: 11183: 11181: 11162: 11156: 11150: 11144: 11143: 11141: 11139: 11130:. Archived from 11119: 11113: 11112: 11110: 11108: 11093: 11087: 11086: 11084: 11082: 11068: 11062: 11061: 11051: 11041: 11017: 11011: 11010: 11008: 11006: 11000: 10979: 10969: 10963: 10962: 10930: 10924: 10923: 10921: 10919: 10910:. Archived from 10897: 10891: 10890: 10888: 10886: 10870: 10864: 10863: 10861: 10859: 10842: 10836: 10835: 10833: 10831: 10814: 10808: 10807: 10805: 10803: 10798:. 15 August 2007 10786: 10780: 10779: 10777: 10775: 10760: 10754: 10753: 10717: 10711: 10710: 10658: 10652: 10651: 10607: 10601: 10600: 10588: 10582: 10581: 10541: 10535: 10534: 10524: 10500: 10491: 10490: 10454: 10448: 10447: 10411: 10400: 10399: 10391: 10385: 10379: 10373: 10372: 10370: 10368: 10357: 10351: 10345: 10339: 10338: 10330: 10321: 10320: 10318: 10316: 10304: 10298: 10297: 10295: 10293: 10284:. Archived from 10274: 10268: 10267: 10241: 10235: 10234: 10232: 10230: 10225:. 11 August 2016 10215: 10209: 10208: 10206: 10204: 10195:. Archived from 10185: 10179: 10173: 10167: 10166: 10159: 10153: 10152: 10119: 10113: 10112: 10100: 10094: 10093: 10091: 10089: 10077: 10071: 10070: 10060: 10042: 10006: 10000: 9999: 9997: 9995: 9989: 9983:. Archived from 9982: 9974: 9968: 9967: 9965: 9959:. Archived from 9954: 9945: 9939: 9938: 9928: 9912: 9906: 9905: 9898: 9892: 9886: 9880: 9874: 9868: 9862: 9853: 9852: 9850: 9848: 9843:. 15 August 1945 9833: 9827: 9826: 9824: 9822: 9803: 9797: 9796: 9794: 9792: 9786: 9778: 9769: 9763: 9757: 9756: 9754: 9752: 9735: 9729: 9723: 9717: 9716: 9714: 9712: 9695: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9684: 9666: 9657: 9656: 9654: 9652: 9641: 9635: 9629: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9600: 9591: 9585: 9579: 9578: 9577:. 31 March 2024. 9567: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9541: 9535: 9534:Blume, pp. 28–31 9532: 9526: 9520: 9514: 9513: 9499: 9493: 9492:Blume, pp. 26–27 9490: 9475: 9474: 9460: 9454: 9453:Blume, pp. 25–26 9451: 9442: 9441: 9439: 9437: 9426: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9415: 9400: 9394: 9393: 9391: 9389: 9374: 9368: 9362: 9356: 9350: 9344: 9338: 9332: 9326: 9320: 9314: 9308: 9307: 9305: 9303: 9288: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9277: 9262: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9251: 9232: 9226: 9220: 9214: 9208: 9202: 9196: 9187: 9181: 9175: 9169: 9163: 9157: 9151: 9150: 9148: 9146: 9135: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9113: 9107: 9101: 9095: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9075: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9059:. 10 August 2005 9047: 9041: 9040: 9038: 9036: 9019: 9013: 9012: 9010: 9008: 8993: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8982: 8961: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8933: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8913:. Archived from 8903: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8892: 8883:. Archived from 8881:noorderlicht.com 8873: 8867: 8861: 8855: 8849: 8843: 8837: 8831: 8825: 8819: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8809:. Atomic Archive 8800: 8794: 8788: 8782: 8776: 8770: 8764: 8758: 8752: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8741: 8735: 8729:. Archived from 8724: 8716: 8710: 8704: 8698: 8692: 8686: 8680: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8658: 8652: 8646: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8616: 8610: 8609: 8597: 8591: 8585: 8579: 8573: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8552: 8546: 8540: 8534: 8533: 8531: 8529: 8514: 8503: 8497: 8491: 8485: 8479: 8473: 8467: 8461: 8455: 8449: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8423: 8414: 8408: 8402: 8396: 8387: 8381: 8372: 8366: 8360: 8354: 8348: 8342: 8336: 8330: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8308: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8266: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8250:. Trinity Atomic 8243: 8232: 8226: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8215: 8201: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8190: 8181:. Archived from 8168: 8162: 8156: 8150: 8149: 8147: 8145: 8130: 8124: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8090: 8084: 8078: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8064: 8049: 8043: 8037: 8031: 8030: 8012: 8006: 8000: 7994: 7988: 7982: 7981: 7979: 7977: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7928: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7893: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7873:. Archived from 7862: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7851: 7846:on 19 April 2018 7842:. Archived from 7832: 7826: 7820: 7814: 7811:Toon et al. 2007 7808: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7780: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7766: 7752: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7722: 7716: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7696: 7690: 7689: 7674: 7661: 7660: 7652: 7646: 7645: 7637: 7631: 7630: 7622: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7584: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7573: 7567: 7560: 7549: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7535: 7530:on 17 April 2021 7520: 7514: 7508: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7497: 7488:. Archived from 7478: 7472: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7455: 7446: 7440: 7434: 7423: 7417: 7411: 7405: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7353: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7309: 7303: 7297: 7291: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7265: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7239: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7214: 7203: 7202: 7186: 7180: 7174: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7144: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7112: 7099: 7093: 7082: 7076: 7070: 7064: 7058: 7052: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7025: 7019: 7013: 7002: 6996: 6990: 6984: 6978: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6948: 6942: 6936: 6930: 6924: 6915: 6909: 6900: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6854: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6806: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6782: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6748: 6742: 6736: 6730: 6724: 6713: 6707: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6679: 6673: 6667: 6656: 6650: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6599:. Archived from 6586: 6573: 6572: 6562: 6554: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6409: 6403: 6400:Wellerstein 2020 6397: 6391: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6347: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6287: 6276: 6268: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6238: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6181: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6157: 6150: 6142: 6136: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6113: 6106: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6072: 6066: 6060: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6030: 6020: 6018: 6016: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5969: 5963: 5957: 5951: 5945: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5909: 5903: 5897: 5891: 5885: 5879: 5873: 5867: 5861: 5855: 5849: 5843: 5837: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5751:. Archived from 5749:CommonDreams.org 5740: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5232: 5197:nuclear umbrella 5167:William D. Leahy 5029: 5018: 5016: 5015: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4973: 4971: 4970: 4907: 4893: 4882: 4871: 4860: 4783:Korean survivors 4755:Double survivors 4729:public ignorance 4714: 4699: 4697: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4680: 4679: 4537:undifferentiated 4424:. The number of 4355:Cancer increases 4261: 4242:Hiroshima (book) 4181: 4152: 4101: 4069:A member of the 4012:Wilfred Burchett 3975:Mainichi Shimbun 3960:and Harry Mimura 3954: 3911:human extinction 3854:Foreign Minister 3783: 3777:Henry A. Wallace 3712:prisoners of war 3592: 3393:Weapon delivery 3324: 3318: 3155:The 50,000-watt 3123: 3122: 3096: 3047: 3035: 2960:Hiroshima Castle 2908: 2896: 2884: 2872: 2860: 2848: 2836: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2781: 2765: 2749: 2737: 2725: 2648: 2646: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2632: 2610: 2538:, 102 bound for 2452:Weapon delivery 2362: 2358: 2260:Hiroshima Castle 2185:Raemer Schreiber 2181:urchin initiator 2135:Leonard Cheshire 1994:on 4 July 1945. 1984:Quebec Agreement 1957: 1953: 1908:prisoners of war 1824:Emperor's palace 1821: 1746:Robert R. Wilson 1742:John von Neumann 1651:reversible-pitch 1386:area bombardment 1382:incendiary raids 1322:determined that 1249:. Quantities of 1232:William Shockley 1224:Henry L. Stimson 1221:Secretary of War 1195:civilian militia 1112:Even before the 1045:recaptured Burma 1021:killed in action 995: 993: 988: 986: 982: 980: 976: 974: 969: 967: 963: 961: 891:Quebec Agreement 830:enriched uranium 722:Manchuria (1945) 577:Aleutian Islands 427:Indochina (1945) 397:Indochina (1940) 383:2nd Indian Ocean 366:1st Indian Ocean 361:Christmas Island 266: 256: 249: 242: 233: 232: 154:Executed by 141: 140: 138: 137: 136: 131: 127: 124: 123: 122: 119: 110: 109: 107: 106: 105: 100: 96: 93: 92: 91: 88: 45: 21: 20: 26139: 26138: 26134: 26133: 26132: 26130: 26129: 26128: 26064: 26063: 26062: 26052: 26050: 26040: 26038: 26028: 26026: 26018: 26016: 26007: 25978: 25947: 25912: 25901: 25866: 25845: 25824: 25799: 25782: 25629: 25608: 25577: 25536: 25465: 25429: 25290: 25284: 25253: 25232: 25206: 25150: 25096:Reggio Calabria 24970: 24951:Wiener Neustadt 24756:Friedrichshafen 24746:Freiburg (Axis) 24649: 24596: 24582: 24551: 24530: 24500: 24462: 24457: 24427: 24422: 24376: 24350: 24294: 24258: 24246: 23985: 23959: 23917: 23902: 23808:Jewish American 23781:Polish American 23722:Korean American 23712:Indian American 23679: 23664: 23519:Merchant Marine 23489:Law enforcement 23341: 23322: 23196: 23192:Great Recession 23099: 23073:Reagan Doctrine 23027: 23006:Stonewall riots 22928: 22902:Project Mercury 22863:Truman Doctrine 22839: 22747:First Red Scare 22721: 22690:Progressive Era 22602: 22562:Bleeding Kansas 22518: 22465:Monroe Doctrine 22441: 22389: 22348:Treaty of Paris 22309: 22283:Boston Massacre 22278:Sons of Liberty 22174: 22145: 22134: 22116: 22111: 22081: 22076: 22069: 22062: 22048: 22046: 22034: 22025: 22018: 22011: 22004: 21995: 21988: 21981: 21972: 21967:Atomic bombings 21965: 21958: 21951: 21944: 21937: 21928: 21921: 21914: 21907: 21900: 21893: 21886: 21879: 21872: 21865: 21858: 21851: 21844: 21837: 21830: 21823: 21810: 21803: 21792: 21785: 21778: 21769: 21762: 21755: 21748: 21741: 21734: 21725: 21716: 21709: 21700: 21693: 21686: 21679: 21670: 21663: 21658:Eastern Romania 21656: 21651:Warsaw Uprising 21649: 21644:Tannenberg Line 21642: 21635: 21630:Western Ukraine 21628: 21619: 21612: 21603: 21594: 21585: 21578: 21571: 21560: 21551: 21538: 21531: 21522: 21515: 21508: 21501: 21494: 21487: 21480: 21471: 21464: 21457: 21448: 21441: 21434: 21427: 21422:Battle of Kursk 21420: 21413: 21406: 21399: 21392: 21379: 21372: 21363: 21356: 21349: 21340: 21333: 21326: 21319: 21310: 21301: 21294: 21287: 21280: 21273: 21266: 21259: 21252: 21245: 21238: 21233:St Nazaire Raid 21231: 21224: 21217: 21204: 21197: 21190: 21183: 21176: 21169: 21162: 21155: 21148: 21141: 21134: 21127: 21120: 21113: 21106: 21099: 21092: 21085: 21078: 21071: 21057: 21048: 21041: 21034: 21027: 21020: 21015:Anglo-Iraqi War 21013: 21006:Battle of Crete 21004: 20997: 20990: 20983: 20976: 20963: 20954: 20947: 20940: 20935:Eastern Romania 20933: 20926: 20919: 20912: 20905: 20898: 20891: 20884: 20877: 20870: 20863: 20856: 20849: 20842: 20835: 20828: 20815: 20808: 20801: 20794: 20787: 20780: 20773: 20766: 20753: 20744: 20737: 20730: 20723: 20716: 20709: 20700: 20693: 20686: 20677: 20670: 20644: 20637: 20630: 20621: 20614: 20609: 20600: 20593: 20586: 20577: 20570: 20561: 20554: 20549: 20542: 20529: 20522: 20513: 20506: 20501: 20496:Western Ukraine 20494: 20487: 20480: 20473: 20466: 20459: 20452: 20445: 20440:Northeast China 20438: 20431: 20424: 20417: 20410: 20403: 20394: 20387: 20380: 20373: 20366: 20359: 20352: 20345: 20338: 20331: 20324: 20317: 20310: 20303: 20296: 20289: 20282: 20275: 20268: 20255: 20248: 20241: 20234: 20227: 20220: 20213: 20206: 20199: 20192: 20185: 20178: 20165: 20158: 20151: 20146:Slovak Republic 20144: 20136: 20129: 20122: 20117:Empire of Japan 20115: 20106: 20098: 20091: 20084: 20077: 20070: 20063: 20055: 20048: 20041: 20033: 20026: 20013: 20006: 19997: 19990: 19981: 19974: 19967: 19960: 19953: 19946: 19939: 19927: 19920: 19913: 19906: 19899: 19892: 19885: 19878: 19871: 19859: 19852: 19845: 19838: 19831: 19819: 19811: 19804: 19797: 19790: 19783: 19776: 19769: 19757: 19750: 19743: 19736: 19729: 19703: 19694: 19687: 19680: 19673: 19662: 19647: 19640: 19633: 19629:Sexual violence 19628: 19621: 19612: 19605: 19598: 19589: 19582: 19575: 19568: 19561: 19552: 19543: 19536: 19529: 19522: 19515: 19508: 19499: 19492: 19485: 19478: 19465: 19458: 19451: 19444: 19435: 19428: 19421: 19414: 19407: 19398: 19389: 19382: 19375: 19368: 19359: 19352: 19347:Greek Civil War 19345: 19338: 19331: 19324: 19317: 19310: 19303: 19290: 19283: 19274: 19267: 19260: 19251: 19244: 19237: 19230: 19221: 19214: 19207: 19198: 19191: 19184: 19177: 19172:South-East Asia 19170: 19163: 19156: 19143: 19136: 19129: 19122: 19115: 19108: 19101: 19094: 19085: 19078: 19071: 19064: 19057: 19050: 19043: 19036: 19031:Military awards 19029: 19020: 19013: 19006: 18997: 18990: 18983: 18976: 18969: 18962: 18955: 18948: 18941: 18934: 18925: 18918: 18898: 18891: 18884: 18875: 18868: 18861: 18856: 18847: 18840: 18833: 18825: 18820: 18790: 18785: 18753: 18732:Asian Americans 18726:Tuskegee Airmen 18710: 18691:List of battles 18679: 18631: 18618: 18590: 18559: 18535:G.I. Generation 18496: 18491: 18461: 18456: 18408: 18391:Margaret Truman 18373: 18294: 18243: 18176: 18133: 18093: 17967:Hill–Burton Act 17877: 17719:Luce–Celler Act 17678:Truman Doctrine 17664: 17557: 17549: 17538: 17527: 17519: 17517:Harry S. Truman 17514: 17484: 17479: 17465:Yasukuni Shrine 17399: 17376: 17318: 17272: 17218: 17170:Tripartite Pact 17165:Rape of Nanking 17106: 17092:Tapani incident 17036: 17012:Boxer Rebellion 16970: 16950: 16914: 16905: 16854: 16845: 16780: 16760: 16754:Representatives 16722: 16719: 16718:Legislative and 16711: 16677:Foreign Affairs 16640: 16637: 16622: 16521: 16500:Government Seal 16485:Rising Sun Flag 16468: 16462: 16454: 16446: 16433: 16424: 16326: 16324:Empire of Japan 16321: 16291: 16286: 16272: 16238:RaLa Experiment 16144: 16113: 16078:Project Alberta 16046: 16042:Chien-Shiung Wu 15972:James Rainwater 15907:Richard Feynman 15897:John R. Dunning 15872:Norris Bradbury 15835: 15821:Stafford Warren 15791:William Purnell 15771:Kenneth Nichols 15751:Ernest Lawrence 15726:James B. Conant 15704: 15618: 15609: 15604: 15546:Wayback Machine 15535: 15522: 15520: 15519:on 5 March 2012 15511: 15508: 15495: 15493: 15488: 15479: 15477: 15472: 15469: 15450: 15439: 15428: 15417: 15403:The short film 15390:The short film 15381: 15379: 15378:. 8 August 2020 15370: 15361: 15359: 15358:on 19 July 2012 15350: 15341: 15339: 15332: 15328: 15319: 15317: 15312: 15303: 15301: 15296: 15287: 15285: 15280: 15271: 15269: 15252: 15249: 15236: 15234: 15225: 15216: 15214: 15201: 15191: 15188: 15183: 15156: 15151: 15131: 15094: 15088: 15070: 15064: 15049: 15043: 15030: 15021: 15019: 14984: 14979: 14973: 14960: 14943: 14929: 14916: 14910: 14897: 14880: 14866: 14853: 14844: 14838: 14822: 14808: 14792: 14786: 14773: 14767: 14754: 14748: 14734:Alperovitz, Gar 14732: 14726: 14711: 14703: 14699: 14697:Further reading 14694: 14680: 14593: 14591: 14576: 14557: 14535: 14533: 14523: 14512: 14418: 14373: 14371: 14334: 14315: 14288: 14261: 14239: 14209: 14190: 14163: 14136: 14069: 14057:, eds. (1990). 14035: 14008: 13981: 13962: 13913: 13893:Rhodes, Richard 13877: 13861:Rhodes, Richard 13845: 13808:10.2307/2643028 13787: 13688: 13658: 13618: 13596: 13594: 13590: 13554: 13527:Popular Science 13515: 13467: 13450: 13434: 13432: 13428: 13413: 13400: 13336: 13300: 13281: 13252: 13208: 13177: 13139: 13101: 13099: 13089: 13078: 13059: 13057: 13046: 13030: 13011: 12979: 12920: 12893: 12843: 12819: 12817: 12780: 12761: 12742: 12720: 12693: 12663: 12632: 12603: 12573: 12547: 12545: 12501: 12499: 12489: 12413: 12386: 12367: 12340: 12309: 12299:Tell me No Lies 12283: 12264: 12245: 12226: 12148:10.2307/2539014 12116: 12100: 12086: 12064: 12062: 12017: 12012: 12011: 12001: 11999: 11994: 11993: 11989: 11979: 11977: 11964: 11963: 11959: 11946: 11945: 11941: 11932: 11931: 11927: 11919: 11915: 11907: 11903: 11895: 11891: 11883: 11879: 11871: 11867: 11858: 11857: 11853: 11840: 11839: 11835: 11820: 11816: 11808: 11804: 11796: 11789: 11779: 11777: 11764: 11760: 11752: 11748: 11740: 11736: 11713:10.2307/2197093 11697: 11693: 11684: 11683: 11676: 11661: 11660: 11656: 11649: 11633: 11632: 11628: 11618: 11616: 11584: 11580: 11572: 11568: 11558: 11556: 11545: 11544: 11540: 11532: 11528: 11520: 11516: 11508: 11504: 11496: 11492: 11484: 11480: 11472: 11468: 11458: 11456: 11451: 11450: 11446: 11436: 11434: 11429: 11428: 11424: 11414: 11412: 11407: 11406: 11402: 11392: 11390: 11385: 11384: 11380: 11370: 11368: 11359: 11358: 11354: 11344: 11342: 11333: 11332: 11328: 11318: 11316: 11311: 11310: 11303: 11295: 11291: 11281: 11279: 11269: 11265: 11257: 11253: 11245: 11241: 11231: 11229: 11220: 11219: 11215: 11205: 11203: 11194: 11193: 11189: 11179: 11177: 11176:on 3 April 2009 11164: 11163: 11159: 11151: 11147: 11137: 11135: 11120: 11116: 11106: 11104: 11095: 11094: 11090: 11080: 11078: 11070: 11069: 11065: 11018: 11014: 11004: 11002: 10998: 10992: 10977: 10971: 10970: 10966: 10931: 10927: 10917: 10915: 10898: 10894: 10884: 10882: 10871: 10867: 10857: 10855: 10854:. 9 August 2024 10844: 10843: 10839: 10829: 10827: 10815: 10811: 10801: 10799: 10788: 10787: 10783: 10773: 10771: 10761: 10757: 10718: 10714: 10683:10.2307/3577175 10659: 10655: 10608: 10604: 10589: 10585: 10542: 10538: 10501: 10494: 10455: 10451: 10436: 10412: 10403: 10393: 10392: 10388: 10380: 10376: 10366: 10364: 10359: 10358: 10354: 10346: 10342: 10332: 10331: 10324: 10314: 10312: 10305: 10301: 10291: 10289: 10288:on 8 March 2009 10276: 10275: 10271: 10264: 10242: 10238: 10228: 10226: 10217: 10216: 10212: 10202: 10200: 10187: 10186: 10182: 10174: 10170: 10161: 10160: 10156: 10142: 10121: 10120: 10116: 10101: 10097: 10087: 10085: 10078: 10074: 10007: 10003: 9993: 9991: 9990:on 12 July 2018 9987: 9980: 9976: 9975: 9971: 9963: 9952: 9946: 9942: 9926:10.2172/4421057 9913: 9909: 9900: 9899: 9895: 9887: 9883: 9879:, pp. 1–8. 9875: 9871: 9863: 9856: 9846: 9844: 9835: 9834: 9830: 9820: 9818: 9805: 9804: 9800: 9790: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9779: 9772: 9764: 9760: 9750: 9748: 9736: 9732: 9724: 9720: 9710: 9708: 9696: 9692: 9682: 9680: 9667: 9660: 9650: 9648: 9643: 9642: 9638: 9630: 9626: 9616: 9614: 9601: 9594: 9586: 9582: 9569: 9568: 9564: 9554: 9552: 9542: 9538: 9533: 9529: 9521: 9517: 9500: 9496: 9491: 9478: 9461: 9457: 9452: 9445: 9435: 9433: 9428: 9427: 9423: 9413: 9411: 9402: 9401: 9397: 9387: 9385: 9376: 9375: 9371: 9363: 9359: 9351: 9347: 9343:, p. 1223. 9339: 9335: 9327: 9323: 9315: 9311: 9301: 9299: 9289: 9285: 9275: 9273: 9272:on 1 March 2019 9264: 9263: 9259: 9249: 9247: 9233: 9229: 9221: 9217: 9209: 9205: 9197: 9190: 9186:, pp. 743. 9182: 9178: 9170: 9166: 9158: 9154: 9144: 9142: 9137: 9136: 9132: 9122: 9120: 9115: 9114: 9110: 9102: 9098: 9088: 9086: 9077: 9076: 9072: 9062: 9060: 9049: 9048: 9044: 9034: 9032: 9021: 9020: 9016: 9006: 9004: 8995: 8994: 8990: 8980: 8978: 8963: 8962: 8958: 8948: 8946: 8935: 8934: 8930: 8920: 8918: 8905: 8904: 8900: 8890: 8888: 8875: 8874: 8870: 8862: 8858: 8850: 8846: 8838: 8834: 8826: 8822: 8812: 8810: 8801: 8797: 8789: 8785: 8777: 8773: 8765: 8761: 8755:Kerr et al 2005 8753: 8749: 8739: 8737: 8736:on 10 June 2012 8733: 8722: 8718: 8717: 8713: 8705: 8701: 8693: 8689: 8681: 8677: 8667: 8665: 8660: 8659: 8655: 8647: 8643: 8633: 8631: 8624:Mainichi Weekly 8618: 8617: 8613: 8598: 8594: 8586: 8582: 8574: 8570: 8560: 8558: 8554: 8553: 8549: 8541: 8537: 8527: 8525: 8516: 8515: 8506: 8498: 8494: 8486: 8482: 8474: 8470: 8462: 8458: 8450: 8446: 8436: 8434: 8425: 8424: 8417: 8409: 8405: 8397: 8390: 8382: 8375: 8367: 8363: 8355: 8351: 8345:Slavinskiĭ 2004 8343: 8339: 8331: 8327: 8317: 8315: 8310: 8309: 8305: 8297: 8293: 8283: 8281: 8280:on 12 June 2019 8268: 8267: 8263: 8253: 8251: 8244: 8235: 8227: 8223: 8213: 8211: 8203: 8202: 8198: 8188: 8186: 8169: 8165: 8157: 8153: 8143: 8141: 8132: 8131: 8127: 8119: 8115: 8105: 8103: 8092: 8091: 8087: 8079: 8072: 8062: 8060: 8059:. 6 August 2005 8051: 8050: 8046: 8038: 8034: 8027: 8013: 8009: 8001: 7997: 7989: 7985: 7975: 7973: 7960: 7959: 7955: 7945: 7943: 7930: 7929: 7925: 7915: 7913: 7894: 7890: 7880: 7878: 7877:on 9 March 2009 7863: 7859: 7849: 7847: 7834: 7833: 7829: 7821: 7817: 7813:, p. 1994. 7809: 7805: 7795: 7793: 7781: 7774: 7764: 7762: 7754: 7753: 7749: 7739: 7737: 7724: 7723: 7719: 7709: 7707: 7698: 7697: 7693: 7676: 7675: 7664: 7653: 7649: 7638: 7634: 7623: 7619: 7611: 7607: 7597: 7595: 7594:. 8 August 1945 7586: 7585: 7581: 7571: 7569: 7568:on 24 June 2006 7565: 7558: 7550: 7543: 7533: 7531: 7522: 7521: 7517: 7509: 7505: 7495: 7493: 7492:on 24 June 2010 7480: 7479: 7475: 7459: 7457: 7453: 7447: 7443: 7437:Kerr et al 2005 7435: 7426: 7422:, p. 2566. 7418: 7414: 7406: 7402: 7394: 7390: 7382: 7378: 7368: 7366: 7354: 7350: 7340: 7338: 7329: 7328: 7324: 7316: 7312: 7304: 7300: 7292: 7288: 7278: 7276: 7275:on 20 June 2013 7267: 7266: 7262: 7252: 7250: 7241: 7240: 7233: 7223: 7221: 7216: 7215: 7206: 7187: 7183: 7175: 7171: 7163: 7159: 7151: 7147: 7139: 7135: 7125: 7123: 7114: 7113: 7102: 7094: 7085: 7077: 7073: 7065: 7061: 7053: 7049: 7039: 7037: 7026: 7022: 7014: 7005: 6997: 6993: 6985: 6981: 6973: 6969: 6961: 6957: 6949: 6945: 6937: 6933: 6925: 6918: 6910: 6903: 6895: 6891: 6883: 6879: 6871: 6867: 6855: 6851: 6843: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6817: 6815: 6808: 6807: 6803: 6793: 6791: 6784: 6783: 6779: 6771: 6767: 6757: 6755: 6750: 6749: 6745: 6737: 6733: 6725: 6716: 6708: 6704: 6694: 6692: 6685: 6681: 6680: 6676: 6668: 6659: 6651: 6644: 6636: 6632: 6624: 6617: 6606: 6604: 6603:on 13 June 2007 6587: 6576: 6560: 6556: 6555: 6546: 6538: 6534: 6526: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6502: 6498: 6490: 6486: 6478: 6471: 6463: 6459: 6451: 6447: 6439: 6432: 6422: 6420: 6410: 6406: 6398: 6394: 6386: 6382: 6376:Reischauer 1986 6374: 6370: 6360: 6358: 6349: 6348: 6337: 6329: 6325: 6317: 6313: 6305: 6301: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6274: 6270: 6269: 6265: 6257: 6253: 6245: 6241: 6233: 6229: 6219: 6217: 6215:Restricted Data 6207: 6203: 6193: 6191: 6183: 6182: 6171: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6148: 6144: 6143: 6139: 6131: 6127: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6104: 6100: 6099: 6095: 6085: 6083: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6061: 6057: 6049: 6045: 6037: 6033: 6014: 6012: 6000: 5996: 5988: 5984: 5976: 5972: 5964: 5960: 5952: 5948: 5940: 5936: 5928: 5924: 5916: 5912: 5904: 5900: 5892: 5888: 5880: 5876: 5868: 5864: 5856: 5852: 5844: 5840: 5832: 5828: 5820: 5816: 5808: 5804: 5796: 5792: 5784: 5780: 5772: 5768: 5758: 5756: 5741: 5737: 5727: 5725: 5714: 5710: 5700: 5698: 5688: 5684: 5676: 5672: 5664: 5660: 5652: 5648: 5640: 5636: 5628: 5624: 5616: 5612: 5604: 5600: 5592: 5588: 5580: 5576: 5568: 5564: 5556: 5552: 5544: 5540: 5532: 5525: 5515: 5513: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5495: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5471: 5467: 5457: 5455: 5454:on 12 June 2007 5442: 5441: 5437: 5429: 5425: 5417: 5413: 5405: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5381: 5377: 5369: 5365: 5357: 5353: 5345: 5341: 5333: 5326: 5318: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5294: 5290: 5282: 5278: 5270: 5263: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5233: 5229: 5224: 5155: 5153:Nuclear warfare 5149: 5097: 5091: 5067:state terrorism 5052: 5046: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5035: 5030: 5010: 4995: 4980: 4965: 4930: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4913: 4908: 4887: 4876: 4865: 4854: 4852:Motoyasu Bridge 4812: 4807: 4791: 4785: 4763:documented 165 4757: 4737:later conceived 4682: 4674: 4649: 4643: 4529:threshold point 4507: 4501: 4462:gestational age 4410: 4381:Life Span Study 4357: 4250: 4248: 4246:Terufumi Sasaki 4226: 4205:St Albans Abbey 4179: 4141: 4099: 4031:radiation burns 4027:nuclear fallout 4001:Fritz Bilfinger 3966:Yōsuke Yamahata 3943: 3925: 3919: 3849:Yoshijirō Umezu 3819: 3811:Main articles: 3809: 3781: 3773:James Forrestal 3760: 3754: 3716:Royal Air Force 3704:Yōsuke Yamahata 3686: 3629:Yontan Airfield 3590: 3295: 3236: 3231: 3222:Project Alberta 3199:Korechika Anami 3145: 3144: 3136: 3134: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3124: 3110: 3107: 3100: 3094: 3089: 3083: 3058: 3057: 3056: 3055: 3054: 3048: 3040: 3039: 3036: 3025: 2949:Terufumi Sasaki 2943:of the attack. 2929:firestorm-cloud 2917: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2900: 2897: 2888: 2885: 2876: 2873: 2864: 2861: 2852: 2849: 2840: 2837: 2828: 2821: 2812: 2809: 2800: 2797: 2788: 2782: 2773: 2766: 2757: 2750: 2741: 2738: 2729: 2726: 2715: 2714: 2640: 2627: 2621: 2608: 2594:kilotons of TNT 2445:Paul W. Tibbets 2340:Charles Sweeney 2305: 2219: 2214: 2189:Philip Morrison 2143: 2058: 2052: 2024:Thomas T. Handy 1964: 1955: 1951: 1917: 1878:Ernest Lawrence 1863: 1850:Harry S. Truman 1819: 1717: 1635:Project Alberta 1579: 1574: 1483:nuclear fission 1479: 1458: 1336:Mariana Islands 1289: 1283: 1217:Battle of Leyte 1206:Takijirō Ōnishi 1162:Japanese winter 1110: 1104: 1005:Empire of Japan 991: 990: 989: 984: 983: 978: 977: 972: 971: 970: 965: 964: 959: 958: 957: 950: 944: 939: 926:popular culture 886:the ultimatum. 868:Mariana Islands 858:version of the 751: 746: 738: 650:Mariana Islands 523:Solomon Islands 492:Burma (1944–45) 482:Burma (1942–43) 477:Burma (1941–42) 470:Burma and India 402:Franco-Thai War 349:Andaman Islands 276:Central Pacific 267: 262: 260: 226: 223:150,000–246,000 218: 199: 191:10,000 soldiers 173: 134: 132: 128: 125: 120: 117: 115: 113: 112: 111: 103: 101: 97: 94: 89: 86: 84: 82: 81: 80: 79: 61:Nuclear bombing 52: 49:mushroom clouds 17: 12: 11: 5: 26137: 26127: 26126: 26121: 26116: 26111: 26106: 26101: 26096: 26091: 26086: 26081: 26076: 26061: 26060: 26048: 26036: 26013: 26012: 26009: 26008: 26006: 26005: 25999: 25997: 25990: 25984: 25983: 25980: 25979: 25977: 25976: 25971: 25966: 25961: 25955: 25953: 25949: 25948: 25946: 25945: 25940: 25935: 25930: 25924: 25922: 25915: 25907: 25906: 25903: 25902: 25900: 25899: 25893: 25887: 25881: 25874: 25872: 25868: 25867: 25865: 25864: 25859: 25853: 25851: 25847: 25846: 25844: 25843: 25838: 25832: 25830: 25826: 25825: 25823: 25822: 25820:Axis Singapore 25817: 25811: 25809: 25805: 25804: 25801: 25800: 25798: 25797: 25790: 25788: 25781: 25780: 25775: 25774: 25773: 25763: 25758: 25753: 25748: 25738: 25733: 25728: 25723: 25718: 25713: 25708: 25703: 25698: 25693: 25688: 25683: 25678: 25673: 25668: 25663: 25658: 25653: 25648: 25643: 25637: 25635: 25631: 25630: 25628: 25627: 25622: 25616: 25614: 25610: 25609: 25607: 25606: 25601: 25596: 25591: 25585: 25583: 25579: 25578: 25576: 25575: 25574: 25573: 25571:Allied Rangoon 25568: 25561:Burma campaign 25557: 25555: 25548: 25542: 25541: 25538: 25537: 25535: 25534: 25528: 25522: 25516: 25510: 25504: 25498: 25492: 25486: 25480: 25473: 25471: 25467: 25466: 25464: 25463: 25458: 25453: 25452: 25451: 25446: 25437: 25435: 25431: 25430: 25428: 25427: 25426: 25425: 25420: 25415: 25410: 25405: 25400: 25395: 25390: 25385: 25380: 25375: 25370: 25365: 25360: 25355: 25350: 25345: 25340: 25335: 25330: 25325: 25320: 25315: 25305: 25303:Baedeker Blitz 25300: 25294: 25292: 25286: 25285: 25283: 25282: 25277: 25272: 25267: 25261: 25259: 25255: 25254: 25252: 25251: 25246: 25240: 25238: 25234: 25233: 25231: 25230: 25225: 25220: 25214: 25212: 25208: 25207: 25205: 25204: 25199: 25194: 25189: 25184: 25179: 25174: 25169: 25164: 25158: 25156: 25152: 25151: 25149: 25148: 25143: 25138: 25133: 25128: 25123: 25118: 25113: 25108: 25103: 25098: 25093: 25088: 25083: 25078: 25073: 25068: 25063: 25058: 25053: 25048: 25043: 25038: 25033: 25028: 25023: 25018: 25013: 25008: 25003: 24998: 24993: 24988: 24982: 24980: 24976: 24975: 24972: 24971: 24969: 24968: 24963: 24958: 24953: 24948: 24943: 24938: 24933: 24928: 24923: 24918: 24913: 24908: 24903: 24898: 24893: 24888: 24883: 24878: 24873: 24868: 24863: 24858: 24853: 24848: 24843: 24838: 24833: 24828: 24823: 24818: 24813: 24811:Kaiserslautern 24808: 24803: 24798: 24793: 24788: 24783: 24778: 24773: 24768: 24763: 24758: 24753: 24748: 24743: 24738: 24733: 24728: 24723: 24718: 24713: 24708: 24703: 24698: 24693: 24688: 24683: 24678: 24673: 24668: 24663: 24657: 24655: 24651: 24650: 24648: 24647: 24642: 24637: 24632: 24627: 24622: 24617: 24612: 24607: 24601: 24599: 24588: 24584: 24583: 24581: 24580: 24575: 24570: 24565: 24559: 24557: 24553: 24552: 24550: 24549: 24544: 24538: 24536: 24532: 24531: 24529: 24528: 24523: 24517: 24515: 24508: 24502: 24501: 24499: 24498: 24493: 24488: 24483: 24478: 24473: 24467: 24464: 24463: 24456: 24455: 24448: 24441: 24433: 24424: 24423: 24421: 24420: 24410: 24400: 24398:Historiography 24395: 24389: 24386: 24385: 24382: 24381: 24378: 24377: 24375: 24374: 24364: 24358: 24356: 24352: 24351: 24349: 24348: 24343: 24338: 24336:Navassa Island 24333: 24328: 24323: 24321:Johnston Atoll 24318: 24313: 24311:Howland Island 24308: 24302: 24300: 24296: 24295: 24293: 24292: 24287: 24282: 24277: 24272: 24270:American Samoa 24266: 24264: 24260: 24259: 24254: 24252: 24248: 24247: 24245: 24244: 24239: 24234: 24229: 24224: 24219: 24214: 24209: 24204: 24199: 24194: 24192:South Carolina 24189: 24184: 24179: 24174: 24169: 24164: 24159: 24157:North Carolina 24154: 24149: 24144: 24139: 24134: 24129: 24124: 24119: 24114: 24109: 24104: 24099: 24094: 24089: 24084: 24079: 24074: 24069: 24064: 24059: 24054: 24049: 24044: 24039: 24034: 24029: 24024: 24019: 24014: 24009: 24004: 23999: 23993: 23991: 23987: 23986: 23984: 23983: 23981:The West Coast 23978: 23973: 23967: 23965: 23961: 23960: 23958: 23957: 23955:Indian removal 23952: 23947: 23942: 23937: 23931: 23929: 23919: 23918: 23908: 23907: 23904: 23903: 23901: 23900: 23899: 23898: 23893: 23888: 23876: 23869: 23868: 23867: 23862: 23850: 23849: 23848: 23846:Saudi American 23843: 23838: 23833: 23831:Iraqi American 23828: 23823: 23811: 23804: 23803: 23802: 23790: 23789: 23788: 23783: 23778: 23773: 23768: 23766:Irish American 23763: 23758: 23753: 23748: 23736: 23735: 23734: 23729: 23724: 23719: 23714: 23709: 23704: 23696:Asian American 23692: 23684: 23681: 23680: 23670: 23669: 23666: 23665: 23663: 23662: 23661: 23660: 23655: 23650: 23645: 23640: 23628: 23627: 23626: 23624:Sexual slavery 23614: 23607: 23600: 23599: 23598: 23593: 23588: 23583: 23578: 23573: 23561: 23560: 23559: 23554: 23549: 23544: 23539: 23534: 23522: 23515: 23508: 23507: 23506: 23501: 23496: 23494:Postal service 23491: 23486: 23484:Foreign policy 23481: 23476: 23471: 23466: 23461: 23456: 23451: 23439: 23432: 23431: 23430: 23418: 23417: 23416: 23404: 23403: 23402: 23390: 23389: 23388: 23383: 23378: 23373: 23361: 23354: 23346: 23343: 23342: 23332: 23331: 23328: 23327: 23324: 23323: 23321: 23320: 23315: 23310: 23303: 23298: 23293: 23288: 23287: 23286: 23276: 23271: 23264: 23259: 23258: 23257: 23252: 23247: 23242: 23237: 23232: 23227: 23222: 23212: 23206: 23204: 23198: 23197: 23195: 23194: 23189: 23184: 23179: 23178: 23177: 23172: 23162: 23157: 23150: 23145: 23140: 23135: 23130: 23125: 23120: 23115: 23109: 23107: 23101: 23100: 23098: 23097: 23092: 23087: 23082: 23081: 23080: 23075: 23070: 23060: 23058:Crack epidemic 23055: 23054: 23053: 23048: 23037: 23035: 23029: 23028: 23026: 23025: 23023:Moral Majority 23020: 23015: 23010: 23009: 23008: 23001:Gay liberation 22998: 22993: 22991:Counterculture 22988: 22983: 22982: 22981: 22979:Fall of Saigon 22976: 22971: 22961: 22960: 22959: 22957:Apollo program 22954: 22952:Project Gemini 22944: 22938: 22936: 22930: 22929: 22927: 22926: 22921: 22920: 22919: 22909: 22904: 22899: 22894: 22893: 22892: 22887: 22882: 22877: 22870:Early Cold War 22867: 22866: 22865: 22855: 22849: 22847: 22841: 22840: 22838: 22837: 22836: 22835: 22834: 22833: 22823: 22818: 22808: 22807: 22806: 22801: 22796: 22786: 22785: 22784: 22779: 22774: 22769: 22764: 22759: 22749: 22744: 22743: 22742: 22731: 22729: 22723: 22722: 22720: 22719: 22714: 22713: 22712: 22707: 22702: 22697: 22687: 22686: 22685: 22680: 22675: 22670: 22665: 22660: 22650: 22645: 22644: 22643: 22638: 22633: 22628: 22623: 22612: 22610: 22604: 22603: 22601: 22600: 22599: 22598: 22593: 22583: 22582: 22581: 22576: 22571: 22566: 22565: 22564: 22554: 22549: 22542:Prelude to War 22539: 22534: 22532:Antebellum Era 22528: 22526: 22520: 22519: 22517: 22516: 22511: 22506: 22505: 22504: 22499: 22494: 22489: 22484: 22479: 22477:Trail of Tears 22472:Jacksonian era 22469: 22468: 22467: 22462: 22451: 22449: 22443: 22442: 22440: 22439: 22438: 22437: 22432: 22422: 22421: 22420: 22415: 22408:Federalist Era 22405: 22403:Bill of Rights 22399: 22397: 22391: 22390: 22388: 22387: 22386: 22385: 22380: 22375: 22370: 22365: 22352: 22351: 22350: 22345: 22340: 22338:Lee Resolution 22335: 22330: 22319: 22317: 22311: 22310: 22308: 22307: 22306: 22305: 22300: 22295: 22290: 22285: 22280: 22275: 22270: 22265: 22260: 22255: 22245: 22240: 22235: 22230: 22225: 22220: 22215: 22210: 22205: 22200: 22195: 22190: 22184: 22182: 22176: 22175: 22173: 22172: 22165: 22157: 22155: 22147: 22146: 22136: 22135: 22133: 22132: 22127: 22121: 22118: 22117: 22110: 22109: 22102: 22095: 22087: 22078: 22077: 22075: 22074: 22067: 22060: 22043: 22040: 22039: 22036: 22035: 22033: 22032: 22031: 22030: 22023: 22016: 22002: 22001: 22000: 21986: 21983:South Sakhalin 21979: 21978: 21977: 21963: 21956: 21949: 21942: 21935: 21934: 21933: 21919: 21912: 21905: 21898: 21891: 21884: 21877: 21870: 21863: 21856: 21849: 21842: 21835: 21828: 21820: 21818: 21812: 21811: 21809: 21808: 21801: 21800: 21799: 21783: 21776: 21775: 21774: 21760: 21753: 21746: 21739: 21732: 21723: 21714: 21707: 21698: 21691: 21684: 21677: 21668: 21661: 21654: 21647: 21640: 21633: 21626: 21617: 21610: 21601: 21592: 21583: 21576: 21569: 21558: 21548: 21546: 21540: 21539: 21537: 21536: 21529: 21528: 21527: 21520: 21506: 21499: 21492: 21485: 21478: 21477: 21476: 21462: 21455: 21446: 21439: 21432: 21425: 21418: 21411: 21408:Battle of Attu 21404: 21397: 21389: 21387: 21381: 21380: 21378: 21377: 21370: 21361: 21354: 21347: 21338: 21331: 21324: 21317: 21308: 21307: 21306: 21299: 21285: 21278: 21271: 21264: 21257: 21250: 21243: 21236: 21229: 21222: 21214: 21212: 21206: 21205: 21203: 21202: 21195: 21188: 21181: 21174: 21167: 21160: 21157:Battle of Guam 21153: 21146: 21139: 21132: 21125: 21118: 21111: 21104: 21097: 21090: 21083: 21080:Battle of Kiev 21076: 21069: 21055: 21054: 21053: 21039: 21032: 21025: 21018: 21011: 21010: 21009: 20995: 20988: 20981: 20973: 20971: 20965: 20964: 20962: 20961: 20952: 20945: 20938: 20931: 20924: 20917: 20910: 20903: 20896: 20889: 20882: 20875: 20868: 20861: 20854: 20847: 20840: 20833: 20825: 20823: 20817: 20816: 20814: 20813: 20806: 20799: 20792: 20785: 20778: 20771: 20763: 20761: 20755: 20754: 20752: 20751: 20750: 20749: 20742: 20735: 20728: 20721: 20707: 20706: 20705: 20698: 20684: 20683: 20682: 20667: 20665: 20656: 20650: 20649: 20646: 20645: 20643: 20642: 20635: 20628: 20627: 20626: 20619: 20607: 20606: 20605: 20591: 20584: 20583: 20582: 20579:United Kingdom 20575: 20568: 20567: 20566: 20547: 20539: 20537: 20531: 20530: 20528: 20527: 20520: 20519: 20518: 20511: 20499: 20492: 20485: 20478: 20471: 20464: 20457: 20450: 20443: 20436: 20429: 20422: 20415: 20408: 20401: 20400: 20399: 20392: 20378: 20371: 20364: 20357: 20350: 20343: 20336: 20329: 20322: 20315: 20308: 20301: 20294: 20287: 20280: 20273: 20265: 20263: 20257: 20256: 20254: 20253: 20246: 20239: 20232: 20225: 20218: 20211: 20204: 20197: 20190: 20183: 20175: 20173: 20167: 20166: 20164: 20163: 20156: 20149: 20142: 20134: 20127: 20120: 20113: 20112: 20111: 20096: 20089: 20082: 20075: 20068: 20061: 20053: 20046: 20039: 20031: 20023: 20021: 20015: 20014: 20012: 20011: 20004: 20003: 20002: 19988: 19987: 19986: 19983:British Empire 19976:United Kingdom 19972: 19965: 19958: 19951: 19944: 19937: 19925: 19918: 19911: 19904: 19897: 19890: 19883: 19876: 19869: 19857: 19850: 19843: 19836: 19829: 19817: 19809: 19802: 19795: 19792:Czechoslovakia 19788: 19781: 19774: 19767: 19755: 19748: 19741: 19734: 19726: 19724: 19715: 19709: 19708: 19705: 19704: 19702: 19701: 19700: 19699: 19692: 19689:Rape of Manila 19685: 19678: 19671: 19660: 19645: 19638: 19626: 19619: 19618: 19617: 19610: 19596: 19595: 19594: 19587: 19580: 19566: 19559: 19558: 19557: 19550: 19549: 19548: 19541: 19527: 19520: 19506: 19505: 19504: 19497: 19490: 19475: 19473: 19467: 19466: 19464: 19463: 19460:United Nations 19456: 19449: 19442: 19441: 19440: 19433: 19426: 19419: 19405: 19396: 19387: 19380: 19373: 19366: 19357: 19350: 19343: 19336: 19329: 19322: 19319:Decolonization 19315: 19308: 19300: 19298: 19292: 19291: 19289: 19288: 19281: 19280: 19279: 19265: 19258: 19257: 19256: 19249: 19242: 19228: 19227: 19226: 19219: 19205: 19204: 19203: 19196: 19189: 19182: 19175: 19168: 19153: 19151: 19145: 19144: 19142: 19141: 19134: 19127: 19120: 19113: 19106: 19099: 19092: 19091: 19090: 19083: 19069: 19062: 19055: 19048: 19041: 19034: 19027: 19026: 19025: 19011: 19004: 19003: 19002: 18995: 18992:United Kingdom 18988: 18974: 18967: 18960: 18953: 18946: 18939: 18932: 18931: 18930: 18915: 18913: 18904: 18900: 18899: 18897: 18896: 18889: 18882: 18881: 18880: 18873: 18866: 18854: 18853: 18852: 18838: 18830: 18827: 18826: 18819: 18818: 18811: 18804: 18796: 18787: 18786: 18784: 18783: 18778: 18773: 18767: 18765: 18759: 18758: 18755: 18754: 18752: 18751: 18746: 18745: 18744: 18739: 18729: 18718: 18716: 18712: 18711: 18709: 18708: 18703: 18698: 18693: 18687: 18685: 18678: 18677: 18670:Service medals 18667: 18662: 18657: 18655:Army Air Force 18652: 18641: 18639: 18633: 18632: 18625: 18623: 18620: 18619: 18617: 18616: 18611: 18606: 18600: 18598: 18592: 18591: 18589: 18588: 18583: 18578: 18573: 18567: 18565: 18564:American women 18558: 18557: 18552: 18547: 18542: 18540:Schools at War 18537: 18532: 18527: 18522: 18517: 18512: 18506: 18504: 18498: 18497: 18490: 18489: 18482: 18475: 18467: 18458: 18457: 18455: 18454: 18441: 18440: 18435: 18429: 18428: 18421: 18413: 18410: 18409: 18407: 18406: 18400: 18394: 18388: 18381: 18379: 18375: 18374: 18372: 18371: 18363: 18359:The First Lady 18355: 18347: 18339: 18331: 18323: 18318:(1975 song by 18311: 18302: 18300: 18296: 18295: 18293: 18292: 18287: 18282: 18277: 18272: 18267: 18262: 18257: 18251: 18249: 18245: 18244: 18242: 18241: 18236: 18235: 18234: 18229: 18222: 18212: 18207: 18202: 18197: 18192: 18186: 18184: 18178: 18177: 18175: 18174: 18169: 18164: 18163: 18162: 18152: 18147: 18141: 18139: 18135: 18134: 18132: 18131: 18126: 18121: 18116: 18111: 18105: 18103: 18099: 18098: 18095: 18094: 18092: 18091: 18086: 18081: 18076: 18075: 18074: 18069: 18059: 18053: 18048: 18043: 18038: 18032: 18027: 18021: 18016: 18010: 18004: 17998: 17992: 17991: 17990: 17985: 17980: 17970: 17964: 17958: 17957: 17956: 17951: 17946: 17936: 17935: 17934: 17924: 17923: 17922: 17912: 17911: 17910: 17899: 17894: 17887: 17885: 17879: 17878: 17876: 17875: 17869: 17864: 17863: 17862: 17850: 17849: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17824: 17818: 17817: 17816: 17805: 17799: 17793: 17787: 17781: 17780: 17779: 17774: 17765: 17760: 17755: 17750: 17740: 17734: 17728: 17722: 17716: 17710: 17707:War Brides Act 17704: 17698: 17697: 17696: 17691: 17680: 17674: 17672: 17670:Foreign policy 17663: 17662: 17657: 17652: 17647: 17642: 17640:Truman Balcony 17637: 17632: 17631: 17630: 17625: 17615: 17610: 17605: 17600: 17599: 17598: 17588: 17587: 17586: 17581: 17575:Inaugurations 17573: 17567: 17565: 17559: 17558: 17556: 17555: 17547: 17536: 17524: 17521: 17520: 17513: 17512: 17505: 17498: 17490: 17481: 17480: 17478: 17477: 17472: 17467: 17462: 17457: 17452: 17447: 17442: 17437: 17432: 17427: 17422: 17417: 17411: 17409: 17405: 17404: 17401: 17400: 17398: 17397: 17396: 17395: 17384: 17382: 17378: 17377: 17375: 17374: 17369: 17364: 17359: 17354: 17349: 17344: 17339: 17334: 17328: 17326: 17320: 17319: 17317: 17316: 17311: 17309:State of Burma 17306: 17301: 17296: 17291: 17286: 17280: 17278: 17274: 17273: 17271: 17270: 17265: 17260: 17255: 17250: 17237: 17235: 17228: 17224: 17223: 17220: 17219: 17217: 17216: 17211: 17197: 17192: 17187: 17182: 17177: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17157: 17152: 17147: 17142: 17137: 17135:Musha Incident 17132: 17127: 17125:Jinan incident 17122: 17116: 17114: 17108: 17107: 17105: 17104: 17099: 17094: 17089: 17084: 17079: 17074: 17069: 17064: 17059: 17058: 17057: 17046: 17044: 17038: 17037: 17035: 17034: 17029: 17024: 17019: 17014: 17009: 17004: 16999: 16994: 16989: 16984: 16982:Beipu uprising 16979: 16973: 16971: 16966: 16960: 16956: 16955: 16952: 16951: 16949: 16948: 16946:Treaty Faction 16943: 16938: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16917: 16915: 16910: 16907: 16906: 16904: 16903: 16898: 16893: 16888: 16883: 16878: 16876:Imperial Guard 16873: 16868: 16863: 16857: 16855: 16850: 16847: 16846: 16844: 16843: 16838: 16833: 16828: 16823: 16818: 16817: 16816: 16801: 16800: 16799: 16794: 16783: 16781: 16776: 16770: 16766: 16765: 16762: 16761: 16759: 16758: 16757: 16756: 16751: 16741: 16736: 16731: 16725: 16723: 16716: 16713: 16712: 16710: 16709: 16704: 16699: 16694: 16689: 16684: 16679: 16674: 16669: 16664: 16659: 16654: 16649: 16643: 16641: 16636:Administration 16634: 16628: 16624: 16623: 16621: 16620: 16615: 16610: 16605: 16600: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16575: 16570: 16565: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16529: 16527: 16523: 16522: 16520: 16519: 16514: 16513: 16512: 16507: 16502: 16497: 16487: 16482: 16476: 16474: 16470: 16469: 16467: 16466: 16458: 16450: 16441: 16439: 16435: 16434: 16427: 16425: 16423: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16402: 16401: 16400: 16390: 16385: 16380: 16375: 16370: 16365: 16360: 16355: 16350: 16345: 16340: 16334: 16332: 16328: 16327: 16320: 16319: 16312: 16305: 16297: 16288: 16287: 16277: 16274: 16273: 16271: 16270: 16265: 16260: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16240: 16235: 16230: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16208: 16203: 16198: 16193: 16188: 16183: 16181:Chicago Pile-1 16178: 16176:Calutron Girls 16173: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16152: 16150: 16149:Related topics 16146: 16145: 16143: 16142: 16137: 16132: 16127: 16121: 16119: 16115: 16114: 16112: 16111: 16104: 16097: 16090: 16085: 16080: 16075: 16070: 16065: 16060: 16054: 16052: 16048: 16047: 16045: 16044: 16039: 16034: 16029: 16024: 16019: 16014: 16012:Stanisław Ulam 16009: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15984: 15979: 15974: 15969: 15964: 15959: 15954: 15949: 15947:Edwin McMillan 15944: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15899: 15894: 15892:Harry Daghlian 15889: 15884: 15882:John Cockcroft 15879: 15877:James Chadwick 15874: 15869: 15864: 15859: 15854: 15849: 15843: 15841: 15837: 15836: 15834: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15801:Charles Thomas 15798: 15796:Frank Spedding 15793: 15788: 15783: 15778: 15773: 15768: 15763: 15758: 15756:James Marshall 15753: 15748: 15743: 15738: 15736:Thomas Farrell 15733: 15728: 15723: 15721:Arthur Compton 15718: 15712: 15710: 15709:Administrators 15706: 15705: 15703: 15702: 15697: 15692: 15687: 15682: 15677: 15672: 15667: 15662: 15657: 15652: 15647: 15637: 15632: 15626: 15624: 15620: 15619: 15614: 15611: 15610: 15603: 15602: 15595: 15588: 15580: 15574: 15573: 15567: 15565:Democracy Now! 15558: 15553: 15548: 15534: 15531: 15530: 15529: 15507: 15506:Bibliographies 15504: 15503: 15502: 15486: 15468: 15465: 15464: 15463: 15447: 15436: 15425: 15414: 15401: 15388: 15368: 15348: 15326: 15310: 15294: 15278: 15248: 15245: 15244: 15243: 15223: 15199: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15181:External links 15179: 15178: 15177: 15167: 15155: 15154:Historiography 15152: 15150: 15149: 15129: 15103:(4): 162–179. 15092: 15086: 15068: 15062: 15047: 15041: 15028: 14995:(7): 971–991. 14977: 14971: 14958: 14941: 14927: 14914: 14908: 14895: 14878: 14864: 14851: 14842: 14836: 14820: 14806: 14790: 14784: 14771: 14765: 14752: 14746: 14730: 14724: 14709: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14692: 14678: 14662: 14628:(9): 409–415. 14617: 14600: 14569: 14555: 14542: 14521: 14500: 14474:(2): 311–334. 14463: 14430: 14416: 14403: 14380: 14327: 14313: 14300: 14286: 14273: 14259: 14243: 14237: 14221: 14207: 14194: 14188: 14175: 14161: 14148: 14134: 14118: 14098:10.2307/827841 14092:(4): 434–452. 14081: 14067: 14047: 14033: 14020: 14006: 13993: 13979: 13966: 13960: 13945: 13911: 13889: 13875: 13857: 13843: 13828: 13802:(9): 765–778. 13791: 13785: 13770: 13753: 13719:(2): 521–528. 13700: 13686: 13670: 13656: 13643: 13622: 13616: 13603: 13593:on 25 May 2009 13566: 13552: 13539: 13519: 13513: 13496: 13484:No High Ground 13479: 13465: 13441: 13404: 13398: 13383: 13363:(2): 183–203. 13348: 13334: 13321: 13304: 13298: 13285: 13279: 13264: 13250: 13237: 13220: 13206: 13189: 13175: 13151: 13137: 13124: 13108: 13087: 13066: 13034: 13028: 13015: 13009: 12991: 12977: 12961: 12932: 12918: 12905: 12891: 12879:Groves, Leslie 12875: 12855: 12841: 12826: 12792: 12778: 12765: 12759: 12746: 12740: 12724: 12718: 12705: 12691: 12675: 12661: 12644: 12630: 12615: 12601: 12589:Dower, John W. 12585: 12571: 12554: 12528: 12508: 12487: 12470: 12450:Coox, Alvin D. 12446: 12425: 12411: 12398: 12384: 12371: 12365: 12352: 12338: 12321: 12307: 12287: 12281: 12268: 12262: 12249: 12243: 12230: 12224: 12208: 12176: 12142:(4): 149–173. 12128: 12114: 12098: 12084: 12071: 12040: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12010: 12009: 11987: 11957: 11954:. 7 July 2020. 11939: 11925: 11913: 11911:, p. 272. 11901: 11889: 11887:, p. 765. 11877: 11875:, p. 269. 11865: 11851: 11833: 11814: 11812:, p. 291. 11802: 11800:, p. 267. 11787: 11775:The Daily Star 11758: 11746: 11734: 11707:(4): 759–793. 11691: 11674: 11654: 11647: 11639:Berghahn Books 11626: 11578: 11566: 11538: 11526: 11524:, p. 279. 11514: 11502: 11490: 11478: 11476:, p. 334. 11466: 11444: 11433:. World Guides 11422: 11400: 11378: 11352: 11326: 11301: 11289: 11263: 11251: 11249:, p. 111. 11239: 11213: 11187: 11157: 11145: 11114: 11088: 11063: 11032:(3): 382–387. 11012: 10990: 10964: 10945:(5): 661–662. 10925: 10892: 10879:Ottawa Citizen 10865: 10837: 10809: 10781: 10755: 10728:(5): 344–349. 10712: 10653: 10602: 10583: 10560:(3): 617–619. 10536: 10515:(4): 309–320. 10492: 10449: 10434: 10401: 10394:"Data India". 10386: 10384:, p. 118. 10374: 10352: 10350:, p. 143. 10340: 10322: 10311:. E&E News 10299: 10269: 10262: 10236: 10210: 10180: 10178:, p. 101. 10168: 10154: 10140: 10114: 10095: 10072: 10001: 9969: 9940: 9907: 9893: 9881: 9869: 9867:, p. 239. 9854: 9828: 9811:The Miami News 9798: 9770: 9758: 9745:The New Yorker 9730: 9718: 9690: 9676:The New Yorker 9658: 9636: 9624: 9592: 9580: 9562: 9536: 9527: 9515: 9494: 9476: 9455: 9443: 9421: 9395: 9369: 9357: 9355:, p. 129. 9345: 9333: 9321: 9309: 9283: 9257: 9227: 9215: 9211:Giangreco 2009 9203: 9199:Bernstein 1991 9188: 9176: 9174:, p. 689. 9164: 9152: 9130: 9108: 9106:, p. 304. 9096: 9070: 9056:People's Daily 9042: 9014: 8988: 8956: 8945:. 25 June 2005 8928: 8898: 8868: 8856: 8854:, p. 367. 8844: 8842:, p. 184. 8832: 8830:, p. 222. 8820: 8795: 8783: 8781:, p. 346. 8771: 8767:Wainstock 1996 8759: 8747: 8711: 8709:, p. 295. 8699: 8687: 8675: 8653: 8641: 8611: 8592: 8590:, p. 211. 8580: 8578:, p. 212. 8568: 8547: 8535: 8504: 8492: 8490:, p. 114. 8480: 8468: 8456: 8454:, p. 309. 8444: 8415: 8413:, p. 342. 8403: 8388: 8373: 8371:, p. 401. 8361: 8349: 8337: 8325: 8303: 8291: 8261: 8233: 8221: 8196: 8163: 8151: 8125: 8123:, p. 333. 8113: 8085: 8070: 8044: 8042:, p. 325. 8032: 8025: 8007: 7995: 7993:, p. 330. 7983: 7953: 7923: 7888: 7857: 7827: 7815: 7803: 7772: 7747: 7717: 7691: 7662: 7647: 7632: 7617: 7605: 7579: 7541: 7515: 7503: 7473: 7441: 7424: 7412: 7410:, p. 415. 7400: 7398:, p. 414. 7388: 7376: 7348: 7322: 7310: 7308:, p. 467. 7298: 7296:, p. 462. 7286: 7260: 7231: 7204: 7181: 7179:, p. 267. 7169: 7167:, p. 330. 7157: 7155:, p. 262. 7145: 7133: 7100: 7098:, p. 263. 7083: 7081:, p. 316. 7071: 7059: 7047: 7020: 7003: 6999:Giangreco 2009 6991: 6979: 6975:Giangreco 2009 6967: 6955: 6943: 6931: 6929:, p. 265. 6916: 6914:, p. 262. 6901: 6889: 6877: 6875:, p. 290. 6865: 6849: 6837: 6825: 6801: 6777: 6765: 6743: 6741:, p. 372. 6731: 6714: 6712:, p. 215. 6702: 6674: 6657: 6655:, p. 138. 6642: 6640:, p. 153. 6630: 6628:, p. 656. 6615: 6574: 6544: 6532: 6520: 6508: 6506:, p. 240. 6496: 6484: 6482:, p. 530. 6469: 6457: 6445: 6443:, p. 529. 6430: 6404: 6392: 6380: 6378:, p. 101. 6368: 6335: 6323: 6321:, p. 176. 6319:Christman 1998 6311: 6309:, p. 100. 6299: 6263: 6251: 6249:, p. 706. 6239: 6227: 6201: 6169: 6137: 6125: 6093: 6067: 6055: 6043: 6031: 6027:MeasuringWorth 6021:United States 6009:MeasuringWorth 5994: 5982: 5970: 5958: 5946: 5944:, p. 429. 5934: 5930:Giangreco 2009 5922: 5910: 5898: 5896:, p. 422. 5886: 5874: 5862: 5860:, p. 207. 5850: 5838: 5826: 5824:, p. 750. 5814: 5812:, p. 250. 5802: 5790: 5778: 5766: 5735: 5708: 5682: 5670: 5658: 5656:, p. 566. 5646: 5634: 5622: 5610: 5598: 5586: 5574: 5562: 5550: 5538: 5536:, p. 112. 5534:Giangreco 2009 5523: 5501: 5499:, p. 340. 5489: 5485:Giangreco 2009 5477: 5465: 5435: 5423: 5419:Giangreco 2009 5411: 5407:Giangreco 2009 5399: 5395:Giangreco 2009 5387: 5383:Giangreco 2009 5375: 5371:Giangreco 2009 5363: 5351: 5339: 5324: 5312: 5310:, p. 527. 5300: 5298:, p. 532. 5288: 5286:, p. 307. 5276: 5272:Giangreco 2009 5261: 5247: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5151:Main article: 5148: 5145: 5109:aerial warfare 5093:Main article: 5090: 5087: 5079:Gar Alperovitz 5072: 5048:Main article: 5045: 5042: 5036: 5032: 5031: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5021: 5020: 5005: 4990: 4975: 4929: 4926: 4910: 4909: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4850:(hypocenter), 4848:Shima Hospital 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4784: 4781: 4765:nijū hibakusha 4756: 4753: 4725:discrimination 4645:Main article: 4642: 4637: 4610:absorption of 4601:, whereas the 4560:synaptogenesis 4500: 4497: 4466:microencephaly 4430:radiosensitive 4409: 4406: 4379:, in the 1987 4364:latency period 4356: 4353: 4225: 4222: 4218:mushroom cloud 4131:The New Yorker 4122:Pulitzer Prize 4097:Nippon Eigasha 4093:Nippon Eigasha 4084:Nippon Eigasha 4064:New York Times 3918: 3915: 3858:Shigenori Tōgō 3808: 3805: 3793:Kirtland Field 3756:Main article: 3753: 3750: 3690:Urakami Valley 3685: 3682: 3603:Urakami Valley 3452: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3434: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3416: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3403: 3395: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3382: 3374: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361:Laggin' Dragon 3356: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3338: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3294: 3291: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3206:Yoshio Nishina 3135: 3125: 3108: 3103: 3102: 3101: 3092: 3091: 3090: 3082: 3079: 3049: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3021: 2980:Senkichi Awaya 2925:mushroom cloud 2914: 2913: 2910: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2831: 2829: 2822: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2791: 2789: 2783: 2776: 2774: 2767: 2760: 2758: 2751: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2651:magnesium bomb 2620: 2617: 2567:Thomas Ferebee 2556:Straight Flush 2511: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2493: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480:Necessary Evil 2475: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2462: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2441: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2415: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2397: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2384: 2381:Straight Flush 2376: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2350:Necessary Evil 2345:Necessary Evil 2304: 2301: 2272:224th Division 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2170:plutonium core 2142: 2139: 2128:William Penney 2085:Kantarō Suzuki 2082:Prime Minister 2054:Main article: 2051: 2048: 2037: 2036: 2033: 1963: 1960: 1916: 1913: 1882:Arthur Compton 1862: 1859: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1796: 1750:William Penney 1716: 1713: 1698:Thomas Farrell 1674:Emile Berliner 1627:War Department 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1495:MAUD Committee 1475:Main article: 1457: 1454: 1417:Ryukyu Islands 1285:Main article: 1282: 1279: 1265:were moved to 1106:Main article: 1103: 1100: 1089:Fumimaro Konoe 1065:taken prisoner 1049:invaded Borneo 1016:included both 946:Main article: 943: 940: 938: 935: 783:ending the war 748: 747: 737: 736: 731: 730: 729: 719: 711: 710: 704: 703: 698: 691: 690: 689: 679: 677:South Sakhalin 674: 669: 664: 657: 652: 647: 646: 645: 640: 635: 630: 619: 618: 612: 611: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 568: 567: 561: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 513: 508: 502: 501: 495: 494: 489: 484: 479: 473: 472: 466: 465: 460: 453: 446: 439: 434: 432:Malacca Strait 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 393: 392: 390:Southeast Asia 386: 385: 380: 375: 374: 373: 363: 358: 357: 356: 346: 340: 339: 333: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 300:Doolittle Raid 297: 290: 285: 279: 278: 272: 269: 268: 259: 258: 251: 244: 236: 228: 227: 225: 224: 219: 217: 216: 215: 214: 211: 208: 200: 198: 197: 196: 195: 192: 189: 181: 179: 175: 174: 172: 171: 166: 157: 155: 151: 150: 147: 143: 142: 70: 68: 64: 63: 58: 54: 53: 46: 38: 37: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 26136: 26125: 26122: 26120: 26117: 26115: 26112: 26110: 26107: 26105: 26102: 26100: 26097: 26095: 26092: 26090: 26087: 26085: 26082: 26080: 26077: 26075: 26074:1945 in Japan 26072: 26071: 26069: 26059: 26058:United States 26049: 26047: 26037: 26035: 26025: 26024: 26021: 26004: 26001: 26000: 25998: 25994: 25991: 25989: 25985: 25975: 25972: 25970: 25967: 25965: 25962: 25960: 25957: 25956: 25954: 25950: 25944: 25941: 25939: 25936: 25934: 25931: 25929: 25926: 25925: 25923: 25919: 25916: 25914: 25908: 25898:(Philippines) 25897: 25894: 25891: 25888: 25885: 25882: 25879: 25876: 25875: 25873: 25869: 25863: 25860: 25858: 25855: 25854: 25852: 25850:United States 25848: 25842: 25839: 25837: 25834: 25833: 25831: 25827: 25821: 25818: 25816: 25813: 25812: 25810: 25806: 25795: 25792: 25791: 25789: 25785: 25779: 25776: 25772: 25769: 25768: 25767: 25764: 25762: 25759: 25757: 25754: 25752: 25749: 25746: 25745:10 March 1945 25742: 25739: 25737: 25734: 25732: 25729: 25727: 25724: 25722: 25719: 25717: 25714: 25712: 25709: 25707: 25704: 25702: 25699: 25697: 25694: 25692: 25689: 25687: 25684: 25682: 25679: 25677: 25674: 25672: 25669: 25667: 25664: 25662: 25659: 25657: 25654: 25652: 25649: 25647: 25644: 25642: 25639: 25638: 25636: 25632: 25626: 25623: 25621: 25618: 25617: 25615: 25611: 25605: 25602: 25600: 25597: 25595: 25592: 25590: 25587: 25586: 25584: 25580: 25572: 25569: 25567: 25564: 25563: 25562: 25559: 25558: 25556: 25552: 25549: 25547: 25543: 25532: 25529: 25526: 25523: 25520: 25517: 25515:(Switzerland) 25514: 25511: 25508: 25505: 25502: 25499: 25496: 25493: 25490: 25487: 25484: 25481: 25478: 25475: 25474: 25472: 25468: 25462: 25459: 25457: 25454: 25450: 25447: 25445: 25442: 25441: 25439: 25438: 25436: 25432: 25424: 25421: 25419: 25416: 25414: 25411: 25409: 25406: 25404: 25401: 25399: 25396: 25394: 25391: 25389: 25386: 25384: 25381: 25379: 25376: 25374: 25371: 25369: 25366: 25364: 25361: 25359: 25356: 25354: 25351: 25349: 25346: 25344: 25341: 25339: 25336: 25334: 25331: 25329: 25326: 25324: 25321: 25319: 25316: 25314: 25311: 25310: 25309: 25306: 25304: 25301: 25299: 25296: 25295: 25293: 25287: 25281: 25278: 25276: 25273: 25271: 25268: 25266: 25263: 25262: 25260: 25256: 25250: 25247: 25245: 25242: 25241: 25239: 25235: 25229: 25226: 25224: 25221: 25219: 25216: 25215: 25213: 25209: 25203: 25200: 25198: 25195: 25193: 25190: 25188: 25185: 25183: 25180: 25178: 25175: 25173: 25170: 25168: 25165: 25163: 25160: 25159: 25157: 25153: 25147: 25144: 25142: 25139: 25137: 25134: 25132: 25129: 25127: 25124: 25122: 25119: 25117: 25114: 25112: 25109: 25107: 25104: 25102: 25099: 25097: 25094: 25092: 25089: 25087: 25084: 25082: 25079: 25077: 25074: 25072: 25069: 25067: 25064: 25062: 25059: 25057: 25054: 25052: 25049: 25047: 25044: 25042: 25039: 25037: 25034: 25032: 25029: 25027: 25024: 25022: 25019: 25017: 25014: 25012: 25009: 25007: 25004: 25002: 24999: 24997: 24994: 24992: 24989: 24987: 24984: 24983: 24981: 24977: 24967: 24964: 24962: 24959: 24957: 24956:Wilhelmshaven 24954: 24952: 24949: 24947: 24944: 24942: 24939: 24937: 24934: 24932: 24929: 24927: 24924: 24922: 24919: 24917: 24914: 24912: 24909: 24907: 24904: 24902: 24899: 24897: 24894: 24892: 24889: 24887: 24884: 24882: 24879: 24877: 24874: 24872: 24869: 24867: 24864: 24862: 24859: 24857: 24854: 24852: 24849: 24847: 24844: 24842: 24839: 24837: 24834: 24832: 24829: 24827: 24824: 24822: 24819: 24817: 24814: 24812: 24809: 24807: 24804: 24802: 24799: 24797: 24794: 24792: 24789: 24787: 24784: 24782: 24779: 24777: 24774: 24772: 24769: 24767: 24764: 24762: 24759: 24757: 24754: 24752: 24749: 24747: 24744: 24742: 24739: 24737: 24734: 24732: 24729: 24727: 24724: 24722: 24719: 24717: 24714: 24712: 24709: 24707: 24704: 24702: 24699: 24697: 24694: 24692: 24689: 24687: 24684: 24682: 24679: 24677: 24674: 24672: 24669: 24667: 24664: 24662: 24659: 24658: 24656: 24652: 24646: 24643: 24641: 24638: 24636: 24635:Gelsenkirchen 24633: 24631: 24628: 24626: 24623: 24621: 24618: 24616: 24613: 24611: 24608: 24606: 24603: 24602: 24600: 24598: 24592: 24589: 24585: 24579: 24576: 24574: 24571: 24569: 24566: 24564: 24561: 24560: 24558: 24554: 24548: 24545: 24543: 24540: 24539: 24537: 24533: 24527: 24524: 24522: 24519: 24518: 24516: 24512: 24509: 24507: 24503: 24497: 24494: 24492: 24489: 24487: 24484: 24482: 24479: 24477: 24474: 24472: 24469: 24468: 24465: 24461: 24454: 24449: 24447: 24442: 24440: 24435: 24434: 24431: 24419: 24415: 24411: 24409: 24401: 24399: 24396: 24394: 24393:List of years 24391: 24390: 24387: 24373: 24365: 24363: 24362:Urban history 24360: 24359: 24357: 24353: 24347: 24344: 24342: 24341:Palmyra Atoll 24339: 24337: 24334: 24332: 24329: 24327: 24324: 24322: 24319: 24317: 24316:Jarvis Island 24314: 24312: 24309: 24307: 24304: 24303: 24301: 24297: 24291: 24288: 24286: 24283: 24281: 24278: 24276: 24273: 24271: 24268: 24267: 24265: 24263:Insular areas 24261: 24257: 24253: 24249: 24243: 24240: 24238: 24235: 24233: 24232:West Virginia 24230: 24228: 24225: 24223: 24220: 24218: 24215: 24213: 24210: 24208: 24205: 24203: 24200: 24198: 24195: 24193: 24190: 24188: 24185: 24183: 24180: 24178: 24175: 24173: 24170: 24168: 24165: 24163: 24160: 24158: 24155: 24153: 24150: 24148: 24145: 24143: 24140: 24138: 24137:New Hampshire 24135: 24133: 24130: 24128: 24125: 24123: 24120: 24118: 24115: 24113: 24110: 24108: 24105: 24103: 24100: 24098: 24097:Massachusetts 24095: 24093: 24090: 24088: 24085: 24083: 24080: 24078: 24075: 24073: 24070: 24068: 24065: 24063: 24060: 24058: 24055: 24053: 24050: 24048: 24045: 24043: 24040: 24038: 24035: 24033: 24030: 24028: 24025: 24023: 24020: 24018: 24015: 24013: 24010: 24008: 24005: 24003: 24000: 23998: 23995: 23994: 23992: 23988: 23982: 23979: 23977: 23974: 23972: 23969: 23968: 23966: 23962: 23956: 23953: 23951: 23948: 23946: 23943: 23941: 23938: 23936: 23933: 23932: 23930: 23928: 23924: 23920: 23913: 23909: 23897: 23894: 23892: 23889: 23887: 23884: 23883: 23882: 23881: 23877: 23875: 23874: 23870: 23866: 23863: 23861: 23858: 23857: 23856: 23855: 23851: 23847: 23844: 23842: 23839: 23837: 23834: 23832: 23829: 23827: 23824: 23822: 23819: 23818: 23817: 23816: 23812: 23810: 23809: 23805: 23801: 23798: 23797: 23796: 23795: 23791: 23787: 23784: 23782: 23779: 23777: 23774: 23772: 23769: 23767: 23764: 23762: 23759: 23757: 23754: 23752: 23749: 23747: 23744: 23743: 23742: 23741: 23737: 23733: 23730: 23728: 23727:Thai American 23725: 23723: 23720: 23718: 23715: 23713: 23710: 23708: 23705: 23703: 23700: 23699: 23698: 23697: 23693: 23691: 23690: 23686: 23685: 23682: 23675: 23671: 23659: 23656: 23654: 23651: 23649: 23646: 23644: 23641: 23639: 23636: 23635: 23634: 23633: 23629: 23625: 23622: 23621: 23620: 23619: 23615: 23613: 23612: 23608: 23606: 23605: 23601: 23597: 23594: 23592: 23589: 23587: 23584: 23582: 23579: 23577: 23574: 23572: 23569: 23568: 23567: 23566: 23565:Party Systems 23562: 23558: 23555: 23553: 23550: 23548: 23545: 23543: 23540: 23538: 23535: 23533: 23530: 23529: 23528: 23527: 23523: 23521: 23520: 23516: 23514: 23513: 23509: 23505: 23504:Voting rights 23502: 23500: 23497: 23495: 23492: 23490: 23487: 23485: 23482: 23480: 23477: 23475: 23472: 23470: 23467: 23465: 23462: 23460: 23457: 23455: 23452: 23450: 23447: 23446: 23445: 23444: 23440: 23438: 23437: 23433: 23429: 23426: 23425: 23424: 23423: 23419: 23415: 23412: 23411: 23410: 23409: 23405: 23401: 23398: 23397: 23396: 23395: 23391: 23387: 23384: 23382: 23379: 23377: 23374: 23372: 23369: 23368: 23367: 23366: 23362: 23360: 23359: 23355: 23353: 23352: 23348: 23347: 23344: 23337: 23333: 23319: 23316: 23314: 23311: 23309: 23308: 23304: 23302: 23299: 23297: 23294: 23292: 23289: 23285: 23282: 23281: 23280: 23277: 23275: 23272: 23270: 23269: 23265: 23263: 23260: 23256: 23253: 23251: 23248: 23246: 23243: 23241: 23238: 23236: 23233: 23231: 23228: 23226: 23223: 23221: 23218: 23217: 23216: 23213: 23211: 23208: 23207: 23205: 23203: 23199: 23193: 23190: 23188: 23185: 23183: 23180: 23176: 23173: 23171: 23168: 23167: 23166: 23165:War on terror 23163: 23161: 23158: 23156: 23155: 23151: 23149: 23146: 23144: 23141: 23139: 23136: 23134: 23131: 23129: 23126: 23124: 23121: 23119: 23116: 23114: 23111: 23110: 23108: 23106: 23102: 23096: 23093: 23091: 23088: 23086: 23083: 23079: 23076: 23074: 23071: 23069: 23066: 23065: 23064: 23063:Late Cold War 23061: 23059: 23056: 23052: 23049: 23047: 23044: 23043: 23042: 23039: 23038: 23036: 23034: 23030: 23024: 23021: 23019: 23016: 23014: 23011: 23007: 23004: 23003: 23002: 22999: 22997: 22994: 22992: 22989: 22987: 22984: 22980: 22977: 22975: 22972: 22970: 22967: 22966: 22965: 22962: 22958: 22955: 22953: 22950: 22949: 22948: 22945: 22943: 22942:Great Society 22940: 22939: 22937: 22935: 22931: 22925: 22922: 22918: 22915: 22914: 22913: 22910: 22908: 22905: 22903: 22900: 22898: 22897:Post-war boom 22895: 22891: 22888: 22886: 22883: 22881: 22878: 22876: 22873: 22872: 22871: 22868: 22864: 22861: 22860: 22859: 22856: 22854: 22851: 22850: 22848: 22846: 22842: 22832: 22829: 22828: 22827: 22824: 22822: 22819: 22817: 22814: 22813: 22812: 22809: 22805: 22802: 22800: 22797: 22795: 22792: 22791: 22790: 22787: 22783: 22780: 22778: 22775: 22773: 22770: 22768: 22765: 22763: 22760: 22758: 22755: 22754: 22753: 22750: 22748: 22745: 22741: 22738: 22737: 22736: 22733: 22732: 22730: 22728: 22724: 22718: 22715: 22711: 22708: 22706: 22703: 22701: 22698: 22696: 22693: 22692: 22691: 22688: 22684: 22681: 22679: 22676: 22674: 22671: 22669: 22666: 22664: 22661: 22659: 22656: 22655: 22654: 22651: 22649: 22646: 22642: 22639: 22637: 22634: 22632: 22629: 22627: 22624: 22622: 22619: 22618: 22617: 22614: 22613: 22611: 22609: 22605: 22597: 22594: 22592: 22589: 22588: 22587: 22584: 22580: 22577: 22575: 22572: 22570: 22567: 22563: 22560: 22559: 22558: 22555: 22553: 22550: 22548: 22545: 22544: 22543: 22540: 22538: 22535: 22533: 22530: 22529: 22527: 22525: 22521: 22515: 22512: 22510: 22507: 22503: 22500: 22498: 22495: 22493: 22490: 22488: 22485: 22483: 22480: 22478: 22475: 22474: 22473: 22470: 22466: 22463: 22461: 22458: 22457: 22456: 22453: 22452: 22450: 22448: 22444: 22436: 22433: 22431: 22428: 22427: 22426: 22423: 22419: 22416: 22414: 22411: 22410: 22409: 22406: 22404: 22401: 22400: 22398: 22396: 22392: 22384: 22381: 22379: 22376: 22374: 22371: 22369: 22366: 22364: 22361: 22358: 22357: 22356: 22353: 22349: 22346: 22344: 22341: 22339: 22336: 22334: 22331: 22329: 22326: 22325: 22324: 22321: 22320: 22318: 22316: 22312: 22304: 22301: 22299: 22296: 22294: 22291: 22289: 22286: 22284: 22281: 22279: 22276: 22274: 22271: 22269: 22266: 22264: 22261: 22259: 22256: 22254: 22251: 22250: 22249: 22246: 22244: 22241: 22239: 22236: 22234: 22231: 22229: 22226: 22224: 22221: 22219: 22216: 22214: 22211: 22209: 22206: 22204: 22201: 22199: 22196: 22194: 22191: 22189: 22186: 22185: 22183: 22181: 22177: 22171: 22170: 22166: 22164: 22163: 22159: 22158: 22156: 22152: 22148: 22141: 22137: 22131: 22128: 22126: 22123: 22122: 22119: 22115: 22108: 22103: 22101: 22096: 22094: 22089: 22088: 22085: 22072: 22068: 22065: 22061: 22058: 22057: 22052: 22045: 22044: 22041: 22028: 22024: 22021: 22017: 22014: 22010: 22009: 22007: 22003: 21998: 21994: 21993: 21991: 21990:Kuril Islands 21987: 21984: 21980: 21975: 21971: 21970: 21968: 21964: 21961: 21957: 21954: 21950: 21947: 21943: 21940: 21936: 21931: 21927: 21926: 21924: 21920: 21917: 21913: 21910: 21906: 21903: 21899: 21896: 21892: 21889: 21885: 21882: 21878: 21875: 21871: 21868: 21864: 21861: 21857: 21854: 21850: 21847: 21843: 21840: 21836: 21833: 21829: 21826: 21822: 21821: 21819: 21817: 21813: 21806: 21802: 21797: 21796: 21791: 21790: 21788: 21784: 21781: 21777: 21772: 21768: 21767: 21765: 21761: 21758: 21757:Syrmian Front 21754: 21751: 21747: 21744: 21740: 21737: 21733: 21730: 21729: 21724: 21721: 21720: 21715: 21712: 21708: 21705: 21704: 21703:Market Garden 21699: 21696: 21692: 21689: 21685: 21682: 21678: 21675: 21674: 21669: 21666: 21662: 21659: 21655: 21652: 21648: 21645: 21641: 21638: 21634: 21631: 21627: 21624: 21623: 21618: 21615: 21611: 21608: 21607: 21602: 21599: 21598: 21593: 21590: 21589: 21584: 21581: 21577: 21574: 21570: 21567: 21563: 21562:Monte Cassino 21559: 21556: 21555: 21550: 21549: 21547: 21545: 21541: 21534: 21530: 21525: 21521: 21518: 21514: 21513: 21511: 21507: 21504: 21500: 21497: 21493: 21490: 21486: 21483: 21479: 21474: 21470: 21469: 21467: 21463: 21460: 21456: 21453: 21452: 21447: 21444: 21440: 21437: 21433: 21430: 21426: 21423: 21419: 21416: 21412: 21409: 21405: 21402: 21398: 21395: 21391: 21390: 21388: 21386: 21382: 21375: 21371: 21368: 21367: 21362: 21359: 21355: 21352: 21348: 21345: 21344: 21339: 21336: 21332: 21329: 21325: 21322: 21318: 21315: 21314: 21309: 21304: 21300: 21297: 21293: 21292: 21290: 21286: 21283: 21279: 21276: 21272: 21269: 21265: 21262: 21258: 21255: 21251: 21248: 21244: 21241: 21237: 21234: 21230: 21227: 21223: 21220: 21216: 21215: 21213: 21211: 21207: 21200: 21196: 21193: 21189: 21186: 21182: 21179: 21175: 21172: 21168: 21165: 21161: 21158: 21154: 21151: 21147: 21144: 21140: 21137: 21133: 21130: 21126: 21123: 21119: 21116: 21112: 21109: 21105: 21102: 21098: 21095: 21091: 21088: 21084: 21081: 21077: 21074: 21070: 21066: 21065: 21060: 21056: 21051: 21047: 21046: 21044: 21040: 21037: 21033: 21030: 21026: 21023: 21019: 21016: 21012: 21007: 21003: 21002: 21000: 20996: 20993: 20989: 20986: 20982: 20979: 20975: 20974: 20972: 20970: 20966: 20959: 20958: 20953: 20950: 20946: 20943: 20939: 20936: 20932: 20929: 20928:Baltic states 20925: 20922: 20918: 20915: 20911: 20908: 20904: 20901: 20897: 20894: 20890: 20887: 20883: 20880: 20876: 20873: 20869: 20866: 20862: 20859: 20855: 20852: 20848: 20845: 20841: 20838: 20834: 20831: 20827: 20826: 20824: 20822: 20818: 20811: 20807: 20804: 20800: 20797: 20793: 20790: 20786: 20783: 20779: 20776: 20772: 20769: 20765: 20764: 20762: 20760: 20756: 20747: 20743: 20740: 20736: 20733: 20729: 20726: 20722: 20719: 20715: 20714: 20712: 20708: 20703: 20699: 20696: 20692: 20691: 20689: 20685: 20680: 20676: 20675: 20673: 20669: 20668: 20666: 20664: 20660: 20657: 20655: 20651: 20640: 20636: 20633: 20629: 20624: 20620: 20617: 20613: 20612: 20608: 20603: 20599: 20598: 20596: 20592: 20589: 20585: 20580: 20576: 20573: 20572:United States 20569: 20564: 20560: 20559: 20557: 20553: 20552: 20548: 20545: 20541: 20540: 20538: 20536: 20532: 20525: 20521: 20516: 20512: 20509: 20508:Quốc dân Đảng 20505: 20504: 20500: 20497: 20493: 20490: 20486: 20483: 20479: 20476: 20472: 20469: 20465: 20462: 20458: 20455: 20451: 20448: 20444: 20441: 20437: 20434: 20430: 20427: 20423: 20420: 20416: 20413: 20409: 20406: 20402: 20397: 20393: 20390: 20386: 20385: 20383: 20379: 20376: 20372: 20369: 20365: 20362: 20358: 20355: 20351: 20348: 20344: 20341: 20337: 20334: 20330: 20327: 20323: 20320: 20316: 20313: 20309: 20306: 20302: 20299: 20295: 20292: 20288: 20285: 20281: 20278: 20274: 20271: 20267: 20266: 20264: 20262: 20258: 20251: 20247: 20244: 20240: 20237: 20233: 20230: 20226: 20223: 20219: 20216: 20212: 20209: 20208:Liechtenstein 20205: 20202: 20198: 20195: 20191: 20188: 20184: 20181: 20177: 20176: 20174: 20172: 20168: 20161: 20157: 20154: 20150: 20147: 20143: 20139: 20135: 20132: 20128: 20125: 20121: 20118: 20114: 20109: 20105: 20104: 20101: 20097: 20094: 20090: 20087: 20083: 20080: 20076: 20073: 20069: 20066: 20062: 20058: 20054: 20051: 20047: 20044: 20040: 20036: 20032: 20029: 20025: 20024: 20022: 20020: 20016: 20009: 20005: 20000: 19996: 19995: 19993: 19992:United States 19989: 19984: 19980: 19979: 19977: 19973: 19970: 19966: 19963: 19959: 19956: 19952: 19949: 19945: 19942: 19938: 19934: 19930: 19926: 19923: 19919: 19916: 19912: 19909: 19905: 19902: 19898: 19895: 19891: 19888: 19884: 19881: 19877: 19874: 19870: 19866: 19862: 19858: 19855: 19851: 19848: 19844: 19841: 19837: 19834: 19830: 19826: 19822: 19818: 19814: 19810: 19807: 19803: 19800: 19796: 19793: 19789: 19786: 19782: 19779: 19775: 19772: 19768: 19764: 19760: 19756: 19753: 19749: 19746: 19742: 19739: 19735: 19732: 19728: 19727: 19725: 19723: 19719: 19716: 19714: 19710: 19697: 19693: 19690: 19686: 19683: 19682:Comfort women 19679: 19676: 19672: 19669: 19666: / 19665: 19661: 19658: 19655: / 19654: 19651: / 19650: 19646: 19643: 19642:Camp brothels 19639: 19636: 19632: 19631: 19627: 19624: 19620: 19615: 19611: 19608: 19604: 19603: 19601: 19597: 19592: 19588: 19585: 19581: 19578: 19574: 19573: 19571: 19567: 19564: 19560: 19555: 19551: 19546: 19542: 19539: 19535: 19534: 19532: 19531:The Holocaust 19528: 19525: 19521: 19518: 19517:forced labour 19514: 19513: 19511: 19507: 19502: 19498: 19495: 19491: 19488: 19484: 19483: 19481: 19477: 19476: 19474: 19472: 19468: 19461: 19457: 19454: 19450: 19447: 19443: 19438: 19434: 19431: 19427: 19424: 19420: 19417: 19413: 19412: 19410: 19406: 19403: 19402: 19397: 19394: 19393: 19388: 19385: 19381: 19378: 19374: 19371: 19370:Marshall Plan 19367: 19364: 19363: 19358: 19355: 19351: 19348: 19344: 19341: 19337: 19334: 19330: 19327: 19323: 19320: 19316: 19313: 19309: 19306: 19302: 19301: 19299: 19297: 19293: 19286: 19282: 19277: 19273: 19272: 19270: 19266: 19263: 19259: 19254: 19250: 19247: 19243: 19240: 19236: 19235: 19233: 19229: 19224: 19223:Eastern Front 19220: 19217: 19216:Western Front 19213: 19212: 19210: 19206: 19201: 19197: 19194: 19190: 19187: 19183: 19180: 19176: 19173: 19169: 19166: 19162: 19161: 19159: 19155: 19154: 19152: 19150: 19146: 19139: 19135: 19132: 19128: 19125: 19121: 19118: 19114: 19111: 19110:Puppet states 19107: 19104: 19100: 19097: 19093: 19088: 19084: 19081: 19077: 19076: 19074: 19070: 19067: 19063: 19060: 19056: 19053: 19052:Naval history 19049: 19046: 19042: 19039: 19035: 19032: 19028: 19023: 19019: 19018: 19016: 19012: 19009: 19005: 19000: 18999:United States 18996: 18993: 18989: 18986: 18982: 18981: 18979: 18975: 18972: 18968: 18965: 18961: 18958: 18954: 18951: 18947: 18944: 18940: 18937: 18933: 18928: 18924: 18923: 18921: 18917: 18916: 18914: 18912: 18908: 18905: 18901: 18894: 18890: 18887: 18883: 18878: 18874: 18871: 18867: 18864: 18860: 18859: 18855: 18850: 18846: 18845: 18843: 18839: 18836: 18832: 18831: 18828: 18824: 18817: 18812: 18810: 18805: 18803: 18798: 18797: 18794: 18782: 18779: 18777: 18774: 18772: 18769: 18768: 18766: 18764: 18760: 18750: 18747: 18743: 18740: 18738: 18735: 18734: 18733: 18730: 18727: 18723: 18720: 18719: 18717: 18713: 18707: 18704: 18702: 18699: 18697: 18694: 18692: 18689: 18688: 18686: 18682: 18675: 18671: 18668: 18666: 18663: 18661: 18658: 18656: 18653: 18650: 18646: 18643: 18642: 18640: 18638: 18634: 18629: 18615: 18612: 18610: 18607: 18605: 18602: 18601: 18599: 18597: 18593: 18587: 18584: 18582: 18579: 18577: 18574: 18572: 18569: 18568: 18566: 18562: 18556: 18553: 18551: 18548: 18546: 18543: 18541: 18538: 18536: 18533: 18531: 18528: 18526: 18523: 18521: 18518: 18516: 18513: 18511: 18508: 18507: 18505: 18503: 18499: 18495: 18488: 18483: 18481: 18476: 18474: 18469: 18468: 18465: 18453: 18452: 18443: 18442: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18430: 18427: 18426: 18422: 18420: 18419: 18415: 18414: 18411: 18404: 18401: 18398: 18395: 18392: 18389: 18386: 18383: 18382: 18380: 18376: 18369: 18368: 18364: 18361: 18360: 18356: 18353: 18352: 18348: 18345: 18344: 18340: 18337: 18336: 18332: 18329: 18328: 18324: 18321: 18317: 18316: 18312: 18309: 18308: 18304: 18303: 18301: 18297: 18291: 18288: 18286: 18283: 18281: 18278: 18276: 18273: 18271: 18268: 18266: 18263: 18261: 18258: 18256: 18253: 18252: 18250: 18246: 18240: 18237: 18233: 18232:campaign song 18230: 18227: 18223: 18221: 18218: 18217: 18216: 18213: 18211: 18208: 18206: 18203: 18201: 18198: 18196: 18193: 18191: 18188: 18187: 18185: 18183: 18179: 18173: 18170: 18168: 18165: 18161: 18158: 18157: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18142: 18140: 18136: 18130: 18127: 18125: 18122: 18120: 18117: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18107: 18106: 18104: 18100: 18090: 18087: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18073: 18070: 18068: 18065: 18064: 18063: 18060: 18057: 18054: 18052: 18049: 18047: 18044: 18042: 18039: 18036: 18033: 18031: 18028: 18025: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18014: 18011: 18008: 18005: 18002: 17999: 17996: 17993: 17989: 17986: 17984: 17981: 17979: 17976: 17975: 17974: 17971: 17968: 17965: 17962: 17959: 17955: 17952: 17950: 17947: 17945: 17942: 17941: 17940: 17937: 17933: 17930: 17929: 17928: 17925: 17921: 17918: 17917: 17916: 17913: 17909: 17905: 17904: 17903: 17900: 17898: 17895: 17892: 17889: 17888: 17886: 17884: 17880: 17873: 17870: 17868: 17865: 17860: 17856: 17855: 17854: 17851: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17830: 17829: 17828: 17825: 17822: 17819: 17815: 17811: 17810: 17809: 17806: 17803: 17800: 17797: 17796:Marshall Plan 17794: 17791: 17788: 17785: 17782: 17778: 17775: 17773: 17769: 17766: 17764: 17761: 17759: 17756: 17754: 17751: 17749: 17746: 17745: 17744: 17741: 17738: 17735: 17732: 17729: 17726: 17723: 17720: 17717: 17714: 17711: 17708: 17705: 17702: 17699: 17695: 17692: 17690: 17686: 17685: 17684: 17681: 17679: 17676: 17675: 17673: 17671: 17667: 17661: 17658: 17656: 17653: 17651: 17648: 17646: 17643: 17641: 17638: 17636: 17633: 17629: 17626: 17624: 17623:Supreme Court 17621: 17620: 17619: 17616: 17614: 17611: 17609: 17606: 17604: 17601: 17597: 17594: 17593: 17592: 17589: 17585: 17582: 17580: 17577: 17576: 17574: 17572: 17569: 17568: 17566: 17564: 17560: 17552: 17548: 17544: 17541: 17537: 17533: 17530: 17526: 17525: 17522: 17518: 17511: 17506: 17504: 17499: 17497: 17492: 17491: 17488: 17476: 17473: 17471: 17468: 17466: 17463: 17461: 17458: 17456: 17453: 17451: 17448: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17438: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17426: 17423: 17421: 17420:Fukoku kyōhei 17418: 17416: 17413: 17412: 17410: 17406: 17394: 17391: 17390: 17389: 17386: 17385: 17383: 17379: 17373: 17370: 17368: 17365: 17363: 17360: 17358: 17355: 17353: 17350: 17348: 17345: 17343: 17340: 17338: 17335: 17333: 17330: 17329: 17327: 17325: 17321: 17315: 17312: 17310: 17307: 17305: 17302: 17300: 17297: 17295: 17292: 17290: 17287: 17285: 17282: 17281: 17279: 17277:Puppet states 17275: 17269: 17266: 17264: 17261: 17259: 17256: 17254: 17251: 17248: 17247: 17242: 17239: 17238: 17236: 17232: 17229: 17225: 17215: 17212: 17209: 17205: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17146: 17143: 17141: 17138: 17136: 17133: 17131: 17128: 17126: 17123: 17121: 17118: 17117: 17115: 17113: 17109: 17103: 17100: 17098: 17095: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17085: 17083: 17080: 17078: 17075: 17073: 17070: 17068: 17065: 17063: 17060: 17056: 17053: 17052: 17051: 17048: 17047: 17045: 17043: 17039: 17033: 17030: 17028: 17025: 17023: 17020: 17018: 17015: 17013: 17010: 17008: 17005: 17003: 17000: 16998: 16995: 16993: 16990: 16988: 16985: 16983: 16980: 16978: 16975: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16964: 16961: 16957: 16947: 16944: 16942: 16941:Fleet Faction 16939: 16937: 16934: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16921:General Staff 16919: 16918: 16916: 16913: 16908: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16882: 16879: 16877: 16874: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16861:General Staff 16859: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16848: 16842: 16839: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16822: 16819: 16815: 16814:military code 16813: 16809: 16808: 16807: 16806: 16802: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16789: 16788: 16785: 16784: 16782: 16779: 16774: 16771: 16767: 16755: 16752: 16750: 16747: 16746: 16745: 16744:Imperial Diet 16742: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16734:Privy Council 16732: 16730: 16727: 16726: 16724: 16721: 16714: 16708: 16705: 16703: 16700: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16652:Home Ministry 16650: 16648: 16645: 16644: 16642: 16639: 16632: 16629: 16625: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16530: 16528: 16524: 16518: 16515: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16495:Imperial Seal 16493: 16492: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16483: 16481: 16480:Flag of Japan 16478: 16477: 16475: 16471: 16465: 16459: 16457: 16451: 16449: 16443: 16442: 16440: 16436: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16399: 16396: 16395: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16335: 16333: 16329: 16325: 16318: 16313: 16311: 16306: 16304: 16299: 16298: 16295: 16285: 16275: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16213: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16196:Franck Report 16194: 16192: 16189: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16153: 16151: 16147: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16126: 16123: 16122: 16120: 16116: 16110: 16109: 16105: 16103: 16102: 16098: 16096: 16095: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16058:Alsos Mission 16056: 16055: 16053: 16049: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16032:Robert Wilson 16030: 16028: 16027:Eugene Wigner 16025: 16023: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16007:Edward Teller 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15982:Glenn Seaborg 15980: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15955: 15953: 15952:Mark Oliphant 15950: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15942:Willard Libby 15940: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15868: 15865: 15863: 15860: 15858: 15855: 15853: 15852:Robert Bacher 15850: 15848: 15845: 15844: 15842: 15838: 15832: 15831:Roscoe Wilson 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15784: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15769: 15767: 15764: 15762: 15759: 15757: 15754: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15746:John Lansdale 15744: 15742: 15741:Leslie Groves 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15716:Vannevar Bush 15714: 15713: 15711: 15707: 15701: 15698: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15688: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15645: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15628: 15627: 15625: 15621: 15617: 15612: 15608: 15601: 15596: 15594: 15589: 15587: 15582: 15581: 15578: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15543: 15540: 15537: 15536: 15533:Commemoration 15518: 15514: 15510: 15509: 15491: 15487: 15475: 15471: 15470: 15462: 15458: 15457: 15448: 15446: 15442: 15437: 15435: 15431: 15426: 15424: 15420: 15415: 15412: 15408: 15407: 15402: 15399: 15395: 15394: 15389: 15377: 15373: 15369: 15357: 15353: 15349: 15338: 15331: 15327: 15315: 15311: 15299: 15295: 15283: 15279: 15267: 15263: 15259: 15255: 15251: 15250: 15232: 15228: 15224: 15212: 15208: 15204: 15200: 15196: 15195: 15190: 15189: 15176: 15172: 15168: 15166: 15162: 15158: 15157: 15146: 15142: 15138: 15134: 15130: 15126: 15122: 15118: 15114: 15110: 15106: 15102: 15098: 15093: 15089: 15083: 15079: 15078: 15073: 15069: 15065: 15059: 15055: 15054: 15048: 15044: 15038: 15034: 15029: 15018: 15014: 15010: 15006: 15002: 14998: 14994: 14990: 14983: 14978: 14974: 14968: 14964: 14959: 14955: 14951: 14947: 14942: 14938: 14934: 14930: 14924: 14920: 14915: 14911: 14905: 14901: 14896: 14892: 14888: 14884: 14879: 14875: 14871: 14867: 14861: 14857: 14852: 14848: 14843: 14839: 14833: 14829: 14825: 14821: 14817: 14813: 14809: 14803: 14799: 14795: 14791: 14787: 14781: 14777: 14772: 14768: 14762: 14758: 14753: 14749: 14743: 14739: 14735: 14731: 14727: 14721: 14717: 14716: 14710: 14706: 14702: 14701: 14689: 14685: 14681: 14675: 14671: 14667: 14663: 14659: 14655: 14651: 14647: 14643: 14639: 14635: 14631: 14627: 14623: 14618: 14614: 14610: 14606: 14601: 14590: 14586: 14582: 14575: 14570: 14566: 14562: 14558: 14552: 14548: 14543: 14532: 14528: 14524: 14518: 14511: 14510: 14505: 14501: 14497: 14493: 14489: 14485: 14481: 14477: 14473: 14469: 14464: 14460: 14456: 14452: 14448: 14445:(1): 97–114. 14444: 14440: 14436: 14431: 14427: 14423: 14419: 14413: 14409: 14404: 14400: 14396: 14392: 14388: 14387: 14381: 14370: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14352: 14348: 14344: 14340: 14333: 14328: 14324: 14320: 14316: 14310: 14306: 14301: 14297: 14293: 14289: 14283: 14279: 14274: 14270: 14266: 14262: 14256: 14252: 14248: 14244: 14240: 14234: 14230: 14226: 14222: 14218: 14214: 14210: 14204: 14200: 14195: 14191: 14185: 14181: 14176: 14172: 14168: 14164: 14158: 14154: 14149: 14145: 14141: 14137: 14131: 14127: 14123: 14119: 14115: 14111: 14107: 14103: 14099: 14095: 14091: 14087: 14082: 14078: 14074: 14070: 14064: 14060: 14056: 14052: 14048: 14044: 14040: 14036: 14030: 14026: 14021: 14017: 14013: 14009: 14003: 13999: 13994: 13990: 13986: 13982: 13976: 13972: 13967: 13963: 13957: 13953: 13952: 13946: 13942: 13938: 13934: 13930: 13926: 13922: 13918: 13914: 13908: 13904: 13900: 13899: 13894: 13890: 13886: 13882: 13878: 13876:0-671-44133-7 13872: 13868: 13867: 13862: 13858: 13854: 13850: 13846: 13840: 13836: 13835: 13829: 13825: 13821: 13817: 13813: 13809: 13805: 13801: 13797: 13792: 13788: 13782: 13778: 13777: 13771: 13767: 13763: 13759: 13754: 13750: 13746: 13742: 13738: 13734: 13730: 13726: 13722: 13718: 13714: 13710: 13706: 13701: 13697: 13693: 13689: 13687:0-688-06910-X 13683: 13679: 13675: 13671: 13667: 13663: 13659: 13653: 13649: 13644: 13640: 13636: 13632: 13628: 13623: 13619: 13613: 13609: 13604: 13589: 13585: 13581: 13577: 13576: 13571: 13567: 13563: 13559: 13555: 13549: 13545: 13540: 13536: 13532: 13528: 13524: 13520: 13516: 13510: 13505: 13504: 13497: 13493: 13489: 13485: 13480: 13476: 13472: 13468: 13462: 13458: 13454: 13446: 13442: 13427: 13423: 13419: 13412: 13411: 13405: 13401: 13395: 13391: 13390: 13384: 13380: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13362: 13358: 13354: 13349: 13345: 13341: 13337: 13331: 13327: 13322: 13318: 13314: 13310: 13305: 13301: 13295: 13291: 13286: 13282: 13276: 13272: 13271: 13265: 13261: 13257: 13253: 13247: 13243: 13238: 13234: 13230: 13226: 13221: 13217: 13213: 13209: 13203: 13198: 13197: 13190: 13186: 13182: 13178: 13172: 13167: 13166: 13160: 13156: 13152: 13148: 13144: 13140: 13134: 13130: 13125: 13121: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13098: 13094: 13090: 13084: 13077: 13076: 13071: 13067: 13056: 13052: 13045: 13044: 13039: 13035: 13031: 13025: 13021: 13016: 13012: 13006: 13002: 13001: 12996: 12992: 12988: 12984: 12980: 12974: 12970: 12966: 12962: 12958: 12954: 12950: 12946: 12942: 12938: 12933: 12929: 12925: 12921: 12915: 12911: 12906: 12902: 12898: 12894: 12888: 12884: 12880: 12876: 12872: 12868: 12864: 12860: 12856: 12852: 12848: 12844: 12838: 12834: 12833: 12827: 12816: 12812: 12808: 12804: 12800: 12799: 12793: 12789: 12785: 12781: 12775: 12771: 12766: 12762: 12756: 12752: 12747: 12743: 12737: 12733: 12729: 12725: 12721: 12715: 12711: 12706: 12702: 12698: 12694: 12688: 12684: 12680: 12676: 12672: 12668: 12664: 12658: 12653: 12652: 12645: 12641: 12637: 12633: 12627: 12623: 12622: 12616: 12612: 12608: 12604: 12598: 12594: 12590: 12586: 12582: 12578: 12574: 12568: 12564: 12560: 12555: 12544: 12540: 12536: 12535: 12529: 12525: 12521: 12517: 12513: 12509: 12498: 12494: 12490: 12484: 12480: 12476: 12471: 12467: 12463: 12459: 12455: 12451: 12447: 12443: 12439: 12434: 12433: 12426: 12422: 12418: 12414: 12408: 12404: 12399: 12395: 12391: 12387: 12381: 12377: 12372: 12368: 12362: 12358: 12353: 12349: 12345: 12341: 12335: 12331: 12327: 12322: 12318: 12314: 12310: 12304: 12300: 12296: 12292: 12288: 12284: 12278: 12274: 12269: 12265: 12259: 12255: 12250: 12246: 12240: 12236: 12231: 12227: 12221: 12217: 12213: 12209: 12205: 12201: 12197: 12193: 12189: 12185: 12181: 12177: 12173: 12169: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12153: 12149: 12145: 12141: 12137: 12133: 12129: 12125: 12121: 12117: 12111: 12106: 12105: 12099: 12095: 12091: 12087: 12081: 12077: 12072: 12060: 12056: 12052: 12048: 12047: 12041: 12037: 12033: 12029: 12025: 12020: 12019: 11997: 11991: 11975: 11971: 11967: 11961: 11953: 11949: 11943: 11935: 11929: 11922: 11921:Ellsberg 2017 11917: 11910: 11905: 11898: 11897:Ellsberg 2017 11893: 11886: 11881: 11874: 11873:Ellsberg 2017 11869: 11861: 11855: 11847: 11843: 11837: 11829: 11825: 11818: 11811: 11810:Ellsberg 2017 11806: 11799: 11798:Ellsberg 2017 11794: 11792: 11776: 11772: 11768: 11762: 11755: 11750: 11743: 11742:Ellsberg 2017 11738: 11730: 11726: 11722: 11718: 11714: 11710: 11706: 11702: 11695: 11687: 11681: 11679: 11670: 11669: 11664: 11658: 11650: 11644: 11640: 11636: 11630: 11615: 11611: 11607: 11603: 11599: 11595: 11594: 11589: 11582: 11575: 11570: 11554: 11553: 11548: 11542: 11535: 11530: 11523: 11518: 11511: 11506: 11499: 11494: 11487: 11482: 11475: 11470: 11454: 11448: 11432: 11426: 11410: 11404: 11388: 11382: 11366: 11362: 11356: 11340: 11336: 11330: 11314: 11308: 11306: 11298: 11293: 11278: 11274: 11267: 11260: 11255: 11248: 11243: 11227: 11223: 11217: 11201: 11197: 11191: 11175: 11171: 11170:Columbia News 11167: 11161: 11154: 11149: 11133: 11129: 11125: 11118: 11102: 11098: 11092: 11077: 11073: 11067: 11059: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11023: 11016: 10997: 10993: 10987: 10983: 10976: 10975: 10968: 10960: 10956: 10952: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10929: 10913: 10909: 10908: 10903: 10896: 10880: 10876: 10869: 10853: 10852: 10847: 10841: 10826: 10825: 10820: 10813: 10797: 10796: 10791: 10785: 10770: 10766: 10759: 10751: 10747: 10743: 10739: 10735: 10731: 10727: 10723: 10716: 10708: 10704: 10700: 10696: 10692: 10688: 10684: 10680: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10657: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10637: 10633: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10618:(4): 357–70. 10617: 10613: 10606: 10598: 10594: 10587: 10580: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10540: 10532: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10499: 10497: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10476: 10472: 10468: 10465:(2): 93–105. 10464: 10460: 10453: 10445: 10441: 10437: 10431: 10427: 10426:10.17226/1224 10423: 10419: 10418: 10410: 10408: 10406: 10397: 10390: 10383: 10378: 10362: 10356: 10349: 10348:Johnston 2008 10344: 10336: 10329: 10327: 10310: 10303: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10273: 10265: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10240: 10224: 10223:Science Daily 10220: 10214: 10198: 10194: 10190: 10184: 10177: 10172: 10164: 10158: 10151: 10147: 10143: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10118: 10110: 10106: 10099: 10083: 10076: 10068: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10050: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10025:: 5426–5431. 10024: 10020: 10016: 10012: 10005: 9986: 9979: 9973: 9962: 9958: 9951: 9944: 9936: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9918: 9911: 9903: 9897: 9890: 9885: 9878: 9873: 9866: 9861: 9859: 9842: 9838: 9832: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9802: 9783: 9777: 9775: 9767: 9762: 9747: 9746: 9741: 9734: 9727: 9722: 9707: 9706: 9701: 9694: 9678: 9677: 9672: 9665: 9663: 9646: 9640: 9633: 9628: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9604:Greg Mitchell 9599: 9597: 9590:, p. 73. 9589: 9584: 9576: 9572: 9566: 9551: 9547: 9540: 9531: 9524: 9523:Burchett 2004 9519: 9511: 9510: 9505: 9498: 9489: 9487: 9485: 9483: 9481: 9472: 9471: 9466: 9459: 9450: 9448: 9431: 9425: 9409: 9405: 9399: 9383: 9379: 9373: 9366: 9361: 9354: 9353:Fujiwara 1991 9349: 9342: 9337: 9330: 9329:Hasegawa 2006 9325: 9318: 9317:Hasegawa 2006 9313: 9298: 9294: 9287: 9271: 9267: 9261: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9236:Terkel, Studs 9231: 9224: 9219: 9212: 9207: 9200: 9195: 9193: 9185: 9180: 9173: 9168: 9161: 9156: 9140: 9134: 9118: 9112: 9105: 9100: 9084: 9080: 9074: 9058: 9057: 9052: 9046: 9030: 9029: 9024: 9018: 9003:. August 1997 9002: 8998: 8992: 8976: 8972: 8971: 8966: 8960: 8944: 8943: 8938: 8932: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8902: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8872: 8865: 8860: 8853: 8848: 8841: 8840:Campbell 2005 8836: 8829: 8828:Campbell 2005 8824: 8808: 8805: 8799: 8792: 8787: 8780: 8775: 8769:, p. 92. 8768: 8763: 8756: 8751: 8732: 8728: 8721: 8715: 8708: 8703: 8697:, p. 70. 8696: 8691: 8684: 8679: 8663: 8657: 8650: 8645: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8615: 8607: 8603: 8596: 8589: 8584: 8577: 8572: 8557: 8551: 8544: 8539: 8523: 8519: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8502:, p. 32. 8501: 8500:Campbell 2005 8496: 8489: 8488:Campbell 2005 8484: 8477: 8472: 8465: 8460: 8453: 8448: 8432: 8428: 8422: 8420: 8412: 8407: 8400: 8395: 8393: 8385: 8380: 8378: 8370: 8365: 8358: 8353: 8346: 8341: 8335:, p. 46. 8334: 8333:Hasegawa 2006 8329: 8313: 8307: 8300: 8295: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8249: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8230: 8225: 8210: 8206: 8200: 8184: 8180: 8179: 8174: 8167: 8160: 8155: 8140:. 4 June 2009 8139: 8135: 8129: 8122: 8117: 8101: 8100: 8095: 8089: 8082: 8077: 8075: 8058: 8054: 8048: 8041: 8036: 8028: 8022: 8018: 8011: 8004: 7999: 7992: 7987: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7957: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7927: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7892: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7861: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7831: 7825:, p. 14. 7824: 7819: 7812: 7807: 7792: 7791: 7786: 7779: 7777: 7761: 7757: 7751: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7721: 7705: 7701: 7695: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7667: 7658: 7651: 7643: 7636: 7628: 7621: 7614: 7609: 7593: 7589: 7583: 7564: 7557: 7556: 7548: 7546: 7529: 7525: 7519: 7512: 7507: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7477: 7470: 7452: 7445: 7438: 7433: 7431: 7429: 7421: 7416: 7409: 7404: 7397: 7392: 7385: 7380: 7365: 7364: 7359: 7352: 7337:on 1 May 2013 7336: 7332: 7326: 7320:, p. 72. 7319: 7314: 7307: 7302: 7295: 7290: 7274: 7270: 7264: 7248: 7244: 7238: 7236: 7219: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7185: 7178: 7173: 7166: 7161: 7154: 7149: 7143:, p. 20. 7142: 7137: 7121: 7117: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7097: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7080: 7075: 7069:, p. 38. 7068: 7063: 7056: 7051: 7035: 7031: 7024: 7018:, p. 59. 7017: 7012: 7010: 7008: 7000: 6995: 6989:, p. 41. 6988: 6983: 6976: 6971: 6964: 6963:Campbell 2005 6959: 6953:, p. 45. 6952: 6947: 6941:, p. 30. 6940: 6935: 6928: 6923: 6921: 6913: 6908: 6906: 6898: 6893: 6887:, p. 39. 6886: 6881: 6874: 6869: 6862: 6858: 6853: 6846: 6841: 6834: 6829: 6813: 6812: 6805: 6789: 6788: 6781: 6774: 6769: 6753: 6747: 6740: 6735: 6728: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6711: 6706: 6690: 6686: 6678: 6672:, p. 17. 6671: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6654: 6649: 6647: 6639: 6634: 6627: 6622: 6620: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6592: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6570: 6566: 6559: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6542:, p. 86. 6541: 6536: 6529: 6524: 6517: 6512: 6505: 6500: 6493: 6488: 6481: 6476: 6474: 6466: 6465:Hasegawa 2006 6461: 6454: 6453:Hasegawa 2006 6449: 6442: 6437: 6435: 6419: 6415: 6408: 6401: 6396: 6389: 6384: 6377: 6372: 6356: 6352: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6332: 6327: 6320: 6315: 6308: 6307:Campbell 2005 6303: 6284: 6280: 6273: 6267: 6260: 6259:Campbell 2005 6255: 6248: 6243: 6237:, p. 25. 6236: 6235:Campbell 2005 6231: 6216: 6212: 6205: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6154: 6147: 6141: 6134: 6129: 6110: 6103: 6097: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6064: 6059: 6052: 6047: 6040: 6035: 6028: 6024: 6011: 6010: 6005: 5998: 5992:, p. 89. 5991: 5986: 5979: 5974: 5968:, p. 12. 5967: 5962: 5955: 5950: 5943: 5938: 5931: 5926: 5919: 5914: 5908:, p. 54. 5907: 5902: 5895: 5890: 5883: 5878: 5871: 5866: 5859: 5854: 5847: 5842: 5835: 5830: 5823: 5818: 5811: 5806: 5800:, p. 83. 5799: 5794: 5787: 5782: 5775: 5770: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5739: 5723: 5719: 5712: 5697: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5674: 5667: 5662: 5655: 5650: 5643: 5638: 5631: 5626: 5619: 5614: 5607: 5602: 5595: 5590: 5583: 5578: 5571: 5566: 5559: 5554: 5547: 5546:Schaffer 1985 5542: 5535: 5530: 5528: 5511: 5505: 5498: 5493: 5486: 5481: 5475:, p. 48. 5474: 5469: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5432: 5427: 5420: 5415: 5408: 5403: 5396: 5391: 5384: 5379: 5372: 5367: 5360: 5355: 5348: 5343: 5336: 5331: 5329: 5321: 5316: 5309: 5308:Williams 1960 5304: 5297: 5296:Williams 1960 5292: 5285: 5284:Williams 1960 5280: 5273: 5268: 5266: 5250: 5244: 5240: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5219: 5217: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5174:hydrogen bomb 5170: 5168: 5165: 5164:Fleet Admiral 5161: 5154: 5144: 5142: 5137: 5136: 5135:obiter dictum 5131: 5130: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5096: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5071:unconditional 5070: 5068: 5064: 5059: 5057: 5051: 5034: 5028: 5009: 5006: 4994: 4991: 4979: 4976: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4938: 4936: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4906: 4899: 4897: 4891: 4886: 4880: 4875: 4869: 4864: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4840: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4688: 4673: 4672: 4663: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4641: 4636: 4633: 4632:schizophrenia 4628: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4614:which have a 4613: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4512: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4485:James F. Crow 4482: 4477: 4475: 4474:control group 4471: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4450: 4449:birth defects 4446: 4445:James V. Neel 4442: 4438: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4405: 4402: 4401:solid cancers 4398: 4397:Sadako Sasaki 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4318:polytraumatic 4315: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4269:line-of-sight 4266: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4221: 4219: 4214: 4212: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4187: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4120:, written by 4119: 4118: 4112: 4110: 4109:Chugoku Bunka 4106: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4073:, Lieutenant 4072: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4054:George Weller 4051: 4046: 4045:Bill Lawrence 4042: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4018:Daily Express 4013: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3959: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3843: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3787: 3778: 3774: 3764: 3759: 3749: 3746: 3745:Takashi Nagai 3740: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3725: 3724:Joe Kieyoomia 3721: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3670:. Except for 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3595:Kermit Beahan 3589: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3481: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3463: 3459: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3339: 3336:Mission role 3325: 3322: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3304: 3299: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3276: 3270: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3246: 3240: 3226: 3223: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3168:radio station 3166: 3162: 3158: 3157:standard wave 3153: 3150: 3143: 3141: 3129: 3106: 3088: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3068: 3063: 3053: 3046: 3034: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2984:Shunroku Hata 2981: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2907: 2902: 2895: 2890: 2883: 2878: 2871: 2866: 2859: 2854: 2847: 2842: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2814: 2807: 2802: 2795: 2790: 2787: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2748: 2743: 2736: 2731: 2724: 2719: 2718: 2709: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2678: 2673: 2667: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2639: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2605: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2528: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2374:Mission role 2373: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2313: 2309: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2286: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2252:Shunroku Hata 2250: 2249:Field Marshal 2242: 2238: 2234: 2231:dropped the " 2230: 2229: 2223: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2163: 2162:Francis Birch 2159: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2132:Group Captain 2129: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2099: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2057: 2046: 2041: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2005:Joseph Stalin 2001: 1997: 1996:Field Marshal 1993: 1989: 1985: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1959: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1931: 1921: 1912: 1909: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1895:Franck Report 1890: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1858: 1856: 1851: 1848: 1841: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1825: 1815: 1813: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1726: 1721: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1647:fuel-injected 1644: 1640: 1636: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1619:pumpkin bombs 1616: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1583: 1569: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1519:plutonium-239 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1478: 1470: 1466: 1465:Leslie Groves 1462: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1428:civil defense 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1371:Major General 1364: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1293: 1288: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1228:Quincy Wright 1225: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1191:Japanese Army 1188: 1184: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1109: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1002: 999:In 1945, the 954: 949: 934: 931: 927: 922: 920: 915: 911: 907: 903: 900:, the acting 899: 896: 892: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 842: 838: 834: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 745: 744: 743: 735: 732: 728: 725: 724: 723: 720: 718: 717: 713: 712: 709: 706: 705: 702: 699: 697: 696: 692: 688: 685: 684: 683: 682:Kuril Islands 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 662: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 625: 624: 621: 620: 617: 614: 613: 610: 609: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 569: 566: 565:North America 563: 562: 559: 558:Borneo (1945) 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 518: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 503: 500: 497: 496: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 474: 471: 468: 467: 464: 461: 459: 458: 454: 452: 451: 447: 445: 444: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 394: 391: 388: 387: 384: 381: 379: 378:Bay of Bengal 376: 372: 369: 368: 367: 364: 362: 359: 355: 352: 351: 350: 347: 345: 342: 341: 338: 335: 334: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 295: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 280: 277: 274: 273: 270: 265: 257: 252: 250: 245: 243: 238: 237: 234: 222: 221: 212: 209: 206: 205: 203: 202: 193: 190: 187: 186: 184: 183: 180: 176: 170: 167: 165: 162: 161: 160: 159:United States 156: 152: 148: 144: 139: 108: 77: 73: 69: 65: 62: 59: 55: 50: 44: 39: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 25988:North Africa 25890:Kuala Lumpur 25871:Other cities 25857:Pearl Harbor 25675: 25513:Schaffhausen 25470:Other cities 25258:Soviet Union 24691:Braunschweig 24671:Aschersleben 24654:Other cities 24331:Midway Atoll 24326:Kingman Reef 24306:Baker Island 24285:Puerto Rico 24197:South Dakota 24187:Rhode Island 24182:Pennsylvania 24162:North Dakota 23878: 23871: 23852: 23813: 23806: 23792: 23738: 23694: 23687: 23630: 23616: 23609: 23602: 23563: 23537:Marine Corps 23524: 23517: 23510: 23474:Debt ceiling 23459:Civil Rights 23441: 23434: 23420: 23406: 23392: 23363: 23358:Antisemitism 23356: 23349: 23305: 23266: 23202:2008–present 23154:Bush v. 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2297:firebreaks 2233:Little Boy 2168:The first 2089:yakinaoshi 2066:New Mexico 1812:incendiary 1800:blast wave 1773:Kitakyushu 1654:propellers 1551:Little Boy 1543:New Mexico 1247:poison gas 1174:depicting 1126:Sixth Army 1057:New Guinea 937:Background 826:Little Boy 672:Sagami Bay 661:Starvation 543:New Guinea 201:Nagasaki: 178:Casualties 118:32°46′25″N 87:34°23′41″N 26003:Fort Lamy 25969:Gibraltar 25829:Australia 25808:Singapore 25778:Yokkaichi 25771:June 1944 25751:Toyohashi 25671:Hiratsuka 25666:Hamamatsu 25613:Indonesia 25594:Hong Kong 25589:Chongqing 25533:(Croatia) 25527:(Austria) 25497:(Finland) 25485:(Ireland) 25479:(Hungary) 25456:Podgorica 25440:Belgrade 25413:Sheffield 25383:Liverpool 25353:Clydebank 25308:The Blitz 25270:Leningrad 25244:Bucharest 25202:The Hague 25177:Enkhuizen 25167:Eindhoven 25162:Amsterdam 25001:Benevento 24936:Stuttgart 24906:Pforzheim 24896:Paderborn 24891:Osnabrück 24886:Nuremberg 24856:Magdeburg 24816:Karlsruhe 24801:Innsbruck 24791:Heilbronn 24741:Frankfurt 24716:Darmstadt 24645:Wuppertal 24595:Battle of 24496:V-weapons 24486:Firestorm 24237:Wisconsin 24202:Tennessee 24107:Minnesota 24082:Louisiana 23976:The South 23547:Air Force 23422:Education 23284:recession 23240:Las Vegas 23148:Columbine 23105:1991–2008 23033:1980–1991 22934:1964–1980 22845:1945–1964 22799:Dust Bowl 22727:1917–1945 22608:1865–1917 22586:Civil War 22579:Secession 22524:1849–1865 22447:1815–1849 22418:Quasi-War 22395:1789–1815 22315:1776–1789 22268:Sugar Act 21960:Manchuria 21846:Indochina 21622:Bagration 21073:Lithuania 20718:Anschluss 20515:Viet Minh 20412:Lithuania 20354:Hong Kong 20124:Manchukuo 20079:Azad Hind 19738:Australia 19538:Aftermath 19401:Paperclip 19296:Aftermath 19096:Total war 18964:Diplomacy 18927:In Europe 18182:Elections 17883:Fair Deal 17768:Air Force 17415:Sonnō jōi 17367:Singapore 17352:Hong Kong 17314:Azad Hind 17289:Mengjiang 17284:Manchukuo 17258:Kantō-shū 17200:Surrender 17112:Shōwa era 17097:Truku War 16968:Meiji era 16936:Tokkeitai 16901:Kempeitai 16812:Senjinkun 16729:Daijō-kan 16692:Munitions 16573:Mokusatsu 16363:Education 16228:Plutonium 16094:Enola Gay 15912:Val Fitch 15862:Aage Bohr 15811:Bud Uanna 15680:Oak Ridge 15523:3 January 15496:3 January 15480:3 January 15342:3 January 15320:3 January 15304:3 January 15288:3 January 15272:3 January 15237:3 January 15217:3 January 15117:1531-4804 15017:159190983 14891:637052193 14816:297147193 14688:503042143 14642:0933-7954 14589:1522-0966 14496:154708989 14488:1467-7709 14459:1467-7709 14369:1680-7316 14296:252041787 14269:624416971 14106:0041-462X 13929:456652278 13816:0004-4687 13766:937289722 13749:144221035 13733:0095-6848 13639:0096-3402 13562:490493399 13535:0161-7370 13475:959675458 13422:271477587 13379:1058-3947 13260:715904227 13233:404745043 13120:853288543 13055:493738019 12987:746754306 12965:Ham, Paul 12957:0268-4527 12901:932666584 12881:(1983) . 12788:643381863 12701:968158870 12671:807140394 12611:466874831 12581:797975707 12543:256469807 12524:298514167 12497:842361345 12421:191922849 12328:Enola Gay 12172:153724357 12156:0162-2889 12094:720831424 12055:226537810 11980:15 August 11729:146916745 11614:1560-7755 11371:17 August 11345:14 August 11282:3 January 11232:8 January 10959:0098-7484 10918:25 August 10858:12 August 10830:12 August 10802:2 October 10774:12 August 10648:250864399 10579:Nagasaki. 10554:Radiology 10487:250823660 10150:124536768 10049:0027-8424 9821:22 August 9432:. Bonhams 9250:2 January 9028:The Argus 8981:9 January 8949:9 January 8695:Chun 2008 8399:Russ 1990 8369:Hoyt 2001 7850:30 August 7627:Hiroshima 6861:mokusatsu 5942:Coox 1994 5894:Coox 1994 5882:Coox 1994 5858:Kerr 1991 5516:1 January 5431:Drea 1992 5359:Coox 1969 5320:Long 1963 5187:By 2020, 5121:customary 4999:旧長崎医科大学門柱 4969:旧城山国民学校校舎 4810:Hiroshima 4805:Memorials 4799:Hibakusha 4777:hibakusha 4733:hibakusha 4721:hibakusha 4712:hibakusha 4706:hibakusha 4702:hibakusha 4671:hibakusha 4647:Hibakusha 4640:Hibakusha 4624:dosimetry 4564:more than 4556:less than 4493:inherited 4479:In 1985, 4476:in Kure. 4389:hibakusha 4164:Otto Hahn 4117:Hiroshima 4114:The book 4023:radiation 3917:Reportage 3736:firestorm 3718:Corporal 3672:Enola Gay 3607:Big Stink 3599:plutonium 3511:Big Stink 3499:Yakushima 3495:Big Stink 3490:Big Stink 3421:Big Stink 3343:Enola Gay 3333:Call sign 3267:AN/APQ-13 3087:Mokusatsu 3052:firestorm 2969:Yamaguchi 2655:firestorm 2604:Enola Gay 2578:crosswind 2571:Enola Gay 2560:Enola Gay 2438:Enola Gay 2402:Jabit III 2371:Call sign 2330:Enola Gay 2321:Enola Gay 2264:59th Army 2228:Enola Gay 2212:Hiroshima 2178:beryllium 2155:USS 2098:mokusatsu 2091:) of the 2074:ultimatum 1847:President 1814:target." 1777:Hiroshima 1755:Commander 1623:code name 1176:Uncle Sam 1164:to pass. 841:plutonium 759:Hiroshima 716:Kantokuen 623:Air raids 538:Australia 528:Coral Sea 422:Singapore 417:Hong Kong 72:Hiroshima 25943:Tel Aviv 25862:Unalaska 25796:(Taiwan) 25787:Colonies 25756:Toyokawa 25736:Shizuoka 25625:Surabaya 25620:Sukabumi 25604:Shanghai 25566:Mandalay 25503:(Norway) 25495:Helsinki 25491:(Norway) 25477:Budapest 25461:Sarajevo 25408:Plymouth 25368:Greenock 25358:Coventry 25338:Brighton 25249:Ploiești 25187:Nijmegen 25172:Enschede 25051:Grosseto 25036:Frascati 25011:Cagliari 24966:Würzburg 24861:Mannheim 24786:Hannover 24706:Chemnitz 24666:Augsburg 24620:Duisburg 24615:Dortmund 24597:the Ruhr 24568:Le Havre 24408:Category 24222:Virginia 24172:Oklahoma 24152:New York 24127:Nebraska 24117:Missouri 24102:Michigan 24092:Maryland 24077:Kentucky 24057:Illinois 24032:Delaware 24022:Colorado 24012:Arkansas 23891:Lesbians 23865:Comanche 23860:Cherokee 23653:Medicine 23611:Genocide 23604:Religion 23526:Military 23499:Taxation 23449:Abortion 23365:Cultural 23245:Parkland 23175:Iraq War 23113:Gulf War 22885:Ivy Mike 22804:New Deal 22180:Colonial 22125:Timeline 22071:Category 22020:document 21930:document 21787:Ardennes 21771:Budapest 21719:Crossbow 21597:Overlord 21436:Smolensk 20654:Timeline 20489:Slovakia 20475:Thailand 20326:Ethiopia 20291:Bulgaria 20215:Portugal 20153:Thailand 20035:Bulgaria 19813:Eswatini 19806:Ethiopia 19759:Bulgaria 19584:Unit 731 19545:Response 19362:Keelhaul 19312:Cold War 19285:Americas 19276:timeline 19269:Atlantic 19149:Theaters 18649:Uniforms 18451:Category 18399:(mother) 18220:campaign 17571:Timeline 17393:Yen bloc 17381:Ideology 17372:Thailand 17241:Karafuto 17234:Colonies 16826:Kamikaze 16769:Military 16672:Treasury 16526:Policies 16517:Kimigayo 16438:Emperors 16405:Politics 16373:Eugenics 16331:Overview 16284:Category 16140:Thin Man 16101:Bockscar 15695:Wendover 15675:New York 15670:Montreal 15660:Inyokern 15635:Berkeley 15616:Timeline 15542:Archived 15467:Archives 15461:LibriVox 15382:9 August 15376:BBC News 15186:Decision 15175:in JSTOR 15125:57563920 15074:(2020). 14937:59148135 14874:70630623 14826:(2023). 14796:(2009). 14650:12242616 14565:32921746 14426:33243854 14399:22435734 14323:69423383 14171:10072916 14144:52714712 14124:(2003). 14077:20057103 14043:11785450 14016:44769066 13989:24429257 13937:7720934M 13921:95011070 13895:(1995). 13885:13793436 13863:(1986). 13853:13114344 13741:27756604 13696:15223648 13676:(1987). 13666:32625518 13572:(1963). 13435:10 March 13344:59395824 13317:10913875 13216:12722494 13185:26764320 13161:(1993). 13147:59464269 13097:82275622 13060:26 March 12997:(2006). 12967:(2011). 12928:76871604 12861:(1964). 12851:31969557 12730:(1999). 12681:(2017). 12640:23651196 12561:(2012). 12514:(2012). 12394:38257982 12348:58554961 12317:61395938 12124:20394384 11846:Archived 11574:Orr 2008 11453:"長崎原爆遺跡" 11226:Archived 11180:31 March 11138:9 August 11081:4 August 11058:12569380 11005:9 August 10996:Archived 10750:39187806 10742:10563451 10640:12546224 10550:Exposure 10531:72075872 10444:25032334 10292:25 March 9994:10 April 9957:army.mil 9617:26 April 9612:HuffPost 9575:BBC News 9063:14 April 8852:Ham 2011 8813:28 March 8740:30 April 8561:29 March 8121:Ham 2011 8063:18 March 8040:Ham 2011 8003:Ham 2011 7991:Ham 2011 7946:30 April 7940:Archived 7916:21 April 7881:25 March 7740:6 August 7734:Archived 7629:. Knopf. 7224:9 August 7199:Archived 7126:2 August 6873:Bix 1996 6361:6 August 6355:Archived 6220:30 April 6194:29 March 6162:9 August 6153:Archived 6029:series. 5759:8 August 5728:8 August 5701:8 August 5209:New Look 5205:Cold War 5117:positive 5083:Cold War 5014:山王神社二の鳥居 4984:浦上天主堂旧鐘楼 4928:Nagasaki 4662:Nagasaki 4612:neutrons 4516:in utero 4368:leukemia 4213:magazine 4158:project. 3664:Bockscar 3643:Bockscar 3638:Bockscar 3633:Bockscar 3624:Bockscar 3588:Bockscar 3550:Bockscar 3542:Bockscar 3531:coal tar 3519:Bockscar 3474:Bockscar 3470:Bockscar 3458:Bockscar 3405:Captain 3379:Bockscar 3327:Aircraft 3313:Bockscar 3303:Bockscar 3258:ordnance 3245:Bockscar 3229:Nagasaki 2973:Fukuyama 2784:Direct, 2540:Maebashi 2443:Colonel 2365:Aircraft 2352:was the 2270:and the 2174:polonium 1970:General 1915:Leaflets 1855:Nagasaki 1781:Yokohama 1687:Eniwetok 1683:Honolulu 1450:military 1433:Iwo Jima 1415:and the 1259:tear gas 1251:phosgene 1096:Hirohito 1091:advised 1073:Iwo Jima 1007:and the 763:Nagasaki 734:Chongjin 695:Downfall 633:Yokosuka 450:Tiderace 407:Thailand 76:Nagasaki 67:Location 26020:Portals 25959:Bahrain 25884:Colombo 25878:Bangkok 25794:Taihoku 25716:Okazaki 25696:Nagaoka 25656:Fukuoka 25599:Nanjing 25423:Swansea 25398:Norwich 25348:Cardiff 25343:Bristol 25323:Belfast 25291:Kingdom 25237:Romania 25218:Frampol 25141:Viterbo 25136:Vicenza 25121:Trieste 25116:Treviso 25086:Pescara 25081:Palermo 25061:Messina 25056:Livorno 25026:Ferrara 25021:Catania 25016:Cassino 25006:Bologna 24916:Rostock 24911:Potsdam 24871:Münster 24836:Leipzig 24776:Hamburg 24761:Giessen 24731:Dresden 24701:Breslau 24686:Bocholt 24640:Krefeld 24610:Cologne 24587:Germany 24547:Tallinn 24535:Estonia 24514:Denmark 24242:Wyoming 24217:Vermont 24122:Montana 24062:Indiana 24042:Georgia 24037:Florida 24007:Arizona 23997:Alabama 23964:Regions 23886:Gay men 23658:Railway 23618:Slavery 23414:Banking 23408:Economy 23250:El Paso 23235:Orlando 22969:Détente 22130:Outline 21997:Shumshu 21764:Hungary 21711:Estonia 21695:Lapland 21673:Dragoon 21606:Neptune 21588:Ichi-Go 21554:Tempest 21496:Changde 21451:Cottage 21343:Jubilee 21059:Finland 20957:Compass 20663:Prelude 20616:Finland 20502:Vietnam 20468:Romania 20340:Germany 20319:Estonia 20305:Denmark 20284:Belgium 20277:Austria 20270:Albania 20201:Ireland 20187:Andorra 20171:Neutral 20138:Romania 20072:Hungary 20057:Finland 19929:Romania 19821:Finland 19799:Denmark 19745:Belgium 19731:Algeria 19437:Romania 19423:Hungary 19179:Pacific 18903:General 18857:Leaders 18842:Battles 18835:Outline 18320:Chicago 17635:Cabinet 16959:History 16931:Marines 16568:Kokutai 16473:Symbols 16453:Taishō 16410:Statism 16353:Economy 16258:Uranium 16125:Fat Man 16118:Weapons 15690:Trinity 15655:Hanford 15640:Chicago 15445:YouTube 15434:YouTube 15423:YouTube 15247:Effects 14954:4527778 14658:7257634 14613:1358166 14594:30 June 14536:26 July 14347:Bibcode 14217:4495087 13824:2643028 13584:1297619 13492:1212857 12871:3195209 12815:4016678 12803:Bibcode 12548:2 March 12502:2 March 12466:2466051 12456:(ed.). 12297:(ed.). 12192:Bibcode 12164:2539014 12036:2466051 12026:(ed.). 11721:2197093 11619:3 March 11049:2747537 10707:3340713 10699:5314107 10691:3577175 10671:Bibcode 10620:Bibcode 10574:4684805 10467:Bibcode 10203:2 March 10067:9576898 10027:Bibcode 9935:4421057 9847:17 July 8284:2 April 7598:17 July 7496:25 June 7460:9 March 7040:26 July 6423:25 July 5254:25 July 4745:anxiety 4607:Fat Man 4603:Baratol 4593:, with 4587:sievert 4437:control 4375:. In a 4277:sunburn 4211:Fortune 4124:winner 4056:of the 3905:powers. 3869:kokutai 3833:kokutai 3554:Okinawa 3269:radar. 3250:Fat Man 3001:Shin'yō 2964:Chugoku 2689:Genbaku 2615:fire". 2613:ack-ack 2576:Due to 2552:Imabari 2152:cruiser 2117:Formosa 2104:kokutai 2064:in the 1785:Niigata 1734:Colonel 1661:Seattle 1599:Colonel 1559:Fat Man 1334:in the 1310:Chengdu 1093:Emperor 1077:Okinawa 1069:suicide 910:Niigata 895:General 884:ignored 878:in the 874:of the 866:in the 850:of the 837:Fat Man 835:, and " 687:Shumshu 572:Ellwood 437:Vietnam 78:, Japan 25964:Cyprus 25896:Manila 25841:Darwin 25836:Broome 25766:Yawata 25731:Sendai 25726:Rabaul 25711:Numazu 25701:Nagoya 25646:Aomori 25531:Zagreb 25525:Vienna 25507:Prague 25501:Namsos 25483:Dublin 25388:London 25363:Exeter 25289:United 25228:Wieluń 25223:Warsaw 25211:Poland 25131:Verona 25101:Rimini 25071:Naples 25031:Foggia 24991:Ancona 24931:Siegen 24876:Munich 24841:Lübeck 24821:Kassel 24721:Dessau 24696:Bremen 24681:Berlin 24661:Aachen 24605:Bochum 24556:France 24418:Portal 24372:Cities 24355:Cities 24177:Oregon 24132:Nevada 24072:Kansas 24047:Hawaii 24002:Alaska 23990:States 23916:Places 23678:Groups 23648:Lumber 23586:Fourth 23576:Second 23386:Sports 23371:Cinema 23340:Topics 23255:Uvalde 23225:Aurora 23220:Tucson 22144:Events 21974:Debate 21946:Taipei 21939:Borneo 21517:Tarawa 20711:Europe 20672:Africa 20461:Poland 20447:Norway 20426:Malaya 20405:Latvia 20347:Greece 20333:France 20229:Sweden 20194:Bhutan 19922:Poland 19908:Norway 19880:Mexico 19847:Greece 19833:France 19771:Canada 19752:Brazil 19722:Allies 19668:Serbia 19657:Poland 19430:Poland 19416:Baltic 19209:Europe 18911:Topics 18863:Allied 18684:Events 18387:(wife) 18378:Family 18351:Truman 18343:Truman 18248:Legacy 18058:(1950) 18037:(1948) 18026:(1947) 18015:(1947) 18009:(1947) 18003:(1946) 17997:(1946) 17969:(1946) 17963:(1946) 17906:1946; 17893:(1945) 17874:(1952) 17861:, 1951 17857:1950; 17823:(1949) 17812:1949; 17804:(1949) 17798:(1948) 17792:(1948) 17786:(1948) 17739:(1947) 17733:(1947) 17727:(1947) 17721:(1946) 17715:(1946) 17709:(1945) 17703:(1945) 17687:1945; 17584:second 17545:(1945) 17357:Malaya 17332:Borneo 17268:Taiwan 17263:Nan'yō 17253:Chōsen 17246:naichi 16461:Shōwa 16445:Meiji 16420:Kazoku 16368:System 15650:Dayton 15644:Site A 15165:online 15145:630225 15143: 15123: 15115: 15084: 15060: 15039: 15015: 14969: 14952: 14935: 14925: 14906: 14889: 14872: 14862: 14834: 14814: 14804: 14782: 14763: 14744: 14722: 14686: 14676: 14656: 14648: 14640: 14611: 14587: 14583:(21). 14563: 14553: 14529: 14519: 14494: 14486: 14457: 14424: 14414: 14397: 14367: 14321: 14311: 14294: 14284: 14267: 14257: 14235: 14215: 14205: 14186: 14169: 14159: 14142: 14132: 14114:827841 14112: 14104: 14075: 14065: 14041: 14031: 14014: 14004: 13987: 13977: 13958: 13935: 13927: 13919: 13909: 13883: 13873: 13851: 13841: 13822: 13814: 13783: 13764: 13747: 13739: 13731: 13694: 13684: 13664: 13654: 13637: 13614: 13582: 13560: 13550: 13533: 13511: 13490: 13473: 13463: 13449:木戶幸一日記 13420: 13396: 13377: 13342: 13332: 13315: 13296: 13277: 13258: 13248: 13231: 13214: 13204: 13183: 13173: 13145: 13135: 13118: 13102:31 May 13095: 13085: 13053: 13026: 13007: 12985: 12975: 12955: 12926: 12916: 12899: 12889: 12869: 12849: 12839: 12813: 12786: 12776: 12757: 12738: 12716: 12699: 12689: 12669: 12659: 12638: 12628: 12609: 12599: 12579: 12569: 12541: 12522: 12495: 12485: 12464: 12442:173307 12440: 12419: 12409: 12392: 12382: 12363: 12346: 12336: 12315: 12305: 12279: 12260: 12241: 12222: 12170: 12162: 12154: 12122: 12112: 12092: 12082: 12053: 12034: 11727: 11719: 11645: 11612: 11393:23 May 11056: 11046: 10988: 10957: 10748: 10740: 10705: 10697: 10689: 10646: 10638: 10572: 10548:Utero 10529: 10485: 10442: 10432: 10260: 10148: 10138: 10065: 10055: 10047: 10021:(10). 9933: 8023: 7730:UNESCO 7572:9 June 5245: 5147:Legacy 4827:. The 4767:(lit. 4568:prompt 4439:city, 4322:sepsis 4265:keloid 4244:, and 4199:, the 4100:'s 3826:, the 3527:Yahata 3462:Tinian 3384:Major 3163:, the 3161:Saipan 2770:kimono 2609: 2584:, the 2464:Major 2386:Major 2326:Tinian 2266:, the 2109:polity 1956: 1952: 1820: 1769:Kokura 1725:Kokura 1677:. The 1501:-pure 1332:Saipan 1330:, and 1328:Tinian 1150:Eighth 1142:Honshū 1130:Kyūshū 1047:, and 1009:Allies 992: 985: 981: 979: 975: 973: 966: 962: 960: 906:Kokura 864:Tinian 846:. The 828:", an 808:. The 794:Allies 792:, the 457:Zipper 443:Jurist 412:Malaya 371:Ceylon 305:Midway 26034:Japan 25974:Malta 25938:Jaffa 25933:Haifa 25741:Tokyo 25721:Osaka 25651:Fukui 25641:Akita 25634:Japan 25582:China 25554:Burma 25519:Sofia 25378:Leeds 25275:Minsk 25265:Gorky 25146:Zadar 25126:Turin 25111:Terni 25076:Padua 25066:Milan 25046:Gorla 25041:Genoa 24979:Italy 24961:Worms 24946:Wesel 24866:Moers 24851:Mainz 24826:Kleve 24781:Hanau 24771:Halle 24736:Emden 24630:Essen 24573:Royan 24542:Narva 24526:Rønne 24207:Texas 24087:Maine 24052:Idaho 23880:LGBTQ 23873:Women 23643:Labor 23596:Sixth 23591:Fifth 23581:Third 23571:First 23376:Music 23118:NAFTA 21750:Leyte 21580:Narva 21566:Anzio 21524:Makin 21482:Burma 21366:Torch 21335:Rzhev 21296:Kiska 20382:Korea 20368:Japan 20361:Italy 20243:Tibet 20222:Spain 20100:Italy 19861:Italy 19854:India 19778:China 19653:Japan 19253:Italy 19165:China 19117:Women 18138:Homes 17613:1952) 17579:first 17337:Burma 17055:Entry 16749:Peers 16613:Senbu 16598:Tokkō 15623:Sites 15333:(PDF) 15121:S2CID 15013:S2CID 14985:(PDF) 14654:S2CID 14577:(PDF) 14513:(PDF) 14492:S2CID 14335:(PDF) 14110:JSTOR 13820:JSTOR 13745:S2CID 13737:JSTOR 13591:(PDF) 13451:[ 13429:(PDF) 13414:(PDF) 13079:(PDF) 13047:(PDF) 12168:S2CID 12160:JSTOR 11725:S2CID 11717:JSTOR 10999:(PDF) 10978:(PDF) 10746:S2CID 10687:JSTOR 10644:S2CID 10527:S2CID 10483:S2CID 10146:S2CID 10058:33857 9988:(PDF) 9981:(PDF) 9964:(PDF) 9953:(PDF) 9785:(PDF) 8734:(PDF) 8727:Riken 8723:(PDF) 8668:5 May 8528:5 May 7566:(PDF) 7559:(PDF) 7534:5 May 7454:(PDF) 7341:5 May 7279:4 May 7253:5 May 6561:(PDF) 6286:(PDF) 6275:(PDF) 6156:(PDF) 6149:(PDF) 6112:(PDF) 6105:(PDF) 5696:Wired 5222:Notes 4943:torii 4892:] 4881:] 4870:] 4859:] 4657:Torii 4579:grays 4533:fetal 3780:kids. 3591:' 3330:Pilot 2695:(the 2368:Pilot 2199:on a 2141:Bombs 1789:Kyoto 1771:(now 1509:like 1446:avgas 1267:Luzon 1240:Luzon 1213:Ultra 1154:Tenth 1146:First 839:", a 628:Tokyo 616:Japan 533:Timor 25996:Chad 25928:Acre 25706:Naha 25691:Kure 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