115:
826:
129:
756:, where each airplane was loaded with four 250-kilogram (551 lb) bombs. From there, they flew 1,900 miles (3,100 km) to French Frigate Shoals to refuel, then set off for Oahu, 900 kilometers (560 mi) distant. In addition to their reconnaissance mission, they were to bomb the "Ten-Ten" dock – named for its length, 1,010 feet (310 m) – at the Pearl Harbor naval base to disrupt salvage and repair efforts. However, errors ensued on both sides.
50:
721:, to be refueled by submarines prior to taking off for Oahu. The raid was planned to coincide with the full moon to illuminate the Pearl Harbor target area, but the actual date of execution would depend on calm weather for refueling at French Frigate Shoals and clear skies over Pearl Harbor. If the first raid was successful, additional raids would be made.
739:. His fictitious story about refueling United States planes from submarines at a remote island for an air attack on a target 3,000 miles (4,800 km) away had been withheld from publication for a year until the author convinced United States Navy censors the techniques described were known to other navies.
724:
In a repeat of events just prior to the 7 December attack, American codebreakers warned that the
Japanese were preparing for reconnaissance and disruption raids, refueling at French Frigate Shoals, and again were largely ignored by their superiors. The codebreakers had reason to correctly interpret
765:
was supposed to station herself just south of Oahu as a "lifeguard" and weather spotter for the flying boats, but was lost sometime after 14 February. Japanese cryptanalysts had broken the United States Navy weather code, but a code change on 1 March eliminated that alternative source of weather
839:
Japanese media repeated an unsubstantiated Los
Angeles radio report of "considerable damage to Pearl Harbor" with 30 dead sailors and civilians, with 70 wounded. Both the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy blamed each other for the explosions, accusing each other of jettisoning munitions into Tantalus.
843:
Another armed reconnaissance mission, scheduled for 6 or 7 March, was canceled because of the delay in launching the first raid, damage to
Hashizume's airplane, and the aircrews' exhaustion. It was carried out on 10 March, but Hashizume was killed when his flying boat was shot down by
812:
or near the sea approach to Pearl Harbor. The two flying boats then flew southwest toward the
Marshall Islands. Sasao returned as planned to Wotje atoll, but Hashizume's airplane had sustained hull damage while taking off from French Frigate Shoals. Fearing the primitive base at Wotje was
781:
flying boats were also sent to seek
Japanese aircraft carriers, which were assumed to have launched the two invaders. However, a thick layer of nimbus clouds over Pearl Harbor prevented the defenders from spotting the Japanese planes flying at an altitude of 4,600 meters (15,000 ft).
808:, creating craters 2–3 meters (6–10 ft) deep and 6–9 meters (20–30 ft) across. Damage was limited to shattered windows. Sasao is assumed by historians and officials to have eventually dropped his bombs into the ocean, either off the coast of
747:
When time came for the raid, only two of the big flying boats were available. Pilot
Lieutenant Hisao Hashizume was in command of the mission, with Ensign Shosuke Sasao flying the second airplane. They were sent to
1230:
683:
The planning for
Operation K began in the weeks after the attack on Pearl Harbor, when the Imperial Japanese Navy high command considered how to take advantage of the capabilities of the long-range
1225:
789:
lighthouse for a position fix, Hashizume decided to attack from the north. Sasao, however, did not hear
Hashizume's order and instead turned to skirt the southern coast of Oahu.
1260:
216:
256:
301:
766:
information over Pearl Harbor. The mission proceeded on the assumption of clear skies over Pearl Harbor from knowledge of conditions at French
Frigate Shoals.
542:
675:. This was the longest distance ever undertaken by a two-plane bombing mission, and one of the longest bombing sorties ever planned without fighter escort.
1245:
209:
932:
1220:
863:. However, the Americans had become aware French Frigate Shoals was a possible IJN rendezvous point, and naval patrols were increased, per Admiral
294:
202:
873:
found the area mined and spotted two
American warships at anchor there, prompting a cancellation of the plan, despite the proposed use of
792:
Hashizume, having lost sight of his wingman, and only able to see small patches of the island, dropped his four bombs on the slopes of
460:
287:
829:
805:
1235:
1192:
1173:
358:
465:
435:
773:(and later Oahu) picked up and tracked the two planes as they approached the main Hawaiian Islands, prompting a search by
877:
as an alternative refueling site. This left the IJN unable to observe U.S. Navy activity or track the American carriers.
507:
480:
1157:
1142:
532:
470:
251:
1255:
1215:
992:
800:
sometime between 02:00 and 02:15 HST. He was unable to see Pearl Harbor, the only lit facility on Oahu, due to
817:, also in the Marshall Islands. That made his flight the longest bombing mission in history up to that point.
729:'s staff included Lieutenant Jasper Holmes, who, writing under the pen name Alec Hudson, had a story entitled
702:
facilities at Pearl Harbor took precedence. An assessment of the repairs to the docks, yards and airfields of
1037:
937:
718:
562:
425:
363:
353:
836:
There were no American casualties. The raid did raise new fears of a potential Japanese invasion of Hawaii.
1150:
The Second Attack on Pearl Harbor: Operation K and Other Japanese Attempts to Bomb America in World War II
855:
A followup to Operation K was scheduled for 30 May, to gain intelligence on the whereabouts of U.S.
607:
450:
246:
804:
conditions intended to hinder air raids. Hashizume's bombs landed about 300 meters (1,000 ft) from
1240:
1210:
547:
497:
475:
311:
1083:
778:
587:
577:
410:
328:
868:
597:
557:
813:
insufficient to repair the damage, Hashizume proceeded non-stop all the way to their home base at
1250:
760:
612:
567:
395:
368:
338:
185:
1028:
874:
664:
648:
522:
420:
405:
343:
236:
735:
710:
602:
445:
440:
390:
83:
706:
would help the IJN staff to determine American ability to project power for months to come.
845:
825:
774:
582:
333:
8:
996:
502:
430:
801:
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400:
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were being discussed, when the need for updated information regarding the repairs to
617:
552:
517:
512:
385:
373:
860:
856:
753:
592:
527:
415:
348:
268:
79:
933:"Japan's little-known 2nd surprise attack on Hawaii failed in more ways than one"
793:
726:
492:
455:
279:
241:
134:
667:. It culminated on 4 March 1942, with an unsuccessful attack carried out by two
864:
656:
1204:
684:
668:
164:
120:
194:
849:
814:
660:
652:
572:
41:
1105:
786:
749:
709:
Initial plans called for the use of five H8K aircraft. They would fly to
687:
672:
75:
37:
691:
169:
797:
1168:(2 ed.). Cambridge, England: PolityPress. pp. 178, 179.
1231:
World War II aerial operations and battles of the Pacific theatre
1135:
Hawaii's Forgotten History: the good...the bad...the embarrassing
832:
in Honolulu was damaged by bombs dropped nearby from Operation K.
809:
20:
663:
and disruption of repair and salvage operations following the
49:
770:
714:
695:
703:
87:
1226:
World War II operations and battles of the Pacific theatre
785:
Those same clouds also confused the IJN pilots. Using the
1185:
Hawaii Homefront: Life in the Islands during World War II
1261:
Battles and operations of World War II involving Japan
1026:
Lowman, David D. (1983). ""Rendezvous" in Reverse".
16:
Bombing of Oahu by Japanese flying boats during WW2.
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
309:
1106:"IJN Submarine I-123: Tabular Record of Movement"
1104:Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander (1 January 2014).
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
1202:
19:For the counter-insurgency unit in Namibia, see
1103:
796:, an extinct volcano cinder cone just north of
640:
945:
634:
295:
224:
210:
990:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
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1047:
302:
288:
217:
203:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
1221:Battles and conflicts without fatalities
830:President Theodore Roosevelt High School
824:
1064:
1044:
125:
1246:Japan–United States military relations
1203:
1163:
1078:
1076:
1025:
899:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
283:
198:
1073:
13:
1127:
1010:
867:'s orders. The Japanese submarine
665:surprise attack on 7 December 1941
14:
1272:
1180:(first published in German; 2016)
54:Approximate route of Operation K.
127:
113:
48:
993:"Date lives on in few memories"
181:Minimal private property damage
1097:
1088:
991:William Cole (16 March 2009).
925:
733:published in an August, 1941,
1:
1236:Airstrikes conducted by Japan
1038:United States Naval Institute
892:
719:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
508:Qantas Short Empire shootdown
820:
742:
533:KNILM Douglas DC-3 shootdown
7:
1183:Simpson, MacKinnon (2008).
880:
769:American radar stations on
678:
641:
10:
1277:
1094:Steve Horn 2005, page 141.
18:
1152:. Naval Institute Press.
779:Consolidated PBY Catalina
635:
321:
232:
226:Hawaiian Islands Campaign
175:
154:
141:
106:
58:
47:
35:
30:
1164:Melber, Takuma (2021) .
759:The Japanese submarine
573:Nauru and Ocean Islands
1256:Hawaii in World War II
1216:Imperial Japanese Navy
1133:Budnick, Rich (2005).
833:
142:Commanders and leaders
828:
806:Roosevelt High School
736:Saturday Evening Post
725:the Japanese intent.
711:French Frigate Shoals
312:Japanese offensives,
176:Casualties and losses
84:French Frigate Shoals
1148:Horn, Steve (2005).
846:Brewster F2A Buffalo
775:Curtiss P-40 Warhawk
252:Johnston and Palmyra
997:Honolulu Advertiser
941:. 28 February 2018.
543:Andaman and Nicobar
834:
184:Loss of submarine
1241:March 1942 events
1211:Conflicts in 1942
1193:978-1-57306-281-7
1175:978-1-5095-3720-4
1110:combinedfleet.com
938:Stars_and_Stripes
887:Lookout Air Raids
857:aircraft carriers
626:
625:
476:Dutch East Indies
277:
276:
193:
192:
102:
101:
1268:
1179:
1121:
1120:
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1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
988:
943:
942:
929:
923:
920:
861:Battle of Midway
754:Marshall Islands
690:. Plans to bomb
646:
644:
638:
637:
588:Aleutian Islands
578:Zhejiang-Jiangxi
548:Christmas Island
359:French Indochina
316:
304:
297:
290:
281:
280:
227:
219:
212:
205:
196:
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137:
133:
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119:
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80:Marshall Islands
60:
59:
52:
28:
27:
1276:
1275:
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1270:
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1267:
1266:
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1201:
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1137:. Aloha Press.
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1128:Further reading
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823:
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727:Edwin T. Layton
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632:
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622:
461:Gilbert Islands
354:Zaoyang–Yichang
317:
313:
310:
308:
278:
273:
228:
225:
223:
167:
150:Hisao Hashizume
128:
126:
114:
112:
90:
53:
38:Pacific Theater
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1274:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1251:1942 in Hawaii
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1197:
1196:
1187:. Bess Press.
1181:
1174:
1161:
1146:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1096:
1087:
1072:
1070:Simpson p. 113
1063:
1061:Simpson p. 112
1043:
1040:: 132&133.
1009:
944:
924:
922:Budnick, p. 95
897:
896:
894:
891:
890:
889:
882:
879:
865:Chester Nimitz
848:fighters near
822:
819:
744:
741:
713:, the largest
680:
677:
657:reconnaissance
655:, intended as
649:Japanese naval
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165:Kawanishi H8Ks
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123:
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1166:Pearl Harbour
1162:
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1158:1-59114-388-8
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1143:0-944081-04-5
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875:Necker Island
872:
871:
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859:prior to the
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853:
851:
847:
841:
837:
831:
827:
818:
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811:
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799:
795:
794:Tantalus Peak
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707:
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697:
693:
689:
686:
685:Kawanishi H8K
676:
674:
670:
669:Kawanishi H8K
666:
662:
658:
654:
651:operation in
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643:
631:
619:
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429:
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402:
399:
397:
396:Western Hubei
394:
392:
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375:
372:
370:
369:Central Hubei
367:
365:
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355:
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339:South Guangxi
337:
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121:United States
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77:
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70:
69:
65:
62:
61:
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51:
46:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
1198:
1184:
1165:
1149:
1134:
1113:. Retrieved
1109:
1099:
1090:
1066:
1033:
1027:
1000:. Retrieved
936:
927:
869:
854:
850:Midway Atoll
842:
838:
835:
815:Jaluit Atoll
791:
784:
768:
761:
758:
746:
734:
730:
723:
708:
688:flying boats
682:
673:flying boats
661:Pearl Harbor
653:World War II
629:
628:
608:Fort Stevens
537:
486:
485:
481:3rd Changsha
466:Indian Ocean
421:Pearl Harbor
411:2nd Changsha
406:South Shanxi
379:
378:
344:West Suiyuan
323:
262:
261:
237:Pearl Harbor
186:
107:Belligerents
98:Inconclusive
66:4 March 1942
42:World War II
36:Part of the
25:
1029:Proceedings
787:Kaena Point
750:Wotje Atoll
630:Operation K
618:Mount Emily
538:Operation K
451:Sand Island
436:Philippines
391:South Henan
374:North China
263:Operation K
76:Wotje Atoll
31:Operation K
1205:Categories
893:References
777:fighters.
731:Rendezvous
692:California
642:Kē-Sakusen
583:Madagascar
503:New Guinea
364:Kaimingjie
269:3rd Midway
257:2nd Midway
247:1st Midway
170:submarines
821:Aftermath
743:Execution
613:Dureenbee
603:Newcastle
568:Coral Sea
513:Singapore
431:Hong Kong
334:Chongqing
329:Manchukuo
314:1940–1942
1115:6 August
881:See also
802:blackout
798:Honolulu
679:Planning
671:"Emily"
558:Solomons
426:Thailand
401:Shanggao
386:Panjiayu
155:Strength
71:Location
1002:8 April
810:Waianae
752:in the
717:in the
700:US Navy
523:Ellwood
78:in the
21:Koevoet
1191:
1172:
1156:
1141:
1084:p. 127
1082:Horn,
1036:(12).
647:was a
598:Sydney
593:Midway
563:Tulagi
553:Ceylon
528:Broome
518:Darwin
471:Borneo
456:Niihau
416:Malaya
349:Wuyuan
242:Niihau
132:
118:
95:Result
870:I-123
771:Kauai
715:atoll
696:Texas
498:Burma
493:Timor
135:Japan
1189:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1154:ISBN
1139:ISBN
1117:2020
1004:2008
762:I-23
704:Oahu
694:and
487:1942
446:Wake
441:Guam
380:1941
324:1940
187:I-23
160:None
147:None
88:Oahu
63:Date
1034:109
659:of
636:K作戦
40:of
1207::
1108:.
1075:^
1046:^
1032:.
1012:^
995:.
947:^
935:.
901:^
852:.
639:,
168:3
163:2
86:;
82:;
1195:.
1178:.
1160:.
1145:.
1119:.
1006:.
645:)
633:(
303:e
296:t
289:v
218:e
211:t
204:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
