882:
1441:. A few moments later, Captain Horsman was killed by a piece of shrapnel from a shell hitting the bridge. Two lifeboats and two rafts were lowered into the water and later, another lifeboat was in the water with the remainder of the crew. Most of the crew (with the exception of officers and guncrew) were Chinese, and they had been troublesome during the whole action, refusing to provide any assistance to save the ship.
17:
1359:, which had shortened the range to about 2,200 m (2,400 yd). One shell from the Japanese ship hit her in the forecastle, but did little damage. Her gunners had been firing continuously at the Japanese, claiming several hits but their ammunition supply was soon depleted. At 1245, her last shell had been fired and her captain decided there was little he could do for the
1331:
was not built as a warship, and therefore did not have a sufficient number of watertight bulkheads. Shells toppled from their lockers as a result of the increasing list and threw sailors overboard. Men, covered with blood and suffering from burns, tried to fight the flames. Reports came in indicating
736:
commerce in that theatre. Possessing a powerful fleet of warships, prior to the start of World War II, the IJN had strategically planned to fight a war of fleet actions, and as a consequence delegated few resources to raiding merchant vessels. Nevertheless, in 1940, two passenger-cargo vessels –
1437:, apparently without scoring a hit. A last attempt to escape by dumping smokebuoys overboard was unsuccessful, and the captain ordered the crew to abandon ship to avoid further bloodshed. The engines were stopped, the lifeboats lowered and a white flag was hoisted, all under continuous fire from the
989:. The operational plan was for one ship to lie-to and drift while performing maintenance, as the other ship carried out a perimeter patrol searching for enemy shipping. The two ships would spend the hours of darkness within visual range; the ships then reversed roles the following day. Following the
1527:
flying-boat was sighted, about 200 miles (320 km) northwest of
Fremantle. The lookouts had reported a ship some time earlier and the Catalina was asked if that ship could provide much needed help. The unknown vessel proved to be a hospital ship where doctors immediately began a series of blood
1500:
The
British sailor Henry was in very bad shape. He had a crushed leg and after two days the first officer was forced to send out a signal for help. The signal was sent uncoded, because the codebooks had all been thrown overboard when "abandon ship" was ordered. This unexpected signal caused a shock
1487:
was about to go down. Not without trouble, Rehwinkel managed to assemble a small number of men and returned to the ship, where counterflooding reduced the list. Inspection revealed that her engines were also still intact. Small fires were extinguished and the last crew members in the lifeboats were
872:
and surrounding islands. The continuous pleas by the
Germans possibly had a large influence on this decision, as the Indian Ocean was the primary area of operations in which the two Axis powers had the most physical coordination with each other, in regards to re-supply and the exchange of military
949:
With their heavy armament, the two
Japanese merchant raiders could overpower any smaller combatant or merchant vessel, and their speed enabled them (in combination with their floatplanes) to search large areas of ocean. In service, they were organized as the 24th Special Cruiser Squadron under
1451:, closing to about 400 m (440 yd) and fired two torpedoes to finish the ship off. Both left big holes in the starboard side, but did little to sink the ship itself. Its tanks had been empty and the ship remained afloat on the other, undamaged tanks, despite the 30 or 35 degree list.
1324:
into a ball of red and yellow flames, and as the ship emerged from the smoke, she was listing heavily to starboard and simultaneously started to settle by the stern. The explosion ripped off the stern and threw her two floatplanes overboard, while massive fires raged in the superstructure.
761:
between
Australia and the Middle East. Using their comprehensive armament and speed to their advantage, the raiders experienced a brief period of success. Japanese raiding in the Indian Ocean largely ceased by the end of 1942 after an action with a Dutch vessel, the
1252:
As no Allied ships were reported in the vicinity, the Allied sailors could only assume the ships bearing down on them were hostile and for some time these ships were even identified as
Japanese aircraft carriers. On the
1455:
then changed course and the
Japanese gunners opened fire on the drifting lifeboats. One sailor was killed, three others were badly wounded. One of them was a young British sailor named Henry, originally assigned to the
1607:
1603:
1824:
1058:
began to broadcast distress messages which continued until 1415. Admiral Takeda was 130 miles (210 km) away, but intercepted the distress calls and ordered the plane to return to be rearmed with bombs.
1050:. The squadron commenced a search for the missing seaplane at 1810 and searched through the moonlit night. Aircraft were launched at 0700 on 1 January 1942 to expand the search. One of the seaplanes found
1594:
was given the credit, which was used by the
British as propaganda in India, where they were struggling to keep control of the local population. Nevertheless, for its actions during the battle, the
1599:
1567:
forced the
Japanese to abandon raider warfare and subsequently the Imperial Japanese Navy did not try to break the lifeline again until early 1944 when a force of three heavy cruisers
1351:. Nevertheless, her shells and torpedoes had little effect on the empty tanker, as the large number of watertight tanks could keep it afloat under the most difficult circumstances.
1093:
vintage installed the previous autumn. More modern seaplanes were embarked when the squadron deployed to the Indian Ocean with the additional duty of resupplying the
Japanese
1063:
was scuttled by her crew at a position 25 south, 155 west when the aircraft returned. The squadron left the area after taking the freighter's crew of 38 aboard as prisoners.
1488:
taken aboard after they were convinced there was no danger of sinking. The long leg back to Fremantle began. The lifeboats were patched up as well as possible, in case the
1363:. He steamed away at full speed, chased by gun splashes. After laying a smokescreen, she took a hit in the stern which had no effect on her escape. The last the men aboard
1343:
picked up a total of 278 survivors from a crew of 354. Captain Imazato was one of the 76 killed during the action. There were no reports of damage or casualties aboard the
1320:
Content with the hit, the gun captain then ordered the gunners to concentrate their fire on the stern. A few moments later, a hit on the starboard torpedo mount turned the
925:
and South America, started their rebuilds in 1941, and by the time they were commissioned, the 10,470-ton vessels were heavily armed. The main armament consisted of eight
54:
1066:
On 8 January 1942, the raiders resumed search operations and between 16 and 20 January the squadron intercepted extremely loud radio signals causing them to believe
1008:
at 23 south, 118 west. The old freighter was sunk after taking her crew of 38 aboard the two raiders. The Japanese ships then left the area to avoid any response to
1273:
was to obey the order to escape, but the captain decided to stay, as his ship, armed with a 4-inch gun, was still the more powerful of the two. In addition, the
1814:
929:
guns, which were augmented by two 80 mm guns, and four 25 mm guns. There were four 533 mm torpedo tubes in twin mounts, and each vessel had two
633:
1164:
894:
1257:, the lookouts saw the two AMCs a few minutes later. The ships both made a 90 degree turn to starboard away from the enemy in a north-north-west direction.
1109:
added additional ships to that score. With these successes, they had sunk or captured five merchant ships within a year, totalling 31,303 tons. They left
1641:
548:
1117:
951:
220:
1819:
1483:, Rehwinkel, wanted to return to the tanker, but only one man in the gun crew was willing to go with him. Most of the others were convinced the
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47:
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1509:
had been reported sunk and logically, the British suspected a Japanese trick. A request went out from Fremantle to report her position.
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closed the range to 3,500 m (3,800 yd), and over the next few minutes scored several hits, one of which was observed by the
609:
40:
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Meanwhile, the men in the lifeboats had given the deceased a seaman's burial and then exchanged thoughts about what to do next. The
852:
in April 1942, the Japanese Navy had decided to keep the pressure on the shipping lanes, primarily due to the Allies' ever-growing
1225:, let alone from enemy surface raiders. The two ships departed Fremantle on 5 November 1942, expecting a long but uneventful trip.
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1563:
In retrospect, this battle was not only a tactical success for the Allies, it also had strategic implications. The loss of the
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could only do 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) while the Japanese ships could make 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph).
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sighted an unknown vessel at about 12,000 metres (13,000 yd), bearing 270 degrees, followed by a ship of similar size.
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came back once more, firing a torpedo which missed the tanker. She paid scant attention to the survivors, convinced the
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1217:. She only had one 3-inch gun (a 4-inch gun was not available), which made her firepower barely enough to protect the
1764:
1568:
1590:. According to them, her shell hit the starboard torpedo launcher, causing the torpedo to explode. At the time, the
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On 11 November 1942 at 11:45 in the morning, naval authorities in Fremantle received an SOS signal sent out by the
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on her stern and several machine guns for anti-aircraft use. Under Captain W. Horsman, she was deployed between
753:(AMC)s, in anticipation of the likely thrust southward by the Japanese. These vessels were subsequently used as
1245:, identified as being Japanese, at position 19.38° South 93.5° East. The battle started when a lookout aboard
958:
was modified to serve as Admiral Takeda's flagship with space for his staff of four officers and eighteen men.
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entered Fremantle after a journey only a few ships had experienced and even fewer had survived. The corvette
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where each ship received eight modern 14 cm (5.5-inch) guns to replace the four 15 cm (5.9-inch) guns of
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large fires in the engine-room and the loss of all electricity. There was little hope of salvaging the
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It remains uncertain as to which vessel fired the fatal shot that resulted in the destruction of the
1375:. A shell was seen hitting her abaft the bridge. Some time later, a second explosion was seen aboard
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on 15 November 1941 under radio silence and blacked out at night to arrive in a standby position at
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on 4 February 1942 and transferred the prisoners to the Oita Bay Naval Air Command on 13 February.
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1101:. Between 5 June and 13 July 1942, the submarines sank 21 ships, for a total of 92,498 tons. The
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was still steaming around at full speed. As a tanker, she only had a limited ammunition supply.
1054:
at 0910, circled at low altitude and ordered the ship to stop with a burst of machine gun fire.
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to escape. She opened fire at 1200 hours from 3,200 m (3,500 yd), followed by the
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on 5 November on their fourth sortie, under the overall command of Captain Imazato Hiroshi.
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claimed to have scored the vital hit, although the Japanese themselves thought it was the
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herself had her answer ready: the third shell fired was a hit on the superstructure of
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under the command of Lieutenant Commander W.J. Wilson, RNR. One of the Australian-type
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posthumously and was Mentioned in Dispatches, while the gunner, Hammond, received the
973:. They departed Jaluit on 26 November 1941 to patrol the sea lanes between Australia,
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then turned and headed straight for the attackers, hoping to buy enough time for the
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1005:
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993:, the search objective changed from avoiding detection to locating enemy commerce.
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2 "Pete" Type 0 observation seaplanes, each armed with two fixed forward firing
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was converted into a high-speed transport and was sunk in February 1944 during
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Routine searching resumed on 23 December 1941. On 31 December, a seaplane from
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844:"), and as a consequence delegated few resources to raiding merchant vessels ("
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at 1205 from 8,000 m (8,700 yd). The sensible thing to do for the
901:(AMC)s, in anticipation of the likely thrust southward by the Japanese. The
802:
in the 20th century devoted substantial effort to the disruption of oceanic
1732:
Layton, Edwin T. (June 1976). "24 Sentai – Japan's Commerce Raiders".
1628:, the bombardment by American aircraft of the Japanese base at Truk in the
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749: – of the Osaka Shipping Line were requisitioned for conversion to
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World War II naval operations and battles of the Southeast Asia Theatre
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herself only had twelve shells left, four of which she fired at the
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warships were nearby. They successfully evaded detection by Admiral
16:
1336:, Captain Imazato could do nothing else than order "abandon ship".
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881:
772:
758:
1371:
was her trying to evade the shells, continuously straddled by the
1213:
was one of four ships of her class that had been allocated to the
840:(IJN) had strategically planned to fight a war of fleet actions ("
1502:
819:
1799:
829:
in these waters, had with few exceptions, been destroyed by the
26:
1786:"Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942"
1516:
did not reply. Without medical attention for her wounded, the
1347:, which soon avenged her sister ship, scoring several hits on
1309:
ripped off a part of the main mast, leaving only a stump. The
1136:
vessel of 6,757 tons), which was sunk on 5 June 1942; and the
198:
974:
803:
1702:
Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942
1126:
vessel of 7,987 tons, which was captured on 9 May 1942; the
978:
1191:. On her journey to Abadan, she was protected by a single
1042:
trucks and aircraft engines. The seaplane was observed by
1016:
861:
1301:, commenced firing at 1200 hours and soon straddled the
1026:
found and circled the 3,275-ton United States freighter
1379:, still burning and sinking. After leaving the scene,
1528:
transfusions which succeeded in saving Henry's life.
921:, both under construction for the route between the
1642:
List of Japanese auxiliary cruiser commerce raiders
1602:, issued on 9 July 1948. Captain W. Horsman became
1748:
1608:Distinguished Service Medal and the Bronzen Kruis
1604:Ridder in de Militaire Willemsorde der 4de Klasse
757:attacking Allied commercial shipping along vital
1806:
1731:
1618:, while others of his crew were also decorated.
1547:until 1943, when she was finally repaired. Both
1800:Royal Netherlands Navy Warships of World War II
836:By virtue of their powerful battle fleets, the
1746:
1305:with their cruiser-armament. The first hit on
1000:stopped the 6,210-ton United States freighter
1815:Naval battles of World War II involving Japan
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
214:
48:
1614:, Lieutenant-Commander Wilson, received the
1145:
893:In 1940, two passenger-cargo vessels of the
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1695:
961:The 24th Special Cruiser Squadron departed
1712:
1520:steamed towards Fremantle. On the 17th an
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207:
55:
41:
1734:United States Naval Institute Proceedings
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1539:had entered Diego Garcia the day before.
1405:s captain was right about one thing, the
1116:Victims of Japanese raiders included the
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1598:was given a rare Dutch distinction, the
880:
856:strength in the war. Large and valuable
62:
15:
1464:steamed away to pick up survivors from
937:, one flexibly mounted rearward-firing
1820:Battles and operations of World War II
1807:
996:Following sunset on 12 December 1941,
1654:
1571:Allied shipping in the Indian Ocean.
1317:, but apparently with little effect.
944:
897:were requisitioned for conversion to
202:
36:
722:Japanese raiders in the Indian Ocean
848:"). Nonetheless, other than their
13:
1600:Koninklijke Vermelding by Dagorder
1413:had disappeared over the horizon,
860:maintained a continuous stream of
14:
1841:
1793:
1783:
1751:Japanese Aircraft of World War II
1740:
1387:, where the captain reported the
1708:from the original on 2011-03-21.
1004:bound for the Panama Canal from
833:or begun the long journey home.
724:were those vessels used by the
228:
1460:. Satisfied with the results,
1085:The squadron then entered the
818:had virtually come to an end.
1:
1830:World War II commerce raiders
1777:
1237:, reporting that she and the
789:
1558:
1228:
864:and other products from the
825:, originally disrupting the
806:as a means of weakening the
675:Manchuria and Northern Korea
7:
1755:. Mayflower Books. p.
1635:
1616:Distinguished Service Order
1543:remained in Australia as a
1409:had indeed sunk, but after
1394:
885:Japanese auxiliary cruiser
850:successful sortie to Ceylon
473:Dutch East Indies (1941–42)
430:Strategic bombing (1944–45)
10:
1846:
1241:were under attack by two
941:and 120 kg of bombs.
759:sea lanes of communication
622:Volcano and Ryukyu Islands
1696:Visser, Jan (1999–2000).
1495:
1280:
877:Japanese merchant raiders
238:
100:Japanese merchant raiders
74:
1647:
1391:and one enemy AMC sunk.
709:Second Sino-Japanese War
549:Estevan Point Lighthouse
304:Indian Ocean (1941–1945)
255:Marshalls–Gilberts raids
1747:Collier, Basil (1979).
899:armed merchant cruisers
751:armed merchant cruisers
311:Japanese merchant raids
1078:. They replenished at
991:Attack on Pearl Harbor
927:140 mm/50 caliber
890:
873:(naval) intelligence.
838:Imperial Japanese Navy
726:Imperial Japanese Navy
610:Hiroshima and Nagasaki
454:Burma and India (1944)
277:Gilberts and Marshalls
30:
1610:. The captain of the
884:
732:to pursue its war on
520:Philippines (1944–45)
478:Philippines (1941–42)
19:
1531:On 18 November, the
1512:Wary of a trap, the
1187:-rich shores of the
935:Type 97 machine guns
321:Homfreyganj massacre
110:Homfreyganj massacre
66:Indian Ocean Theatre
1626:Operation Hailstone
1146:Action against the
939:Type 92 machine gun
895:Osaka Shipping Line
1784:L, Klemen (2000).
1698:"The Ondina Story"
1630:South Seas Mandate
1555:survived the war.
1355:also fired at the
1099:Mozambique Channel
1091:Russo-Japanese War
945:Initial deployment
891:
814:activities in the
668:Japanese surrender
634:Naval bombardments
564:Fire balloon bombs
287:Volcano and Ryukyu
282:Marianas and Palau
31:
1215:Royal Indian Navy
1179:in Australia and
1173:4"/50 caliber gun
1097:operating in the
1040:US Army Air Force
1006:Sydney, Australia
794:Nations fighting
770:Royal Indian Navy
728:(IJN) during the
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559:Lookout Air Raids
466:Southwest Pacific
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971:Marshall Islands
846:Guerre de course
842:Guerre d'escadre
823:merchant raiders
810:. In late 1942,
755:merchant raiders
730:Second World War
689:Manchuria (1945)
544:Aleutian Islands
394:Indochina (1945)
364:Indochina (1940)
350:2nd Indian Ocean
333:1st Indian Ocean
328:Christmas Island
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178:14 February 1944
168:13 November 1943
122:1st Indian Ocean
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1207:-class corvette
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952:Moriharu Takeda
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950:Rear-Admiral
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162:Monsun Gruppe
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1532:
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1525:PBY Catalina
1517:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1476:was doomed.
1473:
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1189:Persian Gulf
1155:
1152:
1147:
1138:
1128:
1118:
1115:
1106:
1102:
1084:
1076:Task Force 8
1065:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1009:
1001:
997:
995:
987:Panama Canal
967:Jaluit Atoll
960:
955:
948:
917:
903:
892:
886:
835:
816:Indian Ocean
798:during both
793:
783:
778:
764:
745:
739:
721:
719:
707:
706:
681:
661:
627:
574:
569:Project Hula
554:Fort Stevens
483:
423:
416:
409:
310:
297:Ocean Island
260:
250:Pearl Harbor
188:17 July 1944
161:
144:
99:
93:
89:
29:in May 1942.
20:
1622:Aikoku Maru
1578:. Both the
1576:HĹŤkoku Maru
1565:HĹŤkoku Maru
1492:came back.
1490:Aikoku Maru
1470:Aikoku Maru
1466:HĹŤkoku Maru
1462:Aikoku Maru
1453:Aikoku Maru
1447:approached
1445:Aikoku Maru
1439:Aikoku Maru
1435:Aikoku Maru
1431:HĹŤkoku Maru
1419:Aikoku Maru
1407:Hokoku Maru
1377:HĹŤkoku Maru
1373:Aikoku Maru
1367:saw of the
1353:Aikoku Maru
1345:Aikoku Maru
1341:Aikoku Maru
1334:HĹŤkoku Maru
1329:HĹŤkoku Maru
1322:HĹŤkoku Maru
1315:HĹŤkoku Maru
1295:HĹŤkoku Maru
1287:Aikoku Maru
1107:Aikoku Maru
1103:HĹŤkoku Maru
1048:Aikoku Maru
1032:New Zealand
1024:Aikoku Maru
998:HĹŤkoku Maru
956:HĹŤkoku Maru
918:Aikoku Maru
904:HĹŤkoku Maru
887:Aikoku Maru
866:Middle East
784:HĹŤkoku Maru
746:HĹŤkoku Maru
740:Aikoku Maru
694:Mutanchiang
515:New Britain
231:Pacific War
22:HĹŤkoku Maru
1809:Categories
1778:References
1545:depot ship
1522:Australian
1223:submarines
1197:HMIS
1163:built for
1095:submarines
1030:bound for
985:, and the
854:logistical
831:Royal Navy
800:world wars
790:Background
786:was sunk.
777:HMIS
639:Sagami Bay
628:Starvation
510:New Guinea
139:Madagascar
84:8 May 1941
1559:Aftermath
1505:, as the
1229:Sightings
1177:Fremantle
1167:, one of
1165:La Corona
1111:Singapore
913:the class
909:name ship
870:Australia
683:Kantokuen
590:Air raids
505:Australia
495:Coral Sea
389:Singapore
384:Hong Kong
1736:: 53–61.
1706:Archived
1636:See also
1395:Survival
1205:Bathurst
1193:corvette
1036:Honolulu
1015:s radio
773:corvette
701:Chongjin
662:Downfall
600:Yokosuka
417:Tiderace
374:Thailand
94:Kormoran
1503:Colombo
1468:. The
1243:raiders
1183:on the
1139:Hauraki
1134:British
1010:Vincent
1002:Vincent
969:in the
858:tankers
796:Britain
654:Shumshu
539:Ellwood
404:Vietnam
151:RĂ©union
1763:
1612:Bengal
1596:Ondina
1592:Bengal
1588:Ondina
1584:Bengal
1580:Ondina
1569:raided
1553:Ondina
1549:Bengal
1541:Ondina
1537:Bengal
1533:Ondina
1518:Ondina
1514:Ondina
1507:Ondina
1496:Return
1485:Ondina
1474:Ondina
1458:Bengal
1449:Ondina
1427:Ondina
1423:Bengal
1415:Ondina
1411:Bengal
1400:Bengal
1389:Ondina
1381:Bengal
1369:Ondina
1365:Bengal
1361:Ondina
1357:Bengal
1349:Ondina
1311:Ondina
1307:Ondina
1303:Ondina
1293:, and
1281:Attack
1275:Ondina
1271:Ondina
1267:Ondina
1263:Ondina
1259:Bengal
1255:Bengal
1247:Ondina
1239:Ondina
1235:Bengal
1219:Ondina
1211:Bengal
1199:Bengal
1181:Abadan
1161:tanker
1156:Ondina
1148:Ondina
1129:Elysia
1119:Genota
1068:Allied
1061:Malama
1056:Malama
1052:Malama
1044:Malama
1028:Malama
981:, the
915:) and
889:, 1942
820:German
779:Bengal
768:and a
765:Ondina
734:Allied
424:Zipper
410:Jurist
379:Malaya
338:Ceylon
272:Midway
127:Ceylon
90:Sydney
27:Penang
1648:Notes
1403:'
1221:from
1169:Shell
1124:Dutch
1034:from
1013:'
975:Samoa
907:(the
804:trade
595:Tokyo
583:Japan
500:Timor
1761:ISBN
1582:and
1551:and
1339:The
1285:The
1153:The
1132:, a
1122:, a
1105:and
1080:Truk
979:Fiji
812:Axis
743:and
720:The
605:Kure
292:Truk
145:Stab
92:and
25:off
1757:101
1501:in
1185:oil
1074:'s
1017:SOS
911:of
868:to
862:oil
156:Goa
1811::
1759:.
1714:^
1704:.
1700:.
1656:^
1632:.
1425:.
1195:,
1019:.
977:,
954:.
775:,
575:PX
484:RY
1788:.
1769:.
261:K
222:e
215:t
208:v
56:e
49:t
42:v
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