47:
1299:. The Filipinos that were forced to sexual slavery by the Japanese were kidnapped from the population and were routinely gang-raped, tortured, and humiliated. Many of them had their breasts cut off or received damaging wounds whenever they fought back against the soldier's sexual advancements. Many were also murdered and disposed like animals. Decades after the war, victims of Japan's colonial sex slave system initiated for their documented slavery to be inscribed to the UNESCO Memory of the World Register; however, Japan's government blocked the inscription to defend itself from its own war crimes by using its monetary contributions to threaten UNESCO. During the occupation, the Japanese were also known to have killed Filipino infants as an act of entertainment and stress-reliever.
5892:
1405:. When Wainwright had ordered Sharp's forces to surrender, Sharp considered compelled to obey this order. Many of the American and Filipino officers refused to surrender, since they reasoned that Wainwright, now a prisoner who could be considered under duress, had no authority to issue orders to Sharp. For several reasons it was unknown how many did not surrender, although probably around 100 to 200 Americans ended up with Fertig's guerrillas. The names of new Filipino recruits were purposefully left off the lists of men to be surrendered. In other cases, documents were fabricated to report fewer men than were actually under Sharp. Other troops died for various reasons after getting away and others left Mindanao entirely.
1308:
dumped in their graves along with their intestines and left to die. Many of the doctors and surgeons who performed their human experimentations kept quiet about their deeds until some information came out decades after the war. In those cases, the "wartime friends" of the doctors who exposed their own acts tried to prevent the historical stories from coming out to the public in a bid to defend
Japanese war crimes. The majority of the doctors, however, never spoke about their crimes and remained at-large in Japan until their comfortable retirement. Some Japanese ultra-nationalists have harassed doctors who wanted to tell about the crimes they committed during the war. After the war, then General
1095:. A highly effective guerrilla campaign by Philippine resistance forces controlled sixty percent of the islands, mostly forested and mountainous areas. MacArthur supplied them by submarine and sent reinforcements and officers. The Filipino population remained generally loyal to the United States, partly because of the American guarantee of independence, because of the Japanese mistreatment of Filipinos after the surrender, and because the Japanese had pressed large numbers of Filipinos into work details and put young Filipino women into brothels.
1504:
1212:
7029:
965:
1220:
4717:
7526:
7040:
7562:
7574:
7550:
7538:
1577:, where Japanese troops had retreated, and in Manila, where they put up a last-ditch resistance. The Philippine Commonwealth troops and the recognized guerrilla fighter units rose up everywhere for the final offensive. Filipino guerrillas also played a large role during the liberation. One guerrilla unit came to substitute for a regularly constituted American division, and other guerrilla forces of
7297:
1203:" to Camp O'Donnell prison camp in Capas, Tarlac 105 kilometers to the north of Mariveles Bataan. Thousands of men, weakened by disease and malnutrition and treated harshly by their captors, died before reaching their destination. More men died from Japanese mistreatment in the first four months in the camps than had died in the four months of battle previously.
1350:
of what territory, and began to formulate plans to assist the return of
American forces to the islands. They gathered important intelligence information and smuggled it out to the U.S. Army, a process that sometimes took months. General MacArthur formed a clandestine operation to support the guerrillas. He had Lieutenant Commander
1192:, sided with the Japanese invaders as a collaborator. In exchange, Japan initially was going to appoint Aguinaldo as President of a Japanese puppet-state in the Philippines, but later gave him the position of National Distribution Corporation head, placing him in charge of rationing prime commodities for the Japanese war effort.
1598:
22,500 forced labor deaths and 336,500 deaths due war related famine). The
Philippine population decreased continuously for the next five years due to the spread of diseases and the lack of basic needs, far from the Filipino lifestyle prior to the war when the country had been the second richest in Asia after Japan.
1312:
hid facts about Japan's human experimentation from the war crimes tribunal. His actions pardoned those who committed the human experimentations. The United States afterwards received human experimentation data from Japan, as exchange for MacArthur's actions which protected
Japanese war criminals from
1597:
events. According to a United States analysis released years after the war, U.S. casualties were 10,380 dead and 36,550 wounded; Japanese dead were 255,795. Filipino deaths during the occupations, on the other hand, are estimated to be more be around 527,000 (27,000 military dead, 141,000 massacred,
1349:
The
Philippine guerrilla movement continued to grow, in spite of Japanese campaigns against them. Throughout Luzon and the southern islands, Filipinos joined various groups and vowed to fight the Japanese. The commanders of these groups made contact with one another, argued about who was in charge
1307:
on
Filipinos. Before such experiments, the victims were forced by the Japanese to dig their own graves first. In some cases, the bodies of vivisected Filipinos were sewed back up, then the living victims were shot dead. In other cases, the vivisected victims were left with huge open stomachs then
1592:
Fighting continued until Japan's formal surrender on 2 September 1945. The
Philippines had suffered great loss of life and tremendous physical destruction by the time the war was over. An estimated 527,000 Filipinos, both military and civilians, had been killed from all causes; of these between
1152:
in the Asia-Pacific region. The aircraft of his command were destroyed; the naval forces were ordered to leave; and because of the circumstances in the
Pacific region, reinforcement and resupply of his ground forces were impossible. Under the pressure of superior numbers, the defending forces
1537:
ended in disaster for the
Japanese and was the biggest naval battle of World War II. The campaign to liberate the Philippines was the bloodiest campaign of the Pacific War. Intelligence information gathered by the guerrillas averted a disasterâthey revealed the plans of Japanese General
1523:
When
General MacArthur returned to the Philippines with his army in late 1944, he was well-supplied with information; it is said that by the time MacArthur returned, he knew what every Japanese lieutenant ate for breakfast and where he had his haircut. But the return was not easy. The
1423:
Lack of equipment, rough terrain and undeveloped infrastructure made coordination of these groups nearly impossible, and for several months in 1942, all contact was lost with the Philippine resistance forces. Communications were restored in November 1942 when the reformed Philippine
1346:. Postwar investigations showed that about 260,000 people were in guerrilla organizations and that members of the anti-Japanese underground were even more numerous. Such was their effectiveness that by the end of the war, Japan controlled only twelve of the forty-eight provinces.
1294:
for Japanese military personnel during the occupation. Each of the Japanese military installations in the Philippines during the occupation had a location where the women were held, which they called a "comfort station". One such place where these women were imprisoned was
1354:
smuggle guns, radios and supplies to them by submarine. The guerrilla forces, in turn, built up their stashes of arms and explosives and made plans to assist MacArthur's invasion by sabotaging Japanese communications lines and attacking Japanese forces from the rear.
1302:
The Japanese also sent "doctors" and "surgeons" to the Philippines, who performed human experimentation of native Filipinos. Some of these experiments included amputations, dissections, and suturing blood vessels of live humans. Surgeons gruesomely performed
1488:
By the end of the war, some 277 separate guerrilla units, made up of some 260,715 individuals, fought in the resistance movement. Select units of the resistance would go on to be reorganized and equipped as units of the Philippine Army and Constabulary.
1258:
through which they directed civil affairs until October 1943, when they declared the Philippines an independent republic. Most of the Philippine elite, with a few notable exceptions, served under the Japanese. The puppet republic was headed by President
46:
1327:
Japanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by active and successful underground and guerrilla activity that increased over the years and eventually covered a large portion of the country. Opposing these guerrillas were a Japanese-formed
2909:
1253:
The Japanese military authorities immediately began organizing a new government structure in the Philippines. Although the Japanese had promised independence for the islands after occupation, they initially organized a
1460:
soldiers who had been released from POW camps by the Japanese. Others were combined units of Americans, military and civilian, who had never surrendered or had escaped after surrendering, and Filipinos, Christians and
1478:
1432:
island, led by Colonel Macario Peralta, was able to establish radio contact with the USAFFE command in Australia. This enabled the forwarding of intelligence regarding Japanese forces in the Philippines to the
1528:
decided to make the Philippines their final line of defense, and to stop the American advance towards Japan. They sent every available soldier, airplane and naval vessel to the defense of the Philippines. The
1440:
Increasing amounts of supplies and radios were delivered by submarine to aid the guerrilla effort. By the time of the Leyte invasion, four submarines were dedicated exclusively to the delivery of supplies.
4344:
1420:. However, guerrilla activities on Luzon were hampered due to the heavy Japanese presence and infighting between the various groups. including Hukbalahap troops attacking American-led guerrilla units.
1448:, and were active throughout the archipelago. Some of these units were organized or directly connected to pre-surrender units ordered to mount guerrilla actions. An example of this was Troop C,
2871:
1589:
units. Moreover, the cooperative Filipino population eased the problems of supply, construction and civil administration and furthermore eased the task of Allied forces in recapturing the country.
7348:
7135:
3015:
2989:
2966:
1473:
that not only effectively resisted the Japanese, but formed a complete government that often operated in the open throughout the island. Some guerrilla units would later be assisted by
1290:
Throughout the Philippines more than a thousand Filipinos, composed of mothers, girls, and gay men, some as young as 10, were imprisoned, forcibly taken as "comfort women", and kept in
4198:
4477:
791:
2798:
2774:
2223:
7604:
7201:
7270:
7260:
5726:
3165:
7280:
7275:
7265:
7255:
3342:
3261:
5004:
4922:
1728:
1362:(USAFFE) forces who refused to surrender to local militia initially organized to combat banditry brought about by disorder caused by the invasion. Several islands in the
603:
4293:
1181:
755:
3364:
3103:
7211:
5721:
3989:
1397:, being farthest from the center of Japanese occupation, had 38,000 guerrillas who were eventually consolidated under the command of American civil engineer Colonel
1172:
The Philippine defense continued until the final surrender of U.S.-Philippine forces on the Bataan Peninsula on April 10, 1942, and on Corregidor on May 6, 1942.
5127:
1803:
1632:
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993:
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73:
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781:
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6436:
6329:
6293:
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5147:
5078:
2790:
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1870:
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816:
135:
1474:
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6409:
6271:
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6144:
5881:
5837:
3560:
732:
694:
686:
580:
374:
140:
4145:
3157:
2070:
1553:, who had succeeded to the commonwealth presidency upon the death of Quezon on 1 August 1944. Landings then followed on the island of
7250:
6577:
6276:
6136:
5476:
5091:
4973:
4601:
3005:
2010:
1359:
945:
880:
445:
178:
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385:
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4864:
3395:
3334:
2404:
986:
3253:
6853:
6694:
6283:
3837:
2893:
1965:
1080:
on the night of 11 March 1942 for Australia, 4,000 km away. The 76,000 starving and sick American and Filipino defenders in
1054:
5772:
4669:
1679:
1437:
command, as well as consolidating the once sporadic guerrilla activities and allowing the guerrillas to help in the war effort.
1401:. Fertig's guerrillas included many American and Filipino troops who had been part of the force on Mindanao under Major General
7141:
6527:
6234:
5674:
4122:
2189:
2155:
1732:
1412:(Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon), or the People's Anti-Japanese Army, organized in early 1942 under the leadership of
1188:
was ordered to Australia, where he started to plan for a return to the Philippines. Quezon's political rival, former president
925:
520:
88:
4410:
2831:
War crime trail affidavits list 131,028 Filipino civilians murdered in seventy-two large-scale massacres and remote incidents.
2388:
1061:. As at Pearl Harbor, American aircraft were severely damaged in the initial Japanese attack. Lacking air cover, the American
7331:
7321:
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6592:
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7326:
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6898:
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6733:
6597:
6344:
6266:
6113:
5446:
5207:
5083:
4983:
4968:
4879:
4839:
3372:
3099:
1960:
1498:
1127:
940:
885:
850:
831:
673:
425:
160:
1915:
1477:
which delivered supplies, evacuate refugees and the injured, as well as inserted individuals and whole units, such as the
7184:
6930:
6687:
6640:
6453:
6397:
6108:
6103:
5993:
5847:
5746:
5741:
5461:
4963:
3933:
1322:
979:
930:
905:
860:
658:
26:
5966:
3077:
1995:
1329:
7311:
6893:
6738:
6254:
5787:
5318:
5313:
5212:
5152:
4943:
4933:
4624:
4531:. Southeast Asia Program, Department of Far Eastern Studies, Cornell University, 1961. 246p. emphasis on social history
3440:
1814:
7629:
7541:
6699:
6616:
6288:
6244:
6222:
5988:
5866:
4634:
4629:
4192:
4026:
3908:
3877:
3773:
3690:
3284:
2903:
1754:
1445:
1434:
1416:, a communist party member since 1939. The Huks armed some 30,000 people and extended their control over portions of
915:
98:
7619:
7316:
6711:
6704:
6562:
6557:
6448:
6261:
6249:
6058:
5956:
5876:
5842:
5653:
5638:
5633:
5348:
5107:
5040:
4829:
4649:
4644:
900:
895:
440:
3405:. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: Office of The Surgeon General at TMM Publications. pp. 463â506. Archived from
7435:
7413:
7019:
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6775:
6672:
6567:
6465:
6349:
6334:
6202:
5961:
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3223:
1647:
1617:
1570:
1228:
1043:
628:
7565:
4259:
3401:. In Beam, Thomas E.; Sparacino, Linette R.; Pellegrino, Edmund D.; Hartle, Anthony E.; Howe, Edmund G. (eds.).
3200:
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6354:
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6098:
5971:
5716:
5363:
5064:
4834:
4639:
875:
296:
165:
150:
56:
4295:
American Involvement in the Filipino Resistance Movement on Mindanao During the Japanese Occupation, 1942â1945
3830:
American Involvement In The Filipino Resistance Movement On Mindanao During The Japanese Occupation, 1942-1945
7421:
6968:
6873:
6662:
6657:
6381:
6239:
6131:
5856:
5780:
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5073:
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1525:
1512:
455:
65:
7189:
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6443:
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6339:
6190:
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4894:
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910:
460:
306:
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6298:
6227:
6051:
5913:
5908:
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5122:
4993:
3797:
3533:
3523:
1637:
1607:
1425:
786:
540:
274:
214:
4301:(Master of Military Art and Science thesis). U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. Archived from
3759:
7014:
6815:
6770:
6677:
6604:
6510:
6414:
6392:
6217:
6212:
6083:
6000:
5978:
5585:
5554:
4463:
3863:
2305:
Ara, Satoshi (2015). "Emilio Aguinaldo under American and Japanese Rule Submission for Independence?".
1659:
1642:
1334:
1232:
1149:
653:
254:
199:
35:
4543:
Awaiting MacArthur's Return: World War II Guerrilla Resistance against the Japanese in the Philippines
2931:
2743:
2462:. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East Series. Scarecrow Press. p. 211.
1088:
on which 7,000â10,000 died or were murdered. The 13,000 survivors on Corregidor surrendered on 6 May.
7529:
7062:
6910:
6833:
6728:
6582:
6552:
6537:
6431:
5832:
5544:
5539:
5466:
5426:
5217:
4904:
4431:
4174:
1558:
1244:
535:
450:
204:
5406:
4696:
3718:
2283:
7393:
6888:
6878:
6848:
6800:
6765:
6667:
5944:
5658:
5441:
5388:
5336:
4958:
4786:
4587:
3126:
1196:
1180:
had accompanied the troops to Corregidor and later left for the United States, where they set up a
1028:
623:
505:
500:
336:
264:
3594:
3467:
2096:
U.S. Marine Corps World War II Order of Battle: Ground and Air Units in the Pacific War, 1939â1945
1102:
were accompanied by a force of 700 vessels and 174,000 men. Through December 1944, the islands of
7388:
6953:
6828:
6485:
5802:
5481:
5358:
5288:
5097:
4849:
4776:
4417:(Online ed.). Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. Archived from
1566:
760:
699:
618:
525:
405:
249:
103:
7577:
4233:
7458:
6983:
6492:
6361:
5198:
5162:
5138:
5035:
5020:
4869:
4781:
3736:
3189:"Voices of the "Comfort Women": The Power Politics Surrounding the UNESCO Documentary Heritage"
2365:
1542:
to trap MacArthur's army, and they led the liberating soldiers to the Japanese fortifications.
1284:
1268:
1136:. Initial aerial bombardment was followed by landings of ground troops both north and south of
1133:
1111:
1058:
796:
510:
4375:
4172:
3623:
2814:
2631:
2498:
The Philippines Reader: A History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance
1874:
1680:"The Philippines Campaign 20 October 1944 â 15 August 1945 â World War II Multimedia Database"
6868:
5222:
4684:
4184:
2837:
2503:
2496:
2244:
America: The Last Best Hope, Volume 1: From the Age of Discovery to a World at War, 1492â1914
714:
598:
490:
395:
3836:(Master of Military Art and Science). United States Army Command and General Staff College.
3619:
Surviving Bataan And Beyond: Colonel Irvin Alexander's Odyssey As A Japanese Prisoner Of War
3564:
2078:
7624:
7463:
7117:
7043:
6883:
6470:
6458:
5353:
5177:
5167:
4679:
4151:
2018:
1738:
1534:
1132:
Japan launched an attack on the Philippines on 8 December 1941, just ten hours after their
719:
709:
668:
648:
515:
113:
108:
7561:
8:
6993:
6905:
5580:
5527:
5500:
5490:
5436:
5431:
5416:
5293:
5117:
4796:
4791:
4674:
4062:
3900:
3894:
3528:
3455:
1663:
1612:
1533:
corps was created specifically to defend the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. The
1453:
1236:
811:
557:
465:
420:
410:
356:
269:
5368:
3498:
3406:
1779:
Crisis in the Pacific: The Battles for the Philippine Islands by the Men Who Fought Them
1098:
General MacArthur kept his promise to return to the Philippines on 20 October 1944. The
7408:
7147:
7033:
6755:
6028:
5549:
5486:
5308:
5278:
4819:
4229:
3828:
3798:"The "Z Plan" Story: Japan's 1944 Naval Battle Strategy Drifts into U.S. Hands, Part 2"
3706:
3010:
2895:
The Other Empire: Literary Views of Japan from the Philippines, Singapore, and Malaysia
2330:
2322:
1892:
1554:
1539:
1508:
1200:
1145:
1092:
1085:
969:
593:
495:
485:
470:
118:
93:
5928:
1140:. The defending Philippine and United States troops were under the command of General
6973:
5590:
5283:
5263:
5030:
4659:
4566:
4546:
4467:
4379:
4368:
4334:
4265:
4222:"Saviors and Suppliers: World War II Submarine Special Operations in the Philippines"
4188:
4022:
3962:
3904:
3873:
3867:
3769:
3627:
3436:
2899:
2843:
2820:
2708:
2672:
2635:
2624:
2595:
2594:. State and Society in East Asia Series. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 159â160.
2561:
2534:
2507:
2463:
2410:
2334:
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2195:
2161:
2134:
2100:
2040:
1925:
1884:
1783:
1746:
1710:
1683:
1457:
1309:
1141:
1070:
1019:
1011:
301:
279:
7496:
4739:
4114:
2557:
Agrarian Reform in the Philippines: Democratic Transitions and Redistributive Reform
7489:
7474:
7206:
7085:
6943:
6838:
5731:
5451:
5172:
4844:
4418:
3804:. Vol. 37, no. 3. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
2380:
2314:
1402:
1358:
Various guerrilla forces formed throughout the archipelago, ranging from groups of
1255:
1189:
1173:
1154:
643:
588:
530:
475:
430:
400:
361:
7511:
7503:
5706:
3735:. University of the Philippines â Reserve Officers' Training Corps. Archived from
2864:"Philippine Survivor Recounts Her Struggle As A 'Comfort Woman' For Wartime Japan"
2530:
Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1
1839:
1550:
1177:
7516:
6963:
6958:
6938:
6920:
6572:
6480:
6475:
5807:
5751:
5456:
5378:
5298:
4771:
4610:
4518:
4438:
4016:
3617:
2238:
1562:
1546:
1516:
1387:
1383:
1367:
1279:. During the occupation, most Filipinos remained loyal to the United States, and
1264:
1240:
1099:
1039:
821:
311:
244:
78:
5373:
1933:
5819:
5701:
5595:
5421:
5411:
5268:
5232:
4654:
1919:
1734:
Report of General MacArthur: The Campaigns of MacArthur in the Pacific Volume I
1511:
surrenders to the Filipino soldiers and guerrillas in the presence of Generals
1503:
1466:
1398:
1291:
1260:
1215:
Warning for local residents to keep their premises sanitary or face punishment.
806:
608:
435:
331:
5736:
5711:
3925:
3499:"The United States and the Japanese Mengele: Payoffs and Amnesty for Unit 731"
1211:
7593:
7371:
7365:
5227:
4948:
4938:
4766:
4731:
3651:
3396:"Chapter 16: Japanese Biomedical Experimentation during the World-War-II Era"
3224:"A forgotten World War II horror in the Philippines is revealed in 'Rampage'"
3069:
2434:
2036:
Kuwentong Bayan: Noong Panahon Ng Hapon : Everyday Life in a Time of War
1987:
1955:
1573:
was restored. Fighting was fierce, particularly in the mountains of northern
1351:
1296:
1248:
1118:
were reduced to rubble. Around 500,000 Filipinos died during the occupation.
1062:
935:
745:
155:
5328:
1219:
1169:
to prevent its destruction, was occupied by the Japanese on 2 January 1942.
7430:
5811:
4824:
4701:
2099:. Gale virtual reference library. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 268.
1880:
1622:
1482:
1047:
346:
326:
145:
5398:
5015:
2959:"Harrowing Story Of Filipina Women Enslaved In Japan's Wartime Rape Camps"
2318:
7553:
7468:
6074:
5471:
5025:
3765:
1709:
Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931â1945 Transaction 2007
1462:
1304:
567:
552:
2326:
6043:
5273:
4889:
1582:
1413:
1409:
1280:
1162:
1158:
1077:
826:
663:
341:
5182:
4150:. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army. p. 81. Archived from
3070:"The house where the Philippines' forgotten 'comfort women' were held"
1366:
region had guerrilla forces led by Filipino officers, such as Colonel
6023:
5949:
5600:
5575:
5570:
5383:
5254:
5187:
4859:
3188:
1594:
1586:
1578:
1339:
1166:
480:
415:
83:
1084:
surrendered on 9 April 1942, and were forced to endure the infamous
7054:
5679:
5112:
4803:
4747:
4504:
The Fateful Years: Japan's Adventure in the Philippines, 1941â1945.
2431:"New Mexico National Guard's involvement in the Bataan Death March"
1530:
1470:
1394:
1343:
1276:
801:
316:
291:
259:
239:
194:
130:
4579:
4432:
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bataan/peopleevents/p_filipinos.html
4333:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 318.
3961:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 103.
3158:"Gov't asked to declare 'Bahay na Pula' as official WWII memorial"
3006:"In Philippines, World War II's Lesser-Known Sex Slaves Speak Out"
4854:
1363:
1199:
captured by the Japanese at Bataan were forced to undertake the "
1107:
390:
351:
209:
3872:(4th ed.). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.
3335:"The Cruel Vivisections Japanese Performed on Filipinos in WWII"
1929:
1888:
1750:
1408:
One resistance group in the Central Luzon area was known as the
1263:. Philippine collaboration in the puppet government began under
7453:
7153:
5532:
4706:
3954:
1283:
committed by forces of the Japanese Empire against surrendered
1137:
1115:
1091:
Japan occupied the Philippines for over three years, until the
1081:
234:
229:
219:
2668:
Behind Japanese Lines: An American Guerilla in the Philippines
2433:. Bataan Memorial Museum Foundation, Inc. 2012. Archived from
2216:"President Roosevelt to MacArthur: Get out of the Philippines"
2130:
Behind Japanese Lines: An American Guerilla in the Philippines
7142:
Member of the Philippine Assembly from Tayabas's 1st district
6988:
6805:
4899:
2736:"People & Events: Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines"
1574:
1429:
1417:
1379:
1371:
1267:, who was originally appointed by Quezon as the mayor of the
1114:
conducted a suicidal defense of the islands. Cities such as
1110:
were cleared of Japanese soldiers. During the campaign, the
1103:
321:
7296:
4529:
The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines: Leyte, 1941â1945
2490:
Schirmer, Daniel B.; Shalom, Stephen Rosskamm, eds. (1897).
2307:
Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints
16:
1942â1945 Japanese occupation of the Philippines during WWII
3761:
The Vicente Rama reader: an introduction for modern readers
2626:
The Philippines: Colonialism, Collaboration, and Resistance
1223:
A 100-peso note made by the Japanese during the occupation.
1066:
224:
3757:
2982:"Filipino 'comfort women' survivors stage rally in Manila"
2347:"Aguinaldo, 1902â1964". Philippine-American War, 1899-1902
1924:. Washington, D.C.: United States Army. pp. 151â172.
1465:, who had initially formed their own small units. Colonel
1332:(later taking the name of the old Constabulary during the
4506:
Quezon City, PI: R.P. Garcia Publishing Co., 1965. 2 vols
3435:(1st ed.). New York: Tuttle Publishing. p. 97.
1811:
ADBC (American Defenders of Bataan and Corregidor) Museum
1275:
allowed during the occupation was the Japanese-organized
1883:. Washington, D.C.: United States Army. pp. 77â97.
1148:
earlier in the year and was designated commander of the
7605:
Military history of the Philippines during World War II
4261:
US Special Warfare Units in the Pacific Theater 1941â45
3958:
Counter-guerrilla operations: the Philippine experience
3955:
Valeriano, Napoleon D.; Charles T. R. Bohannan (2006).
3320:
Rampage: MacArthur, Yamashita, and the battle of Manila
1726:
1633:
Military history of the Philippines during World War II
4562:
Escape to Manila: From Nazi Tyranny to Japanese Terror
4091:. Wake Forest University. 6 March 2003. Archived from
3456:
https://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100210f3.html
1033:
4374:. New York City: Oxford University Press US. p.
4365:
1745:, Douglas MacArthur. United States Army. p. 6.
4397:guerrilla Philippine liberation fighting Japanese.
4367:
4180:United States submarine operations in World War II
3768:: Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 140.
2623:
2502:. International Studies. South End Press. p.
2495:
2133:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 140â141.
1813:. Morgantown Public Library System. Archived from
1545:MacArthur's Allied forces landed on the island of
4516:
4411:"Chapter 23: World War II: The War against Japan"
4370:The Oxford companion to American military history
3645:
3643:
2932:"The mystery of the missing comfort woman statue"
2898:. The University of the Philippines Press. 2008.
2812:
2588:Abinales, Patricio N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005).
2362:Asian Pacific Americans in the United States Army
7591:
7136:Majority Floor Leader of the Philippine Assembly
7124:Senator of the Philippines from the 5th district
5872:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan and British North Borneo
5757:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
4366:Chambers, John Whiteclay; Fred Anderson (1999).
2160:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 160â169.
1057:started on 8 December 1941, ten hours after the
5727:German preâWorld War II industrial co-operation
4451:
4449:
2653:motivations collaboration Japanese Philippines.
2587:
2033:Kintanar, Thelma B.; Aquino, Clemen C. (2006).
1628:Japanese government-issued Philippine fiat peso
1593:131,000 and 164,000 were killed in seventy-two
1452:. Other guerrilla units were made up of former
7112:1st President of the Senate of the Philippines
4716:
3640:
2489:
2032:
1782:. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 52â240.
1144:, who had been recalled to active duty in the
7070:
6059:
5788:
4595:
4565:. University of Illinois Press. p. 220.
4021:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 284.
2671:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 142.
2409:. University of Nebraska Press. p. xxi.
987:
4446:
4147:U.S. Army Special Operations in World War II
2835:
1660:This article incorporates public domain text
1618:Heritage Towns and Cities of the Philippines
5079:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
4511:The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines.
3758:Villanueva, Rudy; Renato E. Madrid (2003).
2819:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 318.
2705:World War II: The Essential Reference Guide
2664:
2194:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 184.
2126:
2011:"Timeline: World War II in the Philippines"
1729:"The Japanese Offensive in the Philippines"
1444:Other guerrilla units were attached to the
1038:) occurred between 1942 and 1945, when the
7077:
7063:
6066:
6052:
5795:
5781:
4602:
4588:
994:
980:
6380:
5477:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
5092:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
4538:University of Michigan Press, 1967. 235p.
4536:Philippine Collaboration in World War II.
3615:
3286:War Crimes in the Philippines during WWII
2956:
2839:Imperial Japan's World War Two: 1931â1945
2698:
2560:. Stanford University Press. p. 22.
2553:
2455:
2065:
2063:
446:Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization
7130:Resident Commissioner of the Philippines
6073:
4865:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement
4055:"The Intrepid Guerrillas of North Luzon"
3923:
3892:
3795:
3518:
3516:
3332:
3100:"The History of Bulacan's Bahay na Pula"
3067:
2699:Cyr, Arthur I.; Tucker, Spencer (2012).
2630:. International Publishers Co. pp.
2459:Historical Dictionary of the Philippines
2406:Bataan Death March: A Survivor's Account
2191:The Good Years: MacArthur and Sutherland
2157:The Good Years: MacArthur and Sutherland
1666:July 1994, Retrieved on 11 November 2008
1502:
1492:
1271:before Quezon departed Manila. The only
1218:
1210:
4558:
4455:
4408:
4326:
4291:
4257:
4175:United States Bureau of Naval Personnel
4014:
3826:
3687:Guerrilla Activities in the Philippines
3322:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
3156:Lacuata, Rose Carmelle (7 April 2023).
3155:
2957:Mosbergen, Dominique (29 August 2017).
2665:Hunt, Ray C.; Norling, Bernard (2000).
2621:
2237:
2127:Hunt, Ray C.; Norling, Bernard (2000).
2092:
1705:
1703:
1701:
185:Historically documented states/polities
7635:Japanese war crimes in the Philippines
7615:Japanese occupation of the Philippines
7600:History of the Philippines (1898â1946)
7592:
7573:
7427:Japanese occupation of the Philippines
5675:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
4347:from the original on 16 September 2024
4253:
4251:
4219:
4201:from the original on 16 September 2024
4035:from the original on 16 September 2024
4018:The Intrepid Guerrillas of North Luzon
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3393:
3221:
3125:Doyo, Ma. Ceres P. (28 January 2016).
3039:"PH comfort women remember the horror"
3003:
2842:. Transaction Publishers. p. 93.
2764:
2187:
2153:
2060:
1913:
1879:. United States Army in World War II.
1804:"Japanese Landings in the Philippines"
1008:Japanese occupation of the Philippines
7549:
7058:
6047:
5776:
4583:
4264:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 44â45.
4143:
3924:Houlahan, J. Michael (27 July 2005).
3861:
3843:from the original on 10 November 2016
3808:from the original on 14 November 2010
3513:
3478:from the original on 29 December 2017
3317:
2938:from the original on 28 February 2021
2874:from the original on 16 November 2021
2767:"Appalling Stories of Jap Atrocities"
2402:
1918:. In Greenfield, Kent Roberts (ed.).
1873:. In Greenfield, Kent Roberts (ed.).
1850:from the original on 10 November 2021
1775:
1585:size supplemented the efforts of the
1016:Pananakop ng mga Hapones sa Pilipinas
7537:
7422:Open Door policy for Jewish refugees
7084:
5084:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
4840:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
4547:Scholarly review of this book online
4480:from the original on 15 January 2023
4442:Bataan Rescue. Filipinos and the war
3649:
3540:from the original on 28 January 2017
3496:
3468:"Unit 731: Japan's biological force"
3430:
3186:
3124:
3018:from the original on 17 January 2021
2591:State And Society in the Philippines
2387:. A&E Television Networks, LLC.
2364:. United States Army. Archived from
2222:. A&E Television Networks, LLC.
1988:"Manila Occupied by Japanese Forces"
1916:"The Decision To Withdraw to Bataan"
1846:. A&E Television Networks, LLC.
1698:
5747:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
4994:East Asia Development Board (KÅain)
4609:
4545:(University Press of Kansas, 2022)
4248:
4173:Roscoe, Theodore; Richard G. Voge,
3662:
3365:"Vivisection on Filipinos admitted"
3282:
3036:
2791:"Japs Murdered Spaniards in Manila"
2788:
2526:
2304:
1549:on 20 October 1944, accompanied by
1323:Philippine resistance against Japan
13:
5804:Countries and territories occupied
4552:
4496:
3930:Philippine Scouts Heritage Society
3558:
3371:. 27 November 2006. Archived from
3345:from the original on 17 April 2023
3264:from the original on 13 April 2023
3203:from the original on 18 April 2023
3168:from the original on 13 April 2023
3137:from the original on 13 April 2023
3106:from the original on 13 April 2023
3080:from the original on 14 April 2021
3049:from the original on 7 August 2020
2992:from the original on 19 April 2023
2969:from the original on 15 April 2023
2912:from the original on 25 April 2024
2801:from the original on 15 April 2023
2777:from the original on 15 April 2023
2492:"War Collaboration and Resistance"
2391:from the original on 13 March 2013
2280:Philippine-American War, 1899-1902
2247:. Thomas Nelson Inc. p. 198.
2226:from the original on 13 March 2013
1998:from the original on 15 April 2023
1868:
45:
14:
7646:
3990:"Map of known insurgent activity"
3827:Schmidt, Larry S. (20 May 1982).
3234:from the original on 18 July 2021
3127:"Remembering the 'Bahay na Pula'"
3004:Whaley, Floyd (29 January 2016).
2836:Werner Gruhl (31 December 2011).
1968:from the original on 6 March 2021
1360:U.S. Armed Forces in the Far East
1206:
386:Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi
99:Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens
7572:
7560:
7548:
7536:
7525:
7524:
7295:
7039:
7038:
7027:
5890:
5447:SovietâJapanese border conflicts
4715:
4459:World War 2 Pacific island guide
4330:World War 2 Pacific island guide
4125:from the original on 12 May 2008
4085:"Last of cavalrymen a true hero"
3936:from the original on 7 July 2011
3899:. Riverview Publishing. p.
3307:– via thesimonscenter.org.
3299:from the original on 15 May 2021
2988:. Kyodo News. 20 November 2015.
2816:World War 2 Pacific Island Guide
1727:MacArthur General Staff (1994).
1499:Philippines campaign (1944â1945)
1128:Philippines campaign (1941â1942)
1074:was ordered out, leaving his men
963:
7414:Commonwealth of the Philippines
7154:Lucena Municipal Council Member
5462:SovietâJapanese Neutrality Pact
4513:Manila: Bookmark, 1967. 2 vols.
4425:
4402:
4359:
4320:
4285:
4213:
4166:
4137:
4107:
4077:
4047:
4008:
3982:
3948:
3917:
3886:
3855:
3820:
3789:
3751:
3725:
3609:
3579:
3552:
3490:
3460:
3449:
3424:
3387:
3357:
3333:Ichimura, Anri (23 July 2020).
3326:
3311:
3276:
3246:
3222:Drogin, Bob (2 November 2018).
3215:
3180:
3149:
3118:
3092:
3068:McMullen, Jane (17 June 2016).
3061:
3030:
2950:
2924:
2886:
2856:
2758:
2728:
2703:. In Roberts, Priscilla (ed.).
2692:
2658:
2615:
2581:
2483:
2449:
2350:
2341:
2298:
2268:
2181:
2120:
1571:Commonwealth of the Philippines
1526:Japanese Imperial General Staff
1479:5217th Reconnaissance Battalion
1287:and civilians were documented.
1229:Philippine Executive Commission
1100:landings on the island of Leyte
1065:in the Philippines withdrew to
1044:Commonwealth of the Philippines
7202:Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933
7195:Department of National Defense
7185:Institute of National Language
5717:Japanese settlers in Manchuria
4835:Imperial Rescript on Education
4119:www.us-japandialogueonpows.org
3616:Caraccilo, Dominic J. (2005).
2934:. Vera Files. 27 August 2019.
2765:Dexter, Frank (3 April 1945).
2554:Riedinger, Jeffrey M. (1995).
2533:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 368â369.
2456:Guillermo, Artemio R. (2012).
1980:
1948:
1907:
1862:
1832:
1769:
1720:
1672:
792:2000 campaign against the MILF
297:Laguna Copperplate Inscription
151:Maitum anthropomorphic pottery
1:
7454:Renaming of Tayabas to Quezon
7106:Secretary of National Defense
5168:Imperial Way Faction (KÅdÅha)
5074:Imperial General Headquarters
4665:Foreign commerce and shipping
3733:"General Macario Peralta, Jr"
3563:. Maranao.Com. Archived from
3254:"Violence in the Philippines"
1653:
1316:
1121:
1069:on 12 December 1941. General
456:Battles of La Naval de Manila
7207:Tagalog as national language
7190:National Defense Act of 1935
7100:President of the Philippines
6533:Business process outsourcing
5495:Hirohito surrender broadcast
4895:Greater East Asia Conference
4144:Hogan, David W. Jr. (1992).
3869:Philippines: A Country Study
3622:. Stackpole Books. pp.
2622:Pomeroy, William J. (1992).
2077:. WGBH. 1999. Archived from
2017:. WGBH. 1999. Archived from
307:Limestone tombs of Kamhantik
7:
7610:Philippines in World War II
7118:Acting Mayor of Quezon City
5852:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
4880:Supreme Court of Judicature
4520:Betrayal in the Philippines
4456:Rottman, Gordon L. (2002).
4409:Coakley, Robert W. (1989).
4327:Rottman, Godron L. (2002).
4258:Rottman, Gordon L. (2005).
4115:"US-Japan Dialogue on POWs"
3394:Harris, Sheldon H. (2003).
3037:Yap, DJ (29 January 2016).
2742:. PBS. 2003. Archived from
2527:Ooi, Keat Gin, ed. (2004).
2093:Rottman, Gordon L. (2002).
1876:The Fall of the Philippines
1648:JapanâPhilippines relations
1638:Santo Tomas Internment Camp
1608:Emergency circulating notes
1601:
1055:invasion of the Philippines
1034:
797:2nd People Power Revolution
787:1997 Asian financial crisis
521:Declaration of Independence
10:
7651:
5586:Second Philippine Republic
5364:ManchuriaâMongolia problem
4517:Hernando J. Abaya (1946).
4464:Greenwood Publishing Group
4292:Schmidt, Larry S. (1982).
3497:Reed, Christopher (2006).
2813:Gordon L. Rottman (2002).
2403:Dyess, William E. (1944).
1643:Second Philippine Republic
1496:
1469:organized such a group on
1320:
1233:Second Philippine Republic
1226:
1150:United States Armed Forces
1125:
526:American capture of Manila
7484:
7446:
7381:
7358:
7340:
7304:
7293:
7228:
7170:
7163:
7092:
7010:
6929:
6814:
6648:
6639:
6518:
6509:
6325:
6316:
6198:
6189:
6122:
6091:
6082:
6016:
5937:
5899:
5888:
5818:
5694:
5667:
5609:
5563:
5520:
5513:
5467:Japan during World War II
5427:Pacification of Manchukuo
5397:
5327:
5319:Invasion of Taiwan (1895)
5314:Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
5252:
5245:
5196:
5183:Control Faction (TÅseiha)
5136:
5062:
5055:
5002:
4920:
4913:
4905:Imperial Japanese Airways
4812:
4759:
4724:
4713:
4617:
4523:. A.A. Wyn, Incorporated.
4415:American Military History
4015:Norling, Bernard (2005).
3587:"Have a bolo will travel"
3043:Philippine Daily Inquirer
2039:. UP Press. p. 564.
1245:Moros during World War II
1023:
406:Spanish capture of Manila
7630:Former Japanese colonies
7312:1907 Philippine Assembly
6437:House of Representatives
6330:Administrative divisions
5442:Second Sino-Japanese War
5389:Racial Equality Proposal
4969:Agriculture and Commerce
3893:Schaefer, Chris (2004).
3862:Dolan, Ronald E (1993).
3503:The Asia-Pacific Journal
3193:The Asia-Pacific Journal
2707:. ABC-CLIO. p. 52.
2358:"The Bataan Death March"
2188:Rogers, Paul P. (1990).
2154:Rogers, Paul P. (1990).
866:Administrative divisions
581:American colonial period
501:Republic of Biak-na-Bato
337:Butuan Silver Paleograph
322:Batanes Ijang fortresses
265:Sultanate of Maguindanao
136:Cordillera Rice Terraces
7620:Former colonies in Asia
5359:Washington Naval Treaty
5304:AngloâJapanese Alliance
5289:First Sino-Japanese War
5108:Nuclear weapons program
4850:Great Japan Youth Party
4777:National seals of Japan
4559:Ephraim, Frank (2003).
4220:Holian, Thomas (2004).
3864:"World War II, 1941â45"
3796:Bradsher, Greg (2005).
3658:. Riverview Publishing.
3561:"The Japanese Invasion"
3403:Military Medical Ethics
1871:"The First Days of War"
1352:Charles "Chick" Parsons
1035:Nihon no Firipin SenryÅ
761:People Power Revolution
541:PhilippineâAmerican War
375:Spanish colonial period
7459:Quezon Memorial Circle
7034:Philippines portal
6578:Science and technology
5407:ShÅwa financial crisis
5199:Imperial Japanese Navy
5139:Imperial Japanese Army
4870:Peace Preservation Law
4437:23 August 2020 at the
4061:. 2002. Archived from
3472:BBC News World Edition
2965:. New York, New York.
2276:"Aguinaldo, 1902â1964"
1914:Morton, Louis (1960).
1776:Astor, Gerald (2009).
1565:, and the push toward
1520:
1330:Bureau of Constabulary
1269:City of Greater Manila
1224:
1216:
1165:. Manila, declared an
1134:attack on Pearl Harbor
1112:Imperial Japanese Army
1059:attack on Pearl Harbor
970:Philippines portal
946:Science and technology
563:UST Baybayin Documents
511:Treaty of Paris (1898)
89:Austronesian expansion
74:Early hominin activity
50:
7404:2nd National Assembly
7399:1st National Assembly
6989:Sport and martial art
6405:Executive departments
5349:Siberian Intervention
5158:Railways and Shipping
4974:Commerce and Industry
4670:Industrial production
4541:Villanueva, James A.
4502:Agoncillo Teodoro A.
4185:Naval Institute Press
4121:. 22 September 2022.
3318:Scott, James (2018).
3187:Shin, Heisoo (2021).
2789:AAP (24 March 1945).
2319:10.1353/phs.2015.0019
1992:Sunday Morning Herald
1956:"Manila an Open City"
1506:
1493:End of the occupation
1222:
1214:
1157:and to the island of
891:Cultural achievements
715:Filipino First policy
705:Mutual Defense Treaty
659:Philippine resistance
491:Philippine Revolution
451:SpanishâMoro conflict
441:Revolts and uprisings
327:Golden Tara of Agusan
49:
7464:Quezon Service Cross
7394:TydingsâMcDuffie Act
6854:Fashion and clothing
6695:Environmental issues
6622:Water and sanitation
6459:Regional Trial Court
6304:World Heritage Sites
5762:Political dissidence
5611:Occupied territories
5354:General Election Law
5178:Taiwan Army of Japan
4534:Steinberg, David J.
4509:Hartendorp A. V. H.
4421:on 21 February 2014.
4095:on 16 September 2008
4089:Old Gold & Black
3652:"War in the Pacific"
3258:USU Digital Exhibits
2381:"Bataan Death March"
1964:. 28 December 1941.
1739:Harold Keith Johnson
1561:on the west side of
1535:Battle of Leyte Gulf
951:World Heritage Sites
817:Territorial disputes
720:North Borneo dispute
710:Hukbalahap Rebellion
674:Philippines campaign
669:Battle of Leyte Gulf
649:Battle of Corregidor
624:TydingsâMcDuffie Act
516:Battle of Manila Bay
506:SpanishâAmerican War
114:Precolonial barangay
7436:Government in exile
7418:Domestic incidents
7148:Governor of Tayabas
6844:Cultural properties
6610:Tourist attractions
6157:Japanese occupation
5581:Wang Jingwei regime
5491:Potsdam Declaration
5482:SovietâJapanese War
5437:Anti-Comintern Pact
5432:January 28 incident
5417:London Naval Treaty
5294:Triple Intervention
5123:Supreme War Council
5007:deliberative bodies
4308:on 11 November 2011
4154:on 7 September 2011
3529:American Experience
3524:"The Guerrilla War"
3474:. 1 February 2002.
2437:on 11 December 2020
2239:Bennett, William J.
2081:on 26 December 2013
2075:American Experience
2021:on 24 February 2013
2015:American Experience
1936:on 30 December 2007
1840:"Douglas MacArthur"
1757:on 12 February 2009
1664:Library of Congress
1613:Escape to the Hills
1569:was initiated. The
1513:Jonathan Wainwright
1475:American submarines
1313:legal persecution.
1237:Japanese war crimes
1195:Most of the 80,000
1182:government-in-exile
1161:at the entrance to
812:Philippine drug war
774:Contemporary period
741:Communist rebellion
639:Japanese occupation
604:Military Government
558:Doctrina Christiana
466:Propaganda Movement
421:Spanish East Indies
411:Battle of Bangkusay
357:Magellan expedition
275:Sultanates of Lanao
270:Sultanate of Buayan
7490:â Emilio Aquinaldo
7409:Nacionalista Party
7374:(adopted grandson)
6859:Historical markers
6717:Indigenous peoples
6593:Telecommunications
6367:Political families
6208:Biosphere reserves
6029:South Seas Mandate
5309:Russo-Japanese War
5279:Two Lords Incident
4934:Imperial Household
4230:United States Navy
3693:on 31 January 2016
3509:(8). Article 2177.
3433:Unit 731 Testimony
3431:Gold, Hal (2011).
3283:Gaerlan, Cecilia.
3011:The New York Times
1994:. 3 January 1942.
1521:
1509:Tomoyuki Yamashita
1225:
1217:
1201:Bataan Death March
1146:United States Army
1093:surrender of Japan
1086:Bataan Death March
614:Insular Government
599:Zamboanga Republic
496:Tejeros Convention
486:Cry of Pugad Lawin
471:1872 Cavite mutiny
179:Precolonial period
119:Maritime Silk Road
94:Angono Petroglyphs
66:Prehistoric period
51:
7587:
7586:
7517:Elpidio Quirino â
7332:1941 presidential
7322:1935 presidential
7291:
7290:
7180:1935 Constitution
7052:
7051:
7006:
7005:
7002:
7001:
6916:Traditional games
6751:Income inequality
6734:Human trafficking
6635:
6634:
6598:Telephone numbers
6505:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6372:Political parties
6345:Foreign relations
6312:
6311:
6185:
6184:
6170:Marcos presidency
6161:Postcolonial era
6041:
6040:
6033:Northern Marianas
5984:Dutch East Indies
5770:
5769:
5742:Socialist thought
5690:
5689:
5629:Dutch East Indies
5591:Empire of Vietnam
5509:
5508:
5284:Satsuma Rebellion
5264:Meiji Restoration
5241:
5240:
5051:
5050:
4989:Greater East Asia
4875:Political parties
4830:Foreign relations
4572:978-0-252-02845-8
4473:978-0-313-31395-0
4385:978-0-19-507198-6
4340:978-0-313-31395-0
4271:978-1-84176-707-9
3968:978-0-275-99265-1
3802:Prologue Magazine
3650:Schaefer, Chris.
3633:978-0-8117-3248-2
3228:Los Angeles Times
2849:978-1-4128-0926-9
2826:978-0-313-31395-0
2714:978-1-61069-101-7
2678:978-0-8131-2755-2
2641:978-0-7178-0692-8
2601:978-0-7425-1024-1
2567:978-0-8047-2530-9
2540:978-1-57607-770-2
2513:978-0-89608-275-5
2469:978-0-8108-7246-2
2416:978-0-8032-6656-8
2254:978-1-59555-111-5
2201:978-0-275-92918-3
2167:978-0-275-92918-3
2140:978-0-8131-2755-2
2106:978-0-313-31906-8
2071:"Philippines Map"
2046:978-971-542-498-1
1921:Command Decisions
1895:on 8 January 2012
1789:978-0-307-56565-5
1715:978-0-7658-0352-8
1458:Philippine Scouts
1310:Douglas MacArthur
1142:Douglas MacArthur
1071:Douglas MacArthur
1032:
1004:
1003:
851:Ancient religions
832:COVID-19 pandemic
687:Post-independence
426:Captaincy General
302:Butuan Ivory Seal
280:Sultanate of Sulu
161:Prehistoric beads
7642:
7576:
7575:
7564:
7552:
7551:
7540:
7539:
7528:
7527:
7327:1938 legislative
7299:
7220:Executive orders
7216:Open Door policy
7212:Women's suffrage
7168:
7167:
7086:Manuel L. Quezon
7079:
7072:
7065:
7056:
7055:
7042:
7041:
7032:
7031:
7030:
6812:
6811:
6766:Overseas workers
6688:Higher education
6646:
6645:
6516:
6515:
6454:Court of Appeals
6410:Executive office
6378:
6377:
6323:
6322:
6196:
6195:
6137:Pre-colonial era
6089:
6088:
6068:
6061:
6054:
6045:
6044:
6006:Portuguese Timor
5894:
5833:Christmas Island
5797:
5790:
5783:
5774:
5773:
5732:Shinmin no Michi
5722:Internment camps
5634:French Indochina
5518:
5517:
5369:TaishÅ Democracy
5250:
5249:
5173:Japanese holdout
5060:
5059:
4984:Colonial Affairs
4918:
4917:
4845:Yokusan Sonendan
4751:
4743:
4735:
4719:
4718:
4645:Economic history
4604:
4597:
4590:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4524:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4453:
4444:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4392:
4373:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4307:
4300:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4255:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4232:. Archived from
4226:Undersea Warfare
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4065:on 23 March 2010
4051:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3992:. Archived from
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3842:
3835:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3716:
3712:
3710:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3689:. Archived from
3679:
3660:
3659:
3647:
3638:
3637:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3593:. Archived from
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3520:
3511:
3510:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3464:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3412:on 24 March 2023
3411:
3400:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3298:
3291:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2833:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2629:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2501:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2368:on 31 March 2013
2354:
2348:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2282:. Archived from
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1932:. Archived from
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1891:. Archived from
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1820:on 19 March 2014
1819:
1808:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1753:. Archived from
1724:
1718:
1707:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1682:. Archived from
1676:
1403:William F. Sharp
1376:Ismael Ingeniero
1256:Council of State
1197:prisoners of war
1155:Bataan Peninsula
1153:withdrew to the
1037:
1027:
1025:
996:
989:
982:
968:
967:
966:
700:Treaty of Manila
644:Battle of Bataan
589:Tagalog Republic
531:Malolos Congress
476:La Liga Filipina
461:British invasion
431:Tondo Conspiracy
401:Blockade of Cebu
362:Battle of Mactan
286:Events/Artifacts
189:(north to south)
125:Events/Artifacts
109:Sa Huỳnh culture
39:
21:
20:
7650:
7649:
7645:
7644:
7643:
7641:
7640:
7639:
7590:
7589:
7588:
7583:
7504:Sergio Osmeña â
7480:
7442:
7377:
7354:
7336:
7300:
7287:
7224:
7173:and legislation
7172:
7159:
7088:
7083:
7053:
7048:
7028:
7026:
6998:
6925:
6894:Public holidays
6810:
6739:Sex trafficking
6631:
6497:
6415:Law enforcement
6376:
6308:
6272:Protected areas
6181:
6150:American period
6118:
6078:
6072:
6042:
6037:
6012:
5933:
5895:
5886:
5882:Solomon Islands
5838:Gilbert Islands
5814:
5808:Empire of Japan
5801:
5771:
5766:
5752:Yasukuni Shrine
5686:
5663:
5605:
5559:
5505:
5457:Tripartite Pact
5452:Rape of Nanking
5393:
5379:Tapani incident
5323:
5299:Boxer Rebellion
5257:
5237:
5201:
5192:
5141:
5132:
5067:
5047:
5041:Representatives
5009:
5006:
5005:Legislative and
4998:
4964:Foreign Affairs
4927:
4924:
4909:
4808:
4787:Government Seal
4772:Rising Sun Flag
4755:
4749:
4741:
4733:
4720:
4711:
4613:
4611:Empire of Japan
4608:
4573:
4555:
4553:Primary sources
4499:
4497:Further reading
4494:
4493:
4483:
4481:
4474:
4466:. p. 318.
4454:
4447:
4439:Wayback Machine
4430:
4426:
4407:
4403:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4364:
4360:
4350:
4348:
4341:
4325:
4321:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4290:
4286:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4256:
4249:
4239:
4237:
4236:on 29 June 2011
4228:. Summer (23).
4218:
4214:
4204:
4202:
4195:
4187:. p. 577.
4171:
4167:
4157:
4155:
4142:
4138:
4128:
4126:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4098:
4096:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4068:
4066:
4059:Defense Journal
4053:
4052:
4048:
4038:
4036:
4029:
4013:
4009:
3999:
3997:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3937:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3860:
3856:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3794:
3790:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3756:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3714:
3713:
3704:
3703:
3696:
3694:
3681:
3680:
3663:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3614:
3610:
3600:
3598:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3570:
3568:
3567:on 27 July 2010
3559:Jubair, Salah.
3557:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3495:
3491:
3481:
3479:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3398:
3392:
3388:
3378:
3376:
3369:The Japan Times
3363:
3362:
3358:
3348:
3346:
3331:
3327:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3235:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3204:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3081:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3050:
3035:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3002:
2995:
2993:
2980:
2979:
2972:
2970:
2963:Huffington Post
2955:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2906:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2834:
2827:
2811:
2804:
2802:
2787:
2780:
2778:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2746:on 27 July 2003
2734:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2701:"Collaboration"
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2663:
2659:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2552:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2525:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2401:
2394:
2392:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2369:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2286:on 24 July 2021
2274:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2236:
2229:
2227:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2152:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2091:
2084:
2082:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1869:Morton, Louis.
1867:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1725:
1721:
1708:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1656:
1604:
1517:Arthur Percival
1501:
1495:
1454:Philippine Army
1384:Salvador Abcede
1368:Macario Peralta
1335:Second Republic
1325:
1319:
1273:political party
1265:Jorge B. Vargas
1251:
1241:Manila Massacre
1227:Main articles:
1209:
1130:
1124:
1040:Japanese Empire
1000:
964:
962:
957:
956:
955:
896:Diet and health
845:
837:
836:
822:Siege of Marawi
777:
766:
765:
756:Fourth Republic
736:
725:
724:
690:
679:
678:
654:Second Republic
594:Negros Republic
584:
573:
572:
378:
367:
366:
312:Kabayan Mummies
182:
171:
170:
79:Homo luzonensis
69:
38:the Philippines
37:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7648:
7638:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7585:
7584:
7582:
7581:
7569:
7557:
7545:
7533:
7520:
7519:
7514:
7508:
7507:
7500:
7497:José P. Laurel
7493:
7485:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7478:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7450:
7448:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7440:
7439:
7438:
7433:
7424:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7385:
7383:
7379:
7378:
7376:
7375:
7369:
7362:
7360:
7356:
7355:
7353:
7352:
7349:The Good Fight
7344:
7342:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7308:
7306:
7302:
7301:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7285:
7284:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7248:
7247:
7246:
7241:
7232:
7230:
7226:
7225:
7223:
7222:
7217:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7198:
7197:
7187:
7182:
7176:
7174:
7165:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7157:
7151:
7145:
7139:
7133:
7127:
7121:
7115:
7109:
7103:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7082:
7081:
7074:
7067:
7059:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7046:
7036:
7023:
7022:
7017:
7011:
7008:
7007:
7004:
7003:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6935:
6933:
6927:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6902:
6901:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6820:
6818:
6809:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6742:
6741:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6720:
6719:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6702:
6700:Climate change
6692:
6691:
6690:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6649:
6643:
6637:
6636:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6617:Transportation
6614:
6613:
6612:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6590:
6585:
6583:Stock exchange
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6519:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6495:
6490:
6489:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6434:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6386:
6384:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6326:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6277:National parks
6269:
6264:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6247:
6245:Extreme points
6242:
6237:
6232:
6231:
6230:
6225:
6223:Climate change
6215:
6210:
6205:
6199:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6175:Fifth Republic
6172:
6167:
6165:Third Republic
6159:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6147:
6145:Spanish period
6139:
6134:
6128:
6126:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6095:
6093:
6086:
6080:
6079:
6077: articles
6071:
6070:
6063:
6056:
6048:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6026:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6008:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5954:
5953:
5952:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5905:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5824:
5822:
5820:British Empire
5816:
5815:
5800:
5799:
5792:
5785:
5777:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5684:
5683:
5682:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5615:
5613:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5596:State of Burma
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5524:
5522:
5515:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5498:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5422:Musha Incident
5419:
5414:
5412:Jinan incident
5409:
5403:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5333:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5269:Beipu uprising
5266:
5260:
5258:
5253:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5233:Treaty Faction
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5204:
5202:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5163:Imperial Guard
5160:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5070:
5068:
5063:
5057:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5012:
5010:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4930:
4928:
4923:Administration
4921:
4915:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4774:
4769:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4745:
4737:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4607:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4571:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4514:
4507:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4472:
4445:
4424:
4401:
4384:
4358:
4339:
4319:
4284:
4270:
4247:
4212:
4193:
4165:
4136:
4106:
4076:
4046:
4027:
4007:
3996:on 3 June 2020
3981:
3967:
3947:
3916:
3909:
3885:
3878:
3854:
3819:
3788:
3774:
3750:
3739:on 17 May 2011
3724:
3661:
3639:
3632:
3608:
3597:on 7 July 2011
3578:
3551:
3512:
3489:
3459:
3448:
3442:978-1462900824
3441:
3423:
3386:
3375:on 2 June 2020
3356:
3325:
3310:
3275:
3245:
3214:
3179:
3148:
3129:. Human Face.
3117:
3091:
3060:
3029:
2949:
2923:
2904:
2885:
2855:
2848:
2825:
2757:
2727:
2713:
2691:
2677:
2657:
2640:
2614:
2600:
2580:
2566:
2539:
2512:
2482:
2468:
2448:
2415:
2349:
2340:
2313:(2): 161â192.
2297:
2267:
2253:
2200:
2180:
2166:
2139:
2119:
2105:
2059:
2045:
1979:
1947:
1906:
1861:
1831:
1788:
1768:
1719:
1697:
1686:on 15 May 2011
1670:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1497:Main article:
1494:
1491:
1467:Wendell Fertig
1399:Wendell Fertig
1393:The island of
1382:, and Captain
1321:Main article:
1318:
1315:
1292:sexual slavery
1261:José P. Laurel
1208:
1207:The occupation
1205:
1126:Main article:
1123:
1120:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
991:
984:
976:
973:
972:
959:
958:
954:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
916:Historiography
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
881:Communications
878:
873:
868:
863:
861:Queen consorts
858:
853:
847:
846:
843:
842:
839:
838:
835:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
807:Oakwood mutiny
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
782:Fifth Republic
778:
776:(1986âpresent)
772:
771:
768:
767:
764:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
737:
731:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
695:Third Republic
691:
685:
684:
681:
680:
677:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
609:Moro Rebellion
606:
601:
596:
591:
585:
579:
578:
575:
574:
571:
570:
565:
560:
555:
544:
543:
538:
536:First Republic
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
436:Manila galleon
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
396:Treaty of Cebu
393:
388:
379:
373:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
332:Monreal Stones
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
283:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
183:
177:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
122:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
70:
64:
63:
60:
59:
53:
52:
42:
41:
32:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7647:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7597:
7595:
7580:
7579:
7570:
7568:
7567:
7563:
7558:
7556:
7555:
7546:
7544:
7543:
7534:
7532:
7531:
7522:
7521:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7512:Sergio Osmeña
7510:
7509:
7506:
7505:
7501:
7499:
7498:
7494:
7492:
7491:
7487:
7486:
7483:
7477:
7476:
7475:Quezon's Game
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7451:
7449:
7445:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7380:
7373:
7372:Manolo Quezon
7370:
7367:
7366:Aurora Quezon
7364:
7363:
7361:
7357:
7351:
7350:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7339:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7303:
7298:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7253:
7252:
7249:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7236:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7227:
7221:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7196:
7193:
7192:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7169:
7166:
7162:
7155:
7152:
7149:
7146:
7143:
7140:
7137:
7134:
7131:
7128:
7125:
7122:
7119:
7116:
7113:
7110:
7107:
7104:
7101:
7098:
7095:
7094:
7091:
7087:
7080:
7075:
7073:
7068:
7066:
7061:
7060:
7057:
7045:
7037:
7035:
7025:
7024:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7012:
7009:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6984:Sign language
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
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6942:
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6936:
6934:
6932:
6928:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6813:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6712:Ethnic groups
6710:
6706:
6705:Deforestation
6703:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6696:
6693:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6638:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6606:
6603:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6563:National debt
6561:
6559:
6558:Fiscal policy
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6494:
6491:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6467:
6464:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6449:Supreme Court
6447:
6446:
6445:
6442:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6429:
6428:
6425:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6315:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6251:
6250:Island groups
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6188:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6141:Colonial era
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6121:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6076:
6069:
6064:
6062:
6057:
6055:
6050:
6049:
6046:
6034:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6019:
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5707:Fukoku kyÅhei
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5564:Puppet states
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5228:Fleet Faction
5226:
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5209:
5208:General Staff
5206:
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5148:General Staff
5146:
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5135:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
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5101:military code
5100:
5096:
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5082:
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5077:
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5032:
5031:Imperial Diet
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5021:Privy Council
5019:
5017:
5014:
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5011:
5008:
5001:
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4939:Home Ministry
4937:
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4906:
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4782:Imperial Seal
4780:
4779:
4778:
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4773:
4770:
4768:
4767:Flag of Japan
4765:
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4762:
4758:
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4533:
4530:
4527:Lear, Elmer.
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4216:
4200:
4196:
4194:0-87021-731-3
4190:
4186:
4182:
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4176:
4169:
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4149:
4148:
4140:
4124:
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4028:9780813191348
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3995:
3991:
3985:
3970:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3951:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3926:"Book Review"
3920:
3912:
3910:0-9761084-0-2
3906:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3889:
3881:
3879:0-8444-0748-8
3875:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3858:
3839:
3832:
3831:
3823:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3792:
3777:
3775:971-550-441-8
3771:
3767:
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3754:
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3692:
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3596:
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3591:Asian Journal
3588:
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3159:
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3136:
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3128:
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3105:
3101:
3095:
3079:
3075:
3074:BBC Our World
3071:
3064:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3007:
2991:
2987:
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2907:
2905:9789715425629
2901:
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2250:
2246:
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2240:
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2203:
2197:
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2184:
2169:
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2159:
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2142:
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2123:
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2102:
2098:
2097:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2020:
2016:
2012:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1910:
1894:
1890:
1886:
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1878:
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1812:
1805:
1791:
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1780:
1772:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1743:Harold Nelson
1740:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1712:
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1685:
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1599:
1596:
1590:
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1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1559:Lingayen Gulf
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1500:
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1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1426:61st Division
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
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1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1297:Bahay na Pula
1293:
1288:
1286:
1285:Allied forces
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1250:
1249:Comfort women
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1221:
1213:
1204:
1202:
1198:
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1191:
1187:
1183:
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1147:
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1139:
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1129:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:Asiatic Fleet
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1042:occupied the
1041:
1036:
1030:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
997:
992:
990:
985:
983:
978:
977:
975:
974:
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902:
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879:
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869:
867:
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848:
841:
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833:
830:
828:
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823:
820:
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815:
813:
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808:
805:
803:
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795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
779:
775:
770:
769:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
746:Moro conflict
744:
742:
739:
738:
734:
729:
728:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
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696:
693:
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688:
683:
682:
675:
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612:
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607:
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582:
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569:
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554:
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550:
549:
548:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
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507:
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502:
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479:
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459:
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449:
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444:
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429:
427:
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422:
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417:
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409:
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404:
402:
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389:
387:
384:
383:
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376:
371:
370:
363:
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350:
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343:
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335:
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330:
328:
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198:
196:
193:
192:
191:
190:
186:
180:
175:
174:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
156:Manunggul Jar
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
128:
127:
126:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
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92:
90:
87:
85:
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72:
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67:
62:
61:
58:
55:
54:
48:
44:
43:
40:
34:
33:
28:
23:
22:
19:
7571:
7559:
7547:
7535:
7523:
7502:
7495:
7488:
7473:
7431:World War II
7426:
7347:
7020:Bibliography
6949:Coat of arms
6921:Value system
6824:Architecture
6776:Prostitution
6673:Demographics
6543:Central bank
6486:Marine Corps
6466:Armed Forces
6350:Human rights
6335:Constitution
6284:Ramsar sites
6156:
5994:West Sumatra
5923:
5812:World War II
5695:Other topics
5648:
5531:
5374:TaishÅ Roman
5128:Conscription
5098:
5090:
5065:Armed Forces
4925:(ministries)
4825:Charter Oath
4820:Constitution
4702:State Shinto
4685:Essentialism
4635:Demographics
4561:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4519:
4510:
4503:
4482:. Retrieved
4458:
4441:
4427:
4419:the original
4414:
4404:
4396:
4389:. Retrieved
4369:
4361:
4349:. Retrieved
4329:
4322:
4310:. Retrieved
4303:the original
4294:
4287:
4275:. Retrieved
4260:
4238:. Retrieved
4234:the original
4225:
4215:
4203:. Retrieved
4179:
4168:
4156:. Retrieved
4152:the original
4146:
4139:
4127:. Retrieved
4118:
4109:
4097:. Retrieved
4093:the original
4088:
4079:
4067:. Retrieved
4063:the original
4058:
4049:
4037:. Retrieved
4017:
4010:
3998:. Retrieved
3994:the original
3984:
3972:. Retrieved
3957:
3950:
3938:. Retrieved
3929:
3919:
3896:Bataan Diary
3895:
3888:
3868:
3857:
3845:. Retrieved
3829:
3822:
3810:. Retrieved
3801:
3791:
3779:. Retrieved
3760:
3753:
3741:. Retrieved
3737:the original
3727:
3695:. Retrieved
3691:the original
3686:
3656:Bataan Diary
3655:
3618:
3611:
3599:. Retrieved
3595:the original
3590:
3581:
3569:. Retrieved
3565:the original
3554:
3542:. Retrieved
3527:
3506:
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1591:
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1483:Alamo Scouts
1450:26th Cavalry
1443:
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629:Commonwealth
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347:Barter rings
285:
284:
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104:Jade culture
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7625:Axis powers
7469:Quezon City
7317:1916 Senate
7150:(1906â1907)
7144:(1907â1909)
7138:(1907â1909)
7132:(1909â1916)
7126:(1916â1935)
7114:(1916â1935)
7102:(1935â1944)
6746:Immigration
6548:Child labor
6523:Agriculture
6493:Coast Guard
6427:Legislative
6362:Legal codes
6235:Earthquakes
6099:Archaeology
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5929:Wake Island
5924:Philippines
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5712:HakkÅ ichiu
5649:Philippines
5536:after 1943)
5514:Territories
5472:Pacific War
5337:World War I
5213:Air Service
5153:Air Service
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4742:(Yoshihito)
4734:(Mutsuhito)
4680:Nationalism
4625:Agriculture
3766:Quezon City
3715:|work=
3601:24 February
3571:23 February
3544:24 February
2385:History.com
2220:History.com
1844:History.com
1557:and around
876:Archaeology
871:Agriculture
751:Martial law
735:(1965â1986)
689:(1946â1965)
583:(1898â1946)
568:Velarde map
553:Boxer Codex
377:(1565â1898)
166:Shell tools
141:Grave goods
36:History of
7594:Categories
7566:Wikisource
7235:Inaugural
7164:Presidency
6969:Great Seal
6906:Psychology
6869:Literature
6864:Inventions
6663:Corruption
6658:Censorship
6528:Automotive
6389:Executive
6382:Government
6240:Ecoregions
6132:Prehistory
6124:Chronology
5989:New Guinea
5867:New Guinea
5501:Occupation
5329:TaishÅ era
5274:Boshin War
5118:War crimes
4914:Government
4890:Tonarigumi
4797:Privy Seal
4792:State Seal
4750:(Hirohito)
4675:Militarism
4630:Censorship
4277:3 December
4240:25 January
4205:25 January
4158:25 January
3940:25 January
3812:4 February
3743:4 February
3697:3 February
1717:p. 143-144
1654:References
1583:regimental
1414:Luis Taruc
1410:Hukbalahap
1342:, and the
1317:Resistance
1281:war crimes
1163:Manila Bay
1159:Corregidor
1122:Background
1078:Corregidor
1024:æ¥æ¬ã®ãã£ãªãã³å é
827:Bangsamoro
733:Marcos era
664:Hukbalahap
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7578:Wikiquote
7389:Jones Law
7305:Elections
6899:Festivals
6884:Mythology
6796:Squatting
6791:Sexuality
6761:Languages
6683:Education
6627:ZIP codes
6471:Air Force
6420:President
6340:Elections
6294:Volcanoes
6267:Mountains
6191:Geography
6114:Political
6092:Overviews
6024:Manchukuo
6017:1931â1945
5950:Mengkiang
5877:Singapore
5843:Hong Kong
5702:SonnÅ jÅi
5654:Singapore
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5576:Mengjiang
5571:Manchukuo
5545:KantÅ-shÅ«
5487:Surrender
5399:ShÅwa era
5384:Truku War
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5016:DaijÅ-kan
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4860:Mokusatsu
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4484:9 January
4129:17 August
3781:4 January
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3707:cite book
2942:15 August
2916:15 August
2878:15 August
2795:The Argus
2771:The Argus
2335:128515904
2290:21 August
1662:from the
1595:war crime
1587:U.S. Army
1579:battalion
1540:Yamashita
1340:Kempeitai
1190:Aguinaldo
1186:MacArthur
1167:open city
1029:romanized
921:Languages
911:Geography
901:Education
886:Conflicts
619:Jones Law
547:Artifacts
481:Katipunan
416:New Spain
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68:(pre-900)
7554:Wikidata
7530:Category
7229:Speeches
7171:Policies
7044:Category
6974:Language
6786:Religion
6781:Refugees
6724:Genetics
6653:Abortion
6588:Taxation
6444:Judicial
6318:Politics
6299:Wildlife
6228:Typhoons
6109:Military
6001:Portugal
5962:Cambodia
5680:Yen bloc
5668:Ideology
5659:Thailand
5528:Karafuto
5521:Colonies
5113:Kamikaze
5056:Military
4959:Treasury
4813:Policies
4804:Kimigayo
4725:Emperors
4692:Politics
4660:Eugenics
4618:Overview
4478:Archived
4435:Archived
4345:Archived
4312:5 August
4199:Archived
4177:(1949).
4123:Archived
4033:Archived
3934:Archived
3847:30 March
3838:Archived
3806:Archived
3538:Archived
3482:13 April
3476:Archived
3416:13 April
3379:13 April
3349:13 April
3343:Archived
3303:13 April
3294:Archived
3268:13 April
3262:Archived
3238:13 April
3232:Archived
3207:13 April
3201:Archived
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3166:Archived
3141:13 April
3135:Archived
3110:13 April
3104:Archived
3084:30 March
3078:Archived
3053:30 March
3047:Archived
3022:30 March
3016:Archived
2996:30 March
2990:Archived
2973:30 March
2967:Archived
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2872:Archived
2799:Archived
2775:Archived
2720:23 March
2684:23 March
2647:23 March
2607:23 March
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2389:Archived
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2260:24 March
2241:(2007).
2230:24 March
2224:Archived
2207:24 March
2173:24 March
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2002:24 March
1996:Archived
1972:25 March
1966:Archived
1940:24 March
1930:59-60007
1899:24 March
1889:53-63678
1854:24 March
1848:Archived
1824:24 March
1795:24 March
1761:24 March
1751:66-60005
1690:22 April
1602:See also
1531:kamikaze
1507:General
1471:Mindanao
1395:Mindanao
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1344:Makapili
1277:KALIBAPI
1020:Japanese
1012:Filipino
941:Politics
931:Military
926:Medicine
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802:EDSA III
317:Baybayin
292:Maragtas
260:Sanmalan
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195:Caboloan
131:Balangay
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27:a series
25:Part of
7542:Commons
7429:during
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7015:Outline
6931:Symbols
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6816:Culture
6771:Poverty
6756:Kinship
6678:Divorce
6641:Society
6605:Tourism
6511:Economy
6393:Cabinet
6255:islands
6218:Climate
6213:Borders
6104:Economy
6084:History
5972:Vietnam
5810:during
5806:by the
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2870:. NPR.
2868:NPR.org
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1364:Visayas
1108:Mindoro
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352:Luzones
245:Dapitan
215:Maynila
210:Namayan
7447:Legacy
7368:(wife)
7359:Family
7244:Second
7156:(1906)
7120:(1939)
7108:(1941)
6959:Flower
6939:Anthem
6911:Sports
6834:Cinema
6729:Health
6553:Energy
6538:Census
6432:Senate
6289:Rivers
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5644:Malaya
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5555:Taiwan
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200:Cainta
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6398:lists
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