Maynila (historical polity)

501: 6840: 1833: 2531: 2546:. They had a rich, complex culture, with its own expressions of language and writing, religion, art, and music. This Austronesian culture was already in place before the cultural influences of China, the southern thassalocracatic mandalas of Srivijaya and Majapahit, and Brunei, and eventually, the western colonial powers. The core elements of this Austronesian culture also persisted despite the introductions of Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam and, later, Christianity. Elements of these belief systems were syncretized by the Tagalogs to enrich their already-existing worldviews, elements of which still persist today in the syncretic forms of folk Catholicism and folk Islam. 2768:. However, the various ethnographic reports of the period indicate that this seemed to only be a nominal identification ("Muslim by name") because there was only a surface level acknowledgement of Muslim norms (avoidance of pork, non-consumption of blood, etc.) without an "understanding of Mohammedan teachings." Scholars generally believe that this nominal practice of Islam actually represented the early stages of Islamization, which would have seen a much more extensive practice of Muslim beliefs had the Spanish not arrived and introduced their brand of Iberian Catholicism. 1419: 8318: 7245: 8328: 7255: 2123: 1929:. The first pounding takes off the hull and further pounding removes the bran but also breaks most grains. Further winnowing with a bamboo tray (bilao) separates the hull from the rice grains. This traditional hand-pounding chore, although very laborious and resulted in a lot of broken rice, required two to three skilled men and women to work harmoniously and was actually a form of socializing among young folks in the villages. 2989:), Tondo and Maynila had trade arrangements which allowed them to control trade throughout the rest of the archipelago. Scott observes that while the port of Tondo had the monopoly on arriving Chinese merchant ships, it was Maynila's fleet of trading vessels which in turn retailed them to settlements throughout the rest of the archipelago, so much so that Maynila's vessels, alongside Bornean, came to be known as "Chinese" ( 2358: 124: 25: 66: 2010:. But whichever route these Austronesians first used to get to the Philippine archipelago, the general consensus among scholars is that they settled on what is now the island of Luzon during the earliest stages of their migratory dispersal no later than about 3,500 years ago, and later waves of migration spread from the Philippine archipelago to reach as far east as Easter Island, and as far west as Madagascar. 1464: 1580:; but Southeast Asian scholars believe this refers to a settlement Mount Selurong in Indonesia. For political reasons, the historical rulers of Maynila maintained close cognatic ties through intermarriage with the ruling houses of the Sultanate of Brunei, but Brunei's political influence over Maynila is not considered to have extended to military or political rule. Intermarriage was a common strategy for large 3184: 2415:(also unnamed in the Spanish accounts) then became the paramount ruler of the Maynila polity. In the meantime, Rajah Matanda, then simply known as the "Young Prince" Ache, was raised alongside his cousin, who was ruler of Tondo - presumed by some to be a young Bunao Lakandula, although not specifically named in the Spanish accounts. 3060:", and Scott notes in a later book (1994) that Maynila's ships got their goods from Tondo and then dominated trade through the rest of the archipelago. People in other parts of the archipelago often referred to Maynila's boats as "Chinese" or "Japanese' (Sina or Sinina) because they came bearing Chinese and Japanese goods. 2813:). Buenaventura was informed that this was because the Tagalogs believed Bathala was too mighty and distant to be bothered with the concerns of mortal man, and so the Tagalogs focused their acts of appeasement to "lesser" deities and powers, immediate spirits which they believed had control over their day-to-day life. 3053:

paying the other half upon their return the following year. In the interim, these goods would be traded throughout the rest of the archipelago. The result was that other locals were not able to buy anything from the Chinese and Japanese directly, but from Tondo and Maynila, who made a tidy profit as a result.

1553:". Instead, limited population sizes, the ready availability of land, and seasonally migratory agricultural practices meant that their authority was based on interpersonal loyalty structures and social obligations vis a vis clearly defined territorial dominion. Maynila is sometimes interpreted to be the 2984:

Junker describes coastal polities of Tondo and Maynila's size as "administrative and commercial centers functioning as important nodes in networks of external and internal trade." While the basic model for the movement of trade goods in early Philippine history saw coastal settlements at the mouth of

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which was more predominant in the Visayan regions, indicated that these peoples of Luzon were less influenced by the Hindu and Buddhist beliefs of the Madjapahit empire than the Visayans were. They also observed that the words were used alternately amongst the peoples in the southernmost portions of

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The earliest oral traditions suggest that Maynila was founded as a Muslim settlement as early as the 1250s, supposedly supplanting an even older pre-Islamic settlement. However, the earliest archeological findings for organized human settlements in the area dates to around 1500s. By the 16th century,

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According to Henson (1955), he was a "Majapahit Suzerain" who ruled Maynila before he was defeated in 1258* by a Bruneian naval commander named Rajah Ahmad, who then established Manila as a Muslim principality. *probably actually in the 15th century when Brunei was already Muslim and Majapahit still

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Because Indian culture “came” to Southeast Asia, one must not think that Southeast Asians lacked a culture of their own. Indeed, the generally accepted view is that Indian culture made such an impact on Southeast Asia because it fitted easily with the existing cultural patterns and religious beliefs

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The Chinese History Annals, Nanhai Zhi, corroborate the claim that then (Hindu) Brunei had invaded Maynila as Maynila was mentioned as one of the polities being ruled over by Brunei (Malilu 麻裏蘆 as mentioned in Yuan records), this Malilu being Maynila, was ruled from Brunei which was then labelled as

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These Austronesian cultures are defined by their languages, and by a number of key technologies including the cultural prominence of boats, the construction of thatched houses on piles, the cultivation of tubers and rice, and a characteristic social organization typically led by a “big man” or “man

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Rice was the staple food of the Tagalogs and Kapampangans, and its ready availability in Luzon despite variations in annual rainfall was one of the reasons Legaspi wanted to locate his colonial headquarters on Manila bay. Scott's study of early Tagalog lexicons revealed that the Tagalogs had words

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These leaders butressed their right to rule by gaining prestige, notably by establishing trade and family relations with other regional powers. This was manifested in these leaders taking on foreign symbols of prestige such as the sanskrit title raja and nominaly claiming Islamic beliefs, although

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Because population density throughout the archipelago was very low and agricultural practices involved regularly changing planting locations every season and year to maximize the fertility value of the soil, rulership was based on interpersonal loyalty structures and social obligations rather than

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In 1521, Ache was coming fresh from a military victory at the helm of the Bruneian navy as he just razed the Buddhist city of Laoue in Southwest Borneo to the ground, under orders from his grandfather, the Bruneian Sultan, and was supposedly on his way to Maynila with the intent of confronting his

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During this time, Ache realized that his cousin, who was ruler of Tondo, was "slyly" taking advantage of Ache's mother, by taking over territory belonging to Maynila. When Ache asked his mother for permission to address the matter, his mother refused, encouraging the young prince to keep his peace

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According to William Henry Scott (1982), when ships from China and Japan came to Manila bay, Lakandula would remove the sails and rudders of their ships until they paid him duties and anchorage fees, and then he would then buy up all their goods himself, paying half its value immediately and then

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Osborne (2004) describes a similar process of "adaptation" happening in connection with Hindu and Buddhist influences in the various cultures of Maritime Southeast Asia, and emphasizes that this "indianization" of Southeast Asia did not per-se overwrite existing indigenous patterns, cultures, and

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Historians widely agree that the larger coastal polities which flourished throughout the Philippine archipelago in the period immediately prior to the arrival of the Spanish colonizers (including Tondo and Maynila) were "organizationally complex", demonstrating both economic specialization and a

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According to the account of Rajah Matanda as recalled by Magellan expedition members Gines de Mafra, Rodrigo de Aganduru Moriz, and expedition scribe Antonio Pigafetta, Rajah Matanda's father (whose name was not mentioned in the accounts) died when he was still very young. Rajah Matanda's mother

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states such as Brunei to extend their influence, and for local rulers such as those of Maynila to help strengthen their family claims to nobility. Actual political and military rule over the large distances characteristic of Maritime Southeast Asia was not possible until relatively modern times.

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In most other places in the archipelago, rootcrops served as an alternate staple in seasons when rice was not readily available. These were also available in Luzon, but they were desired more as vegetables, rather than as a staple. Ubi, tugi, gabi and a local root crop which the Spanish called

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Junker notes that significant work still needs to be done in analyzing the internal/local supply and demand dynamics in pre-Spanish era polities, because much of the prior research has tended to focus on their external trading activities. Scott notes that early Spanish lexicons are particularly

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Historical accounts, supported by archeological and linguistic evidence and corroborated by anthropological studies, show that the Tagalog people, including those in Tondo and Maynila, practiced a set of Austronesian beliefs and practices which date back to the arrival of Austronesian peoples,

2821:(worship). According to Scott, accounts and early dictionaries describe them as intermediaries ("Bathala's agents"), and the dictionaries "used the word abogado (advocate) when defining their realms." These sources also show, however, that in practice, they were addressed directly: " 2575:

had a more complex social structure than the Visayans (except for lowland Panay), directly participating in commerce elsewhere with the rest of Southeast and East Asia through their Bornean political contacts and proximity to the South China Sea tradewinds, and engaging in widespread

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who were referred to using the Malay title of "Raja," which is in turn derived from the Sanskrit language. In popular literature, Maynila is often referred to as a "kingdom", and its Rajas as "kings," even if they did not exercise sovereignty in the technical sense of achieving a

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According to Mariano A. Henson's genealogical research (later brought up by Majul in 1973, and by Santiago in 1990) a settlement in the Maynila area already existed by the year 1258. This settlement was ruled by "Rajah Avirjirkaya" whom Henson described as a "Majapahit Suzerain".

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Luzon - the Bicol Region, Marinduque, Mindoro, etc. They suggested that this have represented transitional area, the front lines of an increased "Indianized" Madjapahit influence which was making its way north the same way Islam was making its way north from Mindanao.

2443:. Some historians suggest that Ache's decision to attack must have been influenced by a desire to expand his fleet even further as he made his way back to Lusong and Maynila, where he could use the size of his fleet as leverage against his cousin, the ruler of Tondo. 2928:" by the Spanish who assumed they occupied the whole coast. There is no evidence that Islam had become a major political or religious force in the region, with Father Diego de Herrera recording that the Moros lived only in some villages and were Muslim in name only. 3001:

The most lucrative of Tondo's economic activities involved the redistribution of Chinese goods, which would arrive in Manila bay through Tondo's port and be distributed throughout the rest of the archipelago, mostly through Maynila's extensive shipping activities.

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This description of Ache as "King of Luzon" was further confirmed by the Visayan allies of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, who, learning that he wanted to "befriend" the ruler of Luzon, led him to write a letter to Ache, whom he addressed as the "King of Luzon".

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Detail of an illustration from Jean Mallat's 1846 book "The Philippines: history, geography, customs, agriculture, industry, and commerce of the Spanish colonies in Oceania", showing "a Tagalog couple pounding rice." The mortar depicted is known as a

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ended with a fire that destroyed the fortified settlement of Maynila, although it is not clear whether the fire was set by Goiti or by the inhabitants themselves as part of the scorched earth tactics typically used in the archipelago during that era.

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Prince Ache could not accept this and thus left Maynila with some of his father's trusted men, to go to his "grandfather", the Sultan of Brunei, to ask for assistance. The Sultan responded by giving Ache a position as commander of his naval force.

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Kapampangan researcher Ian Christopher Alfonso, however, notes that the demonym Luções was probably expansive enough to include even Kapampangan sailors, such as the sailors from Hagonoy and Macabebe who would later be involved in the 1571

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of populations that had already moved a considerable distance along the path of civilization. Southeast Asians, to summarize the point, borrowed but they also adapted. In some very important cases, they did not need to borrow at all.

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Magellan expedition member Rodrigo de Aganduru Moriz's account of the events of 1521 specifically describes how the Magellan expedition, then under the command of Sebastian Elcano after the death of Magellan, captured of one of the

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began in the sixteenth century when traders from Brunei settled in the Manila area and married locals while maintaining kinship and trade links with Brunei and thus other Muslim centres in Southeast Asia. The Muslims were called

3955:, which in turn have been recorded by various documentary sources, ranging from historical documents describing oral histories, to contemporary descriptions of modern (post-colonial/national-era) oral accounts. These include: 2825:" Modern day writers divide these spirits are broadly into the categories of "Ancestor spirits, nature spirits, and guardian spirits," although they also note that the dividing line between these categories is often blurred. 2211:. Chinese source mentioned that in 1369, the pirates of Sulu attacked Pon-i (Brunei), looting it of treasure and gold. A fleet from Majapahit succeeded in driving away the Sulus, but Pon-i was left weaker after the attack. 2717:

used tattooedness as a pejorative description when the Spanish forces first met him; Sulayman said that Tagalogs were unlike the "painted" Visayans, and thus would not allow themselves to be taken advantage of as easily.

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being known as a settlement that trades in indigo dye, since the settlement was founded several hundred years before indigo dye extraction became an important economic activity in the area in the 18th century. The native

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in the Tagalog language. This term (which is translated today as "town") was common among the various languages of the Philippine archipelago, and eventually came to refer to the entire Philippines, alongside the word

1841:, a large, cylindrical, deep-mouthed wooden mortal used to de-husk rice. Linguist Jean Paul Potet explains that the Old Tagalog name of the Pasig River delta, in which Tondo was located, was derived from this mortar. 2790:

The Tagalog belief system was more or less anchored on the idea that the world is inhabited by spirits and supernatural entities, both good and bad, and that respect must be accorded to them through worship.

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Because the Tagalogs did not have a collective word to describe all these spirits together, Spanish missionaries eventually decided to call them "anito," since they were the subject of the Tagalog's act of

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Ache was eventually released, supposedly after the payment of a large ransom. One of Ache's slaves, who was not included in the ransom payment, then became a translator for the Elcano expedition.

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Laura Lee Junker, in her 1998 review of primary sources regarding archaic Philippine polities, lists the primary sources of information regarding the river delta polities of Maynila and Tondo as "

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Almocera, Ruel A., (2005) Popular Filipino Spiritual Beliefs with a proposed Theological Response. in Doing Theology in the Philippines. Suk, John., Ed. Mandaluyong: OMF Literature Inc. Pp 78-98

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Served as paramount ruler of Maynila after the death of her husband; her period of reign covered the youth of Rajah Matanda, including the time Ache spent as commander of the Bruneian navy.

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Archeological findings provide evidence that followers of Islam had reached the Pasig River area by 1175; among the graves found on the Sta. Ana burial site were a number of Muslim burials.

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early chroniclers noted that the population at large did not seem to hold on to Islamic beliefs and practices and continued, for example, to retain pork as an important part of their diet.

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Paths Of Origins: The Austronesian Heritage In The Collections Of The National Museum Of The Philippines, The Museum Nasional Of Indonesia, And The Netherlands Rijksmuseum Voor Volkenkunde

1245: 2498:) along the Pasig delta. When the Spanish came and invaded Manila they described the bayan as Kota Selurong, or "The City of Selurong" of Maynila, as a settlement with a fortress of 2048:. The Tagalog language is believed to have branched out from a hypothesized "proto-language" which linguists have dubbed "Proto-Philippine language," another branch of which was the 3711: 1655:

Junker noted the inherent biases of each of the written sources, emphasizing the need to counter-check their narratives with one another, and with empirical archeological evidence.

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Islamization was a slow process which occurred with the steady conversion of the citizenry of Tondo and Manila created Muslim domains. The Bruneians installed the Muslim rajahs,

7291: 2581: 4540:. Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library Araw ng Maynila Briefers. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. June 23, 2015. Archived from 2518:. The cannons were locally manufactured and forged by Panday Piray. When the Spanish invaded and burned the kota to the ground, they built up the Christian walled city of 2096:

According to Henson, this settlement was attacked by a Bruneian commander named Rajah Ahmad, who defeated Avirjirkaya and established Maynila as a "Muslim principality".

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large rivers (in this case, the Pasig river delta) controlling the flow of goods to and from settlements further upriver (in this case, the upland lakeside barangays of

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various notarized genealogical records kept by the early Spanish colonial government, mostly in the form of last wills and testaments of descendants of said rulers

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According to the earliest Tagalog dictionaries, large coastal settlements like Tondo and Maynila, which were ultimately led by a lakan or rajah, were called

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Unlike the Bicolanos and Visayans to the east and south and the peoples of the northern Luzon highlands, the Tagalogs did not practice tattooing. In fact,

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it was already an important trading center, with extensive political ties with the Sultanate of Brunei and extensive trade relations with traders from the

1447: 8359: 3153:, Ipomoea batatas) were farmed in swiddens, while "laksa" and "nami" grew wild. Sweet potatoes (now called camote) were later introduced by the Spanish. 2976:

useful for this analysis, because these early dictionaries captured many words which demonstrate the varied nuances of these local economic activities.

2806:(lord, or almighty; lit. "actor of power"). Loarca and Chirino also report that in some places, they were "Molayri" (Molaiari) or "Diwata" (Dioata)." 527: 8384: 6020:"She descends from Lakandula, the last reigning Rajah of Saludong. Her father, Diosdado Macapagal, was president of the Philippines from 1961 to 1965," 3167: 2727: 1309: 2740:

The Tagalogs did not have a specific name for this set of religious beliefs and practices, although later scholars and popular writers refer to it as

1624:. After extensive negotiations with the leaders of Maynila and those of the neighbouring settlement in Tondo, Maynila was declared as the new Spanish 7284: 4066: 4026: 3641: 1344: 3195: 4914: 3963: 3697: 5639: 1569:. With Tondo, the polity on the northern part of the Pasig River delta, it established a duopoly on the intraarchipelagic trade of Chinese goods. 8374: 7829: 7696: 6853: 4498: 1404: 1519: 6486: 3646: 2133: 1542: 3799:

Key scholarly works referencing Salalila include Henson (1955), Majul (1973), Luciano PR Santiago (1990), W.H. Scott (1994), and Dery (2001).

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The veracity of "quasi-historical" (meaning not physically original) genealogical documents also remains subject to scholarly peer review.

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According to Henson (1955), he established Manila as a Muslim principality in 1258 by defeating the Majapahit Suzerain Rajah Avirjirkaya.

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used in dehusking rice. A 2008 PIDS research paper by Eulito Bautista and Evelyn Javier provides an image of a Lusong, and explains that,

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Multiple firsthand accounts from the Magellan (1521) and Legaspi Expeditions (late 1560s to early 1570s); Spanish genealogical documents

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name is more likely in reference to the presence of indigo-yielding plants growing in the area surrounding the settlement, rather than

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Malay texts, Philippine oral traditions, Chinese tributary records and geographies, early Spanish writings, and archaeological evidence

1523: 1186: 1148: 1140: 1034: 828: 594: 2595:" (further simplified in the briefer by the Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office in 2015), historian 7585: 6736: 6730: 5503:

Burney DA, Burney LP, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Goodman SM, Wright HT, Jull AJ (2004). "A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar".

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orally transmitted genealogical traditions, such as the Batu Tarsila, which have since been recorded and cited by scholarly accounts;

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etymology being erroneous, it continues to be perpetuated through uncritical repetition in both literature and popular imagination.

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Firsthand accounts generally accepted by Philippine historiographers, although with corrections for hispanocentric bias subject to

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Firsthand accounts generally accepted by Philippine historiographers, although with corrections for hispanocentric bias subject to

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Firsthand accounts generally accepted by Philippine historiographers, although with corrections for hispanocentric bias subject to

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However, these early missionary-ethnographers also noted that the Tagalogs did not include Bathala in their daily acts of worship (

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There is some debate about whether the Austronesian culture first came to the island of Luzon from continental Asia as proposed by

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Junker, Laura Lee (1990). "The Organization of IntraRegional and LongDistance Trade in PreHispanic Philippine Complex Societies".

8232: 7541: 7159: 4533: 2274:, retained their titles and property but the real political power came to reside in the House of Soliman, the rajahs of Maynila. 1907:, which French linguist Jean-Paul Potet explains was the name given to the Pasig River delta area, is thought to derive from the 1832: 1925:

Traditional milling was accomplished in the 1900s by pounding the palay with a wooden pestle in a stone or wooden mortar called

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Rafael, Vicente L. (2005) The Promise of the Foreign: Nationalism and the Technics of Translation in the Spanish Philippines.

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Estado Geografico, Topografico, Estadistico, Historico-Religioso de la Santa y Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio Magno

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Abinales, Patricio N. and Donna J. Amoroso, State and Society in the Philippines. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005.

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The early inhabitants of the present-day Manila engaged in trade relations with its Asian neighbours as well as with the

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Portuguese and Spanish records in the 1500s state that Maynila was the same as the kingdom that was referred to as the

1577: 1549:, and its Rajas portrayed as "kings," even if they did not exercise sovereignty in the technical sense of achieving a " 2028:

Not much is known about when the Tagalog and Kapampangan peoples came to occupy the lands surrounding Manila Bay, but

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Langdon, Robert (2001). "The Bamboo Raft as a Key to the Introduction of the Sweet Potato in Prehistoric Polynesia".

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Junker, Laura Lee (1998). "Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms".

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the epistolary firsthand accounts of the members of the Magellan and Legaspi expeditions, referred to in Spanish as "

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The veracity of claimed links to legendary figures in genealogical documents are subject to scholarly peer review.

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The veracity of claimed links to legendary figures in genealogical documents are subject to scholarly peer review.

1888:” corroborated by fellow expedition member Gines de Mafra and the account of expedition scribe Antonio Pigaffetta. 1354: 1349: 894: 44: 7619: 6017: 3796:

The veracity of claimed links to legendary figures in genealogical documents are subject to scholarly peer review.

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Demetrio, Cordero-Fernando, and Nakpil Zialcita observe that the Luzon Tagalogs and Kapampangans' use of the word

2109:沙胡重 (present-day Siocon), Yachen 啞陳 (present-day Oton), Manaluonu 麻拿囉奴, and Wenduling 文杜陵 (present-day Mindanao). 1760:

and therefore could not have been the plant species referred to in the toponym; or (correctly) a shrub-like tree (

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One of the most cosmopolitan of the early historic settlements on the Philippine archipelago, Maynila was led by

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prominent. Majapahit did not exist yet in 1258 (it was still Singhasari) and Brunei was not yet Muslim in 1258.

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Shared the role of paramount ruler of Maynila with Rajah Sulayman, as of the Spanish advent in the early 1570s.

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Early Spanish accounts describe the Tagalogs as using local plants to dye their cotton clothing. This included

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Santiago, Luciano P.R. (1990). "The Houses of Lakandula, Matanda, and Soliman : Genealogy and Group Identity".

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The veracity of "quasi-historical" (meaning not physically original) genealogical documents remains subject to

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The veracity of "quasi-historical" (meaning not physically original) genealogical documents remains subject to

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Shared the role of paramount ruler of Maynila with Rajah Matanda, as of the Spanish advent in the early 1570s.

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Sometimes referred to as "Rajah (Si) Lela", and sometimes as "Rajah Sulaiman I", paramount ruler of Maynila.

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According to the early Spanish missionary-ethnographers, the Tagalog people believed in a creator-god named

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Maynila had been partially rebuilt by the following year, 1571, when the full forces of de Goiti's superior,

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speculate that the Tagalogs and other Central Philippine ethno-linguistic groups originated in Northeastern

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Day, Tony & Reynolds, Craig J. (2000). "Cosmologies, Truth Regimes, and the State in Southeast Asia".

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Academic acceptance of the details recounted in these accounts vary from case to case, and are subject to

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The Province of Pampanga and its towns (A.D. 1300–1955) with the genealogy of the rulers of central Luzon

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cousin when he came upon and attacked the remnants of the Magellan expedition, then under the command of

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Maynila and Luzon are sometimes associated with the Bruneian legends which describe a settlement called "

1240: 994: 728: 3566: 2462:"Rajah Mura" or "Rajah Muda" (a Sanskrit title for a Prince), ruled the Muslim communities south of the 8414: 8389: 8247: 8152: 7701: 7568: 7536: 7505: 7493: 6969: 6801: 6664: 6598: 6521: 5856: 4129: 3686: 3393: 3319: 2083: 1762: 1107: 708: 653: 489: 87: 76: 6131:

Tom Harrisson, Brunei's Two (or More) Capitals, Brunei Museum Journal, Vol. 3, No. 4 (1976), p. 77 sq.

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Specialized industries in the Tagalog and Kapampangan regions, including Tondo and Maynila, included

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A suma oriental de Tomé Pires e o livro de Francisco Rodriguez: Leitura e notas de Armando Cortesão

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A number of rulers of Maynila are specifically identified in historical documents, which include:

3521: 3403: 3366: 1498: 1077: 959: 954: 790: 718: 8202: 8167: 8122: 7730: 7664: 7426: 7312: 6580: 6076: 2539: 2379: 2137: 2055:

Some Filipino historians such as Jaime Tiongson have asserted that some of the words used in the

1609: 1214: 1153: 1072: 979: 859: 703: 557: 429: 145: 6018:

Women of Power Half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide By Torild Skard

2148: 1644:, further upriver, include artifacts dug up from archaeological digs (the earliest of which was 8092: 8087: 7982: 7899: 7269: 6259: 4392: 3941:

text); the exact local term used by the individual was not recorded in the historical account.

3511: 2845: 1507: 1250: 964: 7639: 6460: 5589:

Zorc, David. 1977. "The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction".

2756:

One specific exception to the predominance of Anitism in early Tondo and Maynila was that the

2470:

ruled non-Muslim Tondo north of the river. These settlements held ties with the sultanates of

2329: 363:• Establishment by King Ahmad, defeating King Avirjirkaya (earliest legendary reference) 8212: 8187: 8102: 8082: 8032: 8002: 7992: 7841: 7750: 7129: 7094: 7049: 6843:

Map of the Philippines from "Harper's Pictorial History of the War with Spain" Vol. II (1899)

6766: 6712: 4073: 4033: 3974: 3921: 3887: 3850: 3436: 1168: 1052: 944: 849: 3917:

Multiple accounts from the Legaspi Expedition (early 1570s); Spanish genealogical documents

2937:

level of social stratification which would have led to a local demand for "prestige goods".

418:• Capture and release of Prince Ache by the first Castilian expedition to the Moluccas 8409: 8298: 8177: 8172: 8052: 7526: 7360: 7019: 7014: 6909: 6230: 5996: 3486: 3302: 2669: 1980: 1732:

An inaccurate but nevertheless persistent etymology asserts the origin of the placename as

1550: 1173: 1163: 1122: 1102: 969: 567: 562: 7842:

Dr. Leticia Ramos-Shahani - sister of former President Fidel Ramos is married to an Indian

5847:

Malkiel-Jirmounsky, Myron (1939). "The Study of The Artistic Antiquities of Dutch India".

8: 8272: 8242: 8192: 8147: 8127: 8117: 8017: 7943: 7409: 7199: 7139: 7114: 7029: 7009: 6959: 6929: 6919: 6870: 6783: 6675: 6628: 6284:

Cf. William Henry Scott, Cracks in the Parchment Curtain, Quezon City: 1998, pp. 124–125.

4710:

The Nameless Hero: Revisiting the Sources on the First Filipino Leader to Die for Freedom

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In the mid-16th century, the areas of present-day Manila were governed by native rajahs.

2313: 2297: 1855: 1645: 1265: 1011: 919: 874: 864: 810: 723: 2214: 8217: 8132: 8112: 7997: 7987: 7590: 7375: 7341: 7225: 7104: 7099: 6979: 6748: 6718: 6379: 6322: 5911: 5903: 5868: 5829: 5620: 5572: 5470: 5427: 5371: 5275: 4952: 4908: 4619: 3962:

legends and folk traditions documented by anthropologists, local government units, the

3835:

Identified as the mother of Prince Ache in the accounts of Magellan expedition members

3561: 3431: 2765: 2430:", but especially the non-Muslim locals, who considered the Sultan of Brunei an enemy. 2337: 1965: 1423: 1047: 949: 939: 924: 572: 547: 276: 1725:(or variations thereof) actually finds use in another toponym within the Manila area: 8327: 8262: 8197: 8162: 8097: 8077: 8067: 8027: 8012: 8007: 7919: 7869: 7849: 7414: 7380: 7365: 7254: 7169: 7119: 7074: 7054: 7044: 6944: 6640: 6466: 6365: 6267: 6238: 6203: 6158: 6112: 6056: 5933: 5915: 5520: 5474: 5413: 5209: 5152: 5102: 4880: 4856: 4831: 4755: 4713: 4679: 4623: 4541: 4478: 4447: 4400: 4350: 4104: 3606: 3456: 3413: 2572: 2475: 2341: 2289: 2049: 1916: 1649: 755: 733: 7766:

Biag ni Lam-ang Ilocano epic based on the Indian Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharta

5576: 5268:

Historia general de las Islas Occidentales a la Asia adyacentes, llamadas Philipinas

3742:"; These include the Sulu and Maguindanao tarsilas, and the Batu Tarsila of Brunei. 8303: 8222: 8182: 8157: 8137: 8072: 8047: 8037: 8022: 7904: 7788: 7580: 7144: 7059: 7039: 6924: 6914: 6428: 6306: 6108: 6104: 6094: 5961: 5895: 5860: 5640:"Puliran in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription: Laguna de Bay or Pulilan, Bulacan?" 5612: 5562: 5554: 5512: 5462: 4611: 3516: 3461: 2900: 2440: 1908: 1814: 1790: 1783: 1718: 1673: 1541:

who were referred to using the Malay title of "Raja". In popular literature and in

1097: 1042: 984: 929: 884: 854: 815: 215: 5178: 2751: 2344:

who served as the expedition's primary scribe, and published his account in 1524.

2248: 8142: 8107: 8062: 8057: 7966: 7894: 7874: 7864: 7809: 7765: 7739: 7644: 7189: 7124: 7089: 7024: 7004: 6994: 6954: 6939: 6934: 6658: 5516: 5203: 5130: 5096: 4971: 4470: 3466: 3371: 3156:

Millet was common enough that the Tagalogs had a word which meant "milletlike": "

2487: 2458:(whose real name was recorded by the Legaspi expedition as Ache) and his nephew, 2244: 2236: 2191: 2180: 2007: 2003: 1628:

on June 24, 1571, effectively ending Maynila's history as an independent polity.

1605: 1589: 1275: 765: 698: 532: 6088: 6081:"Continuity and Change in the Austronesian Transition to Islam and Christianity" 5816: 7914: 7669: 7399: 7230: 7149: 7109: 7084: 7064: 6999: 6974: 6964: 6949: 6553: 6420: 4439: 4094: 3902: 3776: 3616: 3576: 3546: 3541: 2949: 2714: 2585: 2459: 2232: 2023: 1995: 1745: 1726: 1597: 1494: 1260: 1062: 889: 785: 337: 313: 5932:. Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education. 2009. p. 44. 5899: 5466: 4615: 3013:

shore began in the 7th century and reached their peak after 1644 owing to the

2760:

of these polities identified themselves as Muslims, as did the migrant sailor

2328:

Surviving primary documents referring to these Luções include the accounts of

8348: 8321: 7889: 7879: 7834: 7756:

Alim and Hudhud of Ifugao based on Indian Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharta

7451: 7394: 7384: 7248: 7069: 7034: 6989: 6984: 6893: 6424: 6084: 3938: 3865: 3813: 3556: 3536: 3526: 3506: 3476: 3451: 3029:

included, and in the other ports, which were annually visited by their trade

3018: 2986: 2916: 2904: 2869: 2863: 2584:

landscape. The Tagalogs were thus described by the Spanish Augustinian friar

2455: 2292:

sailors in Malaysia referred to the Tagalog people who lived in Manila Bay ("

2224: 1881: 1806: 1757: 1593: 1581: 1389: 1199: 609: 325: 6257: 6093:. Canberra: Department of Anthropology, The Australian National University. 6037:(in Portuguese). Translated by Armando Cortesao. Cambridge: Hakluyt Society. 6030: 5408:

Alvina, Corazon S. (September 16, 2011). Benitez-Johannot, Purissima (ed.).

4390: 2846:

Trade and cultural influences from China, India, and Maritime Southeast Asia

2333: 2084:

Establishment through defeat of Rajah Avirjirkaya by Rajah Ahmad of Brunei (

7884: 7770: 6150: 5830:"A Complete Transcription of Majapahit Royal Manuscript of Nagarakertagama" 5524: 5359: 4896: 3531: 3150: 2499: 2252: 2196: 2037: 1999: 1566: 800: 780: 599: 7645:

Sampaguita Filipino national flower is named from Indian sanskrit Champaka

4993: 3068:

The people of Maynila engaged in agriculture. A report during the time of

2611:(ruling class), which included the Lakan or Rajah and the Datus under him; 2542:, the Tagalog people who established the fortified polity of Maynila were 1809:

also states that in all early documents the place had always been called "

1506:

was one of the most cosmopolitan of the early historic settlements on the

441:• King Ache's allegiance to the Kingdom of the Spains and the Indies 8331: 7909: 7684: 7327: 7258: 6557: 6347: 6048: 5567: 4089: 3600: 3551: 3010: 2941: 2925: 2885: 2577: 2463: 2433: 2283: 2208: 2064: 2060: 2029: 1868: 1753: 1664: 1530:

in Manila currently stands, and across the river from the separately-led

1021: 1006: 467: 351: 258: 6551: 5817:

Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines

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recently published genealogical accounts based on contemporary research.

2823:

in actual prayers, they were petitioned directly, not as intermediaries.

7859: 7446: 7388: 6271: 6099: 5872: 5624: 5558: 4404: 3471: 2953: 2912: 2908: 2859: 2519: 2515: 2467: 2336:(whose written documents were published in 1944); and the survivors of 2033: 1701: 1558: 1557:, although some historians suggest that this might rather refer to the 1527: 1280: 1117: 795: 5907: 1543:

history texts from the first few decades after Philippine independence

7854: 7355: 7350: 6616: 6317:. Vol. 3. Ohio, Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Company. p. 145. 3571: 3496: 3446: 3261: 3117: 3100:

husbandry in Luzon. In addition, there were also great quantities of

3056:

Augustinian Fray Martin de Rada Legaspi says that the Tagalogs were "

2957: 2891: 2483: 2277: 2271: 2186: 1621: 934: 869: 537: 457: 5864: 5616: 5603:

Blust, Robert (1991). "The Greater Central Philippines Hypothesis".

4853:

Asia's Cauldron: The South China Sea and the End of a Stable Pacific

2386:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 2223:

According to Bruneian oral tradition, a city with the Malay name of

152:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 7780: 7771:

Ibalong epic of Bicol based on Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharta

7745: 7614: 7606: 7479: 6622: 6610: 4943:

Baumgartner, Joseph (March 1975). "Manila — Maynilad or Maynila?".

3501: 3481: 3408: 3376: 3314: 3042: 3006: 2734: 2568: 2503: 2231:) was formed around the year 1500. This oral tradition claims that 2106: 2041: 1771: 1685: 1561:

region as a whole, expanding the possible dominion of the kingdom.

1515: 1481: 1471: 1255: 770: 745: 713: 693: 648: 584: 393:• Death of King Salalila and territorial conflicts with Tondo 287: 225: 7935: 7677:

Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, Haryana, India

6237:. Quezon City: Institute for Studies in Asian Church and Culture. 5186:

Philippine Institute of Development Studies Research Papers Series

5129:

Velasquez-Ty, Catalina; García, Tomas; Maceda, Antonio J. (1955).

4069:

and in turn referenced widely in semi-technical and popular texts.

2964:, among others. The social stratification which gave birth to the 2599:

delineates the three classes of Tagalog society during the 1500s:

7775: 6604: 4124: 4029:

and in turn referenced widely in semitechnical and popular texts.

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Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History

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although various elements were later syncretized from Hinduism,

7510: 7463: 5179:"Rice Production Practices: PIDS Research Paper Series 2008-02" 3581: 3349: 3344: 3324: 3273: 3256: 3239: 3219: 3125: 3101: 3022: 3014: 2996: 2752:

Coexistence with and syncretistic adaptation from other beliefs

2564: 2491: 2471: 2228: 1697: 1625: 1604:") under them. This was the political situation encountered by 688: 683: 673: 248: 7776:

Darangen epic of Maranao people based on Indian epics Ramayana

6178:

Letter from Juan Pacheco Maldonado to Felipe II, Manila, 1575.

3183: 1985: 7516: 5928: 3224: 3133: 3129: 3113: 3030: 3026: 2920: 2881: 2215:

Establishment by Sultan Bolkiah and the Sultanate of Brunei (

2071:

Theories and legends regarding the establishment of Maynila (

775: 408:• Marriage between Prince Ache and a princess of Brunei 272: 7761:

Hudhud - the Ifugao epic based on the Indian epic Mahabharta

5412:. Makati City, Philippines: Artpostasia Pte Ltd. p. 9. 4154:

Among the royalty, nobility, and some freemen (Scott, 1994).

2911:

district) and the Buddhist-Hindu settlement was ruled under

6778:

United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands

6592: 6419: 4707: 3793:

Identified as "Salalila" in Spanish genealogical documents

3329: 3234: 3229: 3214: 3121: 3109: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3046: 3034: 2880:, as confirmed by archaeological findings. Trade ties with 2873: 2200: 1601: 678: 294: 6090:

The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives

5698:"The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary" 5502: 4347:

Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society

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who were encountered by early 15th century chroniclers in

2593:

Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society

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Filipino martial arts inspired by the Indian martial arts

5050:

A Dictionary of the Plant Names of the Philippine Islands

3105: 3038: 2884:

became extensive by the 10th century, while contact with

2199:

in 1365, that the area of Saludung (Selurong) and Solot (

1789:

From a linguistic perspective, it is unlikely for native

1705: 6462:

Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines

6449:

Teodoro Agoncillo, History of the Filipino People, p. 22

6360:

Jocano, Felipe Jr. (August 7, 2012). Wiley, Mark (ed.).

6264:

The Soul Book: Introduction to Philippine Pagan Religion

5128: 4397:

The Soul Book: Introduction to Philippine Pagan Religion

1640:." Primary sources for the history of Rajah Kalamayin's 7746:

Kudyapi guitar influenced by the Indian classical music

7346:

Indian cultural influences in early Philippine polities

6262:; Nakpil-Zialcita, Roberto B.; Feleo, Fernando (1991). 6198:

Benitez-Johannot, Purissima, ed. (September 16, 2011).

5358:

Odal-Devora, Grace (2000). Alejandro, Reynaldo Gamboa;

4395:; Nakpil-Zialcita, Roberto B.; Feleo, Fernando (1991). 2968:

class created a demand for prestige products including

2534:

A map showing the extent of the Austronesian expansion.

2112: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6185: 5959: 5778:. Diliman: University of the Philippines Asian Center. 5172: 5170: 5168: 4972:"Philippine Studies: V. The Origin of the Name Manila" 2434:

Capture of Prince Ache by the Elcano expedition (1521)

1576:" or "Saludong" which was said to be a vassal to the 6299: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5151:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 19. 3949:

A number of rulers of Maynila are known only through

3149:

kamoti (apparently not the same as the sweet potato,

2247:

of the Sultanate of Brunei. This is narrated through

86:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 1620:, arrived in the city to claim it as a territory of 6182: 5165: 4869: 3021:. These Chinese and Japanese immigrants settled in 2634:(slaves), which could further be subcategorized as 1886:

the Prince of Luzon - or Manila, which is the same.

1608:when he attacked Maynila in May of that year. This 1545:, precolonial Maynila is often referred to as the " 6415: 6413: 6350:Philippine Folklore Stories by John Maurice Miller 5946: 5846: 5593:C.44. Canberra: The Australian National University 5188:. Philippine Institute of Development Studies: 44. 4475:Filipino Worldview: Ethnography of Local Knowledge 4349:. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. 2892:Beginnings of Islamization in Luzon (1175 – 1500s) 2728:Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people 2525: 2278:Portuguese accounts of Luções (1511 – early 1570s) 1845: 7625:Influence of Indian languages on Tagalog language 7300:India-related topics in Philippines articles 6202:. Makati City, Philippines: Artpostasia Pte Ltd. 5773: 5745: 5492:. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 5335: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5265: 5222: 4601: 2267:are used to denote Manila prior to colonisation. 2002:, or from Maritime Southeast Asia as proposed by 1600:), who in turn had several lower-ranked rulers (" 8346: 6197: 5662: 5631: 4877:Oriental Ceramics Discovered in the Philippines. 4875:Locsin, Leandro V. and Cecilia Y. Locsin. 1967. 4446:(Ninth ed.). Australia: Allen & Unwin. 4058:Genealogy proposed by Mariano A. Henson in 1955 4018:Genealogy proposed by Mariano A. Henson in 1955 3964:National Historical Institute of the Philippines 2888:merchants reached its peak in the 12th century. 1793:speakers to completely drop the final consonant 8400:States and territories established in the 1500s 7697:Business process outsourcing in the Philippines 7640:Sanskrit language loanwords in Cebuano language 7630:Sanskrit language loanwords in Tagalog language 6854:Category:Former countries in Philippine history 6410: 6315:Relation of the Conquest of the Island of Luzon 6292: 6290: 5930:History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5490:Easter Island: Archaeology, Ecology and Culture 5177:Bautista, Eulito U.; Javier, Evelyn F. (2008). 5149:Mangrove Ecology, Silviculture and Conservation 4669: 4667: 4665: 4604:International Journal of Historical Archaeology 4386: 3729: 1680:, which translates to "where indigo is found." 7860:Parul Shah (Binibining Pilipinas Tourism 2014) 7620:Indian loanwords in various Filipino languages 6305: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5481: 5294: 5176: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4499:"'Piloncitos' and the 'Philippine golden age'" 4434: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 2840: 2785: 2744:, or, less accurately, using the general term 2348:Territorial conflicts with Tondo (before 1521) 7951: 7850:Janina San Miguel (Binibining Pilipinas 2008) 7318:History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia 7285: 6878: 6537: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6143: 6051:(1994). "Chapter 8: The Philippine Islands". 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5066: 4976:The American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal 4903:. Binondo: Imprenta de M. Sanchez y Compañia. 4655: 4653: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4528: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 3705: 3145:for at least 22 different varieties of rice. 2693: 2614:A class described as "Freemen" consisting of 2239:attacked Tondo and established the polity of 2063:, although the text itself used the Javanese 1441: 207: 7726:Pre-Spanish Indian traditions of Philippines 7635:Tamil language loanwords in Tagalog language 6790:Insular Government of the Philippine Islands 6398: 6353: 6287: 5782: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5314:Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo 5197: 5195: 4913:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4662: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4465: 4463: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 3826:late 1400s and / or early 1500s 3788:late 1400s and / or early 1500s 3724: 2997:Redistribution of Chinese and Japanese goods 2659:Paramount rulers in early Philippine history 2652: 7490:had Indianized Hindu and Buddhist influence 6743:Revolutionary Government of the Philippines 5960:Carmen Guerrero Nakpil (October 29, 2003), 5885: 5800:Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 5537: 5487: 5446: 5357: 5353: 5351: 5088: 5073:, Philippine Daily Inquirer, archived from 4969: 4963: 4945:Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 4942: 4921: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4692: 4630: 4477:. Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc. 4363: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 2207:was composed as a eulogy for their emperor 2099: 1880:: Prince Ache, who would later be known as 1752:), which is a colonial introduction to the 1588:By 1570, Maynila was under the rule of two 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 8360:States and territories established in 1500 7958: 7944: 7925:Dr. Josephine Acosta Pasricha (Indologist) 7292: 7278: 6885: 6871: 6544: 6530: 6216: 6155:Manila, My Manila: A History for the Young 5712: 5708:(2). Ateneo de Manila University: 182–203. 5496: 5390: 5320: 4889: 4650: 4538:Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library 4411: 3712: 3698: 2553: 1448: 1434: 7736:National Assembly of the Philippines Hall 7586:Visa requirements for Philippine citizens 6737:Dictatorial Government of the Philippines 6458: 6157:. City of Manila: Anvil Publishing, Inc. 6134: 6098: 5983: 5754: 5596: 5566: 5531: 5311: 5192: 5062: 5060: 4986: 4726: 4556: 4505: 4460: 2670:"monopoly on the legitimate use of force" 2449: 2402:Learn how and when to remove this message 2167:Learn how and when to remove this message 1974: 1821:) — and never referred to with the final 900:Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization 186:Learn how and when to remove this message 168:Learn how and when to remove this message 106:Learn how and when to remove this message 7846:Dang Cecilio (Binibining Pilipinas 1979) 7830:Foreign citizens residing in Philippines 6251: 6055:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 5797: 5669:Tiongson, Jaime F. (November 29, 2006). 5668: 5638:Tiongson, Jaime F. (November 11, 2006). 5637: 5583: 5348: 4768: 4712:. Angeles: Holy Angel University Press. 4168: 4115:History of the Philippines (Before 1521) 3767:Academic reception of primary source(s) 2802:(creator; lit. "actor of creation") and 2529: 2147:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1866:"), and whose citizens had been called " 1831: 82:Relevant discussion may be found on the 7731:Filipino pre-colonial styles and titles 7542:Nanak Darbar Indian Sikh Temple, Iloilo 6149: 5963:CARMEN NAKPIL: MANILA UNDER THE MUSLIMS 5894:(1). Cambridge University Press: 1–55. 5452: 5366:. Unilever Philippines. pp. 43–66. 5205:Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog 5146: 5139: 5046: 5040: 4444:Southeast Asia: An Introductory History 4438: 4061:Cited in César Adib Majul's 1973 book " 4021:Cited in César Adib Majul's 1973 book " 3176:Pre-colonial history of the Philippines 3005:The Chinese and Japanese migrations to 2494:). Maynila was centered on a fortress ( 2227:, which would later become the city of 1551:monopoly on the legitimate use of force 1482:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 639:Historically documented states/polities 8375:Former countries in Philippine history 8347: 6359: 6348:https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10771 6229: 5695: 5689: 5407: 5094: 5057: 4895: 4850: 4469: 2688: 2676:clearly defined territorial dominion. 1520:predominant battle tactics of its time 8385:History of the Philippines (900–1565) 7939: 7855:Venus Raj (Binibining Pilipinas 2010) 7692:Business process outsourcing to India 7574:Visa requirements for Indian citizens 7464:Cainta historic settlement of Indians 7273: 6866: 6525: 6029: 6023: 5602: 5201: 4749: 4673: 4341: 3998:Academic notes on primary source(/s) 2563:The precolonial Tagalog barangays of 2312: 2270:The traditional rajahs of Tondo, the 2013: 1935: 1522:, it lay on the southern part of the 8370:Former countries in Bruneian history 7783:(fingernail dance of Sulu and Sabah) 7672:from Haryana imported to Philippine 7488:Religion in pre-colonial Philippines 7459:Indian settlement in the Philippines 6515:Nick Joaquin's Almanac for Manileños 6075: 6069: 6047: 6041: 5053:. Manila: Bureau of Public Printing. 4879:Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company. 4851:Kaplan, Robert D. (March 25, 2014). 4825: 4708:Alfonso, Ian Christopher B. (2016). 3880:(b.) before 1521 – (d.) August 1572 2856:Religion in pre-colonial Philippines 2351: 2116: 2113:Early references to Selurong (1360s) 1744:refers to either: (incorrectly) the 1484: instead of Baybayin characters. 117: 59: 18: 7965: 6518:The River Dwellers by Grace P. Odal 6083:. In Peter Bellwood; James J. Fox; 5540:"The culture history of Madagascar" 5266:de Aganduru Moriz, Rodrigo (1882). 4830:. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. 4754:. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. 3944: 2189:empire mentioned in its manuscript 13: 7920:Dr. Juan R. Francisco (Indologist) 7615:Indianized ancient Filipino script 6838: 6509: 6140:Jose Rizal, as cited by Dery, 2001 5849:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 5270:. Madrid: Impr. de Miguel Ginesta. 4970:Chamberlain, Alexander F. (1901). 3933: 3182: 3139: 2558: 499: 14: 8426: 6892: 3966:, and other official sources; and 3623:The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898 2706:, which produced a blue dye, and 2255:royal histories, where the names 1729:, "where the indigo (plant) is." 840:Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi 553:Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens 34:This article has multiple issues. 8326: 8317: 8316: 7825:Ethnic groups in the Philippines 7253: 7244: 7243: 6719:Tejeros Revolutionary Government 6235:Filipino Religious Consciousness 5696:Postma, Antoon (June 27, 2008). 5147:Saenger, Peter (June 29, 2013). 5070:Looking Back: Pre-Spanish Manila 4678:. De La Salle University Press. 3120:produced by the native peoples, 3072:noted of the great abundance of 2798:, whom they referred to both as 2538:Like the majority of peoples of 2522:on the ruins of Islamic Manila. 2426:Pigaffetta noted that Ache was " 2356: 2121: 1462: 1417: 122: 64: 23: 16:Major historical polity in Luzon 7532:Deities of Philippine mythology 7323:Tabon Caves Garuda Gold Pendant 6796:Commonwealth of the Philippines 6479: 6452: 6443: 6341: 6278: 6171: 6125: 6011: 5977: 5922: 5879: 5840: 5822: 5810: 5122: 5067:Ambeth Ocampo (June 25, 2008), 5011: 4844: 2710:, which produced a yellow dye. 2588:as more traders than warriors. 2526:Austronesian origins of Maynila 2288:During the early 16th century, 1846:Maynila as the Kingdom of Luzon 1502:("country" or "city-state") of 42:or discuss these issues on the 8284:British Indian Ocean Territory 7865:Ramon Bagatsing (Manila mayor) 7820:Indian surnames in Philippines 7815:List of Filipino-Indian people 7333:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 7211:British Indian Ocean Territory 6465:. University of Hawaii Press. 5538:Dewar, RE; Wright, HT (1993). 5455:The Journal of Pacific History 4676:Slavery in Spanish Philippines 4491: 4148: 4110:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties 3612:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 3063: 2057:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 1970:Timeline of Philippine history 1518:which was appropriate for the 1246:2000 campaign against the MILF 751:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 605:Maitum anthropomorphic pottery 1: 6591:before 971–after 1339: 6407:. Accessed September 8, 2008. 5989:"Ako'y Si Ragam (I am Ragam)" 5488:Van Tilburg, Jo Anne (1994). 5027:World Marine Species Database 4828:A History of the Inarticulate 4750:Scott, William Henry (1984). 4674:Scott, William Henry (1991). 4161: 4052: 3911: 3829: 3823: 3785: 3594:Primary sources and artifacts 2216: 2185:In the mid 14th century, the 2085: 2076: 2072: 1987: 910:Battles of La Naval de Manila 397: 382: 367: 321:• c. 1521 – August 1572 234: 6755:Federal State of the Visayas 6621:c. 13th century–1569: 6615:c. 13th century–1457: 6053:Asia in the Making of Europe 5517:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005 5202:Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2013). 5047:Merrill, Elmer Drew (1903). 4141: 3730:Historical rulers of Maynila 3268:Commoners, serfs, and slaves 3084:as well as great numbers of 2683: 2203:) were parts of the empire. 1801:to achieve the present form 1658: 761:Limestone tombs of Kamhantik 277:Hinduised Tagalog polytheism 7: 8405:1500 establishments in Asia 7915:José W. Diokno (politician) 7742:behind the president's seat 7564:India–Philippines relations 7522:Hinduism in the Philippines 7499:Buddhism in the Philippines 7371:Maynila (historical entity) 6731:Central Executive Committee 6687:Confederate States of Lanao 6552:Historical and present-day 6433:Rodriguez, Felice Noelle M. 5750:. Manila: Villanueva Books. 5547:Journal of World Prehistory 5312:Pigafetta, Antonio (1524). 4998:Philippine Medicinal Plants 4120:Hinduism in the Philippines 4100:Battle of Bangkusay Channel 4082: 2852:Hinduism in the Philippines 2841:Foreign cultural influences 2786:Tagalog religious cosmology 2721: 2382:the claims made and adding 1898:Battle of Bangkusay Channel 1813:" (eventually adopted into 1721:name for the indigo plant, 1251:2nd People Power Revolution 1241:1997 Asian financial crisis 975:Declaration of Independence 378:• Conversion to Islam 148:the claims made and adding 10: 8431: 7905:Sharmaine Arnaiz (actress) 7895:Melanie Marquez (director) 7569:Tourism in the Philippines 7537:Philippine folk literature 7506:Hinduism in Southeast Asia 7494:Buddhism in Southeast Asia 6802:Second Philippine Republic 6311:Robertson, James Alexander 6266:. GCF Books, Quezon City. 5857:Harvard-Yenching Institute 5819:By Wang Zhenping Page 256. 5776:Muslims in the Philippines 5774:Majul, César Adib (1973). 5746:Henson, Mariano A (1955). 5505:Journal of Human Evolution 5095:Ocampo, Ambeth R. (1990). 4826:Dery, Luis Camara (2001). 4399:. GCF Books, Quezon City. 4130:Cainta (historical polity) 4063:Muslims in the Philippines 4023:Muslims in the Philippines 3687:History of the Philippines 3058:more traders than warriors 2931: 2849: 2725: 2694:Clothing and accoutrements 2656: 2591:In his seminal 1994 work " 2466:, including Maynila while 2428:much feared in these parts 2281: 2178: 2017: 1978: 1963: 1959: 1915:, which is a large wooden 1862:, possibly from the name " 1763:Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea 1662: 1631: 980:American capture of Manila 309:• c. 1500s – c. 1521 8312: 8271: 8231: 7973: 7875:Cassandra Ponti (actress) 7870:Raymond Bagatsing (actor) 7801: 7781:Pangalay or Daling Daling 7721: 7714: 7681:Philippine Carabao Center 7660: 7653: 7605: 7559: 7552: 7478: 7442: 7435: 7305: 7239: 7198: 7158: 6900: 6850: 6836: 6761:First Philippine Republic 6579:c. 1000 BC–200 AD: 6564: 6459:A. Newson, Linda (2009). 5900:10.1017/S0026749X00003589 5467:10.1080/00223340120049442 5208:. Lulu.com. p. 444. 4135:Tondo (historical polity) 3997: 3988: 3837:Rodrigo de Aganduru Moriz 3790:(died earlier than 1521) 3766: 3757: 3725:Notable rulers of Maynila 2653:Leadership and governance 2486:(not to be confused with 2310:Portuguese pronunciation: 2020:Proto-Philippine language 1770:Blanco) found in or near 860:Spanish capture of Manila 463: 453: 449: 439: 426: 416: 406: 391: 376: 361: 357: 347: 343: 331: 319: 307: 303: 293: 283: 268: 254: 244: 233: 202: 8033:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 7740:ancient Hindu saint Manu 7420:Tondo (Historical State) 7405:Sultanate of Maguindanao 6960:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 6725:Republic of Biak-na-Bato 6713:Sovereign Tagalog Nation 6653:Sultanate of Maguindanao 6609:before 1225–1576: 6258:Demetrio, Francisco R.; 5671:"Pailah is Pila, Laguna" 5101:. Anvil Publishing Inc. 4391:Demetrio, Francisco R.; 2979: 2915:in northern Tundun (now 2100:Nanhai Zhi annals (1304) 1986:Austronesian expansion ( 1704:from which this natural 1700:, and, by extension, to 1526:, where the district of 1320:Administrative divisions 1035:American colonial period 955:Republic of Biak-na-Bato 791:Butuan Silver Paleograph 776:Batanes Ijang fortresses 719:Sultanate of Maguindanao 590:Cordillera Rice Terraces 8294:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 7890:Gardo Versoza (actress) 7880:Chanda Romero (actress) 7665:Maritime Southeast Asia 7427:Battle of Manila (1762) 7313:Maritime Southeast Asia 7221:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6597:before 989–1521: 6585:before 900–1589: 6439:. Makati: Ayala Museum. 6260:Cordero-Fernando, Gilda 6109:2027/mdp.39015051647942 4616:10.1023/A:1022611908759 4393:Cordero-Fernando, Gilda 3070:Miguel López de Legazpi 3033:, they have cargoes of 2554:Government and politics 2540:Maritime Southeast Asia 1665:Manila § Etymology 1618:Miguel López de Legazpi 1215:People Power Revolution 995:Philippine–American War 829:Spanish colonial period 8355:1571 disestablishments 7885:Dawn Zulueta (actress) 6844: 6437:The Diorama Experience 6049:Lach, Donald Frederick 5987:(September 20, 1999). 5098:Looking Back, Volume 1 3937:Term used by original 3512:Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram 3187: 2907:in the south (now the 2832:, instead of the word 2783: 2535: 2450:Spanish advent (1570s) 1975:Prehistoric migrations 1933: 1842: 1708:can be extracted. The 1508:Philippine archipelago 1470:This article contains 1424:Philippines portal 1400:Science and technology 1017:UST Baybayin Documents 965:Treaty of Paris (1898) 543:Austronesian expansion 528:Early hominin activity 504: 208: 8365:Precolonial barangays 7910:Zia Marquez (actress) 6842: 6767:Republic of Zamboanga 6364:. Tuttle Publishing. 6362:A Question of Origins 6231:Maggay, Melba Padilla 5132:Your Country and Mine 4534:"Pre-colonial Manila" 4074:scholarly peer review 4034:scholarly peer review 3975:scholarly peer review 3922:scholarly peer review 3888:scholarly peer review 3851:scholarly peer review 3642:Cultural achievements 3522:Sultan Muwallil Wasit 3437:Azim ud-Din I of Sulu 3186: 3104:and colored clothes, 3045:, and their precious 2774: 2533: 2195:Canto 14, written by 2134:synthesis of material 1956:, meaning "nation"). 1921: 1835: 1774:swamps, and known as 1702:several plant species 1345:Cultural achievements 1169:Filipino First policy 1159:Mutual Defense Treaty 1113:Philippine resistance 945:Philippine Revolution 905:Spanish–Moro conflict 895:Revolts and uprisings 781:Golden Tara of Agusan 503: 255:Common languages 8208:United Arab Emirates 7527:Philippine mythology 7361:Kedatuan of Madja-as 7135:United Arab Emirates 6823:1986–present: 6663:unknown–1571: 6657:unknown–1593: 6647:Rajahnate of Maynila 6645:c. 1500–1571: 6633:c. 1400–1565: 6627:c. 1350–1905: 5985:del Mundo, Clodualdo 5888:Modern Asian Studies 5650:on November 28, 2012 4343:Scott, William Henry 4065:", published by the 4025:", published by the 3206:Maginoo, Ginu, Tumao 2578:wet rice agriculture 1981:Prehistory of Manila 1750:Eichhornia crassipes 1684:is derived from the 1405:World Heritage Sites 1271:Territorial disputes 1174:North Borneo dispute 1164:Hukbalahap Rebellion 1128:Philippines campaign 1123:Battle of Leyte Gulf 1103:Battle of Corregidor 1078:Tydings–McDuffie Act 970:Battle of Manila Bay 960:Spanish–American War 568:Precolonial barangay 75:factual accuracy is 8235:limited recognition 7410:Sultanate of Buayan 7344:in Philippines and 7162:limited recognition 6676:Spanish East Indies 6659:Kedatuan of Dapitan 6629:Sultanate of Buayan 6599:Rajahnate of Butuan 5999:on October 18, 2009 5605:Oceanic Linguistics 5591:Pacific Linguistics 3995:Primary source(/s) 3442:Batarah Shah Tengah 2919:). Islamization of 2689:Culture and society 2597:William Henry Scott 2330:Fernão Mendes Pinto 2237:Sultanate of Brunei 2235:(1485–1521) of the 2079:early 16th century) 2075:mid-13th century – 1610:"Battle of Maynila" 1547:Kingdom of Maynila" 1537:Maynila was led by 1266:Philippine drug war 1228:Contemporary period 1195:Communist rebellion 1093:Japanese occupation 1058:Military Government 1012:Doctrina Christiana 920:Propaganda Movement 875:Spanish East Indies 865:Battle of Bangkusay 811:Magellan expedition 729:Sultanates of Lanao 724:Sultanate of Buayan 8380:Historical regions 7738:has the statue of 7591:Filipinos in India 7376:Kingdom of Namayan 7342:Indianized kingdom 6845: 6808:1945–present 6749:Republic of Negros 6570: 6421:Ileto, Reynaldo C. 6100:10.22459/A.09.2006 5702:Philippine Studies 5559:10.1007/BF00997802 5364:The River Dwellers 5338:Asian Perspectives 4501:. August 30, 2011. 3764:Primary source(s) 3432:Agustin de Legazpi 3303:Political entities 3188: 2766:Portuguese Malacca 2758:apex-level leaders 2536: 2367:possibly contains 2338:Ferdinand Magellan 2144:to the main topic. 2138:verifiably mention 2132:possibly contains 2014:Tagalog migrations 1966:Timeline of Manila 1843: 1740:is found"). Here, 1696:) which refers to 1578:Bruneian Sultanate 1491:Philippine history 1068:Insular Government 1053:Zamboanga Republic 950:Tejeros Convention 940:Cry of Pugad Lawin 925:1872 Cavite mutiny 633:Precolonial period 573:Maritime Silk Road 548:Angono Petroglyphs 520:Prehistoric period 505: 401: before 1521 133:possibly contains 8415:Former monarchies 8390:History of Manila 8340: 8339: 8277:other territories 7933: 7932: 7797: 7796: 7710: 7709: 7601: 7600: 7474: 7473: 7415:Sultanate of Sulu 7381:Rajahnate of Cebu 7366:Kingdom of Butuan 7267: 7266: 7204:other territories 6860: 6859: 6833: 6832: 6817:1981–1986: 6811:1946–1981: 6800:1943–1945: 6794:1935–1946: 6788:1902–1935: 6782:1902–1906: 6776:1898–1902: 6765:1899–1903: 6759:1899–1901: 6753:1898–1899: 6747:1898–1901: 6741:1898–1899: 6735:1898–1898: 6729:1898–1898: 6723:1897–1897: 6717:1897–1897: 6711:1896–1897: 6696:1762–1764: 6685:1616–1904: 6674:1565–1898: 6651:1515–1899: 6641:Sultanate of Sulu 6639:1457–1915: 6635:Rajahnate of Cebu 6603:1175–1571: 6429:Peralta, Jesus T. 6425:Ocampo, Ambeth R. 6405:History of Manila 6371:978-1-4629-0742-7 6307:Blair, Emma Helen 6244:978-971-8743-07-2 6164:978-971-569-313-4 6062:978-0-226-46732-0 5993:Diwang Kayumanggi 5939:978-99917-2-372-3 4897:Huerta, Felix, de 4837:978-971-10-1069-0 4356:978-971-550-135-4 4105:History of Manila 4080: 4079: 3931: 3930: 3845:Antonio Pigafetta 3817: 3722: 3721: 3607:Butuan Ivory Seal 3457:Dayang Kalangitan 3279:Alipin sa gigilid 3132:, fowls, wax and 2735:Mahayana Buddhism 2643:alipin sa gigilid 2637:aliping namamahay 2412: 2411: 2404: 2369:original research 2342:Antonio Pigafetta 2314:[luˈsõjʃ] 2177: 2176: 2169: 2050:Visayan languages 1650:Fray Felix Huerta 1592:(the more senior 1524:Pasig River delta 1478:rendering support 1458: 1457: 1305:Ancient religions 1286:COVID-19 pandemic 1141:Post-independence 880:Captaincy General 756:Butuan Ivory Seal 734:Sultanate of Sulu 615:Prehistoric beads 473: 472: 333:• 1571–1575 196: 195: 188: 178: 177: 170: 135:original research 116: 115: 108: 57: 8422: 8395:History of Luzon 8330: 8320: 8319: 8289:Christmas Island 7975:Sovereign states 7967:History of Asia 7960: 7953: 7946: 7937: 7936: 7719: 7718: 7702:Indian Companies 7658: 7657: 7581:Tourism in India 7557: 7556: 7440: 7439: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7271: 7270: 7257: 7247: 7246: 7216:Christmas Island 6902:Sovereign states 6887: 6880: 6873: 6864: 6863: 6784:Tagalog Republic 6576:Pre-16th century 6567: 6566: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6523: 6522: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6489:. Archived from 6483: 6477: 6476: 6456: 6450: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6417: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6389: 6385: 6383: 6375: 6357: 6351: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6332: 6328: 6326: 6318: 6303: 6297: 6294: 6285: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6227: 6214: 6213: 6195: 6180: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6147: 6141: 6138: 6132: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6102: 6073: 6067: 6066: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5995:. Archived from 5981: 5975: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5957: 5944: 5943: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5836:(in Indonesian). 5826: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5795: 5780: 5779: 5771: 5752: 5751: 5743: 5710: 5709: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5673:. Archived from 5666: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5646:. Archived from 5644:Bayang Pinagpala 5635: 5629: 5628: 5600: 5594: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5570: 5544: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5437: 5433: 5431: 5423: 5405: 5388: 5387: 5381: 5377: 5375: 5367: 5360:Yuson, Alfred A. 5355: 5346: 5345: 5333: 5318: 5317: 5309: 5292: 5291: 5285: 5281: 5279: 5271: 5263: 5220: 5219: 5199: 5190: 5189: 5183: 5174: 5163: 5162: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5077:on June 28, 2008 5064: 5055: 5054: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5015: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4940: 4919: 4918: 4912: 4904: 4893: 4887: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4855:. Random House. 4848: 4842: 4841: 4823: 4766: 4765: 4747: 4724: 4723: 4705: 4690: 4689: 4671: 4660: 4657: 4648: 4645: 4628: 4627: 4599: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4544:on March 9, 2016 4530: 4503: 4502: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4471:Jocano, F. Landa 4467: 4458: 4457: 4436: 4409: 4408: 4388: 4361: 4360: 4339: 4155: 4152: 4054: 3980: 3979: 3945:Legendary rulers 3936: 3913: 3831: 3825: 3811: 3787: 3749: 3748: 3714: 3707: 3700: 3689: 3664:Paramount rulers 3567:Sharif ul-Hāshim 3517:Muhammad Kudarat 3462:Dimasangcay Adel 3209: 3163: 3162: 2665:paramount rulers 2582:tropical savanna 2580:provided by the 2441:Sebastian Elcano 2407: 2400: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2384:inline citations 2360: 2359: 2352: 2316: 2311: 2218: 2172: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2152: 2125: 2124: 2117: 2087: 2078: 2074: 1990:3,500 years ago) 1989: 1852:Kingdom of Luzon 1824: 1796: 1596:and the younger 1590:paramount rulers 1555:Kingdom of Luzon 1539:paramount rulers 1466: 1465: 1450: 1443: 1436: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1154:Treaty of Manila 1098:Battle of Bataan 1043:Tagalog Republic 985:Malolos Congress 930:La Liga Filipina 915:British invasion 885:Tondo Conspiracy 855:Blockade of Cebu 816:Battle of Mactan 740:Events/Artifacts 643:(north to south) 579:Events/Artifacts 563:Sa Huỳnh culture 493: 475: 474: 430:Battle of Manila 402: 399: 387: 384: 372: 369: 239: 236: 223: 219: 211: 209:Bayan ng Maynila 200: 199: 191: 184: 173: 166: 162: 159: 153: 150:inline citations 126: 125: 118: 111: 104: 100: 97: 91: 88:reliably sourced 68: 67: 60: 49: 27: 26: 19: 8430: 8429: 8425: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8420: 8419: 8345: 8344: 8341: 8336: 8308: 8276: 8267: 8248:Northern Cyprus 8234: 8227: 7969: 7964: 7934: 7929: 7810:Indian Filipino 7793: 7706: 7649: 7597: 7548: 7470: 7431: 7301: 7298: 7268: 7263: 7235: 7203: 7194: 7175:Northern Cyprus 7161: 7154: 6896: 6891: 6861: 6856: 6846: 6834: 6829: 6819:Fourth Republic 6773:1900–1945 6702: 6560: 6550: 6512: 6510:Further reading 6507: 6506: 6496: 6494: 6493:on July 7, 2017 6485: 6484: 6480: 6473: 6457: 6453: 6448: 6444: 6418: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6387: 6386: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6358: 6354: 6346: 6342: 6330: 6329: 6320: 6319: 6313:, eds. (1903). 6304: 6300: 6295: 6288: 6283: 6279: 6256: 6252: 6245: 6228: 6217: 6210: 6196: 6183: 6176: 6172: 6165: 6148: 6144: 6139: 6135: 6130: 6126: 6119: 6074: 6070: 6063: 6046: 6042: 6028: 6024: 6016: 6012: 6002: 6000: 5982: 5978: 5969: 5967: 5958: 5947: 5940: 5927: 5923: 5884: 5880: 5865:10.2307/2717905 5845: 5841: 5834:Jejak Nusantara 5828: 5827: 5823: 5815: 5811: 5796: 5783: 5772: 5755: 5744: 5713: 5694: 5690: 5680: 5678: 5677:on July 7, 2012 5667: 5663: 5653: 5651: 5636: 5632: 5617:10.2307/3623084 5601: 5597: 5588: 5584: 5542: 5536: 5532: 5501: 5497: 5486: 5482: 5451: 5447: 5435: 5434: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5406: 5391: 5379: 5378: 5369: 5368: 5356: 5349: 5334: 5321: 5310: 5295: 5283: 5282: 5273: 5272: 5264: 5223: 5216: 5200: 5193: 5181: 5175: 5166: 5159: 5145:An example is: 5144: 5140: 5127: 5123: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5093: 5089: 5080: 5078: 5065: 5058: 5045: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5017: 5016: 5012: 5002: 5000: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4968: 4964: 4941: 4922: 4906: 4905: 4894: 4890: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4824: 4769: 4762: 4748: 4727: 4720: 4706: 4693: 4686: 4672: 4663: 4658: 4651: 4646: 4631: 4600: 4557: 4547: 4545: 4532: 4531: 4506: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4468: 4461: 4454: 4440:Osborne, Milton 4437: 4412: 4389: 4364: 4357: 4340: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4085: 4071: 4070: 4067:UP Asian Center 4031: 4030: 4027:UP Asian Center 3947: 3926: 3925: 3892: 3891: 3868: 3855: 3854: 3827: 3810: 3798: 3797: 3789: 3732: 3727: 3718: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3637: 3629: 3628: 3595: 3587: 3586: 3427: 3419: 3418: 3305: 3295: 3294: 3203: 3198: 3142: 3140:Crop production 3066: 2999: 2982: 2946:textile weaving 2934: 2894: 2866: 2848: 2843: 2788: 2754: 2730: 2724: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2661: 2655: 2561: 2559:Class structure 2556: 2528: 2490:in present-day 2452: 2436: 2408: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2373: 2361: 2357: 2350: 2309: 2286: 2280: 2245:satellite state 2243:(Maynila) as a 2221: 2205:Nagarakretagama 2192:Nagarakretagama 2183: 2181:Nagarakretagama 2173: 2162: 2156: 2153: 2146: 2136:which does not 2126: 2122: 2115: 2102: 2090: 2081: 2044:or the Eastern 2026: 2016: 2008:William Meacham 2004:Wilhelm Solheim 1992: 1983: 1977: 1972: 1962: 1941: 1848: 1672:comes from the 1667: 1661: 1634: 1606:Martin de Goiti 1516:wooden palisade 1487: 1486: 1485: 1476:Without proper 1467: 1463: 1454: 1418: 1416: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1350:Diet and health 1299: 1291: 1290: 1276:Siege of Marawi 1231: 1220: 1219: 1210:Fourth Republic 1190: 1179: 1178: 1144: 1133: 1132: 1108:Second Republic 1048:Negros Republic 1038: 1027: 1026: 832: 821: 820: 766:Kabayan Mummies 636: 625: 624: 533:Homo luzonensis 523: 492:the Philippines 491: 484: 442: 432: 419: 409: 400: 394: 385: 379: 370: 364: 334: 322: 310: 279: 237: 229: 222:ᜊᜌᜈ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜋᜌ᜔ᜈᜒᜎ 221: 220: 213: 205: 192: 181: 180: 179: 174: 163: 157: 154: 139: 127: 123: 112: 101: 95: 92: 81: 73:This article's 69: 65: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8428: 8418: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8334: 8324: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8280: 8278: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8239: 8237: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7979: 7977: 7971: 7970: 7963: 7962: 7955: 7948: 7940: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7844: 7839: 7838: 7837: 7832: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7805: 7803: 7799: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7791: 7786: 7785: 7784: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7733: 7722: 7716: 7712: 7711: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7688: 7687: 7670:Murrah buffalo 7667: 7661: 7655: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7611: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7588: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7566: 7560: 7554: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7503: 7502: 7501: 7491: 7484: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7468: 7467: 7466: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7443: 7437: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7429: 7424: 7423: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7400:Rajah Sulayman 7397: 7392: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7315: 7309: 7307: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7296: 7289: 7282: 7274: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7261: 7251: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7207: 7205: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7166: 7164: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6906: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6894:Islam in Asia 6890: 6889: 6882: 6875: 6867: 6858: 6857: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6825:Fifth Republic 6821: 6815: 6813:Third Republic 6809: 6805: 6804: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6774: 6770: 6769: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6698:British Manila 6694: 6690: 6689: 6683: 6679: 6678: 6672: 6668: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6643: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6613: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6583: 6577: 6573: 6571: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6549: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6526: 6520: 6519: 6516: 6511: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6478: 6471: 6451: 6442: 6409: 6397: 6370: 6352: 6340: 6298: 6286: 6277: 6250: 6243: 6215: 6208: 6181: 6170: 6163: 6142: 6133: 6124: 6117: 6068: 6061: 6040: 6022: 6010: 5976: 5945: 5938: 5921: 5878: 5839: 5821: 5809: 5781: 5753: 5711: 5688: 5661: 5630: 5595: 5582: 5553:(4): 417–466. 5530: 5511:(1–2): 25–63. 5495: 5480: 5445: 5418: 5389: 5347: 5319: 5293: 5221: 5214: 5191: 5164: 5157: 5138: 5121: 5107: 5087: 5056: 5039: 5010: 4985: 4962: 4920: 4888: 4868: 4861: 4843: 4836: 4767: 4761:978-9711002268 4760: 4725: 4718: 4691: 4684: 4661: 4649: 4629: 4610:(4): 291–320. 4555: 4504: 4490: 4483: 4459: 4452: 4410: 4362: 4355: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4095:Rajah Sulayman 4092: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4059: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4004: 4000: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3971: 3970: 3967: 3960: 3952:oral histories 3946: 3943: 3939:Hispanocentric 3929: 3928: 3918: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3862: 3858: 3857: 3847: 3841:Gines de Mafra 3833: 3821: 3818: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3783: 3780: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3743: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3716: 3709: 3702: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3681: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3660: 3659: 3649: 3647:Historiography 3644: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3619: 3617:Monreal Stones 3614: 3609: 3604: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3577:Tarik Sulayman 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3547:Rajah Sulayman 3544: 3542:Rajah Salalila 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3467:Dayang Sasaban 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3199: 3196:Social classes 3194: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3179: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3141: 3138: 3065: 3062: 2998: 2995: 2981: 2978: 2933: 2930: 2901:Rajah Salalila 2893: 2890: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2787: 2784: 2753: 2750: 2726:Main article: 2723: 2720: 2715:Rajah Sulayman 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2657:Main article: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2627: 2612: 2586:Martin de Rada 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2527: 2524: 2460:Rajah Sulayman 2451: 2448: 2435: 2432: 2410: 2409: 2364: 2362: 2355: 2349: 2346: 2282:Main article: 2279: 2276: 2233:Sultan Bolkiah 2220: 2213: 2179:Main article: 2175: 2174: 2157:September 2017 2129: 2127: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2101: 2098: 2089: 2082: 2080: 2069: 2024:Tagalog people 2015: 2012: 1996:Peter Bellwood 1991: 1984: 1976: 1973: 1961: 1958: 1940: 1934: 1847: 1844: 1825:. Despite the 1746:water hyacinth 1663:Main article: 1660: 1657: 1633: 1630: 1626:city of Manila 1598:Rajah Sulayman 1582:thassalocratic 1480:, you may see 1468: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1453: 1452: 1445: 1438: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1370:Historiography 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1335:Communications 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1315:Queen consorts 1312: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1261:Oakwood mutiny 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1236:Fifth Republic 1232: 1230:(1986–present) 1226: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1191: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1149:Third Republic 1145: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1063:Moro Rebellion 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 998: 997: 992: 990:First Republic 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 890:Manila galleon 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 850:Treaty of Cebu 847: 842: 833: 827: 826: 823: 822: 819: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 786:Monreal Stones 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 737: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 637: 631: 630: 627: 626: 623: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 576: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 524: 518: 517: 514: 513: 507: 506: 496: 495: 486: 485: 478: 471: 470: 465: 461: 460: 455: 451: 450: 447: 446: 443: 440: 437: 436: 433: 427: 424: 423: 420: 417: 414: 413: 410: 407: 404: 403: 395: 392: 389: 388: 380: 377: 374: 373: 365: 362: 359: 358: 355: 354: 349: 348:Historical era 345: 344: 341: 340: 335: 332: 329: 328: 323: 320: 317: 316: 311: 308: 305: 304: 301: 300: 297: 291: 290: 285: 281: 280: 270: 266: 265: 256: 252: 251: 246: 242: 241: 231: 230: 206: 203: 194: 193: 176: 175: 130: 128: 121: 114: 113: 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8427: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8343: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8323: 8315: 8314: 8311: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8274: 8270: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8258:South Ossetia 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8230: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7961: 7956: 7954: 7949: 7947: 7942: 7941: 7938: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7836: 7835:Indian people 7833: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7807: 7804: 7800: 7790: 7787: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7741: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7720: 7717: 7713: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7659: 7656: 7652: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7608: 7604: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7583: 7582: 7579: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7558: 7555: 7551: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7492: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7457: 7453: 7452:Greater India 7450: 7449: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7434: 7428: 7425: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7395:Rajah Matanda 7393: 7390: 7386: 7385:Rajah Humabon 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7304: 7295: 7290: 7288: 7283: 7281: 7276: 7275: 7272: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7250: 7242: 7241: 7238: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7185:South Ossetia 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7157: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6888: 6883: 6881: 6876: 6874: 6869: 6868: 6865: 6855: 6849: 6841: 6826: 6822: 6820: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6803: 6799: 6797: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6785: 6781: 6779: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6768: 6764: 6762: 6758: 6756: 6752: 6750: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6738: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6714: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6699: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6688: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6677: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6666: 6662: 6660: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6618: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6600: 6596: 6594: 6590: 6588: 6584: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6547: 6542: 6540: 6535: 6533: 6528: 6527: 6524: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6492: 6488: 6482: 6474: 6472:9780824832728 6468: 6464: 6463: 6455: 6446: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6416: 6414: 6406: 6401: 6393: 6381: 6373: 6367: 6363: 6356: 6349: 6344: 6336: 6324: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6293: 6291: 6281: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6254: 6246: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6211: 6209:9789719429203 6205: 6201: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6179: 6174: 6166: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6151:Joaqiun, Nick 6146: 6137: 6128: 6120: 6118:9780731521326 6114: 6110: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6085:Darrell Tryon 6082: 6078: 6077:Reid, Anthony 6072: 6064: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6036: 6032: 6026: 6019: 6014: 6003:September 30, 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5965: 5964: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5941: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5843: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5818: 5813: 5805: 5801: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5777: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5749: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5692: 5676: 5672: 5665: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5611:(2): 73–129. 5610: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5568:2027.42/45256 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5541: 5534: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5499: 5491: 5484: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5449: 5441: 5429: 5421: 5419:9789719429203 5415: 5411: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5385: 5373: 5365: 5361: 5354: 5352: 5344:(2): 167–209. 5343: 5339: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5315: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5289: 5277: 5269: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5217: 5215:9781291457261 5211: 5207: 5206: 5198: 5196: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5160: 5158:9789401599627 5154: 5150: 5142: 5134: 5133: 5125: 5110: 5108:9789712700583 5104: 5100: 5099: 5091: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5063: 5061: 5052: 5051: 5043: 5028: 5024: 5022: 5014: 4999: 4995: 4989: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4966: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4916: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4864: 4862:9781452619194 4858: 4854: 4847: 4839: 4833: 4829: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4763: 4757: 4753: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4721: 4719:9789710546527 4715: 4711: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4687: 4685:9789711181024 4681: 4677: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4500: 4494: 4486: 4484:971-622-005-7 4480: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4464: 4455: 4453:1-74114-448-5 4449: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4358: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4167: 4151: 4147: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4075: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3994: 3991: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3942: 3940: 3935: 3923: 3919: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3852: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3795: 3792: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3763: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3736: 3735: 3715: 3710: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3682: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3557:Regimo Diraja 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3537:Rajah Matanda 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3527:Rajah Humabon 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3507:Magat Salamat 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3477:Gugu Sarikula 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3452:Datu Sikatuna 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3372:Bo-ol/Dapitan 3370: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3299: 3298: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3207: 3202:Ruling class 3201: 3200: 3197: 3192: 3191: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3154: 3152: 3146: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2987:Laguna de Bay 2977: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2929: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2905:Rajah Matanda 2902: 2897: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2870:Hindu empires 2865: 2864:Indianisation 2861: 2857: 2853: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2782: 2780: 2773: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2737:, and Islam. 2736: 2729: 2719: 2716: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2671: 2666: 2660: 2645: 2644: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2619: 2618: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2551: 2547: 2545: 2544:Austronesians 2541: 2532: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2456:Rajah Matanda 2447: 2444: 2442: 2431: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2406: 2403: 2395: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2365:This section 2363: 2354: 2353: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2285: 2275: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2182: 2171: 2168: 2160: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2130:This section 2128: 2119: 2118: 2110: 2108: 2097: 2094: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2021: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1982: 1971: 1967: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1939: 1936:Maynila as a 1932: 1930: 1928: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1893: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1882:Rajah Matanda 1879: 1873: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1840: 1834: 1830: 1828: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1807:Ambeth Ocampo 1804: 1800: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1758:South America 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1594:Rajah Matanda 1591: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1439: 1437: 1432: 1431: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1415: 1414: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1295: 1294: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1223: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1200:Moro conflict 1198: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1182: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1030: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1002: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 837: 836: 830: 825: 824: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 743: 742: 741: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 646: 645: 644: 640: 634: 629: 628: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 610:Manunggul Jar 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 582: 581: 580: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 525: 521: 516: 515: 512: 509: 508: 502: 498: 497: 494: 488: 487: 482: 477: 476: 469: 466: 464:Today part of 462: 459: 456: 452: 448: 444: 438: 434: 431: 425: 421: 415: 411: 405: 396: 390: 381: 375: 366: 360: 356: 353: 350: 346: 342: 339: 336: 330: 327: 324: 318: 315: 312: 306: 302: 298: 296: 292: 289: 286: 282: 278: 274: 271: 267: 264: 260: 257: 253: 250: 247: 243: 232: 227: 217: 210: 201: 198: 190: 187: 172: 169: 161: 151: 147: 143: 137: 136: 131:This article 129: 120: 119: 110: 107: 99: 89: 85: 79: 78: 71: 62: 61: 56: 54: 47: 46: 41: 40: 35: 30: 21: 20: 8342: 8273:Dependencies 8203:Turkmenistan 8168:Saudi Arabia 7200:Dependencies 7130:Turkmenistan 7095:Saudi Arabia 6708:19th century 6693:18th century 6682:17th century 6671:16th century 6646: 6581:Jade culture 6495:. Retrieved 6491:the original 6487:"Pasig City" 6481: 6461: 6454: 6445: 6436: 6400: 6361: 6355: 6343: 6314: 6301: 6280: 6263: 6253: 6234: 6199: 6173: 6154: 6145: 6136: 6127: 6089: 6071: 6052: 6043: 6034: 6025: 6013: 6001:. Retrieved 5997:the original 5992: 5979: 5968:, retrieved 5962: 5929: 5924: 5891: 5887: 5881: 5852: 5848: 5842: 5833: 5824: 5812: 5803: 5799: 5775: 5747: 5705: 5701: 5691: 5681:November 18, 5679:. Retrieved 5675:the original 5664: 5654:November 18, 5652:. Retrieved 5648:the original 5643: 5633: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5590: 5585: 5550: 5546: 5533: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5489: 5483: 5461:(1): 51–76. 5458: 5454: 5448: 5409: 5363: 5341: 5337: 5313: 5267: 5204: 5185: 5148: 5141: 5131: 5124: 5112:. Retrieved 5097: 5090: 5079:, retrieved 5075:the original 5069: 5049: 5042: 5030:. Retrieved 5026: 5021:Ixora manila 5020: 5013: 5001:. Retrieved 4997: 4988: 4979: 4975: 4965: 4951:(1): 52–54. 4948: 4944: 4900: 4891: 4876: 4871: 4852: 4846: 4827: 4751: 4709: 4675: 4607: 4603: 4546:. Retrieved 4542:the original 4537: 4493: 4474: 4443: 4396: 4346: 4150: 4062: 4044: 4022: 4015:before 1258 4006: 3989:Description 3972: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3934: 3932: 3901: 3870: 3864: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3808:Name Unknown 3807: 3775: 3758:Description 3739: 3733: 3621: 3599: 3532:Rajah Lontok 3487:Kamal ud-Din 3334: 3251:Middle class 3157: 3155: 3151:sweet potato 3147: 3143: 3067: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3017:conquest of 3004: 3000: 2990: 2983: 2974: 2965: 2939: 2935: 2898: 2895: 2867: 2833: 2829: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2815: 2810: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2777: 2775: 2770: 2755: 2745: 2741: 2739: 2731: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2697: 2678: 2674: 2662: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2629: 2622: 2621: 2616: 2615: 2607: 2606: 2592: 2590: 2562: 2548: 2537: 2511: 2500:rammed earth 2495: 2453: 2445: 2437: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2398: 2389: 2366: 2327: 2322: 2304:) using the 2301: 2293: 2287: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2240: 2222: 2204: 2190: 2184: 2163: 2154: 2131: 2103: 2095: 2091: 2054: 2038:Robert Blust 2032:such as Dr. 2027: 2000:Robert Blust 1993: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1937: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1912: 1904: 1902: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1877: 1874: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1851: 1849: 1838: 1826: 1818: 1810: 1805:. 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