1718:
5745:
1575:
1452:
31:
1658:), Dhows similarly use sewn-plank techniques, but differ from Austronesian sewn-plank techniques in which the stitches are only visible from the inner surfaces and are discontinuous. They also did not originally use lashed-lug techniques, though later ships like the Belitung shipwreck adopted it from contact with Austronesian shipbuilders. Some of the timber used on the major components of the Phanom-Surin ship is also sourced from Southeast Asian trees, despite its West Asian construction. Similarly, some of the later Austronesian ships display elements of West Asian shipbuilding techniques (like cross-armed
1311:
9233:
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8191:
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1937:, from where it acquired its name, and thus should not be viewed as a mere extension of it. Traders traveling through the Maritime Silk Road could span the entire distance of the maritime routes, instead of through regional relays as with the overland route. Ships could carry far larger amounts of goods, creating greater economic impact with each exchange. Goods carried by the ships also differed from goods carried by caravans. Traders on the maritime route faced different perils like weather and
201:
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5697:
2014:
838:
5681:
1169:
919:
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1157:'s ports along the strait, may have been motivated by Srivijaya's attempt to regulate or block Tamil trading guilds. The Chola invasions ended Srivijaya's monopoly on the Strait of Malacca routes for around a century, during which many of the Srivijayan cities were occupied by the Chola. Srivijaya was left greatly weakened and was eventually subjugated by
1290:) and the Ming dynasty. By the mid-15th century, the Sultanate of Malacca had gained effective control of the Strait of Malacca. Further weakening Majapahit's influence greatly, which was already suffering from internal rebellions. Trade from Malacca continued to arrive in Chinese ports in the brief period prior to the fall of Majapahit, the
1706:) are also readily identifiable by being built with iron nails and clamps, in contrast to Austronesian and Western Asian ships which were built entirely with wood joining and fiber lashings. Other distinctive features of Chinese ships which developed from their earlier fluvial (riverine) ship technologies include a flat-bottomed design (the
1714:(instead of two side-mounted quarter rudders), and the division of the hull into water-tight compartments. By around the end of the Maritime Silk Road in the 14th and 15th century, ships that combined features of both Chinese and Austronesian boatbuilding traditions also start to appear, even reaching as far as India.
1998:, launched in 2014, which similarly attempts to reconnect old trade links with surrounding countries in the Indian Ocean. India also portrays itself as playing a central role in the Maritime Silk Road, and also often depicts its trade connections and cultural diffusion as "Indian colonizaton" under the vision of a
1628:
shipbuilding techniques, the ship is also
Austronesian, with timber sourced locally from Southeast Asian trees and evidence of lashed-lug techniques on the inner surface. Some authors have pointed to this as evidence that the Phoenician mortise and tenon shipbuilding techniques originally developed
1863:
in its name), the goods carried by the trading ships varied by which product was in demand by region and port. They included ceramics, glass, beads, gems, ivory, fragrant wood, metals (both raw and finished goods), textiles (including silk), food (including grain, wine, and spices), aromatics, and
1791:
are also valuable archaeological markers of the
Maritime Silk Road due to their relative indestructibility and the fact that they can be precisely dated. They first entered Southeast Asia via the ancient Austronesian maritime networks in the 2nd century BCE but were not initially a major export of
1485:
The archaeological evidence of the
Maritime Silk Road include numerous shipwrecks recovered along the route carrying (or associated with) trade goods sourced from various far-flung ports. The origins of these early ships are readily identifiable by a combination of distinctive features and
1808:(1368-1643 CE), and ceasing entirely in the 15th century. Their distribution throughout the Southeast Asian trade network is uneven, reflecting differences in local demand, buying power, and trade specialization. The largest concentrations of Chinese ceramics are found along the
259:
was a maritime trade network in
Southeast Asia that existed long before the Maritime Silk Road. It lasted for around 3,000 years, partially overlapping with the Maritime Silk Road, from 2000 BCE to 1000 CE. It was initially established by the indigenous peoples of
167:(Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean) had no particular name for the majority of its very long history. Despite the modern name, the Maritime Silk Road involved exchanges in a wide variety of goods over a very wide region, not just silk or Asian exports.
2680:
Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole; Castillo, Cristina Cobo; Hoogervorst, Tom; Allaby, Robin G. (2015). "The archaeobiology of Indian Ocean translocations: Current outlines of cultural exchanges by proto-historic seafarers". In
Tripati, Sila (ed.).
3009:
Tofanelli, S.; Bertoncini, S.; Castri, L.; Luiselli, D.; Calafell, F.; Donati, G.; Paoli, G. (1 September 2009). "On the
Origins and Admixture of Malagasy: New Evidence from High-Resolution Analyses of Paternal and Maternal Lineages".
2763:
1341:
survived until modern times. There was new demand for spices from
Southeast Asia and textiles from India and China, but these were now linked with direct trade routes to the European market, instead of passing through regional ports.
400:, along with trade goods from the Austronesian Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere. Both sites are coastal settlements and part of the jade trade network, indicating that the maritime routes of Austronesians had already reached
1987:
in 2015. It attempts to reconnect the old trade routes between the port cities of
Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean, and assumes erroneously that Chinese sailors played a major role in developing the route.
809:
off the coast of Africa some time in between the 1st century CE to the 6th or 7th centuries CE. It remained a part of the
Maritime Silk Road, along with the nearby African, Arab, and Persian trading ports of
1868:, in particular, was a significant export of east Africa (originating from overland trade routes through the African interior), leading Chirikure (2022) to label the western leg of the trade route as the "
886:
by controlling the trade in luxury aromatics and
Buddhist artifacts from West Asia to a thriving Tang market. It emerged through the conquest and subjugation of neighboring thalassocracies. These included
1130:. Both became tightly linked to their Southeast Asian counterparts, leading historians to characterize the distinct trading circuit in this region as the "Asian Mediterranean", from its similarity to the
834:. Records from Portuguese explorers in the late 15th and early 16th centuries indicate that direct maritime links between Indonesia and Madagascar persisted up until shortly before the colonial period.
1286:
laws shortly after, and banned outgoing trade altogether. Although ultimately, Zheng He's expeditions were successful in their goal of restoring trade relations with Southeast Asia (in this case,
2942:
Herrera, Michael B.; Thomson, Vicki A.; Wadley, Jessica J.; Piper, Philip J.; Sulandari, Sri; Dharmayanthi, Anik Budhi; Kraitsek, Spiridoula; Gongora, Jaime; Austin, Jeremy J. (March 2017).
522:, becoming what is now known as the Maritime Silk Road. Prior to the 10th century, the eastern part of the route was primarily used by Southeast Asian Austronesian traders using distinctive
2735:
Olivera, Baldomero; Hall, Zach; Granberg, Bertrand (31 March 2024). "Reconstructing Philippine history before 1521: the Kalaga Putuan Crescent and the Austronesian maritime trade network".
3140:
Park, Hyunhee (2022). "Open Space and Flexible Borders: Theorizing Maritime Space through Premodern Sino-Islamic Connections". In Billé, Franck; Mehendale, Sanjyot; Lankton, James (eds.).
8038:
2482:
Paths of Origins: The Austronesian Heritage in the Collections of the National Museum of the Philippines, the Museum Nasional Indonesia, and the Netherlands Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde
794:. Books written by Chinese monks like Wan Chen and Hui-Lin contain detailed accounts of the large trading vessels from Southeast Asia dating back to at least the 3rd century CE.
7739:
2762:
Glover, Ian C.; Bellina, Bérénice (2011). "Ban Don Ta Phet and Khao Sam Kaeo: The Earliest Indian Contacts Re-assessed". In Manguin, Pierre-Yves; Mani, A.; Wade, Geoff (eds.).
2607:
Lankton, James W. (2022). "From Regional to Global: Early Glass and the Development of the Maritime Silk Road". In Billé, Franck; Mehendale, Sanjyot; Lankton, James (eds.).
1875:
It was also not small-scale trade or high value-low volume trade as some earlier historians had assumed. The goods carried by recovered shipwrecks show that they engaged in
1193:
relationships. Though unlike the Song, the Yuan lifted the 9-month limit, allowing Chinese trade to venture as far as South Asia. The Yuan also attempted naval invasions on
268:. Raw jade was sourced from deposits in Taiwan and worked into ornaments in the Philippines (the most notable and most numerous of which are double-headed pendants known as
1239:(which overthrew the Yuan), to reestablish trade routes. The ruler of Palembang was hoping to regain the city's former wealth, independent of the Hindu-Buddhist Majapahit.
2480:
Bellwood, Peter; Hung, H.; Lizuka, Yoshiyuki (2011). "Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction". In Benitez-Johannot, P. (ed.).
1606:
3517:
Kimura, Jun (2022). "Archaeological Evidence of Shipping and Shipbuilding Along The Maritime Silk Road". In Billé, Franck; Mehendale, Sanjyot; Lankton, James (eds.).
1270:, with the goal of forcing the "barbarian kings" of Southeast Asia to resume sending "tribute" (i.e. regular trade routes) to the Ming court. This was typical of the
2337:
Billé, Franck; Mehendale, Sanjyot; Lankton, James (2022). "The Maritime Silk Road: An Introduction". In Billé, Franck; Mehendale, Sanjyot; Lankton, James (eds.).
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3463:
Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1993). "The Vanishing Jong: Insular Southeast Asian Fleets in Trade and War (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries)". In Reid, Anthony (ed.).
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3584:
1550:
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of Majapahit, angry at the actions of the vassal state, sent a punitive naval attack on Palembang in 1377, causing a diaspora of princes and nobles to the
1187:
in the 13th century. Chinese shipping during this period was monopolized by the state, via foreign Muslim merchants partnered with the Yuan government in
8448:
8364:
6174:
5198:
1637:
4670:
1506:
3609:
Clark, Paul; Green, Jeremy; Santiago, Rey; Vosmer, Tom (1993). "The Butuan Two boat known as a balangay in the National Museum, Manila, Philippines".
3195:
Clark, Paul; Green, Jeremy; Santiago, Rey; Vosmer, Tom (1993). "The Butuan Two boat known as a balangay in the National Museum, Manila, Philippines".
1417:
in Spain and onward throughout Europe. The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade route was the first permanent trade route across the Pacific. Similarly, the
8242:
2572:
de Saxcé, Ariane (2022). "Networks and Cultural Mapping of South Asian Maritime Trade". In Billé, Franck; Mehendale, Sanjyot; Lankton, James (eds.).
2405:
412:
were also present in Khao Sam Kaeo, indicating the exchange was reciprocal. There is also indirect evidence of very early Austronesian contacts with
6355:
4470:
1134:. However, the Song enacted a 9-month limit on how long trade ships can stay at sea, limiting the range of Chinese trade ships to Southeast Asia.
5432:
1743:
Indian ships are similarly absent in the archaeological context in the eastern routes of the Maritime Silk Road prior to the 10th century CE. The
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5503:
5345:
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5162:
4708:
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4118:
1785:
prior to the 10th century CE. Austronesian vessels dominated the long-distance maritime trade for much of the history of the Maritime Silk Road.
1681:
1329:
in the 15th century, essentially being replaced with European trade routes. Shipbuilding of the formerly dominant Southeast Asian trading ships (
338:
by around 1500 to 600 BCE. These early contacts resulted in the introduction of Austronesian crops and material culture to South Asia, including
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4772:
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4542:
4527:
4365:
4136:
2882:
Bopearachchi, Osmund (2022). "Indian Ocean Trade through Buddhist Iconographies". In Billé, Franck; Mehendale, Sanjyot; Lankton, James (eds.).
2062:
1495:
3109:"Contest For Seascape: Local Thalassocracies and Sino-Indian Trade Expansion in the Maritime Southeast Asia During the Early Premodern Period"
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was sweeping through Europe and Western Asia. All of these factors led to a slump in trade along the Maritime Silk Road in the 14th century.
84:. It began by the 2nd century BCE and flourished until the 15th century CE. The Maritime Silk Road was primarily established and operated by
5519:
5277:
9341:
6238:
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5657:
5152:
5029:
4069:
3769:
Heng, Derek (2022). "Urban Demographics along the Asian Maritime Silk Road". In Billé, Franck; Mehendale, Sanjyot; Lankton, James (eds.).
1971:
The academic research on the ancient Maritime Silk Road has been appropriated and mythologized by modern countries for political reasons.
1949:
In May 2017, experts from various fields have held a meeting in London to discuss the proposal to nominate "Maritime Silk Route" as a new
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Chirikure, Shadreck (2022). "Southern Africa and the Indian Ocean World". In Billé, Franck; Mehendale, Sanjyot; Lankton, James (eds.).
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5585:
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1662:) suggesting that the merchants and crew of the ships had multinational origins, regardless of where the ships were originally built.
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By around the 2nd century BCE, the prehistoric Austronesian jade and spice trade networks in Southeast Asia fully connected with the
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5542:
5272:
5267:
5024:
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4202:
3739:
Miksic, John N. (2022). "Chinese Ceramics on the Maritime Silk Road". In Billé, Franck; Mehendale, Sanjyot; Lankton, James (eds.).
5076:
2653:
9261:
8657:
8151:
5925:
4290:
4031:
2540:
Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).
651:, reconnecting with the main route through the northern Philippines and Taiwan. The secondary routes also continue onward to the
3770:
3740:
3518:
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2883:
2818:
2608:
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288:, and other areas in Southeast Asia where these jade ornaments, along with other trade goods, were exchanged (also known as the
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3531:
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2831:
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2489:
2351:
1278:". Zheng He's expeditions were short-lived, as the drain in imperial funds and the threat of invasion from the north led the
1051:) capable of sailing sea routes. The Song court also loosened restrictions on private trade, despite the traditional Chinese
2789:
Li, Tana (2011). "Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ) in the Han period Tongking Gulf". In Cooke, Nola; Li, Tana; Anderson, James A. (eds.).
8939:
1632:
Only two shipwrecks recovered from Southeast Asia prior to the 10th century CE are not Austronesian and exhibit early Arab
1374:
753:. The Maldives was of particular importance as a major hub for Austronesian sailors venturing through the western routes.
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8986:
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of northern Vietnam is also evidence of the antiquity and density of this prehistoric Southeast Asian maritime network.
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9321:
9301:
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2549:
1605:, displaying variations and combinations of sewn-plank and lashed-lug techniques. Another early partial shipwreck, the
1335:, the source of the English term "junk") declined until it ceased entirely by the 17th century. Although Chinese-built
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Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 3, Agro-Industries and Forestry
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which are still utilized in Sri Lanka and southern India. Semi-precious stone and glass ornaments showing northern
1067:. Before this, Chinese ships were essentially fluvial (riverine) in nature and operation and were not seaworthy.
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8099:
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6512:
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2093:
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1962:
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that passed through glassworkers in Southeast Asian and South Asian ports have been recovered from graves in the
20:
6787:
2847:
Sen, Tansen (3 February 2014). "Maritime Southeast Asia Between South Asia and China to the Sixteenth Century".
1041:
By the 10th to 13th centuries, there was an economic boom in maritime trade, led primarily by the fact that the
19:
This article is about the historic Maritime Silk Road. For the Chinese sea route infrastructure initiative, see
8738:
8145:
8124:
2642:"The origin and diffusion of betel chewing: a synthesis of evidence from South Asia, Southeast Asia and beyond"
2056:
903:, among others. These polities controlled the sea lanes in Southeast Asia and exploited the spice trade of the
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9366:
9082:
9064:
8712:
7744:
5958:
3861:
2307:
Flecker, Michael (August 2015). "Early Voyaging in the South China Sea: Implications on Territorial Claims".
1006:(individually dated from 689 CE to 988 CE), were found in association with large amounts of trade goods from
3677:
Flecker, Michael (October 2001). "The Bakau wreck: an early example of Chinese shipping in Southeast Asia".
1451:
1216:). All of which failed. China itself was later devastated by floods, drought, and famine. Concurrently, the
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to the east. The close links of these religions to trade with South Asia led to the widespread adoption of
3585:"Did You Know? The Butuan Archaeological Sites and the Role of the Philippines in the Maritime Silk Roads"
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Arab and Tamil traders also increased their participation with direct trade to Chinese ports through the
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1950:
1421:
Spanish treasure fleet was the first permanent transatlantic trade route in history. Both bypassed the
1060:
503:
475:. These trade routes (initially only near-coastal, short-range, and small-scale) has existed since the
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195:
149:
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empire at its maximum extent in the 8th to 11th centuries, showing their control of the straits of
627:
by the 10th century CE). Chinese records misidentified these kingdoms as being "Indian" due to the
494:. They became regular trade routes between urban centers in West Asia by the first millennium BCE.
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9138:
9011:
8667:
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8318:
8109:
8016:
7903:
7538:
6889:
2508:
Bellina, Bérénice (2014). "Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road". In Guy, John (ed.).
1665:
China did not start building sea-going ships that ventured into the Maritime Silk Road until the
1198:
1055:
disdain for trade. This was partly due to the loss of access by the Song dynasty to the overland
227:
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7478:
3340:
1941:, but they were not affected by political instability and could simply avoid areas in conflict.
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and after 8th century—the Arabian naval trade network. The network also extend eastward to the
1406:
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1248:
1126:
also became a major Chinese trading port during this period, joining the older trading port of
180:
40:
and historic (Maritime Silk Road) maritime trade network in Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean
3438:
1251:, originally from Palembang and the last ruler of Singapura, fled to the western coast of the
583:
controlled the flow of trade in the eastern regions of the Maritime Silk Road, especially the
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3946:
3866:
3800:"UNESCO Expert Meeting for the World Heritage Nomination Process of the Maritime Silk Routes"
2399:
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1263:
1023:
297:
159:
The term "Maritime Silk Road" is a modern name, acquired from its similarity to the overland
7348:
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3315:
2709:
1601:
Almost all of the ships recovered from Southeast Asia before the 10th century belong to the
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2765:
Early Interactions between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-Cultural Exchange
2271:
Manguin, Pierre-Yves (September 1980). "The Southeast Asian Ship: An Historical Approach".
1927:
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1602:
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1287:
1256:
1244:
1118:) that specifically catered to the Chinese demand for goods like "dragon's brain perfume" (
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883:
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traders also sailed the western parts of the routes. It allowed the exchange of goods from
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261:
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96:
85:
34:
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3267:. Bangkok: UNESCO Bangkok Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education. pp. 20–21.
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Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
1910:. The maritime route overlaps with historic Southeast Asian maritime trade, spice trade,
1876:
815:
69:
3690:
3622:
3341:"Śrīvijaya Revisited: Reflections on State Formation of a Southeast Asian Thalassocracy"
3304:"Ships, Shipwrecks, and Archaeological Recoveries as Sources of Southeast Asian History"
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137:
133:) and followed the routes in the later period, from the 10th to the 15th centuries CE.
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Adelaar, Alexander (June 2012). "Malagasy Phonological History and Bantu Influence".
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The main route of the western regions of the Maritime Silk Road directly crosses the
339:
164:
73:
3713:
3560:
1676:). The earliest known Chinese shipwrecks found along the Maritime Silk Road are the
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The Maritime Silk Road differed significantly in several aspects from the overland
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668:
632:
312:
156:
and beyond, coinciding with these ancient maritime trade roads by the current era.
53:
8815:
8684:
6231:
5702:
2511:
Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century
2370:
Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000). "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan".
2130:"Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships"
1879:. A very large number of goods, often mass-produced, were traded along the route.
8544:
7898:
7858:
7796:
6899:
6834:
6688:
5880:
5824:
5734:
5649:
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5193:
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4400:
4245:
3422:
3371:
3170:
1883:
1766:
1585:
1487:
1478:
1410:
1389:) for the markets in Latin America and Europe. All of which were traded over the
1252:
999:
956:
927:
900:
742:
600:
580:
527:
93:
8596:
2944:"East African origins for Madagascan chickens as indicated by mitochondrial DNA"
2452:
1161:
by around 1275, before finally being absorbed by the successor thalassocracy of
1110:. This led to the establishment of new trading ports in Southeast Asia (like in
784:
to South Asia booked passage with the Austronesian ships (which they called the
8850:
8784:
8539:
8298:
8166:
7971:
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7677:
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7493:
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5509:
5381:
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4395:
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4275:
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4110:
4001:
3976:
3941:
3931:
3916:
3125:
3107:
Sulistiyono, Singgih Tri; Masruroh, Noor Naelil; Rochwulaningsih, Yety (2018).
1995:
1966:
1915:
1895:
1591:
1434:
1386:
1378:
1370:
1315:
1279:
1232:
1070:
The Song started sending trading expeditions to the region they referred to as
923:
904:
888:
842:
811:
786:
652:
592:
531:
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367:
335:
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104:
61:
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5414:
3778:. Asian Borderlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 215–241.
3748:. Asian Borderlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 179–213.
2891:. Asian Borderlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 243–266.
2826:. Asian Borderlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 149–176.
2581:. Asian Borderlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 129–148.
2383:
2284:
951:
traders also ventured into the routes earlier pioneered by Persian traders to
416:, based on the presence and spread of Austronesian domesticates like bananas,
9250:
9198:
8883:
8843:
8829:
8488:
8303:
8078:
7625:
7620:
7593:
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6603:
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6110:
5239:
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4665:
4620:
4505:
4455:
4435:
4375:
4335:
4159:
3996:
3526:. Asian Borderlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 97–128.
2391:
2019:
1999:
1975:, in particular, uses a mythologized image of the Maritime Silk Road for its
1744:
1580:
1390:
1181:
938:
769:
730:
631:
of these regions. Secondary routes also passed through the coastlines of the
628:
596:
519:
472:
440:
375:
248:
224:
205:
8836:
7159:
6217:
5465:
3356:
3149:. Asian Borderlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 45–70.
3023:
2616:. Asian Borderlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 71–96.
2346:. Asian Borderlands. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 11–26.
1262:
During the same period in the early 15th century, the Ming dynasty launched
554:
200:
8944:
8634:
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8534:
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8349:
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1903:
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1797:
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1677:
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1422:
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896:
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853:
777:
722:
718:
714:
690:
682:
604:
535:
480:
293:
8869:
6167:
5524:
2684:
Maritime Contacts of the Past: Deciphering Connections Amongst Communities
874:
in 682 CE, rose to dominate the trade in the region around the straits of
607:; through which passed the main routes of the Austronesian trade ships to
431:
The western circuit of the Maritime Silk Road also developed from earlier
9183:
8766:
8705:
8524:
8478:
8463:
8391:
8119:
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7403:
7298:
7105:
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4405:
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4128:
3991:
3845:
3772:
The Maritime Silk Road: Global Connectivities, Regional Nodes, Localities
3742:
The Maritime Silk Road: Global Connectivities, Regional Nodes, Localities
3520:
The Maritime Silk Road: Global Connectivities, Regional Nodes, Localities
3143:
The Maritime Silk Road: Global Connectivities, Regional Nodes, Localities
3058:
2885:
The Maritime Silk Road: Global Connectivities, Regional Nodes, Localities
2820:
The Maritime Silk Road: Global Connectivities, Regional Nodes, Localities
2610:
The Maritime Silk Road: Global Connectivities, Regional Nodes, Localities
2575:
The Maritime Silk Road: Global Connectivities, Regional Nodes, Localities
2340:
The Maritime Silk Road: Global Connectivities, Regional Nodes, Localities
2078:
1899:
1845:
1841:
1829:
1759:
1625:
1467:
1446:
1418:
1337:
1271:
1240:
1217:
1176:
and its relative position to other participants of the Maritime Silk Road
1047:
1035:
1019:
995:
945:
798:
773:
734:
710:
640:
612:
549:
511:
491:
468:
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319:
265:
217:
176:
153:
141:
129:
112:
108:
37:
9221:
7278:
5931:
5890:
5696:
4741:
3881:
3799:
3067:
2967:
2860:
2708:
Daniels, Christian; Menzies, Nicholas K. (1996). Needham, Joseph (ed.).
8718:
8549:
8408:
8396:
8308:
8217:
7806:
7558:
7226:
7201:
7180:
7122:
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6673:
6553:
6003:
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5803:
5750:
5622:
5386:
5176:
4445:
4430:
4385:
4146:
4011:
3956:
3856:
2976:
1980:
1919:
1778:
1774:
1765:
The archaeological evidence demonstrates that the trading ships in the
1358:
1158:
1146:
983:), became the dominant lingua franca of both the Maritime and overland
934:
831:
806:
750:
746:
702:
678:), showing the furthest northeastern extent of the Maritime Silk Road.
656:
523:
507:
425:
401:
347:
327:
269:
209:
145:
120:
89:
8473:
2013:
805:
even during the earlier period. Austronesians colonized the island of
780:
dynasty Chinese records also indicate that the early Chinese Buddhist
8728:
8641:
7657:
7615:
7588:
7398:
7343:
7327:
7185:
7025:
6979:
6904:
6879:
6846:
6700:
6643:
6618:
6061:
5968:
5854:
5834:
5829:
5819:
5686:
5460:
5424:
5364:
4978:
4925:
4900:
4726:
4655:
4485:
4415:
4380:
4315:
4232:
4154:
4047:
4021:
3981:
3961:
3911:
2453:"Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar"
1984:
1934:
1621:
1491:
1398:
1224:
1173:
1162:
1154:
1127:
1099:
1056:
1052:
984:
968:
964:
960:
952:
871:
859:
845:
791:
694:
644:
616:
539:
476:
436:
409:
405:
355:
331:
281:
241:
221:
160:
88:
sailors in Southeast Asia who sailed large long-distance ocean-going
65:
57:
6497:
5942:
3373:
Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula
3303:
3234:
3108:
2913:
2544:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179.
8876:
7378:
7373:
7241:
7196:
7117:
7005:
7000:
6969:
6726:
6683:
6648:
6613:
6561:
6454:
6436:
6422:
6415:
6408:
6401:
6394:
6387:
6019:
5937:
5859:
5793:
5590:
5552:
5213:
5117:
4991:
4955:
4920:
4910:
4828:
4813:
4797:
4792:
4767:
4752:
4746:
4690:
4660:
4575:
4562:
4547:
4475:
4465:
4460:
4450:
4420:
4330:
4285:
4260:
4222:
4217:
4197:
3966:
1817:
1725:
1517:
1456:
1401:
and throughout the Spanish Americas; and also later traded via the
1394:
1267:
1123:
1107:
1103:
1015:
1011:
991:
867:
837:
819:
765:
761:
757:
738:
706:
648:
636:
624:
584:
397:
343:
285:
277:
7323:
5483:
5404:
3106:
1758:, but it only involved local exchanges in raw materials along the
1385:
and silk from Quanzhou and Zhangzhou, and spices (mostly from the
9161:
8608:
8104:
7996:
7393:
7363:
7318:
7303:
7288:
7283:
7236:
7206:
6929:
6736:
6731:
6668:
6608:
6571:
6380:
6270:
6056:
6051:
5680:
5493:
5488:
5144:
5128:
5099:
5047:
4961:
4864:
4859:
4844:
4600:
4440:
4360:
4355:
4320:
4310:
4280:
3646:
The Archaeological Excavation of the 10th Century Intan Shipwreck
3236:
Re-examining the Butuan Boats: Pre-colonial Philippine watercraft
3008:
2073:
1907:
1882:
The trade route encompassed numbers of seas and ocean; including
1840:
Although usually spoken of in modern times in the context of the
1414:
1119:
1115:
1027:
918:
823:
781:
726:
686:
608:
588:
572:
421:
318:
During the operation of the Maritime Jade Road, the Austronesian
273:
5557:
5514:
9212:
8857:
8678:
7662:
7568:
7413:
7368:
7313:
7273:
7257:
7231:
7175:
7020:
6947:
6851:
6819:
6809:
6757:
6658:
6591:
6192:
6046:
5885:
5798:
5639:
5600:
5396:
5298:
5283:
5244:
5221:
5133:
4945:
4890:
4874:
4869:
4854:
4803:
4680:
4650:
4610:
4590:
4522:
4512:
4495:
4490:
4480:
4340:
4305:
4270:
4184:
4101:
3814:
3804:
2679:
1938:
1821:
1711:
1659:
1206:
1189:
1168:
1083:
1031:
568:
543:
515:
456:
448:
413:
363:
351:
116:
81:
77:
5728:
2134:
Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World
7573:
7563:
7408:
7388:
7333:
7293:
7267:
7211:
6710:
5718:
5567:
5475:
5309:
5249:
4967:
4915:
4895:
4834:
4777:
4731:
4570:
4425:
4255:
4192:
2849:
TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia
1991:
1972:
1865:
1471:
1438:
1331:
1007:
972:
912:
908:
892:
863:
827:
698:
664:
660:
620:
557:
460:
444:
371:
359:
124:
2915:
Boats of the World: From the Stone Age to the Medieval Times
2542:
Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts
729:). Secondary routes also pass through the coastlines of the
366:. It also introduced Austronesian sailing technologies like
7170:
6829:
6814:
6794:
6695:
6576:
5849:
5317:
5052:
5039:
4537:
1860:
1813:
1782:
1707:
1633:
1442:
1111:
948:
417:
100:
185:
6804:
5332:
2941:
1754:) is the earliest evidence of maritime networking in the
136:
The network followed the footsteps of older Austronesian
3608:
3194:
5771:
1247:. Singapura, in turn, was attacked and sacked in 1398.
1172:
Asia in the 14th century showing the maximum extent of
975:
into Southeast Asian polities. During this period, the
822:), and other ports along the mainland coasts of modern
772:
in the early Maritime Silk Road by the 4th century CE.
296:
Interaction Sphere). The wide distribution throughout
7061:
3083:"Did You Know? Madagascar on the Maritime Silk Roads"
2424:"Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south"
2336:
1796:(618-907 CE), rapidly increased in volume during the
733:, the Arabian Sea, and southwards along the coast of
3549:"Boats of the Precolonial Philippines: Butuan Boats"
2793:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 39–44.
2009:
926:
from the 8th century, they were depictions of large
2734:
2475:
2473:
2372:
Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
2701:
2479:
2446:
2444:
1994:has also mythologized the Maritime Silk Road with
1804:dynasties (1279-1367 CE), before declining in the
1227:(the former capital of Srivijaya, which has since
240:The Maritime Silk Road developed from the earlier
3611:The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
3424:Malay Annals (translated from the Malay language)
3197:The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
1098:'South Seas'), mostly still dominated by
1045:of China started building its own trading ships (
756:The route was influential in the early spread of
9248:
2714:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 177–185.
2635:
2633:
2470:
1357:led to the transfer of the trade centers to the
709:. It branches from here into routes through the
575:, along the main route of the Maritime Silk Road
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
2768:. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. pp. 17–46.
2441:
6487:Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia
3469:. Cornell University Press. pp. 197–213.
3442:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009.
3345:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient
3228:
3226:
2707:
2639:
2503:
2501:
2063:List of ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean
542:and Southeast Asia on one end, all the way to
6513:
4063:
3830:
3679:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
3308:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History
2918:. Oxford University Press. pp. 289–293.
2761:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2630:
2404:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
2309:Nalanda-Sriwijaya Center Working Paper Series
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
1325:The Maritime Silk Route was disrupted by the
1063:was developed from observing Southeast Asian
797:Austronesians were already sailing as far as
127:also started building their own trade ships (
3718:College of Literature, Science, and the Arts
3243:
2881:
2875:
2812:
2810:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2417:
2415:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2242:"The Maritime Silk Road: History of an Idea"
1944:
1223:In the late 14th century, the city-state of
1141:in the 10th to 13th centuries. The surprise
3670:
3637:
3223:
3100:
2498:
2365:
2363:
1816:, with other significant concentrations in
1093:
907:, as well as maritime trade-routes between
659:for a limited extent. Glass artifacts from
404:by this period. South Asian crops like the
140:in Southeast Asia, as well as the maritime
9055:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
9002:International Congress of Maritime Museums
8982:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
8274:
6520:
6506:
4070:
4056:
3837:
3823:
2937:
2935:
2755:
2660:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2450:
2255:
2106:
1470:, showing protruding lugs and holes where
1298:, and the fall of the Ming dynasty to the
790:) that traded in the Chinese port city of
374:designs have also been recovered from the
163:. The ancient maritime routes through the
9115:
9070:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3124:
3066:
3002:
2985:
2975:
2816:
2807:
2528:
2514:. Yale University Press. pp. 22–25.
2412:
2319:
1282:to cease the expeditions. He enacted the
16:Ancient and medieval maritime trade route
3762:
2571:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2360:
1716:
1573:
1450:
1309:
1167:
917:
836:
548:
272:). This network later included parts of
199:
29:
9040:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
3705:
3676:
3643:
3546:
3540:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3427:, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown.
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3260:
3232:
3044:
3038:
2932:
2911:
2905:
2728:
2606:
2595:
2507:
2306:
2270:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2127:
1616:), uniquely joined planks using pegged
1536: late 8th to early 9th century CE
1034:, indicating they traded as far as the
623:), the endpoints (later also including
428:in Africa in the first millennium BCE.
186:Precursor prehistoric maritime networks
9249:
8992:European Association of Archaeologists
4077:
3738:
3732:
3516:
3491:
3466:Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era
3415:
3163:
2687:. Delhi: Kaveri Books. pp. 1–23.
2421:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2136:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–76.
1584:, a modern replica of the 8th century
1486:shipbuilding techniques used (such as
9114:
8273:
8248:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
8206:
8076:
8075:
7458:
7060:
6539:
6527:
6501:
6082:
5770:
4089:
4051:
3818:
3376:. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet.
3369:
3363:
3338:
3332:
3316:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.97
3239:. National Museum of the Philippines.
3188:
3113:Journal of Marine and Island Cultures
2558:
2539:
2369:
497:
99:. The route was also utilized by the
3768:
3453:
3439:Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia
3430:
3301:
3288:
3139:
3133:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2239:
1603:Austronesian shipbuilding traditions
1004:Austronesian boatbuilding traditions
971:, leading to the earliest spread of
9342:Economic history of the Philippines
8987:Archaeological Institute of America
5989:Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere
5959:Austronesian maritime trade network
3862:Austronesian maritime trade network
3711:
3390:
3261:L. Pham, Charlotte Minh-Hà (2012).
2846:
2656:from the original on 23 March 2019.
2451:Everington, K. (6 September 2017).
2168:
1849:demand for luxury goods and exotica
1792:China. They became exported by the
1547: early to mid-10th century CE
1474:were inserted in the distinctively
192:Austronesian maritime trade network
25:Maritime Silk Road (disambiguation)
13:
9312:History of international relations
3714:"The Turiang Shipwreck (ca. 1370)"
3699:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2001.tb01369.x
3631:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1993.tb00403.x
3602:
3217:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1993.tb00403.x
2788:
2640:Zumbroich, Thomas J. (2007–2008).
2273:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
1620:joints. Though this is similar to
1381:, which acquired trade goods like
322:networks were also established by
14:
9388:
9332:Foreign relations of ancient Rome
9307:History of foreign trade in China
8997:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
8387:Coastal defence and fortification
7762:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
7062:Navigation, and ports and harbors
6083:
2791:The Tongking Gulf Through History
2291:
1956:
571:polities of central and southern
546:and eastern Africa on the other.
9372:Economic history of the Maldives
9231:
9097:
9022:Society for American Archaeology
8256:
8189:
8058:
7441:
7043:
5845:Polynesian multihull terminology
5743:
5727:
5711:
5695:
5679:
3844:
2012:
1102:, venturing as far south as the
933:. Shown with the characteristic
9317:Ancient international relations
8454:Phoenician discovery of America
5901:Makassan contact with Australia
5772:Ship construction & sailing
3792:
3577:
3561:10.1007/978-94-007-7747-7_10279
3075:
3012:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2840:
2782:
2094:21st Century Maritime Silk Road
2089:String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)
1963:21st Century Maritime Silk Road
1859:empires (hence the fixation on
1494:traditions). These include the
963:. They pushed deeper east into
870:Austronesian polity founded at
21:21st Century Maritime Silk Road
9262:15th-century disestablishments
8146:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
6128:Federated States of Micronesia
4090:
2150:
2057:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1629:outside of the Mediterranean.
1428:
1274:views at the time of viewing "
1088:
1:
9357:Economic history of Sri Lanka
9352:Economic history of Singapore
9327:Economic history of Indonesia
9257:2nd-century BC establishments
9065:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
7740:Phoenician maritime expansion
3264:Asian Shipbuilding Technology
2128:Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016).
2100:
1748:
1733:
1696:
1685:
1670:
1652:
1641:
1636:shipbuilding techniques: the
1610:
1565:
1554:
1543:
1532:
1521:
1520:(multiple boats ranging from
1510:
1499:
1460:
1425:Maritime Silk Road entirely.
1379:Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade
672:
561:
484:
390:
379:
305:
231:
9347:Economic history of Malaysia
9007:Nautical Archaeology Society
5911:Marshall Islands stick chart
3171:"Butuan Archeological Sites"
3087:Silk Roads Programme, UNESCO
1700: early 15th century CE
7:
9060:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
8437:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
8243:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
8100:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
7459:
6540:
3370:Munoz, Paul Michel (2006).
2646:eJournal of Indian Medicine
2132:. In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.).
2070:, Guangdong Province, China
2005:
1569: late 10th century CE
1314:Global Trade Routes of the
1259:in the early 15th century.
1235:, the first emperor of the
676: 2nd-6th centuries CE
435:in West Asia. These linked
144:between Southeast Asia and
10:
9393:
9362:Economic history of Africa
8916:Phoenician Ship Expedition
8207:
7757:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
7750:Circumnavigation of Africa
3126:10.21463/jmic.2018.07.2.05
2948:Royal Society Open Science
2422:Turton, M. (17 May 2021).
2068:Maritime Silk Route Museum
1960:
1951:UNESCO World Heritage Site
1922:to connect China with the
1432:
1305:
396:) archaeological sites in
196:Indo-Roman trade relations
189:
174:
170:
18:
9337:Economic history of China
9322:Economic history of India
9302:History of Imperial China
9297:History of Southeast Asia
9229:
9121:
9110:
9095:
9030:
8972:
8775:
8759:
8507:
8442:Samothrace temple complex
8377:
8332:
8291:
8284:
8280:
8269:
8254:
8213:
8202:
8187:
8085:
8071:
8056:
8009:
7962:
7815:
7782:
7775:
7713:
7514:
7471:
7467:
7454:
7439:
7158:
7071:
7067:
7056:
7041:
6993:
6928:
6865:
6750:
6719:
6552:
6548:
6535:
6472:
6446:
6372:
6326:
6308:
6262:
6202:
6184:
6159:
6127:
6095:
6091:
6078:
6039:
6012:
5951:
5868:
5812:
5781:
5777:
5766:
5672:
5648:
5630:
5621:
5599:
5566:
5533:
5474:
5441:
5423:
5395:
5372:
5363:
5331:
5308:
5258:
5230:
5212:
5184:
5175:
5143:
5108:
5090:
5067:
5038:
5015:
5004:
4977:
4717:
4699:
4561:
4231:
4183:
4172:
4145:
4127:
4109:
4100:
4096:
4085:
3852:
3644:Flecker, Michael (2002).
2384:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751
2285:10.1017/S002246340000446X
1945:World Heritage nomination
1835:
1607:Pak Klong Kluay shipwreck
1387:Spice Islands of Moluccas
1345:By the 16th century, the
1180:China was invaded by the
1079:
685:from the northern tip of
635:; as well as through the
324:Islander Southeast Asians
230:, starting from at least
152:maritime networks in the
9377:Economic history of Iran
9277:Ancient roads and tracks
7730:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
4032:Varangians to the Greeks
3720:. University of Michigan
3547:Lacsina, Ligaya (2016).
3233:Lacsina, Ligaya (2014).
2240:Guan, Kwa Chong (2016).
2084:Indian Ocean slave trade
2029:Ancient maritime history
1977:Belt and Road Initiative
1728:ware recovered from the
1702:). Chinese-built ships (
1061:Song maritime technology
882:and the South China Sea
309: 600 BCE to 400 CE
56:section of the historic
9012:RPM Nautical Foundation
8749:Surviving ancient ships
8668:Marsala Punic shipwreck
3872:Dvaravati–Kamboja route
3357:10.3406/befeo.2016.6231
3339:Kulke, Hermann (2016).
2386:(inactive 2024-04-12).
1864:animals, among others.
1710:was absent), a central
1455:Planks from one of the
1255:and founded the Muslim
1231:) sent an envoy to the
1132:Mediterranean Sea Trade
998:, which feature eleven
944:By the 7th century CE,
394: 24 BCE to 276 CE
245:maritime trade networks
9045:Giza Solar boat museum
8499:Underwater exploration
8494:Underwater archaeology
8459:Pre-Columbian theories
8314:John Sinclair Morrison
8275:Research and education
7725:Austronesian Expansion
5906:Māori migration canoes
5055: (Waqa tabu)
4970: (Dapang, Pilang)
4887: (Kumpit, Pidlas)
3654:10.30861/9781841714288
3485:10.7591/j.ctv2n7gng.15
2912:McGrail, Seán (2001).
2749:10.54645/2024171ZAK-61
1740:
1674: 10th century CE
1598:
1558: 10th century CE
1482:
1481:shipbuilding tradition
1407:Spanish treasure fleet
1322:
1177:
955:, coinciding with the
941:
856:
576:
567:) of the Austronesian
237:
228:maritime trade network
220:and transported via a
181:Austronesian expansion
138:jade maritime networks
41:
23:. For other uses, see
9116:Legend and literature
9074:Viking ship museums:
9050:Grand Egyptian Museum
8810:Austronesian replicas
8785:Heyerdahl expeditions
8695:Caligula's Giant Ship
8555:Dover Bronze Age Boat
7217:Berenice Troglodytica
6349:Ngahiraka Mai Tawhiti
5921:Polynesian navigation
4037:Way of the Patriarchs
3947:Polynesian navigation
3867:Canadian canoe routes
3436:Tan Ta Sen & al.
3421:Leyden, John (1821),
3024:10.1093/molbev/msp120
1752: 2nd century CE
1720:
1645: 7th century CE
1614: 2nd century CE
1577:
1454:
1313:
1171:
1122:) and other exotica.
921:
840:
565: 4th century CE
552:
504:maritime trade routes
471:civilizations in the
433:maritime trade routes
298:Island Southeast Asia
203:
175:Further information:
33:
9367:Austronesian culture
9017:Sea Research Society
8419:Maritime archaeology
8228:Ameinias the Phocian
8223:Mediterranean piracy
5994:Sepik Coast exchange
5974:Lapita trade network
4800: (Birok, Bidok)
3972:Sepik Coast exchange
3302:Heng, Derek (2019).
3059:10.1353/ol.2012.0003
2158:"Maritime Silk Road"
1979:, first proposed by
1928:Japanese archipelago
1870:Maritime Ivory Route
1525: 689 to 988 CE
1464: 689 to 988 CE
1257:Sultanate of Malacca
1245:Kingdom of Singapura
479:, from at least the
115:and beyond, and the
8110:Maritime Jade Route
7263:Kaveri Poompattinam
6299:Spirit of Majapahit
4007:Trans-Saharan trade
3897:Incense trade route
3691:2001IJNAr..30..221F
3623:1993IJNAr..22..143C
3398:"The Majapahit era"
3209:1993IJNAr..22..143C
3047:Oceanic Linguistics
2968:10.1098/rsos.160787
2960:2017RSOS....460787H
2861:10.1017/trn.2013.15
1877:merchant capitalism
1689: 1305-1370 CE
1518:Butuan ship burials
1457:Butuan ship burials
992:Butuan boat burials
937:of Southeast Asian
311:) sourced from the
70:Indian subcontinent
50:Maritime Silk Route
9267:Maritime Silk Road
8658:Bajo de la Campana
8360:Peter Throckmorton
8345:Jean-Yves Empereur
8319:William L. Rodgers
8140:Maritime Silk Road
6402:Masawa Hong Butuan
5984:Maritime Silk Road
5896:List of Māori waka
4079:Austronesian ships
3927:Maritime Silk Road
3922:Maritime republics
3902:Indian Ocean trade
3712:Coppola, Brian P.
2049:Indo-Mediterranean
2044:Indian Ocean trade
2034:Belitung shipwreck
1983:during a visit to
1912:Indian Ocean trade
1800:(960-1279 CE) and
1773:were Austronesian
1745:Godavaya shipwreck
1741:
1730:Belitung shipwreck
1649:Belitung shipwreck
1599:
1571:), among others.
1551:Karawang shipwreck
1529:Chau Tan shipwreck
1483:
1347:Age of Exploration
1323:
1178:
1065:Austronesian ships
942:
857:
577:
498:Maritime Silk Road
383: 400-100 BCE
328:Dravidian-speaking
300:of the ceremonial
257:Maritime Jade Road
238:
46:Maritime Silk Road
42:
9244:
9243:
9240:
9239:
9106:
9105:
9093:
9092:
8713:Madrague de Giens
8432:Temple of Isthmia
8428:Maritime temples
8414:Marine navigation
8373:
8372:
8365:Shelley Wachsmann
8355:J. Richard Steffy
8265:
8264:
8198:
8197:
8067:
8066:
8054:
8053:
8005:
8004:
7735:Ocean exploration
7450:
7449:
7437:
7436:
7096:Rutter (nautical)
7052:
7051:
7039:
7038:
6895:Mortise and tenon
6529:Ancient seafaring
6495:
6494:
6468:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6395:Lahi ng Maharlika
6074:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6031:Cirebon shipwreck
5943:Yapese navigation
5762:
5761:
5670:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5617:
5616:
5359:
5358:
5260:Northern Marianas
5171:
5170:
5017:Admiralty Islands
5000:
4999:
4168:
4167:
4045:
4044:
4027:Volga trade route
3952:Rome-India routes
3785:978-90-4855-242-9
3755:978-90-4855-242-9
3663:978-1-84171-428-8
3570:978-94-007-7746-0
3533:978-90-4855-242-9
3476:978-0-8014-8093-5
3448:978-981-230-837-5
3274:978-92-9223-413-3
3156:978-90-4855-242-9
2898:978-90-4855-242-9
2833:978-90-4855-242-9
2623:978-90-4855-242-9
2588:978-90-4855-242-9
2491:978-971-94292-0-3
2353:978-90-4855-242-9
2249:NSC Working Paper
2039:Cirebon shipwreck
1888:Strait of Malacca
1781:vessels and Arab
1638:Phanom-Surin ship
1618:mortise and tenon
1514: 660-780 CE
1503: 260–430 CE
1351:Portuguese Empire
1320:Portuguese Empire
1143:naval expeditions
1139:Strait of Malacca
1096:
931:outrigger vessels
803:Arabian Peninsula
340:betel nut chewing
165:Indo-West Pacific
74:Arabian Peninsula
9384:
9292:Eurasian history
9235:
9234:
9129:Ark of bulrushes
9112:
9111:
9101:
9100:
8739:Oldest surviving
8449:Nusantao network
8324:Chester G. Starr
8289:
8288:
8282:
8281:
8271:
8270:
8260:
8259:
8233:Cilician pirates
8204:
8203:
8193:
8192:
8130:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
8125:Iron Age Britain
8073:
8072:
8062:
8061:
7780:
7779:
7469:
7468:
7456:
7455:
7445:
7444:
7359:Ptolemais Theron
7069:
7068:
7058:
7057:
7047:
7046:
6639:Single-outrigger
6550:
6549:
6537:
6536:
6522:
6515:
6508:
6499:
6498:
6160:French Polynesia
6093:
6092:
6080:
6079:
5964:Hiri trade cycle
5779:
5778:
5768:
5767:
5747:
5731:
5715:
5699:
5683:
5628:
5627:
5370:
5369:
5232:Marshall Islands
5186:Caroline Islands
5182:
5181:
5092:Papua New Guinea
5013:
5012:
4958: (Tinimbao)
4763:Bangka anak-anak
4749: (Barangay)
4671:Perahu tambangan
4346:Jukung tambangan
4181:
4180:
4107:
4106:
4098:
4097:
4087:
4086:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4049:
4048:
4017:Triangular trade
3892:Hiri trade cycle
3887:Hanseatic League
3877:Grand Trunk Road
3839:
3832:
3825:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3809:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3777:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3747:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3525:
3514:
3489:
3488:
3460:
3451:
3434:
3428:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3299:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3258:
3241:
3240:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3148:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3018:(9): 2109–2124.
3006:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2979:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2890:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2825:
2814:
2805:
2804:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2677:
2658:
2657:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2615:
2604:
2593:
2592:
2580:
2569:
2556:
2555:
2537:
2526:
2525:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2419:
2410:
2409:
2403:
2395:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2345:
2334:
2317:
2316:
2304:
2289:
2288:
2268:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2237:
2166:
2165:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2125:
2022:
2017:
2016:
1924:Korean Peninsula
1826:Riau Archipelago
1810:Strait of Melaka
1789:Chinese ceramics
1753:
1750:
1738:
1735:
1701:
1698:
1690:
1687:
1675:
1672:
1657:
1654:
1646:
1643:
1615:
1612:
1596:Borobudur temple
1589:double outrigger
1570:
1567:
1559:
1556:
1548:
1545:
1537:
1534:
1526:
1523:
1515:
1512:
1507:Punjulharjo boat
1504:
1501:
1465:
1462:
1377:established the
1300:Manchu invasions
1276:trade as tribute
1097:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1030:, and as far as
977:Persian language
689:(or through the
677:
674:
669:Korean peninsula
633:Gulf of Thailand
566:
563:
560:temple complex (
530:ships, although
489:
486:
395:
392:
384:
381:
313:Dong Son culture
310:
307:
236:
233:
204:Distribution of
9392:
9391:
9387:
9386:
9385:
9383:
9382:
9381:
9247:
9246:
9245:
9236:
9232:
9227:
9117:
9102:
9098:
9089:
9032:
9026:
8974:
8973:Institutes and
8968:
8923:Viking replicas
8864:Balangay Voyage
8777:
8771:
8755:
8510:
8503:
8379:
8369:
8328:
8276:
8261:
8257:
8252:
8209:
8194:
8190:
8185:
8081:
8063:
8059:
8050:
8001:
7958:
7811:
7771:
7716:
7709:
7510:
7463:
7446:
7442:
7433:
7309:Mueang Phra Rot
7163:
7154:
7063:
7048:
7044:
7035:
6989:
6963:Triangular sail
6924:
6861:
6835:Sail components
6746:
6715:
6689:Tessarakonteres
6544:
6531:
6526:
6496:
6491:
6460:
6442:
6437:Sultan sin Sulu
6368:
6322:
6304:
6258:
6198:
6180:
6155:
6123:
6087:
6066:
6035:
6008:
5947:
5881:Fealofani Bruun
5864:
5825:Lashed-lug boat
5808:
5773:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5732:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5707:
5706:
5705:
5700:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5662:
5644:
5613:
5595:
5562:
5535:Society Islands
5529:
5470:
5437:
5419:
5391:
5355:
5327:
5304:
5254:
5226:
5208:
5167:
5139:
5110:Solomon Islands
5104:
5086:
5063:
5034:
5007:
4996:
4973:
4713:
4695:
4557:
4227:
4175:
4164:
4141:
4123:
4092:
4081:
4076:
4046:
4041:
3937:Penarikan Route
3848:
3843:
3813:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3775:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3745:
3737:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3710:
3706:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3642:
3638:
3607:
3603:
3593:
3591:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3523:
3515:
3492:
3477:
3461:
3454:
3435:
3431:
3420:
3416:
3406:
3404:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3368:
3364:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3300:
3289:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3259:
3244:
3231:
3224:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3177:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3043:
3039:
3007:
3003:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2823:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2760:
2756:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2678:
2661:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2613:
2605:
2596:
2589:
2578:
2570:
2559:
2552:
2538:
2529:
2522:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2484:. ArtPostAsia.
2478:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2449:
2442:
2432:
2430:
2420:
2413:
2397:
2396:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2343:
2335:
2320:
2305:
2292:
2269:
2256:
2244:
2238:
2169:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2126:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2018:
2011:
2008:
1969:
1961:Main articles:
1959:
1947:
1884:South China Sea
1838:
1767:South China Sea
1751:
1736:
1699:
1688:
1673:
1655:
1644:
1613:
1568:
1557:
1546:
1535:
1524:
1513:
1502:
1463:
1449:
1431:
1403:Flota de Indias
1349:had begun. The
1308:
1264:the expeditions
1253:Malay Peninsula
1002:remains of the
1000:lashed-lug boat
957:spread of Islam
924:Borobudur ships
675:
601:Malay Peninsula
581:thalassocracies
564:
500:
488: 5000 BCE
487:
393:
387:Ban Don Ta Phet
382:
368:outrigger boats
350:, domesticated
308:
247:established by
235: 2000 BCE
234:
212:) sourced from
198:
188:
183:
173:
111:traders in the
60:that connected
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9390:
9380:
9379:
9374:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9259:
9242:
9241:
9238:
9237:
9230:
9228:
9226:
9225:
9218:
9217:
9216:
9209:
9202:
9195:
9187:
9180:
9173:
9165:
9155:
9154:
9153:
9152:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9131:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9108:
9107:
9104:
9103:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9090:
9088:
9087:
9086:
9085:
9080:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9036:
9034:
9028:
9027:
9025:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8978:
8976:
8970:
8969:
8967:
8966:
8965:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8942:
8934:
8933:
8932:
8920:
8919:
8918:
8913:
8906:
8898:Mediterranean
8896:
8895:
8894:
8887:
8880:
8873:
8866:
8861:
8854:
8851:Alingano Maisu
8847:
8840:
8833:
8826:
8819:
8807:
8806:
8805:
8794:
8781:
8779:
8773:
8772:
8770:
8769:
8763:
8761:
8757:
8756:
8754:
8753:
8752:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8733:
8732:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8709:
8702:
8700:De Meern ships
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8672:
8671:
8670:
8662:
8661:
8660:
8655:
8647:
8646:
8645:
8638:
8631:
8626:
8618:
8613:
8612:
8611:
8601:
8600:
8599:
8594:
8584:
8583:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8570:Cape Gelidonya
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8515:
8513:
8505:
8504:
8502:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8445:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8405:
8404:
8394:
8389:
8383:
8381:
8375:
8374:
8371:
8370:
8368:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8336:
8334:
8333:Archaeologists
8330:
8329:
8327:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8299:David Blackman
8295:
8293:
8286:
8278:
8277:
8267:
8266:
8263:
8262:
8255:
8253:
8251:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8238:Jewish pirates
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8214:
8211:
8210:
8200:
8199:
8196:
8195:
8188:
8186:
8184:
8183:
8182:
8181:
8171:
8170:
8169:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8086:
8083:
8082:
8069:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8051:
8049:
8048:
8047:
8046:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8025:
8024:
8013:
8011:
8007:
8006:
8003:
8002:
8000:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7963:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7924:Lake Trasimene
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7825:Mediterranean:
7821:
7819:
7813:
7812:
7810:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7788:
7786:
7777:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7753:
7752:
7747:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7721:
7719:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7686:
7685:
7680:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7634:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7602:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7531:
7530:
7529:
7518:
7516:
7512:
7511:
7509:
7508:
7503:
7502:
7501:
7496:
7486:
7481:
7475:
7473:
7465:
7464:
7452:
7451:
7448:
7447:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7434:
7432:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7167:
7165:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7152:
7151:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7128:Maritime pilot
7125:
7115:
7110:
7109:
7108:
7098:
7093:
7091:Portolan chart
7088:
7083:
7077:
7075:
7065:
7064:
7054:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6997:
6995:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6966:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6940:
6934:
6932:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6920:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6871:
6869:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6754:
6752:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6723:
6721:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6664:Oared warships
6661:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6558:
6556:
6546:
6545:
6533:
6532:
6525:
6524:
6517:
6510:
6502:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6484:
6482:Lapita culture
6479:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6433:
6426:
6423:Sama Tawi-Tawi
6419:
6412:
6405:
6398:
6391:
6388:Diwata ng Lahi
6384:
6376:
6374:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6359:
6352:
6345:
6338:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6312:
6310:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6295:
6288:
6281:
6274:
6271:Alfred Wallace
6266:
6264:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6256:
6249:
6242:
6235:
6228:
6221:
6214:
6211:Alingano Maisu
6206:
6204:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6188:
6186:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6178:
6171:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6146:
6139:
6131:
6129:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6099:
6097:
6089:
6088:
6076:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6026:Borobudur ship
6023:
6022:(Butuan boats)
6016:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5955:
5953:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5872:
5870:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5840:Outrigger boat
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5789:Crab claw sail
5785:
5783:
5775:
5774:
5764:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5749:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5733:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5717:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5685:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5654:
5652:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5636:
5634:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5605:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5572:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5539:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5480:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5447:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5429:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5401:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5378:
5376:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5337:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5320:
5314:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5275:
5270:
5264:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5236:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5218:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5190:
5188:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5149:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5131:
5126:
5120:
5114:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5096:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5073:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5050:
5044:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5021:
5019:
5010:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4987:Sampan panjang
4983:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4965:
4959:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4723:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4705:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4686:Sampan panjang
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4518:Sampan panjang
4515:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4276:Borobudur ship
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4237:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4189:
4187:
4178:
4176:Southeast Asia
4170:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4104:
4094:
4093:
4083:
4082:
4075:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4052:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
4002:Tea Horse Road
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3977:Siberian Route
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3942:Manila galleon
3939:
3934:
3932:Old Salt Route
3929:
3924:
3919:
3917:Lapita culture
3914:
3909:
3907:King's Highway
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3842:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3819:
3812:
3811:
3791:
3784:
3761:
3754:
3731:
3704:
3685:(2): 221–230.
3669:
3662:
3636:
3617:(2): 143–159.
3601:
3576:
3569:
3539:
3532:
3490:
3475:
3452:
3429:
3414:
3389:
3382:
3362:
3331:
3324:
3287:
3273:
3242:
3222:
3203:(2): 143–159.
3187:
3162:
3155:
3132:
3099:
3074:
3053:(1): 123–159.
3037:
3001:
2931:
2924:
2904:
2897:
2874:
2839:
2832:
2806:
2799:
2781:
2774:
2754:
2727:
2720:
2700:
2693:
2659:
2629:
2622:
2594:
2587:
2557:
2551:978-0415100540
2550:
2527:
2520:
2497:
2490:
2469:
2440:
2411:
2359:
2352:
2318:
2290:
2279:(2): 266–276.
2254:
2167:
2149:
2142:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2007:
2004:
1996:Project Mausam
1967:Project Mausam
1958:
1957:Politicization
1955:
1946:
1943:
1916:East China Sea
1896:Gulf of Bengal
1837:
1834:
1430:
1427:
1371:Spanish Empire
1353:'s capture of
1307:
1304:
1280:Xuande Emperor
1233:Hongwu Emperor
1205:(Austronesian
1165:(1293–1527).
843:thalassocratic
812:Kilwa Kisiwani
653:East China Sea
499:
496:
465:Horn of Africa
336:Southern India
253:Southeast Asia
187:
184:
172:
169:
142:spice networks
62:Southeast Asia
38:proto-historic
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9389:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9282:Medieval Asia
9280:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9255:
9254:
9252:
9224:
9223:
9219:
9215:
9214:
9210:
9208:
9207:
9203:
9201:
9200:
9199:Metamorphoses
9196:
9194:
9192:
9191:The Histories
9188:
9186:
9185:
9181:
9179:
9178:
9174:
9172:
9170:
9169:The Histories
9166:
9164:
9163:
9159:
9158:
9156:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9136:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9126:
9124:
9123:
9120:
9113:
9109:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9075:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9037:
9035:
9029:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8979:
8977:
8971:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8947:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8937:
8935:
8931:
8930:
8926:
8925:
8924:
8921:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8911:
8907:
8905:
8904:
8900:
8899:
8897:
8893:
8892:
8888:
8886:
8885:
8884:Marumaru Atua
8881:
8879:
8878:
8874:
8872:
8871:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8859:
8855:
8853:
8852:
8848:
8846:
8845:
8844:Samudra Raksa
8841:
8839:
8838:
8834:
8832:
8831:
8830:Te Au o Tonga
8827:
8825:
8824:
8820:
8818:
8817:
8813:
8812:
8811:
8808:
8804:
8803:
8799:
8795:
8793:
8792:
8788:
8787:
8786:
8783:
8782:
8780:
8774:
8768:
8765:
8764:
8762:
8758:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8736:
8734:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8714:
8710:
8708:
8707:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8690:Blackfriars I
8688:
8686:
8685:Arles Rhône 3
8683:
8681:
8680:
8676:
8675:
8673:
8669:
8666:
8665:
8663:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8650:
8648:
8644:
8643:
8639:
8637:
8636:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8621:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8610:
8607:
8606:
8605:
8602:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8589:
8588:
8585:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8512:
8506:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8489:Thalassocracy
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8474:Shell middens
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8429:
8427:
8425:
8424:Naval warfare
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8403:
8400:
8399:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8384:
8382:
8376:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8337:
8335:
8331:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8304:Lionel Casson
8302:
8300:
8297:
8296:
8294:
8290:
8287:
8283:
8279:
8272:
8268:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8215:
8212:
8205:
8201:
8180:
8177:
8176:
8175:
8172:
8168:
8165:
8164:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8147:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8135:Incense trade
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8087:
8084:
8080:
8074:
8070:
8045:
8042:
8041:
8040:
8039:South America
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8023:
8020:
8019:
8018:
8015:
8014:
8012:
8008:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7987:Sailing ships
7985:
7983:
7982:Oared vessels
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7961:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7904:Cape Hermaeum
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7818:
7814:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7785:
7781:
7778:
7774:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7742:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7722:
7720:
7718:
7715:Migration and
7712:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7675:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7618:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7535:
7532:
7528:
7525:
7524:
7523:
7522:Ancient Egypt
7520:
7519:
7517:
7515:Civilizations
7513:
7507:
7504:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7457:
7453:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7329:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7161:
7157:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7120:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7059:
7055:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6992:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6931:
6927:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6890:Clinker built
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6875:Boat building
6873:
6872:
6870:
6868:
6864:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6749:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6718:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6624:Navis lusoria
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6523:
6518:
6516:
6511:
6509:
6504:
6503:
6500:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6471:
6457:
6456:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6445:
6439:
6438:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6425:
6424:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6339:
6337:
6336:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6325:
6319:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6301:
6300:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6292:Samudra Raksa
6289:
6287:
6286:
6285:Nur Al Marege
6282:
6280:
6279:
6275:
6273:
6272:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6229:
6227:
6226:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6215:
6213:
6212:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6147:
6145:
6144:
6140:
6138:
6137:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6126:
6120:
6119:
6118:Te Au o Tonga
6115:
6113:
6112:
6111:Marumaru Atua
6108:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6085:Ship replicas
6081:
6077:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6038:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6011:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5950:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5811:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5769:
5765:
5752:
5746:
5736:
5730:
5720:
5714:
5704:
5698:
5688:
5682:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5647:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5565:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5301:(Flying proa)
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5069:Green Islands
5066:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5003:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4969:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
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4666:Perahu payang
4664:
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4000:
3998:
3997:Brouwer Route
3995:
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3990:
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3393:
3385:
3383:981-4155-67-5
3379:
3375:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3327:
3325:9780190277727
3321:
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2954:(3): 160787.
2953:
2949:
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2927:
2925:9780199271863
2921:
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2771:
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2521:9781588395245
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2143:9783319338224
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2020:Oceans portal
2015:
2010:
2003:
2001:
2000:Greater India
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
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1737: 826 CE
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1694:
1683:
1682:Turiang wreck
1679:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1656: 826 CE
1650:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1594:found in the
1593:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1581:Samudra Raksa
1576:
1572:
1563:
1562:Cirebon wreck
1552:
1541:
1530:
1519:
1508:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1458:
1453:
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1420:
1416:
1413:in Mexico to
1412:
1408:
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1396:
1392:
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1384:
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1376:
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1196:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:of the Tamil
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
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1021:
1017:
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988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
947:
940:
939:Austronesians
936:
932:
929:
925:
920:
916:
914:
910:
906:
905:Spice Islands
902:
898:
894:
890:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
855:
851:
847:
844:
839:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:lingua franca
768:as the trade
767:
763:
759:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
731:Bay of Bengal
728:
724:
720:
716:
713:entering the
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
629:Indianization
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:Austronesian
574:
570:
559:
556:
553:Ruins of the
551:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:Mediterranean
517:
513:
509:
505:
495:
493:
482:
478:
474:
473:Mediterranean
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:Malabar Coast
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
388:
377:
376:Khao Sam Kaeo
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
254:
250:
249:Austronesians
246:
243:
229:
226:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:nephrite jade
202:
197:
193:
182:
178:
168:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
132:
131:
126:
122:
119:merchants in
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
36:
32:
26:
22:
9287:Trade routes
9220:
9211:
9204:
9197:
9190:
9182:
9177:On the Ocean
9175:
9168:
9160:
9157:Literature:
8945:
8927:
8908:
8901:
8891:Aotearoa One
8889:
8882:
8875:
8868:
8856:
8849:
8842:
8835:
8828:
8821:
8814:
8801:
8797:
8789:
8776:Experimental
8744:Museum ships
8711:
8704:
8677:
8649:Phoenician:
8640:
8635:Leontophoros
8633:
8597:Butuan boats
8592:Pontian boat
8530:Dufuna canoe
8469:Shipbuilding
8380:and theories
8350:Boris Rankov
8144:
8139:
8077:Economy and
7977:Incendiaries
7824:
7611:Indus Valley
7579:Tarumanagara
7506:Ubaid period
7424:Wadi al-Jarf
7339:Ostia Antica
6943:Fore-and-aft
6910:Shipbuilding
6885:Carvel built
6867:Construction
6825:Steering oar
6706:Sailing ship
6629:Obelisk ship
6587:Dugout canoe
6476:
6453:
6435:
6428:
6421:
6414:
6409:Raya Kolambu
6407:
6400:
6393:
6386:
6379:
6361:
6356:Pūmaiterangi
6354:
6347:
6340:
6335:Aotearoa One
6333:
6317:Naga Pelangi
6315:
6297:
6290:
6283:
6276:
6269:
6251:
6244:
6237:
6230:
6223:
6216:
6209:
6191:
6173:
6166:
6148:
6141:
6134:
6116:
6109:
6102:
6096:Cook Islands
5983:
5930:
5374:Cook Islands
3987:Spanish Road
3926:
3846:Trade routes
3803:
3794:
3771:
3764:
3741:
3734:
3722:. Retrieved
3717:
3707:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3645:
3639:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3592:. Retrieved
3588:
3579:
3552:
3542:
3519:
3465:
3437:
3432:
3423:
3417:
3405:. Retrieved
3401:
3392:
3372:
3365:
3351:(1): 45–95.
3348:
3344:
3334:
3307:
3278:. Retrieved
3263:
3235:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3178:. Retrieved
3174:
3165:
3142:
3135:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3090:. Retrieved
3086:
3077:
3068:11343/121829
3050:
3046:
3040:
3015:
3011:
3004:
2951:
2947:
2914:
2907:
2884:
2877:
2855:(1): 31–59.
2852:
2848:
2842:
2819:
2790:
2784:
2764:
2757:
2743:(1): 71–85.
2740:
2736:
2730:
2710:
2703:
2683:
2649:
2645:
2609:
2574:
2541:
2510:
2481:
2460:. Retrieved
2456:
2431:. Retrieved
2428:Taipei Times
2427:
2400:cite journal
2375:
2371:
2339:
2312:
2308:
2276:
2272:
2248:
2161:
2152:
2133:
2055:
1990:
1970:
1948:
1932:
1904:Persian Gulf
1892:Indian Ocean
1881:
1874:
1869:
1839:
1806:Ming Dynasty
1794:Tang dynasty
1787:
1771:Indian Ocean
1764:
1760:South Indian
1756:Indian Ocean
1742:
1703:
1667:Song dynasty
1664:
1631:
1600:
1579:
1496:Pontian boat
1484:
1476:Austronesian
1423:Indian Ocean
1402:
1344:
1336:
1330:
1327:colonial era
1324:
1294:invasion of
1283:
1261:
1237:Ming dynasty
1222:
1188:
1185:Yuan dynasty
1179:
1151:Chola Empire
1136:
1087:
1071:
1069:
1046:
1043:Song dynasty
1040:
989:
980:
943:
897:Tarumanagara
858:
796:
785:
755:
723:Gulf of Aden
719:Persian Gulf
715:Gulf of Oman
691:Sunda Strait
683:Indian Ocean
680:
605:Mekong Delta
578:
501:
481:Ubaid period
430:
317:
302:bronze drums
239:
225:Austronesian
158:
135:
128:
86:Austronesian
49:
45:
43:
35:Austronesian
9184:Argonautica
9171:(Herodotus)
9134:Flood myths
9031:Museums and
8975:conferences
8940:Vital Alsar
8778:archaeology
8587:Austronesia
8580:Hjortspring
8575:Rochelongue
8525:Pesse canoe
8479:Ship burial
8464:Sea Peoples
8397:Lighthouses
8392:Grave goods
8340:George Bass
8120:Spice trade
7717:exploration
7539:Philippines
7534:Austronesia
7527:Old Kingdom
7404:Trincomalee
7354:Prosphorion
7299:Myos Hormos
7143:Micronesian
7134:By region:
7106:Lighthouses
6914:By region:
6679:Quinquereme
6604:Kunlun ship
6597:Penteconter
6582:Dragon boat
6416:Raya Siyagu
6373:Philippines
6327:New Zealand
6278:Hati Marege
6013:Archaeology
5999:Spice trade
5916:Mau Piailug
5876:Fanuankuwel
5703:Wa'a kaulua
5456:Waka hourua
5443:New Zealand
5433:Vaka touʻua
5415:Waʻa kaulua
4819:Chinedkeran
4719:Philippines
4391:K'un-lun po
3992:Spice Route
3555:: 948–954.
3280:15 February
2977:2440/104470
2462:24 December
2457:Taiwan News
2433:24 December
2378:: 153–158.
2251:(23): 1–30.
2079:Spice trade
1900:Arabian Sea
1846:Sinocentric
1842:Eurocentric
1830:Philippines
1693:Bakau wreck
1626:Greco-Roman
1592:trade ships
1560:), and the
1540:Intan wreck
1468:Philippines
1466:) from the
1447:Junk (ship)
1435:K'un-lun po
1429:Archaeology
1419:West Indies
1375:Philippines
1272:Sinocentric
1249:Parameswara
1241:Hayam Wuruk
1218:Black Death
1145:in 1025 of
1036:Middle East
1020:Haripunjaya
996:Philippines
959:throughout
922:One of the
799:East Africa
787:k'un-lun po
735:East Africa
721:), and the
711:Arabian Sea
697:, southern
641:Celebes Sea
613:Tonkin Gulf
587:around the
512:Middle East
492:Mesopotamia
469:Greco-Roman
453:Mesopotamia
330:regions in
320:spice trade
266:Philippines
218:Philippines
208:artifacts (
177:Spice trade
154:Arabian Sea
113:Arabian Sea
97:trade ships
9251:Categories
9193:(Polybius)
8837:Hawaiʻiloa
8719:Nemi ships
8604:Black Sea
8550:Khufu ship
8511:and relics
8409:Marine art
8402:Alexandria
8309:Fik Meijer
8292:Historians
8179:Indo-Roman
7992:Greek navy
7894:Salamis II
7884:Hellespont
7844:Artemisium
7834:Nile Delta
7797:Achaemenid
7690:Achaemenid
7559:Langkasuka
7554:Micronesia
7472:Prehistory
7399:Sounagoura
7227:Chittagong
7202:Barbarikon
7181:Alexandria
7123:Pilot boat
7073:Navigation
6905:Sewn-plank
6900:Lashed-lug
6778:Figurehead
6751:Components
6720:Propulsion
6674:Quadrireme
6655:Polyremes
6634:Outriggers
6239:Hokualakai
6225:Hikianalia
6218:Hawaiʻiloa
6175:Tahiti Nui
6004:Trepanging
5979:Lingling-o
5869:Navigation
5804:Tanja sail
5799:Pinisi rig
5751:Padewakang
5658:Laka fiara
5623:Madagascar
5466:Waka tīwai
5387:Vaka katea
5280:(Agaraide)
5177:Micronesia
5136:(Mon, Ora)
4446:Padewakang
4431:Malangbang
4386:Kotta mara
4091:Ship types
4012:Trepanging
3957:Royal Road
3857:Amber Road
3402:Britannica
2652:: 87–140.
2101:References
1981:Xi Jinping
1920:Yellow Sea
1828:, and the
1779:lashed-lug
1775:sewn-plank
1691:) and the
1647:) and the
1624:and later
1622:Phoenician
1488:lashed-lug
1479:lashed-lug
1433:See also:
1359:sultanates
1292:Portuguese
1159:Singhasari
1147:Rajendra I
935:tanja sail
832:Mozambique
807:Madagascar
751:Seychelles
749:, and the
747:Madagascar
725:(into the
717:(into the
705:, and the
703:Bangladesh
657:Yellow Sea
647:, and the
619:(southern
603:, and the
528:lashed-lug
524:sewn-plank
518:, and the
514:, eastern
508:South Asia
467:, and the
426:purple yam
402:South Asia
348:sandalwood
270:lingling-o
210:lingling-o
190:See also:
150:West Asian
148:, and the
146:South Asia
121:South Asia
94:lashed-lug
90:sewn-plank
76:, eastern
9272:Silk Road
9206:Geography
9144:Gilgamesh
9033:memorials
8957:Viracocha
8870:Faʻafaite
8823:Sarimanok
8729:Yassi Ada
8642:Syracusia
8565:Canaanite
8540:Moor Sand
8010:By region
7972:Grappling
7944:Naulochus
7934:Myonessus
7889:Echinades
7874:Arginusae
7869:Cynossema
7854:Naupactus
7849:Eurymedon
7683:Classical
7658:Phoenicia
7653:Mycenaean
7616:Tamilakam
7599:Polynesia
7589:Srivijaya
7384:Satingpra
7344:Palembang
7328:Cattigara
7270:(Kadaram)
7253:Jambukola
7247:Guangzhou
7188:(Podouke)
7186:Arikamedu
7148:Polynesia
7081:Celestial
6994:Armaments
6980:Spritsail
6938:Crab claw
6880:Careening
6847:Sternpost
6701:Reed boat
6644:Catamaran
6619:Multihull
6477:See also:
6430:Sarimanok
6363:Te Aurere
6263:Indonesia
6168:Faʻafaite
6136:Halametaw
6104:Maire Nui
6062:Kota mara
5969:Kula ring
5855:Sewn boat
5835:Outrigger
5830:Multihull
5820:Catamaran
5687:Ipanitika
5576:Hamatafua
5525:Vaʻa-tele
5461:Waka taua
5425:Marquesas
5365:Polynesia
5008:Melanesia
4979:Singapore
4926:Salisipan
4901:Panineman
4727:Armadahan
4656:Pencalang
4486:Pencalang
4416:Leti leti
4411:Lepa-Lepa
4381:Kora kora
4316:Janggolan
4233:Indonesia
4155:Ipanitika
4022:Via Maris
3982:Silk Road
3962:Salt road
3912:Kula ring
2869:140665305
2392:1835-1794
1985:Indonesia
1935:Silk Road
1492:sewn boat
1383:Chinaware
1229:Islamized
1225:Palembang
1199:Majapahit
1174:Majapahit
1163:Majapahit
1155:Srivijaya
1128:Guangzhou
1100:Srivijaya
1057:Silk Road
1053:Confucian
1024:Satingpra
985:Silk Road
969:Guangzhou
965:Srivijaya
961:West Asia
953:Sri Lanka
872:Palembang
860:Srivijaya
846:Srivijaya
792:Guangzhou
695:Sri Lanka
645:Banda Sea
617:Guangzhou
477:Neolithic
437:Sri Lanka
410:horsegram
406:mung bean
356:sugarcane
332:Sri Lanka
282:Indonesia
242:Neolithic
222:Neolithic
161:Silk Road
66:East Asia
58:Silk Road
9222:Tākitimu
9125:Legend:
9083:Roskilde
8962:Tangaroa
8903:Olympias
8877:Gaualofa
8816:Hōkūleʻa
8791:Kon-Tiki
8624:Ashkelon
8560:Uluburun
8519:Earliest
8285:Scholars
8167:shipping
7967:Boarding
7879:Mytilene
7864:Syracuse
7829:Alashiya
7792:Egyptian
7776:Military
7767:Timeline
7745:Sardinia
7668:Carthage
7584:Kalingga
7544:Sa Huỳnh
7479:Timeline
7429:Zanzibar
7379:Sarapion
7374:Rhacotis
7304:Martaban
7249:(Canton)
7242:Godavaya
7237:Giao Chỉ
7207:Barygaza
7197:Avalites
7118:Piloting
7006:Catapult
7001:Ballista
6975:Mast-aft
6788:Planking
6727:Paddling
6684:Hexareme
6649:Trimaran
6614:Longship
6562:Balangay
6455:Gaualofa
6309:Malaysia
6253:Makali'i
6232:Hōkūleʻa
6020:Balangay
5938:Weriyeng
5932:Tākitimu
5891:Kafeŕoor
5860:Trimaran
5794:Junk rig
5650:Sakalava
5632:Malagasy
5591:Tongiaki
5553:Tipairua
5520:Vaʻa-alo
5506:(Foulua)
5278:Galaideʻ
5214:Kiribati
5125:(Solima)
5118:Binabina
4992:Tongkang
4956:Tilimbao
4921:Salambaw
4911:Pangayaw
4906:Pasaplap
4831:(Balutu)
4829:Djenging
4814:Chinarem
4768:Basnigan
4747:Balangay
4742:Balación
4691:Tongkang
4661:Penjajap
4641:Lancaran
4576:Bangkong
4563:Malaysia
4548:Tongkang
4476:Patorani
4466:Penjajap
4461:Paledang
4451:Paduwang
4421:Lis-alis
4401:Lancaran
4371:Kolekole
4331:Jongkong
4296:Fakatora
4286:Chialoup
4261:Bangkong
4223:Tongkang
4218:Penjajap
4198:Bangkong
3967:Sea lane
3882:Hærvejen
3310:: 1–29.
3032:19535740
2996:28405364
2737:SciEnggJ
2654:Archived
2006:See also
1926:and the
1918:and the
1906:and the
1818:Sulawesi
1769:and the
1726:Changsha
1586:Javanese
1411:Veracruz
1395:Acapulco
1268:Zheng He
1214:Đại Việt
1153:against
1124:Quanzhou
1108:Java Sea
1106:and the
1104:Sulu Sea
1016:Thailand
1012:Cambodia
928:Javanese
884:emporium
868:Buddhist
820:Tanzania
816:Zanzibar
801:and the
782:pilgrims
766:Sanskrit
762:Buddhism
758:Hinduism
739:Zanzibar
707:Maldives
655:and the
649:Sulu Sea
637:Java Sea
625:Quanzhou
611:(in the
609:Giao Chỉ
585:polities
422:chickens
398:Thailand
344:coconuts
290:Sa Huynh
286:Thailand
278:Malaysia
264:and the
216:and the
54:maritime
9162:Odyssey
9139:Genesis
8936:Others
8735:Lists:
8724:Marausa
8674:Roman:
8664:Punic:
8629:Kyrenia
8620:Greek:
8616:Marsala
8609:Sinop D
8484:Tacking
8218:History
8105:Meluhha
8095:Fishing
8090:Whaling
7997:Ramming
7919:Aegates
7914:Drepana
7909:Ecnomus
7839:Salamis
7827:
7817:Battles
7695:Nabatea
7678:Archaic
7648:Nuragic
7638:Somalia
7489:Oceania
7484:Britain
7461:History
7394:Socotra
7364:Qandala
7349:Piraeus
7319:Muziris
7289:Madurai
7284:Manthai
7222:Canopus
7192:Arsinoe
7164:harbors
7113:History
7101:Coastal
7031:Sambuca
7016:Dolphin
6930:Rigging
6742:Poling
6732:Sailing
6669:Trireme
6609:Liburna
6572:Coracle
6542:Vessels
6381:Balatik
6150:Sailoam
6057:Daramba
6052:Burulan
5782:Rigging
5494:Fautasi
5489:Amatasi
5341:Chugpin
5204:Waserak
5145:Vanuatu
5129:Tepukei
5100:Lakatoi
5048:Camakau
4962:Tiririt
4936:Seberen
4865:Karakoa
4860:Junkung
4845:Guilalo
4824:Dinahit
4636:Lancang
4601:Cerucuh
4581:Banting
4471:Pangkur
4441:Orembai
4396:Lancang
4361:Kelulus
4356:Kalulis
4321:Jellore
4311:Golekan
4281:Cerucuh
4266:Banting
4111:Kavalan
3724:15 June
3687:Bibcode
3619:Bibcode
3594:15 June
3407:12 June
3205:Bibcode
3180:16 June
3092:12 June
2987:5383821
2956:Bibcode
2315:: 1–53.
2162:SEAArch
2074:Tapayan
1908:Red Sea
1857:Chinese
1851:by the
1762:coast.
1660:anchors
1549:), the
1538:), the
1527:), the
1516:), the
1505:), the
1415:Seville
1409:) from
1391:Pacific
1373:in the
1355:Malacca
1316:Spanish
1306:Decline
1296:Malacca
1288:Malacca
1284:hai jin
1203:Vietnam
1120:camphor
1116:Sumatra
1076:Chinese
1072:Nan hai
1028:Vietnam
994:of the
901:Mataram
876:Malacca
850:Malacca
824:Somalia
743:Comoros
727:Red Sea
687:Sumatra
593:Malacca
589:straits
573:Vietnam
532:Persian
352:bananas
294:Kalanay
274:Vietnam
171:History
105:Persian
103:of the
52:is the
9213:Aeneid
8929:Viking
8910:Regina
8679:Alkedo
8535:Abydos
8509:Wrecks
8378:Topics
8208:Piracy
8162:Greece
8022:Odisha
7954:Actium
7949:Mycale
7784:Navies
7673:Greece
7663:Olmecs
7631:Pandya
7606:Minoan
7569:Champa
7549:Lapita
7494:Remote
7414:Tyndis
7369:Quilon
7314:Muscat
7279:Lothal
7274:Korkai
7258:Jeddah
7232:Essina
7176:Adulis
7086:Charts
7021:Harpax
7011:Corvus
6985:Square
6953:Settee
6948:Lateen
6857:Tiller
6852:Strake
6820:Rudder
6810:Paddle
6758:Anchor
6737:Towing
6659:Bireme
6592:Galley
6567:Bangka
6342:Haunui
6246:Iosepa
6203:Hawaii
6047:Apilan
5886:Hipour
5640:Lakana
5609:Paopao
5601:Tuvalu
5543:Ivahah
5510:Paopao
5504:Lualua
5397:Hawaii
5299:Sakman
5284:Ladjak
5273:Duduli
5268:Duding
5245:Tipnol
5240:Korkor
5222:Baurua
5163:Wangga
5134:Tomako
5025:Endrol
5006:Island
4964:(Buti)
4951:Tempel
4946:Tataya
4941:Tapake
4931:Sapyaw
4891:Ontang
4875:Lanong
4870:Kulibo
4855:Junkun
4850:Juanga
4804:Buggoh
4798:Biroko
4758:Bangka
4753:Baloto
4709:Kabang
4681:Sampan
4651:Pelang
4621:Juanga
4611:Ghurab
4591:Buggoh
4533:Sekong
4523:Sandeq
4513:Sampan
4506:Palari
4496:Pinisi
4491:Perahu
4481:Pelang
4456:Pajala
4436:Mayang
4341:Jukung
4336:Juanga
4306:Ghurab
4271:Benawa
4203:Gubang
4185:Brunei
4174:Island
4160:Tatara
4119:Mangka
4102:Taiwan
3805:UNESCO
3782:
3752:
3660:
3589:UNESCO
3567:
3530:
3483:
3473:
3446:
3380:
3322:
3271:
3175:UNESCO
3153:
3030:
2994:
2984:
2922:
2895:
2867:
2830:
2797:
2772:
2718:
2691:
2620:
2585:
2548:
2518:
2488:
2390:
2350:
2140:
1939:piracy
1836:Extent
1824:, the
1822:Borneo
1712:rudder
1472:dowels
1445:, and
1399:Mexico
1369:. The
1209:, and
1207:Champa
1201:, and
1190:ortogh
1182:Mongol
1089:Nánhǎi
1086::
1084:pinyin
1078::
1032:Persia
899:, and
889:Melayu
830:, and
741:, the
615:) and
599:, the
597:Bangka
569:Champa
555:Mỹ Sơn
544:Europe
516:Africa
510:, the
463:, the
457:Arabia
449:Persia
439:, the
424:, and
414:Africa
385:) and
372:Indian
364:nutmeg
362:, and
360:cloves
262:Taiwan
255:. The
214:Taiwan
82:Europe
80:, and
78:Africa
72:, the
68:, the
9149:Greek
8952:Abora
8946:Ivlia
8858:Saina
8802:Ra II
8760:Sites
8545:Dokos
8157:Egypt
8079:trade
8044:Rafts
8029:Japan
8017:India
7929:Chios
7899:Mylae
7859:Olpae
7807:Roman
7802:Greek
7700:Aksum
7626:Chera
7621:Chola
7594:Sunda
7574:Kutai
7564:Kedah
7409:Tulum
7389:Sidon
7334:Opone
7324:Óc Eo
7294:Malao
7268:Kedah
7212:Basra
7160:Ports
7138:Inuit
6958:Tanja
6918:Egypt
6768:Cabin
6711:Tomol
6554:Types
6447:Samoa
6193:Saina
6143:Quest
6040:Other
5952:Trade
5926:Rapwi
5719:Paraw
5586:Pōpao
5581:Kalia
5568:Tonga
5499:Laʻau
5484:ʻalia
5476:Samoa
5405:Mālia
5346:Popow
5310:Palau
5294:Panga
5289:Lelek
5250:Walap
5158:Angga
5082:Tsǐne
5059:Takia
4968:Vinta
4916:Paraw
4896:Owong
4880:Lapis
4840:Garay
4835:Falua
4809:Casco
4793:Biray
4788:Birau
4778:Bigiw
4773:Batil
4737:Awang
4732:Avang
4701:Moken
4676:Pinas
4631:Kolek
4626:Kakap
4606:Ghali
4596:Birau
4586:Bedar
4571:Bajak
4543:Teneh
4528:Sarua
4501:Lambo
4426:Londe
4366:Kolay
4351:Kakap
4301:Ghali
4291:Eloha
4256:Bajak
4246:Bagan
4213:Kakap
4193:Bajak
3776:(PDF)
3746:(PDF)
3524:(PDF)
3481:JSTOR
3147:(PDF)
3119:(2).
2889:(PDF)
2865:S2CID
2824:(PDF)
2614:(PDF)
2579:(PDF)
2344:(PDF)
2245:(PDF)
1992:India
1973:China
1866:Ivory
1853:Roman
1783:dhows
1724:-era
1704:chuán
1680:-era
1439:Djong
1367:Johor
1338:chuán
1195:Japan
1048:chuán
1008:China
981:Fārsī
973:Islam
913:China
909:India
893:Kedah
880:Sunda
864:Hindu
854:Sunda
828:Kenya
699:India
693:) to
665:Egypt
661:India
621:China
558:Hindu
536:Tamil
490:) of
461:Egypt
445:India
326:with
130:chuán
125:China
117:Tamil
101:dhows
9078:Oslo
8800:and
8706:Isis
8653:Gozo
8174:Rome
8152:Maya
8034:Rome
7939:Nile
7705:Rome
7643:Maya
7499:Near
7419:Tyre
7171:Aden
6970:Junk
6842:Stem
6830:Sail
6815:Rope
6800:Mast
6795:Keel
6783:Hull
6773:Deck
6696:Raft
6577:Dhow
6185:Guam
5850:Proa
5813:Hull
5558:Vaʻa
5548:Pahi
5515:Vaʻa
5451:Waka
5410:Waʻa
5382:Vaka
5318:Kaep
5199:Wahr
5123:Lisi
5053:Drua
5040:Fiji
4885:Lepa
4783:Bilo
4646:Lepa
4616:Jong
4553:Toop
4538:Solu
4406:Lepa
4326:Jong
4251:Bago
4241:Abak
4208:Jong
4137:Ruza
4129:Thao
3780:ISBN
3750:ISBN
3726:2024
3658:ISBN
3596:2024
3565:ISBN
3528:ISBN
3471:ISBN
3444:ISBN
3409:2024
3378:ISBN
3320:ISBN
3282:2023
3269:ISBN
3182:2024
3151:ISBN
3094:2024
3028:PMID
2992:PMID
2920:ISBN
2893:ISBN
2828:ISBN
2795:ISBN
2770:ISBN
2716:ISBN
2689:ISBN
2618:ISBN
2583:ISBN
2546:ISBN
2516:ISBN
2486:ISBN
2464:2021
2435:2021
2406:link
2388:ISSN
2348:ISBN
2138:ISBN
1965:and
1861:silk
1855:and
1844:and
1814:Java
1812:and
1802:Yuan
1798:Song
1777:and
1722:Tang
1708:keel
1678:Ming
1634:dhow
1578:The
1490:and
1443:Dhow
1365:and
1363:Aceh
1332:jong
1318:and
1211:Kinh
1114:and
1112:Java
1095:lit.
1022:and
990:The
967:and
949:dhow
946:Arab
911:and
878:and
862:, a
852:and
841:The
814:and
778:Tang
776:and
760:and
701:and
663:and
595:and
540:East
534:and
526:and
418:taro
408:and
334:and
194:and
179:and
109:Arab
107:and
92:and
44:The
8115:Tin
7162:and
7026:Ram
6805:Oar
6763:Bow
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