608:
1991:
subjects, by districts and families; and these obeyed and respected the chief. Some chiefs had friendship and communication with others, and at times wars and quarrels. These principalities and lordships were inherited in the male line and by succession of father and son and their descendants. If these were lacking, then their brothers and collateral relatives succeeded... When any of these chiefs was more courageous than others in war and upon other occasions, such a one enjoyed more followers and men; and the others were under his leadership, even if they were chiefs. These latter retained to themselves the lordship and particular government of their own following, which is called barangay among them. They had datos and other special leaders who attended to the interests of the barangay.
3580:
particularly the ancient settlement of Halaur, as site of a progressive trading post and a court of illustrious nobilities. The friar says: Es la isla de Panay muy parecida a la de
Sicilia, así por su forma triangular come por su fertilidad y abundancia de bastimentos... Es la isla más poblada, después de Manila y Mindanao, y una de las mayores, por bojear más de cien leguas. En fertilidad y abundancia es en todas la primera... El otro corre al oeste con el nombre de Alaguer , desembocando en el mar a dos leguas de distancia de Dumangas...Es el pueblo muy hermoso, ameno y muy lleno de palmares de cocos. Antiguamente era el emporio y corte de la más lucida
2190:
1960:
consensus. Whoever was chosen by the groups as their leader exercised leadership and asserted authority over them. It was a living democracy...Barangay alliances were loosely defined. These were often based on kinship and marriage. Each
Barangay remained independent and enjoyed freedom from external control. That was why Lapulapu resisted the attempt of Magellan to make him acknowledge the lordship of Humabon. The same was true of the other datus who resisted coercive efforts of the Spaniards to make them subservient to other Datus.
3723:, cultivar sus campos y pelear en la guerra. Los siervos, que formaban el término medio entre los esclavos y los hombres libres, podían tener propriedad individual, mujer, campos, casa y esclavos; pero los tagalos debían pagar una cantidad en polvo de oro equivalente á una parte de sus cosechas, los de los barangayes bisayas estaban obligados á trabajar en las tieras del señor cinco días al mes, pagarle un tributo anual en arroz y hacerle un presente en las fiestas. Durante la dominación española, el
2322:(head of the community), the Babaylan takes in the role of interim head of the community. Babaylans were powerful ritual specialists who were believed to have influence over the weather and tap various spirits in the natural and spiritual realms. Babaylans were held in such high regard as they were believed to possess powers that can block the dark magic of an evil datu or spirit and heal the sick or wounded. Among other powers of the babaylan were to ensure a safe pregnancy and child birth.
1526:
2345:
4032:
entails privilege, duty and prescribed norms of conduct, and is requisite for community leadership; 3.) Petty
Plutocracies, which are dominated socially and politically by a recognized class of rich men who attain membership through birthright, property and the performance of specified ceremonies. They are "petty" because their authority is localized, being extended by neither absentee landlordism nor territorial subjugation; 4.) Principalities. Cf. William Henry Scott,
3476:"También fundó convento el Padre Fray Martin de Rada en Araut – que ahora se llama el convento de Dumangas – con la advocación de nuestro Padre San Agustín...Está fundado este pueblo casi a los fines del río de Halaur, que naciendo en unos altos montes en el centro de esta isla (Panay)...Es el pueblo muy hermoso, ameno y muy lleno de palmares de cocos. Antiguamente era el emporio y corte de la más lucida
4012:"También fundó convento el Padre Fray Martin de Rada en Araut- que ahora se llama el convento de Dumangas- con la advocación de nuestro Padre San Agustín...Está fundado este pueblo casi a los fines del río de Halaur, que naciendo en unos altos montes en el centro de esta isla (Panay)...Es el pueblo muy hermoso, ameno y muy lleno de palmares de cocos. Antiguamente era el emporio y corte de la más lucida
42:
2280:
2167:
2126:
2118:
2264:
2231:
2150:
1831:, among others, they took on a more complex social organization. Several barangays, consisting of households loyal to a datu, Rajah or Sultan banded together to form larger cosmopolitan polities as an apex city states. The Rulers of these barangays would then select the most senior or most respected among them to serve as a paramount datu. These polities sometimes had other names (such as
1982:"king" and "kingdom" to describe the polities of Tondo and Maynila, but Goiti was surprised when Lakandula explained there was "no single king over these lands", and that the leadership of Tondo and Maynila over the Kapampangan polities did not include either territorial claim or absolute command. Antonio de Morga, in his work
3579:
During the early part of the
Spanish colonization of the Philippines the Spanish Augustinian Friar, Gaspar de San Agustín, O.S.A., describes Iloilo and Panay as one of the most populated islands in the archipelago and the most fertile of all the islands of the Philippines. He also talks about Iloilo,
2882:
There are a number of distinctions between the modern
Barangay or Barrio, and the city-states and independent principalities encountered by the Spanish when they first arrived in 1521 and established relatively permanent settlements in 1574. The most glaring difference would be that the modern entity
1981:
This explanation of the limited powers of a paramount leader in cultures throughout the
Philippine archipelago explains the confusion experienced by Martin de Goiti during the first Spanish forays into Bulacan and Pampanga in late 1571. Until that point, Spanish chroniclers continued to use the terms
4005:
In Panay, the existence of highly developed and independent principalities of Ogtong (Oton) and Araut (Dumangas) was well known to early
Spanish settlers in the Philippines. The Augustinian historian Gaspar de San Agustin, for example, wrote about the existence of an ancient and illustrious nobility
3024:
This model has been applied to the historical polities of
Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia which traded extensively with various Bayan polities in the Philippines. However, Southeast Asian historians such as Jocano, Scott, and Osbourne are careful to note that the Philippines and Vietnam were outside
2329:
According to
William Henry Scott (Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippines Culture and Society) a Katalonan could be of either sex, or male transvestites (bayoguin), but were usually women from prominent families who were wealthy in their own right. According to Luciano P. R. Santiago (To Love and to
1715:
Noting the mobile and maritime nature of
Austronesian culture, these ancient barangays were coastal or riverine in nature. This was because most of the people relied on fishing for their supply of protein and livelihoods. They also travelled mostly by water up and down rivers, and along the coasts.
3480:
de toda aquella isla."de SAN AGUSTIN OSA (1650–1724), Fr Gaspár; DIAZ OSA, Fr Casimiro (1698). Conquistas de las Islas Philipinas. Parte primera : la temporal, por las armas del señor don Phelipe Segundo el Prudente, y la espiritual, por los religiosos del Orden de Nuestro Padre San Augustin;
2951:
Present-day political scientists studying the Philippines have noted that the reciprocal social obligations that characterized the pre-colonial bayan and barangay system are still in place today, albeit using the external trappings of modern liberal democracy. The term "cacique democracy" has been
2305:
Slaves who lived in their creditor's house and were entirely dependent on him for food and shelter. Male alipin sagigilid who married were often raised to namamahay status, because it was more economical for his master (as opposed to supporting him and his new family under the same roof). However,
2293:
Slaves who lived in their own houses apart from their creditor. If the alipin's debt came from insolvency or legal action, the alipin and his creditor agreed on a period of indenture and an equivalent monetary value in exchange for it. The alipin namamahay was allowed to farm a portion of barangay
1959:
Even if different Barangays entered into alliances with one another, there was no sovereign datu over them. Each datu ruled his barangay independently. The alliances were limited to mutual protection and assistance in times of need. It did not entail permanent allegiance. The grouping was based on
2886:
Even during the early days of Spanish rule, it was not unusual for people living beside each other to actually belong to different barangays. They owed their loyalty to different Datus. Also, while the modern barangay represents only the smallest administrative unit of government, the barangay of
1990:
There were no kings or lords throughout these islands who ruled over them as in the manner of our kingdoms and provinces; but in every island, and in each province of it, many chiefs were recognized by the natives themselves. Some were more powerful than others, and each one had his followers and
1946:
Although popular portrayals and early nationalist historical texts sometimes depict Philippine paramount rulers as having broad sovereign powers and holding vast territories, critical historiographers such as Jocano, Scott, and Junker explain that historical sources clearly show paramount leaders
2200:
Powerful governor of a province within the caliphate or dynasties of Islamic regions. Their position was inherited by a direct descent in a royal bloodline who could claim the allegiances of the datu. Sultans took on foreign relations with other states, and could declare war or allow subordinate
2325:
As a spiritual medium, babaylans also lead rituals with offerings to the various divinities or deities. As an expert in divine and herb lore, incantations, and concoctions of remedies, antidotes, and a variety of potions from various roots, leaves, and seeds, the babaylans were also regarded as
2159:
Datus were maginoo with personal followings (dulohan or barangay). His responsibilities include: governing his people, leading them in war, protecting them from enemies and settling disputes. He received agricultural produce and services from his people, and distributed irrigated land among his
4031:
Historians classify four types of non-Hispanized societies in the Philippines, some of which still survive in remote and isolated parts of the Country: 1.) Classless societies; 2.) Warrior societies, characterized by a distinct warrior class, in which membership is won by personal achievement,
1638:
defines this period of the barangay states' dominance — approximately the 14th to the 16th centuries — as the "Barangic Phase" of early Philippine history. The Barangic Phase of Philippine history can be noted for its highly mobile nature, with barangays transforming from being settlements and
1733:
Historically, the first barangays started as relatively small communities of around 30 to 100 families, with a population that varies from one hundred to five hundred persons. When the Spaniards came, they found communities with only twenty to thirty people, as well as large and prestigious
2330:
Suffer) as remuneration for their services they received a good part of the offerings of food, wine, clothing, and gold, the quality and quantity of which depended on the social status of the supplicant. Thus, the catalonas filled a very prestigious as well as lucrative role in society.
2079:
The barangays in some coastal places in Panay, Manila, Cebu, Jolo, and Butuan, with cosmopolitan cultures and trade relations with other Countries in Asia, were already established Principalities before the coming of the Spaniards. In these regions, even though the majority of these
1896:
The earliest documentation of the term "Bayan" was done by early Spanish missionaries who came up with local language dictionaries to facilitate the conversion of the peoples of the Philippine archipelago to Roman Catholicism. Among the most significant of these dictionaries was the
2381:
In the middle of the seventeenth century, the Jesuit missionary Francisco Colin made an attempt to give an approximate comparison of the social stratification in Tagalog culture with that in the Visayan culture. While social mobility was possible in the former, in the Visayas, the
1964:
Keifer compares this situation to similarly-structured African polities where "component units of the political structure consist of functionally and structurally equivalent segments integrated only loosely by a centralized authority dependent on the consensual delegation of power
2142:
of the confederacy of Barangay states. In a confederacy forged by alliances among polities, the datu would convene to choose a paramount chief from among themselves; their communal decision would be based on a datu's prowess in battle, leadership, and network of allegiances.
2000:
Because the peoples of the Philippine archipelago had different languages, the highest ranking political authorities in the largest historical barangay polities went by different titles. The titles of the paramount datu also changed from case to case, including:
3717:á quienes heredaban los hijos mayores, las hijas á falta de éstos, ó los parientes más próximos si no tenían descendencia directa; pero siempre teniendo en cuenta las condiciones de fuerza ó de dinero...Los vassalos plebeyos tenían que remar en los barcos del
2464:
were not large settlements, yet they had organized societies dominated by the same type of recognized aristocracy and Lordships (with birthright claim to allegiance from followers), as those found in more established, richer and more developed Principalities.
2361:
have been done – most studies focus on the specific context of a single settlement or ethnic group. There are only a handful of historiographers and anthropologists who have done integrative studies to examine the commonalities and differences between these
2050:
in more Islamized Subanon communities. In some other portions of the Visayas and Mindanao, there was no separate name for the most senior ruler, so the Paramount ruler was simply called a datu, although one datu was identifiable as the most senior.
1646:
to describe the Philippines' various indigenous polities, citing a lack of linguistic evidence and the fact that all of the primary references suggesting that use of the term can be traced to just a single source - Juan de Plascencia's 1589 report
1906:
After the various polities of the Philippine archipelago were united into a single political entity during colonial times, the term gradually lost its original specific meaning, and took on more generic, descriptive denotations: population center
607:
1737:
The coastal villages were more accessible to trade with foreigners. These were ideal places for economic activity to develop. Business with traders from other Countries also meant contact with other cultures and civilizations, such as those of
1850:)." The majority of these early "bayan" were economically complex communities situated river deltas where rivers exit out into the ocean, and featured a compact community layout which distinguished them from inland communities, thus the name.
3489:. OCLC 79696350. "The second part of the work, compiled by Casimiro Díaz Toledano from the manuscript left by Gaspár de San Agustín, was not published until 1890 under the title: Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas, Parte segunda", pp. 374-376.
1769:, or a leader with an equivalent title. This was the typical size of inland settlements by the time the Spanish colonizers arrived in the late 1500s, whereas larger, more cosmopolitan polities dominated the coasts, particularly river deltas.
1977:(sic) constitute an institutionalized chain of command from center to periphery. Political allegiance was given only to the leader immediately above an individual with whom a kin group had personal ties of economic reciprocity and loyalty.
3961:
Mapping and Analysis of Indigenous Governance Practices in the Philippines and Proposal for Establishing an Indicative Framework for Indigenous People's Governance: Towards a Broader and Inclusive Process of Governance in the
1725:, which refers to a plank boat widely used by various cultures of the Philippine archipelago prior to the arrival of European colonizers; in essence a barangay is a ship or a fleet of ships and also a house or a settlement.
2246:, their main responsibility to the datu was agricultural labor, but they could also work in fisheries, accompany expeditions, and rowboats. They could also perform irregular services, like support feasts or build houses.
2178:
Panginoon were maginoo with many slaves and other valuable property like houses and boats. Lineage was emphasized over wealth; the nouveau riche were derogatorily referred to as maygintawo (fellow with a lot of riches).
2084:
were not large settlements, yet they had organized societies dominated by the same type of recognized aristocracy (with birthright claim to allegiance from followers), as those found in established Principalities.
3032:
Philippine historiographers thus do not apply the term "Mandala" to describe early Philippine polities because doing so overemphasizes the scale of Indian influence on Philippine culture, obscuring the indigenous
3021:. They emphasized that these polities were defined by their centre rather than their boundaries, and it could be composed of numerous other tributary polities without undergoing administrative integration.
2294:
land, but he was required to provide a measure of threshed rice or a jar of rice wine for his master's feasts. He came whenever his master called to harvest crops, build houses, rowboats, or carry cargo.
2898:
In most cases, his function was to make decisions which would involve multiple barangays, such as disputes between members of two different barangays. Internally, each datu retained his jurisdiction.
2887:
precolonial times was either independent, or belonged to what was only a loose confederation of several barangays, over which the rulers picked among themselves who would be foremost - known as the
2729:
referring to freemen came into use in the social structure of the Tagalogs within just twenty years after the coming of the Spaniards. The term, however, was being incorrectly applied to former
2296:
Member included: those who have inherited debts from namamahay parents, timawa who went into debt, and former alipin saguiguilid who married and were allowed to live outside of master's house.
3676:
1352:
2096:
at the time of migration or conquest. Some of these Principalities have remained, even until the present, in unhispanized and mostly Islamized parts of the Philippines, in Mindanao.
569:
2059:
Often, these paramount datus, rajahs and sultans formed ritual alliances with the leaders of nearby polities, and these "alliance groups" spread their political influence (but
1757:
In time, these coastal communities acquired more advanced cultures, with developed social structures (sovereign principalities), ruled by established royalties and nobilities.
1719:
Trails always followed river systems, which were also a major source of water for bathing, washing, and drinking. Early chroniclers record that the name evolved from the term
3699:, Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, S. A., 1991, Vol. VII, p.624. The article also says: "Los nobles de un barangay eran los más ricos ó los más fuertes, formándose por este sistema los
1903:
by the Augustinian missionary Fray Pedro de San Buenaventura, who described it as a large town with four to ten datu lived with their followers, called dulohan or barangay.
2684:
The more complex social structure of the Tagalogs was less stable during the arrival of the Spaniards because it was still in a process of differentiating. A Jesuit priest
3424:. Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library Araw ng Maynila Briefers. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. June 23, 2015. Archived from
1164:
1658:
The term has since been adapted as the name of the basic political unit of the Philippines. So historical barangays should not be confused with present-day Philippine
1316:
3081:
2988:
2217:
2024:
In communities which historically had strong political or trade connections with Indianized polities in Indonesia and Malaysia, the Paramount Ruler was called a
1194:
3170:
3745:, siendo hereditario el cargo de jefe." It should also be noted that the more popular and official term used to refer to the leaders of the district or to the
2802:(town) where a newly built church was situated. This allowed the Spanish government to control the movement of the indigenous population, to easily facilitate
1311:
2273:
Warrior class of the barangay, rendered military services to the Datu and paid for their own equipment and weapons. They also received a share of the spoils.
1265:
562:
4536:
3644:
1554:
2393:
came into use in the Tagalog social structure within just twenty years after the coming of the Spaniards. The term, however, was being applied to former
634:
4427:
2544:
1577:
is the term historically used by scholars to describe the complex sociopolitical units that were the dominant organizational pattern among the various
1416:
25:
2918:
2685:
2357:
Because of the difficulty of accessing and accurately interpreting the various available sources, relatively few integrative studies of pre-colonial
1451:
499:
53:
555:
2386:(if had the personality and economic means) could retain and restrain competing peers, relatives, and offspring from moving up the social ladder.
1947:
exercised only a limited degree of influence, which did not include claims over the barangays and territories of less-senior datus. For example,
1511:
2653:
The different type of culture prevalent in Luzon gave a less stable and more complex social structure to the pre-colonial Tagalog barangays of
2339:
1712:. This became the mainstays of the Austronesian speaking populations through the expansion from Maritime Southeast Asia out into the Pacific.
1592:
Some barangays were well-organized independent villages, consisting of thirty to a hundred households. Other barangays — most notably those in
504:
2665:. Taking part in a more extensive commerce than those in Visayas, having the influence of Bornean political contacts, and engaging in farming
2326:
allies of certain datus in subjugating an enemy, hence, the babaylans were also known for their specialization in medical and divine combat.
1692:
Theories, as well as local oral traditions, say that the original "barangays" were coastal settlements formed as a result of the migration of
4472:
1342:
1334:
3673:
3548:
3086:
2139:
1778:
1301:
1174:
1123:
521:
509:
2415:
Class. At the early part of the Spanish regime, the number of their members who were coming to rent land from their Datus was increasing.
2092:
Class. Its members were presumably the descendants of the first settlers on the land or, in the case of later arrivals, of those who were
1431:
1426:
1377:
696:
2785:
2378:
of early polities throughout the archipelago, alongside her study of inter and intra-regional trade among Philippine coastal polities.
1293:
1255:
1247:
1141:
935:
701:
3029:, and that the Philippines instead received an indirect Indian cultural influence through their relations with the Majapahit empire.
2688:
made an attempt to give an approximate comparison of it with the Visayan social structure in the middle of the 17th century. The term
2489:) which were never conquered by Spain but were subjugated as vassals by means of pacts, peace treaties, and reciprocal alliances, the
2035:
1568:
1506:
1441:
1006:
739:
33:
2629:
keep their marriageable daughters secluded for protection and prestige. These well-guarded and protected highborn women were called
1839:) but since the terminology varies from case to case, scholars such as Jocano and Scott simply refer to them as "larger" barangays.
1585:
in the period immediately before the arrival of European colonizers. Academics refer to these settlements using the technical term "
946:
1547:
3393:
Junker, Laura Lee (1990). "The Organization of IntraRegional and LongDistance Trade in PreHispanic Philippine Complex Societies".
2547:
as "free men, neither chiefs nor slaves". These were people of lower nobility who were required to render military service to the
3417:
4117:
2063:
their territorial claims) across an even larger geographic area. One prominent example was the case of the Paramount Rulers of
1681:
1486:
1199:
1081:
649:
2366:. In the contemporary era of critical scholarly analysis, the more prominent such works include the studies of anthropologist
4580:
4499:
3615:
3312:
480:
3481:
fundacion y progreso de su Provincia del Santissimo Nombre de Jesus (in Spanish). Madrid: Imprenta de Manuel Ruiz de Murga.
2240:
Non-slaves who can attached themselves to the Datu of their choice. They could use and bequeath a portion of barangay land.
2021:
in polities which traded extensively with Indonesia and Malaysia; or simply Datu in some areas of Mindanao and the Visayas.
2875:
when he ordered the replacement of the old barrios and municipal councils. This act was eventually codified under the 1991
1501:
1446:
1411:
1392:
1234:
986:
721:
526:
1973:
While political leadership followed an explicitly symbolized hierarchy (sic) of rank this leadership hierarchy (sic) did
4079:
3691:
For more information about the social system of the Indigenous Philippine society before the Spanish colonization confer
3451:
1540:
1491:
1466:
1421:
1219:
587:
531:
514:
4226:
4143:
2766:
who owned their own houses and served their masters by paying tribute or working on their fields were the commoners and
2253:, they paid no tribute and rendered no agricultural labor. They were seafaring warriors who bound themselves to a datu.
3907:
3486:
1631:
The term originally referred to both a house on land and a boat on water, containing families, friends and dependents.
4411:
4236:
3990:
3510:
Junker, Laura Lee (1998). "Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms".
3461:
3358:
3304:
3293:
3251:
3162:
2876:
1915:); municipality; or in the broadest sense, "country". Among the most prominent of these bayan entities were those in
1669:
1476:
659:
4199:, Quezon City: 1998, p. 4. Also cf. Antonio Morga, Sucessos de las Islas Filipinas, 2nd ed., Paris: 1890, p. xxxiii.
3772:
The River Dwellers, in Book Pasig : The River of Life (Edited by Reynaldo Gamboa Alejandro and Alfred A. Yuson)
2071:, who were said to have political sway among the peoples of Bulacan and Pampanga before the arrival of the Spanish.
1700:
initially, and stayed in the archipelago to create a thalassocratic and highly sea dependent civilization based on
1461:
1456:
1001:
4399:
3237:
2371:
1899:
1189:
4073:
3610:. E. de los Santos St., UP Campus, Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. pp. 117–153.
2826:- the elite ruling class of the municipalities of the Spanish Philippines. This position was inherited from the
4575:
4322:
3813:
3729:, jefe de un barangay, ejercía funciones judiciales y administrativas. A los tres años tenía el tratamiento de
2883:
represents a geographical entity, the pre-colonial barangays represented loyalty to a particular head (datu).
2445:
neither paid tribute nor performed agricultural labor. In this sense, they were truly aristocrats. The Tagalog
1436:
857:
726:
711:
617:
469:
4438:
3652:
3009:
word "Mandala" ("circle") as a model for describing the patterns of diffuse political power distributed among
2830:, and came to be known as such during the Spanish regime. The Spanish Monarch ruled each barangay through the
3553:
2917:
The organization of pre-colonial Philippine states has often been described as or compared to feudalism (see
2743:. The equivalent warrior class in the Tagalog society was present only in Laguna, and they were known as the
1016:
626:
2308:
Member included: children born in creditor's house and children of parents who were too poor to raise them.
2869:
1582:
1481:
1471:
1021:
867:
3018:
2798:. The policy coerced inhabitants of several far-flung and scattered barangays to move into an centralized
3106:
2926:
2540:, characterized by the Jesuit priest Francisco Ignatio Alcina as "the third rank of nobility" and by the
2256:
Member included: illegitimate children of Maginoo and slaves and former alipin who paid off their debts.
2064:
1828:
1784:
1347:
1101:
835:
775:
256:
192:
4022:, Manuel Merino, O.S.A., ed., Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas: Madrid 1975, pp. 374-375.
3061:, another term for the system of independent and semi-independent city-states in Maritime Southeast Asia
2735:(commoner and slave class) who have escaped bondage by payment, favor, or flight. Moreover, the Tagalog
424:
4264:
2593:
1214:
815:
760:
596:
544:
251:
177:
3923:
Imbing, Thimuay Mangura Vicente L.; Viernes-Enriquez, Joy (1990). "A Legend of the Subanen "Buklog"".
2956:
where in many parts of the country local leaders remain very strong, with almost warlord-type powers.
2592:
may be exempt from such obligations (the latter were characterized by the Boxer Codex as "knights and
1639:
turning into fleets and vice versa, with the wood constantly re-purposed according to the situation.
3838:
3111:
3070:
2984:
2068:
1920:
1788:
1597:
1096:
1011:
765:
212:
3862:
1655:
reflected what was merely an attempt by the Spanish to reconstructing pre-conquest Tagalog society.
4460:
1936:
1820:
1184:
1066:
1061:
897:
825:
379:
261:
224:
1881:). She also notes that these terms are the basis for many place-names in the Philippines, such as
2853:
2176:
Maginoo comprised the ruling class of Tagalogs, Ginoo was both honorific for both men and women.
1321:
1260:
1179:
1086:
966:
810:
664:
4078:. Manila: Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. 2015. pp.
3558:
2409:. The warrior class in the Tagalog society was present only in Laguna, and they were called the
2374:. More recently, anthropologist Laura Lee Junker conducted an updated comparative review of the
2318:
were highly respected members of the community, on par with the Maginoo. In the absence of the
1357:
1071:
369:
4489:
4371:
3285:
2971:
and its modern derivative "caciquismo" (sometimes translated as "Bossism"), which refers to a
3281:
2457:
in Luzon formed a common economic class in some sense, though this class had no designation.
1275:
1159:
1051:
956:
294:
4311:
Abinales, Patricio N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). "New States and Reorientations 1368–1764".
3605:
4523:
The caciques: oligarchical politics and the system of caciquismo in the Luso-Hispanic world
3034:
2993:
In the late 20th century, European historians who believed that historical Southeast Asian
1916:
1593:
1280:
1270:
1229:
1209:
1076:
669:
344:
8:
4289:
Cf. William Henry Scott, Cracks in the Parchment Curtain, Quezon City: 1998, pp. 124-125.
3002:
2789:
2625:, abducting them, or contracting brideprices in gold, slaves and jewelry. Meanwhile, the
2375:
1932:
1808:
1693:
1642:
Some scholars such as Damon Woods, however, have recently challenged the use of the term
1617:
1372:
1118:
1026:
981:
971:
917:
830:
349:
299:
246:
1861:, is linguistically related to other Philippine words for shoreline and perimeter (both
3940:
3850:
3527:
2816:
2772:
2315:
2002:
1530:
1154:
1056:
1046:
1031:
679:
654:
419:
289:
2834:, who also collected taxes (called tribute) from the residents for the Spanish Crown.
4495:
4407:
4318:
4232:
4094:
3986:
3903:
3809:
3648:
3611:
3531:
3482:
3457:
3425:
3354:
3308:
3300:
3289:
3247:
2960:
2946:
2934:
2930:
2793:
2762:
2673:
as more traders than warriors, and possessed distinct religious practices concerning
2662:
2189:
2182:
Members included: those who could claim noble lineage, members of the datu's family.
1940:
1928:
1824:
1804:
1625:
1609:
862:
840:
464:
314:
271:
4301:
Cf. William Henry Scott, Cracks in the Parchment Curtain, Quezon City: 1998, p. 125.
4174:
Cf. William Henry Scott, Cracks in the Parchment Curtain, Quezon City: 1998, p. 125.
2964:
3932:
3834:
3519:
3076:
2998:
2922:
2872:
2803:
2358:
1204:
1149:
1091:
1036:
991:
961:
922:
374:
319:
3453:
Urban Development and Civil Society: The Role of Communities in Sustainable Cities
2430:
were obliged to do that, and to pay tribute besides. The Tagalog who works in the
4537:"Mandala: From Sacred Origins to Sovereign Affairs in Traditional Southeast Asia"
4491:
The Catastrophe of Modernity: Tragedy and the Nation in Latin American Literature
4312:
3980:
3737:
3731:
3680:
3631:
3346:
3275:
3241:
2399:(Third Class) who have escaped bondage by payment, favor, or flight. The Tagalog
2367:
1948:
1765:
The smallest barangays were communities of around 30 to 100 households, led by a
1739:
1635:
1382:
872:
805:
639:
324:
229:
2925:. Specifically, political scientists note that political patterns of the modern
2621:
usually marry only among their kind, often seeking high ranking brides in other
3982:
Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino and Other Essays in the Philippine History
2972:
2670:
2031:
2025:
2014:
1969:(sic) through the system." Junker, expounding further on Keifer's work, notes:
1836:
1701:
1367:
1169:
996:
892:
474:
434:
404:
399:
3959:
3523:
2822:
2434:
field did not pay him tribute, and could transfer their allegiance to another
4569:
4228:
Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms
3588:, Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 1975, pp. 374-376.
3277:
Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms
3158:
3067:, similar concept in mainland Southeast Asia, especially in Thailand and Laos
3026:
2201:
datus to declare war if need be. The sultan had his court, a prime minister (
1886:
1496:
1306:
716:
414:
394:
384:
364:
334:
309:
3790:
2669:
for a living, the Tagalogs were described by the Spanish Augustinian friar
2541:
2010:
907:
887:
706:
389:
2418:
Unlike the Visayan Datus, the Lakans and Apos of Luzon could call all non-
2344:
2953:
2857:
2519:
2426:
fields or do all sorts of other personal labor. In the Visayas, only the
1882:
1743:
1709:
1128:
1113:
458:
409:
3944:
3038:
1705:
1387:
1224:
902:
329:
3958:
Buendia, Rizal; Mendoza, Lorelei; Guiam, Rufa; Sambeli, Luisa (2006).
2088:
The aristocratic group in these pre-colonial societies was called the
3845:. Vol. 3. Ohio, Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Company. p. 145.
3046:
3042:
2912:
2745:
2510:
This social order was divided into three classes. The members of the
2460:
In other parts of the Archipelago, even though the majority of these
2453:
field, but could also be required to pay his own rent. Thus, all non-
2411:
2268:
1846:, meaning a "community", or literally "a place with many households (
1842:
Grace Odal-Devora traces the etymology of the term bayan to the word
1578:
1041:
976:
644:
429:
354:
304:
119:
4265:
http://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pssr/article/viewFile/1274/1630
4207:
4205:
3936:
4560:
4430:
4376:
4346:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4013:
3581:
3477:
3058:
3014:
3006:
2849:
2843:
2666:
2658:
2553:
2461:
2349:
2207:
1924:
1816:
1800:
1792:
1721:
1687:
1664:
1621:
1605:
1601:
1362:
877:
852:
820:
800:
755:
691:
359:
339:
266:
234:
172:
4267:
Seclusion and Veiling of Women: A Historical and Cultural Approach
3787:
Vocabulario de lengua tagala: el romance castellano puesto primero
4202:
3747:
3725:
3096:
2975:
or leader who exercises significant power in a political system.
2776:
who lived in their masters' houses were the servants and slaves.
2710:
2678:
2474:
2250:
2171:
951:
912:
770:
197:
102:
63:
4347:"28 July 1571: The Foundation Date of the Province of La Laguna"
4184:
The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the Philippine Islands
4161:
4095:"Baylan : Animist Religion and Philippine Peasant Ideology"
3900:
Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History
3713:
3064:
3010:
2994:
2861:
2807:
2731:
2654:
2602:
2584:) and were sometimes called upon for agricultural labor to the
2536:
2405:
2395:
2363:
2284:
2235:
2194:
1890:
1812:
1697:
1659:
1586:
795:
790:
780:
439:
207:
202:
182:
131:
114:
97:
77:
2279:
2166:
2125:
2117:
2042:, and some thimuays are sometimes additionally referred to as
41:
3091:
2892:
2788:, smaller ancient barangays were combined to form towns in a
2752:
At the bottom of the social hierarchy are the members of the
2696:
2674:
2486:
2482:
2263:
2243:
2230:
2149:
2134:
2006:
1796:
1751:
1747:
1613:
882:
82:
4231:. Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 126–127.
4118:"The complementary roles of the Mandirigma and the Babaylan"
4075:
Philippine Electoral Almanac. – Revised and expanded edition
2637:
of pure descent (at least for four generations) were called
3806:
The Tausug: Violence and Law in a Philippine Muslim Society
3719:
3707:
3701:
3101:
2767:
2690:
2606:
class (commoners and slaves), who rendered services to the
2523:
2518:) were the nobility of pure royal descent, compared by the
2491:
2478:
2319:
2154:
2130:
2093:
2089:
2018:
1766:
785:
187:
92:
87:
72:
4317:. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 53, 55.
3957:
3674:
The Cultural Influences of India, China, Arabia, and Japan
3353:(2001 ed.). Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc.
3243:
Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society
2811:
2074:
2054:
4473:
Cacique Democracy in the Philippines: Origins and Dreams
3829:
3827:
3825:
2306:
female alipin sagigilid were rarely permitted to marry.
3351:
Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage
3082:
Indian cultural influences in early Philippine polities
2989:
Indian cultural influences in early Philippine polities
1953:
Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage
16:
Complex sociopolitical units in precolonial Philippines
3922:
2837:
2704:
refers to the chief, but the noble class to which the
2353:– the common weapon of the pre-colonial warrior class.
3822:
3607:
The Myth of the Barangay and Other Silenced Histories
3543:
3541:
2860:, also known by its former Spanish adopted name, the
2333:
3741:, con facultades para nombrarse un auxiliar llamado
2952:
used to describe the feudal political system of the
2739:
did not have the military prominence of the Visayan
2403:
did not have the military prominence of the Visayan
3584:de toda aquella isla...Mamuel Merino, O.S.A., ed.,
3151:
2933:, can more accurately be described using the term "
1589:", but they are usually simply called "barangays".
4494:. Bucknell University Press. 2004. pp. 136–.
3769:
3697:Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europea-Americana
3538:
3450:Carley, Michael; Smith, Harry (November 5, 2013).
3445:
3443:
3246:. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
2648:
1651:. Instead, Woods argues that this use of the term
3509:
3392:
3027:the geographical scope of direct Indian influence
2814:. Every barangay within a town was headed by the
1649:Las costumbres de los indios Tagalos de Filipinas
4567:
4435:Pinas: Munting Kasaysayan ng Pira-pirasong Bayan
4224:
3968:. Bangkok: United Nations Development Programme.
3778:
1772:
1672:of 1991 as a reference to historical barangays.
4310:
4304:
3843:Relation of the Conquest of the Island of Luzon
3512:International Journal of Historical Archaeology
3440:
1783:When barangays grew larger, as was the case in
1760:
4525:. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press
4372:"The Philippines Then and Now; Spanish Period"
3833:
3803:
3280:. Ateneo de Manila University Press. pp.
2864:. This modern context for the use of the term
2340:Historiography of early Philippine settlements
2226:Timawa and Maharlika (Middle Class and Freemen
4137:
4135:
4020:Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas (1565–1615)
4008:Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas (1565–1615)
3636:
3586:Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas (1565-1615)
3341:
2211:or crown prince), a third-ranking dignitary (
1548:
563:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3784:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3087:Paramount rulers in early Philippine history
2756:class. There are two main subclasses of the
2633:(literally "veiled" or "swaddled"), and the
1779:Paramount rulers in early Philippine history
4392:
4297:
4295:
4116:Mallari, Perry Gil S. (November 16, 2013).
4099:Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society
3765:
3763:
3761:
3449:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3163:"The Explainer: Bamboozled by the barangay"
3073:, political model in ancient Southeast Asia
2534:were the vassal warrior class known as the
2468:
1696:, who came to the archipelago by boat from
4132:
3797:
3422:Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library
2188:
2165:
2148:
2124:
2116:
2100:Social Hierarchy of Pre-colonial Polities
1853:Odal-Devors notes that bayan's root word,
1555:
1541:
570:
556:
4431:"Ninuno Mo, Ninuno Ko: Juan de Plasencia"
3972:
3884:
3869:
3808:. New York: Holt, Rineheart and Winston.
3642:
3492:
3405:
3367:
3318:
3260:
2868:was adopted during the administration of
2820:(barangay chief), who formed part of the
2005:in the most Islamized areas of Mindanao;
1007:Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization
4364:
4338:
4292:
3758:
3185:
2495:was at the top of the social order in a
2343:
1873:"great lady"), friend (the Visayan term
1675:
4534:
4115:
4109:
3774:. Unilever Philippines. pp. 43–66.
3037:cultural connections to the peoples of
746:Historically documented states/polities
34:Pre-colonial history of the Philippines
4568:
4218:
4142:Limos, Mario Alvaro (March 18, 2019).
3345:
3273:
3157:
2075:Social organization and stratification
2055:Alliance groups among paramount rulers
1682:Models of migration to the Philippines
4420:
4398:
4141:
4092:
4086:
3978:
3897:
3875:
3603:
3236:
2852:in modern use refers to the smallest
2617:To maintain purity of bloodline, the
2588:, though the personal vassals of the
4441:from the original on August 14, 2007
4404:Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino
4314:State and Society in the Philippines
4215:, Quezon City: 1998, pp. 102 and 112
3173:from the original on October 2, 2017
2940:
1628:— were large cosmopolitan polities.
4459:Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson,
4406:. Quezon City: New Day Publishers.
3985:. Quezon City: New Day Publishers.
3902:. Quezon City: New Day Publishers.
3785:Buenaventura, Pedro de San (1613).
2901:
2838:Difference from the modern barangay
2038:, a settlement's datus answer to a
1995:
13:
4255:, Quezon City: 1998, pp. 112- 118.
3735:y se reconocía capacidad para ser
2959:The term was originally coined by
2334:Variation in social stratification
606:
40:
14:
4592:
4535:Dellios, Rosita (June 25, 2019).
4426:
4049:, Quezon City: 1998, pp. 127-147.
2160:barangay with right of usufruct.
947:Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi
660:Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens
481:The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898
4344:
3643:Plasencia, Fray Juan de (1589).
2779:
2278:
2262:
2229:
1670:Philippine Local Government Code
1662:, which were officially renamed
1524:
4528:
4515:
4482:
4465:
4453:
4283:
4278:Cracks in the Parchment Curtain
4270:
4258:
4253:Cracks in the Parchment Curtain
4245:
4213:Cracks in the Parchment Curtain
4197:Cracks in the Parchment Curtain
4189:
4177:
4066:
4060:Heroism,heritage and nationhood
4052:
4047:Cracks in the Parchment Curtain
4039:
4034:Cracks in the Parchment Curtain
4025:
4018:Gaspar de San Agustin, O.S.A.,
3999:
3951:
3916:
3878:Succesos de las Islas Filipinas
3685:
3667:
3624:
3597:
3591:
3573:
3557:. June 25, 2015. Archived from
3124:
2649:Barangays in the Tagalog Region
2473:In more developed barangays in
1900:Vocabulario de la lengua tagala
4186:, Vols. 1 and 2, Chapter VIII.
3751:during the Spanish period was
3470:
2923:Marxist socioeconomic analysis
2714:class. Any male member of the
2370:and historian-historiographer
1984:Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
1728:
1353:2000 campaign against the MILF
858:Laguna Copperplate Inscription
712:Maitum anthropomorphic pottery
470:Laguna Copperplate Inscription
1:
4554:
4062:. PCDSPO. 2016. pp. 7–8.
3979:Scott, William Henry (1992).
3898:Scott, William Henry (1984).
3145:
3019:early Southeast Asian history
2708:belonged to was known as the
2576:also paid taxes and tribute (
2215:, or sea lord) and advisers (
1773:Barangays as apex city states
1017:Battles of La Naval de Manila
452:Primary sources and artifacts
4581:Barangays of the Philippines
4280:, Quezon City: 1998, p. 113.
4036:, Quezon City: 1998, p. 139.
2921:), particularly in light of
2906:
1761:Smaller barangay settlements
868:Limestone tombs of Kamhantik
126:Commoners, serfs, and slaves
7:
4437:(in Filipino). elaput.com.
3770:Odal-Devora, Grace (2000).
3052:
2927:Republic of the Philippines
1358:2nd People Power Revolution
1348:1997 Asian financial crisis
1082:Declaration of Independence
10:
4597:
4144:"The Fall of the Babaylan"
3876:Morga, Antonio de (1609).
3839:Robertson, James Alexander
3274:Junker, Laura Lee (2000).
2982:
2978:
2944:
2910:
2841:
2514:class (which includes the
2503:(elsewhere referred to as
2337:
2205:), an heir to the throne (
1776:
1685:
1679:
1087:American capture of Manila
545:History of the Philippines
4345:Alas, José Mario “Pepe”.
4225:Laura Lee Junker (2000).
4195:Cf. William Henry Scott,
4045:Cf. William Henry Scott,
3645:"Customs of the Tagalogs"
3138:, is translated "nation".
2985:Mandala (political model)
2722:by personal achievement.
2449:did not only work in his
2277:
2225:
2115:
2110:
2104:
967:Spanish capture of Manila
4479:, I (169), May–June 1988
3117:
2784:Upon the arrival of the
2469:Barangays in the Visayas
2422:subjects to work in the
2107:
1569:early Philippine history
1427:Administrative divisions
1142:American colonial period
1062:Republic of Biak-na-Bato
898:Butuan Silver Paleograph
883:Batanes Ijang fortresses
826:Sultanate of Maguindanao
697:Cordillera Rice Terraces
3804:Keifer, Thomas (1972).
3524:10.1023/A:1022611908759
2854:administrative division
1322:People Power Revolution
1102:Philippine–American War
936:Spanish colonial period
4093:McCoy, Alfred (1982).
4016:de toda aquella isla."
4006:in Araut, in his book
3925:Asian Folklore Studies
2522:to the titled Spanish
2354:
2121:Maginoo (Ruling Class)
1993:
1979:
1962:
1951:, in his seminal work
1583:Philippine archipelago
1531:Philippines portal
1507:Science and technology
1124:UST Baybayin Documents
1072:Treaty of Paris (1898)
650:Austronesian expansion
635:Early hominin activity
611:
370:Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram
45:
4576:Precolonial barangays
4276:William Henry Scott,
4251:William Henry Scott,
4211:William Henry Scott,
3679:July 1, 2012, at the
3604:Woods, Damon (2017).
3418:"Pre-colonial Manila"
3001:or European views of
2919:non-Western feudalism
2877:Local Government Code
2614:for debts or favors.
2572:Aside from this, the
2551:in hunts, land wars (
2347:
1988:
1971:
1957:
1777:Further information:
1686:Further information:
1676:Origins and etymology
1452:Cultural achievements
1276:Filipino First policy
1266:Mutual Defense Treaty
1220:Philippine resistance
1052:Philippine Revolution
1012:Spanish–Moro conflict
1002:Revolts and uprisings
888:Golden Tara of Agusan
610:
500:Cultural achievements
380:Sultan Muwallil Wasit
295:Azim ud-Din I of Sulu
44:
4471:Benedict Anderson, '
4400:Scott, William Henry
3561:on December 22, 2015
3238:Scott, William Henry
3017:(principalities) in
2009:among the Tagalogs;
1869:or the Visayan term
1512:World Heritage Sites
1378:Territorial disputes
1281:North Borneo dispute
1271:Hukbalahap Rebellion
1235:Philippines campaign
1230:Battle of Leyte Gulf
1210:Battle of Corregidor
1185:Tydings–McDuffie Act
1077:Battle of Manila Bay
1067:Spanish–American War
675:Precolonial barangay
64:Maginoo, Ginu, Tumao
3655:on January 23, 2009
3554:Oxford Dictionaries
3161:(October 2, 2017).
3005:began adapting the
3003:political geography
2997:did not conform to
2718:class can become a
2376:social organization
2372:William Henry Scott
2101:
2036:Zamboanga Peninsula
1694:Austronesian people
1373:Philippine drug war
1335:Contemporary period
1302:Communist rebellion
1200:Japanese occupation
1165:Military Government
1119:Doctrina Christiana
1027:Propaganda Movement
982:Spanish East Indies
972:Battle of Bangkusay
918:Magellan expedition
836:Sultanates of Lanao
831:Sultanate of Buayan
300:Batarah Shah Tengah
4461:Cacique Democracy'
4120:. The Manila Times
3753:Cabeza de Barangay
3395:Asian Perspectives
2817:cabeza de barangay
2773:aliping sa gigilid
2355:
2302:Alipin Saguiguilid
2099:
1175:Insular Government
1160:Zamboanga Republic
1057:Tejeros Convention
1047:Cry of Pugad Lawin
1032:1872 Cavite mutiny
740:Precolonial period
680:Maritime Silk Road
655:Angono Petroglyphs
627:Prehistoric period
612:
290:Agustin de Legazpi
161:Political entities
46:
4501:978-0-8387-5561-7
4428:Laput, Ernesto J.
3835:Blair, Emma Helen
3649:Nagcarlan, Laguna
3617:978-971-542-821-7
3313:978-971-550-347-1
2999:classical Chinese
2961:Benedict Anderson
2947:Cacique democracy
2941:Cacique democracy
2935:Cacique Democracy
2931:liberal democracy
2810:, and to collect
2808:population counts
2792:process known as
2763:aliping namamahay
2561:), or sea raids (
2528:señores de titulo
2359:social structures
2313:
2312:
1565:
1564:
1412:Ancient religions
1393:COVID-19 pandemic
1248:Post-independence
987:Captaincy General
863:Butuan Ivory Seal
841:Sultanate of Sulu
722:Prehistoric beads
580:
579:
465:Butuan Ivory Seal
315:Dayang Kalangitan
137:Alipin sa gigilid
4588:
4549:
4548:
4532:
4526:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4486:
4480:
4469:
4463:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4290:
4287:
4281:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4222:
4216:
4209:
4200:
4193:
4187:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4139:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4056:
4050:
4043:
4037:
4029:
4023:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3895:
3882:
3881:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3860:
3856:
3854:
3846:
3831:
3820:
3819:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3767:
3756:
3689:
3683:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3651:. Archived from
3640:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3545:
3536:
3535:
3507:
3490:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3447:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3428:on March 9, 2016
3414:
3403:
3402:
3390:
3365:
3364:
3347:Jocano, F. Landa
3343:
3316:
3299:
3271:
3258:
3257:
3234:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3155:
3139:
3128:
3077:Christianization
2902:Related concepts
2873:Ferdinand Marcos
2804:Christianization
2545:Miguel de Loarca
2290:Alipin Namamahay
2282:
2266:
2233:
2192:
2169:
2152:
2140:Paramount Leader
2128:
2120:
2102:
2098:
1996:Titles of rulers
1877:), and writing (
1734:principalities.
1557:
1550:
1543:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1261:Treaty of Manila
1205:Battle of Bataan
1150:Tagalog Republic
1092:Malolos Congress
1037:La Liga Filipina
1022:British invasion
992:Tondo Conspiracy
962:Blockade of Cebu
923:Battle of Mactan
847:Events/Artifacts
750:(north to south)
686:Events/Artifacts
670:Sa Huỳnh culture
600:
582:
581:
572:
565:
558:
547:
522:Paramount rulers
425:Sharif ul-Hāshim
375:Muhammad Kudarat
320:Dimasangcay Adel
67:
21:
20:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4566:
4565:
4557:
4552:
4541:Culture Mandala
4533:
4529:
4520:
4516:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4477:New Left Review
4470:
4466:
4458:
4454:
4444:
4442:
4425:
4421:
4414:
4397:
4393:
4383:
4381:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4355:
4353:
4343:
4339:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4275:
4271:
4263:
4259:
4250:
4246:
4239:
4223:
4219:
4210:
4203:
4194:
4190:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4162:
4152:
4150:
4140:
4133:
4123:
4121:
4114:
4110:
4091:
4087:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4044:
4040:
4030:
4026:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3977:
3973:
3965:
3956:
3952:
3937:10.2307/1177951
3921:
3917:
3910:
3896:
3885:
3874:
3870:
3858:
3857:
3848:
3847:
3841:, eds. (1903).
3832:
3823:
3816:
3802:
3798:
3783:
3779:
3768:
3759:
3738:gobernadorcillo
3690:
3686:
3681:Wayback Machine
3672:
3668:
3658:
3656:
3641:
3637:
3632:Maragtas (book)
3629:
3625:
3618:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3578:
3574:
3564:
3562:
3547:
3546:
3539:
3508:
3493:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3448:
3441:
3431:
3429:
3416:
3415:
3406:
3391:
3368:
3361:
3344:
3319:
3296:
3272:
3261:
3254:
3235:
3186:
3176:
3174:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3055:
2991:
2983:Main articles:
2981:
2949:
2943:
2929:, supposedly a
2915:
2909:
2904:
2846:
2840:
2782:
2686:Francisco Colin
2651:
2471:
2368:F. Landa Jocano
2342:
2336:
2283:
2267:
2234:
2170:
2153:
2129:
2077:
2057:
1998:
1949:F. Landa Jocano
1837:Tagalog regions
1781:
1775:
1763:
1731:
1702:outrigger boats
1690:
1684:
1678:
1636:F. Landa Jocano
1634:Anthropologist
1561:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1457:Diet and health
1406:
1398:
1397:
1383:Siege of Marawi
1338:
1327:
1326:
1317:Fourth Republic
1297:
1286:
1285:
1251:
1240:
1239:
1215:Second Republic
1155:Negros Republic
1145:
1134:
1133:
939:
928:
927:
873:Kabayan Mummies
743:
732:
731:
640:Homo luzonensis
630:
599:the Philippines
598:
591:
576:
543:
537:
536:
495:
487:
486:
453:
445:
444:
285:
277:
276:
163:
153:
152:
61:
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4594:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4564:
4563:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4527:
4514:
4500:
4481:
4464:
4452:
4419:
4412:
4391:
4380:. May 22, 2009
4363:
4337:
4323:
4303:
4291:
4282:
4269:
4257:
4244:
4237:
4217:
4201:
4188:
4176:
4160:
4131:
4108:
4085:
4065:
4051:
4038:
4024:
3998:
3991:
3971:
3950:
3931:(1): 109–123.
3915:
3909:978-9711002268
3908:
3883:
3868:
3821:
3814:
3796:
3777:
3757:
3684:
3666:
3635:
3623:
3616:
3596:
3590:
3572:
3537:
3518:(4): 291–320.
3491:
3487:978-8400040727
3469:
3462:
3439:
3404:
3366:
3359:
3317:
3294:
3259:
3252:
3184:
3159:Quezon, Manolo
3149:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3130:Another word,
3122:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3054:
3051:
2980:
2977:
2973:political boss
2945:Main article:
2942:
2939:
2911:Main article:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2842:Main article:
2839:
2836:
2781:
2778:
2671:Martin de Rada
2650:
2647:
2643:lubus nga datu
2639:potli nga datu
2470:
2467:
2335:
2332:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2288:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2259:
2258:
2238:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2198:
2185:
2184:
2174:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2076:
2073:
2056:
2053:
2032:Subanon people
1997:
1994:
1911:) or capital (
1774:
1771:
1762:
1759:
1730:
1727:
1680:Main article:
1677:
1674:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1477:Historiography
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1442:Communications
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1422:Queen consorts
1419:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1368:Oakwood mutiny
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1343:Fifth Republic
1339:
1337:(1986–present)
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1256:Third Republic
1252:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1170:Moro Rebellion
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1097:First Republic
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
997:Manila galleon
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
957:Treaty of Cebu
954:
949:
940:
934:
933:
930:
929:
926:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
893:Monreal Stones
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
844:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
744:
738:
737:
734:
733:
730:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
683:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
631:
625:
624:
621:
620:
614:
613:
603:
602:
593:
592:
585:
578:
577:
575:
574:
567:
560:
552:
549:
548:
539:
538:
535:
534:
529:
524:
519:
518:
517:
507:
505:Historiography
502:
496:
493:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
477:
475:Monreal Stones
472:
467:
462:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
437:
435:Tarik Sulayman
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
405:Rajah Sulayman
402:
400:Rajah Salalila
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
325:Dayang Sasaban
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
286:
283:
282:
279:
278:
275:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
243:
242:
238:
237:
232:
227:
221:
220:
216:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
169:
168:
164:
159:
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
128:
127:
123:
122:
117:
111:
110:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
69:
68:
57:
54:Social classes
52:
51:
48:
47:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4593:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4521:Robert Kern,
4518:
4503:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4456:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4423:
4415:
4413:971-10-0524-7
4409:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4367:
4352:
4348:
4341:
4326:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4307:
4298:
4296:
4286:
4279:
4273:
4266:
4261:
4254:
4248:
4240:
4238:9789715503471
4234:
4230:
4229:
4221:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4198:
4192:
4185:
4180:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4136:
4119:
4112:
4105:(3): 141–194.
4104:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4069:
4061:
4055:
4048:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4017:
4015:
4009:
4002:
3994:
3992:971-10-0524-7
3988:
3984:
3983:
3975:
3964:
3963:
3954:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3911:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3879:
3872:
3864:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3817:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3773:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3670:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3619:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3600:
3594:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3465:
3463:9781134200504
3459:
3456:. Routledge.
3455:
3454:
3446:
3444:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3401:(2): 167–209.
3400:
3396:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3362:
3360:971-622-006-5
3356:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3305:971-550-347-0
3302:
3297:
3295:9789715503471
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3255:
3253:971-550-135-4
3249:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2806:, to conduct
2805:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2780:Hispanization
2777:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2596:). Below the
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2530:). Below the
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2285:Alipin/Uripon
2281:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1887:Laguna de Bay
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1748:Indian people
1745:
1741:
1735:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
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1576:
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1558:
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1539:
1538:
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1532:
1522:
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1483:
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1468:
1465:
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1425:
1423:
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1394:
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1371:
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1356:
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1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1307:Moro conflict
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
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1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
943:
937:
932:
931:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
849:
848:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
752:
751:
747:
741:
736:
735:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
717:Manunggul Jar
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
688:
687:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
628:
623:
622:
619:
616:
615:
609:
605:
604:
601:
595:
594:
589:
584:
583:
573:
568:
566:
561:
559:
554:
553:
551:
550:
546:
541:
540:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
516:
513:
512:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
491:
490:
483:
482:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
460:
456:
455:
449:
448:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
415:Regimo Diraja
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
395:Rajah Matanda
393:
391:
388:
386:
385:Rajah Humabon
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
365:Magat Salamat
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
335:Gugu Sarikula
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
310:Datu Sikatuna
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
281:
280:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
240:
239:
236:
233:
231:
230:Bo-ol/Dapitan
228:
226:
223:
222:
218:
217:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
170:
166:
165:
162:
157:
156:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
125:
124:
121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
108:
107:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
65:
60:Ruling class
59:
58:
55:
50:
49:
43:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
4544:
4540:
4530:
4522:
4517:
4505:. Retrieved
4490:
4484:
4476:
4467:
4455:
4443:. Retrieved
4434:
4422:
4403:
4394:
4382:. Retrieved
4375:
4366:
4354:. Retrieved
4351:Academia.edu
4350:
4340:
4328:. Retrieved
4313:
4306:
4285:
4277:
4272:
4260:
4252:
4247:
4227:
4220:
4212:
4196:
4191:
4183:
4179:
4151:. Retrieved
4147:
4122:. Retrieved
4111:
4102:
4098:
4088:
4074:
4068:
4059:
4054:
4046:
4041:
4033:
4027:
4019:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3981:
3974:
3960:
3953:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3899:
3877:
3871:
3842:
3805:
3799:
3786:
3780:
3771:
3752:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3669:
3657:. Retrieved
3653:the original
3638:
3626:
3606:
3599:
3593:
3585:
3575:
3563:. Retrieved
3559:the original
3552:
3515:
3511:
3472:
3452:
3430:. Retrieved
3426:the original
3421:
3398:
3394:
3350:
3276:
3242:
3175:. Retrieved
3167:ABS-CBN News
3166:
3153:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3035:Austronesian
3031:
3023:
2992:
2968:
2958:
2950:
2916:
2897:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2865:
2847:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2799:
2794:
2790:resettlement
2783:
2771:
2770:, while the
2761:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2652:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2542:conquistador
2535:
2531:
2527:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2472:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2441:The Visayan
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2356:
2348:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2307:
2295:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2181:
2177:
2111:Description
2087:
2081:
2078:
2060:
2058:
2047:
2044:thimuay labi
2043:
2039:
2030:. Among the
2026:
2023:
2011:Thimuay Labi
1999:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1945:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1832:
1782:
1764:
1756:
1736:
1732:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:stilt houses
1691:
1663:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1633:
1630:
1591:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1195:World War II
1190:Commonwealth
1107:
1106:
941:
908:Barter rings
846:
845:
749:
748:
745:
707:Kalanay Cave
685:
684:
674:
665:Jade culture
479:
457:
390:Rajah Lontok
345:Kamal ud-Din
160:
109:Middle class
18:
4384:January 15,
4356:January 15,
4330:January 15,
4010:. He said:
3962:Philippines
3859:|work=
3743:primogenito
3565:November 5,
2954:Philippines
2858:Philippines
2823:Principalía
2760:class. The
2520:Boxer Codex
1986:, expounds:
1883:Bay, Laguna
1744:Han Chinese
1729:Description
1437:Archaeology
1432:Agriculture
1312:Martial law
1296:(1965–1986)
1250:(1946–1965)
1144:(1898–1946)
1129:Velarde map
1114:Boxer Codex
938:(1565–1898)
727:Shell tools
702:Grave goods
597:History of
459:Boxer Codex
420:Kabungsuwan
410:Rajah Tupas
350:Laut Buisan
284:Key figures
262:Maguindanao
4570:Categories
4547:(3): 9428.
4324:0742510247
3815:0881332429
3549:"barangay"
3177:October 4,
3146:References
3039:Micronesia
2338:See also:
2213:Rajah Laut
2208:Rajah Muda
2013:among the
1925:Pangasinan
1865:), woman (
1801:Pangasinan
1706:catamarans
1606:Pangasinan
1388:Bangsamoro
1294:Marcos era
1225:Hukbalahap
903:Piloncitos
742:(900–1565)
542:See also:
330:Gat Pangil
4445:August 2,
3861:ignored (
3851:cite book
3714:principes
3708:maguinoos
3532:141415414
3432:April 27,
3047:Polynesia
3043:Melanesia
2963:from the
2913:Feudalism
2907:Feudalism
2870:President
2848:The word
2795:Reducción
2746:maharlika
2725:The term
2600:were the
2559:Managayau
2462:barangays
2447:Maharlika
2412:Maharlika
2389:The term
2269:Maharlika
2082:barangays
1955:, notes:
1931:, Bohol,
1909:poblacion
1665:barangays
1482:Languages
1472:Geography
1462:Education
1447:Conflicts
1180:Jones Law
1108:Artifacts
1042:Katipunan
977:New Spain
645:Tabon Man
629:(pre-900)
430:Sri Lumay
355:Lakandula
305:Datu Daya
134:namamahay
120:Maharlika
73:Apo, Datu
4561:Balangay
4555:See also
4507:June 25,
4439:Archived
4402:(1992).
4377:Blogspot
4153:July 12,
3720:maguinoo
3693:Barangay
3677:Archived
3659:March 7,
3349:(1998).
3240:(1994).
3171:Archived
3059:Kedatuan
3053:See also
3015:Kedatuan
3007:Sanskrit
2995:polities
2866:barangay
2850:barangay
2844:Barangay
2812:tributes
2800:cabecera
2679:dambanas
2667:wet rice
2659:Pampanga
2623:barangay
2594:hidalgos
2563:Mangahat
2554:Mangubat
2505:barangay
2364:polities
2350:Kampilan
2316:Babaylan
2287:(Slaves)
2046:, or as
1937:Cotabato
1913:cabisera
1879:baybayin
1821:Cotabato
1817:Sanmalan
1793:Madja-as
1722:balangay
1688:Balangay
1653:barangay
1644:barangay
1622:Cotabato
1574:barangay
1502:Politics
1492:Military
1487:Medicine
1405:By topic
1363:EDSA III
878:Baybayin
853:Maragtas
821:Sanmalan
801:Madja-as
756:Caboloan
692:Balangay
618:Timeline
588:a series
586:Part of
527:Religion
515:consorts
510:Monarchs
494:By topic
360:Lapulapu
340:Jayadewa
267:Sanmalan
241:Mindanao
235:Madja-as
173:Caboloan
143:Bulislis
88:Panglima
26:a series
24:Part of
4148:Esquire
4124:July 5,
4014:nobleza
3945:1177951
3748:cacique
3726:cacique
3582:nobleza
3478:nobleza
3107:Maynila
3097:Thimuay
3071:Mandala
2979:Mandala
2969:Cacique
2889:Pangulo
2856:in the
2786:Spanish
2749:class.
2716:maginoo
2711:maginoo
2631:binokot
2567:Magahat
2475:Visayas
2455:Maginoo
2428:Oripuns
2420:Maginoo
2401:Timawas
2251:Visayas
2218:pandita
2172:Maginoo
2065:Maynila
2048:sulotan
2040:thimuay
2034:of the
2015:Subanen
1967:upwards
1917:Maynila
1844:bahayan
1835:in the
1785:Maynila
1668:by the
1660:barrios
1594:Maynila
1581:of the
1579:peoples
1467:Economy
952:Sandugo
913:Luzones
806:Dapitan
776:Maynila
771:Namayan
532:Warfare
219:Visayas
198:Namayan
193:Maynila
146:Horohan
140:Bulisik
132:Aliping
103:Thimuay
4498:
4410:
4321:
4235:
3989:
3943:
3906:
3812:
3702:dattos
3614:
3530:
3485:
3460:
3357:
3311:
3303:
3292:
3250:
3136:bangsa
3065:Mueang
3045:, and
3011:Mueang
2862:barrio
2832:cabeza
2758:alipin
2754:alipin
2741:timawa
2737:timawa
2732:alipin
2727:timawa
2675:anitos
2663:Laguna
2655:Manila
2612:timawa
2603:oripun
2598:timawa
2582:handug
2574:timawa
2537:timawa
2485:, and
2477:(e.g.
2451:Datu’s
2443:Timawa
2432:Datu’s
2424:Datu’s
2406:Timawa
2396:Alipin
2391:Timawa
2236:Timawa
2195:Sultan
2108:Title
2105:Class
2003:Sultan
1939:, and
1933:Butuan
1891:Baybay
1889:, and
1863:baybay
1827:, and
1813:Butuan
1791:, the
1750:, and
1698:Taiwan
1624:, and
1618:Butuan
1587:polity
1417:Rulers
942:Events
816:Butuan
796:Sandao
791:Pulilu
781:Ibalon
761:Cainta
590:on the
440:Urduja
252:Butuan
247:Buayan
208:Sandao
203:Pulilu
183:Ibalon
178:Cainta
149:Uripon
115:Timawa
98:Sultan
78:Bagani
28:on the
3966:(PDF)
3941:JSTOR
3528:S2CID
3132:bansa
3118:Notes
3112:Tondo
3092:Lakan
2967:word
2965:Taíno
2893:Rajah
2768:serfs
2700:, or
2697:lakan
2619:tumao
2608:tumao
2578:buwis
2532:tumao
2524:lords
2512:tumao
2497:sakop
2487:Panay
2483:Bohol
2244:Luzon
2135:Lakan
2094:Datus
2069:Tondo
2027:rajah
2019:rajah
2007:lakan
1921:Tondo
1867:babai
1848:bahay
1833:bayan
1829:Lanao
1809:Bohol
1797:Panay
1789:Tondo
1752:Arabs
1740:Japan
1614:Bohol
1602:Panay
1598:Tondo
1497:Names
766:Tondo
257:Lanao
213:Tondo
167:Luzon
93:Rajah
83:Lakan
4509:2013
4496:ISBN
4447:2007
4408:ISBN
4386:2015
4358:2015
4332:2015
4319:ISBN
4233:ISBN
4155:2019
4126:2018
3987:ISBN
3904:ISBN
3863:help
3810:ISBN
3791:Pila
3661:2009
3630:Cf.
3612:ISBN
3567:2015
3483:ISBN
3458:ISBN
3434:2017
3355:ISBN
3309:ISBN
3301:ISBN
3290:ISBN
3248:ISBN
3179:2017
3102:Datu
2987:and
2828:datu
2720:datu
2706:datu
2691:datu
2677:and
2661:and
2635:datu
2627:datu
2610:and
2590:datu
2586:datu
2569:).
2549:datu
2516:datu
2501:haop
2492:datu
2479:Cebu
2436:Datu
2384:Datu
2320:datu
2203:gugu
2155:Datu
2131:Raja
2090:Datu
2067:and
1941:Sulu
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