Tondo (historical polity)

508: 2014: 10229: 4355:, son of Lakan Dula and the crown prince of Tondo; Juan Banal, another prince of Tondo and Salamat's brother-in-law; Geronimo Basi and Gabriel Tuambacar, brothers of Agustín de Legazpi; Pedro Balingit, the Lord of Pandakan; Felipe Salonga, the Lord of Polo; Dionisio Capolo (Kapulong), the Lord of Kandaba and brother of Felipe Salonga; Juan Basi, the Lord of Tagig; Esteban Taes (also Tasi), the Lord of Bulakan; Felipe Salalila, the Lord of Misil; Agustín Manuguit, son of Felipe Salalila; Luis Amanicaloa, another prince of Tondo; Felipe Amarlangagui, the commander-and-chief of Katanghalan; Omaghicon, the Minister of Nabotas, and Pitongatan (Pitong Gatang), another prince of Tondo and two governors from Malolos and Guiguinto. 3205:

large rivers (in this case, the Pasig river delta) controlling the flow of goods to and from settlements further upriver (in this case, the upland polities on the Laguna Lake coast), Tondo and Maynila had trade arrangements which allowed them to control trade throughout the rest of the archipelago. Scott observes that while the port of Tondo had the monopoly on arriving Chinese merchant ships, it was Manila's fleet of trading vessels which in turn retailed them to settlements throughout the rest of the archipelago, so much so that Manyila's ships came to be known as "Chinese" (sinina).

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those goods to settlements throughout the rest of the archipelago. Historical accounts specifically say that Maynila was also known as the "Kingdom of Luzon", but some scholars such as Potet and Alfonso suggest that this exonym may have referred to the larger area of Manila Bay, from Bataan and Pampanga to Cavite, which includes Tondo. Whatever the case, the two polities' shared alliance network saw both the Rajahs of Maynila and the Lakans of Tondo exercising political influence (although not territorial control) over the various settlements in what are now Bulacan and Pampanga.

1842: 3156:. However, the various ethnographic reports of the period indicate that this seemed to only be a nominal identification ("Muslim by name") because there was only a surface level acknowledgement of Muslim norms (avoidance of pork, non-consumption of blood, etc.) without an "understanding of Mohammedan teachings." Scholars generally believe that this nominal practice of Islam actually represented the early stages of Islamization, which would have seen a much more extensive practice of Muslim beliefs had the Spanish not arrived and introduced their brand of Iberian Catholicism. 45: 3815: 3941: 3827: 3094: 3061:, assert the predominance of indigenous religious beliefs, they also note that there are significant manifestations of other belief systems in early Tagalog history. While it was common among mid-20th century historians and in earlier texts to use these manifestations as evidence of "influence," more contemporary scholars of southeast Asian history have emphasized that the manifestations of these beliefs do not necessarily reflect outright adoption of these religions, but rather of syncretistic adaptation or "localization." 456: 442: 1426: 3299: 4149:" taking advantage of Ache's mother by taking over territory belonging to Maynila. When Ache asked his mother for permission to address the matter, his mother refused, encouraging the young prince to keep his peace instead. Prince Ache could not accept this and thus left Maynila with some of his father's trusted men, to go to his "grandfather", the Sultan of Brunei, to ask for assistance. The Sultan responded by giving Ache a position as commander of his naval force. 2897: 12657: 12250: 11843: 5659:

Matanda (Ache) and Rajah Sulayman of Maynila; and Rajah Calamayin of Namayan. In addition to firsthand accounts of the executors' immediate descendants and relatives, some (although not all) of these genealogical documents include information from family oral traditions, connecting the document's subjects to local legendary figures. Several of these notarized Spanish documents are kept by the National Archives and are labeled the "Lakandula documents".

12667: 12260: 11853: 3214: 3389: 2814:, who had their own followings, called either "dulohan" or "barangay". These datus with their respective barangays in turn acknowledged the leadership of a datu with the most senior rank – a "paramount ruler" or "paramount datu", who was called a "lakan". According to San Buenaventura, a large coastal settlement with this kind of leadership structure was called a "bayan". 4233:

of the previous year, saying that they were the product of his "youthful passion." As a result of these talks, it was agreed that Lakandula would join De Goiti in an expedition to make overtures of friendship to the various polities in Bulacan and Pampanga, with whom Tondo and Maynila had forged close alliances. This was met with mixed responses, which culminated in the

2175:"In the Philippines, the primary unit of collective political action appears to have been an organizationally more fluid "alliance group," made up of perpetually shifting leader-focused factions, represented the extension of power over individuals and groups through various alliance-building strategies, but not over geographically distinct districts or territories." 3017:). Buenaventura was informed that this was because the Tagalogs believed Bathala was too mighty and distant to be bothered with the concerns of mortal man, and so the Tagalogs focused their acts of appeasement to "lesser" deities and powers, immediate spirits which they believed had control over their day-to-day life. 2184:

Lakandula explained there was "no single king over these lands", and that the leadership of Tondo and Maynila over the Kapampangan polities did not include either territorial claim or absolute command. San Buenaventura (1613, as cited by Junker, 1990 and Scott, 1994) later noted that Tagalogs only applied the term

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Historical documents containing genealogical information regarding the rulers of Tondo during and immediately after the arrival of the Spanish fleet in the early 1570s mostly consist of notarized Spanish documents executed by the direct descendants of rulers such as (Bunao) Lakan Dula of Tondo; Rajah

5565:(NMTCN) suggest that cultural links between what are now China and the nations of Southeast Asia, including what is now the Philippines, date back to the peopling of these lands. But the earliest archeological evidence of trade between the Philippine aborigines and China takes the form of pottery and 4348:. The mastermind of the plot was Don Agustín de Legazpi; the mestizo grandson of conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi, nephew of Lakan Dula, a relative of Rajah Matanda. Being a Moro, he was the son-in-law of Sultan Bolkieh of Brunei, whose first cousin was Martín Panga, the gobernadorcillo of Tondo. 4232:

López de Legazpi began negotiating with Rajah Matanda and Lakandula to use Maynila as his base of operations, and an agreement was reached by May 19, 1571. According to Spanish accounts, Sulayman began participating in the discussions again when he apologized to the Spanish for his aggressive actions

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By May 24, 1570, negotiations had broken down, and according to the Spanish accounts, their ships fired their cannon as a signal for the expedition boats to return. Whether or not this claim was true, the rulers of Maynila perceived this to be an attack and as a result, Sulayman ordered an attack on

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The rise of the Ming dynasty saw the arrival of the first Chinese settlers in the archipelago. They were well received and lived together in harmony with the existing local population — eventually intermarrying with them so that today, numerous Filipinos have Chinese blood in their veins. Also a

3767:(NMTCN) suggest that cultural links between what are now China and the nations of Southeast Asia, including what is now the Philippines, date back to the peopling of these lands. But the earliest archeological evidence of trade between the Philippine aborigines and China takes the form of pottery and 3204:

Junker describes coastal polities of Tondo and Maynila's size as "administrative and commercial centers functioning as important nodes in networks of external and internal trade." While the basic model for the movement of trade goods in early Philippine history saw coastal settlements at the mouth of

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notes, however, that the label was later adapted by the popular literature of the Spanish colonial era anyway, because Spanish-language writers of the time did not have the appropriate words for describing the complex power relations on which Maritime Southeast-Asian leadership structures were built.

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Scott (1994) notes that Spanish chroniclers continued to use the terms "king" and "kingdom" to describe the polities of Tondo and Maynila until late 1571, when Martin de Goiti's first forays into Bulacan and Pampanga clarified to the Spanish that the alliances of the Tondo and Maynila polities with

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spoke much about the Tagalogs' religion because it was the concern of the Spanish missionaries, and of their political and martial organization because it was the concern of the Spanish bureaucrats, these dictionaries and grammar books are rich sources of information regarding the Tagalogs' material

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Sultan Bolkiah, according to Brunei folk history, is the "Nakhoda Ragam" or the "Singing Captain", the reputed conqueror of the Philippines. The tradition even names the cannon with which he was said to have taken Manila – "Si Gantar Alam", translated as the "Earth-shaking Thunderer". He established

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De Goiti proclaimed victory, symbolically claimed Maynila on behalf of Spain, then quickly returned to Legaspi because he knew that his naval forces were outnumbered. Contemporary writers believe the survivors of Maynila's forces would have fled across the river to Tondo and other neighboring towns.

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Notably, the 1521 account of "Prince" Ache, who would later become Rajah Matanda, cites a bitter territorial dispute between Maynila, then ruled by Ache's mother, and Tondo, then ruled separately by Ache's cousin. This conflict was enough to cause Ache to run away to his uncle, the Sultan of Brunei,

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Because Indian culture "came" to Southeast Asia, one must not think that Southeast Asians lacked a culture of their own. Indeed, the generally accepted view is that Indian culture made such an impact on Southeast Asia because it fitted easily with the existing cultural patterns and religious beliefs

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of the Maynila polity, taking over from Rajah Matanda's father (also unnamed in the accounts), who had died when Rajah Matanda was still very young. Rajah Matanda, then simply known as the "Young Prince" Ache, was raised alongside his cousin, who was ruler of Tondo – presumed by some to be a young

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The earliest date proposed for Maynila's founding is the year 1258, based on genealogical traditions documented by Mariano A. Henson in 1955. (Later cited by Majul in 1973, and by Santiago in 1990) This tradition claims that a Majapahit settlement ruled by "Rajah Avirjirkaya" already existed in the

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Rice was the staple food of the Tagalog and Kapampangan polities, and its ready availability in Luzon despite variations in annual rainfall was one of the reasons Legaspi wanted to locate his colonial headquarters on Manila bay. Scott's study of early Tagalog lexicons revealed that the Tagalogs had

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It is not clear exactly how much the various cultures of the Philippine archipelago were influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism before the arrival of European colonizers. The current scholarly consensus is that although the Philippines was not directly influenced by India, Hindu and Buddhist cultural

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The interpretation of Puliran as part of Tondo and Maynila's alliance network is instead implied by the challenge posed by the Pila Historical Society Foundation and local historian Jaime F. Tiongson to Postma's assertions regarding the exact locations of places mentioned in the Laguna copperplate.

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However, Kapampangan scholars such as Ian Christopher Alfonso add that it is also possible that while the Portuguese and Spanish chroniclers specifically equated "Luçon" with Rajah Matanda's Maynila polity, the description may have been expansive enough to describe other polities in the Manila bay

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towards the Visayan "pintados" during the earliest negotiations with Martin de Goiti in 1570. Sulayman had boasted that the people of Maynila were "not like the Painted Visayans" and would not give up their freedoms as easily as the Visayans did. Scott notes that at the very least, this meant that

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By virtue of proximity, Tondo had a close and complex relationship with its neighbor-settlement, Maynila. Tondo and Maynila shared a monopoly over the flow of Chinese tradeware throughout the rest of the archipelago, with Tondo's port controlling the arrival of Chinese goods and Maynila retailing

3284:", and Scott notes in a later book (1994) that Maynila's ships got their goods from Tondo and then dominated trade through the rest of the archipelago. People in other parts of the archipelago often referred to Maynila's boats as "Chinese" (Sina or Sinina) because they came bearing Chinese goods. 3276:

According to William Henry Scott (1982), when ships from China came to Manila bay, Lakandula would remove the sails and rudders of their ships until they paid him duties and anchorage fees, and then he would then buy up all their goods himself, paying half its value immediately and then paying the

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Specialized industries in the Tagalog and Kapampangan regions, including Tondo and Maynila, included agriculture, textile weaving, basketry, metallurgy, hunting, among others. The social stratification which gave birth to the Maginoo class created a demand for prestige products including ceramics,

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Osborne (2004) describes a process of "adaptation" happening in connection with Hindu and Buddhist influences in the various cultures of Maritime Southeast Asia, and emphasizes that this "indianization" of Southeast Asia did not per-se overwrite existing indigenous patterns, cultures, and beliefs:

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Demetrio, Cordero-Fernando, and Nakpil Zialcita observe that the Luzon Tagalogs and Kapampangans' use of the word "Anito", instead of the word "Diwata" which was more predominant in the Visayan regions, indicated that these peoples of Luzon were less influenced by the Hindu and Buddhist beliefs of

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Except in the case of fortified polities such as Maynila and Cainta, the first-hand descriptions of territorial boundaries of Tagalog polities tend to discourage scholars from providing exact delineations, because the descriptions depict the boundaries of even compact polities like Tondo as slowly

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Historical accounts, supported by archeological and linguistic evidence and by corroborated by anthropological studies, show that the Tagalog people, including those in Tondo and Maynila, practiced a set of Austronesian beliefs and practices which date back to the arrival of Austronesian peoples,

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The influence of Tondo and Maynila over the datus of various polities in pre-colonial Bulacan and Pampanga are acknowledged by historical records, and are supported by oral literature and traditions. This influence was assumed by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, leading him to implore Bunao, the Lakan of

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Although popular portrayals and early nationalist historical texts sometimes depict Philippine paramount rulers, such as those in the Maynila and Tondo polities, as having broad sovereign powers and holding vast territories, critical historiographers such as Jocano, Scott, and Junker explain that

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has described Tondo using the term "large barangay", making Tondo out to be a larger version of what Filipino historians have traditionally considered the "basic political structure" of pre-colonial societies. However, the use of the term "barangay" for such purposes has recently been brought to

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Scott lists the sources for the study of Philippine prehistory as: archaeology, linguistics and paleogeography, foreign written documents, and quasi-historical genealogical documents. In a later work, he conducts a detailed critique of early written documents and surviving oral or folk traditions

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and settled in the place now called Candawid (Kan David). Due to hatred for the Spaniards, he dropped the Goiti in his surname and adopted a new name David Dulay. He was eventually caught by the Guardia Civil based in Palapag and was executed together with seven followers. They were charged with

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The Spanish accounts claim that De Goiti ordered his men to set the fire, historians today still debate whether this was true. Some historians believe it is more likely that the Maynila forces themselves set fire to their settlement, because scorched-earth retreats were a common military tactic

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Historians widely agree that the larger coastal polities which flourished throughout the Philippine archipelago in the period immediately prior to the arrival of the Spanish colonizers (including Tondo and Maynila) were "organizationally complex", demonstrating both economic specialization and a

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Milner (2011) suggests that this pattern of adaptation reflects what Wolters (1999) calls "localization," a process by which foreign ideas ("specifically Indian materials") could be "fractured and restated and therefore drained of their original significance" in the process of being adopted into

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Patanne, as well as Abinales and Amoroso, interpret Postma's translation of the Laguna Copperplate Inscription as meaning that this influence-via-alliance-network defined Tondo's relationship with the territories of Binwangan, Pailah, and Puliran, which Postma believed to be in Bulacan/Pampanga.

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Barros, Joao de, Decada terciera de Asia de Ioano de Barros dos feitos que os Portugueses fezarao no descubrimiento dos mares e terras de Oriente , Lisbon, 1777, courtesy of William Henry Scott, Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University

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In most other places in the archipelago, rootcrops served as an alternate staple in seasons when rice was not readily available. These were also available in Luzon, but they were desired more as vegetables, rather than as a staple. Ubi, Tugi, Gabi and a local root crop which the Spanish called

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Junker notes that significant work still needs to be done in analyzing the internal/local supply and demand dynamics in pre-Spanish era polities, because much of the prior research has tended to focus on their external trading activities. Scott notes that early Spanish lexicons are particularly

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In addition, Jocano warns that there were significant differences between "smaller" barangays, which were only 30 to 100 households in size, and considerably larger barangays, which according to Buenaventura were called "bayan". Jocano asserted that the social and governance structures of these

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Only a few comprehensive reviews of source materials for the study of Philippine prehistory and early history have been done, with William Henry Scott's 1968 review being one of the earliest systematic critiques. Scott's review has become a seminal academic work on the study of early Philippine

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While these Hindu-Buddhist cultural influences can ultimately be traced to the cultures of the Indian subcontinent, scholars generally do not believe that it indicates physical contact between the Philippines and India. The scope, sequence, and mechanism of Indian cultural influences in early

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Scholars, particularly Junker (1990) and Scott (1994) also acknowledge that Tondo and Maynila had a close relationship with "Puliran", the endonymously identified region covering the south-eastern shore of Laguna Lake. However, neither Junker nor Scott, or even other scholars such as Jocano,

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This explains the confusion experienced by Martin de Goiti during the first Spanish forays into Bulacan and Pampanga in late 1571. Until that point, Spanish chroniclers continued to use the terms "king" and "kingdom" to describe the polities of Tondo and Maynila, but Goiti was surprised when

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other half upon their return the following year. In the interim, these goods would be traded throughout the rest of the archipelago. The end result was that other locals were not able to buy anything from the Chinese directly, but from Tondo and Maynila, who made a tidy profit as a result.

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In addition to the extensive descriptions contained in the firsthand accounts of the Spanish expeditions, much of what is now known about precolonial Tagalog culture, religion, and language are derived from early Tagalog dictionaries and grammar books, such as Fray San Buenaventura's 1613

3013:(lord, or almighty; lit. "actor of power"). Loarca and Chirino also report that in some places, they were called "Molayri" (Molaiari) or "Diwata" (Dioata)." However, these early missionary-ethnographers also noted that the Tagalogs did not include Bathala in their daily acts of worship ( 4152:

In 1521, Prince Ache was coming fresh from a military victory at the helm of the Bruneian navy and was supposedly on his way back to Maynila with the intent of confronting his cousin when he came upon and attacked the remnants of the Magellan expedition, then under the command of

2838:, which were common on such coastal polities, and is used by present-day scholars to describe the leadership structure of settlements in early Philippine history. This leads to some confusion for modern readers, because the term "barangay" was also later adapted (through the 1991 2404: 5666:", identifies a number of "quasi-historical" genealogical sources, which are not physically historical, but which contain genealogical information which claims to date back to early historic times. These include the Sulu and Maguindanao Tarsilas, and the Batu Tarsila of Brunei. 3925:

Maynila at the time, and that it was attacked by a Bruneian commander named Rajah Ahmad, who defeated Avirjirkaya and established Maynila as a "Muslim principality". The LCI provides evidence that Tondo existed at the time, but it is not explicitly mentioned in Henson's account.

3569:) acted independently of Tondo in 1571, and allied itself with the leader of Macabebe during the Battle of Bangkusay. Other sources mention another independent village, Tambobong was further north of Navotas. This is generally believed to be the origin of the present day city of 3364:) are very skillful in their handling of gold. They weigh it with the greatest skill and delicacy that have ever been seen. The first thing they teach their children is the knowledge of gold and the weights with which they weigh it, for there is no other money among them." 4157:. Some historians suggest that Ache's decision to attack must have been influenced by a desire to expand his fleet even further as he made his way back to Lusong and Maynila, where he could use the size of his fleet as leverage against his cousin, the ruler of Tondo. 3179:" by the Spanish who assumed they occupied the whole coast. There is no evidence that Islam had become a major political or religious force in the region, with Father Diego de Herrera recording that the Moros lived only in some villages and were Muslim in name only. 3225:

The most lucrative of Tondo's economic activities involved the redistribution of Chinese goods, which would arrive in Manila bay through Tondo's port and be distributed throughout the rest of the archipelago, mostly through Maynila's extensive shipping activities.

2891: 3110:, which is the artifact which specifically points to an Indian cultural (linguistic) influence in Tondo, does not explicitly discuss religious practices. However, some contemporary Buddhist practitioners believe that its mention of the Hindu calendar month of 5481:

The article mentioned that other places in the Philippines and their rulers: Pailah (Lord Minister Jayadewa), Puliran Kasumuran (Lord Minister), Binwangan (unnamed). It has been suggested that Pailah, Puliran Kasumuran, and Binwangan are the towns of Paila,

4091:, honey, inferior grade gold", had no king, and were governed instead by a group of elders. They traded with tribes from Borneo and Indonesia, and Filipino historians note that the language of the Luções was one of the 80 different languages spoken in 1766:. Scott's 1968 review was acknowledged by Laura Lee Junker when she conducted her own comprehensive 1998 review of primary sources regarding archaic Philippine polities, and by F. Landa Jocano in his anthropological analysis of Philippine prehistory. 3175:). Islamization of Luzon began in the 16th century when traders from Brunei settled in the Manila area and married locals while maintaining kinship and trade links with Brunei and thus other Muslim centres in Southeast Asia. The Muslims were called " 9474: 507: 2912:, which includes the first historical mention of Tondo, suggests that Tondo was "culturally influenced" by the Hindu and Buddhist cultures of Maritime Southeast Asia as early as the 9th century. The writing system used on the copperplate is the 1816:

Junker notes that most of the primary written sources for early Philippine history have inherent biases, which creates a need to counter-check their narratives with one another, and with empirical archaeological evidence. She cites the works of

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historical sources clearly show that paramount leaders, such as the lakans of Tondo and the rajahs of Maynila, exercised only a limited degree of influence, which did not include claims over the barangays and territories of less-senior datus.

1520:) that was also situated on the southern part of the Pasig River delta, Tondo had established a shared monopoly on the trade of Chinese goods throughout the rest of the Philippine archipelago, making it an established force in trade throughout 4201:, sought to participate in these negotiations early on, but De Goiti intentionally ignored Lakandula because he wanted to focus on Maynila, which Legaspi wanted to use as a headquarters because it was already fortified, whereas Tondo was not. 2111:

The shoreline of the modern district of Tondo has been significantly altered by reclamation activities. Pre-reclamation maps of Tondo show a relatively straight shoreline from the beachfront of Intramuros to the mouth of the Estero de Vitas.

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According to the account of Rajah Matanda as recalled by Magellan expedition members Gines de Mafra, Rodrigo de Aganduru Moriz, and expedition scribe Antonio Pigafetta, Maynila had a territorial conflict with Tondo in the years before 1521.

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have continued to use the term "barangay", especially in longer-form texts such as books and anthologies, because these longer forms allow space for explanations of the differences between the modern and archaic uses of the word "barangay".

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larger barangays, with high levels of economic specialization and a clear system of social stratification, should be the primary model for the analysis of social structures in early Philippine history, rather than the "smaller" barangays.

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notes that the label was nevertheless later adapted by the popular literature of the Spanish colonial era because Spanish language writers of the time did not have the appropriate words for describing the complex power relations on which

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of populations that had already moved a considerable distance along the path of civilization. Southeast Asians, to summarize the point, borrowed but they also adapted. In some very important cases, they did not need to borrow at all.

1930:" in the Tagalog language. This term (which is translated today as "country" or "town") was common among the various languages of the Philippine archipelago, and eventually came to refer to the entire Philippines, alongside the word 2145:

Another notable area controlled by Tondo was on the banks of the Estero de Vitas, called "Sunog Apog", which eventually lent its name to the nearby Estero de Sunog Apog in Gagalangin. This area was noted for the production of lime

2138:. William Henry Scott, citing Augustinian missionary records, notes that Bunao Lakandula had allowed a group of Chinese refugees, fleeing persecution from Japan, to settle there. These refugees, which included two Christians, then " 5596:, and later Miguel de Legazpi himself, arrived in Manila Bay. These are described in the numerous accounts of the Legazpi expedition, including those by the expedition's designated notary Hernando de Riquel, by Legazpi's successor 5611:. These events, and the details Ache's interrogation, were recorded in accounts of Magellan and Elcano's men, including expedition members Rodrigo de Aganduru Moriz, Gines de Mafra, and the expedition's scribe Antonio Pigafetta. 3097:

Hinduism expansion in Asia, from its heartland in Indian Subcontinent, to the rest of Asia, especially Southeast Asia, started circa 1st century marked with the establishment of early Hindu settlements and polities in Southeast

9073: 4197:, arrived and began treating the Spanish belligerently, saying that the Tagalog people would not surrender their freedoms as easily as the "painted" Visayans did. The accounts of the De Goiti mission report that Tondo's ruler, 3805:

Luzon and Tondo thus became a center from which Chinese goods were traded all across Southeast Asia. Chinese trade was so strict that Luzon traders carrying these goods were considered "Chinese" by the people they encountered.

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F. Landa Jocano warns that in the case of early Philippine history, it's essential that "even archaeological findings" be carefully interpreted by experts, because these can be misinterpreted if not analyzed in proper context.

3033:" Modern day writers divide these spirits are broadly into the categories of "Ancestor spirits, nature spirits, and guardian spirits," although they also note that the dividing line between these categories is often blurred. 4102:, serving in the fleets of the Sultans of Ache and Brunei, and the former Sultan of Malacca, Scholars have suggested that they may have served as highly skilled naval mercenaries sought after by various fleets of the time. 5472:

On this occasion, Lady Angkatan, and her brother whose name is Bukah, the children of the Honourable Namwaran, were awarded a document of complete pardon from the King of Tundun, represented by the Lord Minister of Pailah,

3049:, etc. They suggested that this have represented transitional area, the front lines of an increased "Indianized" Majapahit influence which was making its way north the same way Islam was making its way north from Mindanao. 4282:

The defeat at Bangkusay marked the end of rebellion against the Spanish among the Pasig river settlements, and Lakandula's Tondo surrendered its sovereignty, submitting to the authority of the new Spanish capital, Manila.

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Kamoti (apparently not the same as the sweet potato, sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas) were farmed in swiddens, while "Laksa" and "Nami" grew wild. Sweet potatoes (now called Camote) were later introduced by the Spanish.

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Tondo, to join Martin de Goiti on his journey to Bulacan and Pampanga in late 1571. However, since the Lakandula did not have territorial sovereignty over these territories, the effort met with limited success.

1700:. In the middle to late 16th century, its lakan was held in high regard within the alliance group which was formed by the various Manila Bay area polities, which included Tondo, Maynila, and various polities in 5510:(in this case the freshwater lake of Puliran itself). While the document does not describe the exact relationship of the King of Tundun with these other rulers, it at least suggests that he was of higher rank. 2997:

The Tagalog belief system was more or less anchored on the idea that the world is inhabited by spirits and supernatural entities, both good and bad, and that respect must be accorded to them through worship.

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Because the Tagalogs did not have a collective word to describe all these spirits together, Spanish missionaries eventually decided to call them "anito," since they were the subject of the Tagalog's act of

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Tondo's relations with its neighboring settlements to the north are less clear, but the anonymous 1571 account translated by Blair and Robertson notes that the "neighboring village" of "Butas" (now called

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Junker describes this structure as an "alliance group", which she describes as having "a relatively decentralized and highly segmentary structure" similar to other polities in Maritime Southeast Asia:

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The document was a sort of receipt that acknowledged that the man named Namwaran had been cleared of his debt to the King of Tundun, which in today's measure would be about 926.4 grams of gold.

4904:, as the ancestor of Namwaran and Bukah and original debtor of the transaction in question. The title "Hwan" is translated "Honourable" or "Lord" in different lines of the LCI, depending on context. 1540: 12225: 11818: 1997:

In an effort to avoid cross-cultural inaccuracies regarding the political structure of Tondo, it is usually described in academic texts using generic umbrella terms, where it is described as the "

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Almocera, Ruel A., (2005) Popular Filipino Spiritual Beliefs with a proposed Theological Response. in Doing Theology in the Philippines. Suk, John., Ed. Mandaluyong: OMF Literature Inc. Pp 78–98

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the Kapampangan polities did not include territorial claim or absolute command. San Buenaventura (1613, as cited by Junker, 1990 and Scott, 1994) later noted that Tagalogs only applied the term

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Tondo and its rulers were initially ignored by the Spanish during the conquest of Manila bay, because the Spanish focused their attention on Manila, which had fortifications that Tondo did not.

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referring to freemen came into use in the social structure of the Tagalogs within just twenty years after the coming of the Spaniards. The term, however, was being incorrectly applied to former

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laws which closed China to maritime trade from 1371 to about 1567, trade with the Kingdom of Tondo was officially allowed to continue, masqueraded as a tribute system, through the seaport at

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stands today. This resembled the Chinese methods of artificial incubation of eggs and the knowledge of every phase of a duck's life. This tradition is carried on until modern times of making

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Popular literature has described these political entities as either chiefdoms or kingdoms. Although modern scholars such as Renfew note that these are not appropriate technical descriptions.

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after the rulers of Tondo lost in the Battle of Manila (1500). According to this legend, Sultan Bolkiah of Brunei is the grandfather of Ache, the old rajah, also known as Ladyang Matanda or

8631: 7239:

Paths Of Origins: The Austronesian Heritage In The Collections Of The National Museum Of The Philippines, The Museum Nasional Of Indonesia, And The Netherlands Rijksmuseum Voor Volkenkunde

6678: 12184: 11777: 7426: 3872:, they numbered 1,500, and 3,000 in 1606. In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of Japanese people traders also migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local population. 3586:

Sulayman had kept up-to-date with events happening in the Visayas, probably arising from the trade relationships Tondo and Maynila had developed with polities throughout the archipelago.

8114: 3159:

Islamization was a slow process characterised by with the steady conversion of the citizenry of Tondo and Manila which created Muslim domains. The Bruneians installed the Muslim rajahs,

2904:, showing the Philippines as among the countries, highlighted in yellow, which are outside the Indian cultural zone but have considerable current or historical Indian cultural influence. 2108:

Notably, the area of modern Tondo now known as "Gagalangin" is not believed to have been part of Tondo's original "territory", since it was a place grown wild with plants in olden days.

8580: 3103:

and religious influences reached the Philippines through trade – possibly on a small scale with the SriVijayan empire, and more definitively and extensively with the Majapahit empire.

1252: 7500: 4692:

and Leonardo Vivencio, a "lady of Namayan" who went to the Majapahit court to marry Emperor Soledan, eventually giving birth to Balagtas, who then returned to Namayan/Pasig in 1300.

4193:, who, as former commander of the Naval forces of Brunei, had already had dealings with the Magellan expedition in late 1521. Negotiations broke down, however, when another ruler, 4078:

The first European reports on the Tagalogs classify them as "Luzons", a nominally Muslim commercial people trading out of Manila, and "almost one people" with the Malays of Brunei.

4098:

As skilled sailors, the Lucoes were actively involved in the political and military/naval affairs of those who sought to take control of the economically strategic highway of the

4344:, and his first cousin, Martin Pangan. The datus swore to rise up in arms. The uprising failed when they were betrayed to the Spanish authorities by Antonio Surabao (Susabau) of 11567: 6969: 3132:

schools of Buddhism through their trade contacts with the SriVijaya and Majapahit, and archeological findings on the Island of Luzon have produced artifacts associated with the

3117:

Elsewhere in the Philippines, Hindu and Buddhist religious influences are evidenced by the presence of explicitly religious artifacts – in at least one case as near to Tondo as

3868:, meaning "yellow", which describes a colour. The Japanese had established quite early an enclave at Dilao where they numbered between 300 and 400 in 1593. In 1603, during the 11813: 5899:

Postma, Antoon (April–June 1992). "The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary". Philippine Studies. Ateneo de Manila University. 40 (2): 182–203. JSTOR 42633308.

2944:

Philippine polities continues to be an active area of research and are the subject of much debate among scholars of Philippine and Southeast Asian history and historiography.

4105:

Portuguese and Spanish accounts from the early to mid 1500s state that the Maynila polity was the same as the "kingdom" that had been referred to as the "Kingdom of Luzon" (

44: 12179: 11772: 10816: 6567:. Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library Araw ng Maynila Briefers. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. June 23, 2015. Archived from 5607:, had captured a commander of naval forces for the Sultan of Brunei, whom the researchers William H. Scott and Luis Dery identified as Prince Ache, who would later become 4754:

and Leonardo Vivencio, "Princess Panginoan of Pasig" who was married by Balagtas, the son of Emperor Soledan of Majapahit in 1300 in an effort consolidate rule of Namayan.

2645:

had a more complex social structure than the cultures of the Visayas, enjoying a more extensive commerce through their Bornean political contacts, and engaging in farming

12189: 11782: 10166: 10131: 8469: 4385:

various notarized genealogical records kept by the early Spanish colonial government, mostly in the form of last wills and testaments of descendants of said rulers; and,

1064: 8876: 5682:

While most historians think of Lakan Dula as a specific person, with Lakan meaning Lord, King or Paramount Ruler and Dula being a proper name, one theory suggests that

10207: 9925: 1216: 424: 8854: 4436:

as the ruler who was represented by Jayadewa and the one who gave the pardon to Lord Namwaran and his relatives Dayang Angkatan and Buka for their excessive debts in

11250: 9502: 7212: 3631:. This was a rare trace of Javanese influence that reached far flung island as far north as Luzon, which suggests the extent of interinsular exchanges of that time. 3037:

the Majapahit empire than the Visayans were. They also observed that the words were used alternately amongst the peoples in the southernmost portions of Luzon – the

1868:

As a result of Tondo's history as a center of commerce, it has been referred to by many names by in various texts and languages. It is variously also referred to as

9299: 8430: 3340:

kernel—and weigh from 0.09 to 2.65 grams of fine gold. Large Piloncitos weighing 2.65 grams approximate the weight of one mass. Piloncitos have been excavated from

14262: 11557: 11517: 9259: 9216: 8451:

H. Otley Beyer, "Outline Review of Philippine Archaeology by Islands and Provinces," Philippine Journal of Science, Vol.77, Nos.34 (July–August 1947), pp. 205–374

5738:, the main line of heirs of the Tondo monarchs are the direct family lines of Salonga and Magsaysay. Among these are the international singer and theatre actress 4328:. They were the indigenous rulers of their area or an area yet upon submission to the might of the Spanish was relegated as mere collector of tributes or at best 1648:

Early travellers from monarchical cultures who had contacts with Tondo (including the Chinese, Portuguese and the Spanish) often initially referred to it as the "

10870: 9780: 9038: 4616:, ranging from historical documents describing oral histories, to contemporary descriptions of modern (post-colonial/national-era) oral accounts. These include: 1959:

Travellers from monarchical cultures who had contacts with Tondo (including the Chinese, Portuguese and the Spanish) also often initially mislabelled it as the "

1094: 11285: 8679: 7126: 2017:

Detail of the Duque de Almodóvar's 1787 "Plan de Manila su Bahia y Puerto de Cavite" with the islands of Binondo, Tondo, and Isla de Balut highlighted in sepia.

11767: 9792: 5039:

Identified by Postma as possibly being either a place-name or a person-name. Possible reference the Southeast coast region of Laguna Lake proposed by Tiongson

1211: 1926:

According to the earliest Tagalog dictionaries, large coastal settlements like Tondo and Maynila, which were ultimately led by a lakan or rajah, were called "

11339: 9918: 8504: 5743: 3969:

According to some, Luzon and/Manila would have been called Seludong or Selurong by the Malays of Brunei before the Spanish conquest (Cebu 1565, Manila 1571).

2122:(modern day Santa Ana), Tambobong (modern day Navotas), Omaghicon (modern day Malabon), Pandacan, and Pasay – all of which had their own respective leaders. 1165: 2796:

The more complex social structure of the Tagalogs was less stable during the arrival of the Spaniards because it was still in a process of differentiating.

11602: 11552: 9356: 5614:

Many of these relaciones were later published in compilations in Spain, and some were eventually translated and compiled into the multi-volume collection "

5597: 1454: 5993: 5721:

David Dula y Goiti, a grandson of Lakan Dula with a Spanish mother escaped the persecution of the descendants of Lakan Dula by settling in Isla de Batag,

12235: 11828: 11747: 11707: 11562: 10273: 5562: 4571:

The last indigenous ruler of Tondo; son of Rajah Sulayman, proclaimed Paramount Ruler of Tondo after the death of Bunao Lakan Dula. Co-instigator of the

3764: 2013: 7307: 3372:. These barter rings are bigger than doughnuts in size and are made of nearly pure gold. Also, they are very similar to the first coins invented in the 3196:

useful for this analysis, because these early dictionaries captured many words which demonstrate the varied nuances of these local economic activities.

3025:(worship). According to Scott, accounts and early dictionaries describe them as intermediaries ("Bathala's agents"), and the dictionaries used the word 2180:

The Malacañang Presidential Museum, on the other hand, described this political setup in their 2015 Araw ng Maynila briefers as an "alliance network."

1727:. This culture was later influenced by its trading relations with the rest of Maritime Southeast Asia. Particularly significant were its relations with 1667:

leadership structures were built. The earliest firsthand Spanish accounts described it as a smaller "village", in comparison to the fortified polity of

534: 14227: 11587: 9827: 4369: 2964: 1912:

suggested that it might be a reference to high ground ("tundok"). The French linguist Jean-Paul Potet, however, has suggested that the river mangrove,

1316: 107: 9175:

Santiago, Luciano P.R., The Houses of Lakandula, Matanda, and Sulayman : Genealogy and Group Identity, Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 18

7914: 2979:

The Tagalogs did not have a specific name for this set of religious beliefs and practices, although later scholars and popular writers refer to it as

2197: 14178: 10809: 9672:

Santiago, Luciano P.R., The Houses of Lakandula, Matanda, and Soliman :Genealogy and Group Identity, Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 18 .

9249:

Santiago, Luciano P.R., The Houses of Lakandula, Matanda, and Soliman : Genealogy and Group Identity, Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 18

7802: 5603:

However, there are also some references to Maynila, Luzon, and Tondo in the accounts of the Magellan expedition in 1521, which, under the command of

2390: 1351: 8900:

To Commemorate the 50th Anniversary of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Kingdom of Thailand and the Republic of the Philippines

8061: 2210:

Polities in Bulacan and Pampanga which were supposedly under the influence of Tondo and Maynila's alliance network include, but are not limited to:

80: 9858: 8653: 8361: 8110: 7486: 5698:, one of the children of Lakan Dula, and with his Spanish name Augustin de Legazpi, Lakan Dula's nephew, and the lords of the neighboring areas of 4624: 7987: 2303:

Polities in the Puliran region which were supposedly under the influence of Tondo and Maynila's alliance network include, but are not limited to:

14222: 11354: 11221: 10242: 9607:

Conspiracy Against the Spaniards: Testimony in certain investigations made by Doctor Santiago de Vera, president of the Philipinas, May–July 1589

8627: 8365: 7419: 6670: 1411: 8083: 4336:

of Tondo (one of the chieftains of Tondo), born of a Spanish mother given a Hispanized name to appease the colonizers, grandson of conquistador

8918: 8537: 7784: 3581:

Tondo and Maynila are often portrayed as having adversarial relations with the polities of the Visayas, because of the disparaging comments of

3088: 1748: 13054: 8824: 2955:

decided to break Tondo's monopoly in the China trade by attacking Tondo and establishing the state of Selurung as a Bruneian satellite-state.

1552:

because it is one of the oldest historically documented settlements in the Philippines. Scholars generally agree that it was mentioned in the

12622: 10842: 10213: 8564: 1242: 1234: 9862: 9398: 1801:'s work for the National Museum in 1977) and Spanish colonial records (most notably those compiled by the 19th-century Franciscan historian 14237: 10802: 10178: 4205:

the Spanish forces still within the city. The battle was very brief because it concluded with the settlement of Maynila being set ablaze.

3333:, small bead-like gold nuggets/bits considered by the local numismatists as the earliest coin of ancient Filipinos, and gold barter rings. 3145: 2805: 1689: 1201: 1074: 1023: 8031: 7508: 3114:(which corresponds to April/May in the Gregorian Calendar) implies a familiarity with the Hindu sacred days celebrated during that month. 1808:

A more detailed discussion of notable archaeological, documentary, and genealogical sources can be found towards the end of this article.

14217: 11201: 9685: 7324: 5714:

were martyred for secretly conspiring to overthrow the Spanish colonizers. Stories were told that Magat Salamat's descendants settled in

1559:

Following contact with the Spanish beginning in 1570 and the defeat of local rulers in the Manila Bay area in 1571, Tondo was ruled from

1331: 1326: 1277: 596: 2269:

Odal-Devora, or Dery, do not explicitly characterize this relationship as Puliran being a part of Tondo and Maynila's alliance network.

2061:

However, Tondo's territorial boundaries are generally accepted as defined by several bodies of water which gave Tondo an island shape:

10251: 10201: 9811: 6745: 4816:

Legendary "Lady of the Pasig" who ruled Namayan and later became the grandmother of the Kapampangan ruler known as "Prinsipe Balagtas"

1501: 1193: 1155: 1147: 1041: 835: 601: 6984: 6612: 4786:. During his reign, Tondo had many achievements and became more powerful; his reign also saw the enlargement of the state's territory. 11110: 10125: 10119: 5796: 4620:

orally transmitted genealogical traditions, such as the Batu Tarsila, which have since been recorded and cited by scholarly accounts;

1468: 1406: 1341: 906: 639: 2660:(further simplified in the briefer by the Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office in 2015), historian 846: 14267: 1447: 9263: 9220: 7173:

Junker, Laura Lee (1990). "The Organization of IntraRegional and LongDistance Trade in PreHispanic Philippine Complex Societies".

3217:

Tondo and Maynila's shared trade relations with China make the Manila bay area one of the northernmost points on the route of the

12571: 12164: 11757: 11066: 10266: 8977: 8884: 8704: 6560: 4229:. Rajah Sulayman was at first intentionally kept away from the Spanish for fear that Sulayman's presence might antagonize them. 3996:, retained their titles and property but the real political power came to reside in the House of Soliman, the Rajahs of Maynila. 9506: 8602: 8242: 12632: 8272: 3965:"Manila was probably founded as a Bornean trading colony about 1500, with a royal prince marrying into the local ruling family. 1724: 1386: 1099: 981: 549: 9189: 6594:

Rafael, Vicente L. (2005) The Promise of the Foreign: Nationalism and the Technics of Translation in the Spanish Philippines.

5554:). This reference places Tondo into the larger context of Chinese trade with the native people of the Philippine archipelago. 3756:). This reference places Tondo into the larger context of Chinese trade with the native people of the Philippine archipelago. 14007: 13389: 11216: 11098: 9568: 9350: 9112: 9067: 9057: 8916:

Volume 5 of 東西洋考 (A study of the Eastern and Western Oceans) mentions that Luzon first sent tribute to Yongle Emperor in 1406

8818: 8739: 8391: 8337: 8201: 7814: 7686: 7586: 7550: 7278: 7246: 7206: 7020: 6931: 6638: 1773:

Sources Scott, Jocano, and Junker consider particularly relevant to the study of the Tondo and Maynila settlements include:

9118: 7847: 7692: 6722: 12296: 12139: 11889: 11732: 11482: 11260: 11012: 10983: 8846: 7946: 5735: 5585:

Events that took place in the Pasig river delta in the 1500s are documented in some of the firsthand epistolary accounts ("

5424: 5077:

Postma's conclusions about the Bulacan location of Binwagan have been questioned by local Laguna historian Tiongson (2006)

5015:. The word may either be a reference to a Lord Minister or a reference to an ancient name of the Southeast coast region of 3783:

lot of Philippine cultural mores today came from China more so than their later colonizers of Spain and the United States.

2981: 2970: 2386: 1401: 1346: 1311: 1292: 1134: 886: 621: 431: 13913: 5151:

Firsthand accounts generally accepted by Philippine historiographers, with corrections for hispanocentric bias subject to

4588:

Firsthand accounts generally accepted by Philippine historiographers, with corrections for hispanocentric bias subject to

4548:

Firsthand accounts generally accepted by Philippine historiographers, with corrections for hispanocentric bias subject to

3029:(advocate) when defining their realms. These sources also show, however, that in practice, they were addressed directly: " 2480:, however, the term itself has erroneously come to mean "royal nobility", which was actually restricted to the hereditary 12546: 8418: 7473:

Estado Geografico, Topografico, Estadistico, Historico-Religioso de la Santa y Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio Magno

7010: 5114:

Postma's conclusions about the Bulacan location of Pailah have been questioned by local Laguna historian Tiongson (2006)

4604: 4073:", the area now known as Manila Bay) became the first European accounts of the Tagalog people, as Anthony Reid recounts: 1535: 1440: 1391: 1366: 1321: 1119: 487: 7721: 5494:, but it has also been suggested that Pailah refers to the town of Pila, Laguna. More recent linguistic research of the 4429: 2783:

who owned their own houses and served their masters by paying tribute or working on their fields were the commoners and

14059: 13059: 10259: 4579:(Lakan Dula's son); caught and executed by the Spanish, resulting in the dissolution of the office of Paramount Ruler. 4279:

of the Kingdom of Tondo, enabled the Spaniards to establish themselves throughout the city and its neighboring towns.

12703: 12591: 9770: 9748: 9726: 9019: 8950: 8683: 8157: 7383:

Junker, Laura Lee (1998). "Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms".

7336: 7118: 6883: 6716: 6499: 6466: 6385: 6334: 5615: 4378:

the epistolary firsthand accounts of the members of the Magellan and Legaspi expeditions, referred to in Spanish as "

4271:, refused to ally with the Spanish and decided to mount an attack at the Bangkusay Channel on Spanish forces, led by 2839: 1376: 559: 11154: 9537: 8220: 7880: 7420:"Jose E. Marco's Kalantiaw Code: Implications for Philippine Historiography and Filipinos' Historical Consciousness" 3842:

of Japanese history, as Japanese merchants and traders had settled in Luzon at this time. Especially in the area of

3714:

13th to 15th century, the exchanges between mainland Southeast Asia and the Philippine archipelago was established.

2936:, the month of Waisaka, and the fourth day of the waning moon, which corresponds to Monday, April 21, 900 AD in the 11349: 9621: 8302: 4275:. Sulayman's forces were defeated, and he was killed. The Spanish victory in Bangkusay and Legaspi's alliance with 1361: 1356: 901: 11144: 8490:

Dang V.T. and Vu, Q.H., 1977. The excavation at Giong Ca Vo site. Journal of Southeast Asian Archaeology 17: 30–37

3329:, which was plentiful in many parts of the islands, invariably found its way into these objects that included the 1754:

history, having been reviewed early on by a panel of that era's most eminent historians and folklorists including

13685: 11159: 11149: 11088: 11056: 10184: 9758: 8976:(Press release). Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of the Philippines. October 15, 2003. 8511: 8145: 6322: 5637: 4221:

López de Legazpi himself returned to assert the Spanish claim on Maynila a year later in 1571. This time, it was

3710:

were found in Luzon and Visayas region. The discovery of Siamese artifacts in the Philippines suggests that from

3192:

textiles, and precious stones. This demand, in turn, served as the impetus for both internal and external trade.

2874: 2661: 1965: 1826: 1654: 1089: 12847: 9324: 4732:

as cited by Odal-Devora, the daughter of Kalangitan and Lontok who were rulers of Pasig, who eventually married

2041:

used in dehusking rice. This name eventually came to be used as the name for the entire island of modern Luzon.

1963:". Early Augustinian chronicler Pedro de San Buenaventura explained this to be an error as early as 1613 in his 1652:". Early Augustinian chronicler Pedro de San Buenaventura explained this to be an error as early as 1613 in his 14232: 10857: 10320: 7451: 5981: 5531: 5453: 5105: 5090: 5068: 5053: 5030: 5012: 4989: 4974: 4953: 4938: 4916: 4901: 4461: 4433: 4419: 4389: 3733: 3722:

The earliest Chinese historical reference to Tondo can be found in the "Annals of the Ming dynasty" called the

3600: 3107: 2909: 2506: 2321: 2312: 1553: 1336: 757: 626: 611: 517: 241: 169: 7913:. Loyola Heights, Quezon City, the Philippines: Philippine Studies, Ateneo de Manila University. p. 200. 7655:

The River Dwellers, in Book Pasig: The River of Life (Edited by Reynaldo Gamboa Alejandro and Alfred A. Yuson)

14123: 11974: 7995: 7295: 6983:(2). Diliman: Saliksikan Ng Kasaysayan : Bagong Kasaysayan (BAKAS), Incorporated.: 26–78. Archived from 3857: 2760:. The equivalent warrior class in the Tagalog society was present only in Laguna, and they were known as the 1712:

has estimated that Tondo may have had a population of roughly 43,000 when the Spanish first arrived in 1570.

916: 526: 3001:

According to the early Spanish missionary-ethnographers, the Tagalog people believed in a creator-god named

14242: 14118: 14002: 12381: 12220: 10143: 10086: 9651: 7910: 5364: 5327: 5291: 5263: 5227: 5196: 5168: 5130: 4634:

Scholarly acceptance of the details recounted in these accounts vary from case to case, and are subject to

4572: 2976:

although various elements were later syncretistically adapted from Hinduism, Mahayana Buddhism, and Islam.

2937: 2426:

Since at least the 3rd century, the Tagalog people of Tondo had developed a culture which is predominantly

1381: 1371: 921: 767: 97: 2231:(coordinates: 14–43.2 & 120–543) – the "Binwangan" mentioned in the LCI. It was also mentioned in the 1918:, which at the time was called "tundok" ("tinduk-tindukan" today), is the most likely origin of the name. 14128: 13165: 12627: 12084: 11677: 11280: 11046: 11023: 10895: 10847: 10386: 10075: 10035: 9145:

The Province of Pampanga and its towns (A.D. 1300–1955) with the genealogy of the rulers of central Luzon

8057: 5806: 5781: 5420: 5416: 4260: 4246: 4234: 3356:. That gold was mined and worked here is evidenced by many Spanish accounts, like one in 1586 that said: 3171:

district) and the Buddhist-Hindu settlement was ruled under Lakan Dula in northern Tundun (now in modern

2398: 2394: 1720: 1668: 1509: 1247: 1001: 735: 675: 413: 334: 259: 10667: 10281: 8657: 8386:(Rev. ed.). Ithaca, N.Y.: Southeast Asia Publications, Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University. 4043:

but the real political power transferred to the master trader House of Sulayman, the Rajahs of Maynila.

2752:(commoner and slave class) who have escaped bondage by payment, favor, or flight. Moreover, the Tagalog 14252: 12586: 12491: 11226: 11093: 11061: 11030: 11018: 10190: 10053: 9987: 9910: 8087: 5766: 5133:," son of Bunao Lakan Dula who served as datu under his cousin and co-instigator, Rajah Sulayman's son 2866:

Contemporary historiographers specializing in early Philippine history prefer to use the generic term "

2817:

The equivalent paramount datus who led the southern polity of Maynila were referred to using the term "

2297: 2097:

a northern stretch of the Estero de Vitas merging from the mouth of the Navotas River to the north, and

1674:

Politically, Tondo was made up of several social groupings, traditionally referred to by historians as

1114: 715: 660: 496: 4545:

Multiple firsthand accounts from the Legaspi Expedition (early 1570s); Spanish genealogical documents

4337: 4272: 3405: 14277: 14247: 14086: 13234: 12798: 11449: 11344: 11205: 10149: 9602: 9470: 8035: 7093: 5623: 4062: 3944:

By the end of the 15th century, the Bruneian Empire controlled the western shores of the Philippines.

1723:) culture, with its own expressions of language and writing, religion, art, and music dating back to 996: 911: 9383:

A suma oriental de Tomé Pires e o livro de Francisco Rodriguez: Leitura e notas de Armando Cortesão

9045:(in Spanish and English). Translated by Luis Antonio Mañeru. Intramuros, Manila: Pedro Galende, OSA. 8915: 8541: 4760:

Batangueño folk tradition, Kapampangan folk tradition, Oral tradition cited by Vivencio and Joaquin

3321:

Trade among the early Filipinos and with traders from the neighboring islands was conducted through

2932:

and Old Javanese. The date indicated on the LCI text says that it was etched in the year 822 of the

1941:

However, the precolonial settlement of Tondo has also been described using a number of descriptors.

1908:

Numerous theories on the origin of the name "Tondo" have been put forward. Filipino National Artist

14044: 14019: 13869: 13528: 13523: 12596: 12313: 12289: 12134: 12099: 12054: 11906: 11882: 11727: 11692: 11647: 11499: 11475: 10944: 10929: 10697: 10614: 10113: 10041: 10023: 8808: 1616: 1084: 966: 961: 797: 725: 119: 5498:

grammar of the document suggests the term Puliran Kasumuran refers to the large lake now known as

3973:"there is no text to support this claim. Conversely, Borneo has a mountain site called Seludong." 3124:

Contemporary Buddhist practitioners believe that Filipino cultures would have been exposed to the

2021:

Scholars generally agree that Tondo was located north of the Pasig river, on the northern part of

14111: 13992: 13533: 13486: 13429: 13128: 13072: 12820: 12541: 12506: 12461: 12024: 12019: 11914: 11617: 11612: 11507: 11255: 11189: 10951: 10837: 9969: 9866: 9395: 9320: 4374:

A number of rulers of Tondo are specifically identified in historical documents, which include:

4166: 4137:

At the time, Rajah Matanda's mother (whose name was not mentioned in the accounts) served as the

4058: 3895: 3891: 3058: 2849: 2130:

One notable area controlled by Tondo under the reign of Bunao Lakandula in the 1500s was called "

1852: 1664: 1221: 1160: 1079: 986: 866: 710: 564: 321: 9819: 4174:

While Spanish colonizers first arrived in the Philippines in 1521, the Spanish only reached the

3368:

Other than Piloncitos, the people of Tundun also used the Barter rings, which is gold ring-like

1797:, further upriver, include artifacts dug up from archaeological digs (the earliest of which was 14133: 14034: 14029: 13717: 13665: 13585: 13518: 13422: 13407: 13300: 13067: 13021: 12862: 12749: 12431: 12426: 12321: 12144: 12119: 12034: 12014: 11964: 11934: 11924: 11737: 11712: 11627: 11607: 11527: 11424: 10794: 10721: 8999: 6059: 3400:

The people of Tondo engaged in agriculture, making a living through farming, rice planting and

3144:

One clearer exception to the predominance of "Anitism" in early Tondo and Maynila was that the

1914: 1847: 1739:, despite the Philippine archipelago's geographical location outside the Indian cultural zone. 1257: 971: 11164: 9689: 9415: 9011: 9004: 7678: 7321: 7196: 5592:

Most of these describe events that took place after 1571–72, when forces under the command of

5137:

who had been pronounced Paramount Ruler over the datus of Tondo after the death of Lakandula.

14272: 14064: 14024: 13837: 13712: 12776: 12766: 12725: 12696: 12551: 12526: 12441: 12421: 12371: 12341: 12331: 12230: 12109: 12104: 11984: 11823: 11702: 11697: 11577: 11366: 11275: 10713: 10232:

Map of the Philippines from "Harper's Pictorial History of the War with Spain" Vol. II (1899)

10155: 10101: 9297: 5437: 5152: 4635: 4589: 4549: 4251:

June 3, 1571, marked the last resistance by locals to the occupation and colonization by the

1175: 1059: 951: 856: 13952: 6749: 5452:

The first reference to Tondo occurs in the Philippines' oldest historical record — the

4505:

Bunao Lakandula, Lakan of Tondo and Sabag, he is the last ruler which possess the title of "

3188:

level of social stratification which would have led to a local demand for "prestige goods".

1841: 1556:, the Philippines' oldest extant locally produced written document, dating back to 900 A.D. 14157: 13987: 13957: 13832: 13763: 13734: 13653: 12987: 12825: 12815: 12637: 12516: 12511: 12391: 12174: 12124: 12079: 12059: 12049: 11949: 11717: 11672: 11652: 11642: 11542: 11051: 10885: 10672: 9271: 9228: 6616: 6487: 4560:(Presumably Lakan, but the actual use of the term is not recorded in historical documents.) 3536: 2599: 2116: 2091: 1952:. However, this term is no longer used in academic circles because it reflects the strong 1949: 1789:

archeological evidence from the region around Manila Bay, the Pasig River, and Laguna Lake.

1716: 1596: 1180: 1170: 1129: 1109: 976: 574: 569: 76: 13937: 11367:

Dr. Leticia Ramos-Shahani - sister of former President Fidel Ramos is married to an Indian

5148:

Firsthand accounts of the Legaspi Expedition (mid-1570s); Spanish genealogical documents

4585:

Firsthand accounts of the Legaspi Expedition (mid-1570s); Spanish genealogical documents

4332:

that need to report to a Spanish governor. It was led by Agustín de Legazpi, the son of a

3325:. The inconvenience of barter later led to the use of some objects as medium of exchange. 8: 14257: 13849: 13729: 13695: 13597: 13417: 13412: 13224: 12943: 12879: 12754: 12739: 12611: 12581: 12531: 12486: 12466: 12456: 12356: 12282: 12204: 12149: 12064: 12044: 11929: 11919: 11875: 11797: 11742: 11657: 11637: 11522: 11512: 11468: 10934: 10732: 10692: 10643: 10588: 10287: 10172: 10064: 10017: 8732:

The Nameless Hero: Revisiting the Sources on the First Filipino Leader to Die for Freedom

8239: 5786: 4145:

During this time, Ache realized that his cousin, who was ruler of the Tondo polity, was "

4106: 3659: 3118: 3057:

Although most contemporary historians, approaching Philippines from the point of view of

2581: 2361: 2215: 2135: 1987: 1798: 1759: 1563:, a Spanish fort built on the remains of the Maynila polity. Tondo's absorption into the 1272: 1018: 926: 881: 871: 817: 730: 365: 263: 13565: 13555: 2517: 2513: 2288:

refers to Puliran, the old name of the territory that occupied the southeastern part of

1583:

Geographically, the settlement was completely surrounded by bodies of water: mainly the

13962: 13942: 13925: 13876: 13741: 13550: 13501: 13434: 13352: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13239: 13209: 13101: 12999: 12867: 12842: 12556: 12471: 12451: 12336: 12326: 12194: 12129: 12094: 12029: 12009: 11999: 11959: 11944: 11939: 11787: 11722: 11687: 11622: 11592: 11537: 11532: 11115: 10900: 10866: 10622: 10375: 10137: 10107: 8355: 7778: 7480: 7400: 5499: 5134: 4701:

Cited in non-academic work by Nick Joaquin, then later mentioned in Odal-Devora, 2000.

4623:

legends and folk traditions documented by anthropologists, local government units, the

4565: 4313: 3838:

Relations between Japan and the kingdoms in the Philippines, date back to at least the

3814: 3694:

9th to 10th century). However, the nature of Tondo's relations with Java is not clear.

3153: 2789: 2161: 1430: 1054: 956: 946: 931: 579: 554: 347: 262:

range as early as the 1200s (see Battle of Manila (1258) and (1365)) to the 1500s (see

210: 49:

Tondo, Pasig, and other barangays under the influence of Dayang Kalangitan of Pasig in

8973: 8708: 5593: 5541: 4179: 3786:

This connection was important enough that when the Ming dynasty emperors enforced the

3743: 2545: 14071: 13967: 13903: 13898: 13827: 13724: 13439: 13367: 13362: 13204: 13133: 13116: 13111: 13106: 12906: 12857: 12666: 12601: 12536: 12501: 12436: 12416: 12406: 12366: 12351: 12346: 12259: 12154: 12114: 12089: 12069: 12004: 11979: 11969: 11954: 11852: 11682: 11662: 11597: 11572: 11547: 11444: 11394: 11374: 10939: 10905: 10890: 10659: 10517: 10360: 10283: 10029: 9882: 9766: 9744: 9722: 9564: 9346: 9108: 9063: 9015: 8946: 8814: 8735: 8610: 8572: 8397: 8387: 8343: 8333: 8197: 8153: 7810: 7682: 7582: 7546: 7447: 7404: 7332: 7274: 7242: 7202: 7016: 6927: 6879: 6712: 6634: 6568: 6495: 6462: 6381: 6330: 6067: 4810: 4783: 4099: 4017: 3869: 3703: 3393: 2870:" in international journals, avoiding the terms "chiefdom" and "kingdom" altogether. 2779: 2642: 2477: 2344: 2073: 2038: 1991: 1970: 1802: 1755: 1659: 1592: 762: 740: 449: 186: 11291:

Biag ni Lam-ang Ilocano epic based on the Indian Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharta

8782:

Historia general de las Islas Occidentales a la Asia adyacentes, llamadas Philipinas

8269: 4763:

Mentioned in Odal-Devora, 2000; also mentioned in non-academic work by Nick Joaquin

3940: 3556:

in a bid to martial some military support as leverage against the Kingdom of Tondo.

13920: 13707: 13702: 13658: 13645: 13575: 13543: 13538: 13402: 13397: 13379: 13340: 13273: 13256: 13197: 13187: 13182: 13123: 13079: 13049: 13009: 12992: 12975: 12938: 12689: 12642: 12561: 12521: 12496: 12476: 12411: 12386: 12376: 12361: 12074: 12039: 11994: 11989: 11898: 11667: 11632: 11582: 11491: 11429: 11313: 11105: 10648: 10633: 10301: 9598: 9466: 9336: 9195: 7988:"Puliran in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription: Laguna de Bay or Pulilan, Bulacan?" 7771:

Historica general de las islas occidentals a la Asia adyacentes llamadas Philipinas

7392: 7089: 5801: 5791: 5715: 5619: 5604: 5483: 5235: 4292: 4154: 3899: 3898:) established branch offices on the island of Luzon. One famous Japanese merchant, 3861: 3839: 3831: 3628: 3373: 2221: 2034: 2033:

name for the Pasig river delta. This name is thought to have been derived from the

1822: 1484: 1104: 1049: 991: 936: 891: 861: 822: 361: 8898:

Llanes, Ferdinand (1999). "Early Relations Between the Philippines and Thailand".

7503:[THE TUNDO IN THE INSCRIPTION IN BINATBAT TANSO OF LAGUNA (900 MK.-1588)] 7012:

Urban Development and Civil Society: The Role of Communities in Sustainable Cities

3878:

was only allowed to trade once every 10 years. Japanese merchants often used

3826: 3093: 2094:

to the northeast forming the Isla de Balut between itself and the Estero de Vitas,

1567:

effectively ended its status as an independent political entity; it now exists as

14138: 14106: 13979: 13947: 13930: 13886: 13881: 13859: 13854: 13812: 13805: 13780: 13640: 13635: 13476: 13357: 13251: 13246: 13214: 13039: 13029: 12923: 12916: 12911: 12896: 12852: 12734: 12720: 12481: 12446: 12401: 12396: 12305: 11419: 11399: 11389: 11334: 11290: 11264: 11169: 10308: 10047: 9736: 9402: 9303: 9102: 8938: 8922: 8426: 8276: 8246: 8224: 7672: 7576: 7328: 7296:"Ma'I in Chinese Records - Mindoro or Bai? An Examination of a Historical Puzzle" 6706: 6454: 5558: 5487: 5461: 5457: 4682: 4138: 4004:

Tondo became so prosperous that around the year 1500, the Bruneian Empire, under

3978: 3760: 3683: 3667: 3488:

Millet was common enough that the Tagalogs had a word which meant "milletlike": "

2952: 2878: 2251: 2228: 2084: 1978: 1818: 1709: 1685: 1600: 1282: 772: 705: 539: 245: 224: 13560: 9325:"Continuity and Change in the Austronesian Transition to Islam and Christianity" 8680:"Philippine Coin Information: PILONCITOS: The treasure of Philippine numismatic" 7952: 5536: 4189:

De Goiti arrived in mid-1570 and was initially well received by Maynila's ruler

3988:

attacked the kingdom of Tondo, and established Selurong on the opposite bank of

3738: 2649:

for a living. The Tagalogs were thus described by the Spanish Augustinian friar

14081: 14076: 14039: 14014: 13997: 13908: 13893: 13864: 13822: 13670: 13630: 13625: 13580: 13506: 13466: 13456: 13446: 13261: 13140: 13034: 12901: 12783: 11439: 11194: 10924: 10414: 10404: 10332: 9942: 6708:

Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino and Other Essays in the Philippine History

6373: 5722: 4941:, as the descendant (daughter) of Namwaran. Related through Namwaran to Bukah. 4309: 4264: 4252: 4194: 3772: 3582: 3160: 2856:– a government structure very different from the original meaning of the word. 2829: 2650: 2447: 1763: 1675: 1564: 1549: 1521: 1472: 1267: 1069: 896: 792: 130: 7396: 3642:

that might be corresponding to certain places in modern Philippines; such as

3237:

shore began in the 7th century and reached their peak after 1644 owing to the

3148:

of these polities identified themselves as Muslims, as did the migrant sailor

2050:

diminishing concentrations of households, dissipating into agricultural land (

14211: 14193: 14180: 14162: 14049: 13844: 13817: 13790: 13768: 13746: 13513: 13496: 13481: 13325: 13278: 13266: 13192: 13084: 12958: 12953: 12928: 12810: 12660: 12253: 11846: 11414: 11404: 11359: 11281:

Alim and Hudhud of Ifugao based on Indian Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharta

10976: 10919: 10909: 10638: 10569: 10559: 10409: 10370: 9328: 8576: 8401: 8347: 7715: 7114: 5699: 5695: 5608: 5432: 5123: 5109: 5072: 5034: 5016: 4993: 4957: 4920: 4846: 4576: 4487: 4352: 4226: 4190: 3949: 3902:(呂宋助左衛門), went as far as to change his surname from Naya (納屋) to Luzon (呂宋). 3819: 3647: 3635: 3546: 3253:

included, and in the other ports, which were annually visited by their trade

3242: 3172: 3164: 2901: 2326: 2308: 2289: 1736: 1568: 1531: 1396: 1206: 616: 302: 62: 13590: 13570: 9625: 9378: 9335:. Canberra: Department of Anthropology, The Australian National University. 8654:"Metropolitan Museum of Manila, Philippines: Art for All – www.metmuseum.ph" 6057: 4084: 3298: 2821:", and in Mindanao, a similar title in more Islamized polities was that of " 14054: 13795: 13785: 13751: 13680: 13675: 13602: 13392: 13374: 13335: 13330: 13310: 13305: 13177: 13170: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13044: 12982: 12963: 12948: 12884: 11409: 11295: 10399: 10356: 9897: 9714: 9479:. Vol. 3. Ohio, Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Company. pp. 173–177. 8974:"Embassy Updates: China-Philippine Friendly Relationship Will Last Forever" 8174: 7668: 7538: 7468: 6801: 5574: 5570: 5527: 4772: 4751: 4689: 4329: 4125:

area, including Tondo as well as the Kapampangans of Hagonoy and Macabebe.

4009: 3948:

According to other Bruneian oral traditions, a city with the Malay name of

3776: 3729: 3624: 3513: 3038: 2925: 2535: 2317: 2281: 2224:(coordinates: 14–54.2 & 120–50.8) – the "Puliran" mentioned in the LCI. 1953: 1909: 1728: 807: 787: 606: 289: 228: 182: 11170:

Sampaguita Filipino national flower is named from Indian sanskrit Champaka

8945:. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. p. 316. 3380:. Barter rings were circulated in the Philippines up to the 16th century. 3336:

The Piloncitos a type of gold ingots are small, some are of the size of a

13773: 13758: 13607: 13320: 13229: 13219: 13145: 12793: 12788: 12670: 12263: 11856: 11434: 11209: 10852: 10564: 10505: 9946: 9886: 9609:. Vol. 7. Ohio, Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Company. pp. 86–103. 9529: 8468:. Agusan Del Sur Provincial Information Management Office. Archived from 8308: 8217: 7884: 7876: 7836:. Vol. 14. Manila: Isacio Rodriguez. April 20, 1572. pp. 73–99. 5756: 5739: 4442: 4183: 4052: 4029: 3989: 3707: 3627:

elements, and many of the words in the inscription having equivalents in

3608: 3401: 3349: 3341: 3307: 3234: 3176: 3149: 2929: 2913: 2892:

Srivijayan and Majapahit cultural influences in early Philippine polities

2853: 2412: 2232: 2218:(coordinates 14–54.5 & 121–06.9) – the "Pailah" mentioned in the LCI. 2066: 2030: 1983: 1584: 1028: 1013: 474: 72: 9940: 9059:

Interracial Intimacy in Japan: Western Men and Japanese Women, 1543–1900

8413: 8411: 7674:

Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor

7501:"ANG TUNDO SA INSKRIPSYON sa Binatbat na Tanso ng Laguna (900 MK.-1588)" 4630:

recently published genealogical accounts based on contemporary research.

3682:

in particular, is interesting since it might correspond to the Javanese

3031:

in actual prayers, they were petitioned directly, not as intermediaries.

2574: 13800: 13617: 13491: 13451: 13384: 11384: 10971: 10913: 9341: 6071: 5857:

Participation as "Tondo" not explicitly mentioned in these oral history

5523: 5428: 5155:; veracity of genealogical documents subject to scholarly peer review. 4592:; veracity of genealogical documents subject to scholarly peer review. 4552:; veracity of genealogical documents subject to scholarly peer review. 4482: 4470: 4454: 4345: 4175: 3852: 3724: 3330: 3303: 3293: 3168: 3042: 2896: 2674:(ruling class), which included the lakan/rajah and the datus under him; 2101: 1622: 1588: 1560: 1287: 1124: 802: 383: 8150:

Cracks in the Parchment Curtain and Other Essays in Philippine History

5551: 5526:

Annals (明实录]), which record the arrival of an envoy from Luzon to the

4977:, as the descendant of Namwaran related to the Lady (Dayang) Angkatan 3753: 3503:

culture was also practiced by the Tagalogs, particularly those around

13690: 13461: 13345: 13315: 13096: 12970: 12761: 11379: 10880: 10875: 10532: 10525: 10365: 10005: 9831: 8408: 7100:. Vol. 3. Ohio, Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Company. p. 145. 6629:

Scott, William Henry (1989). "Societies in Prehispanic Philippines".

5776: 5761: 5683: 5566: 5495: 4779: 4499: 4341: 4304: 4276: 4222: 4198: 4036: 3993: 3795: 3768: 3687: 3616: 3453: 3436:

husbandry in Luzon. In addition, there were also great quantities of

3280:

Augustinian Fray Martin de Rada Legaspi says that the Tagalogs were "

3218: 3129: 3125: 2917: 2762: 2443: 2439: 1732: 1525: 941: 876: 544: 198: 122: 9647: 8810:

Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula

5866:

Specifically meaning their "following", or group of loyal supporters

5629: 4178:

area and its settlements in 1570, when Miguel López de Legazpi sent

3317:

characters. Used as one of the early currency along with Gold rings.

2810:

Tondo was a large coastal settlement led by several leaders, called

1770:

connected with the Philippines early historic or protohistoric era.

13091: 12874: 12832: 12771: 11867: 11460: 11305: 11296:

Ibalong epic of Bicol based on Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharta

11270: 11139: 11131: 11004: 10772: 10767: 10574: 10456: 10351: 10315: 10011: 9999: 9422:. Translated by Rebecca Catz. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 8196:. Mandaluyong, Philippines: Anvil Publishing, Inc. pp. 51–56. 5703: 5522:

The next historical reference to Ancient Tondo can be found in the

5299: 5220: 4842: 4325: 4268: 3799: 3655: 3620: 3353: 3311: 3266: 3230: 3133: 3111: 2933: 2921: 2834: 2646: 2638: 2473: 2463: 2431: 2427: 2374: 2355: 2245: 2115:

Tondo's territorial boundaries also excluded territory occupied by

1944:

The earliest firsthand Spanish accounts described it as a smaller "

1705: 1489: 1262: 777: 752: 720: 700: 655: 591: 165: 92: 12274: 11202:

Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, Haryana, India

9563:(second ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 37. 8943:

Archaeology and Culture in Southeast Asia: Unraveling the Nusantao

6798:

Vocabulario de lengua tagala: el romance castellano puesto primero

6494:. Quezon City: Institute for Studies in Asian Church and Culture. 4142:

Bunao Lakandula, although not specifically named in the accounts.

2664:

delineates the three classes of Tagalog society during the 1500s:

1762:, Marcelino Foronda, Mercedes Grau Santamaria, Nicholas Zafra and 258:• Various proposed dates for the founding of the neighboring 16:

City-state in what is now Manila, Philippines, from c. 900 to 1589

13004: 12933: 12889: 12744: 11300: 10425: 9993: 5836: 5771: 5711: 5707: 5580: 5502:(Puliran), citing the root of Kasumuran, *sumur as Old Malay for 5491: 5372: 5295: 4834: 4614:, which in turn have been recorded by various documentary sources 4333: 4321: 4160: 4092: 4013: 4005: 3985: 3787: 3675: 3639: 3570: 3566: 3542: 3504: 3421: 3046: 3002: 2948: 2793:

who lived in their masters' houses were the servants and slaves.

2727: 2542: 2482: 2408: 2257: 2241: 2158:) shells, and a lime kiln was still present in the area by 1929. 2119: 2077: 1794: 1701: 1496:, kapampangan: Balayan ning Tundo), sometimes referred to as the 851: 812: 670: 12805: 10824: 6924:

Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History

6631:

Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History

5686:

is a hereditary title for the monarchs of the Kingdom of Tondo.

5664:

Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History

5448:). The artifact is the first historical record mentioning Tondo. 1708:. Extrapolating from available data, the demographer-historian 12837: 12712: 11035: 10988: 10325: 9903:

The Aquinos of Tarlac: An Essay on History as Three Generations

8327: 7717:

Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat

5335: 5093:, as the representative of Jayadewa, Lord Minister of "Pailah" 4317: 4256: 4025: 3982: 3953: 3847: 3791: 3638:

has concluded that the Laguna Copperplate Inscription contains

3508: 3461: 3437: 3377: 3345: 3322: 3246: 3238: 2867: 2844: 2822: 2748: 2634: 2468: 2350: 1626: 1572: 1513: 695: 690: 680: 387: 11301:

Darangen epic of Maranao people based on Indian epics Ramayana

10321:

Kasumuran • Ganashakti • Bisruta • Namwaran • Angkatan • Bukah

8429:: Philippine Theravada Buddhist Fellowship. November 9, 2014. 3882:

in order to obtain much sought after Chinese products such as

2403: 1614:", and the earliest Tagalog dictionaries categorized it as a " 1591:

to the west, but also by several of the delta's rivulets: the

13471: 11041: 9901: 7417: 5403: 4698:

Oral Tradition cited by Leonardo Vivicencio and Nick Joaquin

4209:

among the peoples of the Philippine archipelago at the time.

4087:

noted that in their own country, the Luções had "foodstuffs,

4040: 3879: 3875: 3843: 3469: 3465: 3449: 3369: 3361: 3254: 3250: 3213: 2769:

At the bottom of the social hierarchy are the members of the

2713: 2550: 2451: 2435: 1693: 1505: 782: 301:• Territorial conflict with Maynila during the reign of 141: 126: 102: 11286:

Hudhud - the Ifugao epic based on the Indian epic Mahabharta

9559:

Sidhu, Jatswan S. (2009). "Bolkiah, Sultan (r. 1485–1524)".

8565:"Review: 'Philippine Gold: Treasures of Forgotten Kingdoms'" 8384:

History, culture, and region in Southeast Asian perspectives

4297:

The Tondo Conspiracy of 1587–1588, also referred to as the "

3860:

around the year 1600. The term probably originated from the

3794:. Aside from this, a more extensive clandestine trade from 2924:

and a few non-Malay vocabulary elements whose origin may be

2008: 1500:, was a major trade hub located on the northern part of the 10167:

United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands

9981: 8729: 5368: 5331: 5231: 5056:, as the representative of the Lord Minister of "Binwagan" 4718:(term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora) 4676:(term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora) 3883: 3612: 3500: 3457: 3445: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3404:(especially in lowland areas). A report during the time of 3388: 3337: 3326: 3270: 3258: 2818: 2811: 2784: 2707: 2466:. They belonged to the lower nobility class similar to the 2188:(King) to foreign monarchs, rather than their own leaders. 2142:", extending the shore of Tondo further out to Manila Bay. 1986:, who believes that the use of this term was the result of 1681: 1548:

Tondo is of particular interest to Filipino historians and

685: 364:, dissolution of indigenous rule, and integration into the 134: 12681: 9832:"The first invader was a neighbor: Ang Unang Conquistador" 9333:

The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives

8847:"Liham mula sa nakaraan: Ang hiwaga ng Laguna copperplate" 7911:"The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary" 6327:

Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society

5982:"The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary" 5880:(King) to foreign monarchs, rather than their own leaders. 5550:) were acknowledged not as mere chieftains, but as kings ( 5530:(大明朝) in 1373. Her rulers, based in their capital, Tondo ( 4240: 4065:, and their contacts with the seafarers they described as 3886:

and porcelain. Famous 16th-century Japanese merchants and

3752:) were acknowledged not as mere chieftains, but as kings ( 3152:

who were encountered by early 15th century chroniclers in

3082: 2658:

Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society

2311:– interpreted as the "Puliran Kasumuran" mentioned in the 2234:

Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Islas Filipinas

2162:

Polities influenced through the lakan's "alliance network"

11276:

Filipino martial arts inspired by the Indian martial arts

8505:"A buddhist image from Karitunan site, Batangas province" 7084: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7066: 7064: 5669: 4088: 3959:

Scott (1994) acknowledges those traditions, noting that "

3887: 3728:, which record the arrival of an envoy from Luzon to the 3441: 3262: 1735:

empire, which served as the main conduit for significant

288:• Establishment of regular trade relations with the 8527:

Teodoro Agoncillo, History of the Filipino People, p. 22

8466:

Glimpse Agusan Del Sur: The Land of Golden Opportunities

7269:

Jocano, Felipe Jr. (August 7, 2012). Wiley, Mark (ed.).

7198:

Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines

7062: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7052: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7044: 6963: 6064:

The Soul Book: Introduction to Philippine Pagan Religion

5513: 3967:" French linguist Jean-Paul Potet notes, however, that " 3599:

One of the primary source of Tondo's historiography—the

1903: 11271:

Kudyapi guitar influenced by the Indian classical music

10871:

Indian cultural influences in early Philippine polities

9863:"Soul of the Walled City (Brief History of Intramuros)" 9741:

Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage

9648:"Introduction | Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu" 8622: 8620: 7237:

Benitez-Johannot, Purissima, ed. (September 16, 2011).

7109: 7107: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6459:

Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage

6062:; Nakpil-Zialcita, Roberto B.; Feleo, Fernando (1991). 4128: 2140:

diked, drained, and reclaimed land along the waterfront

9187: 9183: 9181: 9162:. Diliman: University of the Philippines Asian Center. 7438: 7436: 7232: 7230: 6748:. State and Society in the Philippines. Archived from 4490:

and generally accepted by Philippine historiographers

4216: 2721:

refers to the chief, but the noble class to which the

2604: 2080:

between itself and Estero de Binondo to the southeast,

1863: 9503:"Filipiniana.net – Act of Taking Possession of Luzon" 8775: 8773: 8771: 7809:. Mandaluyong: Summit Publishing Co. pp. 44–47. 7041: 4358: 4046: 3977:

According to yet other Bruneian oral traditions, the

3589: 1793:

Primary sources for the history of Rajah Kalamayin's

9906:. Manila, Philippines: Solar Publishing Corporation. 9592: 9590: 9588: 9586: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9396:

Chinese Muslims in Malaysia, History and Development

8769: 8767: 8765: 8763: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8617: 7834:

Relación anónime de la conquista de la Isla de Luzón

7493: 7104: 6940: 6756: 4532:" Legazpi and Rajah Matanda, who both died in 1572." 4039:, retained their titles and property upon embracing 3732:

in 1373. Her rulers, based in their capital, Tondo (

3525: 2756:

did not have the military prominence of the Visayan

9458: 9178: 8933: 8931: 8911: 8909: 8025: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8017: 8015: 8013: 7981: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7971: 7969: 7828: 7826: 7433: 7227: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6025:. University of the Philippines Press. pp. 111–119. 5718:and many of his descendants spread from this area. 5563:

Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network

4609:A number of rulers of Tondo are known only through 3765:

Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network

3481:words for at least 22 different varieties of rice. 2691:(slaves), which could further be subcategorized as 2191: 1715:Culturally, the Tagalog people of Tondo had a rich 1684:. These datus in turn recognised the leadership of 10783:Debatable, legend-based or disputed rulers are in 9435: 9433: 9431: 9429: 9003: 8556: 8313:Philippine Folklore Stories by John Maurice Miller 7848:"Full text of "The Philippine journal of science"" 7652: 7009:Carley, Michael; Smith, Harry (November 5, 2013). 6767: 6329:. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. 5641:" and Fray Francisco Blancas de San José's 1610 " 4370:List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines 4308:" was a plot against Spanish colonial rule by the 4225:who first approached the Spanish forces, and then 3208: 2965:Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people 2832:social groupings refers to the large ships called 11150:Influence of Indian languages on Tagalog language 10825:India-related topics in Philippines articles 9577: 9558: 9157: 9142: 8779: 8748: 7796: 7794: 7382: 7241:. Makati City, Philippines: Artpostasia Pte Ltd. 7172: 6744:Abinales, Patricio N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). 5630:Early Tagalog lexicons (late 1500s – early 1600s) 5199:." Member of the Maginoo class from Katanghalan. 4388:in the case of Jayadewa, specific mention in the 2391:Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines 14209: 9836:Pinas: Munting Kasaysayan ng Pira-pirasong Bayan 9495: 9171: 9169: 8928: 8906: 8813:. Continental Sales, Incorporated. p. 236. 8498: 8496: 8076: 8010: 7966: 7823: 7444:Oriental Ceramics Discovered in the Philippines. 7442:Locsin, Leandro V. and Cecilia Y. Locsin. 1967. 7236: 6776: 6662: 6380:(Ninth ed.). Australia: Allen & Unwin. 5689: 4743:as cited by Odal-Devora, who eventually married 4625:National Historical Institute of the Philippines 3928: 3905: 3559: 3052: 14263:1st-millennium establishments in Southeast Asia 11222:Business process outsourcing in the Philippines 11165:Sanskrit language loanwords in Cebuano language 11155:Sanskrit language loanwords in Tagalog language 10243:Category:Former countries in Philippine history 9812:"National Day of Brunei Darussalam (Editorial)" 9476:Foundation of the city of Manila, June 19, 1572 9426: 8877:"Philippines-Thailand Diplomatic Relations Day" 8287: 8285: 7720:. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 59. 7385:International Journal of Historical Archaeology 7264: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7098:Relation of the Conquest of the Island of Luzon 6970:"Ang Tundo Ni Bonifacio, Si Bonifacio Sa Tundo" 6967: 6743: 6053: 6051: 5653: 4864: 4286: 4057:The Portuguese first established a presence in 2985:, or, less accurately, using the general term " 2320:– interpreted as the "Pailah" mentioned in the 1921: 11385:Parul Shah (Binibining Pilipinas Tourism 2014) 11145:Indian loanwords in various Filipino languages 9680: 9678: 8725: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8717: 8628:"'Piloncitos' and the 'Philippine golden age'" 8381: 8377: 8375: 8172: 7791: 7768: 7661: 7533: 7531: 7529: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7168: 7166: 7164: 7088: 6671:"'Piloncitos' and the 'Philippine golden age'" 6608: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6368: 6366: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6031: 5581:Firsthand Spanish accounts (1521 – late 1500s) 4161:Exclusion from the Battle of Manila (May 1570) 3089:Indian influences in early Philippine polities 2992: 2579: 2263: 1749:Historiography of early Philippine settlements 1606:It is referred to in academic circles as the " 12697: 12290: 11883: 11476: 11375:Janina San Miguel (Binibining Pilipinas 2008) 10843:History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia 10810: 10267: 9926: 9721:. Pasig: Anvil Publishing, Inc. p. 411. 9166: 9138: 9136: 9033: 9031: 8902:. Bangkok: Erawan Printing Ltd. pp. 1–3. 8493: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8166: 7904: 7902: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7475:. Binondo: Imprenta de M. Sanchez y Compañia. 7463: 7461: 7459: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7190: 7188: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7144: 6917: 6915: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6281: 4363: 4000:Incorporation into the Bruneian Empire (1500) 2677:A class described as "freemen" consisting of 2511: 2332: 1742: 1448: 14154:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 11251:Pre-Spanish Indian traditions of Philippines 11160:Tamil language loanwords in Tagalog language 10179:Insular Government of the Philippine Islands 9596: 9442:Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo 9385:(in Portuguese). Cambridge: Hakluyt Society. 8793: 8791: 8360:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8282: 8140: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8132: 7757:Plan de Manila, su Bahia, y Puerto de Cavite 7648: 7646: 7644: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7485:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7255: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6795: 6737: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6011: 5839:" caste, the apex social class (Scott, 1994) 2806:Paramount rulers in early Philippine history 2773:class. There are two main subclasses of the 2296:refers to modern-day Barangay Binawangan in 2100:the original (pre-reclamation) shoreline of 1948:", in comparison to the fortified polity of 1603:on its eastern and northernmost boundaries. 11015:had Indianized Hindu and Buddhist influence 10132:Revolutionary Government of the Philippines 9743:. Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc. 9675: 9294:The Cambridge History of the British Empire 9286: 9188:Carmen Guerrero Nakpil (October 29, 2003), 9043:Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas 1565–1615 9037: 8714: 8372: 8235: 8233: 8185: 8108: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7526: 7331:, page 569, Oxford University Press, 2005, 7119:"The Explainer: Bamboozled by the barangay" 7008: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6597: 6461:. Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc. 6099: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6028: 5992:(2). Ateneo de Manila University: 182–203. 5726:planning to attack the Spanish detachment. 5266:." Member of the Maginoo class from Tondo. 5171:." Member of the Maginoo class from Tondo. 4020:to establish a city with the Malay name of 3690:, which flourished around the same period ( 1630: 12704: 12690: 12297: 12283: 11890: 11876: 11483: 11469: 11450:Dr. Josephine Acosta Pasricha (Indologist) 10817: 10803: 10274: 10260: 9933: 9919: 9561:Historical Dictionary of Brunei Darussalam 9151: 9133: 9028: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8707:. Accessed January 7, 2013.(archived from 8364:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 8316: 8102: 7940: 7938: 7936: 7934: 7932: 7899: 7862: 7783:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7543:Manila, My Manila: A History for the Young 7456: 7341: 7185: 7141: 6583: 6565:Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library 6508: 6475: 6343: 5467:The first part of the document says that: 5456:(LCI). This legal document was written in 3915: 2916:, while the language used is a variety of 2343:Bitukang Manok – the realm established by 1811: 1783:Chinese tributary records and geographies, 1455: 1441: 43: 11261:National Assembly of the Philippines Hall 11111:Visa requirements for Philippine citizens 10126:Dictatorial Government of the Philippines 9857: 9799:, Pila Historical Society Foundation Inc. 9787:, Pila Historical Society Foundation Inc. 9779: 9439: 9340: 9258: 9243: 9215: 9100: 8992: 8788: 8129: 7559: 7545:. City of Manila: Anvil Publishing, Inc. 7287: 6892: 6772:. Cambridge.: Cambridge University Press. 6693: 6622: 6394: 6008: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 4117:"), and whose residents had been called " 2044: 2009:Geographical location political influence 907:Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization 133:duchies that are ruled by the respective 11371:Dang Cecilio (Binibining Pilipinas 1979) 11355:Foreign citizens residing in Philippines 9315: 9313: 9311: 8734:. Angeles: Holy Angel University Press. 8328:Milner, Anthony Crothers, 1945– (2011). 8230: 8111:"Maharlika and the ancient class system" 8030:Tiongson, Jaime F. (November 29, 2006). 8029: 7986:Tiongson, Jaime F. (November 11, 2006). 7985: 7707: 7595: 6968:Kimuell-Gabriel, Nancy (November 2014). 6808: 6078: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5436: 4841:an outpost in the center of the area of 4414:Academic reception of primary source(s) 4351:Besides the two, the other leaders were 3992:. The traditional Rajahs of Tondo, like 3939: 3825: 3813: 3802:also brought in Chinese goods to Luzon. 3387: 3297: 3212: 3092: 3009:(creator; lit. "actor of creation") and 2895: 2842:) as a replacement for the Spanish term 2402: 2276:According to Tiongson's interpretation: 2012: 1840: 240:• First historical mention, in the 168:, Lord Minister of Pailah (according to 13978: 11256:Filipino pre-colonial styles and titles 11067:Nanak Darbar Indian Sikh Temple, Iloilo 10282:Pre-colonial Philippine royalty of the 9896: 9713: 9527: 9191:CARMEN NAKPIL: MANILA UNDER THE MUSLIMS 9076:from the original on September 28, 2023 9010:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8959: 8937: 8857:from the original on September 30, 2017 8562: 8454: 8194:Looking Back 6: Prehistoric Philippines 7929: 7713: 7657:. Unilever Philippines. pp. 43–66. 7578:Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog 7537: 6653: 6378:Southeast Asia: An Introductory History 6372: 5674: 4892:Hwan (possibly "Honourable" or "Lord") 4241:Battle of Bangkusay Channel (June 1571) 4182:to investigate reports of a prosperous 3952:, which would later become the city of 3083:Hindu and Buddhist religious influences 2799: 1725:the earliest peoples of the archipelago 646:Historically documented states/polities 14223:Former countries in Philippine history 14210: 9881: 9735: 9619: 9464: 9408: 9371: 9359:from the original on September 2, 2007 9252: 9101:Manansala, Paul Kekai (October 2006). 9006:Cambridge Illustrated History of China 8897: 8433:from the original on December 22, 2015 8191: 7875: 7467: 7418:Maureen Cristin S. Justiniano (2011). 7322:The World Atlas of Language Structures 7310:from the original on October 21, 2013. 7306:(1). Ateneo de Manila Press: 119–138. 7268: 7194: 7113: 6668: 6486: 6453: 5979: 5670:Theories associated with Ancient Tondo 5089:Probable person-name mentioned in the 5052:Probable person-name mentioned in the 5011:Possible person-name mentioned in the 4973:Probable person-name mentioned in the 4937:Probable person-name mentioned in the 4900:Probable person-name mentioned in the 4035:The traditional rulers of Tondo, like 3971:" However, Potet also points out that 3245:. These Chinese immigrants settled in 3182: 2885: 2633:The pre-colonial Tagalog barangays of 2380: 1988:a 20th-century American mistranslation 1836: 350:and concurrent Tagalog revolt of 1574 14228:History of the Philippines (900–1565) 12685: 12278: 11871: 11464: 11380:Venus Raj (Binibining Pilipinas 2010) 11217:Business process outsourcing to India 11099:Visa requirements for Indian citizens 10989:Cainta historic settlement of Indians 10798: 10255: 9914: 9757: 9654:from the original on October 25, 2012 9414: 9377: 9308: 9055: 8998: 8806: 8502: 8258: 8144: 8117:from the original on January 19, 2009 7724:from the original on October 15, 2013 7695:from the original on January 16, 2023 7574: 7429:from the original on January 7, 2023. 6921: 6725:from the original on November 7, 2023 6704: 6669:Ocampo, Ambeth R. (August 30, 2011). 6628: 6321: 5996:from the original on December 8, 2015 5902: 5797:History of the Philippines (900–1521) 3287: 2250:Katanghalan, now the municipality of 1483: 11897: 11490: 11308:(fingernail dance of Sulu and Sabah) 11197:from Haryana imported to Philippine 11013:Religion in pre-colonial Philippines 10984:Indian settlement in the Philippines 9791: 9763:Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino 9622:"The Laguna Copperplate Inscription" 9319: 8730:Alfonso, Ian Christopher B. (2016). 8583:from the original on October 3, 2017 7944: 7881:"The Laguna Copperplate Inscription" 7446:Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company. 7129:from the original on October 2, 2017 6873: 6768:Renfrew, Colin; Shennan, S. (1982). 5736:National Archives of the Philippines 5425:Religion in pre-colonial Philippines 5294:." Member of the Maginoo class from 4819:Legendary antiquity / c.1450–c.1500 4476:Identification as ruler of Tondo in 4129:Conflicts with Maynila (before 1521) 3890:connoisseurs like Shimai Soushitsu ( 3520: 3392:Bangkang Pinawa, ancient Philippine 2971:Religion in pre-colonial Philippines 2387:Religion in pre-colonial Philippines 436:Captaincy General of the Philippines 14238:Former monarchies of Southeast Asia 12304: 9818:, February 23, 2006, archived from 9765:. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. 9620:Santos, Hector (October 26, 1996). 9327:. In Peter Bellwood; James J. Fox; 9121:from the original on April 21, 2024 8980:from the original on April 13, 2008 8827:from the original on April 21, 2024 8780:de Aganduru Moriz, Rodrigo (1882). 8698: 8563:Johnson, Ken (September 24, 2015). 8419:"Early Buddhism in the Philippines" 8240:"The Laguna Copperplate Inscription 8210: 8152:. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. 8064:from the original on April 22, 2015 8058:"History of Pila – A Glorious Past" 7800: 7667: 7215:from the original on April 21, 2024 7029:from the original on April 21, 2024 6926:. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. 6878:. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. 6796:Buenaventura, Pedro de San (1613). 6711:. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. 6633:. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. 4745:Bagtas, the "grandson of Kalangitan 4605:List of ancient Philippine consorts 4598: 4217:Establishment of Maynila (May 1571) 4186:settlement on the island of Luzon. 4008:, merged it by a royal marriage of 3956:) was formed around the year 1500. 3495: 2628: 1864:Alternative names and orthographies 1845:Plate depicting the "tundok" tree ( 13: 14218:Former countries in Southeast Asia 11445:Dr. Juan R. Francisco (Indologist) 11140:Indianized ancient Filipino script 10227: 9707: 9540:from the original on March 5, 2008 9528:Gardner, Robert (April 20, 1995). 9104:Quests of the Dragon and Bird Clan 8797:Jose Rizal, as cited by Dery, 2001 8784:. Madrid: Impr. de Miguel Ginesta. 8445: 8300: 8084:"Municipality of Mauban – History" 7917:from the original on July 13, 2014 7908: 7755:Duque de Almodóvar, Madrid, 1787. 7293: 6746:"Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield" 6658:. Vera Reyes, Inc. pp. 18–20. 5835:Practiced by some members of the " 5398: 5393: 4887:Academic notes on primary sources 4734:Balagtas, King of Balayan and Taal 4659:Academic notes on primary sources 4359:Notable rulers and nobles of Tondo 4047:Portuguese presence (1511 – 1540s) 3961:according to Bruneian folk history 3590:Outside the Philippine archipelago 3475: 2854:modern Republic of the Philippines 2307:The South-Eastern shore region of 2054:) and eventually wild vegetation ( 506: 14: 14289: 9826: 9483:from the original on May 26, 2022 8634:from the original on May 16, 2017 7852:The Philippine Journal of Science 7769:Aganduru Moriz, Rodrigo (1882) . 6681:from the original on May 16, 2017 5734:According to historians from the 5662:Scott, in his seminal 1984 work " 5616:The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 5504:well, spring or freshwater source 4778:Rajah Lontok was the husband and 4627:, and other official sources; and 3615:. The inscription was written in 3530: 3526:Within the Philippine archipelago 847:Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi 560:Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens 12665: 12656: 12655: 12258: 12249: 12248: 11851: 11842: 11841: 11350:Ethnic groups in the Philippines 10108:Tejeros Revolutionary Government 9666: 9640: 9613: 9552: 9521: 9448: 9389: 9381:(1944). Armando Cortesao (ed.). 9209: 8218:"Laguna Copperplate Inscription" 8109:Paul Morrow (January 16, 2009). 7744:The Philippines, a Unique Nation 6492:Filipino Religious Consciousness 6023:The Roots of the Filipino Nation 5980:Postma, Antoon (June 27, 2008). 5869: 5441:Laguna Copperplate Inscription ( 5404:Laguna Copperplate Inscription ( 4063:their capture of Malacca in 1511 3910: 3611:, a writing system developed in 3456:produced by the native peoples, 3408:noted of the great abundance of 3005:, whom they referred to both as 2373:Kumintang – now the province of 2214:Paila, in Barangay San Lorenzo, 2192:Polities in Bulacan and Pampanga 2134:", now known as the district of 2125: 1956:bias of the Spanish colonizers. 1424: 454: 440: 422: 14268:1580s disestablishments in Asia 11057:Deities of Philippine mythology 10848:Tabon Caves Garuda Gold Pendant 10185:Commonwealth of the Philippines 9292:Newton, Arthur Percival (1929) 9094: 9088: 9049: 8891: 8883:. June 13, 2012. Archived from 8869: 8851:Provincial Government of Laguna 8839: 8800: 8705:Ancient Philippine Civilization 8672: 8646: 8595: 8530: 8521: 8484: 8332:. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. 8294: 8263: 8252: 8050: 7840: 7762: 7749: 7736: 7507:(in Indonesian). Archived from 7411: 7314: 7002: 6770:Ranking, Resource, and Exchange 6647: 5860: 5851: 5842: 5638:Vocabulario de la lengua tagala 5546: 4750:In oral tradition recounted by 4688:In oral tradition recounted by 3748: 3717: 3209:Redistribution of Chinese goods 3139: 2920:, with numerous loanwords from 2653:as more traders than warriors. 2551: 1966:Vocabulario de la lengua tagala 1655:Vocabulario de la lengua tagala 125:ruled by a king with the title 12623:British Indian Ocean Territory 12216:British Indian Ocean Territory 11809:British Indian Ocean Territory 11390:Ramon Bagatsing (Manila mayor) 11345:Indian surnames in Philippines 11340:List of Filipino-Indian people 10858:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 9851: 9804: 9597:de Mariquina, Esteban (1903). 8216:Morrow, Paul (July 14, 2006). 7201:. University of Hawaii Press. 5893: 5848:Earliest historical reference. 5829: 5826:Earliest historical reference. 5820: 5645:." Scott notes that while the 5535: 5506:. Hence ka-sumur-an defines a 5454:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 5106:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 5091:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 5069:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 5054:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 5031:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 5013:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 4990:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 4975:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 4954:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 4939:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 4917:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 4902:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 4462:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 4390:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 3737: 3601:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 3383: 3108:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 2910:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 2902:Greater Indian cultural sphere 2731:class. Any male member of the 2605: 2512: 2438:, which belongs to a caste of 2198:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 1587:to the south and the shore of 1554:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 1475:and Kapampangan settlement at 1253:2000 campaign against the MILF 758:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 612:Maitum anthropomorphic pottery 242:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 1: 9980:before 971–after 1339: 9264:"Ako'y Si Ragam (I am Ragam)" 9221:"Ako'y Si Ragam (I am Ragam)" 8279:. Retrieved February 7, 2009. 8249:. Accessed September 4, 2008. 6922:Scott, William Henry (1984). 6876:A History of the Inarticulate 6705:Scott, William Henry (1992). 5887: 5792:Tondo Conspiracy of 1587–1588 5690:The heirs of Lakan Banao Dula 5515: 5442: 5405: 5378: 5360:(also known as Ginoong Tasi) 5341: 5305: 5269: 5240: 5202: 5174: 5140: 5096: 5059: 5021: 4980: 4944: 4907: 4537: 4520: 4477: 4465: 4449: 4437: 4432:(Admiral), known only in the 4024:(later to become the city of 3930: 3917: 3906:Timeline of historical events 3822:. Tokyo Naval Science Museum. 3711: 3691: 3604: 3560:Butas, Tambobong and Macabebe 3053:Localization of other beliefs 2928:. Some contend it is between 2725:belonged to was known as the 2434:society. They are ruled by a 2416: 917:Battles of La Naval de Manila 309: 277: 270: 164:Unnamed ruler represented by 157: 50: 10342:Lakans, Datus and Rajahs of 10144:Federal State of the Visayas 10010:c. 13th century–1569: 10004:c. 13th century–1457: 9465:Riquel, Hernando de (1903). 8173:Alejandro, Reynaldo Gamboa; 7575:Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2013). 5654:Notable genealogical sources 5514:Ming dynasty court records ( 5365:Conspiracy of the Maharlikas 5328:Conspiracy of the Maharlikas 5292:Conspiracy of the Maharlikas 5264:Conspiracy of the Maharlikas 5228:Conspiracy of the Maharlikas 5197:Conspiracy of the Maharlikas 5169:Conspiracy of the Maharlikas 5131:Conspiracy of the Maharlikas 4868: 4865:Nobles associated with Tondo 4640: 4395: 4287:Tondo Conspiracy (1587–1588) 4012:, who later became Rajah of 3420:as well as great numbers of 3360:"The people of this island ( 2938:Proleptic Gregorian calendar 1731:, Malaysia, Brunei, and the 768:Limestone tombs of Kamhantik 170:a record of debt acquittance 7: 12711: 11440:José W. Diokno (politician) 11267:behind the president's seat 11089:India–Philippines relations 11047:Hinduism in the Philippines 11024:Buddhism in the Philippines 10896:Maynila (historical entity) 10120:Central Executive Committee 10076:Confederate States of Lanao 9941:Historical and present-day 9783:, "Pila in Ancient Times", 9440:Pigafetta, Antonio (1524). 9420:The Travels of Mendes Pinto 9147:. Manila: Villanueva Books. 8807:Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). 8423:Buddhism in the Philippines 8304:Philippine Folklore Stories 7653:Odal-Devora, Grace (2000). 5807:Hinduism in the Philippines 5782:Battle of Bangkusay Channel 5749: 5589:") written by the Spanish. 5421:Hinduism in the Philippines 5417:Buddhism in the Philippines 5129:Co-instigator of the 1588 " 4822:Kapampangan folk tradition 4792:Kapampangan folk tradition 4261:Battle of Bangkusay Channel 4247:Battle of Bangkusay Channel 4235:Battle of Bangkusay Channel 3702:Several ceramic wares from 3607:900 AD), was written using 3576: 3079:"various local complexes." 2993:Tagalog religious cosmology 2958: 2947:During the reign of Sultan 2454:, translated in Spanish as 2399:Hinduism in the Philippines 2395:Buddhism in the Philippines 2264:Laguna Lake region polities 1904:Origins of the name "Tondo" 1786:early Spanish writings, and 1780:Philippine oral traditions, 1258:2nd People Power Revolution 1248:1997 Asian financial crisis 982:Declaration of Independence 335:Battle of Bangkusay Channel 244:; trade relations with the 10: 14294: 11430:Sharmaine Arnaiz (actress) 11420:Melanie Marquez (director) 11094:Tourism in the Philippines 11062:Philippine folk literature 11031:Hinduism in Southeast Asia 11019:Buddhism in Southeast Asia 10191:Second Philippine Republic 9795:, "Pila: The Noble Town", 9603:Robertson, James Alexander 9471:Robertson, James Alexander 9160:Muslims in the Philippines 9158:Majul, César Adib (1973). 9143:Henson, Mariano A (1955). 8245:November 21, 2014, at the 7094:Robertson, James Alexander 6874:Dery, Luis Camara (2001). 6066:. GCF Books, Quezon City. 5767:Cainta (historical polity) 5600:, and by Legazpi himself. 5414: 4874: 4871: 4741:Kapampangan Folk Tradition 4646: 4643: 4602: 4401: 4398: 4367: 4364:Historical rulers of Tondo 4290: 4244: 4164: 4083:The Portuguese chronicler 4050: 4028:) on the opposite bank of 3654:(Paila, now an enclave of 3540: 3534: 3291: 3282:more traders than warriors 3229:The Chinese migrations to 3086: 2968: 2962: 2908:Scholarly analysis of the 2889: 2803: 2384: 2333:Other settlements/polities 2298:Capalonga, Camarines Norte 2195: 2083:an eastern stretch of the 1746: 1743:Sources and historiography 1686:the most senior among them 1619:and Balayan in Kapampangan 1599:to the northeast, and the 1578: 1536:Excessive citations inline 987:American capture of Manila 14147: 14099: 13616: 13020: 12719: 12651: 12610: 12570: 12312: 12244: 12203: 12163: 11905: 11837: 11796: 11756: 11498: 11400:Cassandra Ponti (actress) 11395:Raymond Bagatsing (actor) 11326: 11306:Pangalay or Daling Daling 11246: 11239: 11206:Philippine Carabao Center 11185: 11178: 11130: 11084: 11077: 11003: 10967: 10960: 10830: 10781: 10730: 10657: 10612: 10586: 10515: 10454: 10423: 10384: 10341: 10294: 10239: 10225: 10150:First Philippine Republic 9968:c. 1000 BC–200 AD: 9953: 9887:"Proud to be a Tondo Boy" 9530:"Manila – A History" 8921:October 10, 2017, at the 8223:February 5, 2008, at the 7581:. Lulu.com. p. 444. 7195:Newson, Linda A. (2009). 5624:James Alexander Robertson 5363:Participant in the 1588 " 5326:Participant in the 1588 " 5290:Participant in the 1588 " 5262:Participant in the 1588 " 5226:Participant in the 1588 " 5195:Participant in the 1588 " 5167:Participant in the 1588 " 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4730:Batangueño Folk Tradition 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4464:as the ruler of Tondo in 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 3634:The Dutch anthropologist 2848:to describe the smallest 2739:by personal achievement. 2656:In his seminal 1994 work 2622: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2580: 2573: 2568: 2541: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2446:warrior class in ancient 1737:Indian cultural influence 867:Spanish capture of Manila 470: 393: 379: 375: 358: 344: 331: 318: 299: 286: 256: 238: 234: 220: 216: 204: 192: 176: 154: 150: 140: 115: 86: 68: 58: 42: 37: 23: 12372:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 11965:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 11558:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 11265:ancient Hindu saint Manu 10945:Tondo (Historical State) 10930:Sultanate of Maguindanao 10114:Republic of Biak-na-Bato 10102:Sovereign Tagalog Nation 10042:Sultanate of Maguindanao 9998:before 1225–1576: 9194:, Malaya, archived from 8179:Pasig: The River of Life 8032:"Pailah is Pila, Laguna" 7714:Roberts, Edmund (1837). 6615:(Chinese (archived from 6058:Demetrio, Francisco R.; 5813: 5729: 5643:Arte de la lengua tagala 4541: 1570s and earlier 3834:at Sakai Citizens' Hall. 3809: 3666:(Binuangan, now part of 3199: 2507:Traditional Chinese 2037:word for a large wooden 1665:Maritime Southeast Asian 1469:early Philippine history 1327:Administrative divisions 1042:American colonial period 962:Republic of Biak-na-Bato 798:Butuan Silver Paleograph 783:Batanes Ijang fortresses 726:Sultanate of Maguindanao 597:Cordillera Rice Terraces 360:• Discovery of the 194:• Before 1570–1575 129:, consisting of several 12633:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 12226:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 11819:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 11415:Gardo Versoza (actress) 11405:Chanda Romero (actress) 11190:Maritime Southeast Asia 10952:Battle of Manila (1762) 10838:Maritime Southeast Asia 9986:before 989–1521: 9974:before 900–1589: 9302:April 21, 2024, at the 9056:Leupp, Gary P. (2003). 9000:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley 8382:Wolters, O. W. (1999). 8275:April 15, 2015, at the 8192:Ocampo, Ambeth (2012). 8181:. Unilever Philippines. 7397:10.1023/A:1022611908759 6060:Cordero-Fernando, Gilda 6021:Corpuz, Onofre (1989). 5650:and ephemeral culture. 4338:Miguel López de Legazpi 4273:Miguel López de Legazpi 4167:Battle of Manila (1570) 4059:Maritime Southeast Asia 3697: 3594: 3406:Miguel López de Legazpi 3257:, they have cargoes of 3059:critical historiography 2850:administrative division 2458:, and meaning freeman, 2150:) through the burning ( 1853:Francisco Manuel Blanco 1829:as notable exceptions. 1812:Critical historiography 1541:considered for deletion 1222:People Power Revolution 1002:Philippine–American War 836:Spanish colonial period 264:Battle of Manila (1500) 14194:14.61889°N 120.96611°E 11410:Dawn Zulueta (actress) 10233: 9781:Ongpin Valdes, Cynthia 9455:Press, 1994, page 194. 9401:July 17, 2006, at the 9262:(September 20, 1999). 9219:(September 20, 1999). 9039:San Agustin, Gaspar de 8939:Solheim, Wilhelm G. II 8301:Miller, John Maurice. 6654:Joaquin, Nick (1990). 5476: 5449: 4575:along with his cousin 4081: 3945: 3835: 3823: 3397: 3366: 3318: 3222: 3167:in the south (now the 3099: 3076: 2905: 2423: 2227:Barangay Binwangan in 2178: 2045:Territorial boundaries 2018: 1982:question by historian 1915:Aegiceras corniculatum 1860: 1848:Aegiceras corniculatum 1595:to the southeast, the 1508:island. Together with 1431:Philippines portal 1407:Science and technology 1024:UST Baybayin Documents 972:Treaty of Paris (1898) 550:Austronesian expansion 535:Early hominin activity 511: 14233:Precolonial barangays 14124:Medieval great powers 11435:Zia Marquez (actress) 10718:Bantilan Muizz ud-Din 10231: 10156:Republic of Zamboanga 9885:(February 22, 2005), 8090:on September 29, 2007 7801:Yap, Jeffrey (2014). 7327:May 29, 2016, at the 7294:Go, Bon Juan (2005). 7273:. Tuttle Publishing. 7271:A Question of Origins 6561:"Pre-colonial Manila" 6488:Maggay, Melba Padilla 5469: 5440: 5153:scholarly peer review 4636:scholarly peer review 4590:scholarly peer review 4573:1588 Tondo conspiracy 4550:scholarly peer review 4301:" and sometimes the " 4075: 3943: 3929:The Bruneian Empire ( 3894:) and Kamiya Soutan ( 3829: 3817: 3541:Further information: 3440:and colored clothes, 3391: 3358: 3301: 3269:, and their precious 3216: 3096: 3067: 2969:Further information: 2951:in 1485 to 1521, the 2899: 2840:Local Government Code 2406: 2172: 2016: 1938:, meaning "nation"). 1844: 1352:Cultural achievements 1176:Filipino First policy 1166:Mutual Defense Treaty 1120:Philippine resistance 952:Philippine Revolution 912:Spanish–Moro conflict 902:Revolts and uprisings 788:Golden Tara of Agusan 510: 69:Common languages 14134:European colonialism 14119:Ancient great powers 12547:United Arab Emirates 12140:United Arab Emirates 11733:United Arab Emirates 11052:Philippine mythology 10886:Kedatuan of Madja-as 10683:Muizz ul-Mutawadi-in 10516:Datus and Rajahs of 10212:1986–present: 10052:unknown–1571: 10046:unknown–1593: 10036:Rajahnate of Maynila 10034:c. 1500–1571: 10022:c. 1400–1565: 10016:c. 1350–1905: 9869:on September 6, 2006 9822:on February 17, 2009 9759:Scott, William Henry 9692:on February 24, 2008 9628:on November 21, 2014 9416:Pinto, Fernão Mendes 9260:del Mundo, Clodualdo 9217:del Mundo, Clodualdo 8686:on February 19, 2020 8660:on December 15, 2012 8517:on January 21, 2020. 8270:Pusat Sejarah Brunei 8146:Scott, William Henry 8113:. Pilipino Express. 7998:on November 28, 2012 7677:. ABC-CLIO. p. 6675:opinion.inquirer.net 6323:Scott, William Henry 5569:pieces dated to the 5460:, and dates back to 4299:Revolt of the Lakans 3771:pieces dated to the 3537:Rajahnate of Maynila 3136:school of Buddhism. 2800:Leadership structure 2256:some other parts of 2092:Estero de Sunog Apog 1680:, which were led by 1597:Estero de Sunog Apog 1412:World Heritage Sites 1278:Territorial disputes 1181:North Borneo dispute 1171:Hukbalahap Rebellion 1135:Philippines campaign 1130:Battle of Leyte Gulf 1110:Battle of Corregidor 1085:Tydings–McDuffie Act 977:Battle of Manila Bay 967:Spanish–American War 575:Precolonial barangay 260:Rajahnate of Maynila 14243:Indianized kingdoms 14199:14.61889; 120.96611 14190: / 14129:Modern great powers 12574:limited recognition 12167:limited recognition 11760:limited recognition 10935:Sultanate of Buayan 10869:in Philippines and 10693:Batarah Shah Tengah 10627:Maka-alang Saripada 10288:early modern period 10065:Spanish East Indies 10048:Kedatuan of Dapitan 10018:Sultanate of Buayan 9988:Rajahnate of Butuan 9891:The Philippine Star 9719:Culture and History 9534:Philippine Journeys 9274:on October 18, 2009 9231:on October 18, 2009 8711:on December 1, 2007 8630:. August 30, 2011. 8503:Francisco, Juan R. 8472:on November 2, 2014 7955:on October 27, 2009 7887:on February 5, 2008 7320:Martin Haspelmath, 7117:(October 2, 2017). 5787:Lacandola Documents 5744:Ramon Magsaysay III 5191:Felipe Amarlangagui 5104:Translation of the 5067:Translation of the 5029:Translation of the 4988:Translation of the 4952:Translation of the 4915:Translation of the 4495:Lakan or Lakandula 4069:(lit. people from " 3979:Sultanate of Brunei 3348:, the banks of the 3183:Economic activities 3119:Calatagan, Batangas 2953:Sultanate of Brunei 2886:Cultural influences 2875:William Henry Scott 2735:class can become a 2662:William Henry Scott 2407:A portrayal of the 2381:Culture and society 2362:San Nicolas, Manila 2216:Norzagaray, Bulacan 2136:San Nicolas, Manila 1990:of the writings of 1837:Names and etymology 1827:William Henry Scott 1760:Horacio de la Costa 1273:Philippine drug war 1235:Contemporary period 1202:Communist rebellion 1100:Japanese occupation 1065:Military Government 1019:Doctrina Christiana 927:Propaganda Movement 882:Spanish East Indies 872:Battle of Bangkusay 818:Magellan expedition 736:Sultanates of Lanao 731:Sultanate of Buayan 366:Spanish East Indies 98:Tantrayana Buddhism 11263:has the statue of 11116:Filipinos in India 10901:Kingdom of Namayan 10867:Indianized kingdom 10376:Agustin de Legazpi 10234: 10197:1945–present 10138:Republic of Negros 9959: 9883:Flores, Wilson Lee 9861:(April 29, 2002). 9342:10.22459/A.09.2006 8613:on April 21, 2006. 8569:The New York Times 7858:(1). July 2, 1928. 7514:on August 22, 2017 7300:Philippine Studies 7175:Asian Perspectives 6990:on October 9, 2017 6977:Saliksik e-Journal 6619:on April 11, 2008) 5986:Philippine Studies 5598:Guido de Lavezares 5450: 5135:Agustin de Legaspi 4566:Agustin de Legaspi 4500:Bunao (Lakan Dula) 4460:Identified in the 4411:Primary source(s) 4320:and some towns of 4303:Conspiracy of the 4113:, locally called " 3946: 3836: 3824: 3684:Kingdom of Mataram 3678:). The toponym of 3398: 3319: 3288:Gold as a currency 3223: 3154:Portuguese Malacca 3146:apex-level leaders 3100: 2906: 2900:Map depicting the 2790:aliping sa gigilid 2697:aliping sa gigilid 2424: 2368:Outside modern NCR 2019: 1922:Tondo as a "Bayan" 1861: 1857:Flora de Filipinas 1075:Insular Government 1060:Zamboanga Republic 957:Tejeros Convention 947:Cry of Pugad Lawin 932:1872 Cavite mutiny 640:Precolonial period 580:Maritime Silk Road 555:Angono Petroglyphs 527:Prehistoric period 512: 386:, Gold rings, and 348:Attack of Limahong 211:Agustin de Legazpi 108:Tagalog polytheism 14253:History of Manila 14173: 14172: 14095: 14094: 14060:Polish–Lithuanian 13235:Gurjara-Pratihara 12679: 12678: 12616:other territories 12272: 12271: 12209:other territories 11899:Hinduism in Asia 11865: 11864: 11802:other territories 11492:Buddhism in Asia 11458: 11457: 11322: 11321: 11235: 11234: 11126: 11125: 10999: 10998: 10940:Sultanate of Sulu 10906:Rajahnate of Cebu 10891:Kingdom of Butuan 10792: 10791: 10689:Muhammad ul-Halim 10284:Postclassical Era 10249: 10248: 10222: 10221: 10206:1981–1986: 10200:1946–1981: 10189:1943–1945: 10183:1935–1946: 10177:1902–1935: 10171:1902–1906: 10165:1898–1902: 10154:1899–1903: 10148:1899–1901: 10142:1898–1899: 10136:1898–1901: 10130:1898–1899: 10124:1898–1898: 10118:1898–1898: 10112:1897–1897: 10106:1897–1897: 10100:1896–1897: 10085:1762–1764: 10074:1616–1904: 10063:1565–1898: 10040:1515–1899: 10030:Sultanate of Sulu 10028:1457–1915: 10024:Rajahnate of Cebu 9992:1175–1571: 9797:Treasures of Pila 9793:Santiago, Luciano 9785:Treasures of Pila 9599:Blair, Emma Helen 9570:978-0-8108-7078-9 9509:on August 2, 2012 9467:Blair, Emma Helen 9352:978-0-7315-2132-6 9268:Diwang Kayumanggi 9225:Diwang Kayumanggi 9114:978-1-4303-0899-7 9069:978-0-8264-6074-5 9062:. A&C Black. 8887:on June 16, 2012. 8820:978-981-4155-67-0 8741:978-971-0546-52-7 8393:978-1-5017-3260-7 8339:978-1-4443-3903-1 8311:on June 30, 2020. 8203:978-971-27-2767-2 7879:(July 14, 2006). 7816:978-621-404-006-3 7688:978-1-57607-770-2 7588:978-1-291-45726-1 7552:978-971-569-313-4 7469:Huerta, Felix, de 7280:978-1-4629-0742-7 7248:978-971-94292-0-3 7208:978-0-8248-3272-8 7090:Blair, Emma Helen 7022:978-1-134-20050-4 6933:978-971-10-0226-8 6752:on July 24, 2015. 6656:Manila, My Manila 6640:978-971-10-0226-8 5557:Theories such as 5391: 5390: 4862: 4861: 4784:Dayang Kalangitan 4719: 4677: 4596: 4595: 4561: 4533: 4530:Three years after 4100:Strait of Malacca 4018:Dayang Kalangitan 3870:Sangley rebellion 3759:Theories such as 3686:, in present-day 3521:Foreign relations 3468:, fowls, wax and 3394:mortar and pestle 2873:Scholars such as 2828:The term for the 2780:aliping namamahay 2693:aliping namamahay 2626: 2625: 2618: 2617: 2564: 2563: 2345:Dayang Kalangitan 2338:Inside modern NCR 2292:at the time; and 2074:Canal de la Reina 1992:Juan de Plasencia 1971:Vicente L. Rafael 1803:Fray Felix Huerta 1756:Teodoro Agoncillo 1721:Malayo-Polynesian 1660:Vicente L. Rafael 1625:", "country" or " 1593:Canal de la Reina 1502:Pasig River delta 1465: 1464: 1312:Ancient religions 1293:COVID-19 pandemic 1148:Post-independence 887:Captaincy General 763:Butuan Ivory Seal 741:Sultanate of Sulu 622:Prehistoric beads 480: 479: 466: 465: 462: 461: 450:Manila (province) 206:• 1575–1589 187:Dayang Kalangitan 178:• 1450–1500 14285: 14278:Former countries 14248:History of Luzon 14205: 14204: 14202: 14201: 14200: 14195: 14191: 14188: 14187: 14186: 14183: 13976: 13975: 13641:Austro-Hungarian 13341:Chagatai Khanate 12706: 12699: 12692: 12683: 12682: 12669: 12659: 12658: 12628:Christmas Island 12314:Sovereign states 12306:History of Asia 12299: 12292: 12285: 12276: 12275: 12262: 12252: 12251: 12221:Christmas Island 11907:Sovereign states 11892: 11885: 11878: 11869: 11868: 11855: 11845: 11844: 11814:Christmas Island 11500:Sovereign states 11485: 11478: 11471: 11462: 11461: 11244: 11243: 11227:Indian Companies 11183: 11182: 11106:Tourism in India 11082: 11081: 10965: 10964: 10819: 10812: 10805: 10796: 10795: 10698:Muwallil Wasit I 10668:Sharif ul-Hāshim 10634:Dimasangcay Adel 10295:Royalty of Luzon 10276: 10269: 10262: 10253: 10252: 10173:Tagalog Republic 9965:Pre-16th century 9956: 9955: 9935: 9928: 9921: 9912: 9911: 9907: 9893: 9878: 9876: 9874: 9865:. Archived from 9847: 9845: 9843: 9823: 9800: 9788: 9776: 9754: 9737:Jocano, F. Landa 9732: 9702: 9701: 9699: 9697: 9688:. Archived from 9682: 9673: 9670: 9664: 9663: 9661: 9659: 9644: 9638: 9637: 9635: 9633: 9624:. Archived from 9617: 9611: 9610: 9594: 9575: 9574: 9556: 9550: 9549: 9547: 9545: 9525: 9519: 9518: 9516: 9514: 9505:. Archived from 9499: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9488: 9462: 9456: 9452: 9446: 9445: 9437: 9424: 9423: 9412: 9406: 9405:by Rosey Wang Ma 9393: 9387: 9386: 9375: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9364: 9344: 9317: 9306: 9290: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9279: 9270:. Archived from 9256: 9250: 9247: 9241: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9227:. Archived from 9213: 9207: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9198:on March 4, 2009 9185: 9176: 9173: 9164: 9163: 9155: 9149: 9148: 9140: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9126: 9098: 9092: 9086: 9085: 9083: 9081: 9053: 9047: 9046: 9035: 9026: 9025: 9009: 8996: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8970: 8957: 8956: 8935: 8926: 8913: 8904: 8903: 8895: 8889: 8888: 8873: 8867: 8866: 8864: 8862: 8843: 8837: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8804: 8798: 8795: 8786: 8785: 8777: 8746: 8745: 8727: 8712: 8702: 8696: 8695: 8693: 8691: 8682:. Archived from 8676: 8670: 8669: 8667: 8665: 8656:. Archived from 8650: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8624: 8615: 8614: 8609:. Archived from 8599: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8560: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8540:. Archived from 8534: 8528: 8525: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8510:. Archived from 8509: 8500: 8491: 8488: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8477: 8458: 8452: 8449: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8415: 8406: 8405: 8379: 8370: 8369: 8359: 8351: 8325: 8314: 8312: 8307:. Archived from 8298: 8292: 8289: 8280: 8267: 8261: 8256: 8250: 8237: 8228: 8214: 8208: 8207: 8189: 8183: 8182: 8175:Yuson, Alfred A. 8170: 8164: 8163: 8142: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8106: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8086:. Archived from 8080: 8074: 8073: 8071: 8069: 8054: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8034:. Archived from 8027: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7994:. Archived from 7992:Bayang Pinagpala 7983: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7951:, archived from 7942: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7922: 7909:Antoon, Postma. 7906: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7883:. Archived from 7873: 7860: 7859: 7844: 7838: 7837: 7830: 7821: 7820: 7803:Palanca, Clinton 7798: 7789: 7788: 7782: 7774: 7766: 7760: 7753: 7747: 7742:Zaide, Sonia M. 7740: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7711: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7650: 7593: 7592: 7572: 7557: 7556: 7535: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7513: 7506: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7484: 7476: 7465: 7454: 7440: 7431: 7430: 7424: 7415: 7409: 7408: 7380: 7339: 7318: 7312: 7311: 7291: 7285: 7284: 7266: 7253: 7252: 7234: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7192: 7183: 7182: 7170: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7111: 7102: 7101: 7086: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6989: 6974: 6965: 6938: 6937: 6919: 6890: 6889: 6871: 6806: 6805: 6793: 6774: 6773: 6765: 6754: 6753: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6702: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6651: 6645: 6644: 6626: 6620: 6610: 6595: 6592: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6571:on March 9, 2016 6557: 6506: 6505: 6484: 6473: 6472: 6455:Jocano, F. Landa 6451: 6392: 6391: 6370: 6341: 6340: 6319: 6076: 6075: 6055: 6026: 6019: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5977: 5900: 5897: 5881: 5873: 5867: 5864: 5858: 5855: 5849: 5846: 5840: 5833: 5827: 5824: 5802:History of Luzon 5716:Hagonoy, Bulacan 5620:Emma Helen Blair 5605:Sebastian Elcano 5548: 5539: 5517: 5447: 5444: 5410: 5407: 5383: 5380: 5346: 5343: 5310: 5307: 5274: 5271: 5259:(Pitong-gatang) 5245: 5242: 5207: 5204: 5179: 5176: 5145: 5142: 5101: 5098: 5064: 5061: 5026: 5023: 4985: 4982: 4949: 4946: 4912: 4909: 4884:Primary sources 4869: 4717: 4675: 4656:Primary sources 4641: 4599:Legendary rulers 4559: 4542: 4539: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4396: 4293:Tondo Conspiracy 4155:Sebastian Elcano 3935: 3932: 3919: 3900:Luzon Sukezaemon 3840:Muromachi period 3832:Luzon Sukezaemon 3750: 3741: 3713: 3693: 3606: 3496:Animal husbandry 3374:Kingdom of Lydia 2629:Social structure 2614: 2613: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2584: 2560: 2559: 2527: 2526: 2521: 2520: 2489: 2488: 2421: 2418: 2222:Pulilan, Bulacan 2003:Tondo settlement 1961:Kingdom of Tondo 1823:Felix M. Keesing 1658:, but historian 1650:Kingdom of Tondo 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1612:Tondo settlement 1550:historiographers 1544: 1498:Kingdom of Tondo 1495: 1487: 1485:[tunˈdo] 1482: 1457: 1450: 1443: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1161:Treaty of Manila 1105:Battle of Bataan 1050:Tagalog Republic 992:Malolos Congress 937:La Liga Filipina 922:British invasion 892:Tondo Conspiracy 862:Blockade of Cebu 823:Battle of Mactan 747:Events/Artifacts 650:(north to south) 586:Events/Artifacts 570:Sa Huỳnh culture 500: 482: 481: 458: 457: 444: 443: 426: 425: 410: 409: 395: 394: 362:Tondo Conspiracy 314: 311: 282: 279: 275: 272: 159: 52: 47: 32: 21: 20: 14293: 14292: 14288: 14287: 14286: 14284: 14283: 14282: 14208: 14207: 14198: 14196: 14192: 14189: 14184: 14181: 14179: 14177: 14176: 14174: 14169: 14158:American Empire 14143: 14139:African empires 14091: 13974: 13666:Central African 13612: 13430:Romano-Germanic 13016: 12750:Middle Assyrian 12723: 12715: 12710: 12680: 12675: 12647: 12615: 12606: 12587:Northern Cyprus 12573: 12566: 12308: 12303: 12273: 12268: 12240: 12208: 12199: 12180:Northern Cyprus 12166: 12159: 11901: 11896: 11866: 11861: 11833: 11801: 11792: 11773:Northern Cyprus 11759: 11752: 11494: 11489: 11459: 11454: 11335:Indian Filipino 11318: 11231: 11174: 11122: 11073: 10995: 10956: 10826: 10823: 10793: 10788: 10777: 10746:Malang-sa-Inged 10726: 10703:Nasir ud-Din II 10653: 10608: 10582: 10511: 10450: 10419: 10380: 10337: 10290: 10280: 10250: 10245: 10235: 10223: 10218: 10208:Fourth Republic 10162:1900–1945 10091: 9949: 9939: 9872: 9870: 9859:Alabastro, Tony 9854: 9841: 9839: 9816:Manila Bulletin 9810: 9807: 9773: 9751: 9729: 9710: 9708:Further reading 9705: 9695: 9693: 9684: 9683: 9676: 9671: 9667: 9657: 9655: 9646: 9645: 9641: 9631: 9629: 9618: 9614: 9595: 9578: 9571: 9557: 9553: 9543: 9541: 9526: 9522: 9512: 9510: 9501: 9500: 9496: 9486: 9484: 9463: 9459: 9453: 9449: 9438: 9427: 9413: 9409: 9403:Wayback Machine 9394: 9390: 9376: 9372: 9362: 9360: 9353: 9318: 9309: 9304:Wayback Machine 9291: 9287: 9277: 9275: 9257: 9253: 9248: 9244: 9234: 9232: 9214: 9210: 9201: 9199: 9186: 9179: 9174: 9167: 9156: 9152: 9141: 9134: 9124: 9122: 9115: 9099: 9095: 9089: 9079: 9077: 9070: 9054: 9050: 9036: 9029: 9022: 8997: 8993: 8983: 8981: 8972: 8971: 8960: 8953: 8936: 8929: 8923:Wayback Machine 8914: 8907: 8896: 8892: 8881:Manila Bulletin 8875: 8874: 8870: 8860: 8858: 8845: 8844: 8840: 8830: 8828: 8821: 8805: 8801: 8796: 8789: 8778: 8749: 8742: 8728: 8715: 8703: 8699: 8689: 8687: 8678: 8677: 8673: 8663: 8661: 8652: 8651: 8647: 8637: 8635: 8626: 8625: 8618: 8601: 8600: 8596: 8586: 8584: 8561: 8557: 8547: 8545: 8544:on July 7, 2017 8536: 8535: 8531: 8526: 8522: 8514: 8507: 8501: 8494: 8489: 8485: 8475: 8473: 8460: 8459: 8455: 8450: 8446: 8436: 8434: 8427:Binondo, Manila 8417: 8416: 8409: 8394: 8380: 8373: 8353: 8352: 8340: 8326: 8317: 8299: 8295: 8290: 8283: 8277:Wayback Machine 8268: 8264: 8257: 8253: 8247:Wayback Machine 8238: 8231: 8227:. Sarisari etc. 8225:Wayback Machine 8215: 8211: 8204: 8190: 8186: 8177:, eds. (2000). 8171: 8167: 8160: 8143: 8130: 8120: 8118: 8107: 8103: 8093: 8091: 8082: 8081: 8077: 8067: 8065: 8056: 8055: 8051: 8041: 8039: 8038:on July 7, 2012 8028: 8011: 8001: 7999: 7984: 7967: 7958: 7956: 7943: 7930: 7920: 7918: 7907: 7900: 7890: 7888: 7874: 7863: 7846: 7845: 7841: 7832: 7831: 7824: 7817: 7807:Ysla de Binondo 7799: 7792: 7776: 7775: 7767: 7763: 7754: 7750: 7741: 7737: 7727: 7725: 7712: 7708: 7698: 7696: 7689: 7666: 7662: 7651: 7596: 7589: 7573: 7560: 7553: 7536: 7527: 7517: 7515: 7511: 7504: 7499: 7498: 7494: 7478: 7477: 7466: 7457: 7441: 7434: 7422: 7416: 7412: 7381: 7342: 7329:Wayback Machine 7319: 7315: 7292: 7288: 7281: 7267: 7256: 7249: 7235: 7228: 7218: 7216: 7209: 7193: 7186: 7171: 7142: 7132: 7130: 7112: 7105: 7096:, eds. (1903). 7087: 7042: 7032: 7030: 7023: 7007: 7003: 6993: 6991: 6987: 6979:(in Filipino). 6972: 6966: 6941: 6934: 6920: 6893: 6886: 6872: 6809: 6794: 6777: 6766: 6757: 6742: 6738: 6728: 6726: 6719: 6703: 6694: 6684: 6682: 6667: 6663: 6652: 6648: 6641: 6627: 6623: 6611: 6598: 6593: 6584: 6574: 6572: 6559: 6558: 6509: 6502: 6485: 6476: 6469: 6452: 6395: 6388: 6374:Osborne, Milton 6371: 6344: 6337: 6320: 6079: 6056: 6029: 6020: 6009: 5999: 5997: 5978: 5903: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5884: 5874: 5870: 5865: 5861: 5856: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5834: 5830: 5825: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5752: 5732: 5692: 5680: 5672: 5656: 5632: 5594:Martín de Goiti 5583: 5559:Wilhelm Solheim 5520: 5445: 5435: 5413: 5408: 5401: 5399:Primary sources 5396: 5394:Notable sources 5381: 5344: 5308: 5272: 5243: 5205: 5177: 5163:Luis Amanicaloa 5143: 5099: 5062: 5024: 5007: 4983: 4947: 4910: 4867: 4749: 4748: 4738: 4737: 4716: 4674: 4607: 4601: 4558: 4540: 4526: 4523: 4516: 4480: 4468: 4452: 4440: 4372: 4366: 4361: 4295: 4289: 4267:, the chief of 4249: 4243: 4219: 4180:Martín de Goiti 4169: 4163: 4139:paramount ruler 4131: 4055: 4049: 3938: 3933: 3922: 3916:Establishment ( 3913: 3908: 3812: 3761:Wilhelm Solheim 3720: 3700: 3597: 3592: 3579: 3562: 3549: 3539: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3498: 3478: 3476:Crop production 3386: 3376:in present-day 3296: 3290: 3211: 3202: 3185: 3142: 3091: 3085: 3055: 2995: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2894: 2888: 2879:F. Landa Jocano 2808: 2802: 2631: 2600:Revised Hepburn 2419: 2401: 2385:Main articles: 2383: 2347:in parian creek 2335: 2266: 2252:Obando, Bulacan 2200: 2194: 2164: 2128: 2085:Estero de Vitas 2078:Isla de Binondo 2076:, forming the 2047: 2011: 1979:F. Landa Jocano 1924: 1906: 1866: 1839: 1819:F. Landa Jocano 1814: 1751: 1745: 1710:Linda A. Newson 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1601:Estero de Vitas 1581: 1529: 1493: 1480: 1461: 1425: 1423: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1357:Diet and health 1306: 1298: 1297: 1283:Siege of Marawi 1238: 1227: 1226: 1217:Fourth Republic 1197: 1186: 1185: 1151: 1140: 1139: 1115:Second Republic 1055:Negros Republic 1045: 1034: 1033: 839: 828: 827: 773:Kabayan Mummies 643: 632: 631: 540:Homo luzonensis 530: 499:the Philippines 498: 491: 455: 441: 435: 423: 417: 368: 351: 337: 324: 312: 306: 292: 280: 273: 267: 249: 246:Mataram Kingdom 207: 195: 179: 161: 123:feudal monarchy 81:Classical Malay 54: 38:before 900–1589 33: 30: 28: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14291: 14281: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14171: 14170: 14168: 14167: 14166: 14165: 14160: 14151: 14149: 14145: 14144: 14142: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14115: 14114: 14103: 14101: 14097: 14096: 14093: 14092: 14090: 14089: 14084: 14079: 14074: 14069: 14068: 14067: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14011: 14010: 14005: 13995: 13990: 13984: 13982: 13973: 13972: 13971: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13940: 13935: 13934: 13933: 13923: 13918: 13917: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13896: 13891: 13890: 13889: 13884: 13874: 13873: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13842: 13841: 13840: 13835: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13810: 13809: 13808: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13778: 13777: 13776: 13771: 13761: 13756: 13755: 13754: 13749: 13739: 13738: 13737: 13732: 13722: 13721: 13720: 13715: 13705: 13700: 13699: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13668: 13663: 13662: 13661: 13656: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13622: 13620: 13614: 13613: 13611: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13594: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13553: 13548: 13547: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13511: 13510: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13444: 13443: 13442: 13437: 13427: 13426: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13387: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13371: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13350: 13349: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13297: 13296: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13271: 13270: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13244: 13243: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13201: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13180: 13175: 13174: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13138: 13137: 13136: 13131: 13121: 13120: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13094: 13089: 13088: 13087: 13077: 13076: 13075: 13070: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13026: 13024: 13022:Post-classical 13018: 13017: 13015: 13014: 13013: 13012: 13002: 12997: 12996: 12995: 12990: 12980: 12979: 12978: 12968: 12967: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12920: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12894: 12893: 12892: 12887: 12877: 12872: 12871: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12829: 12828: 12823: 12821:Middle Kingdom 12818: 12808: 12803: 12802: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12781: 12780: 12779: 12777:Neo-Babylonian 12774: 12769: 12767:Old Babylonian 12759: 12758: 12757: 12752: 12742: 12737: 12731: 12729: 12717: 12716: 12709: 12708: 12701: 12694: 12686: 12677: 12676: 12674: 12673: 12663: 12652: 12649: 12648: 12646: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12619: 12617: 12608: 12607: 12605: 12604: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12578: 12576: 12568: 12567: 12565: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12318: 12316: 12310: 12309: 12302: 12301: 12294: 12287: 12279: 12270: 12269: 12267: 12266: 12256: 12245: 12242: 12241: 12239: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12212: 12210: 12201: 12200: 12198: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12171: 12169: 12161: 12160: 12158: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11911: 11909: 11903: 11902: 11895: 11894: 11887: 11880: 11872: 11863: 11862: 11860: 11859: 11849: 11838: 11835: 11834: 11832: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11805: 11803: 11794: 11793: 11791: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11764: 11762: 11754: 11753: 11751: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11504: 11502: 11496: 11495: 11488: 11487: 11480: 11473: 11465: 11456: 11455: 11453: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11369: 11364: 11363: 11362: 11357: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11330: 11328: 11324: 11323: 11320: 11319: 11317: 11316: 11311: 11310: 11309: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11258: 11247: 11241: 11237: 11236: 11233: 11232: 11230: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11213: 11212: 11195:Murrah buffalo 11192: 11186: 11180: 11176: 11175: 11173: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11136: 11134: 11128: 11127: 11124: 11123: 11121: 11120: 11119: 11118: 11113: 11103: 11102: 11101: 11091: 11085: 11079: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11071: 11070: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11028: 11027: 11026: 11016: 11009: 11007: 11001: 11000: 10997: 10996: 10994: 10993: 10992: 10991: 10981: 10980: 10979: 10968: 10962: 10958: 10957: 10955: 10954: 10949: 10948: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10925:Rajah Sulayman 10922: 10917: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10863: 10862: 10861: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10840: 10834: 10832: 10828: 10827: 10822: 10821: 10814: 10807: 10799: 10790: 10789: 10782: 10779: 10778: 10776: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10762: 10759: 10756: 10753: 10750: 10747: 10744: 10741: 10737: 10735: 10728: 10727: 10725: 10724: 10722:Azim ud-Din II 10719: 10716: 10711: 10708: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10687: 10686:Nasir ud-Din I 10684: 10681: 10678: 10675: 10670: 10664: 10662: 10655: 10654: 10652: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10628: 10625: 10619: 10617: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10606: 10603: 10600: 10597: 10593: 10591: 10584: 10583: 10581: 10580: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10530: 10522: 10520: 10513: 10512: 10510: 10509: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10461: 10459: 10452: 10451: 10449: 10448: 10443: 10440: 10437: 10434: 10430: 10428: 10421: 10420: 10418: 10417: 10415:Rajah Sulayman 10412: 10410:Ache "Matanda" 10407: 10402: 10397: 10391: 10389: 10382: 10381: 10379: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10354: 10348: 10346: 10339: 10338: 10336: 10335: 10333:Tarik Sulayman 10330: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10306: 10298: 10296: 10292: 10291: 10279: 10278: 10271: 10264: 10256: 10247: 10246: 10240: 10237: 10236: 10226: 10224: 10220: 10219: 10217: 10216: 10214:Fifth Republic 10210: 10204: 10202:Third Republic 10198: 10194: 10193: 10187: 10181: 10175: 10169: 10163: 10159: 10158: 10152: 10146: 10140: 10134: 10128: 10122: 10116: 10110: 10104: 10098: 10094: 10092: 10090: 10089: 10087:British Manila 10083: 10079: 10078: 10072: 10068: 10067: 10061: 10057: 10056: 10050: 10044: 10038: 10032: 10026: 10020: 10014: 10008: 10002: 9996: 9990: 9984: 9978: 9972: 9966: 9962: 9960: 9954: 9951: 9950: 9938: 9937: 9930: 9923: 9915: 9909: 9908: 9894: 9879: 9853: 9850: 9849: 9848: 9828:Laput, Ernesto 9824: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9801: 9789: 9777: 9771: 9755: 9749: 9733: 9727: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9703: 9674: 9665: 9639: 9612: 9576: 9569: 9551: 9520: 9494: 9457: 9447: 9425: 9407: 9388: 9370: 9351: 9307: 9285: 9251: 9242: 9208: 9177: 9165: 9150: 9132: 9113: 9093: 9087: 9068: 9048: 9027: 9020: 8991: 8958: 8951: 8927: 8905: 8890: 8868: 8853:(in Tagalog). 8838: 8819: 8799: 8787: 8747: 8740: 8713: 8697: 8671: 8645: 8616: 8607:www.bsp.gov.ph 8603:"Money Museum" 8594: 8555: 8529: 8520: 8492: 8483: 8453: 8444: 8407: 8392: 8371: 8338: 8315: 8293: 8281: 8262: 8251: 8229: 8209: 8202: 8184: 8165: 8158: 8128: 8101: 8075: 8049: 8009: 7965: 7928: 7898: 7861: 7839: 7822: 7815: 7790: 7761: 7748: 7735: 7706: 7687: 7660: 7594: 7587: 7558: 7551: 7525: 7492: 7455: 7432: 7410: 7391:(4): 291–320. 7340: 7313: 7286: 7279: 7254: 7247: 7226: 7207: 7184: 7140: 7115:Quezon, Manolo 7103: 7040: 7021: 7001: 6939: 6932: 6891: 6884: 6807: 6775: 6755: 6736: 6717: 6692: 6661: 6646: 6639: 6621: 6596: 6582: 6507: 6500: 6474: 6467: 6393: 6386: 6342: 6335: 6077: 6027: 6007: 5901: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5868: 5859: 5850: 5841: 5828: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5742:and columnist 5731: 5728: 5723:Northern Samar 5691: 5688: 5679: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5655: 5652: 5631: 5628: 5582: 5579: 5519: 5512: 5500:Laguna de Ba'y 5464:822 (c. 900). 5412: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5376: 5361: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5339: 5324: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5303: 5288: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5267: 5260: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5238: 5224: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5200: 5193: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5172: 5165: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5149: 5146: 5138: 5127: 5120: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5102: 5094: 5087: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5075: 5065: 5057: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5040: 5037: 5027: 5019: 5009: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4986: 4978: 4971: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4950: 4942: 4935: 4930: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4913: 4905: 4898: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4838: 4831: 4827: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4807: 4797: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4776: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4726: 4721: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4686: 4679: 4661: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4632: 4631: 4628: 4621: 4612:oral histories 4600: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4569: 4562: 4554: 4553: 4546: 4543: 4510: 4503: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4474: 4458: 4447: 4427: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4386: 4383: 4368:Main article: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4291:Main article: 4288: 4285: 4265:Tarik Sulayman 4253:Spanish Empire 4245:Main article: 4242: 4239: 4218: 4215: 4195:Rajah Sulayman 4165:Main article: 4162: 4159: 4130: 4127: 4051:Main article: 4048: 4045: 4006:Sultan Bolkiah 3937: 3927: 3921: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3846:, a suburb of 3811: 3808: 3719: 3716: 3699: 3696: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3583:Rajah Sulayman 3578: 3575: 3561: 3558: 3535:Main article: 3532: 3531:Maynila polity 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3497: 3494: 3477: 3474: 3385: 3382: 3292:Main article: 3289: 3286: 3210: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3184: 3181: 3161:Rajah Salalila 3141: 3138: 3084: 3081: 3054: 3051: 2994: 2991: 2963:Main article: 2960: 2957: 2887: 2884: 2804:Main article: 2801: 2798: 2703: 2702: 2701: 2700: 2686: 2675: 2651:Martin de Rada 2630: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2594:Transcriptions 2587: 2586: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2548: 2539: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2530:Transcriptions 2523: 2522: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2365: 2364: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2324: 2315: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2239: 2225: 2219: 2196:Main article: 2193: 2190: 2163: 2160: 2127: 2124: 2106: 2105: 2098: 2095: 2088: 2081: 2070: 2046: 2043: 2029:, which is an 2010: 2007: 1954:hispanocentric 1923: 1920: 1905: 1902: 1865: 1862: 1838: 1835: 1813: 1810: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1764:Gregorio Zaide 1744: 1741: 1719:(specifically 1690:paramount datu 1688:as a sort of " 1580: 1577: 1573:City of Manila 1571:of the modern 1565:Spanish Empire 1522:Southeast Asia 1463: 1462: 1460: 1459: 1452: 1445: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1377:Historiography 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1342:Communications 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1322:Queen consorts 1319: 1314: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1268:Oakwood mutiny 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1243:Fifth Republic 1239: 1237:(1986–present) 1233: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1198: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1156:Third Republic 1152: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1070:Moro Rebellion 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1005: 1004: 999: 997:First Republic 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 897:Manila galleon 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 857:Treaty of Cebu 854: 849: 840: 834: 833: 830: 829: 826: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 793:Monreal Stones 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 744: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 644: 638: 637: 634: 633: 630: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 583: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 531: 525: 524: 521: 520: 514: 513: 503: 502: 493: 492: 485: 478: 477: 472: 468: 467: 464: 463: 460: 459: 452: 446: 445: 438: 428: 427: 420: 407: 404: 403: 398: 391: 390: 381: 377: 376: 373: 372: 369: 359: 356: 355: 352: 345: 342: 341: 338: 332: 329: 328: 325: 322:Fall of Manila 319: 316: 315: 307: 300: 297: 296: 293: 287: 284: 283: 268: 257: 254: 253: 250: 239: 236: 235: 232: 231: 222: 221:Historical era 218: 217: 214: 213: 208: 205: 202: 201: 196: 193: 190: 189: 180: 177: 174: 173: 162: 155: 152: 151: 148: 147: 144: 138: 137: 117: 113: 112: 111: 110: 105: 100: 95: 88: 84: 83: 70: 66: 65: 60: 56: 55: 48: 40: 39: 35: 34: 29: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14290: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14215: 14213: 14206: 14203: 14164: 14163:Soviet empire 14161: 14159: 14156: 14155: 14153: 14152: 14150: 14148:Miscellaneous 14146: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14113: 14110: 14109: 14108: 14105: 14104: 14102: 14098: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14066: 14063: 14062: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 14000: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13985: 13983: 13981: 13977: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13945: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13932: 13929: 13928: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13901: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13879: 13878: 13875: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13847: 13846: 13843: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13830: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13789: 13787: 13784: 13783: 13782: 13779: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13766: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13747:German Empire 13745: 13744: 13743: 13740: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13727: 13726: 13723: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13710: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13673: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13651: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13623: 13621: 13619: 13615: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13558: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13516: 13515: 13512: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13489: 13488: 13487:Turco-Persian 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13432: 13431: 13428: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13395: 13394: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13355: 13354: 13351: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13328: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13276: 13275: 13272: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13249: 13248: 13245: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13227: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13185: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13143: 13142: 13139: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13126: 13125: 13122: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13099: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13086: 13083: 13082: 13081: 13078: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13065: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13027: 13025: 13023: 13019: 13011: 13008: 13007: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12985: 12984: 12981: 12977: 12974: 12973: 12972: 12969: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12936: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12899: 12898: 12895: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12882: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12845: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12813: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12786: 12785: 12782: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12764: 12763: 12760: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12747: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12722: 12718: 12714: 12707: 12702: 12700: 12695: 12693: 12688: 12687: 12684: 12672: 12668: 12664: 12662: 12654: 12653: 12650: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12620: 12618: 12613: 12609: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12597:South Ossetia 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12579: 12577: 12575: 12569: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12319: 12317: 12315: 12311: 12307: 12300: 12295: 12293: 12288: 12286: 12281: 12280: 12277: 12265: 12261: 12257: 12255: 12247: 12246: 12243: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12213: 12211: 12206: 12202: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12190:South Ossetia 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12172: 12170: 12168: 12162: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11912: 11910: 11908: 11904: 11900: 11893: 11888: 11886: 11881: 11879: 11874: 11873: 11870: 11858: 11854: 11850: 11848: 11840: 11839: 11836: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11806: 11804: 11799: 11795: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11783:South Ossetia 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11765: 11763: 11761: 11755: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11505: 11503: 11501: 11497: 11493: 11486: 11481: 11479: 11474: 11472: 11467: 11466: 11463: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11361: 11360:Indian people 11358: 11356: 11353: 11352: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11332: 11329: 11325: 11315: 11312: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11266: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11253: 11252: 11249: 11248: 11245: 11242: 11238: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11211: 11207: 11203: 11199: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11187: 11184: 11181: 11177: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11137: 11135: 11133: 11129: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11108: 11107: 11104: 11100: 11097: 11096: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11086: 11083: 11080: 11076: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11037: 11034: 11033: 11032: 11029: 11025: 11022: 11021: 11020: 11017: 11014: 11011: 11010: 11008: 11006: 11002: 10990: 10987: 10986: 10985: 10982: 10978: 10977:Greater India 10975: 10974: 10973: 10970: 10969: 10966: 10963: 10959: 10953: 10950: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10920:Rajah Matanda 10918: 10915: 10911: 10910:Rajah Humabon 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10873: 10872: 10868: 10865: 10864: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10845: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10835: 10833: 10829: 10820: 10815: 10813: 10808: 10806: 10801: 10800: 10797: 10786: 10780: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10763: 10760: 10757: 10754: 10751: 10748: 10745: 10742: 10739: 10738: 10736: 10734: 10729: 10723: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10714:Azim ud-Din I 10712: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10688: 10685: 10682: 10680:Amir ul-Umara 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10665: 10663: 10661: 10656: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10639:Gugu Sarikula 10637: 10635: 10632: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10620: 10618: 10616: 10611: 10604: 10601: 10598: 10595: 10594: 10592: 10590: 10585: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10535: 10531: 10529: 10528: 10524: 10523: 10521: 10519: 10514: 10508: 10507: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10462: 10460: 10458: 10455:Datus of the 10453: 10447: 10444: 10441: 10438: 10435: 10432: 10431: 10429: 10427: 10422: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10392: 10390: 10388: 10383: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10371:Magat Salamat 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10349: 10347: 10345: 10340: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10328: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10311: 10307: 10305: 10304: 10300: 10299: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10285: 10277: 10272: 10270: 10265: 10263: 10258: 10257: 10254: 10244: 10238: 10230: 10215: 10211: 10209: 10205: 10203: 10199: 10196: 10195: 10192: 10188: 10186: 10182: 10180: 10176: 10174: 10170: 10168: 10164: 10161: 10160: 10157: 10153: 10151: 10147: 10145: 10141: 10139: 10135: 10133: 10129: 10127: 10123: 10121: 10117: 10115: 10111: 10109: 10105: 10103: 10099: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10088: 10084: 10081: 10080: 10077: 10073: 10070: 10069: 10066: 10062: 10059: 10058: 10055: 10051: 10049: 10045: 10043: 10039: 10037: 10033: 10031: 10027: 10025: 10021: 10019: 10015: 10013: 10009: 10007: 10003: 10001: 9997: 9995: 9991: 9989: 9985: 9983: 9979: 9977: 9973: 9971: 9967: 9964: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9957: 9952: 9948: 9944: 9936: 9931: 9929: 9924: 9922: 9917: 9916: 9913: 9905: 9904: 9899: 9898:Joaquin, Nick 9895: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9855: 9837: 9833: 9829: 9825: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9808: 9798: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9772:971-10-0524-7 9768: 9764: 9760: 9756: 9752: 9750:971-622-006-5 9746: 9742: 9738: 9734: 9730: 9728:971-27-1300-8 9724: 9720: 9716: 9715:Joaquin, Nick 9712: 9711: 9691: 9687: 9681: 9679: 9669: 9653: 9649: 9643: 9627: 9623: 9616: 9608: 9604: 9600: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9587: 9585: 9583: 9581: 9572: 9566: 9562: 9555: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9524: 9508: 9504: 9498: 9482: 9478: 9477: 9472: 9468: 9461: 9451: 9443: 9436: 9434: 9432: 9430: 9421: 9417: 9411: 9404: 9400: 9397: 9392: 9384: 9380: 9374: 9358: 9354: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9329:Darrell Tryon 9326: 9322: 9321:Reid, Anthony 9316: 9314: 9312: 9305: 9301: 9298: 9295: 9289: 9278:September 30, 9273: 9269: 9265: 9261: 9255: 9246: 9235:September 30, 9230: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9212: 9197: 9193: 9192: 9184: 9182: 9172: 9170: 9161: 9154: 9146: 9139: 9137: 9120: 9116: 9110: 9106: 9105: 9097: 9091: 9075: 9071: 9065: 9061: 9060: 9052: 9044: 9040: 9034: 9032: 9023: 9021:0-521-66991-X 9017: 9013: 9008: 9007: 9001: 8995: 8979: 8975: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8954: 8952:971-542-508-9 8948: 8944: 8940: 8934: 8932: 8924: 8920: 8917: 8912: 8910: 8901: 8894: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8872: 8861:September 30, 8856: 8852: 8848: 8842: 8826: 8822: 8816: 8812: 8811: 8803: 8794: 8792: 8783: 8776: 8774: 8772: 8770: 8768: 8766: 8764: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8754: 8752: 8743: 8737: 8733: 8726: 8724: 8722: 8720: 8718: 8710: 8706: 8701: 8685: 8681: 8675: 8659: 8655: 8649: 8633: 8629: 8623: 8621: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8598: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8559: 8543: 8539: 8533: 8524: 8513: 8506: 8499: 8497: 8487: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8462:"Golden Tara" 8457: 8448: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8414: 8412: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8389: 8385: 8378: 8376: 8367: 8363: 8357: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8335: 8331: 8324: 8322: 8320: 8310: 8306: 8305: 8297: 8288: 8286: 8278: 8274: 8271: 8266: 8260: 8255: 8248: 8244: 8241: 8236: 8234: 8226: 8222: 8219: 8213: 8205: 8199: 8195: 8188: 8180: 8176: 8169: 8161: 8159:971-10-0073-3 8155: 8151: 8147: 8141: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8133: 8116: 8112: 8105: 8089: 8085: 8079: 8063: 8059: 8053: 8037: 8033: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8014: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7982: 7980: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7972: 7970: 7954: 7950: 7949: 7948:Magat Salamat 7941: 7939: 7937: 7935: 7933: 7916: 7912: 7905: 7903: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7843: 7835: 7829: 7827: 7818: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7797: 7795: 7786: 7780: 7772: 7765: 7758: 7752: 7745: 7739: 7728:September 20, 7723: 7719: 7718: 7710: 7699:September 20, 7694: 7690: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7675: 7670: 7669:Ooi, Keat Gin 7664: 7656: 7649: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7590: 7584: 7580: 7579: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7554: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7539:Joaqiun, Nick 7534: 7532: 7530: 7510: 7502: 7496: 7488: 7482: 7474: 7470: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7439: 7437: 7428: 7421: 7414: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7338: 7337:0-19-925591-1 7334: 7330: 7326: 7323: 7317: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7290: 7282: 7276: 7272: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7250: 7244: 7240: 7233: 7231: 7214: 7210: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7191: 7189: 7181:(2): 167–209. 7180: 7176: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7145: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7110: 7108: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7028: 7024: 7018: 7015:. Routledge. 7014: 7013: 7005: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6971: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6935: 6929: 6925: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6887: 6885:971-10-1069-0 6881: 6877: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6803: 6799: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6771: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6751: 6747: 6740: 6724: 6720: 6718:971-10-0524-7 6714: 6710: 6709: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6657: 6650: 6642: 6636: 6632: 6625: 6618: 6614: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6503: 6501:971-8743-07-3 6497: 6493: 6489: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6470: 6468:971-622-006-5 6464: 6460: 6456: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6389: 6387:1-74114-448-5 6383: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6338: 6336:971-550-135-4 6332: 6328: 6324: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6024: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6012: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5896: 5892: 5879: 5872: 5863: 5854: 5845: 5838: 5832: 5823: 5819: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5727: 5724: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5696:Magat Salamat 5687: 5685: 5677: 5667: 5665: 5660: 5651: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5639: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5612: 5610: 5609:Rajah Matanda 5606: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5590: 5588: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5475: 5474: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5439: 5434: 5433:Indianisation 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5409: 900 CE 5387: 5385: 5377: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5340: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5268: 5265: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5215: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5147: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5124:Magat Salamat 5121: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5111: 5110:Antoon Postma 5107: 5103: 5100: 900 AD 5095: 5092: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5074: 5073:Antoon Postma 5070: 5066: 5063: 900 AD 5058: 5055: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5036: 5035:Antoon Postma 5032: 5028: 5025: 900 AD 5020: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4994:Antoon Postma 4991: 4987: 4984: 900 AD 4979: 4976: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4958:Antoon Postma 4955: 4951: 4948: 900 AD 4943: 4940: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4921:Antoon Postma 4918: 4914: 4911: 900 AD 4906: 4903: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4870: 4857: 4854: 4852:c. 1500–1524 4851: 4848: 4847:Rajah Matanda 4844: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4791: 4789:c.1450-1500? 4788: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4746: 4742: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4697: 4695:prior to 1300 4694: 4691: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4678: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4606: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4577:Magat Salamat 4574: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4536: 4531: 4519: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4488:Antoon Postma 4484: 4475: 4472: 4463: 4459: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4397: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4356: 4354: 4353:Magat Salamat 4349: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4284: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4230: 4228: 4227:Rajah Matanda 4224: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4191:Rajah Matanda 4187: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4158: 4156: 4150: 4148: 4143: 4140: 4135: 4126: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4101: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3942: 3926: 3911:Early history 3903: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3833: 3828: 3821: 3820:Red seal ship 3816: 3807: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3726: 3715: 3709: 3705: 3695: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3658:San Lorenzo, 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3636:Antoon Postma 3632: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3619:, with a few 3618: 3614: 3610: 3602: 3587: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3547:Rajah Matanda 3544: 3538: 3518: 3516: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3493: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3395: 3390: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3365: 3363: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3285: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3206: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3165:Rajah Matanda 3162: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3120: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3095: 3090: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3066: 3062: 3060: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2977: 2972: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2864: 2861: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2807: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2765: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2710: 2709: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2667: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2621: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2569:Japanese name 2567: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2363: 2360:Baybay – now 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2328: 2327:Pakil, Laguna 2325: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2290:Laguna de Bay 2287: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2259: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2189: 2187: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2168: 2159: 2157: 2154:) of oyster ( 2153: 2149: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2126:Notable areas 2123: 2121: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2069:to the South; 2068: 2064: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2015: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1919: 1917: 1916: 1911: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1858: 1854: 1851:), from Fray 1850: 1849: 1843: 1834: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1750: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1491: 1486: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1439: 1438: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1422: 1421: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1302: 1301: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1230: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1207:Moro conflict 1205: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1189: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1143: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1037: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 844: 843: 837: 832: 831: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 750: 749: 748: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 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89: 85: 82: 78: 74: 71: 67: 64: 61: 57: 46: 41: 36: 22: 19: 14273:Hindu states 14175: 13914:Contemporary 13764:Indo-Persian 13752:Nazi Germany 13696:Contemporary 13598:Vijayanagara 13497:Great Seljuk 13408:Thessalonica 13336:Golden Horde 12976:Carthaginian 12755:Neo-Assyrian 12740:Neo-Sumerian 12612:Dependencies 12542:Turkmenistan 12507:Saudi Arabia 12205:Dependencies 12135:Turkmenistan 12100:Saudi Arabia 11798:Dependencies 11728:Turkmenistan 11693:Saudi Arabia 10784: 10707:Salah ud-Din 10702: 10673:Kamal ud-Din 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10533: 10526: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10445: 10394: 10343: 10326: 10309: 10302: 10097:19th century 10082:18th century 10071:17th century 10060:16th century 9975: 9970:Jade culture 9902: 9890: 9871:. Retrieved 9867:the original 9840:. Retrieved 9838:. elaput.com 9835: 9820:the original 9815: 9796: 9784: 9762: 9740: 9718: 9694:. Retrieved 9690:the original 9668: 9656:. Retrieved 9642: 9630:. Retrieved 9626:the original 9615: 9606: 9560: 9554: 9542:. Retrieved 9533: 9523: 9511:. Retrieved 9507:the original 9497: 9485:. Retrieved 9475: 9460: 9450: 9441: 9419: 9410: 9391: 9382: 9373: 9361:. Retrieved 9332: 9293: 9288: 9276:. Retrieved 9272:the original 9267: 9254: 9245: 9233:. Retrieved 9229:the original 9224: 9211: 9200:, retrieved 9196:the original 9190: 9159: 9153: 9144: 9123:. Retrieved 9107:. Lulu.com. 9103: 9096: 9090: 9078:. Retrieved 9058: 9051: 9042: 9005: 8994: 8982:. Retrieved 8942: 8899: 8893: 8885:the original 8880: 8871: 8859:. Retrieved 8850: 8841: 8831:September 8, 8829:. Retrieved 8809: 8802: 8781: 8731: 8709:the original 8700: 8688:. Retrieved 8684:the original 8674: 8662:. Retrieved 8658:the original 8648: 8636:. Retrieved 8611:the original 8606: 8597: 8585:. 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Retrieved 6985:the original 6980: 6976: 6923: 6875: 6797: 6769: 6750:the original 6739: 6729:September 8, 6727:. Retrieved 6707: 6683:. Retrieved 6674: 6664: 6655: 6649: 6630: 6624: 6617:the original 6573:. Retrieved 6569:the original 6564: 6491: 6458: 6377: 6326: 6063: 6022: 5998:. Retrieved 5989: 5985: 5895: 5877: 5871: 5862: 5853: 5844: 5831: 5822: 5733: 5720: 5702:, Pandakan, 5693: 5681: 5675: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5646: 5642: 5636: 5633: 5613: 5602: 5591: 5586: 5584: 5556: 5545: 5528:Ming dynasty 5521: 5508:water-source 5507: 5503: 5480: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5466: 5451: 5358:Esteban Taes 5357: 5321: 5285: 5256: 5218: 5190: 5162: 5122: 5084: 5047: 5008:(uncertain) 5004: 4968: 4932: 4895: 4833: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4771: 4752:Nick Joaquin 4744: 4740: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4690:Nick Joaquin 4681: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4633: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4564: 4534: 4529: 4517: 4512: 4506: 4498: 4486:proposed by 4424: 4379: 4373: 4350: 4340:, nephew of 4330:Encomenderos 4302: 4298: 4296: 4281: 4250: 4231: 4220: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4188: 4173: 4170: 4151: 4146: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4097: 4082: 4077: 4076: 4070: 4066: 4056: 4034: 4021: 4003: 3999: 3998: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3958: 3947: 3923: 3874: 3865: 3851: 3837: 3804: 3785: 3781: 3758: 3747: 3730:Ming dynasty 3723: 3721: 3718:Ming dynasty 3701: 3679: 3671: 3663: 3651: 3643: 3633: 3625:Old Javanese 3598: 3580: 3563: 3554: 3550: 3512: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3399: 3367: 3359: 3335: 3320: 3314: 3308:Gold nuggets 3306:, a type of 3281: 3279: 3275: 3241:conquest of 3228: 3224: 3203: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3158: 3143: 3140:Islamization 3123: 3116: 3105: 3101: 3077: 3070: 3068: 3063: 3056: 3039:Bicol Region 3035: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2946: 2942: 2926:Old Javanese 2907: 2872: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2843: 2833: 2827: 2816: 2809: 2795: 2788: 2787:, while the 2778: 2774: 2770: 2768: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2743: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2657: 2655: 2632: 2610: 2606: 2556: 2552: 2536:Southern Min 2501:Chinese name 2481: 2476:. In modern 2467: 2459: 2455: 2425: 2367: 2366: 2337: 2336: 2318:Pila, Laguna 2302: 2293: 2285: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2238:as Vinuanga. 2233: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2139: 2131: 2129: 2114: 2110: 2107: 2104:to the west. 2087:to the east, 2060: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2026: 2022: 2020: 2002: 1999:Tondo polity 1998: 1996: 1976: 1969:. Historian 1964: 1960: 1958: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1925: 1913: 1910:Nick Joaquin 1907: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1867: 1856: 1846: 1831: 1815: 1807: 1792: 1777:Malay texts, 1772: 1768: 1752: 1729:Ming dynasty 1717:Austronesian 1714: 1697: 1676: 1673: 1653: 1649: 1647: 1640:"settlement" 1615: 1611: 1608:Tondo polity 1607: 1605: 1582: 1558: 1547: 1534: 1517: 1497: 1476: 1466: 1095:World War II 1090:Commonwealth 1007: 1006: 841: 808:Barter rings 746: 745: 665: 649: 648: 645: 607:Kalanay Cave 585: 584: 565:Jade culture 432: 414: 401:Succeeded by 400: 290:Ming dynasty 281: 1500s 274: 1200s 229:Early modern 183:Rajah Lontok 18: 14197: / 14185:120°57′58″E 13502:Khwarezmian 13435:Carolingian 13240:Rashtrakuta 12944:Shaishunaga 12843:Hellenistic 12826:New Kingdom 12816:Old Kingdom 12671:Asia portal 12572:States with 12492:Philippines 12432:South Korea 12427:North Korea 12322:Afghanistan 12264:Asia portal 12165:States with 12085:Philippines 12025:South Korea 12020:North Korea 11915:Afghanistan 11857:Asia portal 11758:States with 11678:Philippines 11618:South Korea 11613:North Korea 11508:Afghanistan 11425:Pepe Diokno 11210:Nueva Ecija 10853:Golden Tara 10731:Sultans of 10658:Sultans of 10623:Kabungsuwan 10615:Maguindanao 10613:Sultans of 9947:Philippines 9873:February 5, 9852:Spanish era 9842:February 5, 9805:Bolkiah era 9696:October 18, 9686:"lakandula" 9658:January 31, 9632:February 5, 9544:February 5, 9379:Pires, Tomé 9202:December 5, 9080:October 21, 8984:February 5, 8437:December 1, 7891:February 5, 7033:October 21, 6613:Ming Annals 6000:January 31, 5740:Lea Salonga 5706:, Kandaba, 5577:dynasties. 5382: 1588 5345: 1588 5309: 1588 5273: 1588 5244: 1588 5206: 1588 5178: 1588 5144: 1588 5017:Laguna Lake 4524: 1575 4481: 900 4469: 900 4453: 900 4441: 900 4314:Kapampangan 4030:Pasig River 3990:Pasig River 3934: 1500 3818:A Japanese 3779:dynasties. 3708:Sawankhalok 3609:Kawi script 3509:Taguig City 3402:aquaculture 3384:Agriculture 3350:Pasig River 3342:Mandaluyong 3235:Philippines 3015:pag-a-anito 2930:Old Tagalog 2777:class. The 2450:society in 2442:, were the 2420: 1595 2413:Boxer Codex 2411:. From the 2309:Laguna Lake 2067:Pasig River 2031:Old Tagalog 1984:Damon Woods 1692:" called a 1585:Pasig River 1337:Archaeology 1332:Agriculture 1212:Martial law 1196:(1965–1986) 1150:(1946–1965) 1044:(1898–1946) 1029:Velarde map 1014:Boxer Codex 838:(1565–1898) 627:Shell tools 602:Grave goods 497:History of 475:Philippines 313: 1520 77:Kapampangan 73:Old Tagalog 14258:Manila Bay 14212:Categories 14072:Portuguese 13953:Revival Le 13943:Vietnamese 13586:Later Tran 13556:Vietnamese 13452:Singhasari 13440:Holy Roman 13064:Bulgarian 13000:Satavahana 12971:Phoenician 12907:Achaemenid 12868:Indo-Greek 12848:Macedonian 12762:Babylonian 12552:Uzbekistan 12527:Tajikistan 12442:Kyrgyzstan 12422:Kazakhstan 12342:Bangladesh 12332:Azerbaijan 12145:Uzbekistan 12120:Tajikistan 12035:Kyrgyzstan 12015:Kazakhstan 11935:Bangladesh 11925:Azerbaijan 11738:Uzbekistan 11713:Tajikistan 11628:Kyrgyzstan 11608:Kazakhstan 11528:Bangladesh 11518:Azerbaijan 10972:Indosphere 10914:Singhapala 10677:Ala ud-Din 10599:Bata Shaja 10587:Rajahs of 10480:Balengkaka 10424:Lakans of 10385:Rajahs of 10361:Kalangitan 10241:See also: 9487:August 22, 9125:August 22, 8587:October 3, 8330:The Malays 8259:Scott 1984 7945:Tomas L., 7452:0804804478 7133:October 4, 6072:B007FR4S8G 5888:References 5678:as a title 5647:relaciones 5587:relaciones 5542:Pe̍h-ōe-jī 5524:Ming Shilu 5446: 900 5429:Indosphere 5415:See also: 5334:of Tagig ( 5257:Pitongatan 5085:Ganashakti 4878:Specifics 4811:Kalangitan 4650:Specifics 4603:See also: 4582:1575–1589 4405:Specifics 4380:relaciones 4346:Calamianes 4342:Lakan Dula 4316:nobles of 4305:Maharlikas 4176:Manila Bay 4107:Portuguese 4085:Tome Pires 4010:Gat Lontok 3853:Nihonmachi 3830:Statue of 3744:Pe̍h-ōe-jī 3725:Ming Shilu 3660:Norzagaray 3507:and where 3454:date palms 3331:Piloncitos 3304:Piloncitos 3294:Piloncitos 3169:Intramuros 3087:See also: 3043:Marinduque 3023:pag-aanito 2890:See also: 2409:Ginu class 2280:refers to 2102:Manila Bay 1977:Historian 1799:Robert Fox 1747:See also: 1623:city-state 1589:Manila Bay 1569:a district 1561:Intramuros 1288:Bangsamoro 1194:Marcos era 1125:Hukbalahap 803:Piloncitos 642:(900–1565) 384:Piloncitos 305:'s mother 252:before 900 116:Government 14182:14°37′8″N 14065:Couronian 13703:Ethiopian 13691:Manchukuo 13646:Brazilian 13492:Ghaznavid 13462:Srivijaya 13413:Trebizond 13398:Byzantine 13380:North Sea 13375:Norwegian 13363:Almoravid 13346:Ilkhanate 13316:Majapahit 13289:Muromachi 13198:Solomonic 13183:Ethiopian 13097:Caliphate 13030:Aragonese 12858:Ptolemaic 12638:Hong Kong 12592:Palestine 12517:Sri Lanka 12512:Singapore 12392:Indonesia 12231:Hong Kong 12185:Palestine 12110:Sri Lanka 12105:Singapore 11985:Indonesia 11824:Hong Kong 11778:Palestine 11703:Sri Lanka 11698:Singapore 11578:Indonesia 10961:Geography 10881:Majapahit 10876:Srivijaya 10755:Baratamay 10575:Lapu-Lapu 10534:Sri Lumay 10506:Paiburong 10490:Padojinog 10442:Kalamayin 10366:Lakandula 10006:Lupah Sug 9513:August 2, 9418:(1989) . 8690:March 22, 8664:March 23, 8638:March 22, 8577:0362-4331 8402:318419814 8356:cite book 8348:733917612 7779:cite book 7773:. Madrid. 7481:cite book 7405:141415414 6685:April 28, 6575:April 27, 5777:Lakandula 5762:Majapahit 5694:In 1587, 5684:Lakandula 5676:Lakandula 5567:porcelain 5496:Old Malay 5488:Binwangan 5473:Jayadewa. 5322:Juan Basi 5005:Kasumuran 4780:co-regent 4724:Panginoan 4277:Lakandula 4269:Macabebes 4223:Lakandula 4199:Lakandula 4037:Lakandula 3994:Lakandula 3856:of 3,000 3796:Guangzhou 3769:porcelain 3704:Sukhothai 3688:Indonesia 3664:Binwangan 3617:Old Malay 3490:dawa-dawa 3219:Silk Road 3130:Theravada 3126:Vajrayana 2918:Old Malay 2763:maharlika 2742:The term 2705:The term 2683:maharlika 2440:Maharlika 2294:Binwangan 2152:pag-sunog 1733:Majapahit 1696:over the 1677:barangays 1539:is being 1526:East Asia 1382:Languages 1372:Geography 1362:Education 1347:Conflicts 1080:Jones Law 1008:Artifacts 942:Katipunan 877:New Spain 545:Tabon Man 529:(pre-900) 225:Antiquity 199:Lakandula 87:Religion 14045:Japanese 14008:Scottish 13988:American 13980:Colonial 13909:Imperial 13877:Moroccan 13813:Japanese 13791:Afsharid 13650:Burmese 13636:Austrian 13591:Later Le 13566:Early Le 13551:Venetian 13477:Tiwanaku 13390:Hellenic 13353:Moroccan 13284:Kamakura 13274:Japanese 13257:Saffarid 13210:Georgian 13124:Chalukya 13102:Rashidun 13092:Calakmul 13060:Bruneian 12939:Haryanka 12917:Sasanian 12912:Parthian 12863:Bactrian 12853:Seleucid 12833:Goguryeo 12811:Egyptian 12745:Assyrian 12735:Akkadian 12726:Colonies 12661:Category 12582:Abkhazia 12532:Thailand 12487:Pakistan 12467:Mongolia 12462:Maldives 12457:Malaysia 12357:Cambodia 12254:Category 12175:Abkhazia 12125:Thailand 12080:Pakistan 12060:Mongolia 12055:Maldives 12050:Malaysia 11950:Cambodia 11847:Category 11768:Abkhazia 11718:Thailand 11673:Pakistan 11653:Mongolia 11648:Maldives 11643:Malaysia 11543:Cambodia 11132:Language 11078:Politics 11005:Religion 10749:Silongan 10710:Ali Shah 10630:Bangkaya 10495:Kabnayag 10485:Manduyog 10475:Bangkaya 10470:Sumakwel 10457:Madja-as 10405:Salalila 10352:Jayadewa 10316:Jayadewa 10286:and the 10012:Madja-as 10000:Caboloan 9900:(1983). 9761:(1992). 9739:(2001). 9717:(1988). 9652:Archived 9605:(eds.). 9538:Archived 9481:Archived 9473:(eds.). 9399:Archived 9363:June 23, 9357:Archived 9331:(eds.). 9323:(1995). 9300:Archived 9119:Archived 9074:Archived 9041:(1998). 9002:(1999). 8978:Archived 8941:(2006). 8919:Archived 8855:Archived 8825:Archived 8632:Archived 8581:Archived 8476:June 20, 8431:Archived 8273:Archived 8243:Archived 8221:Archived 8148:(1982). 8121:July 18, 8115:Archived 8068:June 15, 8062:Archived 7959:July 14, 7921:June 24, 7915:Archived 7746:. p. 50. 7722:Archived 7693:Archived 7671:(2004). 7541:(1990). 7518:June 29, 7471:(1865). 7427:Archived 7325:Archived 7308:Archived 7219:June 21, 7213:Archived 7127:Archived 7027:Archived 6994:July 11, 6723:Archived 6679:Archived 6490:(1999). 6457:(2001). 6376:(2004). 6325:(1994). 5994:Archived 5750:See also 5704:Marikina 5547:Tong-to͘ 5300:Pampanga 5286:Kapulong 5236:Pandakan 5221:Balingit 5048:Bishruta 4933:Angkatan 4896:Namwaran 4708:Princess 4666:Princess 4430:Senapati 4420:Senepati 4326:Pampanga 4022:Selurong 3950:Selurong 3858:Japanese 3850:, was a 3800:Quanzhou 3749:Tong-to͘ 3656:Barangay 3640:toponyms 3621:Sanskrit 3577:Visayans 3472:abound. 3422:carabaos 3354:Batangas 3312:Baybayin 3273:stones. 3267:ceramics 3233:and the 3134:Mahayana 3112:Vaisakha 3011:maycapal 3007:maylicha 2959:Religion 2934:Saka Era 2922:Sanskrit 2914:Old Kawi 2835:balangay 2830:barangay 2647:wet rice 2639:Pampanga 2575:Kyūjitai 2553:Tong-to͘ 2478:Filipino 2474:Visayans 2464:freedman 2456:hidalgos 2432:Buddhist 2375:Batangas 2356:Pandakan 2246:Pampanga 1898:Tong-Lao 1882:Tung-lio 1706:Pampanga 1532:template 1490:Baybayin 1481:Tagalog: 1402:Politics 1392:Military 1387:Medicine 1305:By topic 1263:EDSA III 778:Baybayin 753:Maragtas 721:Sanmalan 701:Madja-as 656:Caboloan 592:Balangay 518:Timeline 488:a series 486:Part of 380:Currency 248:implied 166:Jayadewa 131:barangay 93:Hinduism 14112:largest 14107:Empires 14087:Swedish 14082:Spanish 14077:Russian 14040:Italian 14015:Chinese 14003:English 13998:British 13993:Belgian 13968:Vietnam 13958:Tay son 13904:Tsarist 13899:Russian 13894:Ottoman 13860:Dzungar 13855:Khoshut 13828:Mexican 13823:Maratha 13806:Pahlavi 13786:Safavid 13781:Iranian 13708:Haitian 13671:Chinese 13631:Ashanti 13603:Wagadou 13529:Eastern 13524:Western 13507:Timurid 13467:Tibetan 13457:Songhai 13447:Serbian 13368:Almohad 13358:Idrisid 13262:Samanid 13252:Tahirid 13247:Iranian 13225:Kannauj 13205:Genoese 13141:Chinese 13134:Eastern 13129:Western 13117:Fatimid 13112:Abbasid 13107:Umayyad 13080:Burmese 13040:Ayyubid 13035:Angevin 13005:Xianbei 12993:Eastern 12988:Western 12934:Magadha 12897:Iranian 12890:Xiongnu 12875:Hittite 12784:Chinese 12772:Kassite 12721:Ancient 12713:Empires 12557:Vietnam 12472:Myanmar 12452:Lebanon 12382:Georgia 12337:Bahrain 12327:Armenia 12150:Vietnam 12065:Myanmar 12045:Lebanon 11975:Georgia 11930:Bahrain 11920:Armenia 11743:Vietnam 11658:Myanmar 11638:Lebanon 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