History of the Philippines

1781:. The jade is said to have originated nearby in Taiwan and is also found in many other areas in insular and mainland Southeast Asia. These artifacts are said to be evidence of long range communication between prehistoric Southeast Asian societies. Throughout history, the Maritime Jade Road has been known as one of the most extensive sea-based trade networks of a single geological material in the prehistoric world, existing for 3,000 years from 2000 BCE to 1000 CE. The operations of the Maritime Jade Road coincided with an era of near absolute peace which lasted for 1,500 years, from 500 BCE to 1000 CE. During this peaceful pre-colonial period, not a single burial site studied by scholars yielded any osteological proof for violent death. No instances of mass burials were recorded as well, signifying the peaceful situation of the islands. Burials with violent proof were only found from burials beginning in the 15th century, likely due to the newer cultures of expansionism imported from India and China. When the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, they recorded some warlike groups, whose cultures have already been influenced by the imported Indian and Chinese expansionist cultures of the 15th century. 4718:. Meanwhile, in the suburb of Tondo, there was a convent run by Franciscan friars and another by the Dominicans that offered Christian education to the Chinese converted to Christianity. The same report reveals that in and around Manila were collected 9,410 tributes, indicating a population of about 30,640 who were under the instruction of thirteen missionaries (ministers of doctrine), apart from the monks in monasteries. In the former province of Pampanga the population estimate was 74,700 and 28 missionaries. In Pangasinan 2,400 people with eight missionaries. In Cagayan and islands Babuyanes 96,000 people but no missionaries. In La Laguna 48,400 people with 27 missionaries. In Bicol and Camarines Catanduanes islands 86,640 people with fifteen missionaries. Based on the tribute counts, the total founding population of Spanish-Philippines was 667,612 people, of which: 20,000 were Chinese migrant traders, 15,600 were Latino soldier-colonists sent from Peru and Mexico (In the 1600s), Immigrants included 3,000 Japanese residents, and 600 pure Spaniards from Europe. Of the 600 Spaniards from Europe, two hundred and thirty-six of them were given 7365:

United States; adherence to the new United Nations; national reconstruction; relief for the masses; social justice for the working class; the maintenance of peace and order; the preservation of individual rights and liberties of the citizenry; and honesty and efficiency of government. The United States Congress passed a series of programs to help rehabilitation, including $ 2 billion over five years for war damages and rehabilitation, and a new tariff law that provided for a 20-year transition from free trade to a low tariff with the United States. Washington also demanded that Americans would have equal rights with Filipinos in business activities, a special treatment that was resented. In 1947 the United States secured an agreement that it would keep its major military and naval bases. On the whole the transition to independence, achieved in 1946, was mostly peaceful and highly successful, despite the extreme difficulties caused by massive war damages. The special relationship with the United States remained the dominant feature until sharp criticism arose in the 1960s.

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adventurers but they proved unruly, while recruiting for better troops, he met his aide-de-camp, Vincente (Vicente?) Macanaya, who was twenty three years old in 1860 and was part of the large Filipino population then living in Shanghai, who "were handy on board ships and more than a little troublesome on land", as Caleb Carr journalistically put it. Smith, another writer about China also notes in his book: "Mercenaries and Mandarins" that Manilamen were "Reputed to be brave and fierce fighters" and "were plentiful in Shanghai and always eager for action". During this Taiping rebellion, by July 1860, Townsend Ward's force of Manilamen ranging from one to two hundred mercenaries successfully assaulted Sung-Chiang Prefecture. Thus, while the Philippines was slowly engendered with revolutionary fervour being suppressed by Spain, overseas Filipinos have had an active role in the military and naval engagements of various nations in the

4621: 5096:) soldiers sent from Mexico and Peru that were stationed in the Philippines. The high death and desertion rate also applied to the native Filipino warriors conscripted by Spain, to fight in battles all across the archipelago. The repeated wars, lack of wages and near starvation were so intense, almost half of the soldiers sent from Latin America either died or fled to the countryside to live as vagabonds among the rebellious natives or escaped enslaved Indians (from India) where they race-mixed through rape or prostitution, further blurring the racial caste system Spain tried hard to maintain. Mixed Spanish-Filipino descent may be more common than expected as many Spaniards often had Filipino concubines and mistresses and they frequently produced children out of wedlock. These circumstances contributed to the increasing difficulty of governing the Philippines. The Royal Fiscal of Manila wrote a letter to 3736:

who propagated Islam to Sulu and Maguindanao. Unlike in Sulu and Maguindanao, the Sultanate system in Lanao was uniquely decentralized. The area was divided into Four Principalities of Lanao or the Pat a Pangampong a Ranao which are composed of a number of royal houses (Sapolo ago Nem a Panoroganan or The Sixteen (16) Royal Houses) with specific territorial jurisdictions within mainland Mindanao. This decentralized structure of royal power in Lanao was adopted by the founders, and maintained up to the present day, in recognition of the shared power and prestige of the ruling clans in the area, emphasizing the values of unity of the nation (kaiisaisa o bangsa), patronage (kaseselai) and fraternity (kapapagaria). By the 16th century, Islam had spread to other parts of the Visayas and Luzon.

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pilots that could guide them beyond the seas of China and Malacca. In 1540 CE, the Portuguese king's factor in Brunei, Brás Baião, recommended to his king the employment of Lusung pilots because of their reputation as "discoverers." Thus it was through Luzones navigators that Portuguese ships found their way to Japan in 1543 CE. The Luzones so impressed the Portuguese soldier, Joao de Barros, he considered the Luzones who were militarily and commercially active across the region, "the most warlike and valiant of these parts." Filipinos from the island of Luzon (Lucoes) were not the only Filipinos abroad, historian William Henry Scott, quoting the Portuguese manuscript Summa Orientalis, noted that

8210: 4346:'s 倭寇 (Japanese Pirates) activities in the China Seas, some groups of these raiders relocated to the Philippines and established their settlements in Luzon. Because of the proximity to China's beaches, the Philippines were favorable a location to launch raids on the provinces of Guangdong and Fujian, and for shipping with Indochina and the Ryūkyū Islands. These were the halcyon days of the Philippine branch of the Bahan trade. Thus, the Spanish sought to fight off these Japanese Pirates, prominent among whom was warlord Tayfusa, whom the Spaniards expelled after he set up the beginnings of a city-state of Japanese pirates in Northern Luzon. The Spanish repelled them in the fabled 4767: 14551:("The infantry does not amount to two hundred men, in three companies. If these men were that number, and Spaniards, it would not be so bad; but, although I have not seen them, because they have not yet arrived here, I am told that they are, as at other times, for the most part boys, mestizos, and mulattoes, with some Indians (Native Americans). There is no little cause for regret in the great sums that reënforcements of such men waste for, and cost, your Majesty. I cannot see what betterment there will be until your Majesty shall provide it, since I do not think, that more can be done in Nueva Spaña, although the viceroy must be endeavoring to do so, as he is ordered.") 12300: 3808:

had also conquered the northern third and the southern third of the Philippines but failed to conquer the Visayas islands even though Sultan Bolkiah himself was half-Visayan from his Visayan mother. Sultan Bolkiah is associated with the legend of Nakhoda Ragam the singing captain, a myth about a handsome, virile, strong, musically gifted and angelic voiced prince who is known for his martial exploits. There is contextual evidence that Sultan Bolkiah may indeed be Nakhoda Ragam, since he is of half Visayan-Filipino descent since later Spanish accounts record that Filipinos, especially Visayans, were obsessed with singing and the

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geographically restricted across Central Vietnam between Hue City in the north and Nha Trang City in the south. Recent archeological research reveals that the potteries in Kalanay Cave are quite different from those of the Sa Huỳnh but strikingly similar to those in Hoa Diem site, Central Vietnam and Samui Island, Thailand. New estimate dates the artifacts in Kalanay cave to come much later than Sa Huỳnh culture at 200–300 CE. Bio-anthropological analysis of human fossils found also confirmed the colonization of Vietnam by Austronesian people from insular Southeast Asia in, e.g., the Hoa Diem site.

7477: 12309:, Lourdes Rausa-Gomez cited Sir Stamford Raffles, himself citing the 'Traditional History of Java' wherein he said that Manila and Sulu in the Philippines were part of Majapahapit, however she doubted the veracity of Stamford Raffles assertion due to the lack of archaeological evidence between Majapahit and the Philippines in her 1967 article. However, that article has been renderred outdated due to the discovery of the Laguna Copperplate Inscription in 1989 which proved links between Java and Manila, which makes her dismissal of the Raffles assertion null and the Raffles assertion feasible. 6497: 7603: 7060: 3202:. However, the actual personage of Rajah Makatunaw was mentioned in earlier Chinese texts about Brunei dating him to 1082, when he was the descendant of Seri Maharaja and he was accompanied by Sang Aji (The ancestor of Sultan Muhammad Shah). There is thus a disparity of dates between the Maragtas Book (Based on oral legends) and the Chinese texts. Historian Robert Nicholl also positively identify the Preislamic Bruneian Buddhist kingdom of Vijayapura, itself a Bornean tributary of the Srivijaya Empire in Palembang, and in earlier times was a rump state in Sarawak of the fallen 6590: 4477: 9253:

Sireg, Gauden; Manginsay-Tremedal, Renefe; Labos, Maria Shiela; Vilar, Richard Dian; Latiph, Acram; Saway, Rodelio Linsahay; Marte, Erwin; Magbanua, Pablito; Morales, Amor; Java, Ismael; Reveche, Rudy; Barrios, Becky; Burton, Erlinda; Salon, Jesus Christopher; Kels, Ma. Junaliah Tuazon; Albano, Adrian; Cruz-Angeles, Rose Beatrix; Molanida, Edison; Granehäll, Lena; Vicente, Mário; Edlund, Hanna; Loo, Jun-Hun; Trejaut, Jean; Ho, Simon Y. W.; Reid, Lawrence; Malmström, Helena; Schlebusch, Carina; Lambeck, Kurt; Endicott, Phillip; Jakobsson, Mattias (March 30, 2021).

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blackened their teeth and were disgusted by the white teeth of foreigners, which were likened to that of animals. Also, used porcelain jars typical of Japanese and Chinese households. Japanese-style gunpowder weapons were also encountered in naval battles in the area. In exchange for these goods, traders from all over Asia would come to trade primarily for gold and slaves, but also for deerskins, civet and other local products. Other than a notably more extensive trade network with Japan and China, they were culturally similar to other Luzon groups to the south.

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the disunity and insignificance of other organized religions, except for Islam, which was still predominant in the southwest. The pageantry of the church had a wide appeal, reinforced by the incorporation of indigenous social customs into religious observances. The eventual outcome was a new Roman Catholic majority, from which the Muslims of western Mindanao and the upland tribal and animistic peoples of Luzon remained detached and alienated (Ethnic groups such as the Ifugaos of the Cordillera region and the Mangyans of Mindoro).

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under the name of mulatto, quarteroons, etc., although found in the Philippine Islands, are generally confounded in the three classes of pure Indians, Chinese mestizos and Chinese." In other words, the Mexicans who had arrived in the previous century had so intermingled with the local population that distinctions of origin had been forgotten by the 19th century. The Mexicans who came with Legázpi and aboard succeeding vessels had blended with the local residents so well that their country of origin had been erased from memory.

3600: 11695: 2676:–1589) and two to three other settlements believed to be located somewhere near Tondo, as well as a settlement near Mt. Diwata in Mindanao, and the temple complex of Medang in Java. Although the precise political relationships between these polities is unclear in the text of the inscription, the artifact is usually accepted as evidence of intra- and inter-regional political linkages as early as 900 CE. By the arrival of the earliest European ethnographers during the 1500s, Tondo was led by the paramount ruler called a " 6821: 7280: 4890: 3237:

and Bornean recruits. This, after learning of this injustice from their father-in-law Paiburong, sailed to Odtojan in Borneo where Makatunaw ruled. The warriors sacked the city, killed Makatunaw and his family, retrieved the stolen properties of the 10 datus, enslaved the remaining population of Odtojan, and sailed back to Panay. Labaw Donggon and his wife, Ojaytanayon, later settled in a place called Moroboro. Afterwards, the datus in Panay, other Visayan islands, and southern Luzon founded various towns.

1377: 7133: 7002: 2816: 7374: 8317: 7968: 5935: 8810: 22512: 6450: 5828: 1024: 3077:"麻逸" centered in Mindoro. Its people were recorded to be warlike, and prone to pillaging and conflict. In this area, the sea is full of coral reefs, which have wavy surfaces that resemble decaying tree trunks or razor blades. Ships going by the reefs must be ready to make sharp maneuvers to avoid them because they are sharper than swords and halberds. Red coral and blue langgan coral are also produced here; however, they are quite difficult to find. It is also similar to the nation of 3827: 7987: 3252: 3938:

CE, the resident Luzones held important government posts in the former sultanate. They were also large-scale exporters and ship owners that regularly sent junks to China, Brunei, Sumatra, Siam and Sunda. One Lusung official by the name of Surya Diraja annually sent 175 tons of pepper to China and had to pay the Portuguese 9000 cruzados in gold to retain his plantation. His ships became part of the first Portuguese fleet that paid an official visit to the Chinese empire in 1517 CE.

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secret agents with a message to their inhabitants to rise in revolution against Spain and that we shall give them financial and military assistance to win their freedom. Should the Philippines succeed in gaining her independence from Spain, we must felicitate her warmly and from an alliance of amity and commerce with her as a sister nation. Moreover, we must resume the intimate Mexico-Philippine relations, as they were during the halcyon days of the Acapulco-Manila galleon trade.

7267:. Landings in other parts of the country had followed, and the Allies, with the Philippine Commonwealth troops, pushed toward Manila. However, fighting continued until Japan's formal surrender on September 2, 1945. Approximately 10,000 U.S. soldiers were missing in action in the Philippines when the war ended, more than in any other country in the Pacific or European Theaters. The Philippines suffered great loss of life and tremendous physical destruction, especially during the 8275: 6858: 7444:) the two powers agreed the international boundaries between those respective territories. In that treaty the United Kingdom also accepted that the Turtle Islands as well as the Mangsee Islands were part of the Philippines Archipelago and therefore under US sovereignty. However, by a supplemental international treaty concluded at the same time, the two powers agreed that those islands, although part of the Philippines Archipelago, would remain under the administration of the 4869: 7680: 7849: 22920: 22523: 6785:; streamlining of the Insular Government; accurate, intelligible accounting; the construction of a telegraph and cable communications network; the establishment of a postal savings bank; large-scale road-and bridge-building; impartial and incorrupt policing; well-financed civil engineering; the conservation of old Spanish architecture; large public parks; a bidding process for the right to build railways; Corporation law; and a coastal and geological survey. 5671: 6420:, had been excluded from sessions as Aguinaldo's government was not recognized by the family of nations. Although there was substantial domestic opposition, the United States decided to annex the Philippines. Despite the fact that the first Philippine Republic was patterned after the French and American Revolutions, plus the Latin-American Republics; the Americans and French themselves sought to crush the revolution in the Philippines. In addition to 8143: 22930: 8705: 1396: 8570: 6142:

Eventually, everybody belonging to these non-native categories diminished because they were assimilated into and chose to self-identify as pure Filipinos since during the Philippine Revolution, the term "Filipino" included anybody born in the Philippines coming from any race. That would explain the abrupt drop of otherwise high Chinese, Spanish and mestizo, percentages across the country by the time of the first American census in 1903.

14172:, p. "For this, Bernal borrows a premise offered by linguist Keith Whinnom in Spanish Contact Vernaculars in the Philippine Islands (1956), namely that "Mexican Spanish" is "the basis of the vocabulary of the contact vernaculars." Quoted from León-Portilla, "Algunos nahuatlismos en el castellano de Filipinas." León-Portilla, in turn, affirms that he constructs his short reflection from Retana's Diccionario de Filipinismos (1923). 4700: 3338: 6958: 6206: 5691: 4201:. During the early part of the Spanish colonialization of the Philippines, the Spanish Augustinian friar Gaspar de San Agustín, O.S.A., describes Iloilo and Panay as one of the most populated islands in the archipelago and the most fertile of all the islands of the Philippines. He also talks about Iloilo, particularly the ancient settlement of Halaur, as site of a progressive trading post and a court of illustrious nobilities. 5728: 3745: 14265:"Slaves purchased by the indigenous elites, Spanish and Hokkiens of the colony seemed drawn most often from South Asia, particularly Bengal and South India, and less so, from other sources, such as East Africa, Brunei, Makassar, and Java..." Chapter 2 "Rural Ethnic Diversity" Page 164 (Translated from: "Inmaculada Alva Rodríguez, Vida municipal en Manila (siglos xvi–xvii) (Córdoba: Universidad de Córdoba, 1997), 31, 35–36." 3422: 8068: 14318:

not only small, but it was also extremely disunited. Not only were the great tribes separated by the differences of language, but, as we have already seen, each tiny community was practically independent, and the power of a dato very limited. There were no great princes, with large forces of fighting retainers whom they could call to arms, such as the Portuguese had encountered among the Malays south in the Moluccas.

2364:" or "dulohan". Whenever these barangays banded together, either to form a larger settlement or a geographically looser alliance group, the more senior or respected among them would be recognized as a "paramount datu", variedly called a Lakan, Sultan, Rajah, or simply a more senior Datu. Eventually, by the 14th to 16th century, inter-kingdom warfare escalated and population densities across the archipelago was low. 2115: 2051: 1987: 2099: 2003: 2275: 2195: 2131: 2019: 4865:(1859). All institutions offered courses included not only religious topics but also science subjects such as physics, chemistry, natural history and mathematics. The University of Santo Tomás, for example, started by teaching theology, philosophy and humanities and during the 18th century, the Faculty of Jurisprudence and Canonical Law, together with the schools of medicine and pharmacy were opened. 3154: 3126: 2446: 2035: 2227: 2147: 1971: 1955: 2259: 2243: 2211: 2179: 2083: 1796: 2163: 6405: 5179:, which was granted a monopoly of trade between Spain and the islands that lasted until 1834, when the company was terminated by the Spanish crown due to poor management and financial losses. About this time, Governor-General Anda complained that the Latin-American and Spanish soldiers sent to the Philippines had dispersed "all over the islands, even the most distant, looking for subsistence". 2067: 24: 20357: 3227:, the world's busiest maritime choke-point, which was a significant challenge to defend due to it being surrounded by the three most populous nations of the world back then, China, India and Indonesia. The people of Pannai policed the Strait against all odds for 727 years.) Upon their rebellion against an invading Chola Empire, the people of Madja-as, being loyalist warriors, conducted 4003: 10914:

of many diseases, especially water-borne infections, though there might be regional or seasonal variations in climate that might affect the incidence of some diseases. In general, however, the fact that the Philippines comprise some seven thousand islands, some of which are uninhabited even today, would have discouraged the spread of infections, as would the low population density.

2987:). Song dynasty traders visited Ma-i annually, and their accounts described Ma-i's geography, trade products, and the trade behaviors of its rulers. Chinese merchants noted that Ma-i's citizens were honest and trustworthy. Because the descriptions of Mai's location in these accounts are unclear, there is dispute about Mai's location, with some scholars believing it was located in 6790:

rural Philippines was highly traditional and highly unequal. Drastic changes in land ownership posed a major challenge to local elites, who would not accept it, nor would their peasant clients. The American reformers blamed peasant resistance to landownership for the law's failure and argued that large plantations and sharecropping was the Philippines' best path to development.

3383:, a maritime-state famous for its goldwork sent a trade envoy under ambassador Likan-shieh to the Chinese Imperial Court demanding equal diplomatic status with other states. The request being approved, it opened up direct commercial links with the Rajahnate of Butuan and the Chinese Empire thereby diminishing the monopoly on Chinese trade previously enjoyed by their rivals, 5923:, to initially protect Indo-Chinese converts to Roman Catholicism who were persecuted by their native governments, and later for an actual conquest of Vietnam and Laos as well as the establishment of the Protectorate of Cambodia which was liberated from Thai invasions and re-established as a vassal-state of France with the combined Franco-Spanish-Filipino forces creating 4612:. Of the Spaniards and Latinos sent to the Philippines, almost half of the individuals levied to Manila were reported in judicial files as españoles (Spanish born in the colonies), and about a third, as mestizos. Castizos amounted to a total of 15 percent, while peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain) were around 5 percent of those punished with deportation to Manila. 3455:. Known in Chinese records as "Sanmalan" 三麻蘭. The Chinese chronicled during 982, a tribute from its Rajah or King, Chulan, represented at the imperial court by ambassador Ali Bakti. In the 1200s, the Chinese chronicle Zhufan zhi (諸蕃志) recorded its change from a trade emporium to slaving state as Zamboanga began waging war and raiding its neighboring kingdoms in 3671:

Arab-descended sultans whose origins was in Malacca and their fellow co-religionist Moros (ethnic groups of the Philippine who had accepted Islam) than their still Hindu, Visayan-speaking cousins. This culminated with royal intermarriages between the families of the then newly Islamized Rajahnate of Manila as well the Sultanates of Brunei, Sulu and Malacca.

2643: 2399:. It is the earliest document that shows the use of mathematics in precolonial Philippine societies. A standard system of weights and measures is demonstrated by the use of precise measurement for gold, and familiarity with rudimentary astronomy is shown by fixing the precise day within the month in relation to the phases of the moon. From the various 6617:, the head of the commission, was inaugurated as Civil Governor, with limited executive powers. The authority of the Military Governor was continued in those areas where the insurrection persisted. The Taft Commission passed laws to set up the fundamentals of the new government, including a judicial system, civil service, and local government. A 8428:. Massive rehabilitation efforts by foreign world powers sending aid, devolved into chaos following the revelations that the administration and that the government had not been properly handing out the aid packages and preference for political maneuvering over the safety of the people, leading to mass deterioration of food and medical supplies. 6286: 5795:

considered to have lived as comfortably during the last hundred years, protected from all external enemies and governed by mild laws vis-a-vis those from any other tropical country under native or European sway, owing in some measure, to the frequently discussed peculiar (Spanish) circumstances which protect the interests of the natives.

17241: 7452:. The supplemental treaty provided that the British North Borneo Company would continue to administer those islands unless and until the United States government gave notice to the United Kingdom calling for administration of the islands to be transferred to the U.S. The U.S. never gave such a notice. On July 4, 1946, the 2868:) sent emissaries to China in 1406–1411 as a tributary-state, and it also traded with Japan. Chinese records of this kingdom, named Feng-chia-hsi-lan (Pangasinan), began when the first tributary King (Wang in Chinese), Kamayin, sent an envoy offering gifts to the Chinese Emperor. The state occupies the current province of 7225:, continued to fight the Japanese in a guerrilla war and was considered an auxiliary unit of the United States Army. Supplies and encouragement were provided by U.S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops. Their effectiveness was such that by the end of the war, Japan controlled only twelve of the forty-eight 1723:; and the harbor principalities of the estuarine civilizations that grew along rivers and seashores while participating in trans-island maritime trade. It was also during the first millennium BCE that early metallurgy was said to have reached the archipelagos of maritime Southeast Asia via trade with India 8255:) took place in the dawn of her administration. She formally ended her term as president in 2010 (wherein she was succeeded by Senator Benigno Aquino III) and ran for a seat in congress the same year (becoming the second president after Jose P. Laurel to run for lower office following the presidency). 7719:, where Muslim Tausug Filipinos were killed by the Philippine Army, occurred under the authority of Marcos. Due to his popularity among Christians, Marcos was re-elected president in 1969, becoming the first president of the Philippines to get a second term. Crime and civil disobedience increased. The 21173:

Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations

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Garcia de los Arcos has noted that the Regiment of the King, which had absorbed a large percentage of Mexican recruits and deportees between the 1770s and 1811, became the bastion of discontent supporting the Novales mutiny. ~Garcia de los Arcos, "Criollismo y conflictividad en Filipinas a principios

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Tomás de Comyn, general manager of the Compañia Real de Filipinas, in 1810 estimated that out of a total population of 2,515,406, "the European Spaniards, and Spanish creoles and mestizos do not exceed 4,000 persons of both sexes and all ages, and the distinct castes or modifications known in America

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Within the walls, there were some six hundred houses of a private nature, most of them built of stone and tile, and an equal number outside in the suburbs, or "arrabales," all occupied by Spaniards ("todos son vivienda y poblacion de los Españoles"). This gives some twelve hundred Spanish families or

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In 1903 the American reformers in the Philippines passed two major land acts designed to turn landless peasants into owners of their farms. By 1905 the law was clearly a failure. Reformers such as Taft believed landownership would turn unruly agrarians into loyal subjects. The social structure in the

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Now that we Mexicans have fortunately obtained our independence by revolution against Spanish rule, it is our solemn duty to help the less fortunate countries especially the Philippines, with whom our country has had the most intimate relations during the last two centuries and a half. We should send

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shipping. Augustinian Friar Rev. Fr. Santaren recorded that Datu Macatunao or Rajah Makatunao who was the "sultan of the Moros," and a relative of Datu Puti who seized the properties and riches of the ten datus was eventually killed by the warriors named Labaodungon and Paybare, using native Filipino

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The exact scope and mechanisms of Indian cultural influences on early Philippine polities are still the subject of some debate among Southeast Asian historiographers, but the current scholarly consensus is that there was probably little or no direct trade between India and the Philippines, and Indian

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A 2021 genetic study examining representatives of 115 indigenous communities found evidence of at least five independent waves of early human migration. Negrito groups, divided between those in Luzon and those in Mindanao, may come from a single wave and diverged subsequently, or through two separate

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Fourth.—In considering this Spanish conquest, we must understand that the islands were far more sparsely inhabited than they are to-day. The Bisayan islands, the rich Camarines, the island of Luzon, had, in Legaspi's time, only a small fraction of their present great populations. This population was

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The former sultan of Malacca decided to retake his city from the Portuguese with a fleet of ships from Lusung in 1525 CE. SOURCE: Barros, Joao de, Decada terciera de Asia de Ioano de Barros dos feitos que os Portugueses fezarao no descubrimiento dos mares e terras de Oriente , Lisbon, 1777, courtesy

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Like his predecessor there was a similar attempt to change the 1987 constitution. The process is termed as CONCORD or Constitutional Correction for Development. Unlike Charter change under Ramos and Arroyo the CONCORD proposal, according to its proponents, would only amend the 'restrictive' economic

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Progress was made in revitalizing democratic institutions and respect for civil liberties, but Aquino's administration was also viewed as weak and fractious, and a return to full political stability and economic development was hampered by several attempted coups staged by disaffected members of the

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and allowing Marcos to stay in power beyond 1973. Marcos claimed that martial law was the prelude to creating a "New Society", which he would rule for more than two decades. The economy during the 1970s was robust, due to previous engagements by various administrations. However, the economy suffered

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succeeded to the presidency after Magsaysay's death, and was elected to a four-year term in the election of November that same year. His administration emphasized the nationalist theme of "Filipino first", arguing that the Filipino people should be given the chances to improve the country's economy.

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in March 1957 dealt a serious blow to national morale. At this time, the Philippines joined the United Nations in defending South Korea from North Korean invasions. The Philippines was the first country in Southeast Asia to recognize South Korean independence and was the first to send military units

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on March 23, 1901, and was brought to Manila. Convinced of the futility of further resistance, he swore allegiance to the United States and issued a proclamation calling on his compatriots to lay down their arms, officially bringing an end to the war. However, sporadic insurgent resistance continued

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Filipinos initially saw their relationship with the United States as that of two nations joined in a common struggle against Spain. However, the United States later distanced itself from the interests of the Filipino insurgents. Emilio Aguinaldo was unhappy that the United States would not commit to

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In the 1860s to 1890s, in the urban areas of the Philippines, especially at Manila, according to burial statistics, as much as 3.3% of the population were pure European Spaniards and the pure Chinese were as high as 9.9%. The Spanish-Filipino and Chinese-Filipino Mestizo populations also fluctuated.

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Until an inept bureaucracy was substituted for the old paternal rule, and the revenue quadrupled by increased taxation, the Filipinos were as happy a community as could be found in any colony. The population greatly multiplied; they lived in competence, if not in affluence; cultivation was extended,

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They then waged war against the Sultanate of Lanao and settled in the lands conquered from them. Eventually, in vengeance against the Muslims and Portuguese allied to the Ternateans, they aided the Spanish in the conquest of Muslim Manila and in the Spanish expeditions to capture Portuguese Ternate.

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It was through the Luzones who regularly sent ships to China that the Portuguese discovered the ports of Canton in 1514 CE. And it was on Luzones ships that the Portuguese were able to send their first diplomatic mission to China 1517 CE. The Portuguese had the Luzones to thank for when they finally

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to defend Aceh, and gave one of them, Sapetu Diraja, the task of holding Aru (northeast Sumatra) in 1540. Pinto also says one was named leader of the Malays remaining in the Moluccas Islands after the Portuguese conquest in 1511. Pigafetta notes that one of them was in command of the Brunei fleet in

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but afterwards, Sulu and Manila both rebelled and sacked Brunei which was a nearby loyal province of Majapahit as Sulu extended its conquest to the former Majapahit territory of East and North Kalimantan. However, with the onset of Islam by the 15th century, they associated themselves with their new

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According to Javanese records a Javanese force expelled Sulu marauders from Brunei during the reign of Angka Wijaya who was the last king to reign over Majapahit. The inhabitants of the Soeloe Islands (in the present Philippines) made an attack against Brunei (in order to obtain camphor), in keeping

3105:

islands while the historian Efren B. Isorena, through analysis of historical accounts and wind currents in the Pacific side of East and Southeast Asia, concluded that said raiders were most likely the people of Ibabao (the precolonial name for the eastern coast and a portion of the northern coast of

2770:

and Spanish accounts from the 1520s explicitly state that "Luçon" and "Maynila" were "one and the same", although some historians argue that since none of these observers actually visited Maynila, "Luçon" may simply have referred to all the Tagalog and Kapampangan polities that rose up on the shores

15830:

The cultural identity of the mestizos was challenged as they became increasingly aware that they were true members of neither the indio nor the Chinese community. Increasingly powerful but adrift, they linked with the Spanish mestizos, who were also being challenged because after the Latin American

10913:

Given the significance of the size and distribution of the population to the spread of diseases and their ability to become endemic, it is worth commenting briefly on the physical and human geography of the Philippines. The hot and humid tropical climate would have generally favored the propagation

8232:

She was elected and sworn in for her own six-year term as president on June 30, 2004. In 2005, a tape of a wiretapped conversation surfaced bearing the voice of Arroyo apparently asking an election official if her margin of victory could be maintained. The tape sparked protests calling for Arroyo's

7247:

The Philippines was the bloodiest theater of the war for the invading empire, with at least 498,600 Japanese troops killed in fighting the combined Filipino resistance and American soldiers, a larger number of casualties compared to the second-placed theater, the entirety of China, which caused the

6804:

Elite Filipina women played a major role in the reform movement, especially on health issues. They specialized on such urgent needs as infant care and maternal and child health, the distribution of pure milk and teaching new mothers about children's health. The most prominent organizations were the

5174:

In 1766 direct communication was established with Spain and trade with Europe through a national ship based on Spain. In 1774, colonial officers from Bulacan, Tondo, Laguna Bay, and other areas surrounding Manila reported with consternation that discharged soldiers and deserters (from Mexico, Spain

4990:

The Spanish military fought off various indigenous revolts and several external challenges, especially from the British, Dutch, and Portuguese and Chinese pirates. Roman Catholic missionaries converted most of the lowland inhabitants to Christianity and founded schools, universities, and hospitals.

4885:

Church and state were inseparably linked in Spanish policy, with the state assuming responsibility for religious establishments. One of Spain's objectives in colonialization of the Philippines was the conversion of the local population to Roman Catholicism. The work of conversion was facilitated by

4325:

Pengiran Seri Lela died in August–September 1578, probably from the same illness that had afflicted his Spanish allies, although there was suspicion, he could have been poisoned by the ruling sultan. Seri Lela's daughter, the Bruneian princess, left with the Spanish and went on to marry a Christian

3937:

The Luzones were also pioneer seafarers, and it is recorded that the Portuguese were not only witnesses but also direct beneficiaries of Lusung's involvement. Many Luzones chose Malacca as their base of operations because of its strategic importance. When the Portuguese finally took Malacca in 1512

3807:

and allies to the Philippines. Brunei was so powerful that it already subjugated their Hindu Bornean neighbor, Kutai, to the south, though Kutai survived through a desperate alliance with Hindu Butuan and Cebu which were already struggling against encroaching Islamic powers like Maguindanao. Brunei

3735:

The Sultanates of Lanao in Mindanao, Philippines were founded in the 16th century through the influence of Shariff Kabungsuan, who was enthroned as first Sultan of Maguindanao in 1515. Islam was introduced to the area by Muslim missionaries and traders from the Middle East, Indian and Malay regions

3661:

traded with each other which resulted in Cham merchants settling in Sulu where they were known as Orang Dampuan . The Orang Dampuan were slaughtered by envious native Sulu Buranuns due to the wealth of the Orang Dampuan. The Buranun were then subjected to retaliatory slaughter by the Orang Dampuan.

9352:

Bellwood, Peter, Hsiao-Chun Hung, and Yoshiyuki Iizuka. "Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction." Paths of Origins: The Austronesian Heritage in the Collections of the National Museum of the Philippines, the Museum Nasional Indonesia, and the Netherlands

8972:

Ingicco, T.; van den Bergh, G.D.; Jago-on, C.; Bahain, J.-J.; Chacón, M.G.; Amano, N.; Forestier, H.; King, C.; Manalo, K.; Nomade, S.; Pereira, A.; Reyes, M.C.; Sémah, A.-M.; Shao, Q.; Voinchet, P.; Falguères, C.; Albers, P.C.H.; Lising, M.; Lyras, G.; Yurnaldi, D.; Rochette, P.; Bautista, A.; de

7521:

and other backward regions of the country, President Quirino officially made public a seven-point program for social security, to wit: unemployment insurance, old-age insurance, accident and permanent disability insurance, health insurance, maternity insurance, state relief, and labor opportunity.

7364:

was no longer such a dominant force. Osmeña supporters challenged the legitimacy of Manuel Roxas who had served as secretary to Laurel. MacArthur testified to Roxas' patriotism and the collaborationist issue disappeared after Roxas was elected in 1946 on a platform calling for closer ties with the

6997:

with transition to full independence after a ten-year period. The commonwealth would have its own constitution and be self-governing, though foreign policy would be the responsibility of the United States, and certain legislation required approval of the United States president. The Act stipulated

6772:

Philippines was a major target for the progressive reformers. A 1907 report to Secretary of War Taft provided a summary of what the American civil administration had achieved. It included, in addition to the rapid building of a public school system based on English teaching, and boasted about such

5860:

wherein an Argentinian of French descent, Hypolite Bouchard, laid siege to Monterey California as a privateer for the Argentine army. His second ship, the Santa Rosa, which was captained by the American Peter Corney, had a multi-ethnic crew which included Filipinos. It has been proposed that those

5644:

The Spanish-Filipino population as a proportion of the provinces widely varied; with as high as 19% of the population of Tondo province (The most populous province and former name of Manila), to Pampanga 13.7%, Cavite at 13%, Laguna 2.28%, Batangas 3%, Bulacan 10.79%, Bataan 16.72%, Ilocos 1.38%,

4881:

Outside the tertiary institutions, the efforts of missionaries were in no way limited to religious instruction but also geared towards promoting social and economic advancement of the islands. They cultivated into the natives their taste for music and taught Spanish language to children. They also

3963:

The Luzones were also instrumental in guiding Portuguese ships to discover Japan. The Western world first heard of Japan through the Portuguese. But it was through the Luzones that the Portuguese had their first encounter with the Japanese. The Portuguese king commissioned his subjects to get good

2351:

The early polities of the Philippine archipelago were typically characterized by a three-tier social structure. Although different cultures had different terms to describe them, this three-tier structure invariably consisted of an apex nobility class, a class of "freemen", and a class of dependent

13997:

Reforms under General Arandía.—The demoralization and misery with which Obando's rule closed were relieved somewhat by the capable government of Arandía, who succeeded him. Arandía was one of the few men of talent, energy, and integrity who stood at the head of affairs in these islands during two

6428:

the Philippines to the U.S. in exchange for US$ 20,000,000.00. U.S. President McKinley justified the annexation of the Philippines by saying that it was "a gift from the gods" and that since "they were unfit for self-government, ... there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to

5686:

The Philippines was included in the vast territory of the Kingdom of Spain, in the first constitution of Spain promulgated in Cadiz in 1812. It was never a colony as modern-day historical literature would say, but an overseas region in Asia (Spanish Constitution 1812). The Spanish Constitution of

5197:

In the late 1700s to early 1800s, Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga, an Agustinian Friar, in his Two Volume Book: "Estadismo de las islas Filipinas" compiled a census of the Spanish-Philippines based on the tribute counts (Which represented an average family of seven to ten children and two parents, per

4366:

failed in which a planned grand alliance with the Japanese Christian-captain, Gayo, (Gayo himself was a Woku who once pirated in Cagayan) and Brunei's sultan, would have restored the old aristocracy. Its failure resulted in the hanging of Agustín de Legaspi and the execution of Magat Salamat (the

1411:

Stone tools and fossils of butchered animal remains discovered in Rizal, Kalinga are evidences of early hominins in the country to as early as 709,000 years. Researchers found 57 stone tools near rhinoceros bones bearing cut marks and some bones smashed open, suggesting that the early humans were

13280:

The friar says: Es la isla de Panay muy parecida a la de Sicilia, así por su forma triangular come por su fertilidad y abundancia de bastimentos... Es la isla más poblada, después de Manila y Mindanao, y una de las mayores, por bojear más de cien leguas. En fertilidad y abundancia es en todas la

8236:

Halfway through her second term, Arroyo unsuccessfully attempted to push for an overhaul of the constitution to transform the present presidential-bicameral republic into a federal parliamentary-unicameral form of government, which critics describe would be a move that would allow her to stay in

7525:

President Quirino also created the Social Security Commission, making Social Welfare Commissioner Asuncion Perez chairman of the same. This was followed by the creation of the President's Action Committee on Social Amelioration, charged with extending aid, loans, and relief to the less fortunate

2328:

of history can be noted for its highly mobile nature, with barangays transforming from being settlements and turning into fleets and vice versa, with the wood constantly re-purposed according to the situation. Politics during this era was personality-driven and organization was based on shifting

2299:

Also known to a lesser extent as the Pre-Philippines period, is a pre-unification period characterized by many independent states known as polities each with its own history, cultures, chieftains, and governments distinct from each other. According to sources from Southern Liang, people from the

1668:

integration of Southeast Asia into Indian Ocean trading networks around 2,000 years ago also shows some impact, with South Asian genetic signals present within some Sama-Bajau communities. There is also some Papuan migration to Southeast Mindanao as Papuan genetic signatures were detected in the

9252:

Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul; Guilay, Dennis; Reyes, Jennelyn; Allian, Fatima Pir; Mori, Virgilio; Azarcon, Lahaina Sue; Manera, Alma; Terando, Celito; Jamero, Lucio;

8228:

Arroyo's initial term in office was marked by fractious coalition politics as well as a military mutiny in Manila in July 2003 that led her to declare a month-long nationwide state of rebellion. Later on in December 2002 she said would not run in the May 10, 2004, presidential election, but she

7784:

to stifle dissent. Marcos justified the declaration by citing the threat of Communist insurgency and the alleged ambush of defense secretary Juan Ponce Enrile. Ruling by decree, Marcos curtailed press freedom and other civil liberties, abolished Congress, closed down major media establishments,

7456:

was born. It became the successor to the U.S. under the treaties of 1930. On July 15, 1946, the United Kingdom annexed the State of North Borneo and, in the view of the United Kingdom, became the sovereign power with respect to what had been the State of North Borneo. On September 19, 1946, the

7302:, the Japanese Army envisioned using the islands as a source of agricultural products needed by its industry. For example, the Japanese had a surplus of sugar from Taiwan but a severe shortage of cotton, so they tried to grow cotton on sugar lands with disastrous results. They lacked the seeds, 7182:

to a prison camp 105 kilometers to the north. About 10,000 Filipinos and 1,200 Americans died before reaching their destination. President Quezon and Osmeña had accompanied the troops to Corregidor and later left for the United States, where they set up a government in exile. MacArthur was

6903:

World War I gave the Philippines the opportunity to pledge assistance to the US war effort. This took the form of an offer to supply a division of troops, as well as providing funding for the construction of two warships. A locally recruited national guard was created and significant numbers of

5855:

In the Americas; overseas Filipinos were involved in several anti-colonial movements, Filomeno V. Aguilar Jr. in his paper: "Manilamen and seafaring: engaging the maritime world beyond the Spanish realm", stated therein that Filipinos who were internationally called Manilamen were active in the

5145:

to resist British attempts to extend their conquest outside Manila. Anda y Salazar established his headquarters first in Bulacan, then in Bacolor. After a number of skirmishes and failed attempts to support Filipino uprisings, the British command admitted to the War Secretary in London that the

4341:

Concurrently, northern Luzon became a center of the "Bahan Trade" (comercio de bafan), found in Luís Fróis' Historia de Japam, mainly refers to the robberies, raids, and pillages conducted by the Japanese pirates of Kyūshūa as they assaulted the China seas. The Sengoku period (1477–1603) or the

4982:

to the western side of the Americas. Legally, the Manila Galleons were only allowed to trade between Mexico and the Philippines; however, illegal trade, commerce, and inter-migration, were happening in secret between the Philippines and other would-be nations in the Spanish Americas due to the

13037:

Bayao, Bras, Letter to the king dated Goa November 1, 1540, Archivo Nacional de Torre de Tombo: Corpo Cronologico, parte 1, maco 68, doc. 63, courtesy of William Henry Scott, Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1994, page

5906:

Likewise, in this period, overseas Filipinos were also active in the Asia-Pacific especially in China and Indochina. During the Taiping rebellion, Frederick Townsend Ward had a militia employing foreigners to quell the rebellion for the Qing government, at first he hired American and European

4176:

arrived from Mexico in 1565 and formed the first European settlements in Cebu. Beginning with just five ships and five hundred men accompanied by Augustinian monks, and further strengthened in 1567 by two hundred soldiers, he was able to repel the Portuguese and create the foundations for the

3286:

to establish a base for expeditionary forces to subdue the local kingdoms but he rebelled and established his own independent Rajahnate instead. The Chinese recorded the name of the Rajahanate of Cebu as Sokbu (束務). While the Indianized royalty of Cebu ruled the native Cebuano people from the

3231:

against the Hindu and Islamic invaders that arrived from the west from their new home base in the Visayas islands. This confederation reached its peak under Datu Padojinog. During his reign the confederations' hegemony extended over most of the islands of Visayas. Its people consistently made

7326:(hemp) for rope. The plans were very difficult to implement in the face of limited skills, collapsed international markets, bad weather, and transportation shortages. The program was a failure that gave very little help to Japanese industry, and diverted resources needed for food production. 6828:

In socio-economic terms, the Philippines made solid progress in this period. Foreign trade had amounted to 62 million pesos in 1895, 13% of which was with the United States. By 1920, it had increased to 601 million pesos, 66% of which was with the United States. A health care system was

6812:

became U.S. president in 1913, new policies were launched designed to gradually lead to Philippine independence. In 1902 U.S. law established Filipinos citizenship in the Philippine Islands; unlike Hawaii in 1898 and Puerto Rico in 1918, they did not become citizens of the United States. The

5794:

Credit is certainly due to Spain for having bettered the condition of a people who, though comparatively highly civilized, yet being continually distracted by petty wars, had sunk into a disordered and uncultivated state. The inhabitants of these beautiful Islands upon the whole, may well be

2931:

In the sixteenth century Pangasinan was called the "Port of Japan" by the Spanish. The locals wore native apparel typical of other maritime Southeast Asian ethnic groups in addition to Japanese and Chinese silks. Even common people were clad in Chinese and Japanese cotton garments. They also

1667:

mountain range. Later migrations brought other Austronesian groups, along with agriculture, and the languages of these recent Austronesian migrants effectively replaced those existing populations. In all cases, new immigrants appear to have mixed to some degree with existing populations. The

17248: 5661:

The book, "Intercolonial Intimacies Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines, 1898–1964 By Paula C. Park" citing "Forzados y reclutas: los criollos novohispanos en Asia (1756-1808)" gave a higher number of later Mexican soldier-immigrants to the Philippines, pegging the number at 35,000

4629:

Franciscan monasteries and a Jesuit house. The king maintained a hospital for the Spanish settlers and there was another hospital for the natives run by the Franciscans. In order to defend the settlements the Spaniards established in the Philippines, a network of military fortresses called "

4628:

The "Memoria de las Encomiendas en las Islas" of 1591, just twenty years after the conquest of Luzon, reveals a remarkable progress in the work of colonialization and the spread of Christianity. A cathedral was built in the city of Manila with an episcopal palace, Augustinian, Dominican and

15448:

According to Ricardo Pinzon, these two Filipino soldiers—Francisco Mongoy and Isidoro Montes de Oca—were so distinguished in battle that they are regarded as folk heroes in Mexico. General Vicente Guerrero later became the first president of Mexico of African descent. See Floro L. Mercene,

6953:

in the early thirties hastened the progress of the Philippines towards independence. In the United States it was mainly the sugar industry and labor unions that had a stake in loosening the U.S. ties to the Philippines since they could not compete with the Philippine cheap sugar (and other

6853:

of the Islands. The 1920s saw alternating periods of cooperation and confrontation with American governors-general, depending on how intent the incumbent was on exercising his powers vis-à-vis the Philippine legislature. Members of the elected legislature lobbied for immediate and complete

5103:

The Philippines survived on an annual subsidy paid by the Spanish Crown and often procured from taxes and profits accrued by the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico), and the 200-year-old fortifications at Manila had not been improved much since first built by the Spanish. This was one of the

1881:

Ambiguity of what is Sa Huỳnh culture puts into question its extent of influence in Southeast Asia. Sa Huỳnh culture is characterized by use of cylindrical or egg-shaped burial jars associated with hat-shaped lids. Using its mortuary practice as a new definition, Sa Huỳnh culture should be

6327:

who was appointed supreme Admiral of the Philippine Revolutionary Navy was a Cuban of Criollo descent. There were even Japanese, French and Italian soldiers in the Revolution and Republic, such as the Japanese officer Captain Chizuno Iwamoto, French soldier Estaquio Castellor, and Italian

6248:

squadron arrived in Manila and engaged in maneuvers which Dewey, seeing this as obstruction of his blockade, offered war—after which the Germans backed down. The German Emperor expected an American defeat, with Spain left in a sufficiently weak position for the revolutionaries to capture

7405:, passed as a precondition for receiving war rehabilitation grants from the United States, exacerbated the dependency with provisions further tying the economies of the two countries. A military assistance pact was signed in 1947 granting the United States a 99-year lease on designated 3013:("Description of the Barbarous Peoples"). William Henry Scott said, that unlike other Philippine kingdoms or polities which needed backing from the Chinese Imperial Court to attract commerce, the Polity of Ma-i was powerful enough to have no need to send tributes to the Chinese throne. 3945:, Luzones aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 CE. At the same time, Luzones fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayuthaya. Lucoes military and trade activity reached as far as 4844:

system in Asia were all created during the Spanish colonial period, and by the time Spain was replaced by the United States as the colonial power, Filipinos were among the most educated subjects in all of Asia. The Jesuits founded the Colegio de Manila in 1590, which later became the

5031: 4354:

as a consequence of the Wokou pirate raids, this resulted in the ban for all the Japanese to enter China, and for Chinese ships to sail to Japan. Thus, Manila became the only place where the Japanese and Chinese can openly trade, often also trading Japanese silver for Chinese silk.

5010:

with crews composed mainly of Filipino volunteers, against three separate Dutch squadrons, totaling eighteen ships, the Dutch squadrons were severely defeated in all fronts by the Spanish-Filipino forces, forcing the Dutch to abandon their plans for an invasion of the Philippines.

7055:

in Manila. The event was attended by a crowd of around 300,000 people. Under the Tydings–McDuffie Act this meant that the date of full independence for the Philippines was set for July 4, 1946, a timetable which was followed after the passage of almost eleven very eventful years.

9028:

Mijares, Armand Salvador; Détroit, Florent; Piper, Philip; Grün, Rainer; Bellwood, Peter; Aubert, Maxime; Champion, Guillaume; Cuevas, Nida; De Leon, Alexandra; Dizon, Eusebio (July 2010). "New evidence for a 67,000-year-old human presence at Callao Cave, Luzon, Philippines".

8083:, endorsed by Aquino, won the presidency with just 23.6% of the vote in a field of seven candidates. Early in his administration, Ramos declared "national reconciliation" his highest priority and worked at building a coalition to overcome the divisiveness of the Aquino years. 7517:' policy of social justice to alleviate the lot of the common mass, President Quirino, almost immediately after assuming office, started a series of steps calculated to effectively ameliorate the economic condition of the people. After periodic surprise visits to the slums of 5653:

40%. According to the data, in the Archdiocese of Manila which administers much of Luzon under it, about 10% of the population was Spanish-Filipino. Summing up all the provinces including those with no Spanish Filipinos, all in all, in the total population of the Philippines,

4029:, sought military assistance against Tondo from his relatives at the Sultanate of Brunei. The Hindu Rajahnates of Butuan and Cebu also endured slave raids from, and waged wars against the Sultanate of Maguindanao. Simultaneous with these slave-raids, was the rebellion of Datu 3649:. Before Islamization, the then Rajahnate of Sulu was established by Visayan speaking Hindu migrants from the Rajahnate of Butuan to the Sulu Archipelago as Tausug, the language of the Sulu state is classified as a Southern Visayan language. During the 10th-13th centuries the 5812:

The first official census in the Philippines was carried out in 1878. The colony's population as of December 31, 1877, was recorded at 5,567,685 persons. This was followed by the 1887 census that yielded a count of 6,984,727, while that of 1898 yielded 7,832,719 inhabitants.

3925:

Pinto noted that there were a number of Luzones in the Islamic fleets that went to battle with the Portuguese in the Philippines during the 16th century. The Sultan of Aceh together with the Ottoman commander Heredim Mafamede whose uncle was the Viceroy of Egypt, assigned

3555:

who married the Emperor of Majapahit, locally known as Soledan and is allegedly the Maharajah Anka Widyaya. Eventually, the kingdoms of Luzon regained independence from Majapahit after the Battle of Manila (1365) and Sulu also reestablished independence, and in vengeance,

3990:

in Bohol achieved prominence and it was known to a later Spanish missionary, Alcina, as the "Venice of the Visayas", because it was a wealthy, wooden and floating city-state in the Visayas. However, this kedatuan was eventually attacked and destroyed by soldiers from the

4397:

in Indonesia, using Filipino warriors, before they were driven out by the Dutch. The Sultanate of Ternate reverted to independence and afterwards led a coalition of sultanates against Spain. While Taiwan became the stronghold of the Ming-loyalist and pirate state of the

5865:, an alternative port to Acapulco Mexico where several Filipinos had settled during the Manila-Acapulco Galleon trade era. Argentinian-Philippine relations can be traced even earlier since the Philippines already received immigrants from South America, like the soldier 5750:

was established to attend the needs of the rapid economic boom, that had greatly increased its pace since the 1800s as a result of a new economy based on a rational exploitation of the agricultural resources of the islands. The increase in textile fiber crops such as

7248:

Japanese about 455,700 casualties. The occupation of the Philippines by Japan ended at the war's conclusion. At the eve of the liberation of the Philippines, the Allied forces and the Japanese Empire waged the largest naval battle in history, by gross tonnage in the

7206:, through which they directed civil affairs until October 1943, when Japan declared the Philippines an independent republic at Gozen Kaigi since U.S. government had promised independence of the Philippines in 1935. The Japanese-sponsored republic headed by President 7839:

Some 2,520 of the 3,257 murder victims were tortured and mutilated before their bodies were dumped in various places for the public to discover – a tactic meant to sow fear among the public, which came to be known as "salvaging." Some bodies were even cannibalized.

1662:

was coming to an end. Austronesians, either from Southern China or Taiwan, were found to have come in at least two distinct waves. The first, occurring perhaps between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago, brought the ancestors of indigenous groups that today live around the

9236:

The Negrito groups are considered to be the earliest inhabitants of the Philippines... genetic evidence (the occurrence of unique alleles) suggests that the Negrito groups in Mindanao may have been separated from those in Luzon for twenty to thirty thousand years

6429:

educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them", in spite of the Philippines having been already Christianized by the Spanish over the course of several centuries. The First Philippine Republic resisted the U.S. occupation, resulting in the

6037:, caught wind of anti-Spanish sentiment among Filipinos and planned to send a fleet to liberate the Philippines from Spain, under the command of Scottish-Chilean admiral, Lord Thomas Cochrane. The fleet would have been sent to the Philippines had it not been for 3372:) in northeastern Mindanao which is the first polity from the Philippine archipelago recorded as having sent a tribute mission to the Chinese empire—on March 17, 1001, CE. Butuan later attained prominence under the rule of Rajah Sri Bata Shaja. In the year 1011, 6277:, on August 13, 1898, the United States captured the city from the Spanish. This battle marked an end of Filipino-American collaboration, as Filipino forces were prevented from entering the captured city of Manila, an action deeply resented by the Filipinos. 5983:

a Philippine born soldier who earned great fame in richer Spain but chose to return to serve in poorer Philippines. He was supported by local soldiers as well as former officers in the Spanish army of the Philippines who were primarily from the now sovereign

14292:

Bartolome Juan Leonardy y de Argensola, Conquistas de las islas Molucas (Madrid: Alonso Martin, 1909) pp. 351–8; Cesar Majul, Muslims in the Philippines (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1973) pp. 119–20; Hal, History of Southeast Asia, pp.

7233:, which armed some 30,000 people and extended their control over much of Luzon. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already-promised independence. 13905:

establishments, exclusive of the religious, who in Manila numbered at least one hundred and fifty, the garrison, at certain times, about four hundred trained Spanish soldiers who had seen service in Holland and the Low Countries, and the official classes.

11922:

Already conceived while he was in Binanua-an, and as the titular head of all the datus left behind by Datu Puti, Datu Sumakwel thought of some kind of system as to how he could exercise his powers given him by Datu Puti over all the other datus under his

9180:

Détroit, Florent; Dizon, Eusebio; Falguères, Christophe; Hameau, Sébastien; Ronquillo, Wilfredo; Sémah, François (December 2004). "Upper Pleistocene Homo sapiens from the Tabon cave (Palawan, The Philippines): description and dating of new discoveries".

8667:, providing free tuition and exemption from other fees in public universities and colleges, as well as subsidies for those enrolled in private higher education institutions. Duterte also signed into law the Universal Health Care Act, the creation of the 5755:, oil products derived from the coconut, indigo, that was growing in demand, etc., generated an increase in money supply that led to the creation of the bank. Banco Español-Filipino was also granted the power to print a Philippine-specific currency (the 2695:

flourished via an active trade with Chinese, Japanese, Malays, and various other peoples in Asia. Tondo thrived as the capital and the seat of power of this ancient kingdom, which was led by kings under the title "Lakan" that belongs to the caste of the

7294:

As in most occupied countries, crime, looting, corruption, and black markets were endemic. Japan in 1943 proposed independence on new terms, and some collaborators went along with the plan, but Japan was clearly losing the war and nothing became of it.

5896:

Upon Mexican independence, the Filipinos had such an effect on Mexico that there were plans among the newly independent Mexicans, to help the Filipinos revolt against Spain too, there was even a secret memorandum from the Mexican government which read:

3786:) as a Bruneian satellite-state and placing his descendants on the throne of Maynila. A new dynasty under the Islamized Rajah Salalila was also established to challenge the House of Lakandula in Tondo. In addition to establishing the satellite state of 8335:, began his presidency on June 30, 2010. His administration claimed to be focused on major reforms that would bring greater transparency, reduced poverty, reduced corruption, and a booming market which will give birth to a newly industrialized nation. 5057:, and minted coin that were exchanged for return cargoes of Asian, and Pacific products. A total of 110 Manila galleons set sail in the 250 years of the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade (1565 to 1815). There was no direct trade with Spain until 1766. 4164: 105: 8090:

and laid the groundwork for talks with communist insurgents, Muslim separatists, and military rebels, attempting to convince them to cease their armed activities against the government. In June 1994, Ramos signed into law a general conditional

7014:

A Constitutional Convention was convened in Manila on July 30, 1934. On February 8, 1935, the 1935 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines was approved by the convention by a vote of 177 to 1. The constitution was approved by President

4916:

system of local control. Among the most significant changes under Spanish rule was that the indigenous idea of communal use and ownership of land was replaced with the concept of private ownership and the conferring of titles on members of the

15553:

For an exploration of Manilamen as mercenaries and filibusters in relation to the person and work of Jose´ Rizal, see Filomeno Aguilar Jr, 'Filibustero, Rizal, and the Manilamen of the nineteenth century', Philippine Studies, 59, 4, 2011, pp.

13281:

primera... El otro corre al oeste con el nombre de Alaguer , desembocando en el mar a dos leguas de distancia de Dumangas...Es el pueblo muy hermoso, ameno y muy lleno de palmares de cocos. Antiguamente era el emporio y corte de la más lucida

4794:), which made it easy for Spanish invasion. The Spanish then brought political unification to most of the Philippine archipelago via the conquest of the various small maritime states although they were unable to fully incorporate parts of the 2827:. Local tradition says that it achieved its peak in 1175. Archeological findings in Santa Ana have produced the oldest evidence of continuous habitation among the Pasig-river polities, pre-dating artifacts found within the historical sites of 7561:(PAF): President Magsaysay asked what the operating costs per hour were for that type of aircraft, then wrote a personal check to the PAF, covering the cost of his flight. He restored the people's trust in the military and in the government. 7484:

The Roxas administration granted general amnesty to those who had collaborated with the Japanese in World War II, except for those who had committed violent crimes. Roxas died suddenly of a heart attack in April 1948, and the vice president,

6024:

dynasty of Spain to the throne during his stint as Lieutenant-General (Three Star General) after the Bourbons have been deposed by revolutionaries. He eventually became Prime Minister of the Spanish Empire and was awarded membership in the

7500:

guerrillas (known as "Huks"), who had evolved into a violent resistance force against the new Philippine government. Government policy towards the Huks alternated between gestures of negotiation and harsh suppression. Secretary of Defense

5885:, another Filipino-Mexican, had participated in the Mexican Revolutionary war against Spain too. The recent participation of overseas Filipinos in Anti-Imperial wars in the Americas started even earlier when Filipinos in the settlement of 5713:

A great number of infrastructure projects were undertaken during the 19th century that put the Philippine economy and standard of living ahead of most of its Asian neighbors and even many European countries at that time. Among them were a

6892:, which was founded in 1907. Although the party's platform called for "immediate independence", their policy toward the Americans was highly accommodating. Within the political establishment, the call for independence was spearheaded by 4493:

people who were mercenaries across Southeast Asia including at Burma and Siam, now implored the new rulers of Luzon, the Spaniards, to aid him in a war to retake his kingdom from an invasion by the Siamese. That had caused the ill-fated

14937:

In Governor Anda y Salazar's opinion, an important part of the problem of vagrancy was the fact that Mexicans and Spanish disbanded after finishing their military or prison terms all over the islands, even the most distant, looking for

8225:) was sworn in as Estrada's successor on the day of his departure. Her accession to power was further legitimized by the mid-term congressional and local elections held four months later, when her coalition won an overwhelming victory. 4284:

of Spain for help to recover the throne usurped by his brother, Saiful Rijal. The Spanish agreed that if they succeeded in conquering Brunei, Pengiran Seri Lela would indeed become the sultan, while Pengiran Seri Ratna would be the new

3206:

formerly at what is now Cambodia, this was the ancestral homeland of the Visayans of the 10 Datus of Panay. Furthermore, he identified the Rajah Makatunao mentioned in the Maragtas book with Rajah Tugau of the Melano nation centered in

11824:

Chau Ju-Kua, writing in the thirteenth century, probably was the first to mention that certain ferocious raiders of China's Fukien coast probably came by way of the southern portion of the island of Formosa, He referred to them as the

8663:, which aimed to sustain the country's economic growth and accelerate poverty reduction by developing transport infrastructure such as railways, roads, airports, and seaports, irrigation, and flood control projects. Duterte signed the 7098:, proved to be major problems. The situation was further complicated by the presence of agrarian unrest, and of power struggles between Osmeña and Quezon, especially after Quezon was permitted to be re-elected after one six-year term. 17242:"Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines regarding the transfer of the administration of the Turtle and Mangsee Islands to the Philippine Republic; Cmd 8320" 2758:

manufactured in Luzon. In 900 CE, the lord-minister Jayadewa presented a document of debt forgiveness to Lady Angkatan and her brother Bukah, the children of Namwaran. This is described in the Philippines' oldest known document, the

2308:

were wearing cotton clothes made in Luzon, Philippines as early as 516–520 CE. The British Historian Robert Nicholl citing Arab chronicler Al Ya'akubi, had written that on the early years of the 800s, the kingdoms of Muja (Then Pagan

6340:

who joined the Filipinos due to his disgust of American racism against both African-Americans and Filipinos. Various nations, mostly Latin American, also influenced the new Republic, the Sun in the Philippine flag was taken from the

13846:

Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World From Mexico to the Philippines, 1765–1811. By Eva Maria Mehl, Published at University of North Carolina Wilmington. Chapter 4: Levies for the Philippines in Late Colonial Mexico (Page

6252:

The U.S. invited Aguinaldo to return to the Philippines in the hope he would rally Filipinos against the Spanish colonial government. Aguinaldo arrived on May 19, 1898, via transport provided by Dewey. On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo

4633:" were constructed and officered by the Spaniards, and sentried by Latin-Americans and Filipinos, across the archipelago, to protect it from foreign nations such as the Portuguese, British and Dutch as well as raiding Muslims and 6181:

in 1897, at which an election chose Emilio Aguinaldo as president over Bonifacio and Trias. Subsequent leadership conflicts with Bonifacio culminated in his execution by Aguinaldo's soldiers. Aguinaldo agreed to a truce with the

4308:

The Spanish succeeded in invading the capital on April 16, 1578, with the help of Pengiran Seri Lela and Pengiran Seri Ratna. Sultan Saiful Rijal and Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan Abdul Kahar were forced to flee to Meragang then to

7505:

initiated a campaign to defeat the insurgents militarily and at the same time win popular support for the government. The Huk movement had waned in the early 1950s, finally ending with the unconditional surrender of Huk leader

6761:. United States policies towards the Philippines shifted with changing administrations. During the early years of territorial administration, the Americans were reluctant to delegate authority to the Filipinos, but an elected 5175:

and Peru) during the British occupation were providing the indios military training for the weapons that had been disseminated all over the territory during the war. Expeditions from Spain were administered since 1785 by the

4882:

introduced advances in rice agriculture, brought from America maize and cocoa and developed the farming of indigo, coffee and sugar cane. The only commercial plant introduced by a government agency was the plant of tobacco.

4321:

outbreak. They were so weakened by the illness that they decided to abandon Brunei to return to Manila on June 26, 1578, after just 72 days. Before doing so, they burned the mosque, a high structure with a five-tier roof.

4271:

and its allies, the Bruneian puppet-state of Maynila, Sulu which had dynastic links with Brunei as well as Maguindanao which was an ally of Sulu. The Spanish and its Visayan allies assaulted Brunei and seized its capital,

7351:

The return of the Americans in spring 1945 was welcomed by nearly all the Filipinos, in sharp contrast to the situation in nearby Dutch East Indies. The collaborationist "Philippine Republic" set up by the Japanese under

1764:

was initially established by the animist indigenous peoples between the Philippines and Taiwan, and later expanded to cover Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and other countries. Artifacts made from white and green

4488:

In 1593, a diplomatic entourage addressed to the "King of Luzon" from the King of Cambodia which bore an elephant as a tribute arrived in Manila. The King of Cambodia which witnessed the military activity of precolonial

7891:

upon his return to the Philippines after a long period of exile. This coalesced popular dissatisfaction with Marcos and began a succession of events, including pressure from the United States, that culminated in a snap

3794:

also married Laila Mecana, the daughter of Sulu Sultan Amir Ul-Ombra to expand Brunei's influence in both Luzon and Mindanao. Furthermore, Islam was further strengthened by the arrival to the Philippines of traders and

7580:

by promoting the resettlement of poor people in the Catholic north into traditionally Muslim areas. Though this relieved population pressure in the north, it heightened religious hostilities. Remnants of the communist

15831:

revolutions broke the Spanish Empire, many of the settlers from the New World, Caucasian Creoles born in Mexico or Peru, became suspect in the eyes of the Iberian Spanish. The Spanish Empire had lost its universality.

7876:, in protest over his control over the results. Marcos won by a margin of over 16 million votes, allowing him to have another six-year term under the new Constitution that his administration crafted. Finance Minister 1638:

waves. This likely occurred sometime after 46,000 years ago. Another Negrito migration entered Mindanao sometime after 25,000 years ago. Two early East Asian waves were detected, one most strongly evidenced among the

9908:, p. 138. "Not one roof beam, not one grain of rice, not one pygmy Negrito bone has been recovered. Any theory which describes such details is therefore pure hypothesis and should be honestly presented as such." 7356:, was highly unpopular, and the extreme destructiveness of the Japanese Army in Manila in its last days solidified Japan's image as a permanent target of hate. The pre-war Commonwealth system was reestablished under 2727:. During its existence, it grew to become one of the most prominent and wealthy kingdom states in precolonial Philippines due to heavy trade and connections with several neighboring nations such as China and Japan. 8736:, daughter of then-president Rodrigo Duterte. On June 30, 2022, Marcos was sworn in as the Philippine president and Sara Duterte was sworn in as vice-president. A few weeks after his inauguration as president, the 3708:

It ruled most parts of Mindanao and continued to exist prior to the Spanish colonialization until the 19th century. The Sultanate also traded and maintained good relations with the Chinese, Dutch, and the British.

4746:

into the ethnic mix, and the rest were Malays and Negritos. They were under the care of 140 missionaries, of which 79 were Augustinians, nine Dominicans and 42 Franciscans. Adding during the Spanish evacuation of

7564:

Magsaysay's administration was considered one of the cleanest and most corruption-free in modern Philippine history; his rule is often cited as the Philippines' "Golden Years". Trade and industry flourished, the

4410:

in Indonesia which regained independence from Spain, as well as the Sultanate of Brunei, not until the 19th century did Spain succeed in defeating the Sulu Sultanate and taking Mindanao under nominal suzerainty.

6854:

independence from the United States. Several independence missions were sent to Washington, D.C. A civil service was formed and was gradually taken over by Filipinos, who had effectively gained control by 1918.

6954:

commodities) which could freely enter the U.S. market. Therefore, they agitated in favor of granting independence to the Philippines so that its cheap products and labor could be shut out of the United States.

1491:

between Austronesian and Negrito groups. Before the expansion out of Taiwan, archaeological, linguistic and genetic evidence had linked Austronesian speakers in Insular Southeast Asia to cultures such as the

7617:

Garcia successfully negotiated for the United States' relinquishment of large military land reservations. However, his administration lost popularity on issues of government corruption as his term advanced.

6753:. This government saw its mission as one of tutelage, preparing the Philippines for eventual independence. On July 4, 1902, the office of military governor was abolished and full executive power passed from 10621:

Yamagata, Mariko; Matsumura, Hirofumi (2017). "Austronesian Migration to Central Vietnam: Crossing over the Iron Age Southeast Asian Sea". In Matsumura, Hirofumi; Piper, Philip J.; Bulbeck, David (eds.).

13836:

AGI, México, leg. 25, núm. 62; AGI, Filipinas, leg. 8, ramo 3, núm. 50; leg. 10, ramo 1, núm. 6; leg. 22, ramo 1, núm. 1, fos. 408 r −428 v; núm. 21; leg. 32, núm. 30; leg. 285, núm. 1, fos. 30 r −41 v

4905:

At the lower levels of administration, the Spanish built on traditional village organization by co-opting local leaders. This system of indirect rule helped create an indigenous upper class, called the

3395:. Researcher Eric Casino, believes the name of the first Rajah mentioned in Chinese records, Rajah Kiling, is not Visayan in origin but rather, Indian, because Kiling refers to the people of India. The 6989:, partially because of provisions leaving the United States in control of naval bases. Under his influence, the Philippine legislature rejected the bill. The following year, a revised act known as the 4228: 3874:, Lucoes warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 CE. At the same time, Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same Burmese Army. They were also in 6307:

was also renowned to be racially tolerant and progressive as it had a multi-ethnic composition that included various other races and nationalities asides from the native Filipino, being its officers.

13822:

The Largest Cities.—Most of this Spanish population dwelt in Manila or in the five other cities which the Spaniards had founded in the first three decades of their occupation. Those were as follows:—

15590:

del siglo XIX," in El lejano Oriente espanol: Filipinas ( ˜ Siglo XIX). Actas, ed. Paulino Castaneda ˜ Delgado and Antonio Garcia-Abasolo Gonzalez (Seville: Catedra General Casta ´ nos, ˜1997), 586.

8233:

resignation. Arroyo admitted to inappropriately speaking to an election official, but denied allegations of fraud and refused to step down. Attempts to impeach the president failed later that year.

8113:

Efforts by Ramos supporters to gain passage of an amendment that would allow him to run for a second term were met with large-scale protests, leading Ramos to declare he would not seek re-election.

4974:. The galleons sailed once or twice a year, between the 16th and 19th centuries. The Manila Galleons brought with them goods, settlers and military reinforcements destined for the Philippines, from 10497:

Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy

7569:

was at its prime, and the country gained international recognition in sports, culture, and foreign affairs. The Philippines placed second on a ranking of Asia's clean and well-governed countries.

14033:(Zamboanga City History) "He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom." 7808:, continued the work of framing a new constitution after the declaration of martial law. The new constitution went into effect in early 1973, changing the form of government from presidential to 5782:

Spanish Manila was seen in the 19th century as a model of colonial governance that effectively put the interests of the original inhabitants of the islands before those of the colonial power. As

2336:

empire, but there is not much archaeological evidence to definitively support such a relationship. Considerable evidence exists, on the other hand, for extensive trade with the Majapahit empire.

16983: 8944:

Including others such as Latin-Americans and Chinese-Mestizos, pure Chinese paid tribute but were not Philippine citizens as they were transients who returned to China, and Spaniards were exempt

3027:

Sandao "三嶋" in Chinese characters, which was also known as Sanyu (三嶼), was a Prehispanic Filipino nation recorded in Chinese annals as a nation occupying the islands of Jamayan 加麻延 (present-day

11742:; Chau-Ju-Kua's Chronicles of the Twelfth Century, Now First Translated, Give a "Description of Barbarous Peoples" Picked Up by This Noted Inspector of Foreign Trade and Descendant of Emperors. 7329:

Living conditions were bad throughout the Philippines during the war. Transportation between the islands was difficult because of lack of fuel. Food was in very short supply, due to inflation.

5702:

decreed the establishment of a free public school system that used Spanish as the language of instruction, leading to increasing numbers of educated Filipinos. Additionally, the opening of the

4177:

unification and colonialization of the Archipelago. In 1571, the Spanish, their Latin-American recruits and their Filipino (Visayan) allies, commanded by able conquistadors such as Mexico-born

14560:

Fish, Shirley. The Manila-Acapulco Galleons: The Treasure Ships of the Pacific, with an Annotated List of the Transpacific Galleons 1565–1815. Central Milton Keynes, England: Authorhouse 2011.

8195:

erupted demanding Estrada's resignation. Faced with street protests, cabinet resignations, and a withdrawal of support from the armed forces, Estrada resigned from office on January 20, 2001.

8157:. His election campaign pledged to help the poor and develop the country's agricultural sector. He enjoyed widespread popularity, particularly among the poor. Estrada assumed office amid the 4025:

During this period there was also a simmering territorial conflict between the Polity of Tondo and the Bruneian vassal-state, the Islamic Rajahnate of Maynila, to which the ruler of Maynila,

3666:. The Yakans were descendants of the Taguima-based Orang Dampuan who came to Sulu from Champa. As told before, Sulu was also briefly ruled under the Hindu Majapahit empire as narrated in the 1892: 13932: 3956:

The Portuguese were soon relying on Luzones bureaucrats for the administration of Malacca and on Luzones warriors, ships and pilots for their military and commercial ventures in East Asia.

2340:

cultural traits, such as linguistic terms and religious practices, filtered in during the 10th through the early 14th centuries, through early Philippine polities' relations with the Hindu

7836:, and similar human rights monitoring entities, the dictatorship was marked by 3,257 known extrajudicial killings, 35,000 documented tortures, 77 'disappeared', and 70,000 incarcerations. 7828:

particularly targeted political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought back against the administration. Based on the documentation of

4983:

tremendous demand and profitability of Asian products in Latin America and this clandestine defiance of Spanish colonial decrees forbidding trade, continued all throughout the term of the

1110:. By around 3000 BCE, seafaring Austronesians, who form the majority of the current population, migrated southward from Taiwan. By 2000 BCE the archipelago was the crux of a trans-oceanic 4759:

and Ermita, Manila. and they were presaged by their previous ruler, Sultan Said Din Burkat who was enslaved but eventually converted to Christianity and was freed after being deported to

5786:

put it in its History of the Indian Archipelago, in all of Asia the "Philippines alone did improve in civilization, wealth, and populousness under the colonial rule" of a foreign power.

4362:, one of the children of Lakan Dula, along with Lakan Dula's nephew and lords of the neighboring areas of Tondo, Pandacan, Marikina, Candaba, Navotas and Bulacan, were executed when the 7389:

over the Philippines on July 4, 1946, as scheduled. Ending the 381 years of colonial rule in the country that had lasted from April 27, 1565, since the Spanish settlement. However, the

6531:

The general population, caught between Americans and rebels, suffered significantly. At least 200,000 Filipino civilians died as an indirect result of the war mostly as a result of the

2972:

Arab chronicler Al Ya'akubi, had written that in the 800s, the kingdoms of Muja (Then Pagan/Hindu Brunei) and Mayd (Ma-i) militarily competed with the Chinese Empire. Volume 186 of the

2754:

settled in Japan and culturally mediated with the locals and their Austronesian kin to the south, served at the Imperial court and sometimes waged battles in Japan. Japan also imported

7306:, and technical skills to grow cotton. Jobless farm workers flocked to the cities, where there was minimal relief and few jobs. The Japanese Army also tried using cane sugar for fuel, 4212:, who was a vassal to the Sultan of Brunei, refused to submit to Legazpi, but failed to get the support of Lakan Dula or of the Pampangan and Pangasinan settlements to the north. When 8169: 850: 20596: 14002:. He also formed a corps of artillerists composed of Filipinos. These were regular troops, who received from Arandía sufficient pay to enable them to live decently and like an army. 13441:""Merchants, Missionaries and Marauders: Trade and Traffic between Kyūshū (Japan) and Luzon (Philippines) in the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries" By Ubaldo IACCARINO" 8165:

provisions of the constitution that is considered as impeding the entry of more foreign investments in the Philippines. However, it was not successful in amending the constitution.

19490: 14262: 5973:

dissatisfaction against the Peninsulares (Spaniards direct from Spain) spurred by their love of the land and their suffering people had a justified hatred against the exploitative

19415: 8516:). This resulted in the proceedings of the Philippines to file a sovereignty case against China in a global arbitration tribunal. Later on in 2014, the Aquino Administration then 16631: 16595: 13339: 10486:

Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751

6574:, Aguinaldo dissolved the regular army on November 13 and ordered the establishment of decentralized guerrilla commands in each of several military zones. Another key general, 5687:

1870 provides for the first autonomous community for "Archipelago Filipino" where all provinces in the Philippine Islands will be given the semi-independent home rule program.

4710:

Interactions between native Filipinos and immigrant Spaniards plus the Latin-Americans and their Spanish-Mestizo descendants eventually caused the formation of a new language,

18508: 12070: 1129:. Some of these settlements (mostly those located on major river deltas) achieved such a scale of social complexity that some scholars believe they should be considered early 17481: 7797:. Crime rates plunged dramatically after a curfew was implemented. Many protesters, students, and political opponents were forced to go into exile, and a number were killed. 3934:

However, the Luzones did not only fight on the side of the Muslims. Pinto says they were also apparently among the natives of the Philippines who fought the Muslims in 1538.

14209:

Stephanie Mawson, 'Between Loyalty and Disobedience: The Limits of Spanish Domination in the Seventeenth Century Pacific' (Univ. of Sydney M.Phil. thesis, 2014), appendix 3.

13047:

The Mediterranean Connection by William Henry Scott Page 138 (Published By: Ateneo de Manila University) Taken from "Translated in Teixera, The Portuguese Missions, p. 166."

7731:

continued to fight for an independent Muslim nation in Mindanao. An explosion which killed opposition lawmakers during the proclamation rally of the senatorial slate of the

25204: 16502: 14192: 11772:

Hugh R. Clark, Community, trade, and networks, Southern Fujian province from the third to the thirteenth century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 127‒132.

8191:

by the House of Representatives but his impeachment trial in the Senate broke down when the senate voted to block examination of the president's bank records. In response,

5808:

and the exports steadily increased. Let us be just; what British, French, or Dutch colony, populated by natives can compare with the Philippines as they were until 1895?.

5100:

in which he advises to abandon the colony, but the religious orders opposed this since they considered the Philippines a launching pad for the conversion of the Far East.

3267:

The Rajahnate of Cebu was a Precolonial state. It was founded by Sri Lumay otherwise known as Rajamuda Lumaya, a half-Malay and half-Indian, and was a minor prince of the

9067:

Détroit, Florent; Mijares, Armand Salvador; Corny, Julien; Daver, Guillaume; Zanolli, Clément; Dizon, Eusebio; Robles, Emil; Grün, Rainer; Piper, Philip J. (April 2019).

7186: 6333: 4243:

erupted between the Christian Spaniards and Muslim Bruneians over control of the Philippine archipelago. On one side, the newly Christianized Non-Muslim Visayans of the

1435:. The Callao Man remains and 12 bones of three hominin individuals found by subsequent excavations in Callao Cave were later identified to belong in a new species named 662: 18170: 7079:, the perfection of democratic institutions, reforms in education, improvement of transport, the promotion of local capital, industrialization, and the colonization of 1658:

and reflects a similar genetic signal found in western Indonesia. These happened sometime after 15,000 years ago and 12,000 years ago respectively, around the time the

15409: 7067:

The new government embarked on ambitious nation-building policies in preparation for economic and political independence. These included national defense (such as the

814: 21468: 8037:

In 1991, the Philippine Senate rejected a treaty that would have allowed a 10-year extension of the U.S. military bases in the country. The United States turned over

7178:

in April 1942 and on Corregidor in May of the same year. Most of the 80,000 prisoners of war captured by the Japanese at Bataan were forced to undertake the infamous

3654: 16886: 7557:

literally a "house of the people", opening its gates to the public. One example of his integrity followed a demonstration flight aboard a new plane belonging to the

6269:

on June 23. By the time U.S. land forces arrived, the Filipinos had taken control of the entire island of Luzon except for the Spanish capitol in the walled city of

4118:. Magellan claimed the islands he saw for Spain and named them Islas de San Lázaro. He established friendly relations with some of the local leaders especially with 2344:

empire. The Philippine archipelago is thus one of the countries, (others include Afghanistan and Southern Vietnam) just at the outer edge of what is considered the "

8655:

in Mindanao. To attain inclusive economic growth and improve quality of life in the country, in 2017, the Duterte administration launched its socioeconomic policy,

4940:. Friendly letters were exchanged, officially starting relations between Japan and New Spain. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as a territory of the 19969: 19327: 3587:

as its provinces eventually seceded and became independent sultanates. With the upsurge of Islam, the remnants of Hindu Majapahit eventually fled to the island of

17706: 11102: 11714: 6649:. The Negros Republic became a Pro-American protectorate of the United States. Another insurgent republic was briefly formed during American administration: the 692: 18733: 12430:

100 Events That Shaped The Philippines (Adarna Book Services Inc. 1999 Published by National Centennial Commission) Page 72 "The Founding of the Sulu Sultanate"

12002: 7496:

World War II had left the Philippines demoralized and severely damaged. The task of reconstruction was complicated by the activities of the Communist-supported

1899: 10999: 809: 24334: 14591: 3906:: تمڠݢوڠ) (Governor and Chief General) in Portuguese Malacca. He was also the head of an international armada which traded and protected commerce between the 3319:. The kingdom enjoyed the diplomatic recognition of Thailand as observed by Ferdinand Magellan's expedition which noted an embassy borne by a ship from Siam ( 2661:

Tondo was a major trade hub on Luzon island in the northern part of the Pasig River delta. The earliest historical record of local polities and kingdoms, the

19549: 8668: 7155:. Aerial bombardment was followed by landings of ground troops on Luzon. The defending Philippine and United States troops were under the command of General 763: 18602: 18248: 14837: 13304: 9842: 8614:

to fulfill a campaign promise of wiping out criminality in six months; by August 2019, the death toll for the war on drugs was 5,779. On July 12, 2016, the

8504:

Under Aquino's presidency, the Philippines has had controversial clashes with the People's Republic of China on a number of issues (such as the standoff in

5088:

piracy from the North nearly bankrupted the colonial treasury. Furthermore, the state of near constant war caused a high death and desertion rate among the

4426:

which had just invaded former Christian lands in the Eastern Mediterranean and which had a center of operations in Southeast Asia at its nearby vassal, the

1893: 21494: 19574: 8529: 7464:

Roxas did not stay long in office because of a heart attack as he was speaking at Clark Air Base on April 15, 1948. He was succeeded by his vice president

4722:

and were ennobled, as they scattered across the many provinces of the Philippines to serve as administrators. There was also a large but unknown number of

1052: 12590: 23343: 6849:

were suppressed but not entirely extinguished. A new educational system was established with English as the medium of instruction, eventually becoming a

5778:

Spaniard who was a peninsulares general in the Philippines José de Azcárraga and a Filipina mestiza María Palmero. He became the Prime minister of Spain.

6713: 6550:

The poorly equipped Filipino troops were easily overpowered by American troops in open combat, but they were formidable opponents in guerrilla warfare.

2723:

The people of Tondo had developed a culture that is predominantly Hindu and Buddhist, they were also good agriculturists, and lived through farming and

1246:

These kingdoms traded with what are now called China, India, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia. The remainder of the settlements were independent

132: 24354: 23269: 17806: 16975: 16950: 8884: 8664: 7236: 1646:

and related people of the Sulu archipelago, Zamboanga Peninsula, and Palawan. The admixture found in the Sama people indicates a relationship with the

914: 16453:

Theresa Ventura (2016). "From Small Farms to Progressive Plantations: The Trajectory of Land Reform in the American Colonial Philippines, 1900–1916".

8798:

in February, and entered into force in June 2023. Marcos also went on many foreign trips in hopes to attract more foreign investments in the country.

7550:, also known as the Manila Pact of 1954, that aimed to defeat communist-Marxist movements in Southeast Asia, South Asia and the Southwestern Pacific. 7347:

The Flag of the United States of America is lowered while the Flag of the Philippines is raised during the Independence Day ceremonies on July 4, 1946

25272: 18854: 18313: 12673:

Santiago, Luciano P.R., The Houses of Lakandula, Matanda, and Soliman : Genealogy and Group Identity, Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 18

11970: 9789: 8595: 4620: 949: 16781: 15493:

Guevarra, Rudy P. Jr. (2011). "Filipinos in Nueva España: Filipino-Mexican Relations, Mestizaje, and Identity in Colonial and Contemporary Mexico".

14142:

generally referred to full-blooded Spaniards who had been born in the Philippines, distinguishing them from Spaniards born in Spain who were termed

13669: 6684:) enslaved soldiers who had revolted against the Spanish colonial government and included Muslims, Lumads, and Christians in his anti-Spanish army. 6504:

Hostilities broke out on February 4, 1899, after two American privates killed three Filipino soldiers as American forces launched a major attack in

6412:

Despite the establishment of the First Philippine Republic, Spain and the United States had sent commissioners to Paris to draw up the terms of the

6029:, which is considered the most exclusive and prestigious order of chivalry in the world. In the aftermath of Chilean soldiers' participation in the 4857:

in 1768, the management of the Jesuit schools passed to other parties. On April 28, 1611, through the initiative of Bishop Miguel de Benavides, the

3451:

At the same time as the rise of Butuan was the emergence of the Rajahnate of Sanmalan. Sanmalan was a precolonial Philippine kingdom on what is now

2321:) waged war against the Chinese Empire. Medieval Indian scholars also referred to the Philippines as "Panyupayana" (The lands surrounded by water). 22461: 18192: 17558: 17459: 13940: 12856:

of William Henry Scott, Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1994, page 194.

10517:

Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.

8622:

in the South China Sea; the ruling deprived surface features in the contested area of territorial-generating status, effectively deflating China's

7461:

and the Mangesse Islands. Pursuant to a supplemental international agreement, the transfer of administration became effective on October 16, 1947.

7190:

Exiled Manuel L. Quezon (sitting second to the right) in Washington, D.C., with Representatives of 26 United Nations at Flag day ceremonies in the

1891: 11063:

Philippine History by Maria Christine N. Halili. "Chapter 3: Precolonial Philippines" (Published by Rex Bookstore; Manila, Sampaloc St. Year 2004)

7864:

as well as civil unrest contributed to a serious decline in economic growth and development under Marcos, whose own health faced obstacles due to

24819: 22326: 22015: 21786: 13720: 12896: 12199:

Eric Casino. "The Barangays of Butuan: Lumad Mindanaoans in China and the Sulu Zone". Asia Mindanaw: Dialogue of Peace and Development (2014): 2.

7271:. An estimated 1 million Filipinos had been killed, a large portion during the final months of the war, and Manila had been extensively damaged. 2819:

Map showing the polities of Tondo (red), Maynila (purple) and Namayan (grey) and its respective approximate territories based on various sources.

1947: 1117:

Scholars generally believe that these ethnic and social groups eventually developed into various settlements or polities with varying degrees of

1009: 24314: 21269: 18338: 18323: 17274: 9728: 22104: 22092: 15348: 11075: 10200:

Ko, Albert Min-Shan; Chen, Chung-Yu; Fu, Qiaomei; Delfin, Frederick; Li, Mingkun; Chiu, Hung-Lin; Stoneking, Mark; Ko, Ying-Chin (March 2014).

9585: 8709: 7998: 7821: 7771: 5822: 5187: 1631: 19610: 11585: 9957: 9843:""Small Size" in the Philippine Human Fossil Record: Is It Meaningful for a Better Understanding of the Evolutionary History of the Negritos?" 5146:

Spanish were "in full possession of the country". The occupation of Manila ended in April 1764 as agreed to in the peace negotiations for the

5019: 25277: 24364: 22885: 21849: 21657: 17404: 7945: 7801: 6202:

until a more suitable one was created. Armed conflicts resumed, this time coming from almost every province in Spanish-governed Philippines.

840: 832: 18840: 18490: 18064: 16387: 13479: 2324:

By the 1300s, a number of the large coastal settlements had emerged as trading centers, and became the focal point of societal changes. The

1250:

allied with one of the larger states. These small states alternated from being part of or being influenced by larger Asian empires like the

23969: 23327: 21854: 21548: 19061: 14622: 12568: 10349:

Legarda, Benito Jr. (2001). "Cultural Landmarks and their Interactions with Economic Factors in the Second Millennium in the Philippines".

6985:'s veto. Though the bill had been drafted with the aid of a commission from the Philippines, it was opposed by Philippine Senate President 6693: 4861:

was founded in Manila. The Jesuits also founded the Colegio de San José (1601) and took over the Escuela Municipal, later to be called the

4568:. Aside from Manila the capital, the Spanish and Latino populations were first concentrated in the 5 newly founded Spanish Royal Cities of 2463:

In the years leading up to 1000, there were already several maritime societies existing in the islands but there was no unifying political

1232: 799: 672: 621: 14253:

Relacion de las Encomiendas existentes en Filipinas el dia 31 de Mayo de 1591. in Retana: Archivo del Bibliofilo Filipino, iv, pp. 39-112.

7214: 6554:, the revolutionary capital, was captured on March 31, 1899. Aguinaldo and his government escaped, however, establishing a new capital at 1769:

have been discovered at a number of archeological excavations in the Philippines since the 1930s. The artifacts have been both tools like

22346: 21919: 21812: 21776: 19500: 14045: 8795: 6266: 6214: 1679:

By 1000 BCE, the inhabitants of the Philippine archipelago had developed into four distinct kinds of peoples: tribal groups, such as the

929: 924: 875: 194: 15152: 7856:

Marcos officially lifted martial law on January 17, 1981. However, he retained much of the government's power for arrest and detention.

6570:

to meet with Aguinaldo. With his best commander dead and his troops suffering continued defeats as American forces pushed into northern

21892: 21754: 21652: 21647: 21632: 21627: 19423: 16818: 16628: 16603: 15463: 14031:"SECOND BOOK OF THE SECOND PART OF THE CONQUESTS OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS, AND CHRONICLE OF THE RELIGIOUS OF OUR FATHER, ST. AUGUSTINE" 11029:

Guillermo, Ramon; Paluga, Myfel Joseph (2011). "Barang king banga: A Visayan language reading of the Calatagan pot inscription (CPI)".

8466: 8187:

In October 2000, however, Estrada was accused of having accepted millions of pesos in payoffs from illegal gambling businesses. He was

8121: 7674: 7338: 6444: 6357:

which symbolized Inti who was the Incan Sun God, while the stars in the flag were inspired by the stars in the flags of the nations of

4453:, withdrew back to the Philippines in order to re-concentrate their military forces because of a threatened invasion by the Japan-born 4070: 2801:) and the city itself was encased by Bamboo thickets. By the time of Spanish contact, it was ruled by a native Chief named Gat Maitan. 2290: 791: 753: 745: 639: 433: 199: 19201: 19030: 17019:"LIEUTENANT RAMSEY'S WAR" by EDWIN PRICE RAMSEY and STEPHEN J. RIVELE.Published by Knightsbride publishing Co, Los Angeles, California 13343: 8420:. It added two more years to the country's ten-year schooling system for primary and secondary education. The country was then hit by 7904:(Comelec), declared Marcos the winner of the election. However, there was a large discrepancy between the Comelec results and that of 5979:

who were only appointed to high positions due to their race and unflinching loyalty to the homeland. This resulted in the uprising of

2493:. or by upland agricultural societies ruled by "petty plutocrats". A number of states existed alongside the highland societies of the 1897: 1894: 25316: 22559: 22060: 21759: 21619: 16705: 16361: 15958: 11787:

A new translation of Part 1 of the Zhufan zhi 諸蕃志 (1225) By Shao-yun Yang (Department of History, Denison University) October 2, 2022

8432: 7711:. Early in his presidency, Marcos initiated public works projects and intensified tax collection. In a failed attempt to retake east 6195: 4854: 4829: 3919: 3460: 2713: 1939: 1004: 939: 504: 237: 19302: 16856: 15931: 14219: 10934:

The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History by Richard Bulliet, Pamela Crossley, Daniel Headrick, Steven Hirsch, Lyman Johnson p.186

4783: 3999:. The survivors of the destruction, led by their datu, Pagbuaya, migrated to northern Mindanao and established a new Dapitan there. 3097:

on the port cities of southern China between A.D. 1174–1190, which he believed came by way of the southern portion of the island of

444: 25184: 24288: 22966: 21887: 17678: 17485: 14352: 10864: 8904: 8660: 8095:

covering all rebel groups, and Philippine military and police personnel accused of crimes committed while fighting the insurgents.

5698:

During the 19th century Spain invested heavily in education and infrastructure. Through the Education Decree of December 20, 1863,

3662:

Harmonious commerce between Sulu and the Orang Dampuan was later restored and the Orang Dampuans became the ancestors of the local

1224: 1045: 18689: 18218: 18151: 15185: 13796: 12571:, Moro National Liberation Front web site. "The Political and Religious History of the Bangsamoro People, condensed from the book 6817:

of 1916 became the new basic law, promised eventual independence. It provided for the election of both houses of the legislature.

4751:, the 200 families of mixed Mexican-Filipino-Spanish and Moluccan-Portuguese descent who had ruled over the briefly Christianized 24268: 22834: 22336: 22177: 21766: 19148: 18449: 18356: 14063: 13468:

Martinez, Manuel F. Assassinations & conspiracies : from Rajah Humabon to Imelda Marcos. Manila: Anvil Publishing, 2002.

9997:

Lipson, Mark; Loh, Po-Ru; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Ko, Ying-Chin; Stoneking, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Reich, David (2014).

9363: 8241: 7833: 7198:

The Japanese military authorities immediately began organizing a new government structure in the Philippines and established the

7174:

to prevent its destruction. The Philippine defense continued until the final surrender of United States-Philippine forces on the

3835: 17739: 15007: 13459:: The Asian Waters as Conduits of Knowledge, People, Cargoes, and Technologies Page 107 (Citing:"Wang 1953; Tanaka Takeo 1961.") 10597: 10535:

Junker, L. L. (1999). Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms. University of Hawaii Press.

5084:

from the West, in the 17th century together with the intermittent conflict with the Muslims in the South and combating Japanese

4402:. The Spanish and the Moros of the sultanates of Maguindanao, Lanao and Sulu also waged many wars over hundreds of years in the 1452:

were early settlers, but their appearance in the Philippines has not been reliably dated. They were followed by speakers of the

22895: 22010: 21717: 21639: 21507: 19175: 12657: 11392: 8540: 8528:

after Chinese ships were accused of harassing a small Philippine vessel carrying goods for stationed military personnel in the

8452: 7813:

after incurring massive debt and downgrading prospects of the Philippines under martial rule, while the wife of the president,

7742: 7299: 7122: 7114: 7102: 6254: 2700:, who were the feudal warrior class in ancient Tagalog society. At its height, they ruled a large part of what is now known as 1540: 1352: 984: 697: 579: 147: 23406: 21299:

The Philippine Islands, A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago

17160: 15919:

The Philippine Islands: A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago

15651: 13544:

Journal, Memorials and Letters of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge: Security, Diplomacy and Commerce in 17th-century Southeast Asia

12682:

Henson, Mariano A. 1965. The Province of Pampanga and Its Towns: A.D. 1300–1965. 4th ed. revised. Angeles City: By the author.

12174: 9068: 7534: 25042: 23153: 22341: 22199: 22075: 21690: 21420: 21355: 21331: 21258: 21106: 21076: 21057: 21015: 20996: 20975: 20941: 20920: 20899: 20857: 20812: 20791: 20741: 20701: 20677: 20658: 20639: 20585: 20564: 20545: 20526: 20486: 20465: 20446: 20425: 20404: 20346: 20321: 20296: 20271: 20246: 20221: 20196: 20171: 20146: 20121: 20096: 20071: 20046: 20021: 19958: 19937: 19916: 19887: 19836: 19810: 19791: 17979: 17871: 17363: 16931: 16894: 15823: 15781: 15120: 14930: 14879: 14633: 14581: 14508: 14422: 14274:

Retana, "Relacion de las Encomiendas existentes en Filipinas el dia 31 de 1.591" Archivo del Bibliófilo Filipino IV, p 39–112

14098: 13778: 13645: 13611: 13551: 13211: 12980: 12947: 12627: 12527: 12501: 12475: 12415: 12366: 11892: 11453: 11428: 11364:

Kakubayashi, Fumio (1998). "隼人 : オーストロネシア系の古代日本部族'" [Hayato: An Austronesian speaking tribe in southern Japan].

11339: 11294: 11267: 11233: 10906: 10826: 10773: 10745: 10702: 10631: 10605: 10391: 10135: 10096: 9688: 9622: 9555: 9424: 9326: 8879: 8729: 8587: 8380: 8204: 8154: 8117: 7893: 7023: 6016:

that was a precursor to the Philippine Revolution. However, Hispanic-Philippines reached its zenith when the Philippine-born

5662:

immigrants in the 1700s, in a Philippine population which was only around 1.5 Million, thus forming 2.33% of the population.

4370:

Spanish power was further consolidated after Miguel López de Legazpi's complete assimilation of Madja-as, his subjugation of

4255:(which were from northern Mindanao), as well as the remnants of the Kedatuan of Dapitan had previously waged war against the 1895: 24004: 23873: 23500: 23496: 19678: 19523: 15126: 12799:

Cf. William Henry Scott (1903). "Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society". (January 1, 1994) pp. 109–110.

10947: 6924:(1935–36). The change in form was more than symbolic: it was intended as a manifestation of the transition to independence. 6562:, Aguinaldo's most capable military commander, was killed by Aguinaldo's guards in an apparent assassination while visiting 4378:'s conquest of the provinces of Zambales, La Union, Ilocos, the coast of Cagayan, and the ransacking of the Chinese warlord 25137: 25132: 24500: 23906: 23549: 23002: 22398: 22381: 22233: 22216: 22080: 21827: 21749: 21596: 18715: 15717: 13998:

centuries. He reformed the greatly disorganized military force, establishing what was known as the "Regiment of the King,"

11739: 8869: 8839: 8098:

In October 1995, the government signed an agreement bringing the military insurgency to an end. A peace agreement with the

8027: 8009: 7951: 7805: 6998:

that the date of independence would be on July 4 following the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the Commonwealth.

6921: 4565: 4422:. The Spanish expeditions into the Philippines were also part of a larger Ibero-Islamic world conflict that included a war 4074: 3065:

and was mentioned in the Chinese Gazeteer Zhufan zhi 諸蕃志 (1225). It is described as politically connected to the nation of

2857:(An account of the various barbarians) as one of the trading places along with Mai (Mindoro or Manila). In northern Luzon, 2201: 999: 944: 909: 890: 732: 484: 219: 21117: 20823: 19279: 15852: 15435: 13768: 12465: 11284: 7997:

Corazon Aquino immediately formed a revolutionary government to normalize the situation, and provided for a transitional "

7542:

As President, he was a close friend and supporter of the United States and a vocal spokesman against communism during the

5851:. It sparked the movements that would later bring about the revolution that would end Spain's control of the archipelago. 1896: 25356: 25199: 24319: 22809: 22413: 22170: 22123: 21936: 21880: 21591: 21586: 19705: 19419: 15743:

Doeppers, Daniel F. (1994). "Tracing the Decline of the Mestizo Categories in Philippine Life in the Late 19Th Century".

15321: 15082: 11516:

Estado Geografico, Topografico, Estadistico, Historico-Religioso de la Santa y Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio Magno

8889: 8679: 8490: 8388: 8252: 6917: 6758: 4313:. In Jerudong, they made plans to chase the conquering army away from Brunei. The Spanish suffered heavy losses due to a 3579:

Sulu reaction against Majapahit Imperialism didn't stop with the sacking of Poni (Brunei) as Sulu also invaded North and

3557: 3039:). In the Chinese Gazetteer the Zhufan zhi 諸蕃志 (1225), it was described as a vassal-state of the more powerful nation of 2395:, the bearer of a debt, Namwaran, along with his children Lady Angkatan and Bukah, are cleared of a debt by the ruler of 1038: 989: 964: 919: 717: 85: 23188: 19984: 18663: 17298: 14470: 12084: 8004:

The constitution crippled presidential power to declare martial law, proposed the creation of autonomous regions in the

7051:

The Commonwealth Government was inaugurated on the morning of November 15, 1935, in ceremonies held on the steps of the

3444: 24966: 24283: 24219: 23941: 23921: 23396: 23128: 23091: 22376: 22221: 21737: 20876: 20720: 20505: 19866: 19335: 15299: 15186:"The Unlucky Country The Republic of the Philippines in the 21st Century" By Duncan Alexander McKenzie (2012)(page xii) 15153:"Supplementary Information for Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years (Appendix, Page 35)" 13440: 12264:

Ptak, Roderich (1998). "From Quanzhou to the Sulu Zone and beyond: Questions Related to the Early Fourteenth Century".

11106: 9940: 9650: 8924: 8087: 7888: 7767: 7720: 7684: 7547: 7253: 5675: 5118:

Britain declared war against Spain on January 4, 1762, and on September 24, 1762, a force of British Army regulars and

5093: 5069: 4123: 3346: 3004: 2329:

alliances and contested loyalties set in a backdrop of constant inter-polity interactions, both through war and peace.

25331: 24435: 17714: 12071:

THE GENEALOGY OF HARI' TUPAS: AN ETHNOHISTORY OF CHIEFLY POWER AND HIERARCHY IN SUGBU AS A PROTOSTATE Astrid Sala-Boza

11718: 11166: 4418:, a centuries-long campaign to retake and rechristianize the Spanish homeland which was invaded by the Muslims of the 3717: 3583:

in Borneo, which were former Majapahit territories. The subsequent start of the Islamic era ushered the slow death of

25032: 24941: 24339: 23883: 23436: 23066: 22854: 22182: 22099: 21771: 21727: 21705: 21036: 18634: 18375: 18202: 17781: 16507:. Studies in history, economics and public law. Vol. 106 (2 ed.). Columbia University. pp. 192 of 232. 16208: 16152: 15393: 15246: 14714: 14283:

Zamboangueño Chavacano: Philippine Spanish Creole or Filipinized Spanish Creole? By Tyron Judes D. Casumpang (Page 3)

13751: 13513: 13314: 13265: 12919: 12449: 11999: 11007: 10307: 10270: 9825: 9761: 9595: 9440:

Junker, Laura Lee (1998). "Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms".

8874: 8854: 8766: 7052: 4925: 3186:

and purchasing the island from Negrito chieftain Marikudo, they established a confederation of polities and named it

1815:

centered on present-day Vietnam, showed evidence of an extensive trade network. Sa Huỳnh beads were made from glass,

1351:

was established in 1935, as a 10-year interim step prior to full independence. However, in 1942 during World War II,

974: 157: 21505:

The European Heritage Library – Balancing Paradise and Pandemonium: Philippine Encounters with the rest of the World

19629: 18579: 14107: 13106: 11912:. Metro Manila :: Integrated Publishing House Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library. p. 54. 6482:. Relations deteriorated and tensions heightened as it became clear that the Americans were in the islands to stay. 5194:

until the independence to Mexico in 1821 necessitated the direct rule from Spain of the Philippines from that year.

3645:, to Islam and then marrying his daughter. This sultanate eventually gained great wealth due to its diving for fine 25232: 23916: 23400: 23178: 22194: 22187: 22045: 22040: 21931: 21744: 21732: 21541: 18414: 17588: 14599: 10324: 8894: 8824: 8637: 8555:(ISS), becoming the country's first micro-satellite and the first satellite to be built and designed by Filipinos. 8536: 8264: 8076: 8005: 7869: 7144: 6621:

was organized to deal with the remnants of the insurgent movement and gradually assume the responsibilities of the

4161:), abdicated the Spanish throne. The name was then extended to the entire archipelago later on in the Spanish era. 3507:(Mindoro) which would regain their independence at a later date. Afterwards, the Javanese-centered Hindu empire of 3178:

led by Datu Puti migrated to the central islands of the Philippines, fleeing from Rajah Makatunaw of the island of

1777:, and ornaments such as lingling-o earrings, bracelets and beads. Tens of thousands were found in a single site in 959: 954: 499: 24608: 24543: 19110: 15842:'Tracing The Decline Of The Mestizo Categories In Philippine Life In The Late 19th Century' By Daniel F. Doeppers) 12517: 12491: 8671:, establishing a national cancer control program, and allowing subscribers to keep their mobile numbers for life. 4665: 4498:

that although ended in failure had set the foundations of the future restoration of Cambodia from Thai rule under

2426:

There are no other significant documents from this period of precolonial Philippine society and culture until the

1890: 1889: 1866:; the artefacts on the site in one of the "Sa Huỳnh-Kalanay" pottery complex sites were dated 400BCE–1500 CE. The 25169: 24961: 24748: 24548: 24097: 24032: 23618: 23520: 22502: 22431: 22306: 22258: 22155: 22050: 21948: 21832: 21817: 21685: 20600: 18945: 18612: 18252: 14834: 13028:"Quest of the Dragon and Bird Clan; The Golden Age (Volume III)" -Lungshanoid (Glossary)- By Paul Kekai Manansala 10733: 9881: 8296: 8020: 7908:, an accredited poll watcher. The allegedly fraudulent result was rejected by local and international observers. 7199: 6994: 6933: 6303:

was proclaimed under Asia's first democratic constitution, with Aguinaldo as its president. Under Aguinaldo, The

5176: 687: 58: 25087: 24603: 24047: 23931: 18912: 18395: 14181:

The Unlucky Country: The Republic of the Philippines in the 21St Century By Duncan Alexander McKenzie (Page xii)

13712: 12888: 11934: 11529: 8659:, in which infrastructure development and industrialization were a significant part of. The policy included the 6535:

epidemic at the war's end that took between 150,000 and 200,000 lives. Atrocities were committed by both sides.

6520:. Some 126,000 American soldiers would be committed to the conflict; 4,234 Americans died, as did 12,000–20,000 5718:

for Luzon, a tramcar network for Manila, and Asia's first steel suspension bridge Puente Claveria, later called

1535:. Austronesians themselves originated from the Neolithic rice-cultivating pre-Austronesian civilizations of the 1286: 25189: 25127: 24926: 24344: 24057: 24037: 24009: 23926: 23901: 23761: 23569: 23476: 23416: 23383: 22228: 22030: 22005: 21837: 21606: 21581: 19901: 19358: 17087: 14412: 13218:

At the time of Miguel López de Legazpi's voyage in 1564-5, the Philippines were not a unified polity or nation.

13058: 12619:

Mindanao Ethnohistory Beyond Nations: Maguindanao, Sangir, and Bagobo Societies in East Maritime Southeast Asia

12594: 10577:

Earthenware in Southeast Asia: Proceedings of the Singapore Symposium on Premodern Southeast Asian Earthenwares

8974: 8919: 8909: 8829: 8615: 8099: 7728: 7651: 7577: 6978: 6463: 5866: 5747: 5710:, an enlightened class of Spanish-Filipinos that had been able to enroll in Spanish and European universities. 4664:

in Mindanao, to wage war upon Muslim pirates. These Peruvian soldiers who settled in Zamboanga were led by Don

3219:

as well as populated by Pannai's descendants, Pannai was a constituent state of Srivijaya which was located in

2973: 2760: 2684:

over the trade of Ming dynasty products throughout the archipelago. This trade was significant enough that the

2662: 2657:

CE. The oldest known historical record found in the Philippines, which indirectly refers to the polity of Tondo

2647: 2388: 1867: 1368: 934: 355: 224: 209: 115: 25152: 24981: 24738: 20622: 17909: 15112: 10422:

Hsiao-Chun Hung, et al. (2007). Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia. PNAS.

7457:

Republic of the Philippines notified the United Kingdom that it wished to take over the administration of the

25304: 25282: 25237: 25179: 25157: 24971: 24743: 24425: 24214: 24199: 23284: 23148: 23101: 22552: 22451: 22356: 22145: 22140: 21864: 21722: 21614: 21028:

Germany, the Philippines, and the Spanish–American War: four accounts by officers of the Imperial German Navy

20383: 19683: 19468: 19252: 18430: 14117: 13575:

Cesar A. Majul, Muslims in the Philippines (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1999), 128–129.

10431:

Father Gabriel Casal & Regalado Trota Jose, Jr., Eric S. Casino, George R. Ellis, Wilhelm G. Solheim II,

8699: 8564: 8486: 8436: 8173: 8153:, a former movie actor who had served as Ramos' vice president, was elected president by a landslide victory 8107: 7975: 7857: 7658: 7028: 6742: 6521: 6304: 6158: 5857: 4995: 4158: 3299:(சிங்கப்பூர்)y which is Tamil-Sanskrit for "Lion City", the same root words as with the modern city-state of 1390: 1300:

Much of the archipelago came under Spanish rule, creating the first unified political structure known as the

514: 124: 24533: 21498: 17048:

Ara, Satoshi (2008). "Food supply problem in Leyte, Philippines, during the Japanese Occupation (1942–44)".

14263:

Peasants, Servants, and Sojourners: Itinerant Asians in Colonial New Spain, 1571–1720 By Furlong, Matthew J.

8598:, the government launched a 24-hour complaint office accessible to the public through a nationwide hotline, 7785:

ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists, including his staunchest critics: senators

7526:

citizens. Both the policy and its implementation were hailed by the people as harbingers of great benefits.

6457:

with a native child. Here, returning the Philippines to Spain is compared to throwing the child off a cliff.

4766: 25174: 25142: 24673: 24538: 23974: 23354: 23163: 22959: 22644: 22278: 22273: 22243: 22206: 22165: 22109: 21926: 21902: 21822: 21673: 19247: 19229: 19129: 17774:

Policing America's empire : the United States, the Philippines, and the rise of the surveillance state

15093: 14824:

Backhouse, Thomas (1765). The Secretary at War to Mr. Secretary Conway. London: British Library. pp. v. 40.

13834:

Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific By Stephanie J. Mawson

13587:"MAGUINDANAO AND TERNATE CONNECTION AND DISCONNECTION DURING THE AGE OF EUROPEAN COLONIZATION: AN OVERVIEW" 11571:

Towards an Early History of Pangasinan: Preliminary Notes and Observations By: Erwin S. Fernandez. Page 181

10685:

Santarita, Joefe B. (2018). "Panyupayana: The Emergence of Hindu Polities in the Pre-Islamic Philippines".

10545:

Solheim, William (1969). "Prehistoric Archaeology in Eastern Mainland Southeast Asia and the Philippines".

10255: 8683: 8209: 8137: 8062: 8031: 7962: 7586: 7449: 7394: 7226: 7068: 6613:

to the Philippines with a mandate to legislate laws and re-engineer the political system. On July 1, 1901,

5715: 5113: 4363: 2467:

encompassing the entire Philippine archipelago. Instead, the region was dotted by numerous semi-autonomous

1567: 979: 969: 519: 365: 25162: 24495: 19003: 18886: 18471: 18309: 17209: 17186: 14379:

Recopilación de las Leyes de Indias. Titulo Quince. De las Audiencias y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias

13156: 11978: 8161:. The economy did, however, recover from a low −0.6% growth in 1998 to a moderate growth of 3.4% by 1999. 6665: 6017: 5771: 2853:

were mentioned as early as 1225, when Lingayen as known was Li-ying-tung had been listed in Chao Ju-kua's

25147: 25047: 24678: 24130: 24062: 23031: 22890: 22268: 22263: 22135: 22070: 22025: 21909: 21800: 21781: 21710: 21534: 20367: 18864: 18350: 17664: 17210:"Exchange of Notes between the United States and the United Kingdom done at Washington on 2 January 1930" 17082:

Bonifacio S. Salamanca,"Quezon, Osmena and Roxas and the American Military Presence in the Philippines."

16795: 16791: 16333: 15535:

Caleb Carr, The devil soldier: the story of Frederick Townsend Ward, New York: Random House, 1992, p. 91.

15176:"Intercolonial Intimacies Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines, 1898–1964 Paula C. Park" Page 100 13603:

Crusaders in the Far East: The Moro Wars in the Philippines in the Context of the Ibero-Islamic World War

8899: 8743: 8552: 7732: 7700: 7453: 7425: 7203: 7091: 6513: 6491: 6430: 6398: 6166: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5053:

sailing from the port of Manila to the port of Acapulco on the west coast of Mexico brought shipments of

4952: 4929: 4862: 4217: 3730: 2606: 2434:

script and Spanish. Other artifacts with Kawi script and baybayin were found, such as an Ivory seal from

2294:

Locations of pre-colonial principalities, polities, kingdoms and sultanates in the Philippine archipelago

1453: 1166: 845: 599: 333: 273: 24598: 24505: 21394:"Domination and Resistance in the Philippines: From the Pre-hispanic to the Spanish and American Period" 20518:

Historia de la educación en España y América: La educación en la España contemporánea : (1789–1975)

17562: 11784: 10508:

Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.

9230:(2007). "Historical linguistics and Philippine hunter-gatherers". In L. Billings; N. Goudswaard (eds.). 8765:, the capital of the Philippines. It was attended by about 400,000 supporters with the participation of 8753:), the administration's term for its brand of governance and leadership, was officially launched with a 7928:

as president on February 25, 1986. The administration of Marcos has been called by various sources as a

7101:

A proper evaluation of the policies' effectiveness or failure is difficult due to Japanese invasion and

6681: 4049:. The multiple states competing over the limited territory and people of the islands simplified Spanish 25082: 24445: 24092: 23979: 23891: 23863: 23490: 23460: 23265: 23096: 22849: 22497: 22298: 22253: 22160: 22087: 21993: 21897: 21875: 21700: 21695: 15773:

Philippine Politics and Society in the Twentieth Century: Colonial Legacies, Post-Colonial Trajectories

14549:

Letter from Fajardo to Felipe III From Manila, August 15 1620.(From the Spanish Archives of the Indies)

12058: 11935:

The Pre-Islamic Kings of Brunei By Rozan Yunos taken from the Magazine "Pusaka" published on year 2009.

10496: 8603: 8544: 8474: 8456: 7390: 7118: 7076: 6861: 6026: 4970:. The Manila galleons were accompanied with a large naval escort as it traveled to and from Manila and 4846: 4743: 4427: 4221: 3758:

Upon the secession of Poni (Brunei) from the Majapahit Empire, they imported the Arab Emir from Mecca,

3357:) says "Bu-wa" (diacritics for the "Wan/Ban" in Kawi and "Bu/Ba" in the smaller letters have worn off). 2780: 2548: 2217: 1664: 1212: 712: 313: 258: 24465: 24420: 19757: 19385: 18751: 17539: 16651: 16487:

Mina Roces, "Filipino Elite Women and Public Health in the American Colonial Era, 1906–1940." Women's

13817: 6115: 5138: 4832:

played a major role in the socio-economic transformation of the archipelago. The oldest universities,

4484:

Manila by Fernando Brambila, a member of the Malaspina Expedition during their stop in Manila in 1792.

4367:

crown-prince of Tondo). Thereafter, some of the conspirators were exiled to Guam or Guerrero, Mexico.

4293:, started their journey towards Brunei. The expedition consisted of 400 Spaniards and Mexicans, 1,500 4220:, he was finally defeated and killed, the Spanish also destroyed the walled Kapampangan city-state of 4173: 4142: 4089: 2766:

The Chinese also mention a polity called "Luzon." This is believed to be a reference to Maynila since

2356:" or "oripun." Among the members of the nobility class were leaders who held the political office of " 1290: 25001: 24951: 24809: 24708: 24204: 24077: 24042: 23994: 23896: 23508: 23392: 23081: 23051: 23046: 22393: 22316: 22211: 22065: 22035: 22020: 21914: 21516: 21154: 20373: 19611:"The 27 July 2022 Magnitude 7.0 Northwestern Luzon Earthquake (7 Aug 2022) - Philippines | ReliefWeb" 19363: 19153: 18607: 18334: 17278: 13677: 11473: 9736: 8864: 8787: 8416:

In May 2013, the Philippines implemented the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013, commonly known as

8287: 7458: 7413: 7360:, who became president in exile after President Quezon died in 1944. Osmeña was little-known and his 7222: 6750: 6677: 6300: 6293: 6226: 6225:, having been sent to Cuba because of U.S. concerns for the safety of its citizens during an ongoing 5097: 5073: 4858: 4495: 4465:. However, the planned invasion was aborted. Meanwhile, settlers were sent to the Pacific islands of 4431: 4423: 4403: 4280:, Pengiran Seri Lela and Pengiran Seri Ratna. The former had traveled to Manila to offer Brunei as a 4093: 3831: 2832: 2746:'s interaction with Philippine states have precedence in the 700s when Austronesian peoples like the 2666: 2637: 2396: 2169: 1571: 1309: 1273:

Island, now part of Guiuan, Eastern Samar, on March 17, 1521. They lost a battle against the army of

1138: 594: 509: 263: 23626: 21192: 17127:

Treaty of General Relations between the Republic of the Philippines and the United States of America

15565: 14709:(4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 108–112. 12344: 11497: 11072: 10795: 8292: 3543:

loyalists who were waging incessant guerrilla warfare against them. Citing Kapampangan oral legends

3259:(lost during World War 2), found at Mactan-Cebu. It shows how the culture of the area was Hindu and 24946: 24829: 24789: 24728: 24723: 24663: 24082: 24072: 23858: 23561: 23472: 23173: 22859: 22576: 22545: 22371: 22361: 22331: 22283: 22248: 22150: 18303: 18090: 17519: 15198: 12871:

A suma oriental de Tomé Pires e o livro de Francisco Rodrigues: Leitura e notas de Armando Cortesão

11887:, Sarawak Museum Journal Vol. VIII (1957) pp. 51–99, and an 1858 manuscript by Fr. Tomas Santaren. 11661:

Zhenping, Wang (2008). "Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines".

11625: 11596: 9965: 8728:(known by his nickname "Bongbong"), son of former president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos, won the 8470: 8365: 8353:, the newset of 21 in the country, was formally established covering 10 000 Muslims in the island. 7920:

withdrew their support for Marcos. A peaceful civilian-military uprising, now popularly called the

7626: 7257: 6990: 6517: 6475: 6234: 5719: 5191: 5080:

The Philippines was never profitable as a colony during Spanish rule, and the long war against the

4941: 4850: 4609: 4260: 3686: 3680: 3392: 2602: 2121: 1508: 1476: 1320: 1313: 1162: 1098:

groups were the first inhabitants to settle in the prehistoric Philippines. These were followed by

682: 564: 559: 395: 323: 25326: 24405: 23638: 23158: 18831: 17412: 17187:"Convention between the United States and the United Kingdom done at Washington on 2 January 1930" 15696:

Intercolonial Intimacies: Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines. 1898–1964 By Paula C. Park

14895: 12810: 12112: 7213:

From mid-1942 through mid-1944, Japanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by large-scale

1293:'s expedition on February 13, 1565, from Mexico. He established the first permanent settlement in 24996: 24854: 24698: 24638: 24588: 24490: 24087: 24052: 23999: 23634: 23504: 23468: 23198: 23071: 23056: 22952: 22804: 22769: 22724: 22436: 22311: 21968: 21168: 18068: 17832: 16652:"Franklin D. Roosevelt: Proclamation 2148 – Establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines" 14382: 14304: 13984: 13891: 13708: 13483: 12884: 12042:"Mga Maragtas ng Panay: Comparative Analysis of Documents about the Bornean Settlement Tradition" 10123: 8834: 8494: 8218: 8192: 8177: 7921: 7901: 7585:

were defeated by Magsaysay. He was extremely popular with the common people, and his death in an

7386: 7268: 6881: 6814: 6698: 6618: 6555: 6542:

American troops guarding the bridge over the River Pasig on the afternoon of the surrender. From

6274: 6210: 5856:

navies and armies of the world even after the era of the Manila Galleons such as the case of the

5131: 4273: 3942: 1804: 1356: 1348: 1344: 1118: 1111: 819: 758: 677: 584: 464: 308: 162: 50: 24189: 21462: 19069: 17642: 16976:"Figures were compiled by the Relief Bureau of the Ministry of Health and Welfare in March 1964" 15001:"ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO PRIMERO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)" 14637: 12576: 6369:. The Constitution of the First Philippine Republic was also influenced by the Constitutions of 6099: 2904:

expanded the territory and influence of Pangasinan to what are now the neighboring provinces of

1684: 25287: 24859: 24794: 24298: 24184: 24067: 24027: 23671: 23464: 23123: 23113: 22694: 22689: 22584: 22466: 21975: 21844: 21371: 19654: 16428: 16294: 14152: 9518: 8675: 8632: 8158: 7433: 7385:

becoming the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines. The United States

7152: 6974: 6505: 6479: 6413: 6149:

began in 1896. Rizal was wrongly implicated in the outbreak of the revolution and executed for

6130:

whose primary purpose was that of overthrowing Spanish rule in the Philippines, was founded by

6067: 5832: 5104:

circumstances that made possible the brief British occupation of Manila between 1762 and 1764.

5038: 4739: 4333: 2380:, Indian culture spread to Southeast Asia and the Philippines that led to the establishment of 1655: 1563: 1484: 1457: 1099: 855: 569: 34: 24430: 21366: 20890:

The Philippines Reader: A History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance

18137: 16923: 16542: 16365: 16198: 15236: 15223: 15083:

ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO SEGUNDO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)

14042: 14030: 13255: 13203: 12972: 11223: 10654: 10287: 10126:. In Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Peiros, Ilia; Lin, Marie (eds.). 9751: 7048:

were proclaimed the winners, winning the seats of president and vice-president, respectively.

6538: 6496: 5183: 2473:(settlements ranging in size from villages to city-states) under the sovereignty of competing 24733: 24143: 23964: 23853: 23792: 23720: 23630: 23331: 23011: 22814: 22789: 22704: 22684: 22634: 22604: 22594: 22351: 21430: 21164: 21122: 20843: 20687: 19948: 17861: 17125: 16063: 15771: 15385: 15158:. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. p. 35 14399: 11863:

Jovito S. Abellana, "Bisaya Patronymesis Sri Visjaya" (Ms., Cebuano Studies Center, ca. 1960)

11329: 11257: 10898: 10381: 8791: 8737: 8391:(BIFF) was assembled by religious extremists with the goal of seceding from the Philippines. 8339: 7933: 7829: 7781: 7736: 7476: 7059: 7016: 7005: 6966: 6766: 6661: 6594: 6146: 6050: 6038: 6034: 5886: 5882: 4232: 4115: 2946:) sent emissaries to China in 1406–1411 as a tributary-state, and it also traded with Japan. 2041: 1324: 1122: 773: 657: 549: 454: 25267: 24668: 24455: 24415: 24374: 23348: 21297: 16919:

Surviving Bataan And Beyond: Colonel Irvin Alexander's Odyssey As A Japanese Prisoner Of War

16822: 15471: 13917: 13601: 13142: 9817:

Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas

9545: 8106:, was signed in 1996, ending the 24-year-old struggle. However, an MNLF splinter group, the 7602: 3081:

in local customs and trade products. The chief export of this small polity are rare corals.

1471:

From there, they rapidly spread downwards to the rest of the islands of the Philippines and

25242: 24911: 24874: 24864: 24804: 24703: 24683: 24578: 24390: 24209: 23086: 23076: 22900: 22779: 22774: 22654: 22526: 22366: 21953: 21941: 19038: 18917: 18112: 17394:

Carlos P. Romulo and Marvin M. Gray, The Magsaysay Story (1956), is a full-length biography

17355: 16114: 14913:

Mehl, Eva Maria (2016). "Unruly Mexicans in Manila: Imperial Goals and Colonial Concerns".

14548: 12543: 10010: 9266: 9190: 9141: 9083: 8986: 8849: 8648: 8619: 8517: 8498: 8478: 8417: 8248: 8046: 7809: 7724: 7558: 7489:, was elevated to the presidency. He ran for president in his own right in 1949, defeating 7402: 7249: 6910:

built an architectural plan for Manila which would have transformed it into a modern city.

6579: 6183: 6091: 5790:, Governor General of British Hong Kong from 1856 to 1860, wrote after his trip to Manila: 5699: 5065: 5003: 4975: 4791: 4752: 4446: 4407: 4347: 4046: 3992: 3883: 3440: 3115: 2828: 2681: 2574: 2403:

terms and titles seen in the document, the culture and society of Manila Bay was that of a

2314: 1993: 1977: 1812: 1800: 1134: 778: 768: 727: 707: 574: 172: 167: 24768: 24558: 24480: 17838: 16697: 16669: 15966: 8773: 8168:

After the worsening secessionist movement in Mindanao in April 2000, Estrada declared an "

8019:

Economic growth was additionally hampered by a series of natural disasters, including the

7755: 6589: 6586:

action to delay the Americans while Aguinaldo made good his escape through the mountains.

6316: 4704: 4640:

The Manila garrison was composed of roughly four hundred Spanish soldiers and the area of

3870:

Asia, participating in trading ventures, navigation expeditions and military campaigns in

1316:. After this, the colony was directly governed by Spain, following Mexico's independence. 8: 25311: 25067: 25052: 24936: 24916: 24869: 24849: 24653: 24648: 24593: 24563: 24329: 23954: 23911: 23868: 23797: 23766: 23537: 23516: 23482: 23388: 23358: 23289: 23133: 23106: 23006: 22874: 22844: 22794: 22749: 22729: 22719: 22619: 22476: 22388: 21283: 18639: 18346: 17217: 17194: 16864: 16786: 16474: 16388:

The unknown brother of San Martin who fought and died in the Philippines By Claudia Peiro

15989: 15368:

Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2006). Historia de México. México, D. F.: Pearson Educación.

14223: 13833: 13638:

The Spanish experience in Taiwan, 1626–1642: the Baroque ending of a Renaissance endeavor

12999: 12251: 11751: 11446:

The Nameless Hero: Revisiting the Sources on the First Filipino Leader to Die for Freedom

8611: 8607: 7865: 7688: 7566: 7001: 6762: 6706: 6702: 6614: 6191: 6170: 6087: 5650: 5147: 4991:

In 1863 a Spanish decree introduced education, establishing public schooling in Spanish.

4581: 4462: 4399: 4252: 4198: 4141:

Over the next several decades, other Spanish expeditions were dispatched to the islands.

4078: 3987: 3981: 3950: 3496: 3380: 3362: 3332: 3308: 3228: 2598: 2588: 2578: 2427: 2416: 2281: 2105: 2009: 1733: 1659: 1611: 1480: 1432: 1340: 1323:. The Philippines then became a territory of the United States. U.S. forces suppressed a 1282: 1259: 1158: 1126: 870: 616: 524: 479: 469: 415: 328: 46: 25057: 24758: 21367:"Now Is The Time To Solve The Philippine Problem: The View Of A Representative Filipino" 21241: 21236: 21231: 21226: 21221: 21216: 21211: 21206: 21158: 18549: 16118: 15637:

A Question of Heroes : Essays in Criticism on Ten Key Figures of Philippine History

14331: 11879:. All-Nations Pub. pp. 39 and note 19 on p. 416, which cites Dr. Juan C. Orendain, 10843: 10014: 9958:"The Early Austronesian Migration To Luzon: Perspectives From The Peñablanca Cave Sites" 9932: 9270: 9194: 9145: 9087: 8990: 8053:

in December 1992, ending almost a century of U.S. military presence in the Philippines.

7554: 6478:. A compensation of US$ 20 million was paid to Spain according to the terms of the 6131: 6059: 4414:

The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the

3701:: introduced Islam in the island of Mindanao and he subsequently married Paramisuli, an 3689:

rose to prominence at the end of the 15th century or the beginning of the 16th century,

25072: 25062: 25037: 24991: 24956: 24814: 24523: 24400: 24273: 23771: 23751: 23411: 23299: 23026: 22819: 22734: 22714: 22599: 22589: 22516: 22238: 21285:

The Philippines: To the End of the Commission Government, a Study in Tropical Democracy

21180: 20953: 20768: 18226: 18019: 17944: 17065: 16470: 15752: 15510: 14771: 14685: 14237: 13804: 13793: 13651: 12547: 12332: 12289: 12281: 11846: 11815: 11485: 11204: 11088: 11046: 10981: 10783: 10637: 10228: 10201: 10182: 10031: 9998: 9873: 9499: 9465: 9457: 9332: 9289: 9254: 9206: 9107: 9010: 8815: 8758: 8599: 8328: 8222: 7786: 7708: 7635: 7361: 7343: 7241: 7179: 7136:

Colonel Nobuhiko Jimbo and Manuel Roxas began and ended the conflict on opposite sides.

7045: 6889: 6793: 6746: 6658: 6646: 6622: 6575: 6329: 6199: 6178: 6114:, the most celebrated intellectual and radical ilustrado of the era, wrote the novels " 5924: 5870: 5848: 5589: 5525: 5119: 4837: 4819: 4748: 4735: 4530: 4519: 4499: 4351: 4264: 4186: 4182: 4154: 4150: 4099: 3787: 3783: 3690: 3208: 2538: 2506: 2381: 2332:

Legendary accounts often mention the interaction of early Philippine polities with the

2265: 1871: 1846:

Conversely, Sa Huỳnh produced ear ornaments have been found in archaeological sites in

1835:; most of these materials were not local to the region, and were most likely imported. 1761: 1583: 1420: 1336: 1266: 1028: 652: 554: 544: 529: 177: 152: 54: 40: 24395: 24324: 19950:

International Studies in the Philippines: Mapping New Frontiers in Theory and Practice

18446: 18360: 18274: 14060: 10124:"The expansion of Setaria farmers in East Asia: a linguistic and archaeological model" 9371: 6718: 6162: 5060: 4476: 4297:

natives and 300 Borneans. The campaign was one of many, which also included action in

4227: 4185:, a romance his Spanish grandfather Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, disapproved of) attacked 3846:

Concurrent with the spread of Islam in the Philippine archipelago was the rise of the

2968:

stamped with the Baybayin character for "Ma" possibly representing the nation of Ma-i.

25252: 25194: 25027: 24799: 24773: 24763: 24753: 24688: 24643: 24573: 24553: 24528: 24475: 24450: 23715: 23242: 23183: 23138: 22997: 22929: 22864: 22799: 22764: 22699: 22679: 22669: 22629: 22614: 22609: 22456: 21484: 21416: 21351: 21327: 21254: 21102: 21072: 21053: 21032: 21011: 20992: 20971: 20937: 20916: 20895: 20888: 20872: 20853: 20808: 20787: 20772: 20737: 20716: 20697: 20673: 20654: 20635: 20581: 20560: 20541: 20522: 20501: 20482: 20461: 20442: 20421: 20400: 20342: 20336: 20317: 20311: 20292: 20286: 20267: 20261: 20242: 20236: 20217: 20211: 20192: 20186: 20167: 20161: 20142: 20136: 20117: 20111: 20092: 20086: 20067: 20061: 20042: 20036: 20017: 20011: 19954: 19933: 19912: 19883: 19862: 19832: 19825: 19820: 19806: 19787: 18198: 17975: 17867: 17787: 17777: 17359: 17069: 16927: 16204: 16148: 15819: 15777: 15514: 15450: 15389: 15242: 15116: 15000: 14926: 14875: 14710: 14689: 14577: 14504: 14418: 14094: 14015: 13807:

Manila Metropolitan Cathedral-Basilica Official Website. Retrieved on March 22, 2013.

13774: 13747: 13641: 13607: 13547: 13509: 13456: 13261: 13207: 13095:

Marivir Montebon, Retracing Our Roots – A Journey into Cebu's Pre-Colonial Past, p.15

12976: 12943: 12915: 12822: 12623: 12523: 12497: 12471: 12445: 12411: 12362: 12293: 11913: 11888: 11449: 11424: 11373: 11335: 11290: 11263: 11229: 11083: 11050: 10902: 10822: 10769: 10741: 10698: 10627: 10601: 10526:

Mallari, P. G. S. (2014). War and peace in precolonial Philippines. The Manila Times.

10387: 10303: 10266: 10233: 10174: 10131: 10036: 9936: 9865: 9821: 9757: 9684: 9674: 9656: 9646: 9618: 9591: 9551: 9526: 9469: 9420: 9322: 9294: 9210: 9159: 9111: 9099: 9046: 9002: 8505: 8397: 8373: 8361: 8332: 7917: 7790: 7287: 7156: 6673: 6638: 6320: 6222: 6119: 5862: 5655: 5253: 5155: 4979: 4677: 4561: 4553: 4419: 4256: 4248: 4216:

and a force of Kapampangan and Tagalog Muslim warriors attacked the Spaniards in the

3911: 3638: 3608: 3528: 3524: 3500: 3436: 3342: 3246: 3224: 2897: 2767: 2592: 2516: 2137: 2025: 1737: 1559: 1501: 1488: 1412:

after the nutrient-rich marrow. A 2023 study dated the age of fossilized remains of

1332: 1228: 1174: 1146: 360: 338: 23273: 21504: 21487:. Translated into English, edited and annotated by E. H. Blair and J. A. Robertson. 21445: 18526: 17660: 14197:

Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures around the World, Volume 1

13566:"Antonio de Morga, in Blair and Robertson, The Philippines Islands, XV, Pages 97-98" 12654: 9877: 9234:. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines and SIL Philippines. pp. 6–32. 9154: 9129: 9014: 8290:, as paragraphs contains several short sentences; needs copyediting for better flow. 7794: 7490: 7207: 5766: 5122:

soldiers, supported by the ships and men of the East Indies Squadron of the British

2960: 2430:

of the late 16th century, written at the start of the Spanish period in both native

24884: 24879: 24844: 24824: 24583: 24460: 24359: 24263: 23725: 23565: 22905: 22824: 22784: 22759: 22739: 22674: 22649: 22639: 22624: 22426: 22321: 21150: 20760: 18023: 18011: 17967: 17936: 17520:"Republic Act No. 3844 : The Agricultural Land Reform Code of the Philippines" 17164: 17057: 16462: 16122: 16039: 15811: 15659: 15502: 14918: 14675: 14342: 13743: 13739: 13729: 12968: 12905: 12405: 12273: 12178: 11670: 11469: 11418: 11195:

Postma, Antoon (1992). "The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary".

11153: 11038: 10973: 10894: 10854: 10690: 10554: 10295: 10223: 10213: 10186: 10164: 10026: 10018: 9928: 9857: 9678: 9449: 9284: 9274: 9227: 9198: 9149: 9091: 9038: 8994: 8717: 8627: 8482: 7747: 7716: 7704: 7692: 7639: 7610: 7175: 7160: 7095: 7037: 7033: 6986: 6962: 6950: 6943: 6938: 6897: 6893: 6834: 6726: 6669: 6650: 6602: 6454: 6417: 6289: 6238: 6174: 6107: 6021: 4786:

due to constant inter-kingdom wars and natural disasters (as the country is on the

4723: 4538: 4302: 4208:, Lakan of Tondo, who accepted. However, Maynila's former ruler, the Muslim rajah, 4190: 4131: 3799:

from Malaysia and Indonesia. The invasion of Brunei spread Chinese royalty such as

3516: 3432: 3384: 3203: 3170:

One theory espoused by some historians is that during the 11th century, ten exiled

2735: 2544: 1847: 1627: 1615: 1607: 1551: 1497: 1424: 1328: 1220: 702: 647: 589: 534: 489: 459: 420: 25262: 23294: 21488: 19983:(1). Carlisle, Pennsylvania: United States Army War College: 53–68. Archived from 17348: 15601:""Filipino-Mexican-Central-and-South American Connection" By: Gemma Guerrero Cruz" 15451:

Central America: Filipinos in Mexican History," Ezilon Infobase, January 28, 2005.

14070:. Retrieved July 25, 2014, from Institute for Research of Iloilo Official Website. 13626:

Peacock Gallop (2015) "From Anatolia to Aceh: Ottomans, Turks and Southeast Asia".

11837:

Isorena, Efren B. (2004). "The Visayan Raiders of the China Coast, 1174–1190 Ad".

11806:

Isorena, Efren B. (2004). "The Visayan Raiders of the China Coast, 1174–1190 Ad".

11103:"Akeanon Online – Aton Guid Ra! – Aklan History Part 3 – Confederation of Madyaas" 10128:

Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics

10100: 8469:

the Philippines for a series of publicity tours and paid visits to the victims of

7357: 7041: 6820: 6722: 6055: 5166:, which explains the uniquely Indian features of generations of Cainta residents. 4276:. This was achieved as a result in part of the assistance rendered to them by two 3762:, and became an independent Sultanate. During the reign of his descendant, Sultan 25327:

Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

25077: 25017: 24931: 24839: 24713: 24693: 24658: 24440: 24410: 24349: 23959: 23949: 23845: 23730: 23622: 23579: 23339: 23247: 23118: 22744: 22709: 22664: 22659: 22568: 22446: 22441: 22421: 22403: 22055: 21963: 21958: 21511: 21410: 21345: 21321: 21140: 21096: 21047: 21026: 20986: 20965: 20931: 20910: 20847: 20804:

Intercolonial Intimacies: Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines, 1898-1964

20802: 20781: 20731: 20691: 20629: 20575: 20516: 20476: 20436: 20415: 20394: 19927: 19877: 19847: 19634: 19495: 18950: 18801: 18779: 18527:"Estrada Resigns as Philippine President; Vice President Is Immediately Sworn In" 18453: 18418: 18342: 18317: 16917: 16635: 16279: 16142: 15805: 15695: 15600: 15379: 15303: 15284: 15106: 14922: 14841: 14571: 14222:. Philippines: Google map of Paco district of Manila, Philippines. Archived from 14067: 14049: 13800: 13421:

His name appears also as "Taizufú", "Tayfuzu" or "Zaizufu". San Agustín 1975, 541

13197: 12661: 12617: 12006: 11874: 11354:

Miyamoto, Kazuo. Vikings of the Far East. New York: Vantage Press, 1975. pp88–89.

11128: 11079: 10591: 10299: 9815: 9612: 9488:"Ma'I in Chinese Records – Mindoro or Bai? An Examination of a Historical Puzzle" 9412: 9042: 8859: 8777: 8754: 8725: 8584: 8573: 8525: 8513: 8509: 7643: 7502: 7486: 7465: 7417: 7279: 7260: 7218: 6610: 6606:

in various parts of the Philippines, especially in the Muslim south, until 1913.

6324: 6187: 5877:

in his revolution against Spain, the most prominent of which was the Manila-born

5760: 5756: 5679: 4984: 4959: 4933: 4898: 4889: 4811: 4773: 4756: 4715: 4648:, at the Visayas, the settlement received a total of 2,100 soldier-settlers from 4644:

as well as its surroundings, were initially settled by 1200 Spanish families. In

4470: 4390: 4375: 4290: 4268: 4178: 4058: 4050: 3915: 3871: 3767: 3753: 3667: 3622: 3599: 3580: 3569:

with their (piratical) nature, but they were driven off by the Javanese soldiers.

3552: 3520: 3427: 3399:(Malay Annals) of the nearby country of Malaysia, refers to the similarly worded 3062: 2793:. The river bisected it in the middle, a moat surrounded its log walls and stone 2625: 2531: 2464: 2373: 1696: 1669: 1594:. Aside from language and genetics, they also share common cultural markers like 1591: 1461: 1460:. The first Austronesians reached the Philippines at 3000–2200 BCE, settling the 1437: 1075: 880: 370: 303: 137: 24986: 20438:

The Bearer of Pax Americana: The Philippine Career of William H. Taft, 1900–1903

19328:"Anti-Marcos protesters brave rains to condemn burial – The Manila Times Online" 19230:"Between Duterte and a death squad, a Philippine mayor fights drug-war violence" 18194:

Criminology and Criminal Justice Systems of the World: A Comparative Perspective

15944: 15721: 13713:"Continuity and Change in the Austronesian Transition to Islam and Christianity" 12889:"Continuity and Change in the Austronesian Transition to Islam and Christianity" 12393: 12231: 10694: 7183:

ordered to Australia, where he started to plan for a return to the Philippines.

7132: 24921: 24834: 24718: 24470: 24293: 24278: 24179: 24153: 24138: 24019: 23614: 23608: 23512: 23279: 23193: 23143: 23021: 22975: 21393: 21131: 19592: 19083: 18977: 18329:, Governor Amando M. Tetangco, Jr., Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, June 27, 2008. 18251:. Philippine Center for Investigated Journalist. April 18, 2006. Archived from 18015: 17863:

Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: the political economy of authoritarianism

17707:"3,257: Fact checking the Marcos killings, 1975–1985 – The Manila Times Online" 15856: 15698:(INTRODUCTION: Residual Intercolonial Intimacies across the "Hispanic" Pacific) 13876: 12935: 10814: 10641: 10572: 10218: 9841:

Détroit, Florent; Corny, Julien; Dizon, Eusebio Z.; Mijares, Armand S. (2013).

9680:

Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe

9202: 9130:"Direct dating of human fossils and the ever-changing story of human evolution" 8623: 8421: 8402: 8150: 8080: 8038: 8012:, and restored the presidential form of government and the bicameral Congress. 7990: 7971: 7925: 7912:

declared support for Corazon Aquino, which encouraged popular revolts. General

7897: 7437: 7421: 7373: 7353: 7159:. Under the pressure of superior numbers, the defending forces withdrew to the 7087: 7086:

However, uncertainties, especially in the diplomatic and military situation in

6982: 6907: 6869: 6865: 6830: 6809: 6778: 6730: 6642: 6634: 6190:. Not all the revolutionary generals complied with the agreement. One, General 6127: 6075: 6030: 5980: 5874: 5840: 5054: 5050: 4999: 4947: 4912:, who had local wealth, high status, and other privileges. This perpetuated an 4661: 4608:. For much of the Spanish period, the Philippines was part of the Mexico-based 4605: 4515: 4442: 4327: 4281: 4213: 4209: 3895: 3859: 3642: 3452: 3396: 3292: 3032: 2786: 2685: 2610: 2469: 2361: 2325: 1704: 1688: 1599: 1555: 1493: 1472: 1465: 1130: 865: 667: 494: 390: 23426: 20764: 20332: 20307: 20282: 20257: 20232: 20207: 20182: 20157: 20132: 20107: 20082: 17887: 17061: 16466: 16017: 15325: 13858: 12277: 12115:

By Antonio Pigafetta. MS. composed ca. 1525, of events of 1519–1522 (Page 138)

11945: 11042: 10169: 10152: 9453: 9095: 8998: 8975:"Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709 thousand years ago" 8316: 7967: 6285: 6071: 5934: 5878: 5836: 4908: 4157:

on January 16, 1556, when his father, Charles I of Spain (who also reigned as

3894:

where they were employed as traders and mercenaries. One prominent Luções was

3223:

and was home to a Hindu-Buddhist Monastic-Army that successfully defended the

1376: 25350: 24485: 23335: 23252: 23061: 22923: 21341: 20713:

Malay Muslims: The History and Challenge of Resurgent Islam in Southeast Asia

20417:

Library of American History from the Discovery of America to the Present Time

20361: 20057: 20032: 20007: 19445: 17791: 17302: 15614: 14664:"El Galeón de Manila y el comercio de Asia: Encuentro de culturas y sistemas" 14341:(Post Graduate). Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California. p. 21. 13716: 13636:

Borao, José Eugenio (2010). "The Baroque Ending of a Renaissance Endeavour".

13289:, Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 1975, pp. 374–376. 12892: 12826: 12209: 11917: 11377: 10853:(Post Graduate). Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California. p. 21. 9587:

Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms

9163: 8656: 8644: 8181: 8125: 7814: 7751: 7572:

Supported by the United States, Magsaysay was elected president in 1953 on a

7429: 7406: 7008: 6888:

Philippine politics during the American territorial era was dominated by the

6749:, so called because civil administration was under the authority of the U.S. 6734: 6654: 6449: 6312: 6245: 6103: 6013: 5783: 5645:

Pangasinan 3.49%, Albay 1.16%, Cebu 2.17%, Samar 3.27%, Iloilo 1%, Capiz 1%,

5541: 5221: 5163: 4873: 4802:

and the areas where the ethnic groups and highland plutocracy of the animist

4689: 4601: 4523: 4505: 4481: 4359: 4240: 4189:, a vassal-state of the Brunei Sultanate and liberated plus incorporated the 4119: 4041:

of Cebu. The population was sparse due to warfare and also due to the common

4038: 4026: 3775: 3771: 3702: 3614: 3377: 3323:) that had landed at the Rajahnate and had tributes meant for Rajah Humabon. 3271: 3260: 2925: 2896:

empires arose in Indonesia which had extended their influence to much of the

2850: 2815: 2747: 2705: 2474: 2345: 1931: 1840: 1716: 1708: 1651: 1536: 1528: 994: 804: 214: 21412:

Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino: And Other Essays in Philippine History

19550:"Bangsamoro law ratified; how soon can transition from ARMM to BARMM begin?" 17971: 15296: 13973:"Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World" By Eva Maria Mehl, page 235. 13728:. Canberra: Department of Anthropology, The Australian National University. 12904:. Canberra: Department of Anthropology, The Australian National University. 11796:

Mulder, "The Philippine Islands in the Chinese World Map of 1674," page 222.

10977: 9660: 9516: 9279: 7986: 7170:

On January 2, 1942, General MacArthur declared the capital city, Manila, an

6805:

La Protección de la Infancia, and the National Federation of Women's Clubs.

6111: 6095: 5881:

afterwards when the revolution was continued by President Guerrero, General

3826: 3251: 25257: 25247: 24976: 24515: 24369: 24194: 23710: 23486: 23168: 23016: 21127: 20577:

Culture and history: occasional notes on the process of Philippine becoming

19179: 18922: 18890: 17460:"South Korea honors Filipinos who fought in Korean War on 70th anniversary" 17100:

The Far East: A History of Western Impacts and Eastern Responses, 1830–1975

16364:. Zamboanga City, Philippines: Zamboanga.com. July 18, 2009. Archived from 16040:"President McKinley gives his reasons for the U.S. to keep the Philippines" 15518: 15506: 14238:"Spanish Settlers in the Philippines (1571–1599) By Antonio Garcia-Abasalo" 14020:. Vol. 25. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company. pp. 150–177. 13655: 13530:

Culture and History: Occasional Notes on the Process of Philippine Becoming

13525: 13199:

Roots of Empire: Forests and State Power in Early Modern Spain, c.1500-1750

12320: 11948:

p. 35 citing Ferrand. Relations, page 564-65. Tibbets, Arabic Texts, pg 47.

11511: 11366:

The Bulletin of the Institute for Japanese Culture, Kyoto Sangyo University

11170: 10292:

The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age

10237: 10178: 10040: 9869: 9336: 9316: 9298: 9103: 9050: 9006: 8780: 8769: 8733: 8463: 8448: 8394:

The economy performed well at 7.2% GDP growth, the second fastest in Asia.

8321: 8001:". A new permanent constitution was ratified and enacted in February 1987. 7979: 7884: 7877: 7873: 7825: 7514: 7445: 7441: 7401:, than any single U.S. state was dependent on the rest of the country. The 7382: 7229:. One element of resistance in the Central Luzon area was furnished by the 7072: 6913: 6857: 6837:, to a level similar to that of the United States itself. The practices of 6754: 6559: 6551: 6308: 6241: 5975: 5912: 5787: 5646: 5154:

Chinese community for its role in aiding the British. An unknown number of

5081: 5034: 5015: 4963: 4928:, an English navigator, contacted the interim governor of the Philippines, 4841: 4787: 4673: 4652:. At the immediate south of Manila, Mexicans were present at Ermita and at 4542: 4103: 4054: 4042: 3907: 3800: 3796: 3663: 3544: 3160: 2755: 2709: 2527: 2442:

pot with baybayin inscription, dated to not later than early 16th century.

2377: 1916: 1859: 1790: 1680: 1673: 1520: 1251: 1240: 1236: 1197: 405: 385: 204: 24568: 19732: 19649: 19593:"Ferdinand Marcos Jr sworn in as Philippines president, replacing Duterte" 17434: 15815: 15804:

Steinberg, David Joel (2018). "Chapter – 3 A SINGULAR AND A PLURAL FOLK".

14680: 14663: 12232:"Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines" 12101: 10579:. Singapore: Singapore University Press, National University of Singapore. 10256:"The origins and dispersals of agricultural communities in Southeast Asia" 8783:. The rally was streamed online to engage a wider audience beyond Manila. 8274: 5006:. Although the Spanish forces consisted of just two Manila galleons and a 4868: 4430:. Thus the Philippines became a theatre of the ongoing world-wide-ranging 4277: 3858:. They rose to prominence by establishing overseas communities all across 3391:

civilization. Evidence of the existence of this rajahnate is given by the

1634:(including dogs, pigs, chickens, yams, bananas, sugarcane, and coconuts). 1445:, the Tabon Man remains are the still oldest known at about 47,000 years. 1133:. This includes the predecessors of modern-day population centers such as 24158: 23984: 23553: 23431: 22933: 21557: 21434: 21305: 19970:"Lessons from a Successful Counterinsurgency: The Philippines, 1899–1902" 15349:"CENSOS DE CUBA, PUERTO RICO, FILIPINAS Y ESPAÑA. ESTUDIO DE SU RELACION" 14190: 14150:

to refer to persons of Philippine ethnicity was in the 19th century poem

13118: 11971:"The Temples Of Bahal (Portibi): Traces of Vajranaya Buddhism in Sumatra" 11221: 9999:"Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia" 9861: 9614:

Encyclopaedia of the South-east Asian Ethnography: Communities and Tribes

8713: 8652: 8188: 8102:(MNLF), a major separatist group fighting for an independent homeland in 7929: 7913: 7848: 7777: 7679: 7662: 7591: 7398: 7307: 7191: 6846: 6782: 6567: 6467: 6366: 6337: 5890: 5827: 5759:) for the first time (before 1851, many currencies were used, mostly the 5557: 4815: 4719: 4685: 4656:

where they were stationed as sentries. In addition, men conscripted from

4653: 4593: 4573: 4415: 4371: 4330:, named Agustín de Legazpi of Tondo and had children in the Philippines. 4126:. In the Philippines, they explored many islands including the island of 3972:(Myanmar) had a large presence of merchants from the island of Mindanao. 3903: 3630: 3350: 3304: 3233: 3132: 3009: 2988: 2921: 2790: 2724: 2450: 2392: 1855: 1836: 1647: 1587: 1579: 1544: 1524: 1343:

was set up with popular elections. The U.S. promised independence in the

1305: 1301: 1087: 626: 611: 24148: 21480: 20751:

Nicholl, Robert (1983). "Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times".

19803:

Rebellion in Brunei: The 1962 Revolt, Imperialism, Confrontation and Oil

19575:"Ferdinand Marcos Jr wins landslide election victory in the Philippines" 18411: 17996: 17948: 15756: 15621:. : National Media Production Center. Retrieved December 20, 2009, from 14775: 14759: 13143:

Storms of history Water, hazard and society in the Philippines 1565–1930

12394:

Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines

12285: 11850: 11819: 11208: 10985: 10294:. Cambridge World Archaeology. Cambridge University Press. p. 204. 9503: 9487: 9461: 8198: 7634:

In the presidential elections held on November 14, 1961, Vice President

5927:

which was governed from the former Cambodian and now Vietnamese city of

5046: 5022:

by mentioning Leuconia, the ancient Ptolemaic name for the Philippines.

4615: 3810:

warrior castes were particularly known for their great singing abilities

2730:

Due to its very good relations with Japan, the Japanese called Tondo as

1507:

The most widely accepted theory of the population of the islands is the

25022: 23756: 23036: 21526: 21475:

The United States and its Territories 1870–1925: The Age of Imperialism

21474: 17111:

Man Mohini Kaul, "Philippine Foreign Policy: Retrospect and Prospect."

16504:

Legislative history of America's economic policy toward the Philippines

15991:

Mis memorias sobre la revolución filipina: Segunda etapa, (1898 á 1901)

14347: 14157: 13734: 12910: 10859: 10558: 10474:

Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia

10022: 9923:

Chambers, Geoff (2013). "Genetics and the Origins of the Polynesians".

9530: 8740:

hit Northern Luzon, resulting in 11 casualties and 615 people injured.

8687: 8580: 7582: 7507: 7497: 7480:

President Quirino (in the center-left) and family in Malacañang Palace.

7230: 7164: 6717:

Representatives from the Philippine Independence Mission left to right:

6583: 6563: 6390: 6342: 6270: 6009: 5939: 5703: 5670: 5605: 5381: 5202:

Data reported for the 1700s-1800s as divided by ethnicity and province

5127: 5123: 4795: 4778:

de Naturales comparable to a modern-day mayor. Mostly of Indio descent.

4641: 4597: 4585: 4546: 4545:

China – caused the creation of Manila on February 6, 1579, through the

4289:. In March 1578, the Spanish fleet, led by De Sande himself, acting as 4205: 3899: 3887: 3863: 3804: 3759: 3531:). It even incorporated the Butuan and Cebu Rajahanates' Bornean ally, 3296: 3090: 3070: 3028: 3000: 2965: 2885: 2869: 2692: 2387:

The date inscribed in the oldest Philippine document found so far, the

2301: 1741: 1712: 1643: 1532: 1400: 1216: 1107: 885: 722: 400: 20933:

Cracks in the parchment curtain and other essays in Philippine history

19491:"We can keep our mobile numbers for life; Duterte signs 19 other laws" 19416:"Infra spending to sustain high growth, generate economic multipliers" 18955: 18734:"Road map for peace: Highlights of the Bangsamoro framework agreement" 18421:, Center for Defense Information Terrorism Project, February 15, 2002. 15855:. U.S. Department of the Navy, Naval Historical Center. Archived from 15522: 15410:"Mexican Embassy unveils commemorative plaque in honor of PH war hero" 13161:. Translated by Lord Stanley of Alderley. London: The Hakluyt Society. 11675: 10288:"Emergence of social inequality – The middle Neolithic (5000–3000 BC)" 8640:

ruled in favor of the burial, provoking protests from various groups.

8364:'s claim gradually rose during the early years of his administration. 8229:

reversed herself in October 2003 and decided to join the race anyway.

8142: 7699:

Macapagal ran for re-election in 1965, but was defeated by his former

7026:

were held. Candidates included former president Emilio Aguinaldo, the

6797: 6769:, with the appointive Philippine Commission becoming the upper house. 5169: 4145:

led an expedition that visited Leyte and Samar in 1543 and named them

3705:

princess from Mindanao, and established the Sultanate of Maguindanao.

3523:, which stated that they had colonies in the Philippines at Saludong ( 3101:. Subsequent historians identified these raiders as Visayans from the 2823:

Namayan, also a Pasig river polity, arose as a confederation of local

2680:". It had grown into a major trading hub, sharing a monopoly with the 2360:," which was responsible for leading autonomous social groups called " 23989: 23746: 23646: 23421: 23323: 23257: 21521: 20988:

Manila Ransomed: The British Assault on Manila in the Seven Years War

20382: 19029:

Fonbuena, Carmela; Cupin, Bea; Gloria, Glenda M. (February 7, 2015).

18491:"The Impeachment of Estrada : Day of Political Tumult in Manila" 17995:

Acemoglu, Daron; Verdier, Thierry; Robinson, James A. (May 1, 2004).

17940: 16127: 16102: 15322:"The Philippines: historical demographical data of the whole country" 14704: 13310: 11908:

Abeto, Isidro Escare (1989). "Chapter X – Confederation of Madyaas".

11537: 11480:. Vol. 3. Ohio, Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Company. p. 145. 10964:

Gallop, Annabel (2016). "The Early Use of Seals in the Malay World".

9255:"Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years" 8704: 8521: 7909: 7647: 7576:

platform. He promised sweeping economic reform, and made progress in

7303: 7171: 6525: 6394: 6386: 6350: 6123: 6066:

Revolutionary sentiments arose in 1872 after three Filipino priests,

6005: 5993: 5816: 5732: 5707: 5461: 5413: 4937: 4913: 4823: 4711: 4649: 4645: 4589: 4569: 4557: 4534: 4318: 4294: 4286: 3996: 3946: 3891: 3867: 3803:'s kin and companions plus Arab dynasties such as the clan of Sultan 3584: 3540: 3508: 3300: 3283: 3279: 3175: 2893: 2889: 2824: 2697: 2677: 2621: 2617: 2439: 2408: 2341: 2333: 1816: 1726:

Around 300–700 CE, the seafaring peoples of the islands traveling in

1603: 1595: 1512: 1395: 1255: 539: 474: 142: 20733:

Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula

16200:

A War of Frontier and Empire: The Philippine–American War, 1899–1902

15199:"Forzados y reclutas: los criollos novohispanos en Asia (1756-1808)" 13586: 13107:"Searching for Kali in the Indigenous Chronicles of Jovito Abellana" 12059:

SONG, MING, AND OTHER CHINESE SOURCES ON PHILIPPINES-CHINA RELATIONS

12041: 9069:"A new species of Homo from the Late Pleistocene of the Philippines" 8569: 6012:. The uprising was brutally suppressed but it foreshadowed the 1872 5889:

assisted the United States in the defense of New Orleans during the

5706:

in 1869 cut travel time to Spain, which facilitated the rise of the

4951:

of Manila, and administered directly from Spain from 1821 after the

4699: 4684:. There were also communities of Spanish-Mestizos that developed in 4204:

Legazpi built a fort in Maynila and made overtures of friendship to

3953:

where Lungshanoid pottery made in Luzon were discovered in burials.

3337: 3315:

in South Borneo, before it was weakened by the insurrection of Datu

24163: 23041: 15464:"DoD's Personnel Chief Gives Asian-Pacific American History Lesson" 13282: 13202:. Brill's Series in the History of the Environment. Brill. p. 13006:. Translated by Rebecca Catz. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 11092:) mentions that Luzon first sent tribute to Yongle Emperor in 1406. 10655:

Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800 By John N. Miksic

9735:. National Quincentennial Committee. March 14, 2021. Archived from 9712: 8693: 8591: 8548: 8440: 8406: 8384: 8258: 8103: 8050: 8042: 7861: 7621: 7573: 7543: 7148: 7080: 6957: 6868:

built a plan that takes advantage of its cityscape, possessing the

6516:, which would cost far more money and take far more lives than the 6334:

there are those who defected to the side of the Philippine Republic

6332:. And, even among the defeated Spanish Army and American invaders, 6205: 6082:, were accused of sedition by colonial authorities and executed by 6079: 5989: 5908: 5844: 5690: 5349: 5317: 5269: 5142: 4971: 4799: 4681: 4630: 4450: 4383: 4379: 4310: 4298: 4244: 4135: 4111: 4030: 3809: 3779: 3698: 3626: 3464: 3416: 3354: 3320: 3316: 3288: 3199: 3187: 2936: 2928:. Pangasinan enjoyed full independence until the Spanish conquest. 2909: 2905: 2858: 2844: 2584: 2554: 2431: 2400: 2305: 2233: 2057: 1875: 1778: 1749: 1745: 1728: 1427:

suggest the presence of human settlement before the arrival of the

1274: 1270: 1247: 1209: 1170: 1150: 1142: 1070: 860: 375: 350: 318: 298: 253: 189: 22537: 19947:

Cruz, Frances Antoinette; Adiong, Nassef Manabilang, eds. (2020).

19786:. Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education. 2009. 15566:"Filipino Involvement in the French-Spanish Campaign in Indochina" 12361:. Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education. 2009. 10687:

Cultural and Civilisational Links between India and Southeast Asia

6993:

was finally passed. The act provided for the establishment of the

6641:

of the Sub-district of Negros, after receiving an invitation from

5869:, who was the brother of the leader of the Argentinian Revolution 5752: 5727: 4726:

as majority of the slaves imported into the archipelago were from

4703:

Principalia family by Simón Flores y de la Rosa, uncle of painter

3986:

Around 1563 CE, at the closing stages of the precolonial era, the

3744: 3443:) which then rebelled and sacked the Majapahit province of Pon-i ( 3421: 1304:. Spanish colonial rule saw the introduction of Christianity, the 1243:. These small maritime states flourished from the 1st millennium. 25321: 25292: 23802: 23787: 22944: 20360:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

19206: 18859: 18756: 17962:

Chaikin, David; Sharman, J. C. (2009). "The Marcos Kleptocracy".

17740:"Report of an AI Mission to the Republic of the Philippines 1975" 17661:"Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime" 17541:

The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos and Imelda Marcos I

16403:. Makati, Philippines: Filipinas Foundation, Inc. pp. 89–91. 14532:

1996. "Silk for Silver: Manila-Macao Trade in the 17th Century."

9251: 8971: 8844: 8794:

of the Philippines. Under his term, the Philippines ratified the

8425: 8092: 8067: 7905: 7739:. Protests surged and the writ was restored on January 11, 1972. 7597: 7319: 7019:

on March 23, 1935, and ratified by popular vote on May 14, 1935.

6838: 6757:, the last military governor, to Taft, who became the first U.S. 6532: 6466:. The islands were ceded by Spain to the United States alongside 6425: 6374: 6354: 6150: 6083: 5445: 5397: 5301: 5285: 5151: 5089: 5018:

included an explicit reference to the Philippines in his classic

4833: 4490: 4458: 4394: 4314: 4231:

A late 17th-century manuscript by Gaspar de San Agustin from the

4098:

A Spanish expedition around the world led by Portuguese explorer

4008: 3965: 3927: 3791: 3763: 3739: 3722: 3634: 3548: 3536: 3488: 3468: 3303:. This rajahnate warred against the 'magalos' (slave traders) of 3275: 3220: 3195: 3144: 3102: 3044: 2992: 2917: 2810: 2798: 2794: 2512: 2498: 2455: 2420: 2153: 1863: 1851: 1824: 1699:

and were concentrated in forests; warrior societies, such as the

1692: 1449: 1428: 1404: 1103: 1095: 1091: 449: 410: 268: 20912:

Prehispanic source materials for the study of Philippine history

20538:

South-East Asia: Languages and Literatures : a Select Guide

19300: 19257: 16554:

Goff, Richard; Moss, Walter G.; Terry, Janice; Upshur, Jiu-Hwa:

16018:"Philippines – The Malolos Constitution and the Treaty of Paris" 14668:

Interacción Sino-Iberoamericana / Sino-Iberoamerican Interaction

14339:

The Filipino Way of War: Irregular Warfare Through The Centuries

11960:, p. 37 (Sub-citation taken from Ferrand, Relations p. 333) 10851:

The Filipino Way of War: Irregular Warfare Through The Centuries

8558: 8532:

where an old Philippine ship had been stationed for many years.

8120:

was revived in the light of the rape-slay case of UPLB students

7529: 7471: 4978:. The reverse voyage also brought Asian commercial products and 4445:. These were abandoned and the Spanish soldiers, along with the 4172:

European colonialization began in earnest when Spanish explorer

2534:

as reported by Spanish missionaries mentioned by Nilo S. Ocampo,

24258: 23812: 23807: 23584: 21163:. Vol. 5. Historical introduction and additional notes by 19448:. Presidential Communications Operations Office. April 19, 2017 17350:

No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945–1991

15274:

John Bowring, "Travels in the Philippines", p. 18, London, 1875

12582: 10344: 10342: 8762: 8645:

clashes between government forces and the Maute group in Marawi

8343: 8131: 8056: 7956: 7776:

Amid the growing popularity of the opposition, Marcos declared

7518: 7315: 6877: 6842: 6628: 6509: 6382: 6378: 6262: 6230: 6154: 5985: 5943: 5928: 5916: 5775: 5509: 5365: 5333: 5237: 5030: 5007: 4967: 4803: 4760: 4727: 4669: 4588:. Aside from these cities, they were also scattered across the 4577: 4511: 4438: 4194: 4127: 4107: 4034: 3879: 3847: 3821: 3650: 3561: 3456: 3400: 3388: 3353:

lettering says "But-wan" and the smaller lettering (similar to

3216: 3179: 3098: 3078: 3066: 3056: 3036: 3022: 2996: 2913: 2751: 2568: 2564: 2494: 2486: 2435: 2353: 2310: 2249: 2185: 2089: 1961: 1832: 1828: 1774: 1639: 1516: 1442: 1278: 1201: 1178: 293: 288: 278: 20514: 16362:"History of The Republic of Zamboanga (May 1899 – March 1903)" 15219: 13933:"West Coast Of The Island Of Luzon | Tourist Attractions" 12406:

Andy Barski, Albert Beaucort; Bruce Carpenter, Barski (2007).

12009:, Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy 11946:

Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times By Robert Nicholl

9321:. Comparative Austronesian Series. ANU Press. pp. 37–38. 7896:

in February 1986. The opposition united under Aquino's widow,

7880:

was eventually appointed to succeed Marcos as Prime Minister.

7397:—more dependent, according to United States high commissioner 6416:

to end the Spanish–American War. The Filipino representative,

3084: 2688:

appointed a Chinese governor named Ko Ch'a-lao to oversee it.

2445: 1888: 1654:

of mainland Southeast Asia, both peoples being speakers of an

25299: 23573: 23237: 22471: 22288: 21463:

Official government portal of the Republic of the Philippines

19782: 19650:"Filipinos urged to join 'Bagong Pilipinas' rally on Jan. 28" 17385:. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print. 17325:. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print. 15994:. Manila: Imp. de El Renacimiento. p. Appendix I, p. 17. 12869:

Pires, Tomé; Rodrigues, Francisco; Cortesão, Armando (1978).

11225:

International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania

10153:"Y chromosomes of prehistoric people along the Yangtze River" 10151:

Li, H; Huang, Y; Mustavich, LF; et al. (November 2007).

9315:

Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell, eds. (2006).

8914: 8451:

visited the Philippines on April 28, 2014, Aquino signed the

8410: 8369: 8357: 8350: 7712: 7368: 7323: 7311: 7283: 7264: 7240:

As many as 10,000 American and Filipino soldiers died in the

7151:

on the morning of December 8, 1941, just ten hours after the

7140: 6873: 6571: 6404: 6358: 6258: 6122:", which greatly inspired the movement for independence. The 6001: 5920: 5873:. Likewise, in Mexico, about 200 Filipinos were recruited by 5573: 5493: 5477: 5429: 5159: 5085: 4894: 4807: 4731: 4693: 4672:. He also used Panamanians, including even some Genoese from 4634: 4466: 4343: 3969: 3875: 3855: 3839: 3694: 3646: 3532: 3512: 3492: 3404: 3373: 3312: 3268: 3256: 3212: 3191: 3183: 3153: 3140: 3125: 2743: 2701: 2519:

to be where they resupplied when the remaining ships escaped

2490: 2482: 2404: 1908:

Dates are approximate, consult particular article for details

1820: 1795: 1720: 1700: 1575: 1205: 1193: 1189: 1154: 1080: 380: 19176:"Dial 8888, 911: Gov't opens complaints, emergency hotlines" 19149:"Duterte administration to launch 24-hour hotline in August" 18603:"People's support for Charter change 'nowhere to go but up'" 15622: 14191:

Carol R. Ember; Melvin Ember; Ian A. Skoggard, eds. (2005).

12709: 10339: 9636: 9634: 8240:

Her term saw the completion of infrastructure projects like

7804:, which had been called for in 1970 to replace the colonial 6280: 6033:

uprising against Spain, the Irish-Chilean founder of Chile,

5162:, who came with the British, deserted and settled in nearby 3361:

The official history of the Song dynasty next refers to the

2691:

Since at least the year 900, this thalassocracy centered in

1719:

Cordillera Highlanders, who occupied the mountain ranges of

1079:, a species of archaic humans, was present on the island of 23642: 23557: 21517:

Filipiniana, The Premier Digital Library of the Philippines

19393: 18396:

Speech of Former President Estrada on the GRP-MORO Conflict

17997:"Kleptocracy and Divide-and-Rule: A Model of Personal Rule" 17888:"Philippines – From Aquino's Assassination to People Power" 11443: 11222:

Ring, Trudy; Robert M. Salkin & Sharon La Boda (1996).

9179: 8444: 7428:. By an international treaty concluded in 1930 between the 7063:

Legislative Building of the commonwealth of the Philippines

6904:

Filipinos volunteered for service in the US Navy and army.

6471: 6421: 6370: 6362: 6346: 5997: 4849:, a royal and pontifical university. They also founded the 4657: 4454: 4002: 3658: 3618: 3588: 3504: 3472: 3171: 3074: 3040: 2977: 2955: 2560: 2520: 2478: 2412: 2357: 2318: 2073: 1770: 1766: 1623: 1619: 1294: 1182: 1073:

activity in the archipelago at least by 709,000 years ago.

283: 23535: 17701: 17699: 14738:

The Diversity and Reach of the Manila Slave Market Page 36

14480:. Archaeology Division, National Museum of the Philippines 13722:

The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives

13480:"Isang Maikling Kasaysayan ng Pandacan, Maynila 1589–1898" 13382: 12898:

The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives

12375: 10738:

Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society

10624:

New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory

9996: 9318:

The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives

4506:

Incorporation to the Mexico-based Viceroyalty of New Spain

4235:, depicting López de Legazpi's conquest of the Philippines 4083: 4064: 2712:

from possibly before 900 CE to 1571, becoming the largest

2616:

Some of these regions were part of the Malayan empires of

2391:, is 900 CE. From the details of the document, written in 1932:

Precolonial period (AD 900 to 1565) – Independent polities

1566:

in a common linguistic and genetic lineage, including the

1355:. The U.S. military overpowered the Japanese in 1945. The 21115: 19541: 19130:"PH microsatellite Diwata-1 heads to Int'l Space Station" 19084:"Philippines files case to UN in South China Sea dispute" 18806: 18690:"Heirs of Sultan of Sulu pursue Sabah claim on their own" 17679:"Gone too soon: 7 youth leaders killed under Martial Law" 17317: 17315: 17313: 17311: 15998: 15652:"Andrés Bonifacio Letter to Julio Nakpil, April 24, 1897" 15094:"How big were families in the 1700s?" By Keri Rutherford 14043:

Casa de los Genoveses- Sitio Arqueológico de Panamá Viejo

13670:"Catholic Missions in the Carolines and Marshall Islands" 12769: 12721: 12154: 9631: 8786:

As president, Marcos signed into law the creation of the

6424:

and Puerto Rico, Spain was forced in the negotiations to

3073:

which itself was a vassal-state to the larger country of

1850:, Taiwan (Orchid Island), and in the Philippines, in the 1642:

people who live in inland Mindanao, and the other in the

21323:

The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos

21314:

The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos

21271:

The Philippines : To the End of the Military Régime

19062:"MILF: Don't scrap Bangsamoro law because of Mamasapano" 17927:

Manning, Robert A. (1984). "The Philippines in Crisis".

17435:"SoKor thanks anew PH military assistance in Korean War" 17161:"Balitang Beterano: Facts about Philippine Independence" 15108:

Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines

14523:

Schurz, William Lytle. The Manila Galleon, 1939. p. 193.

13358: 13292: 13223: 12802: 12685: 12241:– via Kansai University Institutional Reposaitory. 12085:"5 other places in Asia which are also called Singapura" 11780: 11778: 10891:

Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines

10764:

Jocano, Felipe Jr. (August 7, 2012). Wiley, Mark (ed.).

10435:, printed by the Museum of Cultural History, UCLA (1981) 10351:

Kinaadman (Wisdom) A Journal of the Southern Philippines

10083:

Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, Volume 86, Part 5

10068:

Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, Volume 86, Part 5

9840: 9645:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 9523:

The Soul Book: Introduction to Philippine Pagan Religion

9066: 6336:. The most famous of which was African-American Captain 6249:

Manila—leaving the Philippines ripe for German picking.

6221:

In 1898, as conflicts continued in the Philippines, the

4877:, a typical Filipino urban house during the colonial era 4350:. Due to the 1549 Ming ban on trade leveled against the 3975: 19630:"Bagong Pilipinas kick-off rally draws 400K supporters" 17994: 17696: 16646: 16644: 16348:

General Macario L. Sakay: Was He a Bandit or a Patriot?

15297:

Population of the Philippines Census Years 1799 to 2007

14573:

Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indians

13394: 12697: 12319:

Odal-Devora, Grace (2000). Alejandro, Reynaldo Gamboa;

12118: 11400:

Field Museum of Natural History. Anthropological Series

9521:; Nakpil-Zialcita, Roberto B.; Feleo, Fernando (1991). 9417:

Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage

9027: 8636:(the country's official cemetery for heroes) after the 8376:'s Royal Army and the Malaysian forces struck in 2013. 7108: 5665: 5025: 1185:, whose possible location is either Mindoro or Laguna. 21481:

History of the Philippine Islands by Morga, Antonio de

20955:

The economic societies in the Spanish world, 1763–1821

20886:

Schirmer, Daniel B.; Shalom, Stephen Rosskamm (1987).

20807:. Pitt Illuminations. University of Pittsburgh Press. 20258:"The Magsaysay, Garcia, and Macapagal Administrations" 19898:

Bound to Empire: The United States and the Philippines

19679:"Filipinos to ignite hope at 'Bagong Pilipinas' rally" 19301:

Philips, T.; Holmes, O.; Bowcott, O. (July 12, 2016).

19272: 17308: 16315: 14014:

Blair, Emma Helen; Robertson, James Alexander (1905).

13859:"La hispanización y la identidad hispana en Filipinas" 12868: 11928: 11763:

Yang Bowen, Zhufan zhi jiaoshi (Beijing, 1996), p. 145

8251:, wherein 58 people were killed, and the unsuccessful 8213:

President Arroyo between the monarchs of Spain in 2006

7075:

for service in the country), greater control over the

4406:, they were supported by the Papuan language speaking 3778:

and defeating Rajah Gambang and then establishing the

2642: 1319:

Spanish rule ended in 1898 with Spain's defeat in the

1086:

The earliest known anatomically modern human was from

23290:

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

20670:

A Political Chronology of South-East Asia and Oceania

19357:

Esguerra, Anthony; Salaverria, Leila (May 23, 2017).

19303:"Philippines wins South China Sea case against China" 18978:"Pope Francis greeted by ecstatic Philippines crowds" 18412:

In the Spotlight : Moro Islamic Liberation Front

18399: 18152:"PHILIPPINE SENATE VOTES TO REJECT U.S. BASE RENEWAL" 17589:"Martial Law, the dark chapter in Philippine history" 17375: 13370: 13320: 13104: 12745: 11883:(Manila: Mabuhay Publ. 1963), Dr. Manuel L. Carreon, 11775: 11462: 10325:"Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo-Pacific region" 9790:"A Very Long Way to Eat Rhino - Archaeology Magazine" 9733:

2021 Quincentennial Commemorations in the Philippines

8686:

began, paving the way for the formal creation of the

8669:

Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development

8199:

Administration of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001–2010)

8110:, continued the armed struggle for an Islamic state. 7123:

Home front during World War II § The Philippines

4994:

In 1646, a series of five naval actions known as the

4936:, who wished to establish direct trade contacts with 4810:

were established. The Spanish introduced elements of

4616:

Spanish settlement during the 16th and 17th centuries

2785:

Cainta was a fortified upriver polity in present-day

20844:"Bureaucracy: A Profound Puzzle for Presidentialism" 20536:

Herbert, Patricia; Milner, Anthony Crothers (1989).

19280:"Cayetano: PH war on drugs exaggerated by fake news" 18310:

Philippines' GDP grows 3.2 pc in 1999, GNP up 3.6 pc

16641: 16441:

A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900

15932:

Gen. Jose Paua, the Chinese in Philippine revolution

15643: 14079:"The Philippine Archipelago" By Yves Boquet Page 262 13969: 13967: 13805:

http://www.manilacathedral.org/History/history_1.htm

13519: 13477: 13260:. Reno: University of Nevada Press. pp. 30–39. 13235: 12781: 12733: 12142: 12139:. 2001. Volume 23. Xavier University Press. Page 34. 11910:

Philippine history: reassessed / Isidro Escare Abeto

11683: 11262:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 33. 11135: 9756:. Reno: University of Nevada Press. pp. 17–29. 8805: 8732:

by a landslide. His vice presidential candidate was

8176:(MILF). The government later captured 46 MILF camps 7298:

With a view of building up the economic base of the

7290:

to liberate the Philippines from the Empire of Japan

6546:, Vol. II, published by Harper and Brothers in 1899. 4437:

In time, Spanish fortifications were also set up in

3511:, in turn invaded Brunei and had briefly ruled over 3435:

and its conquest of the Filipino kingdoms of Solot (

1515:

in a series of maritime migrations originating from

1407:, where one of the oldest human remains was located. 19028: 16141:Price, Michael G. (2002). Foreword. In A.B. Feuer, 15963:

Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

15557: 14061:

Quinze Ans de Voyage Autor de Monde Vol. II ( 1840)

13635: 13340:"Letter from Francisco de Sande to Felipe II, 1578" 13285:de toda aquella isla...Mamuel Merino, O.S.A., ed., 13071:

Quoting from; Cortes 30, Suma, pp. 376–77, and 362.

12757: 12493:

Philippine History Module-based Learning I' 2002 Ed

11595:. De la Salle University. p. 8. Archived from 11259:

Connecting and Distancing: Southeast Asia and China

10438: 10361: 10348: 10329:

Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association

10070:. American Philosophical Society. pp. 127–128. 10047: 9977: 9975: 9962:

Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association

9128:Grün, Rainer; Stringer, Chris (December 15, 2023). 8678:was legislated into law and was ratified following 8626:territorial claims. Later that November, president 7412:During Roxas' term of office administration of the 6106:, that clamored for adequate representation to the 5170:

Spanish rule in the second part of the 18th century

5064:Plaza Santo Tomas in Intramuros, Manila; where the 3920:

medieval maritime principalities of the Philippines

3478: 3089:Writing in the 13th century, the Chinese historian 1511:that follows the Austronesian expansion during the 1312:. The Philippines was ruled under the Mexico-based 20952: 20887: 20653:(Second ed.). Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. 19831:(8th ed.). Quezon City: Garotech Publishing. 19824: 19758:"RCEP Agreement enters into force for Philippines" 19706:"What is the Maharlika Investment Fund all about?" 19469:"34 of 75 flagship infra projects to start in '18" 19356: 18830: 18664:"Royal decree creates Sultanate of Panay in Capiz" 18600: 18391: 18389: 17347: 16147:(pp. xiii–xvi). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood. 15674: 14620: 13818:"A History of the Philippines by David P. Barrows" 13766: 12636: 12239:Journal of East Asian Cultural Interaction Studies 11663:Journal of East Asian Cultural Interaction Studies 10740:. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. 8885:List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines 8665:Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act 8435:was signed after 17 years of negotiation with the 8424:on November 8, 2013, which heavily devastated the 8383:was signed to create the Bangsamoro Government in 6864:With Manila's Hispanic- Austronesian-Sinic roots. 6777:steel and concrete wharves at the newly renovated 6186:and Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries were 5915:. Soldiers from the Philippines were recruited by 5817:Latin-American revolutions and direct Spanish rule 4012:, a type of swivel-gun used in inter-kingdom wars. 3960:established their base at Macao in the mid-1500s. 3842:, Philippines were used as soldiers by both sides. 3641:by converting its previous ruler, the Hindu king, 3564:) before a fleet from the capital drove them out. 2888:valley. It flourished around the same period, the 21095:Abinales, Patricio N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). 20619:In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines 19879:Encyclopaedia of the South East Asian Ethnography 17272: 17163:. Philippine Headline News Online. Archived from 16692: 16690: 16334:The Republic of Negros By Filomeno V. Aguilar Jr. 15921:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 507. 15619:12 Events that Have Influenced Philippine History 15241:. Reno: University of Nevada Press. p. 132. 15150: 13964: 12821:(2). Ateneo de Manila University Press: 131–144. 12000:Strait of Malacca – World Oil Transit Chokepoints 11740:Old Chinese Book Tells of the World 800 Years Ago 11579: 11577: 10620: 9820:. University of Alabama Press. pp. 168–171. 9641:Abinales, Patricio N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). 9368:Malacañan Palace: Presidential Museum and Library 8576:delivering his first State of the Nation Address. 7332: 6765:was inaugurated in 1907, as the lower house of a 6687: 6528:movement of at least 80,000 to 100,000 soldiers. 5198:tribute) and came upon the following statistics: 5107: 4755:(They later reverted to Islam) were relocated to 4267:, then joined the Spanish in the war against the 1479:by around 1500 BCE. They assimilated the earlier 1359:established the independent Philippine Republic. 25348: 21149: 20441:. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers. 20365: 19294: 18472:"Kickback Scandal Bedevils Estrada's Presidency" 18376:"What Went Before: Past Charter-change attempts" 18249:"A timeline of death penalty in the Philippines" 17776:. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press. 16945: 16943: 16545:. Houghton Mifflin and Co., Boston and New York. 15436:"Beyond Pacquaio-De La Hoya, a Cultural History" 14782: 14410: 14130: 14128: 14126: 13877:"Fortress of Empire, Rene Javellana, S. J. 1997" 12593:. National Historical Commission. Archived from 11530:"About Pasay – History: Kingdom of Namayan" 10948:"Mathematical Ideas in Early Philippine Society" 10821:(Ninth ed.). Australia: Allen & Unwin. 10450: 10150: 9972: 9314: 8694:Administration of Bongbong Marcos (2022–present) 8259:Administration of Benigno Aquino III (2010–2016) 8124:in 1993 and the first person to be executed was 7939: 7622:Administration of Diosdado Macapagal (1961–1965) 7432:(in respect of its then overseas territory, the 7090:, in the level of U.S. commitment to the future 6981:as a Philippine Independence Act over President 6544:Harper's Pictorial History of the War with Spain 3211:. Either way, Madja-as was allegedly founded on 3194:and they settled the surrounding islands of the 2114: 1475:, as well as voyaging further east to reach the 23834: 21094: 20341:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. 20316:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. 20291:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. 20266:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. 20241:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. 20216:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. 20191:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. 20166:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. 20141:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. 20116:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. 20091:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. 20066:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. 20041:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. 20016:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. 19849:Philippine History: Political, Social, Economic 19784:History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past 18716:"Lahad Datu invasion: A painful memory of 2013" 18386: 18359:, Asian Development Bank, 2001. (archived from 17653: 16593: 16452: 16350:. J. B. Feliciano and Sons Printers-Publishers. 16336:Philippine Studies vol. 48, no. 1 (2000): 26–52 15649: 15402: 15078: 15076: 15074: 15072: 15070: 15068: 15066: 15064: 15062: 15060: 15058: 15056: 15054: 15052: 15050: 15048: 14995: 14993: 14991: 14989: 14987: 14985: 14983: 14981: 14979: 14977: 14827: 14598:. University of Texas at Austin. Archived from 14471:"Astilleros: the Spanish shipyards of Sorsogon" 14082: 13856: 12579:on January 26, 2003) Retrieved January 9, 2008. 12359:History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past 12210:"A historical perspective on the word 'Keling'" 11619: 11617: 11478:Relation of the Conquest of the Island of Luzon 11028: 10759: 10757: 10249: 10247: 9918: 9916: 9914: 9640: 9442:International Journal of Historical Archaeology 9259:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8026:During the Aquino presidency, Manila witnessed 7982:, takes the Oath of Office on February 25, 1986 7665:law enacted in 1963 under President Macapagal. 4998:was fought between the forces of Spain and the 4110:on March 16, 1521. They landed the next day on 3830:Ruins of the Royal Palace of Ayutthaya, in the 3721:A performance of the Maranao royal dance, the " 3674: 3487:, reported that Brunei invaded or administered 3198:. This is according to Pedro Monetclaro's book 2991:, and others believing it was on the island of 2438:dated to the early 10th–14th centuries and the 20885: 19524:"Plebiscite in Mindanao: Will it be the last?" 18357:Philippines : Recent Trends and Prospects 18335:THE PHILIPPINES: CONSOLIDATING ECONOMIC GROWTH 18065:"Background Notes: Philippines, November 1996" 17961: 17231:The North Borneo Cession Order in Council 1946 16687: 16345: 16203:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 200–01. 15607: 15346: 15170: 15046: 15044: 15042: 15040: 15038: 15036: 15034: 15032: 15030: 15028: 14975: 14973: 14971: 14969: 14967: 14965: 14963: 14961: 14959: 14957: 14729:Garcıa de los Arcos, "Grupos etnicos," ´ 65–66 14544: 14542: 14498: 14134:During the Spanish colonial period, the terms 14013: 12839: 12837: 12172: 11872: 11574: 11468: 11082:of A study of the Eastern and Western Oceans ( 10966:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient 10925:Philippine Journal of Linguistics – 23 – p. 67 10809: 10807: 10805: 10680: 10678: 10593:Sundaland: Tracing The Cradle of Civilizations 10379: 10199: 8439:(MILF), a move which sought to bring peace in 7872:, which pitted Marcos against retired general 7772:Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship 7735:on August 21, 1971, led Marcos to suspend the 7598:Administration of Carlos P. Garcia (1957–1961) 6664:was proclaimed. That government was formed by 6453:1898 political cartoon showing U.S. President 6408:An early flag of the Filipino revolutionaries. 5988:as well as the freshly independent nations of 5823:Philippine Military Activities in the Americas 5188:Economic Society of the Friends of the Country 4533:who was a vassal to the Sultan of Brunei, and 4342:warring states period of Japan had spread the 3834:. Ayutthaya (Thailand) was the setting of the 3740:The Bruneian Empire and the expansion of Islam 1744:principalities, adopting influences from both 1339:to rule the Philippines. In 1907, the elected 23479:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 22960: 22553: 21542: 20535: 20333:"From Aquino's Assassination to People Power" 18580:"Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Talkasia Transcript" 18574: 18572: 18570: 18509:"Estrada Impeachment Trial Thrown Into Chaos" 16998: 16940: 16662: 16556:The Twentieth Century: A Brief Global History 16339: 16178: 15807:THE PHILIPPINES A Singular and a Plural Place 15680: 14915:Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World 14872:Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World 14806: 14623:"Chronology of Filipinos in America Pre-1989" 14330:Reyeg, Fernardo; Marsh, Ned (December 2011). 14123: 13287:Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas (1565–1615) 13138: 13136: 12715: 12615: 11558:Fox, Robert B. and Avelino M. Legaspi. 1977. 11518:. Binondo: Imprenta de M. Sanchez y Compañia. 11255: 11190: 11188: 11105:. Akeanon.com. March 27, 2008. Archived from 10842:Reyeg, Fernardo; Marsh, Ned (December 2011). 10626:. Vol. 45. ANU Press. pp. 333–356. 10589: 10202:"Early Austronesians: Into and Out Of Taiwan" 10085:. American Philosophical Society. p. 52. 9729:"PH to Mark the First Circumnavigation Route" 9407: 9405: 9403: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9395: 9393: 9391: 9389: 8559:Administration of Rodrigo Duterte (2016–2022) 7687:nations in front of the Congress Building in 7530:Administration of Ramon Magsaysay (1953–1957) 7472:Administration of Elpidio Quirino (1948–1953) 7377:Manuel Roxas inaugurated as president in 1946 6165:(a relative of Bonifacio's by marriage), and 5963: 4771: 3255:A picture of a Bronze Image of the Hindu God 2665:, indirectly refers to the Tagalog polity of 2050: 1539:in coastal southeastern China pre-dating the 1046: 57:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 23154:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 20478:When Britain Ruled The Philippines 1762–1764 19875: 19108: 18544: 18542: 18540: 18004:Journal of the European Economic Association 17643:"A family affair | 31 years of amnesia" 16196: 15470:. U.S. Department of Defense. Archived from 15319: 14794: 14093:. Makati City: Tower Book House. p. 2. 13158:The first voyage round the world by Magellan 13083:Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo 12175:"The Butuan Silver Strip. A Philippine Leaf" 11650:. La Union: Limbagan Printhouse. p. 80. 11614: 10754: 10728: 10726: 10724: 10722: 10720: 10718: 10716: 10714: 10316: 10244: 9911: 9710: 9610: 9510: 9127: 8132:Administration of Joseph Estrada (1998–2001) 8057:Administration of Fidel V. Ramos (1992–1998) 7957:Administration of Corazon Aquino (1986–1992) 6694:Insular Government of the Philippine Islands 6637:arrived at Bacolod on March 4, 1899, as the 6629:The Tagalog, Negros, and Zamboanga Republics 6436: 5190:. The Philippines was administered from the 4822:alongside new food resources such as maize, 4168:1734 Spanish Chart of the Philippine Islands 3774:'s monopoly in the China trade by attacking 3410: 3061:Pulilu was a Prehispanic polity centered at 2738:, went as far as to change his surname from 1986: 1233:South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I 21379:. Outlook Publishing Company, Inc.: 135–137 20821: 20233:"Economic Relations with the United States" 20005: 19876:Bisht, Narendra S.; Bankoti, T. S. (2004). 19800: 19515: 19202:"Duterte sworn in as Philippines president" 18832:"Philippines signs deal with Muslim rebels" 18802:"Tacloban: City at the centre of the storm" 18431:Philippine Military Takes Moro Headquarters 17604: 17602: 17547:. San Francisco: Union Square Publications. 16765: 16763: 16761: 16759: 16698:"Philippines, The period of U.S. influence" 16670:"Philippines, The period of U.S. influence" 16578: 16576: 16401:Zamboanga Hermosa: Memories of the Old Town 16169: 16167: 16165: 16163: 16161: 16085: 16083: 15769: 15745:Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 15628: 15313: 15025: 14954: 14874:. Cambridge University Press. p. 100. 14592:"Episode 76: The Trans-Pacific Slave Trade" 14539: 14088: 13640:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 199. 12834: 12775: 12622:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 117. 12609: 12381: 12318: 12306: 11839:Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 11808:Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 11654: 11437: 11363: 11334:. Oxford Business Group. 2012. p. 11. 10802: 10675: 10380:Glover, Ian; Bellwood, Peter, eds. (2004). 9949: 9834: 9498:(1). Ateneo de Manila University: 119–138. 9419:. Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc. 9353:Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde (2011): 31–41. 8547:bases into the country. On March 23, 2016, 8497:, leading to a delay in the passage of the 7630:Diosdado Macapagal departing for Malacañang 6500:Filipino casualties on the first day of war 6474:as a result of the latter's victory in the 6267:Revolutionary Government of the Philippines 6244:defeated the Spanish squadron at Manila, a 6215:Revolutionary Government of the Philippines 5150:in Europe. The Spanish then persecuted the 5020:Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica 3431:, chronicled the rise of the Java-centered 3215:island (named after the destroyed state of 3085:Visayan belligerence against Imperial China 2804: 2789:that occupied both shores of an arm of the 2367: 2098: 2002: 22967: 22953: 22560: 22546: 21549: 21535: 20667: 19946: 19359:"Duterte declares martial law in Mindanao" 18780:Typhoon Haiyan death toll rises over 5,000 18601:Dalangin-Fernandez, Lira (July 20, 2006). 18567: 18550:"Country Profile: Philippines, March 2006" 18067:. U.S. Department of State. Archived from 17866:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 75. 17761:. Filipinos For A Better Philippines, Inc. 17587:Francisco, Katerina (September 22, 2016). 16144:America at War: the Philippines, 1898–1913 15900: 15898: 14442: 14440: 14438: 14436: 14434: 14383:Spanish-language facsimile of the original 14329: 13857:Sánchez-Jiménez, David (October 1, 2010). 13541: 13311:Annual report of the Secretary of War 1903 13133: 12727: 12522:. Rex Bookstore, Inc. 2004. pp. 46–. 12410:. Dorling Kindersley, London. p. 46. 12202: 12160: 12124: 12046:De la Salle University, History Department 11963: 11562:Manila: National Museum of the Philippines 11536:. City Government of Pasay. Archived from 11420:The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook 11228:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 565–569. 11185: 10942: 10940: 10841: 10665: 10663: 10471: 10383:Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History 10263:Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History 10261:. In Glover, Ian; Bellwood, Peter (eds.). 10080: 10065: 9990: 9433: 9386: 9222: 9220: 7440:(in respect of its then protectorate, the 7369:Administration of Manuel Roxas (1946–1948) 7252:. The American army had been fighting the 6485: 6177:. Tension between the factions led to the 5141:organized a militia of 10,000 mostly from 4130:. However, Magellan was killed during the 4020: 3766:, in 1485 to 1521, the recently Islamized 3326: 2274: 2194: 1262:or rebelling and waging war against them. 1053: 1039: 25273:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 21863: 21443: 21429: 20648: 20627: 20597:"Early Political Life in the Philippines" 20434: 19819: 19730: 19677:Paunan, Jerome Carlo (January 24, 2024). 18828: 18537: 18326:, Asian Economic News, September 4, 2000. 18267: 18211: 18083: 18059: 18057: 18048: 18036: 17636: 17634: 17632: 17630: 17628: 17619: 17586: 17506: 17153: 16915: 16750: 16738: 16726: 16567: 16305: 16263: 16251: 16223: 16126: 16074: 15934:by Raymund Catindig (The Philippine Star) 15904: 15803: 15712: 15710: 15708: 15706: 15704: 14679: 14346: 13760: 13733: 13508:. New York: Walker & Company. p. 64. 13229: 13171: 13154: 13080: 12994: 12992: 12942:. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. 12928: 12909: 12691: 12667: 12312: 12033: 11674: 11410: 11169:. Mangyan Heritage Center. Archived from 10858: 10711: 10684: 10227: 10217: 10168: 10030: 9547:Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture 9288: 9278: 9153: 8618:ruled in favor of the Philippines in its 8473:. On January 25, 2015, 44 members of the 8433:Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro 8342:caused deeply strained relations between 8023:that left 700 dead and 200,000 homeless. 7946:History of the Philippines (1986–present) 7924:, forced Marcos into exile and installed 7868:. The political opposition boycotted the 6676:, and included Latin-American (Peruvian, 6578:, was killed on December 2, 1899, in the 6311:an Indian and French Mestizo served as a 6281:The First Philippine Republic (1899–1901) 3748:Territorial extent of the Bruneian Empire 3712: 2411:amalgamation, similar to the cultures of 2130: 2018: 1711:warfare and roamed the plains; the petty 1265:The first recorded visit by Europeans is 505:Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization 25278:Colonial universities in the Philippines 21556: 20866: 20495: 20330: 20305: 20280: 20255: 20230: 20205: 20180: 20155: 20130: 20105: 20080: 19488: 19240: 19146: 19111:"Supreme Court upholds legality of Edca" 19109:Torres-Tupas, Tetch (January 12, 2016). 18943: 18470:Paddock, Richard C. (October 20, 2000). 18447:AFP-MILF 2000 War in Mindanao Remembered 18320:, Asian Economic News, January 31, 2000. 18171:"U.S. MILITARY ENDS ROLE IN PHILIPPINES" 18168: 17880: 17608: 17599: 17582: 17580: 17578: 17576: 17574: 17572: 17484:. Philippine News Online. Archived from 17474: 17334: 17328: 17148: 17142: 17004: 16857:"The Intrepid Guerrillas of North Luzon" 16769: 16756: 16582: 16573: 16517: 16511: 16413: 16407: 16398: 16173: 16158: 16100: 16089: 16080: 16010: 15987: 15910: 15742: 15544:Smith, Mercenaries and mandarins, p. 29. 15492: 15461: 15234: 15146: 15144: 14943: 14848:, July 8, 2006, accessed March 19, 2011. 14835:" Chinatown Manila: Oldest in the world" 14661: 14000:made up very largely of Mexican soldiers 13918:"Spanish Expeditions to the Philippines" 13794:"History – the First Cathedral 1581–1583 13599: 13546:. NUS Press. pp. 82, 84, 126, 421. 13400: 13388: 13364: 13253: 13089: 12934: 12703: 12442:In Bahasa Sug: An Introduction to Tausug 12039: 11660: 11448:. Angeles: Holy Angel University Press. 10456: 10425: 10253: 9984:The Global Prehistory of Human Migration 9981: 9922: 9807: 9749: 9673: 9590:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 9247: 9245: 8905:Resident Commissioner of the Philippines 8712:on July 25, 2022, with Senate President 8703: 8661:Build! Build! Build! Infrastructure Plan 8568: 8524:which challenged Beijing's claim in the 8396: 8315: 8208: 8141: 8066: 7985: 7966: 7847: 7741: 7678: 7625: 7601: 7533: 7475: 7381:Elections were held in April 1946, with 7372: 7342: 7278: 7235: 7185: 7131: 7058: 7000: 6956: 6937: 6856: 6829:established which, by 1930, reduced the 6819: 6792: 6712: 6697: 6593:President Emilio Aguinaldo boarding the 6588: 6537: 6495: 6448: 6403: 6284: 6204: 6054: 6044: 5933: 5826: 5765: 5726: 5689: 5669: 5059: 5041:in the Spanish-Filipino battle standard. 5029: 4888: 4867: 4765: 4698: 4619: 4475: 4332: 4226: 4181:(who was in love with Tondo's princess, 4163: 4001: 3825: 3743: 3716: 3598: 3594: 3558:assaulted the Majapahit province of Poni 3420: 3336: 3250: 3240: 2959: 2838: 2814: 2641: 2444: 1794: 1394: 1231:arrived through expeditions such as the 24269:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 21447:The Philippine Islands and Their People 21319: 21311: 21295: 21281: 21267: 21253:. University of the Philippines Press. 21138: 21101:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 21024: 20779: 20750: 20573: 20515:Fundación Santa María (Madrid) (1994). 20158:"A Collaborative Philippine Leadership" 20055: 20030: 19925: 19627: 19489:Kabiling, Genalyn (February 19, 2019). 18843:from the original on December 10, 2022. 18469: 18190: 18169:Branigin, William (November 24, 1992). 17926: 17830: 17734: 17732: 17559:"Jabidah and Merdeka: The inside story" 17537: 17533: 17531: 17529: 17482:"Carlos Garcia: Unheralded nationalist" 17345: 17299:Philippine presidents " Manuel A. Roxas 16843: 16310:Laying the Foundations of Colonial Rule 15916: 15895: 15889: 15877: 15770:Hedman, Eva-Lotta; Sidel, John (2005). 15634: 15377: 15308:National Statistical Coordination Board 15098: 14949: 14446: 14431: 14395: 14302: 14146:. The first documented use of the tern 13982: 13889: 13767:George Childs Kohn (October 31, 2013). 13241: 12973:10.5790/hongkong/9789888028115.001.0001 12439: 12327:. Unilever Philippines. pp. 43–66. 12064: 11957: 11836: 11805: 11715:"South East Asia Pottery – Philippines" 11552: 11053:– via Cambridge University Press. 10937: 10819:Southeast Asia: An Introductory History 10813: 10669: 10660: 10544: 10285: 10279: 9955: 9217: 7900:. The official election canvasser, the 7834:Task Force Detainees of the Philippines 7606:Garcia inaugurated as president in 1957 6524:soldiers who were part of a nationwide 4084:Early Spanish expeditions and conquests 4065:Spanish settlement and rule (1565–1898) 3617:and Shari'ful Hashem Syed Abu Bakr, an 3109: 3050: 3016: 2884:as its capital, existed in the fertile 2774: 2453:image illustrating the ancient Tagalog 1784: 244:Historically documented states/polities 25349: 25222: 21365:Nieva, Gregorio (September 28, 1921). 21340: 21248: 21005: 20950: 20783:The Intrepid Guerrillas of North Luzon 20710: 20602:The development of Philippine politics 19906: 19856: 19676: 19127: 18944:Postrado, Leonard (January 13, 2016). 18688:Cruz, Arlyn dela (February 16, 2013). 18662:Burgos, Nestor P. Jr. (June 3, 2012). 18661: 18488: 18186: 18184: 18149: 18054: 17859: 17804: 17756: 17625: 17383:The Philippines: Through the Centuries 17354:. Cambridge University Press. p. 17323:The Philippines: Through the centuries 17273:Peter C. Richards (December 6, 1947). 17130:. Chanrobles law library. July 4, 1946 16774: 16543:"Daniel H. Burnham: Planner of Cities" 15701: 15228: 15196: 15151:Maximilian Larena (January 21, 2021). 15104: 14590:Rose, Christopher (January 13, 2016). 14569: 14457: 13930: 13606:. Jain Publishing Company. p. 1. 13462: 13376: 13326: 13165: 13016: 12989: 12962: 12864: 12862: 12843: 12808: 12787: 12751: 11623: 11510: 11504: 11282: 11194: 10963: 10899:10.21313/hawaii/9780824832728.001.0001 10888: 10763: 10571: 10409:– Dhirendra Nath Roy, Manila 1929 and 10386:. Psychology Press. pp. 36, 157. 10335:(The Taipei Papers (Volume 2)): 31–50. 10322: 10206:The American Journal of Human Genetics 10121: 9583: 9543: 9481: 9479: 9439: 9411: 9232:Piakandatu ami Dr. Howard P. McKaughan 8541:Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement 8453:Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement 8071:Ramos inaugurated as president in 1992 7675:History of the Philippines (1965–1986) 7339:History of the Philippines (1946–1965) 7300:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 7115:Japanese occupation of the Philippines 6445:History of the Philippines (1898–1946) 6062:, father of the Philippine Revolution. 5137:Outside of Manila, the Spanish leader 4071:History of the Philippines (1565–1898) 3862:as well as maintaining relations with 3535:. But they failed to take hold of the 3495:as well as the Philippine kingdoms of 3483:During the 1300s, the Chinese annals, 3035:), and Pulihuan 蒲裏喚 (near present-day 2631: 2372:During the period of the south Indian 25221: 25117: 25116: 24240: 24118: 23833: 23692: 23660: 23597: 23534: 23449: 23372: 23312: 23226: 23215: 22987: 22986: 22948: 22541: 21530: 21408: 21364: 21326:. Ateneo de Manila University Press. 21066: 21045: 20984: 20929: 20908: 20841: 20729: 20668:Lea, David; Milward, Colette (2001). 20594: 20554: 20413: 20385:Annual report of the Secretary of War 19967: 19547: 19521: 19059: 18713: 18150:Shenon, Philip (September 16, 1991). 18133: 17771: 17569: 16708:from the original on February 5, 2007 16624: 16500: 16424: 16290: 16227: 16184: 16059: 16004: 15455: 15141: 14812: 14800: 14788: 14760:"Spanish and Mestizo Women of Manila" 14757: 14702: 14634:University of California, Los Angeles 14376: 14024: 13183: 13056: 12998: 12877: 12739: 12642: 12467:The Filipino Moving Onward 5' 2007 Ed 12148: 11907: 11701: 11689: 11583: 11522: 11416: 11316: 11141: 10732: 10444: 10433:The People and Art of the Philippines 10367: 10053: 9905: 9776: 9770: 9706: 9704: 9702: 9700: 9611:Bisht, N. S.; Bankoti, T. S. (2004). 9579: 9577: 9575: 9573: 9571: 9569: 9567: 9348: 9346: 9242: 9123: 9121: 8880:List of presidents of the Philippines 8381:Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro 8320:President Aquino with U.S. President 8247:Numerous other scandals (such as the 8205:Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 7256:since October 1944, when MacArthur's 6609:In 1900, President McKinley sent the 6597:after his capture by American forces. 5037:of Manila were at the corners of the 4045:and the Philippines' location on the 3976:Rise and fall of the Dapitan Kedatuan 2949: 1940:History of the Philippines (900–1565) 1755: 1550:This includes civilizations like the 23550:Captaincy General of the Philippines 23042:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 21391: 21098:State and Society in the Philippines 20963: 20800: 20686: 20474: 20392: 20283:"Marcos and the Road to Martial Law" 19845: 18687: 18489:Fuller, Thomas (November 14, 2000). 18306:, Manila Standard, January 17, 2008. 18197:. Trafford Publishing. p. 392. 17831:Aguilar, Mila D. (October 3, 2015). 17824: 17765: 17750: 17729: 17561:. September 13, 2015. Archived from 17526: 17405:"THE PHILIPPINES: Death of a Friend" 17098:Paul H. Clyde, and Burton F. Beers, 16893:. United States Army. Archived from 16558:, Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998, pp. 212 16321: 16275: 16239: 15203:Bolotin Archivo General de la Nación 14912: 14869: 14857: 14719:– via The Library of Congress. 14589: 14169: 14113: 13707: 13584: 13298: 13195: 12965:Elusive Pirates, Pervasive Smugglers 12883: 12575:by Dr. C. A. Majul." (archived from 12536: 12496:. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 39–. 12444:. Lobel & Tria Partnership, Co. 12263: 12229: 12040:Talaguit, Christian (January 2020). 11785:A Chinese Gazetteer of Foreign Lands 11648:The history of Agoo : 1578–2005 11645: 11635:. De la Salle University. p. 8. 11444:Alfonso, Ian Christopher B. (2016). 11393:"Chinese Pottery in the Philippines" 11390: 11384: 11215: 9956:Mijares, Armand Salvador B. (2006). 9813: 9643:State and society in the Philippines 9310: 9308: 9226: 9175: 9173: 9062: 9060: 8967: 8965: 8870:List of disasters in the Philippines 8590:and became the first president from 8268: 7780:on September 21, 1972, by virtue of 7695:(4th from left) on October 24, 1966. 7109:World War II and Japanese occupation 6922:High Commissioner of the Philippines 6233:harbor. This event precipitated the 5666:Spanish rule during the 19th century 5045:Colonial income derived mainly from 5026:Spanish rule during the 18th century 4897:founded by the Mexican conquistador 4149:in honor of Philip of Asturias, the 4075:Captaincy General of the Philippines 4057:to effectively employ a strategy of 2974:official history of the Song dynasty 1399:Docking station and entrance to the 17: 25253:Indochristian painting in New Spain 23373: 22567: 20455: 20308:"Proclamation 1081 and Martial Law" 19628:Calusin, Diann (January 28, 2024). 19460: 19334:. November 26, 2016. Archived from 18913:"Philippines, US sign defense pact" 18714:Najib, Najiah (December 30, 2013). 18324:Philippines' GDP up 4.5% in 2nd qtr 18181: 17301:, Malacañang Museum (archived from 17047: 16986:from the original on March 11, 2016 15563: 15220:Fundación Santa María (Madrid) 1994 15105:Newson, Linda A. (April 16, 2009). 14662:Villamar, Cuauhtemoc (March 2022). 14358:from the original on April 15, 2021 13715:. In Peter Bellwood; James J. Fox; 12891:. In Peter Bellwood; James J. Fox; 12873:. Coimbra: Universidade de Coimbra. 12859: 12763: 12588: 12470:. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 3–. 12440:Sundita, Christopher Allen (2002). 11006:. February 10, 2015. Archived from 10870:from the original on April 15, 2021 10265:. RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 21–40. 9933:10.1002/9780470015902.a0020808.pub2 9550:. Abhinav Publications. p. 4. 9476: 8890:Military history of the Philippines 8747: 8647:, Duterte, on May 23, 2017, signed 8389:Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters 8045:to the government in November, and 7652:independence day of the Philippines 7538:President Magsaysay (right) in 1957 6918:Governor-General of the Philippines 6833:from all causes, including various 6759:Governor-General of the Philippines 5748:Banco Español-Filipino de Isabel II 5134:to the British on October 4, 1762. 3603:The banner of the Sultanate of Sulu 3376:Sri Bata Shaja, the monarch of the 2734:, even a famous Japanese merchant, 1858:. One of the great examples is the 1843:were also found in Sa Huỳnh sites. 1487:that all display various ratios of 1416:of Cagayan at about 134,000 years. 13: 24220:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 23693: 22974: 21439:. New York: The Macmillan company. 21116:Columbia University Press (2001). 21087: 20753:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 20649:Lacsamana, Leodivico Cruz (1990). 20500:. Footprint Handbooks. Footprint. 19909:A Short History of South-East Asia 18829:Landingin, Roel (March 27, 2014). 18115:. National Geophysical Data Center 17640: 17050:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 16816: 16627:, pp. 317–318 (archived from 16596:"Corpus Juris – 1935 Constitution" 15285:The inhabitants of the Philippines 15129:from the original on March 8, 2023 15013:from the original on March 9, 2016 14706:Philippines : a country study 13961:Galaup "Travel Accounts" page 375. 12266:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 11154:Background Note: Brunei Darussalam 11031:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 11004:National Museum of the Philippines 9697: 9564: 9485: 9343: 9118: 8925:Timeline of Philippine sovereignty 7843: 7768:Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos 7721:Communist Party of the Philippines 7638:defeated re-electionist President 7548:Southeast Asia Treaty Organization 7215:underground and guerrilla activity 6209:Revolutionaries gather during the 5801:The Inhabitants of the Philippines 5076:were built during the Spanish era. 4826:and chocolate from Latin America. 3347:National Museum of the Philippines 3232:piratical attacks against Chinese 2995:. The Buddhist polity traded with 2034: 1807:and the Philippines in transition. 1519:that spread to the islands of the 1483:Negritos, resulting in the modern 1188:These polities were influenced by 104: 14: 25368: 23450: 23313: 23194:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 21495:Philippine Society and Revolution 21456: 21436:The Philippines: Past and Present 21201:The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898 21046:Woods, Ayon kay Damon L. (2005). 21031:. National Historical Institute. 20651:Philippine History and Government 20458:The Far East and Australasia 2003 19422:. August 28, 2017. Archived from 19147:Corrales, Nestor (July 7, 2016). 19128:Panela, Shaira (March 23, 2016). 19004:"Pope Francis in the Philippines" 18752:"Aquino signs K–12 bill into law" 18635:"Timeline: LRT, MRT construction" 16887:"Map of known insurgent activity" 15495:Journal of Asian American Studies 15263:History of the Indian Archipelago 14017:The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898 12940:A History of Singapore: 1819–1975 12230:Wang, Zhenping (March 31, 2008). 11131:. Salazar at Mendoza-Urban. 1985. 10596:. Indonesia Hydro Media. p. 10122:Sagart, Laurent (July 25, 2008). 9305: 9170: 9057: 9021: 8962: 8875:List of Philippine historic sites 8855:Filipino Repatriation Act of 1935 8710:first State of the Nation Address 8543:paving the way for the return of 8178:including the MILF's headquarters 7691:, hosted by Philippine President 7661:(RA 3844) was a major Philippine 6462:paper a statement of support for 6020:became a hero as he restored the 4855:expulsion of the Society of Jesus 4337:Filipinos during the Spanish era. 3093:mentioned raids conducted by the 1707:who practiced social ranking and 1281:, where Magellan was killed. The 445:Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi 158:Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens 25305:Criollos in the colonial society 25233:Spanish missions in the Americas 24355:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 22928: 22919: 22918: 22522: 22521: 22510: 21491:indexed under Blair, Emma Helen. 21139:Barrows, David Prescott (1905). 21069:The Philippines: A Unique Nation 20786:. University Press of Kentucky. 20605:. Oriental commercial. p. 1 20521:(in Spanish). Ediciones Morata. 20388:. Washington GPO: US Army. 1903. 20355: 19750: 19731:Crismundo, Kris (June 2, 2023). 19724: 19698: 19670: 19642: 19621: 19603: 19585: 19567: 19522:Unson, John (January 27, 2019). 19482: 19466: 19438: 19408: 19378: 19350: 19320: 19222: 19194: 19168: 19140: 19121: 19102: 19076: 19060:Cupin, Bea (February 25, 2016). 19053: 19022: 18996: 18970: 18937: 18905: 18879: 18847: 18822: 18794: 18782:(Report). BBC. November 22, 2013 18772: 18744: 18726: 18707: 18681: 18655: 18627: 18594: 18519: 18501: 18482: 18463: 18440: 18424: 18405: 18368: 18293: 18241: 18162: 18143: 18127: 18105: 18091:"Then & Now: Corazon Aquino" 18042: 18030: 17988: 17955: 17920: 17902: 17853: 17798: 17713:. April 12, 2016. Archived from 17671: 17613: 17551: 17512: 17500: 17452: 17427: 17411:. March 25, 1957. Archived from 17397: 17388: 17339: 17292: 17275:"New Flag Over Pacific Paradise" 17266: 17234: 17225: 17202: 17179: 17118: 17105: 17092: 17076: 17041: 17036:Oxford Companion to World War II 17028: 17022: 17013: 16980:Australia-Japan Research Project 16968: 16955:Australia-Japan Research Project 16909: 16879: 16849: 16837: 16810: 16744: 16732: 16720: 16618: 16587: 16561: 16548: 16535: 16522: 16494: 16481: 16446: 16433: 16418: 16392: 16380: 16354: 16346:Kabigting Abad, Antonio (1955). 16327: 16299: 16284: 16269: 16257: 16245: 16233: 16217: 16190: 16187:, p. 55 (page 3 of the PDF) 16135: 16094: 16068: 16053: 16032: 15981: 15951: 15945:"History of the Philippine Navy" 15937: 15925: 15883: 15871: 15845: 15836: 15797: 15763: 15736: 15689: 15650:Richardson, Jim (January 2006). 15593: 15583: 15547: 15538: 15529: 15486: 15442: 15428: 15371: 15362: 15340: 15290: 15277: 15268: 15255: 15213: 15190: 15179: 15087: 14906: 14888: 14863: 14851: 14818: 14751: 14741: 14732: 14723: 14696: 14655: 14614: 14563: 14554: 14526: 14517: 14492: 14463: 14451: 14404: 14389: 14370: 14323: 14296: 14286: 14277: 14268: 14256: 14247: 14230: 14212: 14203: 14184: 14175: 14163: 14089:De la Torre, Visitacion (2006). 14073: 14054: 14036: 14007: 13976: 13955: 13924: 13910: 13883: 13869: 13850: 13840: 13827: 13810: 13787: 13701: 13692: 13662: 13629: 13620: 13593: 13578: 13569: 13560: 13535: 13498: 13471: 13450: 13433: 13424: 13415: 13406: 13332: 13274: 13247: 13189: 13177: 13148: 13098: 13074: 13050: 13041: 13031: 13022: 13010: 12956: 12849: 12793: 12676: 12648: 12562: 12510: 12484: 12458: 12433: 12424: 12399: 12387: 12351: 12257: 12245: 12223: 12193: 12166: 12130: 12113:"PRIMO VIAGGIO INTORNO AL MONDO" 12106: 12095: 12076: 12052: 12021: 12012: 11993: 11951: 11939: 11901: 11876:The Philippines: a unique nation 11866: 11857: 11830: 11799: 11790: 11766: 11757: 11745: 11733: 11707: 11639: 11331:The Report: The Philippines 2012 8938: 8895:National hero of the Philippines 8825:Ancient Filipino diet and health 8808: 8638:Supreme Court of the Philippines 8273: 8265:Presidency of Benigno Aquino III 8122:Eileen Sarmienta and Allan Gomez 7952:1986–90 Philippine coup attempts 7094:, and in the economy due to the 6657:. In the island of Mindanao the 5803:, Frederick Henry Sawyer wrote: 4782:The islands were fragmented and 4676:descended from colonists at the 3898:, who was a spice magnate and a 3539:islands, which was populated by 3479:Struggle against Hindu Majapahit 3152: 3124: 2530:ruled by fierce warriors called 2273: 2257: 2241: 2226: 2225: 2209: 2193: 2177: 2161: 2145: 2129: 2113: 2097: 2081: 2065: 2049: 2033: 2017: 2001: 1985: 1969: 1953: 1946: 1523:; ultimately reaching as far as 1375: 1310:oldest modern university in Asia 1022: 37:to read and navigate comfortably 22: 25332:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 23216: 21444:Worcester, Dean Conant (1898). 21282:Elliott, Charles Burke (1917). 21268:Elliott, Charles Burke (1916). 20631:The Basque history of the world 19882:. Global Vision Publishing Ho. 18887:"US, PH reach new defense deal" 18863:. April 1, 2014. Archived from 18855:"Obama to stay overnight in PH" 17964:Corruption and Money Laundering 17759:Marcos Martial Law: Never Again 15639:. Manila: Filipinas Foundation. 15462:Williams, Rudi (June 3, 2005). 15197:Garcia, María Fernanda (1998). 14503:. New York: Viking. p. 4. 13920:. PHILIPPINE-HISTORY.ORG. 2005. 13506:The Basque History of the World 13430:AGI, Filipinas, 6, r. 5, n. 53. 12963:Antony, Robert J., ed. (2010). 12254:By William Henry Scott (Page 4) 12102:Notes from Mactan By Jim Foster 12082: 11885:Maragtas: The Datus from Borneo 11565: 11357: 11348: 11322: 11310: 11276: 11249: 11159: 11147: 11121: 11095: 11066: 11057: 11022: 10992: 10957: 10928: 10919: 10882: 10835: 10648: 10614: 10583: 10565: 10538: 10529: 10520: 10511: 10502: 10489: 10480: 10465: 10416: 10413:– By Buddha Prakash p. 119–120. 10400: 10373: 10286:Liu, Li; Chen, Xingcan (2012). 10193: 10144: 10130:. Routledge. pp. 165–190. 10115: 10089: 10074: 10059: 9899: 9782: 9743: 9721: 9667: 9604: 9537: 9356: 9155:10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108379 8520:to the Arbitration Tribunal in 8021:1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo 7646:as a vice president. President 7546:. He led the foundation of the 7200:Philippine Executive Commission 7167:at the entrance to Manila Bay. 6995:Commonwealth of the Philippines 6934:Commonwealth of the Philippines 6927: 6705:addressing the audience at the 5658:composed 5% of the population. 2146: 1970: 1632:domesticated plants and animals 1269:'s expedition, which landed in 1083:at least by 134,000 years ago. 39:. When this tag was added, its 23661: 23384:Captaincy General of Guatemala 23092:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 22886:British Indian Ocean Territory 21142:A History of the Philippines . 20991:. University of Exeter Press. 20696:. University Press of Kansas. 20540:. University of Hawaii Press. 20331:Dolan, Ronald E., ed. (1991). 20306:Dolan, Ronald E., ed. (1991). 20281:Dolan, Ronald E., ed. (1991). 20256:Dolan, Ronald E., ed. (1991). 20231:Dolan, Ronald E., ed. (1991). 20206:Dolan, Ronald E., ed. (1991). 20181:Dolan, Ronald E., ed. (1991). 20156:Dolan, Ronald E., ed. (1991). 20131:Dolan, Ronald E., ed. (1991). 20106:Dolan, Ronald E., ed. (1991). 20081:Dolan, Ronald E., ed. (1991). 20056:Dolan, Ronald E., ed. (1991). 20031:Dolan, Ronald E., ed. (1991). 20006:Dolan, Ronald E., ed. (1991). 19827:History of the Filipino People 19733:"RCEP enters into force in PH" 18113:"Pinatubo – Eruption Features" 17641:Javier, Research by Kristian. 17346:Goodwin, Jeff (June 4, 2001). 16916:Caraccilo, Dominic J. (2005). 16674:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 16103:"The Story of the Philippines" 15853:"The Destruction of USS Maine" 15235:De Borja, Marciano R. (2005). 14896:"The Board of the Philippines" 14703:Dolan, Ronald E., ed. (1993). 14576:. Cambridge University Press. 14414:Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas 14309:Guttenburg Free Online E-books 14305:"A History of the Philippines" 13989:Guttenburg Free Online E-books 13985:"A History of the Philippines" 13937:www.livinginthephilippines.com 13896:Guttenburg Free Online E-books 13892:"A History of the Philippines" 13254:De Borja, Marciano R. (2005). 13105:Celestino C. Macachor (2011). 13059:"The Mediterranean Connection" 12811:"The Mediterranean Connection" 12252:FILIPINOS IN CHINA BEFORE 1500 11752:FILIPINOS IN CHINA BEFORE 1500 10097:"Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum" 10081:Goodenough, Ward Hunt (1996). 10066:Goodenough, Ward Hunt (1996). 9927:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 9750:De Borja, Marciano R. (2005). 9711:Pigafetta, Antonio (c. 1525). 8920:Timeline of Philippine history 8910:Sovereignty of the Philippines 8830:Archaeology of the Philippines 8616:Permanent Court of Arbitration 8612:intensified anti-drug campaign 8100:Moro National Liberation Front 8028:six unsuccessful coup attempts 7761: 7729:Moro National Liberation Front 7493:and winning a four-year term. 7333:The Third Republic (1946–1965) 7029:Iglesia Filipina Independiente 6920:(1933–35), and the first U.S. 6688:Insular Government (1901–1935) 5957:where Jose Rizal once studied. 5108:British occupation (1762–1764) 4680:, a nation once active in the 4496:Spanish expedition to Cambodia 4122:and converted some of them to 3182:. Upon reaching the island of 2985: before 971 – after 1339 2761:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 2663:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 2648:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 2389:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 2258: 2242: 2210: 2178: 2082: 1954: 1868:Maitum anthropomorphic pottery 1562:. It connects speakers of the 1369:Timeline of Philippine history 1353:Japan occupied the Philippines 1287:Pacific expansion of New Spain 851:2000 campaign against the MILF 356:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 210:Maitum anthropomorphic pottery 1: 25283:General Archive of the Indies 24544:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 24215:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 24200:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 23149:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 23102:War of the Spanish Succession 23067:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 21469:National Historical Institute 21409:Scott, William Henry (1992). 21071:. All-Nations Publishing Co. 20951:Shafer, Robert Jones (1958). 20930:Scott, William Henry (1985). 20909:Scott, William Henry (1984). 20822:Rausa-Gomez, Lourdes (1967). 20693:The Philippine War, 1899–1902 20396:Struggle for Freedom' 2008 Ed 19929:The Firars in the Philippines 19859:Rough guide to Southeast Asia 19684:Philippine Information Agency 19253:Philippine Information Agency 16821:. Maranao.Com. Archived from 15720:. DLSU-Manila. Archived from 15468:American Forces Press Service 14630:Anderson School of Management 13698:Morga (2008), Sucesos, p. 81. 13600:Truxillo, Charles A. (2012). 13457:The "Indo-Pacific" Crossroads 13057:Scott, William Henry (1989). 12809:Scott, William Henry (1989). 12664:. Retrieved February 7, 2009. 12061:By Carmelea Ang See. Page 74. 12030:by Pedro Alcantara Monteclaro 11754:By William Henry Scott Page 2 11717:. Seapots.com. Archived from 11646:Sals, Florent Joseph (2005). 11624:Scott, William Henry (1989). 11584:Scott, William Henry (1989). 11534:Pasay city government website 11129:"Katutubo, Muslim, Kristyano" 9617:. Global Vision. p. 69. 8951: 8700:Presidency of Bongbong Marcos 8630:' remains were buried at the 8602:, and changed the nationwide 8565:Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte 8481:(PNP-SAF) were killed during 8462:From January 15 to 19, 2015, 8455:, facilitating the return of 8437:Moro Islamic Liberation Front 8174:Moro Islamic Liberation Front 8108:Moro Islamic Liberation Front 7940:Fifth Republic (1986–present) 7668: 7659:Agricultural Land Reform Code 7393:remained highly dependent on 7274: 7221:, as well as remnants of the 7202:. They initially organized a 6965:with United States President 6896:, who served continuously as 6824:Manila, Philippines, ca.1900s 6800:in Manila during American Era 6773:modernizing achievements as: 6645:, president of the breakaway 6305:Philippine Revolutionary Army 5858:Argentine war of independence 5737: 4996:Battles of La Naval de Manila 4853:on August 1, 1595. After the 4666:Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera 4502:which tapped Spanish allies. 4424:against the Ottoman Caliphate 4364:Tondo Conspiracy of 1587–1588 4159:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 3815: 3519:as recorded in the epic poem 3366: 3307:and had an alliance with the 3031:), Balaoyou 巴姥酉 (present-day 2981: 2940: 2862: 2670: 2651: 2583:the Indianized rajahnates of 2162: 1799:Asia in 200 BCE, showing the 1391:Prehistory of the Philippines 1384: 1200:cultures. Islam arrived from 515:Battles of La Naval de Manila 24241: 23355:Captaincy General of Yucatan 23285:Union with Holy Roman Empire 23264:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 23179:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 22016:Business process outsourcing 21350:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 21316:. Union Square Publications. 21291:. The Bobbs-Merrill Company. 21277:. The Bobbs-Merrill Company. 21251:Roots of the Filipino Nation 21025:Wionzek, Karl-Heinz (2000). 21008:Borneo Trilogy Brunei: Vol 1 20959:. Syracuse University Press. 20369:Philippines: A Country Study 20338:Philippines: A Country Study 20313:Philippines: A Country Study 20288:Philippines: A Country Study 20263:Philippines: A Country Study 20238:Philippines: A Country Study 20213:Philippines: A Country Study 20188:Philippines: A Country Study 20163:Philippines: A Country Study 20138:Philippines: A Country Study 20113:Philippines: A Country Study 20088:Philippines: A Country Study 20063:Philippines: A Country Study 20038:Philippines: A Country Study 20013:Philippines: A Country Study 19846:Alip, Eufronio Melo (1964). 19031:"TIMELINE: Mamasapano clash" 14923:10.1017/CBO9781316480120.007 13773:. Routledge. pp. 445–. 11626:"Filipinos in China in 1500" 11586:"Filipinos in China in 1500" 10300:10.1017/CBO9781139015301.007 9714:Journal of Magellan's Voyage 9043:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.04.008 8956: 8757:on January 28, 2024, at the 8684:Bangsamoro transition period 8138:Presidency of Joseph Estrada 8063:Presidency of Fidel V. Ramos 8034:occurring in December 1989. 7963:Presidency of Corazon Aquino 7889:Manila International Airport 7450:British North Borneo Company 7069:National Defense Act of 1935 6110:and later for independence. 5861:Filipinos were recruited in 5132:Manila was besieged and fell 5114:British occupation of Manila 4514:by uniting the dominions of 3995:, a state made up of Muslim 3691:Shariff Mohammed Kabungsuwan 3675:The Sultanate of Maguindanao 3174:of the collapsing empire of 2716:. The Spaniards called them 2066: 1568:Taiwanese indigenous peoples 1458:Austronesian language family 1433:Austronesian speaking people 366:Limestone tombs of Kamhantik 7: 24119: 23835:Administrative subdivisions 23032:War of the League of Cognac 21320:Mijares, Primitivo (2017). 21312:Mijares, Primitivo (1976). 20846:. In Farazmand, Ali (ed.). 20824:"Sri Yijava and Madjapahit" 20730:Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). 20711:McAmis, Robert Day (2002). 20435:Escalante, Rene R. (2007). 19801:Abdul Majid, Harun (2007). 18351:Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas 17665:Ateneo de Manila University 17538:Mijares, Primitivo (1976). 16922:. Stackpole Books. p. 16530:The Encyclopædia Britannica 16254:, pp. 247–260, 294–297 15381:Manila Men in the New World 15113:University of Hawaiʻi Press 14621:Eloisa Gomez Borah (1997). 14501:The Prize of All the Oceans 14478:Mary Jane Louise A. Bolunia 13532:. Manila: Solar Publishing. 13412:Hall and McClain 1991, 235. 13155:Pigafetta, Antonio (1874). 13081:Pigafetta, Antonio (1524). 13004:The Travels of Mendes Pinto 12569:"The Maguindanao Sultanate" 11289:. Random House Publishing. 10695:10.1007/978-981-10-7317-5_6 9964:(26): 72–78. Archived from 8900:Politics of the Philippines 8801: 8620:case against China's claims 8553:International Space Station 8286:to comply with Knowledge's 8221:(the daughter of President 7883:In 1983, opposition leader 7870:1981 presidential elections 7454:Republic of the Philippines 7426:Republic of the Philippines 7322:, cotton for uniforms, and 7127: 7092:Republic of the Philippines 6647:Cantonal Republic of Negros 6399:French Constitution of 1793 6397:, in addition to using the 6196:Central Executive Committee 5847:was wrongly executed after 4930:Rodrigo de Vivero y Velasco 4863:Ateneo de Manila University 4818:, western printing and the 4738:speaking South Indians and 4660:, were also sent to settle 4153:at the time. Philip became 4006:A collection of Philippine 3731:Confederate States of Lanao 2872:. It was locally known the 2797:armed with native cannons ( 1454:Malayo-Polynesian languages 1362: 1239:tributary states allied to 1094:dating about 47,000 years. 856:2nd People Power Revolution 846:1997 Asian financial crisis 580:Declaration of Independence 49:content into sub-articles, 10: 25373: 25357:History of the Philippines 24549:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 24534:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 24436:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 23598: 23334:), Western United States ( 23227: 23097:Portuguese Restoration War 21510:November 12, 2011, at the 21302:. Charles Scribner's Sons. 21155:Robertson, James Alexander 20736:. Editions Didier Millet. 20559:. New Holland Publishers. 19968:Deady, Timothy K. (2005). 19775: 18555:. U.S. Library of Congress 18417:September 9, 2012, at the 18316:November 17, 2011, at the 18191:Nwankwo, Peter O. (2011). 18016:10.1162/154247604323067916 17890:. U.S. Library of Congress 17005:Woodward, C. Vann (1947). 16891:Center of Military History 16399:Bautista, Rolando (1984). 16308:, pp. 86–169 (ch. 5, 16020:. U.S. Library of Congress 15656:Documents of the Katipunan 15378:Mercene, Floro L. (2007). 15238:Basques in the Philippines 13542:Borschberg, Peter (2015). 13257:Basques in the Philippines 12573:Muslims in the Philippines 12396:By Wang Zhenping Page 258. 12005:November 22, 2014, at the 11560:Excavations at Santa Ana. 11474:Robertson, James Alexander 10219:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.02.003 9753:Basques In The Philippines 9584:Junker, Laura Lee (1999). 9525:. GCF Books, Quezon City. 9203:10.1016/j.crpv.2004.06.004 9134:Quaternary Science Reviews 9031:Journal of Human Evolution 8840:Battles of the Philippines 8697: 8604:emergency telephone number 8562: 8545:United States Armed Forces 8475:Philippine National Police 8457:United States Armed Forces 8346:and Hong Kong for a time. 8262: 8202: 8135: 8060: 7960: 7949: 7943: 7765: 7707:, who had switched to the 7672: 7336: 7119:Second Philippine Republic 7112: 6931: 6745:was the basic law for the 6691: 6601:Aguinaldo was captured at 6522:Philippine Republican Army 6489: 6442: 6153:in 1896. The Katipunan in 6048: 6027:Order of the Golden Fleece 5843:collectively known as the 5820: 5700:Queen Isabella II of Spain 5676:Spanish expedition to Sulu 5182:In 1781, Governor-General 5177:Real Compañía de Filipinas 5120:British East India Company 5111: 4847:Universidad de San Ignacio 4087: 4068: 3979: 3819: 3751: 3728: 3678: 3606: 3547:wrote about a princess of 3414: 3330: 3244: 3113: 3054: 3020: 3007:province, China wrote the 2953: 2849:Places in Pangasinan like 2842: 2808: 2781:Cainta (historical polity) 2778: 2635: 1937: 1788: 1388: 1366: 1067:history of the Philippines 585:American capture of Manila 25317:Slavery in Spanish Empire 25228: 25217: 25123: 25112: 25010: 24904: 24897: 24782: 24631: 24624: 24617: 24604:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 24514: 24383: 24345:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 24307: 24251: 24247: 24236: 24205:Barcelona Trading Company 24172: 24129: 24125: 24114: 24018: 23970:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 23940: 23882: 23844: 23840: 23829: 23780: 23739: 23703: 23699: 23688: 23667: 23604: 23545: 23477:Venezuela, part of Guyana 23456: 23379: 23330:, Central United States ( 23319: 23233: 23222: 23211: 23062:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 23047:Expulsion of the Moriscos 22993: 22982: 22914: 22873: 22833: 22575: 22493: 22412: 22297: 22131: 22122: 22001: 21992: 21808: 21799: 21681: 21672: 21605: 21574: 21565: 20867:Saunders, Graham (2002). 20780:Norling, Bernard (2005). 20765:10.1017/S0022463400008973 20595:Kalaw, Maximo M. (1927). 20496:Frankham, Steven (2008). 20414:Ellis, Edward S. (2008). 20393:Duka, Cecilio D. (2008). 20374:Federal Research Division 20366:Dolan, Ronald E. (1993). 19926:Coleman, Ambrose (2009). 19911:. John Wiley & Sons. 19760:. ASEAN.org. June 2, 2023 19364:Philippine Daily Inquirer 19154:Philippine Daily Inquirer 18608:Philippine Daily Inquirer 18400:Human development Network 18341:January 18, 2015, at the 18275:"Profile: Joseph Estrada" 17772:McCoy, Alfred W. (2009). 17279:The Sydney Morning Herald 17062:10.1017/s0022463408000039 17007:The Battle for Leyte Gulf 16951:"Dispositions and deaths" 16475:10.3098/ah.2016.090.4.459 16467:10.3098/ah.2016.090.4.459 15988:Calderón, Felipe (1907). 15810:. Routledge. p. 47. 15776:. Routledge. p. 71. 14758:Doran, Christine (1993). 14411:Antonio de Morga (1609). 13863:Publications and Research 13585:Sordilla, Shane Patrick. 13504:Kurlansky, Mark. (1999). 13478:Fernando A. Santiago Jr. 12716:Herbert & Milner 1989 12591:"The Sultan of the River" 12278:10.1017/S002246340000744X 11391:Cole, Fay-Cooper (1912). 11087: 11078:October 10, 2017, at the 11043:10.1017/S0022463410000561 10889:Newson, Linda A. (2009). 10472:Hsiao-Chun, Hung (2007). 10407:The Philippines and India 10170:10.1007/s00439-007-0407-2 9814:Jett, Stephen C. (2017). 9096:10.1038/s41586-019-1067-9 8999:10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8 8865:History of Southeast Asia 8788:Maharlika Investment Fund 8716:(left) and House Speaker 8535:On January 12, 2016, the 8512:and the dispute over the 8237:power as Prime Minister. 8146:President Estrada in 2000 7817:, lived in high society. 7802:constitutional convention 7553:During his term, he made 7459:Turtle Islands, Tawi-Tawi 7223:U.S. Army Forces Far East 7147:on the Clark Air Base in 6751:Bureau of Insular Affairs 6437:American rule (1898–1946) 6301:First Philippine Republic 6299:On January 23, 1899, the 6294:First Philippine Republic 6265:. Aguinaldo proclaimed a 6255:declared the independence 6086:. This would inspire the 6018:Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero 5867:Juan Fermín de San Martín 5831:Filipino Mestizo priests 5772:Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero 5213:Spanish Mestizo Tributes 5098:King Charles III of Spain 5074:University of Santo Tomas 4859:University of Santo Tomas 4389:The Spanish also invaded 3854:, who were the people of 3832:Ayutthaya Historical Park 3411:The Rajahnate of Sanmalan 3403:as immigrant people from 3274:which happened to occupy 3003:, a customs inspector in 2638:Tondo (historical polity) 2563:and its vassal-states of 2523:after Magellan was slain) 2511:the Kingdom of Taytay in 1572:Islander Southeast Asians 1541:conquest of those regions 465:Spanish capture of Manila 25258:Quito painting tradition 25248:Cusco painting tradition 24609:García López de Cárdenas 24599:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 24506:Felipe González de Ahedo 24426:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 23003:Conquest of the Americas 22635:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 21920:House of Representatives 21813:Administrative divisions 21067:Zaide, Sonia M. (1994). 20985:Tracy, Nicholas (1995). 20628:Kurlansky, Mark (1999). 20058:"The Decline of Spanish" 19446:"DuterteNomics unveiled" 15287:", Preface, London, 1900 14900:Fundacion Goya en Aragon 14870:Mehl, Eva Maria (2016). 14570:Seijas, Tatiana (2014). 14066:October 9, 2014, at the 11423:. ABC-CLIO. p. 44. 11417:Woods, Damon L. (2006). 11283:Karnow, Stanley (2010). 11156:, U.S. State Department. 10457:Bellwood, Peter (2011). 10254:Bellwood, Peter (2004). 9982:Bellwood, Peter (2014). 9544:Thakur, Upendra (1986). 9517:Demetrio, Francisco R.; 8931: 8596:Duterte's first 100 days 8537:Philippine Supreme Court 8459:bases into the country. 8422:Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) 8299:may contain suggestions. 8284:may need to be rewritten 7703:-mate, Senate President 7654:from July 4 to June 12. 7258:Sixth United States Army 7210:proved to be unpopular. 7194:to reaffirm their pact. 6884:style of Urban planning. 5192:Viceroyalty of New Spain 4942:Viceroyalty of New Spain 4851:Colegio de San Ildefonso 4624:Spanish era Manila canal 4610:Viceroyalty of New Spain 4374:, the Rajah of Cebu and 4261:Sultanate of Maguindanao 4193:as well as establishing 4134:against the local datu, 3687:Sultanate of Maguindanao 3681:Sultanate of Maguindanao 3657:and the port-kingdom of 3471:; for slaves to sell in 3393:Butuan Silver Paleograph 3135:illustrating an ancient 2976:describes the polity of 2805:Confederation of Namayan 2539:Confederation of Namayan 2368:Initial recorded history 2352:debtor-bondsmen called " 2122:Sultanate of Maguindanao 1732:began to trade with the 1477:Northern Mariana Islands 1357:Treaty of Manila in 1946 1314:Viceroyalty of New Spain 1069:dates from the earliest 925:Administrative divisions 640:American colonial period 560:Republic of Biak-na-Bato 396:Butuan Silver Paleograph 381:Batanes Ijang fortresses 324:Sultanate of Maguindanao 195:Cordillera Rice Terraces 25043:Comuneros (New Granada) 24820:Balearic Islands (1558) 24539:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 24466:Ruy López de Villalobos 24421:Miguel López de Legazpi 24335:García de Toledo Osorio 23199:Western Sahara conflict 23189:Independence of Morocco 23129:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 23072:Piracy in the Caribbean 23057:French Wars of Religion 22896:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 21306:other formats available 21169:Arthur H. Clark Company 20849:Handbook of Bureaucracy 20842:Riggs, Fred W. (1994). 20183:"Commonwealth Politics" 19857:Atiyah, Jeremy (2002). 18531:The Wall Street Journal 17972:10.1057/9780230622456_7 17860:Celoza, Albert (1997). 17757:Robles, Raissa (2016). 16819:"The Japanese Invasion" 16702:Encyclopædia Britannica 16541:Moore, Charles (1921). 15347:Voz de Galicia (1898). 14499:Williams, Glyn (1999). 14303:Barrows, David (2014). 13983:Barrows, David (2014). 13890:Barrows, David (2014). 13744:2027/mdp.39015051647942 12660:April 15, 2015, at the 12173:Santos, Hector (1999). 11873:Sonia M. Zaide (1999). 10978:10.3406/befeo.2016.6233 9519:Cordero-Fernando, Gilda 9454:10.1023/A:1022611908759 9280:10.1073/pnas.2026132118 8973:Vos, J. (May 1, 2018). 8680:a successful plebiscite 8495:Mamasapano, Maguindanao 8331:, the son of president 8219:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 8193:massive street protests 7922:People Power Revolution 7902:Commission on Elections 7420:was transferred by the 7022:On September 17, 1935, 6961:Commonwealth President 6882:City Beautiful movement 6872:, the winding river of 6619:Philippine Constabulary 6556:San Isidro, Nueva Ecija 6514:Philippine–American War 6512:suburb. This began the 6492:Philippine–American War 6486:Philippine–American War 6464:Philippine independence 6431:Philippine–American War 6315:, the Chinese Filipino 6229:, exploded and sank in 6157:split into two groups, 6090:in Spain, organized by 5746:On August 1, 1851, the 5139:Simón de Anda y Salazar 4174:Miguel López de Legazpi 4143:Ruy López de Villalobos 4090:Ruy López de Villalobos 4021:Inter-kingdom rivalries 3943:Mainland Southeast Asia 3370: before 1001–1756 3327:The Rajahnate of Butuan 3163:couple of the Visayans. 2553:the Sinitic wangdom of 1805:Mainland Southeast Asia 1349:Philippine Commonwealth 1291:Miguel López de Legazpi 1119:economic specialization 1112:Philippine jade culture 820:People Power Revolution 600:Philippine–American War 434:Spanish colonial period 25288:Colonial Spanish Horse 24962:Colonia del Sacramento 24185:Spanish treasure fleet 23762:Royal Decree of Graces 22517:Philippines portal 22061:Science and technology 21489:Volumes 1–14 and 15–25 21431:Worcester, Dean Conant 21415:. New Day Publishers. 21296:Foreman, John (1906). 21174:with European nations. 21006:Welman, Frans (2013). 20964:Taft, William (1908). 20936:. New Day Publishers. 20915:. New Day Publishers. 20688:Linn, Brian McAllister 20574:Joaquin, Nick (1988). 20475:Fish, Shirley (2003). 20399:. Rex Bookstore, Inc. 20083:"Spanish American War" 19907:Church, Peter (2012). 19737:Philippine News Agency 19655:Philippine News Agency 19282:. ABS-CBN. May 5, 2017 19072:on September 14, 2021. 18452:March 8, 2012, at the 18398:(September 18, 2008), 17565:on September 13, 2015. 17439:Philippine News Agency 17086:37.3 (1989): 301–316. 17009:. New York: Macmillan. 16863:. 2002. Archived from 15681:Joaquin, Nick (1990). 15635:Joaquin, Nick (1977). 15613:Nuguid, Nati. (1972). 15507:10.1353/jaas.2011.0029 14840:April 2, 2011, at the 14153:A la juventud filipina 12728:Lea & Milward 2001 12616:Shinzō Hayase (2007). 12161:Cruz & Adiong 2020 12125:Cruz & Adiong 2020 11256:Ho Khai Leong (2009). 10590:Dhani Irwanto (2019). 10323:Blench, Roger (2004). 9183:Comptes Rendus Palevol 8751: New Philippines 8721: 8676:Bangsamoro Organic Law 8633:Libingan ng mga Bayani 8610:. Duterte launched an 8577: 8413: 8325: 8253:NBN-ZTE broadband deal 8214: 8159:Asian Financial Crisis 8147: 8116:On his presidency the 8072: 7994: 7983: 7853: 7758: 7696: 7631: 7607: 7539: 7481: 7434:Philippine Archipelago 7378: 7348: 7291: 7244: 7195: 7153:attack on Pearl Harbor 7137: 7064: 7024:presidential elections 7011: 6979:Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act 6975:United States Congress 6970: 6946: 6900:from 1916 until 1935. 6885: 6825: 6801: 6743:Philippine Organic Act 6738: 6710: 6598: 6547: 6501: 6458: 6409: 6328:revolutionary Captain 6296: 6257:of the Philippines in 6218: 6063: 5964: 5958: 5919:, which was allied to 5904: 5852: 5810: 5797: 5779: 5743: 5695: 5694:Filipina mestiza women 5683: 5077: 5042: 4962:, were constructed in 4902: 4878: 4779: 4772: 4707: 4625: 4485: 4338: 4236: 4197:as the capital of the 4169: 4013: 3843: 3749: 3726: 3713:The Sultanate of Lanao 3604: 3577: 3448: 3358: 3264: 2969: 2820: 2658: 2460: 1808: 1656:Austroasiatic language 1564:Austronesian languages 1485:Filipino ethnic groups 1408: 1127:political organization 1029:Philippines portal 1005:Science and technology 622:UST Baybayin Documents 570:Treaty of Paris (1898) 148:Austronesian expansion 133:Early hominin activity 109: 24446:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 24406:Juan Sebastián Elcano 23721:Council of the Indies 23082:Spanish–Moro conflict 23052:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 23012:Treaty of Tordesillas 22472:Sport and martial art 21888:Executive departments 21450:. Macmillan & co. 21392:Ocay, Jeffry (2010). 21249:Corpuz, O.D. (2005). 21199:Blair and Robertson, 21165:Edward Gaylord Bourne 21123:Columbia Encyclopedia 20555:Hicks, Nigel (2007). 19821:Agoncillo, Teodoro A. 19420:Department of Finance 17805:Cagurangan, Mar-Vic. 17667:. September 20, 1999. 16634:May 22, 2009, at the 16594:Super Administrator. 16491:26#3 (2017): 477–502. 16197:David Silbey (2008). 15959:"The Philippine flag" 15816:10.4324/9780429494383 15623:StuartXchange Website 15320:Jan Lahmeyer (1996). 15302:July 4, 2012, at the 15283:Frederic H. Sawyer, " 14681:10.1515/sai-2022-0008 13799:May 24, 2013, at the 11633:China Studies Program 11593:China Studies Program 11540:on September 21, 2010 10768:. Tuttle Publishing. 10766:A Question of Origins 10003:Nature Communications 9486:Go, Bon Juan (2005). 9364:"Pre-colonial Manila" 8792:sovereign wealth fund 8738:2022 Luzon earthquake 8730:presidential election 8707: 8572: 8400: 8340:Manila hostage crisis 8319: 8212: 8145: 8070: 8016:Philippine military. 7989: 7970: 7950:Further information: 7934:conjugal dictatorship 7916:and Defense Minister 7894:presidential election 7851: 7830:Amnesty International 7782:Proclamation No. 1081 7745: 7737:writ of habeas corpus 7682: 7629: 7605: 7537: 7479: 7446:State of North Borneo 7442:State of North Borneo 7395:United States markets 7387:ceded its sovereignty 7376: 7346: 7282: 7239: 7189: 7163:and to the island of 7135: 7105:during World War II. 7062: 7017:Franklin D. Roosevelt 7006:Philippine First Lady 7004: 6967:Franklin D. Roosevelt 6960: 6942:Philippine President 6941: 6860: 6823: 6796: 6767:bicameral legislature 6716: 6701: 6662:Republic of Zamboanga 6592: 6541: 6499: 6452: 6407: 6288: 6208: 6147:Philippine Revolution 6058: 6051:Philippine Revolution 6045:Philippine Revolution 5937: 5899: 5887:Saint Malo, Louisiana 5883:Isidoro Montes de Oca 5830: 5805: 5792: 5769: 5730: 5693: 5673: 5070:Colegio de Santa Rosa 5063: 5033: 4944:from Mexico, via the 4892: 4871: 4840:and the first modern 4769: 4702: 4623: 4566:Archdiocese of Mexico 4550:Illius Fulti Præsidio 4479: 4432:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 4404:Spanish–Moro conflict 4382:'s pirate kingdom in 4336: 4233:Archive of the Indies 4230: 4167: 4116:Guiuan, Eastern Samar 4094:Spanish–Moro conflict 4043:frequency of typhoons 4005: 3829: 3770:decided to break the 3747: 3720: 3602: 3595:The Sultanate of Sulu 3566: 3424: 3340: 3282:. He was sent by the 3254: 3241:The Rajahnate of Cebu 2964:A collection of gold 2963: 2839:Caboloan (Pangasinan) 2818: 2645: 2575:Kedatuans of Madja-as 2448: 2376:and the north Indian 2058:Rajahnate of Sanmalan 1798: 1509:"Out-of-Taiwan" model 1398: 1235:. Some polities were 1123:social stratification 950:Cultural achievements 774:Filipino First policy 764:Mutual Defense Treaty 718:Philippine resistance 550:Philippine Revolution 510:Spanish–Moro conflict 500:Revolts and uprisings 386:Golden Tara of Agusan 108: 25243:Mesoamerican Codices 24967:Comuneros (Paraguay) 24805:Siege of Castelnuovo 24391:Christopher Columbus 24210:Consulate of the Sea 24190:Casa de Contratación 23781:Titles and positions 23174:Spanish–American War 23164:Liberal constitution 23007:Asia and the Pacific 22810:United Arab Emirates 22337:Fashion and clothing 22178:Environmental issues 22105:Water and sanitation 21942:Regional Trial Court 21787:World Heritage Sites 21483:in 55 volumes, from 20967:Present Day Problems 20672:. Psychology Press. 20460:. Psychology Press. 20133:"United States Rule" 19990:on December 10, 2016 19548:Arguillas, Carolyn. 19503:on February 19, 2019 18918:Agence France-Presse 18255:on February 17, 2018 18229:on November 10, 2006 18219:"Showdown in Manila" 17966:. pp. 153–186. 17910:"Cardinal Jaime Sin" 17647:newslab.philstar.com 17034:Dear and Foot, eds. 16501:Reyes, Jose (1923). 16455:Agricultural History 16101:Halstead, M (1898). 15917:Foreman, J. (1906). 15718:"Philippine History" 15617:. in Mary R. Tagle. 15570:Cochinchina Campaign 15384:. UP Press. p. 15111:. Honolulu, Hawaii: 14917:. pp. 227–266. 14417:. Fondo de Cultura. 14220:"Japanese Christian" 13680:on November 28, 2017 13000:Pinto, Fernao Mendes 12655:Pusat Sejarah Brunei 11881:Ten Datus of Madiaas 11173:on February 13, 2008 11010:on November 19, 2018 10734:Scott, William Henry 10103:on February 28, 2014 9862:10.3378/027.085.0303 9739:on January 28, 2022. 9677:(October 14, 2003). 9374:on December 22, 2021 8850:Filipino nationalism 8726:Ferdinand Marcos Jr. 8708:Marcos delivers his 8649:Proclamation No. 216 8551:was launched to the 8499:Bangsamoro Basic Law 8479:Special Action Force 8447:. When US President 8249:Maguindanao massacre 8079:, Defense Secretary 8047:Subic Bay Naval Base 7999:Freedom Constitution 7887:was assassinated at 7559:Philippine Air Force 7513:Enhancing President 7403:Philippine Trade Act 7254:Philippines Campaign 7250:Battle of Leyte Gulf 7143:launched a surprise 7071:, which organized a 7053:Legislative Building 6991:Tydings–McDuffie Act 6876:, and the canals of 6668:with the support of 6580:Battle of Tirad Pass 6518:Spanish–American War 6480:1898 Treaty of Paris 6476:Spanish–American War 6235:Spanish–American War 6184:Pact of Biak-na-Bato 6100:Graciano López Jaena 6092:Marcelo H. del Pilar 5774:born in Manila to a 5130:from Madras, India. 5066:Santo Domingo Church 4893:Villa Fernandina de 4812:western civilization 4792:Pacific Ring of Fire 4753:Sultanate of Ternate 4668:who was governor of 4541:who paid tribute to 4408:Sultanate of Ternate 4348:1582 Cagayan battles 4245:Kedatuan of Madja-as 4114:Island, now part of 4061:for rapid conquest. 4047:Pacific ring of fire 3993:Sultanate of Ternate 3836:Burmese-Siamese Wars 3637:and established the 3229:resistance movements 3116:Kedatuan of Madja-as 3110:Kedatuan of Madja-as 3051:The nation of Pulilu 3017:The nation of Sandao 2775:The polity of Cainta 2682:Rajahnate of Maynila 2315:Kedatuan of Madja-as 2291:class=notpageimage| 1994:Kedatuan of Madja-as 1785:The Sa Huỳnh culture 1504:in Neolithic China. 1496:, its successor the 1321:Spanish–American War 1010:World Heritage Sites 876:Territorial disputes 779:North Borneo dispute 769:Hukbalahap Rebellion 733:Philippines campaign 728:Battle of Leyte Gulf 708:Battle of Corregidor 683:Tydings–McDuffie Act 575:Battle of Manila Bay 565:Spanish–American War 173:Precolonial barangay 24972:Cartagena de Indias 24594:Diego de Mazariegos 24564:Pere Fages i Beleta 24431:Sebastián de Ocampo 23912:Provincias Internas 23884:Captaincies General 23798:Municipal president 23767:School of Salamanca 23538:Spanish East Indies 23517:Misiones Orientales 23389:Spanish West Indies 23353:, Central America ( 23300:Pyrénées-Orientales 23253:Union with Portugal 23144:Napoleonic invasion 23124:War of Jenkins' Ear 22837:limited recognition 22327:Cultural properties 22093:Tourist attractions 21640:Japanese occupation 21167:. Cleveland, Ohio: 20970:. Ayer Publishing. 20894:. South End Press. 20869:A History of Brunei 20801:Park, P.C. (2022). 20580:. Solar Pub. Corp. 20108:"War of Resistance" 20033:"The Early Spanish" 19953:. Oxon: Routledge. 19528:The Philippine Star 19332:www.manilatimes.net 18810:. November 12, 2013 18740:. October 15, 2012. 18640:The Philippine Star 18533:. January 20, 2001. 18515:. January 17, 2001. 18513:The Washington Post 18347:Rafael Buenaventura 18175:The Washington Post 17841:on October 30, 2021 17811:The Guam Daily Post 17807:"'Salvage' victims" 17711:www.manilatimes.net 17609:Dolan & 1991-28 17488:on October 26, 2006 17335:Dolan & 1991-26 17218:Library of Congress 17195:Library of Congress 17149:Dolan & 1991-23 17115:33.1 (1977): 33–48. 16798:on January 28, 2017 16787:American Experience 16782:"The Guerrilla War" 16770:Dolan & 1991-21 16704:(online ed.). 16583:Dolan & 1991-20 16528:Page 92, Volume 32 16518:Dolan & 1991-17 16414:Dolan & 1991-16 16368:on December 1, 2010 16174:Dolan & 1991-15 16119:1904Natur..70..248T 16090:Dolan & 1991-13 16007:, pp. 199–200. 15662:on January 15, 2013 15615:"The Cavite Mutiny" 14643:on February 8, 2012 14091:The Ilocos Heritage 13943:on December 6, 2016 13346:on October 14, 2014 13196:Wing, J.T. (2015). 13117:(2). Archived from 11975:Wonderful Indonesia 11109:on January 26, 2009 11000:"Butuan Ivory Seal" 10689:. pp. 93–105. 10657:Chapter 4 Page 179. 10495:Turton, M. (2021). 10411:India and The World 10015:2014NatCo...5.4689L 9794:www.archaeology.org 9271:2021PNAS..11826132L 9265:(13): e2026132118. 9195:2004CRPal...3..705D 9146:2023QSRv..32208379G 9088:2019Natur.568..181D 8991:2018Natur.557..233I 8651:declaring a 60-day 8387:. In response, the 8356:Tensions regarding 7822:human rights abuses 7683:The leaders of the 7567:Philippine military 7286:Landing of General 6969:in Washington, D.C. 6763:Philippine Assembly 6707:Philippine Assembly 6703:William Howard Taft 6615:William Howard Taft 6558:. On June 5, 1899, 6292:, President of the 6192:Francisco Macabulos 6188:exiled to Hong Kong 6171:Baldomero Aguinaldo 6088:Propaganda Movement 5674:The landing of the 5203: 5184:José Basco y Vargas 4556:, encompassing all 4463:Kingdom of Tungning 4457:-dynasty loyalist, 4447:newly Christianized 4400:Kingdom of Tungning 4253:Rajahnate of Butuan 4218:battle of Bangkusay 4199:Spanish East Indies 4147:Las Islas Filipinas 4079:Spanish East Indies 3988:Kedatuan of Dapitan 3982:Kedatuan of Dapitan 3951:Indian Subcontinent 3651:Champa civilization 3381:Rajahnate of Butuan 3363:Rajahnate of Butuan 3345:, displayed at the 3333:Rajahnate of Butuan 3309:Rajahnate of Butuan 3043:centered in nearby 2935:In northern Luzon, 2632:The polity of Tondo 2526:the Chieftaincy of 2428:Doctrina Christiana 2417:Peninsular Malaysia 2382:Indianized kingdoms 2106:Kedatuan of Dapitan 2010:Rajahnate of Butuan 1734:Indianized kingdoms 1660:last glacial period 1612:wetland agriculture 1537:Yangtze River delta 1481:Australo-Melanesian 1341:Philippine Assembly 1289:and the arrival of 1283:Spanish Philippines 871:Philippine drug war 833:Contemporary period 800:Communist rebellion 698:Japanese occupation 663:Military Government 617:Doctrina Christiana 525:Propaganda Movement 480:Spanish East Indies 470:Battle of Bangkusay 416:Magellan expedition 334:Sultanates of Lanao 329:Sultanate of Buayan 41:readable prose size 25268:Academia Antártica 25223:Other civil topics 24589:Pánfilo de Narváez 24491:Sebastián Vizcaíno 24456:Andrés de Urdaneta 24416:Juan Ponce de León 24401:Ferdinand Magellan 24375:Bernardo de Gálvez 24274:Indian auxiliaries 23772:Trial of residence 23752:Laws of the Indies 23536:Asia and Oceania ( 23397:Dominican Republic 22342:Historical markers 22200:Indigenous peoples 22076:Telecommunications 21850:Political families 21691:Biosphere reserves 21522:Philippine History 21347:The Martial Spirit 21145:Amer. Bk. Company. 21118:"Philippines, The" 20831:Philippine Studies 19658:. January 23, 2024 19010:. January 15, 2015 18984:. January 15, 2015 18495:The New York Times 18458:American Chronicle 18456:(April 13, 2006), 18302:Antonio C. Abaya, 18299:Multiple sources: 18281:. October 26, 2007 18156:The New York Times 17622:, pp. 576–577 17305:on July 29, 2008). 17084:Philippine Studies 16600:thecorpusjuris.com 16570:, pp. 345–346 15859:on August 18, 2007 15724:on August 22, 2006 15685:. Vera-Reyes, Inc. 15265:, (1820), page 445 14950:Dolan & 1991-5 14764:Philippine Studies 14534:Philippine Studies 14447:Dolan & 1991-4 14048:2012-02-05 at the 14001: 13770:Dictionary of Wars 13735:10.22459/A.09.2006 13486:on August 14, 2009 13301:, p. 201,317. 13063:Philippine Studies 12911:10.22459/A.09.2006 12815:Philippine Studies 12589:Palafox, Queenie. 12548:CIA World Factbook 12519:Philippine History 12325:The River Dwellers 11197:Philippine Studies 10547:Asian Perspectives 10023:10.1038/ncomms5689 9683:. William Morrow. 9675:Bergreen, Laurence 9492:Philippine Studies 8816:Philippines portal 8759:Quirino Grandstand 8722: 8682:a year later. The 8578: 8530:South Thomas Shoal 8414: 8329:Benigno Aquino III 8326: 8223:Diosdado Macapagal 8215: 8148: 8073: 7995: 7984: 7978:opposition leader 7910:Cardinal Jaime Sin 7854: 7852:Manila circa 1980s 7787:Benigno Aquino Jr. 7759: 7709:Nacionalista Party 7697: 7636:Diosdado Macapagal 7632: 7608: 7540: 7482: 7391:Philippine economy 7379: 7362:Nacionalista Party 7349: 7292: 7245: 7242:Bataan Death March 7196: 7180:Bataan Death March 7138: 7065: 7046:Nacionalista Party 7012: 6971: 6947: 6890:Nacionalista Party 6886: 6862:El Hogar Building. 6826: 6802: 6747:Insular Government 6739: 6711: 6659:Chavacano-speaking 6633:Brigadier General 6623:United States Army 6599: 6576:Gregorio del Pilar 6548: 6502: 6459: 6410: 6330:Camillo Ricchiardi 6297: 6219: 6200:interim government 6179:Tejeros Convention 6064: 6041:' untimely exile. 6039:Bernardo O'Higgins 6035:Bernardo O'Higgins 5959: 5951:San Ignacio Church 5944:Manila overlooking 5938:Santa Lucia Gate, 5925:French Cochinchina 5871:Jose de San Martin 5853: 5849:1872 Cavite mutiny 5780: 5744: 5696: 5684: 5201: 5078: 5043: 4953:Mexican revolution 4903: 4879: 4838:vocational schools 4820:Gregorian calendar 4784:sparsely populated 4780: 4749:Ternate, Indonesia 4708: 4626: 4500:French Cochinchina 4486: 4480:The sketch of the 4352:Ashikaga shogunate 4339: 4265:Kingdom of Maynila 4237: 4170: 4155:Philip II of Spain 4151:Prince of Asturias 4100:Ferdinand Magellan 4059:divide and conquer 4014: 3844: 3838:where Lucoes from 3784:Kingdom of Maynila 3750: 3727: 3605: 3449: 3359: 3295:-labeled capital, 3265: 3204:Funan Civilization 2970: 2950:The nation of Ma-i 2821: 2659: 2597:the sultanates of 2507:Kingdom of Maynila 2501:. These included: 2461: 2282:Chiefdom of Taytay 2202:Sultanate of Lanao 1872:Sarangani Province 1809: 1762:Maritime Jade Road 1756:Maritime Jade Road 1665:Cordillera Central 1456:, a branch of the 1421:Angono Petroglyphs 1409: 1337:Insular Government 1267:Ferdinand Magellan 673:Insular Government 658:Zamboanga Republic 555:Tejeros Convention 545:Cry of Pugad Lawin 530:1872 Cavite mutiny 238:Precolonial period 178:Maritime Silk Road 153:Angono Petroglyphs 125:Prehistoric period 110: 25344: 25343: 25340: 25339: 25213: 25212: 25118:Spanish conquests 25108: 25107: 25104: 25103: 25100: 25099: 25096: 25095: 24893: 24892: 24574:Pedro de Alvarado 24559:Gaspar de Portolà 24554:Pedro de Valdivia 24529:Francisco Pizarro 24481:Nicolás de Ovando 24476:Alonso de Ercilla 24451:Alonso de Salazar 24284:Ships of the line 24232: 24231: 24228: 24227: 24110: 24109: 24106: 24105: 23825: 23824: 23821: 23820: 23684: 23683: 23680: 23679: 23656: 23655: 23613:Northern Africa ( 23609:Equatorial Guinea 23593: 23592: 23530: 23529: 23445: 23444: 23368: 23367: 23359:Spanish Caribbean 23332:Spanish Louisiana 23308: 23307: 23243:Crown of Castille 23207: 23206: 23184:Spanish Civil War 23159:Adams–Onís Treaty 23139:Nootka Convention 23087:Thirty Years' War 23077:Eighty Years' War 22998:Catholic Monarchs 22988:Timeline–immersed 22942: 22941: 22879:other territories 22535: 22534: 22489: 22488: 22485: 22484: 22399:Traditional games 22234:Income inequality 22217:Human trafficking 22118: 22117: 22081:Telephone numbers 21988: 21987: 21984: 21983: 21855:Political parties 21828:Foreign relations 21795: 21794: 21668: 21667: 21653:Marcos presidency 21644:Postcolonial era 21485:Project Gutenberg 21422:978-971-10-0524-5 21357:978-0-929587-07-3 21333:978-971-550-781-3 21260:978-971-542-461-5 21151:Blair, Emma Helen 21134:on July 28, 2008. 21108:978-0-7425-6872-3 21078:978-971-642-071-5 21059:978-1-85109-675-6 21017:978-616-222-235-1 20998:978-0-85989-426-5 20977:978-0-8369-0922-7 20943:978-971-10-0073-8 20922:978-971-10-0227-5 20901:978-0-89608-275-5 20859:978-0-8247-9182-7 20814:978-0-8229-8873-1 20793:978-0-8131-9134-8 20743:978-981-4155-67-0 20703:978-0-7006-1225-3 20679:978-1-85743-117-9 20660:978-971-06-1894-1 20641:978-0-8027-1349-0 20617:Karnow, Stanley. 20587:978-971-17-0633-3 20566:978-1-84537-663-5 20547:978-0-8248-1267-6 20528:978-84-7112-378-7 20488:978-1-4107-1069-7 20467:978-1-85743-133-9 20448:978-971-10-1166-6 20427:978-1-4437-7649-3 20406:978-971-23-5045-0 20348:978-0-8444-0748-7 20323:978-0-8444-0748-7 20298:978-0-8444-0748-7 20273:978-0-8444-0748-7 20248:978-0-8444-0748-7 20223:978-0-8444-0748-7 20198:978-0-8444-0748-7 20173:978-0-8444-0748-7 20148:978-0-8444-0748-7 20123:978-0-8444-0748-7 20098:978-0-8444-0748-7 20073:978-0-8444-0748-7 20048:978-0-8444-0748-7 20023:978-0-8444-0748-7 20002:Dolan, Ronald E. 19960:978-0-429-50939-1 19939:978-1-113-71989-8 19918:978-1-118-35044-7 19889:978-81-87746-96-6 19838:978-971-8711-06-4 19812:978-1-84511-423-7 19793:978-99917-2-372-3 19467:Vera, Ben O. de. 19426:on August 4, 2019 19236:. March 16, 2017. 19041:on August 1, 2021 18476:Los Angeles Times 18353:, March 13, 2000. 17981:978-1-349-37827-2 17873:978-0-275-94137-6 17717:on April 19, 2019 17522:. August 8, 1963. 17415:on April 18, 2010 17381:Molina, Antonio. 17365:978-0-521-62948-5 17321:Molina, Antonio. 17102:(1975) pp 476–77. 16933:978-0-8117-3248-2 16867:on March 23, 2010 16324:, pp. 75–76. 16266:, pp. 86–87. 16113:(1811): 248–249. 15825:978-0-8133-3755-5 15783:978-1-134-75421-2 15683:Manila, My Manila 15519:Project MUSE 15416:. October 4, 2021 15122:978-0-8248-6197-1 14932:978-1-316-48012-0 14881:978-1-107-13679-3 14791:, pp. 12, 55 14596:15 Minute History 14583:978-1-139-95285-9 14510:978-0-670-89197-9 14424:978-0-521-01035-1 14100:978-971-91030-9-7 13999: 13931:Herrington, Don. 13780:978-1-135-95494-9 13647:978-962-209-083-5 13613:978-0-89581-864-5 13553:978-9971-69-527-9 13391:, pp. 54–60. 13213:978-90-04-26137-2 12982:978-988-8028-11-5 12949:978-0-19-580354-9 12629:978-971-550-511-6 12529:978-971-23-3934-9 12503:978-971-23-3449-8 12477:978-971-23-4154-0 12417:978-0-7566-2878-9 12368:978-99917-2-372-3 12018:"saleeby 152–153" 11894:978-971-642-071-5 11470:Blair, Emma Helen 11455:978-971-0546-52-7 11430:978-1-85109-675-6 11341:978-1-907065-56-9 11296:978-0-307-77543-6 11269:978-981-230-856-6 11235:978-1-884964-04-6 10908:978-0-8248-3272-8 10828:978-1-74114-448-2 10775:978-1-4629-0742-7 10747:978-971-550-135-4 10704:978-981-10-7316-8 10633:978-1-76046-094-5 10607:978-602-724-493-1 10461:. pp. 31–41. 10393:978-0-415-29777-6 10137:978-1-134-14962-9 9887:on March 23, 2019 9690:978-0-06-621173-2 9624:978-81-87746-96-6 9557:978-81-7017-207-9 9426:978-971-622-006-3 9328:978-1-920942-85-4 9228:Reid, Lawrence A. 9082:(7751): 181–186. 8985:(7704): 233–237. 8835:Battles of Manila 8506:Scarborough Shoal 8374:Sultanate of Sulu 8362:Sultanate of Sulu 8349:The Sultanate of 8333:Corazon C. Aquino 8314: 8313: 8288:quality standards 8086:He legalized the 7918:Juan Ponce Enrile 7806:1935 Constitution 7791:Jovito R. Salonga 7756:Malacañang Palace 7725:New People's Army 7288:Douglas MacArthur 7157:Douglas MacArthur 6835:tropical diseases 6639:Military Governor 6321:Brigadier General 6317:José Ignacio Paua 6120:El filibusterismo 5656:Spanish Filipinos 5642: 5641: 5072:and the original 5039:Cross of Burgundy 5004:Eighty Years' War 5002:, as part of the 4705:Fabián de la Rosa 4678:Republic of Genoa 4554:Pope Gregory XIII 4428:Sultanate of Aceh 4420:Umayyad Caliphate 4257:Sultanate of Sulu 4249:Rajahnate of Cebu 4124:Roman Catholicism 4106:but anchored off 3912:Strait of Malacca 3780:State of Selurong 3639:Sultanate of Sulu 3609:Sultanate of Sulu 3343:Butuan Ivory Seal 3247:Rajahnate of Cebu 3225:Strait of Malacca 2902:Luyag na Kaboloan 2898:Malay Archipelago 2874:Luyag na Kaboloan 2714:precolonial state 2674: before 900 2517:Antonio Pigafetta 2138:Rajahnate of Cebu 2026:Sultanate of Sulu 1923:Historic Iron Age 1738:Malay Archipelago 1624:betel nut chewing 1560:Majiabang culture 1489:genetic admixture 1333:The United States 1063: 1062: 910:Ancient religions 891:COVID-19 pandemic 746:Post-independence 485:Captaincy General 361:Butuan Ivory Seal 339:Sultanate of Sulu 220:Prehistoric beads 76: 75: 43:was 22,000 words. 25364: 25219: 25218: 25185:Chibchan Nations 25114: 25113: 25083:Santiago de Cuba 24942:Guadalupe Island 24902: 24901: 24629: 24628: 24622: 24621: 24584:Diego de Almagro 24461:Antonio de Ulloa 24365:Ambrosio Spinola 24360:Pedro de Zubiaur 24330:Alfonso d'Avalos 24320:Antonio de Leyva 24264:Army of Flanders 24249: 24248: 24238: 24237: 24127: 24126: 24116: 24115: 23842: 23841: 23831: 23830: 23701: 23700: 23690: 23689: 23658: 23657: 23631:Peñón of Algiers 23595: 23594: 23532: 23531: 23447: 23446: 23370: 23369: 23352: 23310: 23309: 23224: 23223: 23213: 23212: 23134:Seven Years' War 23107:Queen Anne's War 22984: 22983: 22969: 22962: 22955: 22946: 22945: 22932: 22922: 22921: 22891:Christmas Island 22577:Sovereign states 22562: 22555: 22548: 22539: 22538: 22525: 22524: 22515: 22514: 22513: 22295: 22294: 22249:Overseas workers 22171:Higher education 22129: 22128: 21999: 21998: 21937:Court of Appeals 21893:Executive office 21861: 21860: 21806: 21805: 21679: 21678: 21620:Pre-colonial era 21572: 21571: 21551: 21544: 21537: 21528: 21527: 21451: 21440: 21426: 21405: 21388: 21386: 21384: 21361: 21337: 21317: 21303: 21292: 21290: 21278: 21276: 21264: 21196: 21190: 21186: 21184: 21176: 21146: 21135: 21130:. Archived from 21126:(6th ed.). 21112: 21082: 21063: 21042: 21021: 21002: 20981: 20960: 20958: 20947: 20926: 20905: 20893: 20882: 20863: 20838: 20828: 20818: 20797: 20776: 20747: 20726: 20707: 20683: 20664: 20645: 20614: 20612: 20610: 20591: 20570: 20551: 20532: 20511: 20492: 20471: 20452: 20431: 20410: 20389: 20377: 20359: 20358: 20352: 20327: 20302: 20277: 20252: 20227: 20202: 20177: 20152: 20127: 20102: 20077: 20052: 20027: 19999: 19997: 19995: 19989: 19974: 19964: 19943: 19932:. BiblioBazaar. 19922: 19893: 19872: 19853: 19842: 19830: 19816: 19797: 19770: 19769: 19767: 19765: 19754: 19748: 19747: 19745: 19743: 19728: 19722: 19721: 19719: 19717: 19702: 19696: 19695: 19693: 19691: 19674: 19668: 19667: 19665: 19663: 19646: 19640: 19639: 19625: 19619: 19618: 19607: 19601: 19600: 19599:. June 30, 2022. 19589: 19583: 19582: 19571: 19565: 19564: 19562: 19560: 19545: 19539: 19538: 19536: 19534: 19519: 19513: 19512: 19510: 19508: 19499:. Archived from 19486: 19480: 19479: 19477: 19475: 19464: 19458: 19457: 19455: 19453: 19442: 19436: 19435: 19433: 19431: 19412: 19406: 19405: 19403: 19401: 19396:on June 22, 2017 19392:. Archived from 19382: 19376: 19375: 19373: 19371: 19354: 19348: 19347: 19345: 19343: 19324: 19318: 19317: 19315: 19313: 19298: 19292: 19291: 19289: 19287: 19276: 19270: 19269: 19267: 19265: 19256:. Archived from 19248:"#RealNumbersPH" 19244: 19238: 19237: 19226: 19220: 19219: 19217: 19215: 19198: 19192: 19191: 19189: 19187: 19182:. August 1, 2016 19172: 19166: 19165: 19163: 19161: 19144: 19138: 19137: 19125: 19119: 19118: 19106: 19100: 19099: 19097: 19095: 19090:. March 31, 2014 19080: 19074: 19073: 19068:. Archived from 19057: 19051: 19050: 19048: 19046: 19037:. Archived from 19026: 19020: 19019: 19017: 19015: 19000: 18994: 18993: 18991: 18989: 18974: 18968: 18967: 18965: 18963: 18958:on March 5, 2016 18954:. Archived from 18941: 18935: 18934: 18932: 18930: 18925:. April 28, 2014 18909: 18903: 18902: 18900: 18898: 18893:. April 27, 2014 18883: 18877: 18876: 18874: 18872: 18851: 18845: 18844: 18834: 18826: 18820: 18819: 18817: 18815: 18798: 18792: 18791: 18789: 18787: 18776: 18770: 18769: 18767: 18765: 18748: 18742: 18741: 18730: 18724: 18723: 18711: 18705: 18704: 18702: 18700: 18685: 18679: 18678: 18676: 18674: 18659: 18653: 18652: 18650: 18648: 18631: 18625: 18624: 18622: 18620: 18615:on July 27, 2006 18611:. Archived from 18598: 18592: 18591: 18589: 18587: 18576: 18565: 18564: 18562: 18560: 18554: 18546: 18535: 18534: 18523: 18517: 18516: 18505: 18499: 18498: 18486: 18480: 18479: 18467: 18461: 18444: 18438: 18437:, July 10, 2000. 18428: 18422: 18409: 18403: 18393: 18384: 18383: 18372: 18366: 18363:on June 7, 2011) 18297: 18291: 18290: 18288: 18286: 18271: 18265: 18264: 18262: 18260: 18245: 18239: 18238: 18236: 18234: 18225:. Archived from 18215: 18209: 18208: 18188: 18179: 18178: 18166: 18160: 18159: 18147: 18141: 18131: 18125: 18124: 18122: 18120: 18109: 18103: 18102: 18100: 18098: 18087: 18081: 18080: 18078: 18076: 18071:on March 4, 2016 18061: 18052: 18046: 18040: 18034: 18028: 18027: 18010:(2–3): 162–192. 18001: 17992: 17986: 17985: 17959: 17953: 17952: 17941:10.2307/20042190 17924: 17918: 17917: 17916:. June 22, 2005. 17906: 17900: 17899: 17897: 17895: 17884: 17878: 17877: 17857: 17851: 17850: 17848: 17846: 17837:. Archived from 17828: 17822: 17821: 17819: 17817: 17802: 17796: 17795: 17769: 17763: 17762: 17754: 17748: 17747: 17736: 17727: 17726: 17724: 17722: 17703: 17694: 17693: 17691: 17689: 17675: 17669: 17668: 17657: 17651: 17650: 17638: 17623: 17617: 17611: 17606: 17597: 17596: 17584: 17567: 17566: 17555: 17549: 17548: 17546: 17535: 17524: 17523: 17516: 17510: 17504: 17498: 17497: 17495: 17493: 17478: 17472: 17471: 17469: 17467: 17456: 17450: 17449: 17447: 17445: 17431: 17425: 17424: 17422: 17420: 17401: 17395: 17392: 17386: 17379: 17373: 17372: 17353: 17343: 17337: 17332: 17326: 17319: 17306: 17296: 17290: 17289: 17287: 17285: 17270: 17264: 17263: 17261: 17259: 17253: 17247:. Archived from 17246: 17238: 17232: 17229: 17223: 17222: 17214: 17206: 17200: 17199: 17191: 17183: 17177: 17176: 17174: 17172: 17157: 17151: 17146: 17140: 17139: 17137: 17135: 17122: 17116: 17109: 17103: 17096: 17090: 17080: 17074: 17073: 17045: 17039: 17032: 17026: 17020: 17017: 17011: 17010: 17002: 16996: 16995: 16993: 16991: 16972: 16966: 16965: 16963: 16961: 16947: 16938: 16937: 16913: 16907: 16906: 16904: 16902: 16883: 16877: 16876: 16874: 16872: 16853: 16847: 16841: 16835: 16834: 16832: 16830: 16825:on July 27, 2010 16814: 16808: 16807: 16805: 16803: 16794:. Archived from 16778: 16772: 16767: 16754: 16748: 16742: 16736: 16730: 16724: 16718: 16717: 16715: 16713: 16694: 16685: 16684: 16682: 16680: 16666: 16660: 16659: 16648: 16639: 16638:on May 22, 2009) 16622: 16616: 16615: 16613: 16611: 16602:. Archived from 16591: 16585: 16580: 16571: 16565: 16559: 16552: 16546: 16539: 16533: 16526: 16520: 16515: 16509: 16508: 16498: 16492: 16485: 16479: 16478: 16450: 16444: 16439:Andrew Roberts, 16437: 16431: 16422: 16416: 16411: 16405: 16404: 16396: 16390: 16384: 16378: 16377: 16375: 16373: 16358: 16352: 16351: 16343: 16337: 16331: 16325: 16319: 16313: 16303: 16297: 16288: 16282: 16273: 16267: 16261: 16255: 16249: 16243: 16237: 16231: 16221: 16215: 16214: 16194: 16188: 16182: 16176: 16171: 16156: 16139: 16133: 16132: 16130: 16128:10.1038/070248a0 16098: 16092: 16087: 16078: 16072: 16066: 16057: 16051: 16050: 16048: 16046: 16036: 16030: 16029: 16027: 16025: 16014: 16008: 16002: 15996: 15995: 15985: 15979: 15978: 15976: 15974: 15969:on April 6, 2023 15965:. Archived from 15955: 15949: 15948: 15941: 15935: 15929: 15923: 15922: 15914: 15908: 15902: 15893: 15887: 15881: 15875: 15869: 15868: 15866: 15864: 15849: 15843: 15840: 15834: 15833: 15801: 15795: 15794: 15792: 15790: 15767: 15761: 15760: 15740: 15734: 15733: 15731: 15729: 15714: 15699: 15693: 15687: 15686: 15678: 15672: 15671: 15669: 15667: 15658:. Archived from 15647: 15641: 15640: 15632: 15626: 15611: 15605: 15604: 15597: 15591: 15587: 15581: 15580: 15578: 15576: 15564:Gooding, Nigel. 15561: 15555: 15551: 15545: 15542: 15536: 15533: 15527: 15526: 15490: 15484: 15483: 15481: 15479: 15474:on June 15, 2007 15459: 15453: 15446: 15440: 15439: 15432: 15426: 15425: 15423: 15421: 15406: 15400: 15399: 15375: 15369: 15366: 15360: 15359: 15357: 15355: 15344: 15338: 15337: 15335: 15333: 15328:on March 3, 2016 15324:. Archived from 15317: 15311: 15294: 15288: 15281: 15275: 15272: 15266: 15259: 15253: 15252: 15232: 15226: 15217: 15211: 15210: 15194: 15188: 15183: 15177: 15174: 15168: 15167: 15165: 15163: 15157: 15148: 15139: 15138: 15136: 15134: 15102: 15096: 15091: 15085: 15080: 15023: 15022: 15020: 15018: 15012: 15005: 14997: 14952: 14947: 14941: 14940: 14910: 14904: 14903: 14892: 14886: 14885: 14867: 14861: 14855: 14849: 14833:Raitisoja, Geni 14831: 14825: 14822: 14816: 14810: 14804: 14798: 14792: 14786: 14780: 14779: 14755: 14749: 14745: 14739: 14736: 14730: 14727: 14721: 14720: 14700: 14694: 14693: 14683: 14659: 14653: 14652: 14650: 14648: 14642: 14636:. Archived from 14627: 14618: 14612: 14611: 14609: 14607: 14602:on July 19, 2019 14587: 14567: 14561: 14558: 14552: 14546: 14537: 14530: 14524: 14521: 14515: 14514: 14496: 14490: 14489: 14487: 14485: 14475: 14467: 14461: 14455: 14449: 14444: 14429: 14428: 14408: 14402: 14393: 14387: 14386: 14374: 14368: 14367: 14365: 14363: 14357: 14350: 14336: 14327: 14321: 14320: 14300: 14294: 14290: 14284: 14281: 14275: 14272: 14266: 14260: 14254: 14251: 14245: 14244: 14242: 14234: 14228: 14227: 14216: 14210: 14207: 14201: 14200: 14188: 14182: 14179: 14173: 14167: 14161: 14132: 14121: 14111: 14105: 14104: 14086: 14080: 14077: 14071: 14058: 14052: 14040: 14034: 14028: 14022: 14021: 14011: 14005: 14004: 13980: 13974: 13971: 13962: 13959: 13953: 13952: 13950: 13948: 13939:. Archived from 13928: 13922: 13921: 13914: 13908: 13907: 13887: 13881: 13880: 13873: 13867: 13866: 13854: 13848: 13844: 13838: 13831: 13825: 13824: 13814: 13808: 13791: 13785: 13784: 13764: 13758: 13757: 13737: 13727: 13705: 13699: 13696: 13690: 13689: 13687: 13685: 13676:. Archived from 13666: 13660: 13659: 13633: 13627: 13624: 13618: 13617: 13597: 13591: 13590: 13582: 13576: 13573: 13567: 13564: 13558: 13557: 13539: 13533: 13523: 13517: 13502: 13496: 13495: 13493: 13491: 13482:. Archived from 13475: 13469: 13466: 13460: 13454: 13448: 13447: 13445: 13437: 13431: 13428: 13422: 13419: 13413: 13410: 13404: 13398: 13392: 13386: 13380: 13374: 13368: 13362: 13356: 13355: 13353: 13351: 13342:. Archived from 13336: 13330: 13324: 13318: 13308: 13302: 13296: 13290: 13278: 13272: 13271: 13251: 13245: 13239: 13233: 13227: 13221: 13220: 13193: 13187: 13181: 13175: 13169: 13163: 13162: 13152: 13146: 13140: 13131: 13130: 13128: 13126: 13102: 13096: 13093: 13087: 13086: 13078: 13072: 13070: 13054: 13048: 13045: 13039: 13035: 13029: 13026: 13020: 13014: 13008: 13007: 12996: 12987: 12986: 12960: 12954: 12953: 12932: 12926: 12925: 12913: 12903: 12881: 12875: 12874: 12866: 12857: 12853: 12847: 12841: 12832: 12830: 12806: 12800: 12797: 12791: 12785: 12779: 12776:Abdul Majid 2007 12773: 12767: 12761: 12755: 12749: 12743: 12737: 12731: 12725: 12719: 12713: 12707: 12701: 12695: 12689: 12683: 12680: 12674: 12671: 12665: 12652: 12646: 12640: 12634: 12633: 12613: 12607: 12606: 12604: 12602: 12597:on June 17, 2013 12586: 12580: 12566: 12560: 12559: 12557: 12555: 12540: 12534: 12533: 12514: 12508: 12507: 12488: 12482: 12481: 12462: 12456: 12455: 12437: 12431: 12428: 12422: 12421: 12403: 12397: 12391: 12385: 12382:Rausa-Gomez 1967 12379: 12373: 12372: 12355: 12349: 12348: 12342: 12338: 12336: 12328: 12321:Yuson, Alfred A. 12316: 12310: 12307:Rausa-Gomez 1967 12304: 12298: 12297: 12261: 12255: 12249: 12243: 12242: 12236: 12227: 12221: 12220: 12218: 12216: 12206: 12200: 12197: 12191: 12190: 12188: 12186: 12181:on July 24, 2011 12177:. Archived from 12170: 12164: 12158: 12152: 12146: 12140: 12134: 12128: 12122: 12116: 12110: 12104: 12099: 12093: 12092: 12080: 12074: 12068: 12062: 12056: 12050: 12049: 12037: 12031: 12025: 12019: 12016: 12010: 11997: 11991: 11990: 11988: 11986: 11981:on July 22, 2015 11977:. Archived from 11967: 11961: 11955: 11949: 11943: 11937: 11932: 11926: 11925: 11905: 11899: 11898: 11870: 11864: 11861: 11855: 11854: 11834: 11828: 11827: 11803: 11797: 11794: 11788: 11782: 11773: 11770: 11764: 11761: 11755: 11749: 11743: 11737: 11731: 11730: 11728: 11726: 11721:on July 16, 2011 11711: 11705: 11699: 11693: 11687: 11681: 11680: 11678: 11658: 11652: 11651: 11643: 11637: 11636: 11630: 11621: 11612: 11611: 11609: 11607: 11602:on July 24, 2015 11601: 11590: 11581: 11572: 11569: 11563: 11556: 11550: 11549: 11547: 11545: 11526: 11520: 11519: 11512:Huerta, Felix de 11508: 11502: 11501: 11495: 11491: 11489: 11481: 11466: 11460: 11459: 11441: 11435: 11434: 11414: 11408: 11407: 11397: 11388: 11382: 11381: 11361: 11355: 11352: 11346: 11345: 11326: 11320: 11314: 11308: 11307: 11305: 11303: 11280: 11274: 11273: 11253: 11247: 11246: 11244: 11242: 11219: 11213: 11212: 11192: 11183: 11182: 11180: 11178: 11163: 11157: 11151: 11145: 11139: 11133: 11132: 11125: 11119: 11118: 11116: 11114: 11099: 11093: 11091: 11070: 11064: 11061: 11055: 11054: 11026: 11020: 11019: 11017: 11015: 10996: 10990: 10989: 10961: 10955: 10954: 10952: 10944: 10935: 10932: 10926: 10923: 10917: 10916: 10886: 10880: 10879: 10877: 10875: 10869: 10862: 10848: 10839: 10833: 10832: 10811: 10800: 10799: 10793: 10789: 10787: 10779: 10761: 10752: 10751: 10730: 10709: 10708: 10682: 10673: 10667: 10658: 10652: 10646: 10645: 10618: 10612: 10611: 10587: 10581: 10580: 10569: 10563: 10562: 10542: 10536: 10533: 10527: 10524: 10518: 10515: 10509: 10506: 10500: 10493: 10487: 10484: 10478: 10477: 10469: 10463: 10462: 10459:Pathos of Origin 10454: 10448: 10442: 10436: 10429: 10423: 10420: 10414: 10404: 10398: 10397: 10377: 10371: 10365: 10359: 10358: 10346: 10337: 10336: 10320: 10314: 10313: 10283: 10277: 10276: 10260: 10251: 10242: 10241: 10231: 10221: 10197: 10191: 10190: 10172: 10148: 10142: 10141: 10119: 10113: 10112: 10110: 10108: 10099:. Archived from 10093: 10087: 10086: 10078: 10072: 10071: 10063: 10057: 10051: 10045: 10044: 10034: 9994: 9988: 9987: 9979: 9970: 9969: 9968:on July 7, 2014. 9953: 9947: 9946: 9920: 9909: 9903: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9892: 9886: 9880:. Archived from 9847: 9838: 9832: 9831: 9811: 9805: 9804: 9802: 9800: 9786: 9780: 9774: 9768: 9767: 9747: 9741: 9740: 9725: 9719: 9718: 9708: 9695: 9694: 9671: 9665: 9664: 9638: 9629: 9628: 9608: 9602: 9601: 9581: 9562: 9561: 9541: 9535: 9534: 9514: 9508: 9507: 9483: 9474: 9473: 9437: 9431: 9430: 9413:Jocano, F. Landa 9409: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9379: 9370:. Archived from 9360: 9354: 9350: 9341: 9340: 9312: 9303: 9302: 9292: 9282: 9249: 9240: 9239: 9224: 9215: 9214: 9177: 9168: 9167: 9157: 9125: 9116: 9115: 9073: 9064: 9055: 9054: 9025: 9019: 9018: 8969: 8945: 8942: 8818: 8813: 8812: 8811: 8752: 8749: 8744:Bagong Pilipinas 8718:Martin Romualdez 8628:Ferdinand Marcos 8588:succeeded Aquino 8309: 8306: 8300: 8277: 8269: 7993:erupted in 1991. 7717:Jabidah massacre 7705:Ferdinand Marcos 7693:Ferdinand Marcos 7640:Carlos P. Garcia 7611:Carlos P. Garcia 7409:in the country. 7269:Battle of Manila 7204:Council of State 7176:Bataan Peninsula 7161:Bataan Peninsula 7096:Great Depression 7038:Manuel L. Quezon 7034:Gregorio Aglipay 6987:Manuel L. Quezon 6963:Manuel L. Quezon 6951:Great Depression 6944:Manuel L. Quezon 6898:Senate president 6894:Manuel L. Quezon 6727:Manuel L. Quezon 6670:Jamalul Kiram II 6653:in Luzon, under 6651:Tagalog Republic 6603:Palanan, Isabela 6418:Felipe Agoncillo 6290:Emilio Aguinaldo 6275:Battle of Manila 6227:Cuban revolution 6211:Malolos Congress 6198:to serve as the 6194:, established a 6175:Emilio Aguinaldo 6132:Andrés Bonifacio 6060:Andrés Bonifacio 5967: 5955:Ateneo de Manila 5742: 5739: 5210:Native Tributes 5204: 5200: 5186:established the 5148:Seven Years' War 4842:public education 4777: 4724:Indian Filipinos 4558:Spanish colonies 4510:The founding of 4191:kingdom of Tondo 4132:Battle of Mactan 4053:by allowing its 3772:dynasty of Tondo 3615:Karim ul' Makdum 3575: 3574:Stamford Raffles 3517:Sulu Archipelago 3439:) and Saludong ( 3433:Majapahit Empire 3371: 3368: 3156: 3131:Images from the 3128: 2986: 2983: 2945: 2944: 1406–1576 2942: 2867: 2866: 1406–1576 2864: 2736:Luzon Sukezaemon 2675: 2672: 2656: 2653: 2543:the polities of 2348:cultural zone". 2277: 2276: 2261: 2260: 2245: 2244: 2229: 2228: 2213: 2212: 2197: 2196: 2181: 2180: 2165: 2164: 2149: 2148: 2133: 2132: 2117: 2116: 2101: 2100: 2085: 2084: 2069: 2068: 2053: 2052: 2037: 2036: 2021: 2020: 2005: 2004: 1989: 1988: 1973: 1972: 1957: 1956: 1950: 1922: 1915:Prehistoric (or 1914: 1848:Central Thailand 1813:Sa Huỳnh culture 1801:Sa Huỳnh culture 1697:hunter-gathering 1695:who depended on 1628:ancestor worship 1616:teeth blackening 1608:rice cultivation 1552:Liangzhu culture 1403:Complex Site in 1379: 1335:established the 1329:Emilio Aguinaldo 1177:as well as some 1055: 1048: 1041: 1027: 1026: 1025: 759:Treaty of Manila 703:Battle of Bataan 648:Tagalog Republic 590:Malolos Congress 535:La Liga Filipina 520:British invasion 490:Tondo Conspiracy 460:Blockade of Cebu 421:Battle of Mactan 345:Events/Artifacts 248:(north to south) 184:Events/Artifacts 168:Sa Huỳnh culture 98: 80: 79: 71: 68: 62: 26: 25: 18: 25372: 25371: 25367: 25366: 25365: 25363: 25362: 25361: 25347: 25346: 25345: 25336: 25312:Old inquisition 25224: 25209: 25119: 25092: 25048:Trinidad (1797) 25018:La Noche Triste 25006: 25002:San Juan (1797) 24952:San Juan (1595) 24889: 24778: 24618:Notable battles 24613: 24579:Martín de Ursúa 24510: 24441:Alonso de Ojeda 24411:Juan de la Cosa 24396:Pinzón brothers 24379: 24350:John of Austria 24325:Martín de Goiti 24303: 24243: 24224: 24168: 24121: 24102: 24014: 24010:Terra Australis 24005:Río de la Plata 23950:Castilla de Oro 23936: 23878: 23874:Río de la Plata 23836: 23817: 23776: 23735: 23731:Santa Hermandad 23695: 23676: 23672:Terra Australis 23663: 23652: 23619:Spanish Morocco 23600: 23589: 23580:Northern Taiwan 23541: 23526: 23497:Río de la Plata 23452: 23441: 23375: 23374:Central America 23364: 23346: 23315: 23304: 23248:Crown of Aragon 23229: 23218: 23203: 23119:Bourbon Reforms 22989: 22978: 22973: 22943: 22938: 22910: 22878: 22869: 22850:Northern Cyprus 22836: 22829: 22571: 22569:History of Asia 22566: 22536: 22531: 22511: 22509: 22481: 22408: 22377:Public holidays 22293: 22222:Sex trafficking 22114: 21980: 21898:Law enforcement 21859: 21791: 21755:Protected areas 21664: 21633:American period 21601: 21561: 21555: 21512:Wayback Machine 21501:on 2010-01-10). 21497:(archived from 21459: 21454: 21423: 21382: 21380: 21358: 21334: 21318:Republished as 21288: 21274: 21261: 21188: 21187: 21178: 21177: 21157:, eds. (1903). 21109: 21090: 21088:Further reading 21085: 21079: 21060: 21049:The Philippines 21039: 21018: 20999: 20978: 20944: 20923: 20902: 20879: 20860: 20826: 20815: 20794: 20744: 20723: 20704: 20680: 20661: 20642: 20608: 20606: 20588: 20567: 20557:The Philippines 20548: 20529: 20508: 20489: 20468: 20449: 20428: 20407: 20356: 20349: 20324: 20299: 20274: 20249: 20224: 20199: 20174: 20149: 20124: 20099: 20074: 20049: 20024: 20008:"Early History" 19993: 19991: 19987: 19972: 19961: 19940: 19919: 19890: 19869: 19861:. Rough Guide. 19839: 19813: 19794: 19778: 19773: 19763: 19761: 19756: 19755: 19751: 19741: 19739: 19729: 19725: 19715: 19713: 19712:. July 18, 2023 19704: 19703: 19699: 19689: 19687: 19675: 19671: 19661: 19659: 19648: 19647: 19643: 19635:Manila Bulletin 19626: 19622: 19609: 19608: 19604: 19591: 19590: 19586: 19573: 19572: 19568: 19558: 19556: 19546: 19542: 19532: 19530: 19520: 19516: 19506: 19504: 19496:Manila Bulletin 19487: 19483: 19473: 19471: 19465: 19461: 19451: 19449: 19444: 19443: 19439: 19429: 19427: 19414: 19413: 19409: 19399: 19397: 19384: 19383: 19379: 19369: 19367: 19355: 19351: 19341: 19339: 19338:on May 19, 2019 19326: 19325: 19321: 19311: 19309: 19299: 19295: 19285: 19283: 19278: 19277: 19273: 19263: 19261: 19260:on May 17, 2017 19246: 19245: 19241: 19228: 19227: 19223: 19213: 19211: 19210:. June 30, 2016 19200: 19199: 19195: 19185: 19183: 19174: 19173: 19169: 19159: 19157: 19145: 19141: 19126: 19122: 19107: 19103: 19093: 19091: 19082: 19081: 19077: 19058: 19054: 19044: 19042: 19027: 19023: 19013: 19011: 19002: 19001: 18997: 18987: 18985: 18976: 18975: 18971: 18961: 18959: 18951:Manila Bulletin 18946:"EDCA prevails" 18942: 18938: 18928: 18926: 18911: 18910: 18906: 18896: 18894: 18885: 18884: 18880: 18870: 18868: 18867:on June 8, 2020 18853: 18852: 18848: 18837:Financial Times 18827: 18823: 18813: 18811: 18800: 18799: 18795: 18785: 18783: 18778: 18777: 18773: 18763: 18761: 18750: 18749: 18745: 18732: 18731: 18727: 18712: 18708: 18698: 18696: 18686: 18682: 18672: 18670: 18660: 18656: 18646: 18644: 18643:. 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May 21, 2013. 18374: 18373: 18369: 18343:Wayback Machine 18318:Wayback Machine 18304:GMA's successes 18298: 18294: 18284: 18282: 18273: 18272: 18268: 18258: 18256: 18247: 18246: 18242: 18232: 18230: 18217: 18216: 18212: 18205: 18189: 18182: 18167: 18163: 18148: 18144: 18132: 18128: 18118: 18116: 18111: 18110: 18106: 18096: 18094: 18089: 18088: 18084: 18074: 18072: 18063: 18062: 18055: 18047: 18043: 18035: 18031: 17999: 17993: 17989: 17982: 17960: 17956: 17929:Foreign Affairs 17925: 17921: 17914:The Independent 17908: 17907: 17903: 17893: 17891: 17886: 17885: 17881: 17874: 17858: 17854: 17844: 17842: 17829: 17825: 17815: 17813: 17803: 17799: 17784: 17770: 17766: 17755: 17751: 17744:www.amnesty.org 17738: 17737: 17730: 17720: 17718: 17705: 17704: 17697: 17687: 17685: 17677: 17676: 17672: 17659: 17658: 17654: 17639: 17626: 17618: 17614: 17607: 17600: 17585: 17570: 17557: 17556: 17552: 17544: 17536: 17527: 17518: 17517: 17513: 17505: 17501: 17491: 17489: 17480: 17479: 17475: 17465: 17463: 17458: 17457: 17453: 17443: 17441: 17433: 17432: 17428: 17418: 17416: 17403: 17402: 17398: 17393: 17389: 17380: 17376: 17366: 17344: 17340: 17333: 17329: 17320: 17309: 17297: 17293: 17283: 17281: 17271: 17267: 17257: 17255: 17251: 17244: 17240: 17239: 17235: 17230: 17226: 17212: 17208: 17207: 17203: 17189: 17185: 17184: 17180: 17170: 17168: 17167:on June 9, 2012 17159: 17158: 17154: 17147: 17143: 17133: 17131: 17124: 17123: 17119: 17113:India Quarterly 17110: 17106: 17097: 17093: 17081: 17077: 17046: 17042: 17033: 17029: 17023: 17018: 17014: 17003: 16999: 16989: 16987: 16974: 16973: 16969: 16959: 16957: 16949: 16948: 16941: 16934: 16914: 16910: 16900: 16898: 16897:on June 3, 2020 16885: 16884: 16880: 16870: 16868: 16861:Defense Journal 16855: 16854: 16850: 16842: 16838: 16828: 16826: 16817:Jubair, Salah. 16815: 16811: 16801: 16799: 16780: 16779: 16775: 16768: 16757: 16749: 16745: 16737: 16733: 16725: 16721: 16711: 16709: 16696: 16695: 16688: 16678: 16676: 16668: 16667: 16663: 16650: 16649: 16642: 16636:Wayback Machine 16623: 16619: 16609: 16607: 16606:on May 22, 2009 16592: 16588: 16581: 16574: 16566: 16562: 16553: 16549: 16540: 16536: 16527: 16523: 16516: 16512: 16499: 16495: 16486: 16482: 16451: 16447: 16438: 16434: 16423: 16419: 16412: 16408: 16397: 16393: 16385: 16381: 16371: 16369: 16360: 16359: 16355: 16344: 16340: 16332: 16328: 16320: 16316: 16304: 16300: 16289: 16285: 16274: 16270: 16262: 16258: 16250: 16246: 16238: 16234: 16226:, p. 222; 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M. 12933: 12929: 12922: 12901: 12882: 12878: 12867: 12860: 12854: 12850: 12842: 12835: 12807: 12803: 12798: 12794: 12786: 12782: 12774: 12770: 12762: 12758: 12750: 12746: 12738: 12734: 12726: 12722: 12714: 12710: 12702: 12698: 12690: 12686: 12681: 12677: 12672: 12668: 12662:Wayback Machine 12653: 12649: 12641: 12637: 12630: 12614: 12610: 12600: 12598: 12587: 12583: 12567: 12563: 12553: 12551: 12542: 12541: 12537: 12530: 12516: 12515: 12511: 12504: 12490: 12489: 12485: 12478: 12464: 12463: 12459: 12452: 12438: 12434: 12429: 12425: 12418: 12408:Bali and Lombok 12404: 12400: 12392: 12388: 12380: 12376: 12369: 12357: 12356: 12352: 12340: 12339: 12330: 12329: 12317: 12313: 12305: 12301: 12262: 12258: 12250: 12246: 12234: 12228: 12224: 12214: 12212: 12208: 12207: 12203: 12198: 12194: 12184: 12182: 12171: 12167: 12159: 12155: 12147: 12143: 12135: 12131: 12123: 12119: 12111: 12107: 12100: 12096: 12081: 12077: 12069: 12065: 12057: 12053: 12038: 12034: 12026: 12022: 12017: 12013: 12007:Wayback Machine 11998: 11994: 11984: 11982: 11969: 11968: 11964: 11956: 11952: 11944: 11940: 11933: 11929: 11906: 11902: 11895: 11871: 11867: 11862: 11858: 11835: 11831: 11804: 11800: 11795: 11791: 11783: 11776: 11771: 11767: 11762: 11758: 11750: 11746: 11738: 11734: 11724: 11722: 11713: 11712: 11708: 11700: 11696: 11688: 11684: 11659: 11655: 11644: 11640: 11628: 11622: 11615: 11605: 11603: 11599: 11588: 11582: 11575: 11570: 11566: 11557: 11553: 11543: 11541: 11528: 11527: 11523: 11509: 11505: 11493: 11492: 11483: 11482: 11476:, eds. (1903). 11467: 11463: 11456: 11442: 11438: 11431: 11415: 11411: 11395: 11389: 11385: 11368:(in Japanese). 11362: 11358: 11353: 11349: 11342: 11328: 11327: 11323: 11315: 11311: 11301: 11299: 11297: 11281: 11277: 11270: 11254: 11250: 11240: 11238: 11236: 11220: 11216: 11193: 11186: 11176: 11174: 11165: 11164: 11160: 11152: 11148: 11140: 11136: 11127: 11126: 11122: 11112: 11110: 11101: 11100: 11096: 11080:Wayback Machine 11071: 11067: 11062: 11058: 11027: 11023: 11013: 11011: 10998: 10997: 10993: 10962: 10958: 10950: 10946: 10945: 10938: 10933: 10929: 10924: 10920: 10909: 10887: 10883: 10873: 10871: 10867: 10846: 10840: 10836: 10829: 10815:Osborne, Milton 10812: 10803: 10791: 10790: 10781: 10780: 10776: 10762: 10755: 10748: 10731: 10712: 10705: 10683: 10676: 10668: 10661: 10653: 10649: 10642:j.ctt1pwtd26.26 10634: 10619: 10615: 10608: 10588: 10584: 10573:Miksic, John N. 10570: 10566: 10543: 10539: 10534: 10530: 10525: 10521: 10516: 10512: 10507: 10503: 10499:. Taiwan Times. 10494: 10490: 10485: 10481: 10470: 10466: 10455: 10451: 10443: 10439: 10430: 10426: 10421: 10417: 10405: 10401: 10394: 10378: 10374: 10366: 10362: 10347: 10340: 10321: 10317: 10310: 10284: 10280: 10273: 10258: 10252: 10245: 10198: 10194: 10149: 10145: 10138: 10120: 10116: 10106: 10104: 10095: 10094: 10090: 10079: 10075: 10064: 10060: 10052: 10048: 9995: 9991: 9980: 9973: 9954: 9950: 9943: 9921: 9912: 9904: 9900: 9890: 9888: 9884: 9845: 9839: 9835: 9828: 9812: 9808: 9798: 9796: 9788: 9787: 9783: 9775: 9771: 9764: 9748: 9744: 9727: 9726: 9722: 9709: 9698: 9691: 9672: 9668: 9653: 9639: 9632: 9625: 9609: 9605: 9598: 9582: 9565: 9558: 9542: 9538: 9515: 9511: 9484: 9477: 9438: 9434: 9427: 9410: 9387: 9377: 9375: 9362: 9361: 9357: 9351: 9344: 9329: 9313: 9306: 9250: 9243: 9225: 9218: 9178: 9171: 9126: 9119: 9071: 9065: 9058: 9026: 9022: 8970: 8963: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8948: 8943: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8860:History of Asia 8814: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8776:officials, and 8750: 8702: 8696: 8688:Bangsamoro ARMM 8585:Rodrigo Duterte 8574:Rodrigo Duterte 8567: 8561: 8526:South China Sea 8514:Spratly islands 8510:South China Sea 8310: 8304: 8301: 8291: 8278: 8267: 8261: 8217:Vice President 8207: 8201: 8140: 8134: 8088:Communist Party 8065: 8059: 8010:Muslim Mindanao 7974:, widow of the 7965: 7959: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7846: 7844:Fourth Republic 7774: 7766:Main articles: 7764: 7677: 7671: 7644:Emmanuel Pelaez 7624: 7600: 7532: 7503:Ramon Magsaysay 7487:Elpidio Quirino 7474: 7466:Elpidio Quirino 7418:Mangsee Islands 7371: 7341: 7335: 7277: 7219:Philippine Army 7130: 7125: 7113:Main articles: 7111: 6936: 6930: 6781:; dredging the 6737:, Jorge Bocobo, 6719:Isauro Gabaldón 6696: 6690: 6666:Vicente Álvarez 6631: 6611:Taft Commission 6494: 6488: 6447: 6439: 6414:Treaty of Paris 6325:Vicente Catalan 6283: 6163:Mariano Álvarez 6134:who became its 6116:Noli Me Tángere 6053: 6047: 5953:belltowers and 5825: 5819: 5761:pieces of eight 5757:Philippine peso 5740: 5720:Puente Colgante 5680:Antonio Brugada 5668: 5172: 5156:Indian soldiers 5116: 5110: 5094:Native American 5051:Manila Galleons 5028: 4985:Manila Galleons 4960:Manila galleons 4934:Tokugawa Ieyasu 4932:, on behalf of 4899:Juan de Salcedo 4774:Gobernadorcillo 4757:Ternate, Cavite 4716:Mexican Spanish 4618: 4508: 4461:, ruler of the 4449:natives of the 4391:Northern Taiwan 4376:Juan de Salcedo 4291:Capitán General 4269:Bruneian Empire 4179:Juan de Salcedo 4096: 4088:Main articles: 4086: 4081: 4069:Main articles: 4067: 4051:colonialization 4023: 3984: 3978: 3916:South China Sea 3824: 3818: 3768:Bruneian Empire 3756: 3754:Bruneian Empire 3742: 3733: 3715: 3683: 3677: 3668:Nagarakretagama 3655:Central Vietnam 3621:trader born in 3611: 3597: 3581:East Kalimantan 3576: 3573: 3521:Nagarakretagama 3515:island and the 3481: 3428:Nagarakretagama 3419: 3413: 3369: 3335: 3329: 3311:and Indianized 3249: 3243: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3164: 3157: 3149: 3148: 3129: 3118: 3112: 3087: 3063:Polillo, Quezon 3059: 3053: 3025: 3019: 2984: 2958: 2952: 2943: 2865: 2847: 2841: 2813: 2807: 2783: 2777: 2771:of Manila Bay. 2673: 2654: 2640: 2634: 2475:thalassocracies 2374:Pallava dynasty 2370: 2304:in present-day 2297: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2284: 2278: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2262: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2246: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2230: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2214: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2198: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2182: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2166: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2150: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2134: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2118: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2102: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2086: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2070: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2054: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2038: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2022: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2006: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1990: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1974: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1958: 1942: 1934: 1920: 1912: 1900: 1898: 1885: 1793: 1787: 1758: 1740:and the nearby 1676:ethnic groups. 1630:, and the same 1600:outrigger boats 1592:Malagasy people 1462:Batanes Islands 1438:Homo luzonensis 1414:Homo luzonensis 1393: 1387: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1371: 1365: 1285:began with the 1204:, while Indian 1076:Homo luzonensis 1059: 1023: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1014: 955:Diet and health 904: 896: 895: 881:Siege of Marawi 836: 825: 824: 815:Fourth Republic 795: 784: 783: 749: 738: 737: 713:Second Republic 653:Negros Republic 643: 632: 631: 437: 426: 425: 371:Kabayan Mummies 241: 230: 229: 138:Homo luzonensis 128: 97:the Philippines 96: 89: 72: 66: 63: 44: 27: 23: 12: 11: 5: 25370: 25360: 25359: 25342: 25341: 25338: 25337: 25335: 25334: 25329: 25324: 25319: 25314: 25309: 25308: 25307: 25297: 25296: 25295: 25285: 25280: 25275: 25270: 25265: 25260: 25255: 25250: 25245: 25240: 25235: 25229: 25226: 25225: 25215: 25214: 25211: 25210: 25208: 25207: 25202: 25197: 25192: 25187: 25182: 25177: 25172: 25167: 25166: 25165: 25160: 25155: 25150: 25140: 25135: 25130: 25128:Canary Islands 25124: 25121: 25120: 25110: 25109: 25106: 25105: 25102: 25101: 25098: 25097: 25094: 25093: 25091: 25090: 25085: 25080: 25075: 25070: 25065: 25060: 25055: 25050: 25045: 25040: 25035: 25030: 25025: 25020: 25014: 25012: 25008: 25007: 25005: 25004: 24999: 24994: 24989: 24984: 24982:Túpac Amaru II 24979: 24974: 24969: 24964: 24959: 24954: 24949: 24944: 24939: 24934: 24929: 24927:Bogotá savanna 24924: 24919: 24914: 24908: 24906: 24899: 24895: 24894: 24891: 24890: 24888: 24887: 24882: 24877: 24872: 24867: 24862: 24857: 24852: 24847: 24842: 24837: 24835:Spanish Armada 24832: 24827: 24822: 24817: 24812: 24807: 24802: 24797: 24792: 24786: 24784: 24780: 24779: 24777: 24776: 24771: 24766: 24761: 24756: 24751: 24746: 24741: 24736: 24731: 24729:White Mountain 24726: 24724:Cape Celidonia 24721: 24719:English Armada 24716: 24711: 24706: 24701: 24696: 24691: 24686: 24681: 24676: 24671: 24666: 24661: 24656: 24651: 24646: 24641: 24635: 24633: 24626: 24619: 24615: 24614: 24612: 24611: 24606: 24601: 24596: 24591: 24586: 24581: 24576: 24571: 24566: 24561: 24556: 24551: 24546: 24541: 24536: 24531: 24526: 24520: 24518: 24512: 24511: 24509: 24508: 24503: 24498: 24496:Juan Fernández 24493: 24488: 24483: 24478: 24473: 24471:Diego Columbus 24468: 24463: 24458: 24453: 24448: 24443: 24438: 24433: 24428: 24423: 24418: 24413: 24408: 24403: 24398: 24393: 24387: 24385: 24381: 24380: 24378: 24377: 24372: 24367: 24362: 24357: 24352: 24347: 24342: 24337: 24332: 24327: 24322: 24317: 24311: 24309: 24305: 24304: 24302: 24301: 24299:Army of Africa 24296: 24291: 24286: 24281: 24279:Spanish Armada 24276: 24271: 24266: 24261: 24255: 24253: 24245: 24244: 24234: 24233: 24230: 24229: 24226: 24225: 24223: 24222: 24217: 24212: 24207: 24202: 24197: 24192: 24187: 24182: 24180:Manila galleon 24176: 24174: 24170: 24169: 24167: 24166: 24161: 24156: 24151: 24146: 24141: 24135: 24133: 24123: 24122: 24112: 24111: 24108: 24107: 24104: 24103: 24101: 24100: 24095: 24090: 24085: 24080: 24075: 24070: 24065: 24060: 24055: 24050: 24045: 24040: 24035: 24030: 24024: 24022: 24016: 24015: 24013: 24012: 24007: 24002: 23997: 23992: 23987: 23982: 23977: 23972: 23967: 23962: 23957: 23952: 23946: 23944: 23938: 23937: 23935: 23934: 23929: 23924: 23919: 23914: 23909: 23904: 23899: 23894: 23888: 23886: 23880: 23879: 23877: 23876: 23871: 23866: 23861: 23856: 23850: 23848: 23838: 23837: 23827: 23826: 23823: 23822: 23819: 23818: 23816: 23815: 23810: 23805: 23800: 23795: 23790: 23784: 23782: 23778: 23777: 23775: 23774: 23769: 23764: 23759: 23754: 23749: 23743: 23741: 23737: 23736: 23734: 23733: 23728: 23723: 23718: 23713: 23707: 23705: 23697: 23696: 23694:Administration 23686: 23685: 23682: 23681: 23678: 23677: 23675: 23674: 23668: 23665: 23664: 23654: 23653: 23651: 23650: 23615:Western Sahara 23611: 23605: 23602: 23601: 23591: 23590: 23588: 23587: 23582: 23577: 23546: 23543: 23542: 23528: 23527: 23525: 23524: 23513:Banda Oriental 23494: 23480: 23457: 23454: 23453: 23443: 23442: 23440: 23439: 23434: 23429: 23424: 23419: 23414: 23409: 23404: 23386: 23380: 23377: 23376: 23366: 23365: 23363: 23362: 23328:Coastal Alaska 23320: 23317: 23316: 23306: 23305: 23303: 23302: 23297: 23292: 23287: 23282: 23277: 23262: 23261: 23260: 23255: 23250: 23245: 23234: 23231: 23230: 23220: 23219: 23209: 23208: 23205: 23204: 23202: 23201: 23196: 23191: 23186: 23181: 23176: 23171: 23166: 23161: 23156: 23151: 23146: 23141: 23136: 23131: 23126: 23121: 23116: 23111: 23110: 23109: 23099: 23094: 23089: 23084: 23079: 23074: 23069: 23064: 23059: 23054: 23049: 23044: 23039: 23034: 23029: 23024: 23019: 23014: 23009: 23000: 22994: 22991: 22990: 22980: 22979: 22976:Spanish Empire 22972: 22971: 22964: 22957: 22949: 22940: 22939: 22937: 22936: 22926: 22915: 22912: 22911: 22909: 22908: 22903: 22898: 22893: 22888: 22882: 22880: 22871: 22870: 22868: 22867: 22862: 22857: 22852: 22847: 22841: 22839: 22831: 22830: 22828: 22827: 22822: 22817: 22812: 22807: 22802: 22797: 22792: 22787: 22782: 22777: 22772: 22767: 22762: 22757: 22752: 22747: 22742: 22737: 22732: 22727: 22722: 22717: 22712: 22707: 22702: 22697: 22692: 22687: 22682: 22677: 22672: 22667: 22662: 22657: 22652: 22647: 22642: 22637: 22632: 22627: 22622: 22617: 22612: 22607: 22602: 22597: 22592: 22587: 22581: 22579: 22573: 22572: 22565: 22564: 22557: 22550: 22542: 22533: 22532: 22530: 22529: 22519: 22506: 22505: 22500: 22494: 22491: 22490: 22487: 22486: 22483: 22482: 22480: 22479: 22474: 22469: 22464: 22459: 22454: 22449: 22444: 22439: 22434: 22429: 22424: 22418: 22416: 22410: 22409: 22407: 22406: 22401: 22396: 22391: 22386: 22385: 22384: 22374: 22369: 22364: 22359: 22354: 22349: 22344: 22339: 22334: 22329: 22324: 22319: 22314: 22309: 22303: 22301: 22292: 22291: 22286: 22281: 22276: 22271: 22266: 22261: 22256: 22251: 22246: 22241: 22236: 22231: 22226: 22225: 22224: 22214: 22209: 22204: 22203: 22202: 22192: 22191: 22190: 22185: 22183:Climate change 22175: 22174: 22173: 22163: 22158: 22153: 22148: 22143: 22138: 22132: 22126: 22120: 22119: 22116: 22115: 22113: 22112: 22107: 22102: 22100:Transportation 22097: 22096: 22095: 22085: 22084: 22083: 22073: 22068: 22066:Stock exchange 22063: 22058: 22053: 22048: 22043: 22038: 22033: 22028: 22023: 22018: 22013: 22008: 22002: 21996: 21990: 21989: 21986: 21985: 21982: 21981: 21979: 21978: 21973: 21972: 21971: 21966: 21961: 21956: 21946: 21945: 21944: 21939: 21934: 21924: 21923: 21922: 21917: 21907: 21906: 21905: 21900: 21895: 21890: 21885: 21884: 21883: 21869: 21867: 21858: 21857: 21852: 21847: 21842: 21841: 21840: 21830: 21825: 21820: 21815: 21809: 21803: 21797: 21796: 21793: 21792: 21790: 21789: 21784: 21779: 21774: 21769: 21764: 21763: 21762: 21760:National parks 21752: 21747: 21742: 21741: 21740: 21730: 21728:Extreme points 21725: 21720: 21715: 21714: 21713: 21708: 21706:Climate change 21698: 21693: 21688: 21682: 21676: 21670: 21669: 21666: 21665: 21663: 21662: 21661: 21660: 21658:Fifth Republic 21655: 21650: 21648:Third Republic 21642: 21637: 21636: 21635: 21630: 21628:Spanish period 21622: 21617: 21611: 21609: 21603: 21602: 21600: 21599: 21594: 21589: 21584: 21578: 21576: 21569: 21563: 21562: 21560: articles 21554: 21553: 21546: 21539: 21531: 21525: 21524: 21519: 21514: 21502: 21492: 21478: 21472: 21466: 21458: 21457:External links 21455: 21453: 21452: 21441: 21427: 21421: 21406: 21389: 21362: 21356: 21342:Millis, Walter 21338: 21332: 21309: 21293: 21279: 21265: 21259: 21246: 21245: 21244: 21239: 21234: 21229: 21224: 21219: 21214: 21209: 21197: 21147: 21136: 21113: 21107: 21091: 21089: 21086: 21084: 21083: 21077: 21064: 21058: 21043: 21037: 21022: 21016: 21010:. Booksmango. 21003: 20997: 20982: 20976: 20961: 20948: 20942: 20927: 20921: 20906: 20900: 20883: 20878:978-0700716982 20877: 20864: 20858: 20839: 20819: 20813: 20798: 20792: 20777: 20748: 20742: 20727: 20722:978-0802849458 20721: 20708: 20702: 20684: 20678: 20665: 20659: 20646: 20640: 20625: 20615: 20592: 20586: 20571: 20565: 20552: 20546: 20533: 20527: 20512: 20507:978-1906098148 20506: 20493: 20487: 20472: 20466: 20453: 20447: 20432: 20426: 20420:. READ BOOKS. 20411: 20405: 20390: 20380: 20379: 20378: 20353: 20347: 20328: 20322: 20303: 20297: 20278: 20272: 20253: 20247: 20228: 20222: 20208:"World War II" 20203: 20197: 20178: 20172: 20153: 20147: 20128: 20122: 20103: 20097: 20078: 20072: 20053: 20047: 20028: 20022: 20000: 19965: 19959: 19944: 19938: 19923: 19917: 19904: 19896:Brands, H. W. 19894: 19888: 19873: 19868:978-1858288932 19867: 19854: 19843: 19837: 19817: 19811: 19805:. I.B.Tauris. 19798: 19792: 19779: 19777: 19774: 19772: 19771: 19749: 19723: 19697: 19669: 19641: 19620: 19602: 19584: 19581:. May 9, 2022. 19566: 19540: 19514: 19481: 19459: 19437: 19407: 19377: 19349: 19319: 19293: 19271: 19239: 19221: 19193: 19167: 19139: 19120: 19101: 19075: 19052: 19021: 18995: 18969: 18936: 18904: 18878: 18846: 18821: 18793: 18771: 18760:. May 15, 2013 18743: 18725: 18706: 18680: 18654: 18626: 18593: 18566: 18536: 18518: 18500: 18481: 18462: 18439: 18435:People's Daily 18423: 18404: 18385: 18367: 18365: 18364: 18354: 18330: 18327: 18321: 18307: 18292: 18266: 18240: 18210: 18203: 18180: 18161: 18142: 18126: 18104: 18082: 18053: 18049:Agoncillo 1990 18041: 18037:Agoncillo 1990 18029: 17987: 17980: 17954: 17935:(2): 392–410. 17919: 17901: 17879: 17872: 17852: 17823: 17797: 17782: 17764: 17749: 17728: 17695: 17670: 17652: 17624: 17620:Agoncillo 1990 17612: 17598: 17568: 17550: 17525: 17511: 17507:Lacsamana 1990 17499: 17473: 17462:. ABS-CBN News 17451: 17426: 17396: 17387: 17374: 17370:huk rebellion. 17364: 17338: 17327: 17307: 17291: 17265: 17254:on May 5, 2018 17233: 17224: 17201: 17178: 17152: 17141: 17117: 17104: 17091: 17075: 17040: 17027: 17021: 17012: 16997: 16967: 16939: 16932: 16908: 16878: 16848: 16836: 16809: 16773: 16755: 16751:Agoncillo 1990 16743: 16739:Lacsamana 1990 16731: 16727:Agoncillo 1990 16719: 16686: 16661: 16640: 16617: 16586: 16572: 16568:Agoncillo 1990 16560: 16547: 16534: 16521: 16510: 16493: 16489:History Review 16480: 16461:(4): 459–483. 16445: 16432: 16417: 16406: 16391: 16379: 16353: 16338: 16326: 16314: 16306:Escalante 2007 16298: 16283: 16268: 16264:Escalante 2007 16256: 16252:Agoncillo 1990 16244: 16242:, p. 148. 16232: 16230:, p. 270. 16224:Agoncillo 1990 16216: 16209: 16189: 16177: 16157: 16134: 16093: 16079: 16075:Lacsamana 1990 16067: 16052: 16031: 16009: 15997: 15980: 15950: 15936: 15924: 15909: 15905:Lacsamana 1990 15894: 15892:, p. xvi. 15882: 15880:, p. xiv. 15870: 15844: 15835: 15824: 15796: 15782: 15762: 15735: 15700: 15688: 15673: 15642: 15627: 15606: 15592: 15582: 15556: 15546: 15537: 15528: 15501:(3): 389–416. 15485: 15454: 15441: 15427: 15401: 15394: 15370: 15361: 15339: 15312: 15289: 15276: 15267: 15254: 15247: 15227: 15212: 15189: 15178: 15169: 15140: 15121: 15097: 15086: 15024: 14953: 14942: 14931: 14905: 14887: 14880: 14862: 14850: 14826: 14817: 14805: 14793: 14781: 14770:(3): 269–286. 14750: 14740: 14731: 14722: 14715: 14695: 14654: 14613: 14582: 14562: 14553: 14538: 14525: 14516: 14509: 14491: 14462: 14450: 14430: 14423: 14403: 14388: 14377:Spain (1680). 14369: 14322: 14295: 14285: 14276: 14267: 14255: 14246: 14229: 14211: 14202: 14183: 14174: 14162: 14122: 14106: 14099: 14081: 14072: 14053: 14035: 14023: 14006: 13975: 13963: 13954: 13923: 13909: 13882: 13868: 13849: 13839: 13826: 13809: 13786: 13779: 13759: 13752: 13700: 13691: 13661: 13646: 13628: 13619: 13612: 13592: 13577: 13568: 13559: 13552: 13534: 13518: 13497: 13470: 13461: 13449: 13432: 13423: 13414: 13405: 13393: 13381: 13369: 13367:, p. 278. 13357: 13331: 13319: 13303: 13291: 13273: 13266: 13246: 13234: 13230:Kurlansky 1999 13222: 13212: 13188: 13176: 13172:Lacsamana 1990 13164: 13147: 13132: 13097: 13088: 13073: 13049: 13040: 13030: 13021: 13019:, p. 194. 13009: 12988: 12981: 12955: 12948: 12927: 12920: 12876: 12858: 12848: 12846:, p. 195. 12833: 12801: 12792: 12780: 12768: 12766:, p. 203. 12756: 12744: 12732: 12720: 12708: 12696: 12692:Agoncillo 1990 12684: 12675: 12666: 12647: 12635: 12628: 12608: 12581: 12561: 12535: 12528: 12509: 12502: 12483: 12476: 12457: 12450: 12432: 12423: 12416: 12398: 12386: 12374: 12367: 12350: 12311: 12299: 12272:(2): 269–294. 12256: 12244: 12222: 12201: 12192: 12165: 12153: 12141: 12129: 12117: 12105: 12094: 12075: 12063: 12051: 12032: 12020: 12011: 11992: 11962: 11950: 11938: 11927: 11900: 11893: 11865: 11856: 11829: 11798: 11789: 11774: 11765: 11756: 11744: 11732: 11706: 11694: 11682: 11653: 11638: 11613: 11573: 11564: 11551: 11521: 11503: 11461: 11454: 11436: 11429: 11409: 11383: 11356: 11347: 11340: 11321: 11309: 11295: 11275: 11268: 11248: 11234: 11214: 11203:(2): 183–203. 11184: 11167:"Introduction" 11158: 11146: 11144:, p. 171. 11134: 11120: 11094: 11065: 11056: 11037:(1): 121–159. 11021: 10991: 10956: 10936: 10927: 10918: 10907: 10881: 10834: 10827: 10801: 10774: 10753: 10746: 10710: 10703: 10674: 10659: 10647: 10632: 10613: 10606: 10582: 10564: 10537: 10528: 10519: 10510: 10501: 10488: 10479: 10464: 10449: 10437: 10424: 10415: 10399: 10392: 10372: 10360: 10338: 10315: 10308: 10278: 10271: 10243: 10212:(3): 426–436. 10192: 10163:(3–4): 383–8. 10143: 10136: 10114: 10088: 10073: 10058: 10046: 9989: 9986:. p. 213. 9971: 9948: 9942:978-0470016176 9941: 9910: 9898: 9833: 9826: 9806: 9781: 9769: 9762: 9742: 9720: 9696: 9689: 9666: 9652:978-0742510234 9651: 9630: 9623: 9603: 9596: 9563: 9556: 9536: 9509: 9475: 9448:(4): 291–320. 9432: 9425: 9385: 9355: 9342: 9327: 9304: 9241: 9216: 9189:(8): 705–712. 9169: 9117: 9056: 9037:(1): 123–132. 9020: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8947: 8946: 8936: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8803: 8800: 8767:Vice President 8755:kick-off rally 8698:Main article: 8695: 8692: 8624:nine-dash line 8563:Main article: 8560: 8557: 8471:Typhoon Haiyan 8403:Typhoon Haiyan 8312: 8311: 8281: 8279: 8272: 8263:Main article: 8260: 8257: 8203:Main article: 8200: 8197: 8172:" against the 8151:Joseph Estrada 8136:Main article: 8133: 8130: 8081:Fidel V. Ramos 8077:1992 elections 8061:Main article: 8058: 8055: 8039:Clark Air Base 7991:Mount Pinatubo 7972:Corazon Aquino 7961:Main article: 7958: 7955: 7944:Main article: 7941: 7938: 7926:Corazon Aquino 7898:Corazon Aquino 7845: 7842: 7795:José W. Diokno 7763: 7760: 7673:Main article: 7670: 7667: 7623: 7620: 7599: 7596: 7587:airplane crash 7531: 7528: 7491:José P. Laurel 7473: 7470: 7438:United Kingdom 7422:United Kingdom 7414:Turtle Islands 7407:military bases 7370: 7367: 7354:Jose P. Laurel 7337:Main article: 7334: 7331: 7276: 7273: 7208:José P. Laurel 7129: 7126: 7110: 7107: 7088:Southeast Asia 7036:, and others. 6983:Herbert Hoover 6932:Main article: 6929: 6926: 6908:Daniel Burnham 6866:Daniel Burnham 6831:mortality rate 6810:Woodrow Wilson 6808:When Democrat 6787: 6786: 6779:Port of Manila 6731:Claro M. Recto 6692:Main article: 6689: 6686: 6674:Sultan of Sulu 6643:Aniceto Lacson 6635:James F. Smith 6630: 6627: 6490:Main article: 6487: 6484: 6443:Main article: 6438: 6435: 6282: 6279: 6128:secret society 6108:Spanish Cortes 6076:Jacinto Zamora 6049:Main article: 6046: 6043: 6031:Andres Novales 5981:Andres Novales 5875:Miguel Hidalgo 5841:Jacinto Zamora 5821:Main article: 5818: 5815: 5716:railway system 5667: 5664: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5171: 5168: 5126:, sailed into 5112:Main article: 5109: 5106: 5055:silver bullion 5027: 5024: 5000:Dutch Republic 4955:, until 1898. 4714:, a creole of 4662:Zamboanga City 4617: 4614: 4507: 4504: 4443:Maluku islands 4214:Tarik Sulayman 4210:Rajah Sulayman 4085: 4082: 4066: 4063: 4022: 4019: 3980:Main article: 3977: 3974: 3896:Regimo de Raja 3860:Southeast Asia 3820:Main article: 3817: 3814: 3752:Main article: 3741: 3738: 3729:Main article: 3714: 3711: 3679:Main article: 3676: 3673: 3643:Rajah Baguinda 3607:Main article: 3596: 3593: 3571: 3480: 3477: 3415:Main article: 3412: 3409: 3397:Sejarah Melayu 3331:Main article: 3328: 3325: 3245:Main article: 3242: 3239: 3158: 3151: 3150: 3143:(noble class) 3130: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3114:Main article: 3111: 3108: 3086: 3083: 3055:Main article: 3052: 3049: 3021:Main article: 3018: 3015: 2954:Main article: 2951: 2948: 2939:(Pangasinan) ( 2876:(also spelled 2861:(Pangasinan) ( 2843:Main article: 2840: 2837: 2809:Main article: 2806: 2803: 2787:Rizal province 2779:Main article: 2776: 2773: 2686:Yongle Emperor 2636:Main article: 2633: 2630: 2614: 2613: 2595: 2581: 2571: 2559:the nation of 2557: 2551: 2541: 2535: 2524: 2515:(mentioned by 2509: 2459:(noble class). 2369: 2366: 2346:Greater Indian 2326:Barangic Phase 2289: 2288: 2280: 2279: 2272: 2271: 2264: 2263: 2256: 2255: 2248: 2247: 2240: 2239: 2232: 2231: 2224: 2223: 2216: 2215: 2208: 2207: 2200: 2199: 2192: 2191: 2184: 2183: 2176: 2175: 2168: 2167: 2160: 2159: 2152: 2151: 2144: 2143: 2136: 2135: 2128: 2127: 2120: 2119: 2112: 2111: 2104: 2103: 2096: 2095: 2088: 2087: 2080: 2079: 2072: 2071: 2064: 2063: 2056: 2055: 2048: 2047: 2040: 2039: 2032: 2031: 2024: 2023: 2016: 2015: 2008: 2007: 2000: 1999: 1992: 1991: 1984: 1983: 1976: 1975: 1968: 1967: 1960: 1959: 1952: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1938:Main article: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1917:Proto-historic 1910: 1887: 1878:is c. 200 CE. 1841:bronze mirrors 1786: 1783: 1757: 1754: 1556:Hemudu culture 1473:Southeast Asia 1466:northern Luzon 1389:Main article: 1386: 1383: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1367:Main article: 1364: 1361: 1100:Austroasiatics 1061: 1060: 1058: 1057: 1050: 1043: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 975:Historiography 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 940:Communications 937: 932: 927: 922: 920:Queen consorts 917: 912: 906: 905: 902: 901: 898: 897: 894: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 866:Oakwood mutiny 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 841:Fifth Republic 837: 835:(1986–present) 831: 830: 827: 826: 823: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 796: 790: 789: 786: 785: 782: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 754:Third Republic 750: 744: 743: 740: 739: 736: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 668:Moro Rebellion 665: 660: 655: 650: 644: 638: 637: 634: 633: 630: 629: 624: 619: 614: 603: 602: 597: 595:First Republic 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 495:Manila galleon 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 455:Treaty of Cebu 452: 447: 438: 432: 431: 428: 427: 424: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 391:Monreal Stones 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 342: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 242: 236: 235: 232: 231: 228: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 181: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 129: 123: 122: 119: 118: 112: 111: 101: 100: 91: 90: 83: 74: 73: 53:it, or adding 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 25369: 25358: 25355: 25354: 25352: 25333: 25330: 25328: 25325: 25323: 25320: 25318: 25315: 25313: 25310: 25306: 25303: 25302: 25301: 25298: 25294: 25291: 25290: 25289: 25286: 25284: 25281: 25279: 25276: 25274: 25271: 25269: 25266: 25264: 25263:Tapada limeña 25261: 25259: 25256: 25254: 25251: 25249: 25246: 25244: 25241: 25239: 25236: 25234: 25231: 25230: 25227: 25220: 25216: 25206: 25203: 25201: 25198: 25196: 25193: 25191: 25188: 25186: 25183: 25181: 25178: 25176: 25173: 25171: 25168: 25164: 25161: 25159: 25156: 25154: 25151: 25149: 25146: 25145: 25144: 25141: 25139: 25136: 25134: 25131: 25129: 25126: 25125: 25122: 25115: 25111: 25089: 25086: 25084: 25081: 25079: 25076: 25074: 25071: 25069: 25066: 25064: 25061: 25059: 25056: 25054: 25051: 25049: 25046: 25044: 25041: 25039: 25036: 25034: 25031: 25029: 25026: 25024: 25021: 25019: 25016: 25015: 25013: 25009: 25003: 25000: 24998: 24995: 24993: 24990: 24988: 24985: 24983: 24980: 24978: 24975: 24973: 24970: 24968: 24965: 24963: 24960: 24958: 24955: 24953: 24950: 24948: 24945: 24943: 24940: 24938: 24935: 24933: 24930: 24928: 24925: 24923: 24920: 24918: 24915: 24913: 24910: 24909: 24907: 24903: 24900: 24896: 24886: 24883: 24881: 24878: 24876: 24873: 24871: 24868: 24866: 24863: 24861: 24858: 24856: 24855:Montes Claros 24853: 24851: 24848: 24846: 24843: 24841: 24838: 24836: 24833: 24831: 24828: 24826: 24823: 24821: 24818: 24816: 24813: 24811: 24808: 24806: 24803: 24801: 24798: 24796: 24795:Vienna (1529) 24793: 24791: 24788: 24787: 24785: 24781: 24775: 24772: 24770: 24767: 24765: 24762: 24760: 24757: 24755: 24752: 24750: 24747: 24745: 24742: 24740: 24737: 24735: 24732: 24730: 24727: 24725: 24722: 24720: 24717: 24715: 24712: 24710: 24707: 24705: 24702: 24700: 24697: 24695: 24692: 24690: 24687: 24685: 24682: 24680: 24677: 24675: 24672: 24670: 24667: 24665: 24662: 24660: 24657: 24655: 24652: 24650: 24647: 24645: 24642: 24640: 24637: 24636: 24634: 24630: 24627: 24623: 24620: 24616: 24610: 24607: 24605: 24602: 24600: 24597: 24595: 24592: 24590: 24587: 24585: 24582: 24580: 24577: 24575: 24572: 24570: 24567: 24565: 24562: 24560: 24557: 24555: 24552: 24550: 24547: 24545: 24542: 24540: 24537: 24535: 24532: 24530: 24527: 24525: 24524:Hernán Cortés 24522: 24521: 24519: 24517: 24516:Conquistadors 24513: 24507: 24504: 24502: 24499: 24497: 24494: 24492: 24489: 24487: 24486:Juan de Ayala 24484: 24482: 24479: 24477: 24474: 24472: 24469: 24467: 24464: 24462: 24459: 24457: 24454: 24452: 24449: 24447: 24444: 24442: 24439: 24437: 24434: 24432: 24429: 24427: 24424: 24422: 24419: 24417: 24414: 24412: 24409: 24407: 24404: 24402: 24399: 24397: 24394: 24392: 24389: 24388: 24386: 24382: 24376: 24373: 24371: 24368: 24366: 24363: 24361: 24358: 24356: 24353: 24351: 24348: 24346: 24343: 24341: 24340:Duke of Savoy 24338: 24336: 24333: 24331: 24328: 24326: 24323: 24321: 24318: 24316: 24313: 24312: 24310: 24306: 24300: 24297: 24295: 24292: 24290: 24287: 24285: 24282: 24280: 24277: 24275: 24272: 24270: 24267: 24265: 24262: 24260: 24257: 24256: 24254: 24250: 24246: 24239: 24235: 24221: 24218: 24216: 24213: 24211: 24208: 24206: 24203: 24201: 24198: 24196: 24193: 24191: 24188: 24186: 24183: 24181: 24178: 24177: 24175: 24171: 24165: 24162: 24160: 24157: 24155: 24152: 24150: 24147: 24145: 24142: 24140: 24139:Dollar (Peso) 24137: 24136: 24134: 24132: 24128: 24124: 24117: 24113: 24099: 24098:Santo Domingo 24096: 24094: 24091: 24089: 24086: 24084: 24081: 24079: 24076: 24074: 24071: 24069: 24066: 24064: 24061: 24059: 24056: 24054: 24051: 24049: 24046: 24044: 24041: 24039: 24036: 24034: 24031: 24029: 24026: 24025: 24023: 24021: 24017: 24011: 24008: 24006: 24003: 24001: 23998: 23996: 23993: 23991: 23988: 23986: 23983: 23981: 23978: 23976: 23975:New Andalusia 23973: 23971: 23968: 23966: 23963: 23961: 23958: 23956: 23953: 23951: 23948: 23947: 23945: 23943: 23939: 23933: 23930: 23928: 23925: 23923: 23922:Santo Domingo 23920: 23918: 23915: 23913: 23910: 23908: 23905: 23903: 23900: 23898: 23895: 23893: 23890: 23889: 23887: 23885: 23881: 23875: 23872: 23870: 23867: 23865: 23862: 23860: 23857: 23855: 23852: 23851: 23849: 23847: 23846:Viceroyalties 23843: 23839: 23832: 23828: 23814: 23811: 23809: 23806: 23804: 23801: 23799: 23796: 23794: 23791: 23789: 23786: 23785: 23783: 23779: 23773: 23770: 23768: 23765: 23763: 23760: 23758: 23755: 23753: 23750: 23748: 23745: 23744: 23742: 23738: 23732: 23729: 23727: 23724: 23722: 23719: 23717: 23714: 23712: 23709: 23708: 23706: 23702: 23698: 23691: 23687: 23673: 23670: 23669: 23666: 23659: 23648: 23644: 23640: 23636: 23632: 23628: 23624: 23620: 23616: 23612: 23610: 23607: 23606: 23603: 23596: 23586: 23583: 23581: 23578: 23575: 23571: 23567: 23563: 23559: 23555: 23551: 23548: 23547: 23544: 23539: 23533: 23522: 23518: 23514: 23510: 23506: 23502: 23498: 23495: 23492: 23488: 23484: 23481: 23478: 23474: 23470: 23466: 23462: 23459: 23458: 23455: 23451:South America 23448: 23438: 23435: 23433: 23430: 23428: 23425: 23423: 23420: 23418: 23415: 23413: 23410: 23408: 23405: 23402: 23398: 23394: 23390: 23387: 23385: 23382: 23381: 23378: 23371: 23360: 23356: 23350: 23345: 23341: 23337: 23336:Spanish Texas 23333: 23329: 23325: 23322: 23321: 23318: 23314:North America 23311: 23301: 23298: 23296: 23295:Franche-Comté 23293: 23291: 23288: 23286: 23283: 23281: 23278: 23275: 23271: 23267: 23263: 23259: 23256: 23254: 23251: 23249: 23246: 23244: 23241: 23240: 23239: 23236: 23235: 23232: 23225: 23221: 23214: 23210: 23200: 23197: 23195: 23192: 23190: 23187: 23185: 23182: 23180: 23177: 23175: 23172: 23170: 23167: 23165: 23162: 23160: 23157: 23155: 23152: 23150: 23147: 23145: 23142: 23140: 23137: 23135: 23132: 23130: 23127: 23125: 23122: 23120: 23117: 23115: 23112: 23108: 23105: 23104: 23103: 23100: 23098: 23095: 23093: 23090: 23088: 23085: 23083: 23080: 23078: 23075: 23073: 23070: 23068: 23065: 23063: 23060: 23058: 23055: 23053: 23050: 23048: 23045: 23043: 23040: 23038: 23035: 23033: 23030: 23028: 23025: 23023: 23020: 23018: 23015: 23013: 23010: 23008: 23004: 23001: 22999: 22996: 22995: 22992: 22985: 22981: 22977: 22970: 22965: 22963: 22958: 22956: 22951: 22950: 22947: 22935: 22931: 22927: 22925: 22917: 22916: 22913: 22907: 22904: 22902: 22899: 22897: 22894: 22892: 22889: 22887: 22884: 22883: 22881: 22876: 22872: 22866: 22863: 22861: 22860:South Ossetia 22858: 22856: 22853: 22851: 22848: 22846: 22843: 22842: 22840: 22838: 22832: 22826: 22823: 22821: 22818: 22816: 22813: 22811: 22808: 22806: 22803: 22801: 22798: 22796: 22793: 22791: 22788: 22786: 22783: 22781: 22778: 22776: 22773: 22771: 22768: 22766: 22763: 22761: 22758: 22756: 22753: 22751: 22748: 22746: 22743: 22741: 22738: 22736: 22733: 22731: 22728: 22726: 22723: 22721: 22718: 22716: 22713: 22711: 22708: 22706: 22703: 22701: 22698: 22696: 22693: 22691: 22688: 22686: 22683: 22681: 22678: 22676: 22673: 22671: 22668: 22666: 22663: 22661: 22658: 22656: 22653: 22651: 22648: 22646: 22643: 22641: 22638: 22636: 22633: 22631: 22628: 22626: 22623: 22621: 22618: 22616: 22613: 22611: 22608: 22606: 22603: 22601: 22598: 22596: 22593: 22591: 22588: 22586: 22583: 22582: 22580: 22578: 22574: 22570: 22563: 22558: 22556: 22551: 22549: 22544: 22543: 22540: 22528: 22520: 22518: 22508: 22507: 22504: 22501: 22499: 22496: 22495: 22492: 22478: 22475: 22473: 22470: 22468: 22467:Sign language 22465: 22463: 22460: 22458: 22455: 22453: 22450: 22448: 22445: 22443: 22440: 22438: 22435: 22433: 22430: 22428: 22425: 22423: 22420: 22419: 22417: 22415: 22411: 22405: 22402: 22400: 22397: 22395: 22392: 22390: 22387: 22383: 22380: 22379: 22378: 22375: 22373: 22370: 22368: 22365: 22363: 22360: 22358: 22355: 22353: 22350: 22348: 22345: 22343: 22340: 22338: 22335: 22333: 22330: 22328: 22325: 22323: 22320: 22318: 22315: 22313: 22310: 22308: 22305: 22304: 22302: 22300: 22296: 22290: 22287: 22285: 22282: 22280: 22277: 22275: 22272: 22270: 22267: 22265: 22262: 22260: 22257: 22255: 22252: 22250: 22247: 22245: 22242: 22240: 22237: 22235: 22232: 22230: 22227: 22223: 22220: 22219: 22218: 22215: 22213: 22210: 22208: 22205: 22201: 22198: 22197: 22196: 22195:Ethnic groups 22193: 22189: 22188:Deforestation 22186: 22184: 22181: 22180: 22179: 22176: 22172: 22169: 22168: 22167: 22164: 22162: 22159: 22157: 22154: 22152: 22149: 22147: 22144: 22142: 22139: 22137: 22134: 22133: 22130: 22127: 22125: 22121: 22111: 22108: 22106: 22103: 22101: 22098: 22094: 22091: 22090: 22089: 22086: 22082: 22079: 22078: 22077: 22074: 22072: 22069: 22067: 22064: 22062: 22059: 22057: 22054: 22052: 22049: 22047: 22046:National debt 22044: 22042: 22041:Fiscal policy 22039: 22037: 22034: 22032: 22029: 22027: 22024: 22022: 22019: 22017: 22014: 22012: 22009: 22007: 22004: 22003: 22000: 21997: 21995: 21991: 21977: 21974: 21970: 21967: 21965: 21962: 21960: 21957: 21955: 21952: 21951: 21950: 21947: 21943: 21940: 21938: 21935: 21933: 21932:Supreme Court 21930: 21929: 21928: 21925: 21921: 21918: 21916: 21913: 21912: 21911: 21908: 21904: 21901: 21899: 21896: 21894: 21891: 21889: 21886: 21882: 21879: 21878: 21877: 21874: 21873: 21871: 21870: 21868: 21866: 21862: 21856: 21853: 21851: 21848: 21846: 21843: 21839: 21836: 21835: 21834: 21831: 21829: 21826: 21824: 21821: 21819: 21816: 21814: 21811: 21810: 21807: 21804: 21802: 21798: 21788: 21785: 21783: 21780: 21778: 21775: 21773: 21770: 21768: 21765: 21761: 21758: 21757: 21756: 21753: 21751: 21748: 21746: 21743: 21739: 21736: 21735: 21734: 21733:Island groups 21731: 21729: 21726: 21724: 21721: 21719: 21716: 21712: 21709: 21707: 21704: 21703: 21702: 21699: 21697: 21694: 21692: 21689: 21687: 21684: 21683: 21680: 21677: 21675: 21671: 21659: 21656: 21654: 21651: 21649: 21646: 21645: 21643: 21641: 21638: 21634: 21631: 21629: 21626: 21625: 21624:Colonial era 21623: 21621: 21618: 21616: 21613: 21612: 21610: 21608: 21604: 21598: 21595: 21593: 21590: 21588: 21585: 21583: 21580: 21579: 21577: 21573: 21570: 21568: 21564: 21559: 21552: 21547: 21545: 21540: 21538: 21533: 21532: 21529: 21523: 21520: 21518: 21515: 21513: 21509: 21506: 21503: 21500: 21496: 21493: 21490: 21486: 21482: 21479: 21476: 21473: 21470: 21467: 21464: 21461: 21460: 21449: 21448: 21442: 21438: 21437: 21432: 21428: 21424: 21418: 21414: 21413: 21407: 21403: 21399: 21395: 21390: 21378: 21374: 21373: 21368: 21363: 21359: 21353: 21349: 21348: 21343: 21339: 21335: 21329: 21325: 21324: 21315: 21310: 21307: 21301: 21300: 21294: 21287: 21286: 21280: 21273: 21272: 21266: 21262: 21256: 21252: 21247: 21243: 21242:vol 42 online 21240: 21238: 21237:vol 36 online 21235: 21233: 21232:vol 25 online 21230: 21228: 21227:vol 24 online 21225: 21223: 21222:vol 13 online 21220: 21218: 21215: 21213: 21210: 21208: 21205: 21204: 21202: 21198: 21194: 21182: 21175: 21170: 21166: 21162: 21161: 21156: 21152: 21148: 21144: 21143: 21137: 21133: 21129: 21125: 21124: 21119: 21114: 21110: 21104: 21100: 21099: 21093: 21092: 21080: 21074: 21070: 21065: 21061: 21055: 21051: 21050: 21044: 21040: 21038:9789715381406 21034: 21030: 21029: 21023: 21019: 21013: 21009: 21004: 21000: 20994: 20990: 20989: 20983: 20979: 20973: 20969: 20968: 20962: 20957: 20956: 20949: 20945: 20939: 20935: 20934: 20928: 20924: 20918: 20914: 20913: 20907: 20903: 20897: 20892: 20891: 20884: 20880: 20874: 20871:. Routledge. 20870: 20865: 20861: 20855: 20852:. CRC Press. 20851: 20850: 20845: 20840: 20836: 20832: 20825: 20820: 20816: 20810: 20806: 20805: 20799: 20795: 20789: 20785: 20784: 20778: 20774: 20770: 20766: 20762: 20758: 20754: 20749: 20745: 20739: 20735: 20734: 20728: 20724: 20718: 20714: 20709: 20705: 20699: 20695: 20694: 20689: 20685: 20681: 20675: 20671: 20666: 20662: 20656: 20652: 20647: 20643: 20637: 20633: 20632: 20626: 20624: 20620: 20616: 20604: 20603: 20598: 20593: 20589: 20583: 20579: 20578: 20572: 20568: 20562: 20558: 20553: 20549: 20543: 20539: 20534: 20530: 20524: 20520: 20519: 20513: 20509: 20503: 20499: 20494: 20490: 20484: 20480: 20479: 20473: 20469: 20463: 20459: 20454: 20450: 20444: 20440: 20439: 20433: 20429: 20423: 20419: 20418: 20412: 20408: 20402: 20398: 20397: 20391: 20387: 20386: 20381: 20375: 20371: 20370: 20363: 20362:public domain 20354: 20350: 20344: 20340: 20339: 20334: 20329: 20325: 20319: 20315: 20314: 20309: 20304: 20300: 20294: 20290: 20289: 20284: 20279: 20275: 20269: 20265: 20264: 20259: 20254: 20250: 20244: 20240: 20239: 20234: 20229: 20225: 20219: 20215: 20214: 20209: 20204: 20200: 20194: 20190: 20189: 20184: 20179: 20175: 20169: 20165: 20164: 20159: 20154: 20150: 20144: 20140: 20139: 20134: 20129: 20125: 20119: 20115: 20114: 20109: 20104: 20100: 20094: 20090: 20089: 20084: 20079: 20075: 20069: 20065: 20064: 20059: 20054: 20050: 20044: 20040: 20039: 20034: 20029: 20025: 20019: 20015: 20014: 20009: 20004: 20003: 20001: 19994:September 30, 19986: 19982: 19978: 19971: 19966: 19962: 19956: 19952: 19951: 19945: 19941: 19935: 19931: 19930: 19924: 19920: 19914: 19910: 19905: 19903: 19899: 19895: 19891: 19885: 19881: 19880: 19874: 19870: 19864: 19860: 19855: 19851: 19850: 19844: 19840: 19834: 19829: 19828: 19822: 19818: 19814: 19808: 19804: 19799: 19795: 19789: 19785: 19781: 19780: 19759: 19753: 19738: 19734: 19727: 19711: 19707: 19701: 19686: 19685: 19680: 19673: 19657: 19656: 19651: 19645: 19637: 19636: 19631: 19624: 19616: 19615:reliefweb.int 19612: 19606: 19598: 19594: 19588: 19580: 19576: 19570: 19555: 19551: 19544: 19529: 19525: 19518: 19502: 19498: 19497: 19492: 19485: 19470: 19463: 19447: 19441: 19425: 19421: 19417: 19411: 19395: 19391: 19387: 19381: 19366: 19365: 19360: 19353: 19337: 19333: 19329: 19323: 19308: 19304: 19297: 19281: 19275: 19259: 19255: 19254: 19249: 19243: 19235: 19231: 19225: 19209: 19208: 19203: 19197: 19181: 19177: 19171: 19156: 19155: 19150: 19143: 19135: 19131: 19124: 19116: 19112: 19105: 19094:September 14, 19089: 19085: 19079: 19071: 19067: 19063: 19056: 19045:September 14, 19040: 19036: 19032: 19025: 19014:September 14, 19009: 19005: 18999: 18988:September 14, 18983: 18979: 18973: 18957: 18953: 18952: 18947: 18940: 18924: 18920: 18919: 18914: 18908: 18892: 18888: 18882: 18866: 18862: 18861: 18856: 18850: 18842: 18838: 18833: 18825: 18814:September 20, 18809: 18808: 18803: 18797: 18781: 18775: 18764:September 20, 18759: 18758: 18753: 18747: 18739: 18735: 18729: 18721: 18717: 18710: 18695: 18691: 18684: 18669: 18665: 18658: 18647:September 21, 18642: 18641: 18636: 18630: 18614: 18610: 18609: 18604: 18597: 18581: 18575: 18573: 18571: 18551: 18545: 18543: 18541: 18532: 18528: 18522: 18514: 18510: 18504: 18496: 18492: 18485: 18477: 18473: 18466: 18459: 18455: 18451: 18448: 18443: 18436: 18432: 18427: 18420: 18416: 18413: 18408: 18401: 18397: 18392: 18390: 18381: 18377: 18371: 18362: 18358: 18355: 18352: 18348: 18344: 18340: 18337: 18336: 18331: 18328: 18325: 18322: 18319: 18315: 18311: 18308: 18305: 18301: 18300: 18296: 18280: 18276: 18270: 18254: 18250: 18244: 18228: 18224: 18220: 18214: 18206: 18204:9781426967405 18200: 18196: 18195: 18187: 18185: 18176: 18172: 18165: 18157: 18153: 18146: 18140:(footnote 18) 18139: 18135: 18130: 18114: 18108: 18092: 18086: 18070: 18066: 18060: 18058: 18051:, p. 586 18050: 18045: 18039:, p. 585 18038: 18033: 18025: 18021: 18017: 18013: 18009: 18005: 17998: 17991: 17983: 17977: 17973: 17969: 17965: 17958: 17950: 17946: 17942: 17938: 17934: 17930: 17923: 17915: 17911: 17905: 17889: 17883: 17875: 17869: 17865: 17864: 17856: 17840: 17836: 17835: 17834:So Why Samar? 17827: 17812: 17808: 17801: 17793: 17789: 17785: 17783:9780299234133 17779: 17775: 17768: 17760: 17753: 17745: 17741: 17735: 17733: 17716: 17712: 17708: 17702: 17700: 17684: 17680: 17674: 17666: 17662: 17656: 17648: 17644: 17637: 17635: 17633: 17631: 17629: 17621: 17616: 17610: 17605: 17603: 17594: 17590: 17583: 17581: 17579: 17577: 17575: 17573: 17564: 17560: 17554: 17543: 17542: 17534: 17532: 17530: 17521: 17515: 17509:, p. 184 17508: 17503: 17487: 17483: 17477: 17461: 17455: 17440: 17436: 17430: 17414: 17410: 17406: 17400: 17391: 17384: 17378: 17371: 17367: 17361: 17357: 17352: 17351: 17342: 17336: 17331: 17324: 17318: 17316: 17314: 17312: 17304: 17300: 17295: 17280: 17276: 17269: 17250: 17243: 17237: 17228: 17220: 17219: 17211: 17205: 17197: 17196: 17188: 17182: 17166: 17162: 17156: 17150: 17145: 17129: 17128: 17121: 17114: 17108: 17101: 17095: 17089: 17085: 17079: 17071: 17067: 17063: 17059: 17055: 17051: 17044: 17037: 17031: 17025: 17016: 17008: 17001: 16985: 16981: 16977: 16971: 16956: 16952: 16946: 16944: 16935: 16929: 16925: 16921: 16920: 16912: 16896: 16892: 16888: 16882: 16866: 16862: 16858: 16852: 16845: 16840: 16824: 16820: 16813: 16797: 16793: 16789: 16788: 16783: 16777: 16771: 16766: 16764: 16762: 16760: 16753:, p. 415 16752: 16747: 16741:, p. 168 16740: 16735: 16729:, p. 392 16728: 16723: 16707: 16703: 16699: 16693: 16691: 16675: 16671: 16665: 16657: 16653: 16647: 16645: 16637: 16633: 16630: 16626: 16621: 16605: 16601: 16597: 16590: 16584: 16579: 16577: 16569: 16564: 16557: 16551: 16544: 16538: 16531: 16525: 16519: 16514: 16506: 16505: 16497: 16490: 16484: 16476: 16472: 16468: 16464: 16460: 16456: 16449: 16443:(2008), p 26. 16442: 16436: 16430: 16426: 16421: 16415: 16410: 16402: 16395: 16389: 16383: 16367: 16363: 16357: 16349: 16342: 16335: 16330: 16323: 16318: 16311: 16307: 16302: 16296: 16292: 16287: 16281: 16277: 16272: 16265: 16260: 16253: 16248: 16241: 16236: 16229: 16225: 16220: 16212: 16210:9780809096619 16206: 16202: 16201: 16193: 16186: 16181: 16175: 16170: 16168: 16166: 16164: 16162: 16154: 16153:0-275-96821-9 16150: 16146: 16145: 16138: 16129: 16124: 16120: 16116: 16112: 16108: 16104: 16097: 16091: 16086: 16084: 16077:, p. 135 16076: 16071: 16065: 16061: 16056: 16041: 16035: 16019: 16013: 16006: 16001: 15993: 15992: 15984: 15968: 15964: 15960: 15954: 15946: 15940: 15933: 15928: 15920: 15913: 15907:, p. 126 15906: 15901: 15899: 15891: 15886: 15879: 15874: 15858: 15854: 15848: 15839: 15832: 15827: 15821: 15817: 15813: 15809: 15808: 15800: 15785: 15779: 15775: 15774: 15766: 15758: 15754: 15750: 15746: 15739: 15723: 15719: 15713: 15711: 15709: 15707: 15705: 15697: 15692: 15684: 15677: 15661: 15657: 15653: 15646: 15638: 15631: 15624: 15620: 15616: 15610: 15602: 15596: 15586: 15571: 15567: 15560: 15550: 15541: 15532: 15524: 15520: 15516: 15512: 15508: 15504: 15500: 15496: 15489: 15473: 15469: 15465: 15458: 15452: 15445: 15437: 15431: 15415: 15411: 15405: 15397: 15395:9789715425292 15391: 15387: 15383: 15382: 15374: 15365: 15350: 15343: 15327: 15323: 15316: 15309: 15305: 15301: 15298: 15293: 15286: 15280: 15271: 15264: 15258: 15250: 15248:9780874175905 15244: 15240: 15239: 15231: 15225: 15221: 15216: 15208: 15204: 15200: 15193: 15187: 15182: 15173: 15154: 15147: 15145: 15128: 15124: 15118: 15114: 15110: 15109: 15101: 15095: 15090: 15084: 15079: 15077: 15075: 15073: 15071: 15069: 15067: 15065: 15063: 15061: 15059: 15057: 15055: 15053: 15051: 15049: 15047: 15045: 15043: 15041: 15039: 15037: 15035: 15033: 15031: 15029: 15009: 15002: 14996: 14994: 14992: 14990: 14988: 14986: 14984: 14982: 14980: 14978: 14976: 14974: 14972: 14970: 14968: 14966: 14964: 14962: 14960: 14958: 14951: 14946: 14939: 14934: 14928: 14924: 14920: 14916: 14909: 14901: 14897: 14891: 14883: 14877: 14873: 14866: 14860:, p. 158 14859: 14854: 14847: 14843: 14839: 14836: 14830: 14821: 14814: 14809: 14802: 14797: 14790: 14785: 14777: 14773: 14769: 14765: 14761: 14754: 14744: 14735: 14726: 14718: 14716:0-8444-0748-8 14712: 14708: 14707: 14699: 14691: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14674:(1): 85–109. 14673: 14669: 14665: 14658: 14639: 14635: 14631: 14624: 14617: 14601: 14597: 14593: 14585: 14579: 14575: 14574: 14566: 14557: 14550: 14545: 14543: 14535: 14529: 14520: 14512: 14506: 14502: 14495: 14479: 14472: 14466: 14459: 14454: 14448: 14443: 14441: 14439: 14437: 14435: 14426: 14420: 14416: 14415: 14407: 14401: 14397: 14392: 14384: 14380: 14373: 14354: 14349: 14344: 14340: 14333: 14326: 14319: 14314: 14310: 14306: 14299: 14289: 14280: 14271: 14264: 14259: 14250: 14239: 14233: 14225: 14221: 14215: 14206: 14198: 14194: 14187: 14178: 14171: 14166: 14159: 14155: 14154: 14149: 14145: 14141: 14137: 14131: 14129: 14127: 14119: 14115: 14110: 14102: 14096: 14092: 14085: 14076: 14069: 14065: 14062: 14057: 14051: 14047: 14044: 14039: 14032: 14027: 14019: 14018: 14010: 14003: 13994: 13990: 13986: 13979: 13970: 13968: 13958: 13942: 13938: 13934: 13927: 13919: 13913: 13906: 13901: 13897: 13893: 13886: 13878: 13872: 13864: 13860: 13853: 13843: 13835: 13830: 13823: 13819: 13813: 13806: 13802: 13798: 13795: 13790: 13782: 13776: 13772: 13771: 13763: 13755: 13753:9780731521326 13749: 13745: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13724: 13723: 13718: 13717:Darrell Tryon 13714: 13710: 13709:Reid, Anthony 13704: 13695: 13679: 13675: 13671: 13665: 13657: 13653: 13649: 13643: 13639: 13632: 13623: 13615: 13609: 13605: 13604: 13596: 13588: 13581: 13572: 13563: 13555: 13549: 13545: 13538: 13531: 13527: 13526:Joaquin, Nick 13522: 13515: 13514:0-8027-1349-1 13511: 13507: 13501: 13485: 13481: 13474: 13465: 13458: 13453: 13442: 13436: 13427: 13418: 13409: 13403:, p. 57. 13402: 13401:Saunders 2002 13397: 13390: 13389:Saunders 2002 13385: 13379:, p. 71. 13378: 13373: 13366: 13365:Frankham 2008 13361: 13345: 13341: 13335: 13329:, p. 33. 13328: 13323: 13316: 13312: 13307: 13300: 13295: 13288: 13284: 13277: 13269: 13267:9780874175905 13263: 13259: 13258: 13250: 13243: 13238: 13232:, p. 64. 13231: 13226: 13219: 13215: 13209: 13205: 13201: 13200: 13192: 13186:, p. 51. 13185: 13180: 13173: 13168: 13160: 13159: 13151: 13144: 13139: 13137: 13120: 13116: 13112: 13111:Rapid Journal 13108: 13101: 13092: 13084: 13077: 13069:(2): 131–144. 13068: 13064: 13060: 13053: 13044: 13034: 13025: 13018: 13013: 13005: 13001: 12995: 12993: 12984: 12978: 12974: 12970: 12966: 12959: 12951: 12945: 12941: 12937: 12931: 12923: 12921:9780731521326 12917: 12912: 12907: 12900: 12899: 12894: 12893:Darrell Tryon 12890: 12886: 12885:Reid, Anthony 12880: 12872: 12865: 12863: 12852: 12845: 12840: 12838: 12828: 12824: 12820: 12816: 12812: 12805: 12796: 12789: 12784: 12777: 12772: 12765: 12760: 12754:, p. 16. 12753: 12748: 12742:, p. 34. 12741: 12736: 12730:, p. 16. 12729: 12724: 12718:, p. 99. 12717: 12712: 12706:, p. 60. 12705: 12704:Saunders 2002 12700: 12694:, p. 22. 12693: 12688: 12679: 12670: 12663: 12659: 12656: 12651: 12644: 12639: 12631: 12625: 12621: 12620: 12612: 12596: 12592: 12585: 12578: 12574: 12570: 12565: 12549: 12545: 12539: 12531: 12525: 12521: 12520: 12513: 12505: 12499: 12495: 12494: 12487: 12479: 12473: 12469: 12468: 12461: 12453: 12451:971-92226-6-2 12447: 12443: 12436: 12427: 12419: 12413: 12409: 12402: 12395: 12390: 12384:, p. 92. 12383: 12378: 12370: 12364: 12360: 12354: 12346: 12334: 12326: 12322: 12315: 12308: 12303: 12295: 12291: 12287: 12283: 12279: 12275: 12271: 12267: 12260: 12253: 12248: 12240: 12233: 12226: 12211: 12205: 12196: 12180: 12176: 12169: 12163:, p. 24. 12162: 12157: 12151:, p. 59. 12150: 12145: 12138: 12133: 12126: 12121: 12114: 12109: 12103: 12098: 12090: 12089:mothership.sg 12086: 12083:Lee, Joshua. 12079: 12072: 12067: 12060: 12055: 12047: 12043: 12036: 12029: 12024: 12015: 12008: 12004: 12001: 11996: 11980: 11976: 11972: 11966: 11959: 11954: 11947: 11942: 11936: 11931: 11924: 11919: 11915: 11911: 11904: 11896: 11890: 11886: 11882: 11878: 11877: 11869: 11860: 11852: 11848: 11844: 11840: 11833: 11826: 11821: 11817: 11813: 11809: 11802: 11793: 11786: 11781: 11779: 11769: 11760: 11753: 11748: 11741: 11736: 11720: 11716: 11710: 11703: 11698: 11692:, p. 67. 11691: 11686: 11677: 11672: 11668: 11664: 11657: 11649: 11642: 11634: 11627: 11620: 11618: 11598: 11594: 11587: 11580: 11578: 11568: 11561: 11555: 11539: 11535: 11531: 11525: 11517: 11513: 11507: 11499: 11487: 11479: 11475: 11471: 11465: 11457: 11451: 11447: 11440: 11432: 11426: 11422: 11421: 11413: 11405: 11401: 11394: 11387: 11379: 11375: 11371: 11367: 11360: 11351: 11343: 11337: 11333: 11332: 11325: 11319:, p. 104 11318: 11313: 11298: 11292: 11288: 11287: 11279: 11271: 11265: 11261: 11260: 11252: 11237: 11231: 11227: 11226: 11218: 11210: 11206: 11202: 11198: 11191: 11189: 11172: 11168: 11162: 11155: 11150: 11143: 11138: 11130: 11124: 11108: 11104: 11098: 11090: 11085: 11081: 11077: 11074: 11069: 11060: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11025: 11009: 11005: 11001: 10995: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10975: 10971: 10967: 10960: 10949: 10943: 10941: 10931: 10922: 10915: 10910: 10904: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10885: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10852: 10845: 10838: 10830: 10824: 10820: 10816: 10810: 10808: 10806: 10797: 10785: 10777: 10771: 10767: 10760: 10758: 10749: 10743: 10739: 10735: 10729: 10727: 10725: 10723: 10721: 10719: 10717: 10715: 10706: 10700: 10696: 10692: 10688: 10681: 10679: 10671: 10666: 10664: 10656: 10651: 10643: 10639: 10635: 10629: 10625: 10617: 10609: 10603: 10599: 10595: 10594: 10586: 10578: 10574: 10568: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10541: 10532: 10523: 10514: 10505: 10498: 10492: 10483: 10475: 10468: 10460: 10453: 10447:, p. 17. 10446: 10441: 10434: 10428: 10419: 10412: 10408: 10403: 10395: 10389: 10385: 10384: 10376: 10370:, p. 45. 10369: 10364: 10356: 10352: 10345: 10343: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10319: 10311: 10309:9780521644327 10305: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10282: 10274: 10272:9780415297776 10268: 10264: 10257: 10250: 10248: 10239: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10211: 10207: 10203: 10196: 10188: 10184: 10180: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10154: 10147: 10139: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10118: 10102: 10098: 10092: 10084: 10077: 10069: 10062: 10056:, p. 52. 10055: 10050: 10042: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10012: 10008: 10004: 10000: 9993: 9985: 9978: 9976: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9952: 9944: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9919: 9917: 9915: 9907: 9902: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9850:Human Biology 9844: 9837: 9829: 9827:9780817319397 9823: 9819: 9818: 9810: 9795: 9791: 9785: 9779:, p. 281 9778: 9773: 9765: 9763:9780874175905 9759: 9755: 9754: 9746: 9738: 9734: 9730: 9724: 9716: 9715: 9707: 9705: 9703: 9701: 9692: 9686: 9682: 9681: 9676: 9670: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9648: 9644: 9637: 9635: 9626: 9620: 9616: 9615: 9607: 9599: 9597:9780824820350 9593: 9589: 9588: 9580: 9578: 9576: 9574: 9572: 9570: 9568: 9559: 9553: 9549: 9548: 9540: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9520: 9513: 9505: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9482: 9480: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9436: 9428: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9408: 9406: 9404: 9402: 9400: 9398: 9396: 9394: 9392: 9390: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9359: 9349: 9347: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9324: 9320: 9319: 9311: 9309: 9300: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9248: 9246: 9238: 9233: 9229: 9223: 9221: 9212: 9208: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9176: 9174: 9165: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9124: 9122: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9070: 9063: 9061: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9024: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8968: 8966: 8961: 8941: 8937: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8817: 8806: 8799: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8745: 8741: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8724:In May 2022, 8719: 8715: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8691: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8674:In 2018, the 8672: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8657:DuterteNomics 8654: 8650: 8646: 8641: 8639: 8635: 8634: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8586: 8582: 8575: 8571: 8566: 8556: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8533: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8502: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8465: 8460: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8431:In 2014, the 8429: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8401:Aftermath of 8399: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8379:In 2012, the 8377: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8354: 8352: 8347: 8345: 8341: 8336: 8334: 8330: 8323: 8318: 8308: 8298: 8294: 8289: 8285: 8282:This section 8280: 8276: 8271: 8270: 8266: 8256: 8254: 8250: 8245: 8243: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8224: 8220: 8211: 8206: 8196: 8194: 8190: 8185: 8183: 8182:Camp Abubakar 8179: 8175: 8171: 8166: 8162: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8144: 8139: 8129: 8127: 8126:Leo Echegaray 8123: 8119: 8118:death penalty 8114: 8111: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8096: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8082: 8078: 8069: 8064: 8054: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8035: 8033: 8029: 8024: 8022: 8017: 8013: 8011: 8007: 8002: 8000: 7992: 7988: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7964: 7953: 7947: 7937: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7890: 7886: 7881: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7850: 7841: 7837: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7818: 7816: 7815:Imelda Marcos 7811: 7810:parliamentary 7807: 7803: 7798: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7783: 7779: 7773: 7769: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7744: 7740: 7738: 7734: 7733:Liberal Party 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7666: 7664: 7660: 7655: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7628: 7619: 7615: 7612: 7604: 7595: 7593: 7588: 7584: 7579: 7575: 7570: 7568: 7562: 7560: 7556: 7551: 7549: 7545: 7536: 7527: 7523: 7520: 7516: 7511: 7510:in May 1954. 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7478: 7469: 7467: 7462: 7460: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7430:United States 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7410: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7375: 7366: 7363: 7359: 7358:Sergio Osmeña 7355: 7345: 7340: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7296: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7272: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7243: 7238: 7234: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7211: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7193: 7188: 7184: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7168: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7134: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7106: 7104: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7061: 7057: 7054: 7049: 7047: 7043: 7042:Sergio Osmeña 7039: 7035: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7018: 7010: 7009:Aurora Quezon 7007: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6973:In 1933, the 6968: 6964: 6959: 6955: 6952: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6916:was the last 6915: 6911: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6870:Bay of Naples 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6852: 6851:lingua franca 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6822: 6818: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6770: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6736: 6735:Pedro Guevara 6732: 6728: 6724: 6723:Sergio Osmeña 6720: 6715: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6695: 6685: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6660: 6656: 6655:Macario Sakay 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6607: 6604: 6596: 6595:USS Vicksburg 6591: 6587: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6545: 6540: 6536: 6534: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6498: 6493: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6434: 6433:(1899–1913). 6432: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6406: 6402: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6313:Major General 6310: 6306: 6302: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6250: 6247: 6243: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6216: 6212: 6207: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6143: 6139: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6104:Mariano Ponce 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6068:Mariano Gomez 6061: 6057: 6052: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6014:Cavite Mutiny 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5982: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5968: 5966: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5945: 5941: 5936: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5903: 5898: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5859: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5833:Mariano Gomez 5829: 5824: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5802: 5796: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5784:John Crawfurd 5777: 5773: 5768: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5692: 5688: 5681: 5677: 5672: 5663: 5659: 5657: 5652: 5648: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5542:Negros Island 5540: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5216:All Tributes 5215: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5199: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5178: 5167: 5165: 5164:Cainta, Rizal 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5105: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5012: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4976:Latin America 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4949: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4926:William Adams 4922: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4910: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4875: 4874:Bahay na bato 4870: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4776: 4775: 4768: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4745: 4741: 4740:Indo-European 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4622: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4582:Nueva Caceres 4579: 4578:Nueva Segovia 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4560:in Asia as a 4559: 4555: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4483: 4482:Plaza de Roma 4478: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4412: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4360:Magat Salamat 4356: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4335: 4331: 4329: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4241:Castilian War 4239:In 1578, the 4234: 4229: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4166: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4120:Rajah Humabon 4117: 4113: 4109: 4108:Suluan Island 4105: 4101: 4095: 4091: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4055:conquistadors 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4039:Rajah Humabon 4036: 4032: 4028: 4027:Rajah Matanda 4018: 4011: 4010: 4004: 4000: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3797:proselytizers 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3755: 3746: 3737: 3732: 3724: 3719: 3710: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3653:, located in 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3629:; arrived in 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3601: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3570: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3527:) and Solot ( 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3429: 3423: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3379: 3375: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3272:Chola dynasty 3270: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3238: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3162: 3155: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3117: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3014: 3012: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2947: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2927: 2926:Nueva Vizcaya 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2851:Lingayen Gulf 2846: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2817: 2812: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2772: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2668: 2664: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2423:at the time. 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2335: 2330: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2292: 2283: 2267: 2251: 2235: 2219: 2203: 2187: 2171: 2155: 2139: 2123: 2107: 2091: 2075: 2059: 2043: 2027: 2011: 1995: 1979: 1963: 1949: 1941: 1936: 1918: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1652:Mlabri people 1649: 1645: 1641: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1529:Easter 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Springer. 13947:February 2, 13656:j.ctt1xcrpk 13377:Atiyah 2002 13350:October 17, 13327:McAmis 2002 12788:Welman 2013 12752:Church 2012 12554:January 13, 12341:|work= 11725:October 27, 11704:, p. . 11669:: 249–260. 11544:February 5, 11494:|work= 10972:: 125–164. 10860:10945/10681 10792:|work= 10559:10125/19126 10009:(1): 4689. 9337:j.ctt2jbjx1 8714:Migz Zubiri 8653:martial law 8539:upheld the 8360:due to the 8170:all-out-war 8006:Cordilleras 7930:kleptocracy 7914:Fidel Ramos 7778:martial law 7762:Martial law 7723:formed the 7663:land reform 7594:'s behalf. 7592:South Korea 7578:land reform 7399:Paul McNutt 7192:White House 6977:passed the 6880:. With his 6847:headhunting 6783:River Pasig 6682:Argentinian 6672:, the then 6568:Nueva Ecija 6468:Puerto Rico 6367:Puerto Rico 6338:David Fagen 6078:, known as 6072:José Burgos 5947:San Agustin 5891:War of 1812 5879:Ramon Fabié 5837:José Burgos 5741: 1890 5736:in Madrid, 5466:28,112-1/2 5418:19,686-1/2 5370:44,852-1/2 5322:16,604-1/2 5306:16,586-1/2 5258:14,392-1/2 5226:14,437-1/2 5092:and Indio ( 5049:trade: The 4919:principalía 4909:principalía 4816:code of law 4720:encomiendas 4524:Rajah Ache 4416:Reconquista 4372:Rajah Tupas 4251:, plus the 3461:Philippines 3351:Kawi script 3305:Maguindanao 3133:Boxer Codex 3091:Chao Ju-Kua 2999:and Japan. 2989:Bay, Laguna 2922:Nueva Ecija 2791:Pasig River 2725:aquaculture 2603:Maguindanao 2451:Boxer Codex 2393:Kawi script 2300:kingdom of 1919:) Iron Age 1856:Tabon Caves 1837:Han dynasty 1831:, gold and 1588:Polynesians 1580:Melanesians 1578:, Islander 1545:Han Chinese 1525:New Zealand 1306:code of law 1302:Philippines 1277:, chief of 1088:Tabon Caves 935:Archaeology 930:Agriculture 810:Martial law 794:(1965–1986) 748:(1946–1965) 642:(1898–1946) 627:Velarde map 612:Boxer Codex 436:(1565–1898) 225:Shell tools 200:Grave goods 95:History of 55:subheadings 24875:Somosierra 24865:Manila Bay 24739:Nördlingen 24679:Gravelines 24159:Columnario 24131:Currencies 24048:Concepción 24020:Audiencias 23995:New Toledo 23960:La Florida 23793:Corregidor 23757:Papal bull 23662:Antarctica 23570:Micronesia 23027:Golden Age 22815:Uzbekistan 22790:Tajikistan 22705:Kyrgyzstan 22685:Kazakhstan 22605:Bangladesh 22595:Azerbaijan 22452:Great Seal 22389:Psychology 22352:Literature 22347:Inventions 22146:Corruption 22141:Censorship 22011:Automotive 21872:Executive 21865:Government 21723:Ecoregions 21615:Prehistory 21607:Chronology 20634:. Walker. 19977:Parameters 19214:August 24, 18559:August 22, 18285:August 16, 18134:Riggs 1994 18097:August 16, 18075:August 16, 17894:August 22, 17466:August 15, 17444:August 15, 17171:August 21, 16901:August 26, 16625:Zaide 1994 16427:, p. 16425:Ellis 2008 16372:August 13, 16293:, p. 16291:Ellis 2008 16278:, p. 16228:Zaide 1994 16185:Deady 2005 16062:, p. 16060:Woods 2005 16024:August 22, 16005:Kalaw 1927 15863:August 20, 15728:August 21, 15478:August 26, 15420:October 7, 15222:, p. 14813:Tracy 1995 14801:Tracy 1995 14789:Tracy 1995 14460:, p. 14381:. Madrid. 14158:Jose Rizal 14116:, p. 13674:micsem.org 13528:. (1988). 13313:, p. 13184:Scott 1985 13017:Scott 1989 12844:Scott 1989 12740:Hicks 2007 12643:Scott 1984 12149:Scott 1984 11923:authority. 11825:Pi-sho-ye. 11702:Scott 1984 11690:Scott 1984 11676:10112/3180 11317:Scott 1985 11302:August 24, 11241:January 7, 11142:Munoz 2006 11113:January 2, 10553:: 97–108. 10445:Scott 1984 10368:Munoz 2006 10157:Hum. Genet 10054:Scott 1984 9906:Scott 1984 9777:Zaide 1994 9531:B007FR4S8G 9378:October 9, 9140:: 108379. 8952:References 8774:Malacañang 8643:Following 8581:Davao City 7858:Corruption 7824:under the 7669:Marcos era 7583:Hukbalahap 7555:Malacañang 7508:Luis Taruc 7498:Hukbalahap 7436:) and the 7304:pesticides 7275:Home front 7231:Hukbalahap 7165:Corregidor 7103:occupation 6584:rear guard 6564:Cabanatuan 6391:Costa Rica 6343:Sun of May 6271:Intramuros 6173:cousin of 6138:(leader). 6112:José Rizal 6096:José Rizal 6010:Costa Rica 5940:Intramuros 5733:Ilustrados 5708:ilustrados 5704:Suez Canal 5637:424,992-16 5606:Calamianes 5382:Pangasinan 5242:5,724-1/2 5128:Manila Bay 5124:Royal Navy 4980:immigrants 4914:oligarchic 4796:sultanates 4642:Intramuros 4598:Calamianes 4547:Papal bull 4535:Lakan Dula 4384:Pangasinan 4206:Lakan Dula 3918:, and the 3900:Temenggung 3888:East Timor 3816:The Lucoes 3805:Sharif Ali 3760:Sharif Ali 3541:Srivijayan 3485:Nanhai zhi 3378:Indianized 3297:Singhapala 3261:Indianized 3071:Calamianes 3010:Zhufan Zhi 3001:Chao Jukua 2966:Piloncitos 2886:Agno River 2870:Pangasinan 2768:Portuguese 2742:to Luzon. 2693:Manila Bay 2655: 900 2555:Pangasinan 2302:Langkasuka 2042:Kumalarang 1789:See also: 1742:East Asian 1713:plutocracy 1709:ritualized 1644:Sama-Bajau 1590:, and the 1558:, and the 1533:Madagascar 1401:Tabon Cave 1385:Prehistory 1325:revolution 1308:, and the 1229:philosophy 1225:literature 1181:, such as 1143:Pangasinan 886:Bangsamoro 792:Marcos era 723:Hukbalahap 401:Piloncitos 240:(900–1565) 51:condensing 25180:Nicaragua 25158:Guatemala 25068:Pichincha 25053:Chacabuco 24992:Pensacola 24937:Mataquito 24917:Cajamarca 24898:New World 24870:Trafalgar 24774:Alhucemas 24654:Landriano 24639:Comuneros 24625:Old World 24569:Joan Orpí 24289:Royalists 24063:Guatemala 23990:New Spain 23927:Venezuela 23902:Guatemala 23859:New Spain 23854:Columbian 23747:Exequatur 23647:Cape Juby 23501:Argentina 23324:New Spain 23258:Gibraltar 23022:Habsburgs 22901:Hong Kong 22855:Palestine 22780:Sri Lanka 22775:Singapore 22655:Indonesia 22382:Festivals 22367:Mythology 22279:Squatting 22274:Sexuality 22244:Languages 22166:Education 22110:ZIP codes 21954:Air Force 21903:President 21823:Elections 21777:Volcanoes 21750:Mountains 21674:Geography 21597:Political 21575:Overviews 21191:ignored ( 21181:cite book 21160:1582–1583 20773:161541098 19823:(1990) . 19579:France 24 19554:MindaNews 19186:August 1, 18929:April 29, 18897:April 27, 18259:April 18, 17792:550642875 17070:162389263 17038:pp 877–79 16990:March 10, 16960:April 21, 16322:Linn 2000 16276:Taft 1908 16240:Linn 2000 15515:144426711 15162:March 23, 14858:Fish 2003 14690:249318172 14193:"History" 14170:Park 2022 14136:Insulares 14114:Duka 2008 13299:Alip 1964 13002:(1989) . 12827:2244-1638 12601:March 16, 12343:ignored ( 12333:cite book 12294:162707729 12215:April 24, 12137:Kinaadman 12073:Page 280. 11918:701327689 11606:April 17, 11496:ignored ( 11486:cite book 11372:: 15–31. 11051:162984793 10794:ignored ( 10784:cite book 10107:April 16, 9470:141415414 9211:140135409 9164:0277-3791 9112:106411053 8957:Citations 8522:The Hague 8467:stayed in 8366:Standoffs 8338:The 2010 8297:talk page 8244:in 2004. 8189:impeached 8128:in 1999. 7648:Macapagal 7314:for oil, 7227:provinces 7172:open city 6815:Jones Law 6678:Uruguayan 6526:guerrilla 6395:Guatemala 6387:Nicaragua 6351:Argentina 6273:. In the 6239:Commodore 6223:USS Maine 6169:, led by 6161:, led by 6159:Magdiwang 6124:Katipunan 6006:Argentina 5994:Venezuela 5770:Filipino 5651:Zamboanga 5649:20%, and 5414:Camarines 5408:11,244-6 5328:27,358-1 5312:25,760-5 5280:21,579-7 5264:19,448-6 5232:27,897-7 5207:Province 5158:known as 5014:In 1687, 4948:Audiencia 4938:New Spain 4830:Education 4824:pineapple 4742:speaking 4736:Dravidian 4734:, adding 4712:Chavacano 4650:New Spain 4646:Cebu City 4631:Presidios 4606:Zamboanga 4590:Presidios 4562:suffragan 4522:, Sabag, 4358:In 1587, 4319:dysentery 4287:Bendahara 4282:tributary 4274:Kota Batu 4183:Kandarapa 3997:Moluccans 3947:Sri Lanka 3892:Sri Lanka 3790:, Sultan 3613:In 1380, 3585:Majapahit 3509:Majapahit 3453:Zamboanga 3301:Singapore 3284:maharajah 3280:Indonesia 3176:Srivijaya 3095:Pi-sho-ye 2894:Majapahit 2890:Srivijaya 2825:barangays 2698:Maharlika 2622:Majapahit 2618:Srivijaya 2481:, wangs, 2477:ruled by 2470:barangays 2440:Calatagan 2409:Old Malay 2342:Majapahit 2334:Srivijaya 1817:carnelian 1729:balangays 1622:carving, 1604:tattooing 1596:multihull 1513:Neolithic 1502:Dapenkeng 1345:Jones Act 1256:Majapahit 1248:barangays 1171:Zamboanga 980:Languages 970:Geography 960:Education 945:Conflicts 678:Jones Law 606:Artifacts 540:Katipunan 475:New Spain 143:Tabon Man 127:(pre-900) 67:June 2023 59:talk page 47:splitting 45:Consider 25351:Category 25190:Colombia 25175:Honduras 25088:Asomante 25073:Ayacucho 25063:Carabobo 25038:Curalaba 24815:Ceresole 24709:Gembloux 24669:Mühlberg 24384:Mariners 24242:Military 24164:Doubloon 24149:Maravedí 24093:Santiago 24000:Paraguay 23726:Germania 23566:Caroline 23521:Malvinas 23505:Paraguay 23465:Colombia 23407:Trinidad 23274:Sardinia 23114:Bourbons 22924:Category 22845:Abkhazia 22795:Thailand 22750:Pakistan 22730:Mongolia 22725:Maldives 22720:Malaysia 22620:Cambodia 22527:Category 22457:Language 22269:Religion 22264:Refugees 22207:Genetics 22136:Abortion 22071:Taxation 21927:Judicial 21801:Politics 21782:Wildlife 21711:Typhoons 21592:Military 21508:Archived 21433:(1913). 21383:July 30, 21344:(1931). 20690:(2000). 19716:July 24, 19597:BBC News 19452:June 28, 19400:June 28, 19342:June 10, 19312:July 12, 19088:BBC News 18982:BBC News 18871:April 1, 18841:Archived 18738:GMA News 18619:July 27, 18586:July 29, 18450:Archived 18415:Archived 18339:Archived 18332:Speech: 18314:Archived 18279:BBC News 18223:Asiaweek 18119:April 3, 17949:20042190 17845:June 18, 17816:June 24, 17721:June 15, 17688:June 15, 16984:Archived 16706:Archived 16656:ucsb.edu 16632:Archived 15789:July 30, 15757:29792149 15332:July 19, 15300:Archived 15127:Archived 15008:Archived 14838:Archived 14776:42633385 14353:Archived 14148:Filipino 14140:Filipino 14064:Archived 14046:Archived 13797:Archived 13719:(eds.). 13711:(1995). 13490:July 18, 13125:March 1, 12938:(1977). 12895:(eds.). 12887:(1995). 12764:Eur 2002 12658:Archived 12544:"Brunei" 12323:(eds.). 12286:20072046 12185:July 16, 12028:Maragtas 12003:Archived 11985:July 22, 11851:29792550 11820:29792550 11514:(1865). 11209:42633308 11084:Japanese 11076:Archived 11073:Volume 5 10986:26435124 10865:Archived 10817:(2004). 10736:(1994). 10575:(2003). 10238:24607387 10179:17657509 10041:25137359 9878:24057857 9870:24297220 9661:57452454 9504:42633737 9462:20852912 9415:(2001). 9299:33753512 9104:30971845 9051:20569967 9015:13742336 9007:29720661 8802:See also 8594:. Under 8592:Mindanao 8549:Diwata-1 8485:between 8443:and the 8441:Mindanao 8407:Tacloban 8385:Mindanao 8305:May 2023 8104:Mindanao 8051:Zambales 8043:Pampanga 7862:nepotism 7750:and the 7748:Marcoses 7727:and the 7574:populist 7544:Cold War 7149:Pampanga 7128:Military 7081:Mindanao 6506:San Juan 6455:McKinley 6237:. After 6118:", and " 6080:Gomburza 5990:Colombia 5909:Americas 5863:San Blas 5845:Gomburza 5776:Vizcayan 5421:154-1/2 5389:719-1/2 5350:Zambales 5318:Pampanga 5296:4,000-8 5270:Batangas 5248:9,132-4 5143:Pampanga 5047:entrepôt 4972:Acapulco 4834:colleges 4800:Mindanao 4682:Crusades 4471:Marianas 4469:and the 4451:Moluccas 4441:and the 4380:Limahong 4311:Jerudong 4299:Mindanao 4295:Filipino 4278:noblemen 4136:Lapulapu 4112:Homonhon 4102:sighted 4037:against 4031:Lapulapu 3699:Malaysia 3627:Malaysia 3572:— 3465:Sulawesi 3417:Sanmalan 3387:and the 3355:Baybayin 3321:Thailand 3317:Lapulapu 3289:Sanskrit 3234:imperial 3200:Maragtas 3188:Madja-as 3137:kadatuan 3106:Samar). 3029:Calamian 2937:Caboloan 2910:La Union 2906:Zambales 2880:), with 2878:Caboloan 2859:Caboloan 2845:Caboloan 2799:Lantakas 2795:bulwarks 2718:Hidalgos 2585:Sanmalan 2532:Tagbanua 2432:Baybayin 2401:Sanskrit 2362:barangay 2306:Thailand 2234:Caboloan 1876:Mindanao 1779:Batangas 1767:nephrite 1750:Hinduism 1746:Buddhism 1691:and the 1689:Ilongots 1498:Liangzhu 1450:Negritos 1429:Negritos 1363:Timeline 1275:Lapulapu 1271:Homonhon 1237:Sinified 1217:language 1213:religion 1210:Buddhist 1179:polities 1163:Cotabato 1000:Politics 990:Military 985:Medicine 903:By topic 861:EDSA III 376:Baybayin 351:Maragtas 319:Sanmalan 299:Madja-as 254:Caboloan 190:Balangay 116:Timeline 86:a series 84:Part of 35:too long 25322:Asiento 25293:Mustang 25153:Yucatán 25148:Chiapas 25028:Tucapel 24860:Passaro 24810:Algiers 24800:Preveza 24769:Tetouan 24764:Vitoria 24754:Bitonto 24694:Antwerp 24689:Lepanto 24644:Bicocca 24120:Economy 24043:Charcas 24038:Caracas 23932:Yucatán 23803:Regidor 23788:Alcalde 23716:Cabildo 23623:Tripoli 23562:Mariana 23509:Charcas 23485:(Peru, 23469:Ecuador 23432:Bonaire 23427:Curazao 23412:Jamaica 23340:Florida 22820:Vietnam 22735:Myanmar 22715:Lebanon 22645:Georgia 22600:Bahrain 22590:Armenia 22498:Outline 22414:Symbols 22322:Cuisine 22299:Culture 22254:Poverty 22239:Kinship 22161:Divorce 22124:Society 22088:Tourism 21994:Economy 21876:Cabinet 21738:islands 21701:Climate 21696:Borders 21587:Economy 21567:History 21203:(1903) 20623:excerpt 20621:(1990) 19902:excerpt 19900:(1992) 19776:Sources 19764:June 4, 19742:June 4, 19474:May 30, 19370:May 23, 19286:May 22, 19264:May 22, 19234:Reuters 19207:Reuters 19160:July 9, 19134:Rappler 19066:Rappler 19035:Rappler 18860:Rappler 18757:Rappler 18699:July 8, 18673:July 8, 18138:129–130 18024:7846928 17683:Rappler 17593:Rappler 16871:May 21, 16115:Bibcode 16045:June 9, 15575:July 4, 15554:429–69. 14315:: 139. 14293:249–50. 13995:: 229. 13902:: 179. 13684:May 22, 13283:nobleza 11014:May 21, 10229:3951936 10187:2533393 10032:4143916 10011:Bibcode 9891:May 20, 9290:8020671 9267:Bibcode 9237:(p.10). 9191:Bibcode 9142:Bibcode 9084:Bibcode 8987:Bibcode 8845:Dambana 8748:transl. 8508:in the 8426:Visayas 8324:in 2011 8155:in 1998 8093:amnesty 8075:In the 7906:Namfrel 7754:at the 7424:to the 7320:quinine 7077:economy 7044:of the 7032:leader 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