538:
3457:
162:
141:
1687:
3405:
3429:
2464:
119:
3417:
2450:
403:
1846:
Given that this crossing may have happened at any time over the course of a few 10s of millennia, many failed or successful phases or methods of transference may have occurred. The means by which these hominids ultimately arrived on Luzon is not a settled question but their establishment of permanent
364:
in the northern part of the island dating to before 50,000 years ago. They were initially identified as belonging to modern humans in 2010, but in 2019, after the discovery of more specimens, they were placed into a new species based on the presence of a wide range of traits similar to modern humans
2013:
Ingicco, T.; van den Bergh, G. D.; Jago-on, C.; Bahain, J.-J.; Chacón, M. G.; Amano, N.; Forestier, H.; King, C.; Manalo, K.; Nomade, S.; Pereira, A.; Reyes, M. C.; Sémah, A.-M.; Shao, Q.; Voinchet, P.; Falguères, C.; Albers, P. C. H.; Lising, M.; Lyras, G.; Yurnaldi, D.; Rochette, P.; Bautista, A.
445:, together with a team of international and local Philippine archaeologists, identified them as belonging to modern humans. After the discovery of 12 new specimens and based on the apparent presence of both modern-humanlike and primitive
390:, would have needed to have made a sea crossing of several miles at minimum to reach the island. Archaic human presence on Luzon dates to as early as 771,000 to 631,000 years ago. The inhabitants of the cave dragged in mainly
1737:
were also present. There are cut marks on a deer tibia, and a lack of tools in the cave could either have resulted from the use of organic material for tools rather than stone, or the processing of meat away from the cave.
2107:
Mijares, A. S.; DĂ©troit, F.; Piper, P.; GrĂĽn, R.; Bellwood, P.; Aubert, M.; Champion, G.; Cuevas, N.; De Leon, A.; Dizon, E. (2010). "New evidence for a 67,000-year-old human presence at Callao Cave, Luzon, Philippines".
2429:"A New Human Species Once Lived in This Philippine Cave – Archaeologists in Luzon Island have turned up the bones of a distantly related species, Homo luzonensis, further expanding the human family tree"
1668:
Since the remains are so fragmentary, it is difficult to make accurate estimates of actual size for this species, but they may have been within the range of modern day
1633:, the dorsal beak near the knuckle was strongly developed and angled towards the wrist rather than the finger. The foot bones are morphologically unique among
1729:), there is no evidence of large carnivores ever inhabiting the Philippines during the Pleistocene, which attributes these remains to human activity. The
435:
2070:
2359:
1753:
and within an area that has been subject to archaeological explorations since the 1950s, yielded an almost complete skeleton of a rhino (the extinct
3274:
2277:
Mijares, A. M.; DĂ©troit, F.; Piper, P.; et al. (2010). "New evidence for a 67,000-year-old human presence at Callao Cave, Luzon, Philippines".
529:. The bones were dated to before 50,000 years ago, and there is evidence of hominin activity on the island as early as 771,000 – 631,000 years ago.
3546:
3302:
1954:
486:
of the fingers; CCH3 and CCH4, two phalanges of the foot; CCH4, a left premolar; and CCH9, a right third molar. CCH7 represents a juvenile
3150:
1681:
1334:
2538:
2498:
1204:
3619:
3604:
3533:
3390:
3234:
2548:
1224:
593:
2375:"Technology, adaptation, and mobility in maritime environments in the Philippines from the Late Pleistocene to Early/Mid-Holocene"
3624:
3609:
3292:
2543:
1184:
1892:
521:
dispersal across
Southeast Asia. It is also possible that these two insular archaic humans descend from an entirely different
3297:
3175:
2553:
501:
is unknown, and, like for other tropical hominins, DNA extraction failed. It is possible that—like what is hypothesized for
2381:. Variability in Lithic Production Technology during the Range Expansion of Paleolithic Modern Humans: Asian Perspectives.
2322:"[ARCHAEOLOGY IN ISLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA AND OCEANIA] The Palaeolithic site of Arubo 1 in central Luzon, Philippines"
1891:
DĂ©troit, F.; Mijares, A. S.; Corny, J.; Daver, G.; Zanolli, C.; Dizon, E.; Robles, E.; GrĂĽn, R. & Piper, P. J. (2019).
1669:
1612:
377:. In 2023, a study found that the fossilized remains were 134,000 ± 14,000 years old, much older than previously thought.
3254:
2428:
1672:, who average 151 cm (4 ft 11 in) in height for males and 142 cm (4 ft 8 in) for females.
3363:
1973:
491:
3229:
3421:
2454:
1164:
2089:
3373:
3269:
1374:
3594:
3368:
2669:
2015:
1759:), which had been butchered by early hominins c. 709,000 years ago. Together with the rhinoceros skeleton, six
422:
while sorting through animal bones recovered from the archaeological excavation led by
Filipino archaeologist
3599:
3564:
2491:
2153:"Previously unknown human species found in Asia raises questions about early hominin dispersals from Africa"
1562:
juncture lacks well defined wavy crenulations. The enamel-dentine juncture is most similar to that of Asian
3239:
3116:
3002:
814:
586:
3614:
3433:
3337:
3155:
2676:
2530:
563:
3447:
3195:
3126:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2321:
1645:
1639:
1267:
1001:
993:
985:
547:
2374:
1991:
3511:
3378:
3170:
2468:
1771:, were found at the Rizal site. Some cores and the used lithic raw material show a similarity to the
1755:
1546:
are small and mesiodistally (the width of the tooth) shortened. The molars are smaller than those of
1105:
3160:
1721:, which suggests that deer carcasses were periodically brought into the cave. With the exception of
3409:
2712:
2484:
3347:
3284:
3244:
3131:
2690:
1075:
579:
161:
1290:
3551:
3473:
3342:
3317:
3312:
3205:
3121:
2683:
2071:"Early human fossil remains found in Philippines cave may herald new species — Homo luzonensis"
1034:
537:
2726:
2353:
806:
479:
297:
149:
440:
3520:
3307:
3210:
3111:
3072:
3017:
2922:
2626:
2619:
2386:
2286:
2164:
2117:
2027:
1911:
1730:
1443:
1244:
1091:
960:
945:
8:
3461:
2719:
1658:
1616:
1566:. The premolars are oddly large compared to the molars, with more similar proportions to
2390:
2290:
2242:
Wade, L. (April 10, 2019). "New species of ancient human unearthed in the
Philippines".
2168:
2121:
2031:
1915:
3264:
3106:
2982:
2433:
2259:
2224:
2051:
1935:
1354:
156:
1779:
Arubo 1 site in central Luzon. Also present were the remains of the elephant-relative
1554:
and modern humans, the molars decrease in size towards the back of the mouth, and the
1421:
3589:
3428:
3383:
3249:
3190:
3180:
2951:
2915:
2769:
2563:
2402:
2341:
2302:
2263:
2228:
2216:
2182:
2133:
2043:
1939:
1927:
1804:
1776:
503:
2055:
3259:
3012:
2829:
2791:
2638:
2394:
2333:
2294:
2251:
2208:
2172:
2125:
2035:
1995:
1919:
1848:
1722:
1516:
1026:
975:
447:
367:
349:
30:
3066:
3039:
2895:
2507:
2398:
2298:
2129:
1718:
1059:
828:
784:
391:
3496:
2886:
2590:
2576:
2515:
2212:
2177:
2152:
1786:
1746:
880:
867:
797:
771:
423:
2337:
2039:
2016:"Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709 thousand years ago"
1923:
1847:
residence and subsequent isolation there is now well established. See ancient
3583:
3054:
2907:
2597:
2406:
2345:
1992:
Direct dating of human fossils and the ever-changing story of human evolution
1399:
1067:
471:
345:
341:
140:
127:
69:
2255:
2203:
Fleming, N. (2019). "Unknown human relative discovered in
Philippine cave".
1615:(from the palm to the back of the hand) compressed, and have well developed
490:. These represent at least three individuals. The specimens are kept at the
3060:
3048:
2990:
2864:
2812:
2777:
2702:
2609:
2306:
2220:
2186:
2137:
2047:
1931:
1764:
1686:
1625:
1568:
1555:
1475:
1049:
1016:
930:
854:
841:
517:
419:
382:
3505:
2944:
2871:
2843:
2836:
2784:
2424:
1820:
1812:
1768:
1760:
1750:
1711:
1695:
1378:
1121:
745:
427:
407:
361:
44:
3538:
2929:
2850:
1703:
1654:
223:
89:
54:
1519:. However, more complete remains are needed to verify size. Much like
2996:
2901:
1826:
1798:
1459:
1136:
542:
483:
357:
253:
243:
173:
94:
38:
3467:
3490:
2857:
2822:
2799:
2520:
2463:
1781:
1310:
758:
732:
475:
467:
463:
263:
193:
131:
118:
84:
79:
64:
59:
49:
2476:
3559:
3525:
3007:
2583:
2012:
1734:
1504:
915:
907:
893:
717:
452:
213:
99:
74:
1823: – Extinct Eurasian species or subspecies of archaic humans
1710:
would have had to have made a substantial sea crossing over the
1603:
The finger bones are long, narrow, and curved, which is seen in
2449:
1955:"Fossils Of Ancient Human Species Unearthed In The Philippines"
1717:
About 90% of the bone fragments from Callao Cave belong to the
1559:
508:
233:
203:
183:
402:
3082:
2973:
2963:
1772:
1726:
487:
434:, Philippines. In 2010, Mijares and French bioanthropologist
431:
411:
353:
2741:
373:
273:
459:, the specific name deriving from the name of the island.
418:
The first bone was discovered in 2007 by zooarchaeologist
1653:
limbs are generally interpreted as being adaptations for
1492:
1890:
1829: – Oldest modern human remains from the Philippines
2106:
451:-like features, they reassigned the remains (and other
3445:
2090:"New species of early human found in the Philippines"
1527:
presents a number of characteristics more similar to
340:" after a mythical caveman, is an extinct, possibly
2326:
Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific
Prehistory Association
2276:
1974:"Philippine cave discovery: Meet 'Homo luzonensis'"
1809: – Extinct small human species found in Flores
1588:premolars share many characteristics with those of
558:
2986:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
3581:
1785:, the Philippine deer, freshwater turtles, and
1702:Because Luzon has always been an island in the
2198:
2196:
1580:postcanine teeth differ greatly from those of
2492:
2358:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (
2008:
2006:
2004:
1897:from the Late Pleistocene of the Philippines"
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1665:limits extrapolation of locomotory behavior.
587:
1661:in the trees, but the fragmentary record of
356:, the Philippines. Their remains, teeth and
2971:
2193:
1817: – South African archaic human species
29:Temporal range: late Middle Pleistocene to
2499:
2485:
2100:
2001:
1998:, Volume 322, 2023, 108379, ISSN 0277-3791
1865:
1682:List of extinct animals of the Philippines
594:
580:
455:findings from the cave) to a new species,
394:carcasses, and used tools for butchering.
139:
117:
2176:
380:Their ancestors, who may have been Asian
3391:Human evolutionary developmental biology
2373:Pawlik, Alfred F. (September 20, 2021).
2235:
1685:
1637:, and are distinguishable from those of
1611:, and sometimes modern humans. They are
536:
401:
2202:
2150:
3582:
2423:
2372:
2319:
2068:
1952:
1535:than to modern humans and more recent
1488:
3472:
3471:
3176:Evolutionary models of human drug use
2480:
2087:
572:
541:Comparison of teeth (above) and foot
16:Archaic human from Luzon, Philippines
3565:4F743862-662F-4E6B-9812-8A05533C1347
3416:
2241:
1431:
1409:
1387:
1363:
1343:
1323:
1299:
1279:
1256:
1233:
1213:
1193:
1173:
1153:
561:
2506:
2320:Pawlik, Alfred (January 24, 2008).
555:(center), and modern humans (right)
13:
1971:
492:National Museum of the Philippines
466:, CCH6, comprises the upper right
14:
3636:
2417:
497:The exact taxonomic placement of
3455:
3427:
3415:
3404:
3403:
2462:
2448:
2088:Fagan, Jessica (April 9, 2019).
482:of the foot; CCH2 and CCH5, two
160:
42:
3620:2007 archaeological discoveries
3605:Paleontology in the Philippines
2366:
2313:
2270:
2144:
2069:Salleh, Anna (April 11, 2019).
1953:Panela, Shai (April 12, 2019).
1515:may have shrunk in size due to
2081:
2062:
1984:
1965:
1946:
1840:
1152:
525:species possibly earlier than
1:
3625:Fossil taxa described in 2019
3610:Prehistory of the Philippines
1990:Rainer GrĂĽn, Chris Stringer,
1858:
2399:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.11.007
2299:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.04.008
2130:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.04.008
7:
3434:Evolutionary biology Portal
1801: – Asian archaic human
1792:
1507:fauna on Luzon, as well as
1489:
711:
397:
386:or some other even earlier
10:
3641:
2340:(inactive March 9, 2024).
2279:Journal of Human Evolution
2213:10.1038/d41586-019-01152-3
2178:10.1038/d41586-019-01019-7
2110:Journal of Human Evolution
1996:Quaternary Science Reviews
1679:
1675:
532:
3480:
3399:
3379:Evolutionary anthropology
3356:
3330:
3283:
3221:
3140:
3099:
3092:
3038:
2962:
2885:
2810:
2764:
2757:
2740:
2700:
2636:
2607:
2571:
2562:
2529:
2514:
2338:10.7152/bippa.v24i0.11866
2040:10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8
2014:& de Vos, J. (2018).
1978:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1924:10.1038/s41586-019-1067-9
1756:Nesorhinus philippinensis
1743:Rizal Archaeological Site
303:
296:
157:Scientific classification
155:
147:
138:
125:
116:
23:
2379:Quaternary International
1833:
1617:flexor sheath attachment
604:
515:descended from an early
148:CCH1, a 67,000 year old
3285:Origin of modern humans
2256:10.1126/science.aax6501
2151:Tocheri, M. W. (2019).
1476:P a r a n t h r o p u s
1335:Dispersal beyond Africa
1699:
607:−10 —
556:
415:
360:, are known only from
3595:Early species of Homo
3293:Recent African origin
2531:Last common ancestors
1698:into the Philippines.
1689:
697:−1 —
687:−2 —
677:−3 —
667:−4 —
657:−5 —
647:−6 —
637:−7 —
627:−8 —
617:−9 —
540:
480:third metatarsal bone
405:
150:third metatarsal bone
3600:Pleistocene primates
3308:Behavioral modernity
3298:Multiregional origin
3078:archaic Homo sapiens
3073:Homo heidelbergensis
3018:Red Deer Cave people
2459:at Wikimedia Commons
1775:assemblage from the
1731:Philippine warty pig
1619:, which are seen in
1550:. Like other recent
1291:Earliest stone tools
336:and locally called "
2945:H. neanderthalensis
2865:H. e. tautavelensis
2391:2021QuInt.596..109P
2291:2010JHumE..59..123M
2169:2019Natur.568..176T
2122:2010JHumE..59..123M
2032:2018Natur.557..233I
1916:2019Natur.568..181D
1706:, the ancestors of
1670:Philippine Negritos
1659:suspensory behavior
1584:in size and shape.
478:are: CCH1, a right
3615:History of Cagayan
3132:Self-domestication
2923:H. heidelbergensis
2872:H. e. yuanmouensis
2837:H. e. lantianensis
2564:Australopithecines
2434:The New York Times
2427:(April 10, 2019).
1893:"A new species of
1725:(where there were
1700:
1092:H. heidelbergensis
557:
416:
289:H. luzonensis
3575:
3574:
3474:Taxon identifiers
3443:
3442:
3384:Paleoanthropology
3326:
3325:
3303:Archaic admixture
3181:Stoned ape theory
3117:Endurance running
3034:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3025:
2881:
2880:
2844:H. e. nankinensis
2800:H. tsaichangensis
2736:
2735:
2453:Media related to
2163:(7751): 176–178.
2026:(7704): 233–237.
1910:(7751): 181–186.
1806:Homo floresiensis
1777:Lower Paleolithic
1690:The ancestors of
1501:
1500:
1493:million years ago
1452:
1451:
1430:
1429:
1408:
1407:
1400:Earliest rock art
1386:
1385:
1362:
1361:
1355:Earliest language
1342:
1341:
1322:
1321:
1298:
1297:
1278:
1277:
1268:Earliest sign of
1255:
1254:
1245:Earliest sign of
1232:
1231:
1212:
1211:
1192:
1191:
1172:
1171:
815:Ou. macedoniensis
414:, the Philippines
325:
324:
3632:
3568:
3567:
3555:
3554:
3542:
3541:
3529:
3528:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3469:
3468:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3451:
3431:
3419:
3418:
3407:
3406:
3343:Human prehistory
3318:Recent evolution
3313:Early migrations
3255:Thermoregulation
3156:Expensive tissue
3127:Sexual selection
3097:
3096:
2969:
2968:
2851:H. e. pekinensis
2762:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2670:A. bahrelghazali
2639:Australopithecus
2569:
2568:
2539:Chimpanzee–human
2527:
2526:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2467:Data related to
2466:
2452:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2411:
2410:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2357:
2349:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2010:
1999:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1972:Gascon, Melvin.
1969:
1963:
1962:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1901:
1888:
1852:
1849:maritime history
1844:
1657:and potentially
1651:Australopithecus
1621:Australopithecus
1605:Australopithecus
1590:Australopithecus
1529:Australopithecus
1517:insular dwarfism
1481:
1479:
1478:
1464:
1462:
1446:
1437:
1432:
1424:
1422:Earliest clothes
1415:
1410:
1402:
1393:
1388:
1369:
1364:
1349:
1344:
1329:
1324:
1311:Earliest sign of
1305:
1300:
1285:
1280:
1270:Australopithecus
1262:
1257:
1239:
1234:
1225:Earliest bipedal
1219:
1214:
1205:Chimpanzee split
1199:
1194:
1179:
1174:
1159:
1154:
1140:
1139:
1125:
1124:
1108:
1094:
1080:
1052:
1039:
1019:
1006:
978:
976:Australopithecus
965:
950:
933:
920:
896:
883:
870:
857:
844:
831:
819:
800:
787:
774:
762:
748:
735:
722:
720:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
596:
589:
582:
576:
566:
565:Hominin timeline
559:
448:Australopithecus
444:
368:Australopithecus
350:Late Pleistocene
332:, also known as
312:
308:
165:
164:
143:
121:
111:
41:
31:Late Pleistocene
21:
20:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3563:
3558:
3550:
3545:
3537:
3532:
3524:
3519:
3512:Homo luzonensis
3510:
3509:
3504:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3482:Homo luzonensis
3476:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3446:
3444:
3439:
3395:
3352:
3338:Human evolution
3322:
3279:
3223:
3217:
3196:Cooperative eye
3141:Specific models
3136:
3088:
3067:Homo antecessor
3022:
2958:
2952:H. rhodesiensis
2916:H. floresiensis
2877:
2858:H. e. soloensis
2830:H. e. georgicus
2806:
2770:H. gautengensis
2745:
2743:
2732:
2696:
2632:
2603:
2558:
2549:Orangutan–human
2518:
2510:
2508:Human evolution
2505:
2470:Homo luzonensis
2456:Homo luzonensis
2439:
2437:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2371:
2367:
2351:
2350:
2318:
2314:
2275:
2271:
2240:
2236:
2201:
2194:
2149:
2145:
2105:
2101:
2086:
2082:
2067:
2063:
2011:
2002:
1989:
1985:
1970:
1966:
1959:Asian Scientist
1951:
1947:
1899:
1889:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1795:
1787:monitor lizards
1733:and an extinct
1719:Philippine deer
1684:
1678:
1609:H. floresiensis
1572:than any other
1548:H. floresiensis
1521:H. floresiensis
1509:H. floresiensis
1497:
1496:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1460:H o m i n i d s
1458:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1157:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1007:
998:
990:
982:
981:
974:
968:
967:
966:
957:
953:
952:
951:
942:
938:
937:
936:
929:
923:
922:
921:
912:
904:
900:
899:
898:
892:
887:
886:
885:
879:
874:
873:
872:
866:
861:
860:
859:
853:
848:
847:
846:
840:
835:
834:
833:
829:Chororapithecus
827:
822:
821:
820:
811:
803:
802:
796:
791:
790:
789:
785:Samburupithecus
783:
778:
777:
776:
770:
765:
764:
763:
756:
752:
751:
750:
744:
739:
738:
737:
731:
726:
725:
724:
718:
716:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
600:
574:
568:
564:
535:
504:H. floresiensis
457:Homo luzonensis
438:
436:Florent DĂ©troit
400:
392:Philippine deer
329:Homo luzonensis
321:
314:
310:Homo luzonensis
306:
305:
292:
159:
112:
110:
109:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
36:
35:
34:
27:
25:Homo luzonensis
17:
12:
11:
5:
3638:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3556:
3543:
3530:
3517:
3502:
3486:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3465:
3464:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3425:
3413:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3348:Human timeline
3345:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3171:Drunken monkey
3165:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3100:General models
3094:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3044:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2993:
2988:
2979:
2977:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2904:
2899:
2891:
2889:
2887:Archaic humans
2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2818:
2816:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2796:
2792:H. rudolfensis
2788:
2781:
2774:
2765:
2759:
2752:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2713:P. aethiopicus
2708:
2706:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2644:
2642:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2623:
2615:
2613:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2594:
2591:Sahelanthropus
2587:
2580:
2577:Nakalipithecus
2572:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2524:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2473:at Wikispecies
2460:
2446:
2419:
2418:External links
2416:
2413:
2412:
2365:
2312:
2285:(1): 123–132.
2269:
2234:
2192:
2143:
2116:(1): 123–132.
2099:
2080:
2061:
2000:
1983:
1964:
1945:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1791:
1747:Rizal, Kalinga
1677:
1674:
1623:and the early
1613:dorso-palmarly
1499:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1320:
1319:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1276:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1253:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1190:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1027:H. rudolfensis
1012:
1011:
1010:
971:
970:
969:
956:
955:
954:
941:
940:
939:
926:
925:
924:
903:
902:
901:
890:
889:
888:
881:Graecopithecus
877:
876:
875:
868:Sahelanthropus
864:
863:
862:
851:
850:
849:
838:
837:
836:
825:
824:
823:
798:Ouranopithecus
794:
793:
792:
781:
780:
779:
772:Nakalipithecus
768:
767:
766:
755:
754:
753:
742:
741:
740:
729:
728:
727:
714:
713:
712:
710:
707:0 —
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
602:
601:
599:
598:
591:
584:
573:
570:
569:
562:
534:
531:
424:Armand Mijares
399:
396:
365:as well as to
323:
322:
315:
301:
300:
294:
293:
285:
283:
279:
278:
271:
267:
266:
261:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:
241:
237:
236:
231:
227:
226:
221:
217:
216:
211:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
153:
152:
145:
144:
136:
135:
123:
122:
114:
113:
105:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3637:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3578:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3463:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3220:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3202:Life history
3201:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3055:Homo ergaster
3051:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2984:H. s. sapiens
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2964:Modern humans
2961:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2938:H. luzonensis
2935:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2896:H. antecessor
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2823:H. e. erectus
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2739:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2677:A. deyiremeda
2674:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2598:Kenyanthropus
2595:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:Gorilla–human
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2451:
2447:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1896:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1864:
1850:
1843:
1839:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:lithic flakes
1763:, forty-nine
1762:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1708:H. luzonensis
1705:
1697:
1693:
1692:H. luzonensis
1688:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1663:H. luzonensis
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1631:H. luzonensis
1628:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:H. luzonensis
1583:
1579:
1578:H. luzonensis
1575:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1544:H. luzonensis
1542:The teeth of
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:H. luzonensis
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:H. luzonensis
1510:
1506:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1463:
1461:
1445:
1444:Modern humans
1439:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1401:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1380:
1376:
1375:Earliest fire
1371:
1366:
1365:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1186:
1185:Gorilla split
1181:
1176:
1175:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1138:
1123:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1095:
1093:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1060:H. antecessor
1054:
1053:
1051:
1038:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1005:
1003:
1002:Au. anamensis
997:
995:
994:Au. afarensis
989:
987:
986:Au. africanus
980:
979:
977:
964:
962:
949:
947:
935:
934:
932:
919:
917:
916:O. tugenensis
911:
909:
897:
895:
884:
882:
871:
869:
858:
856:
845:
843:
832:
830:
818:
816:
810:
808:
801:
799:
788:
786:
775:
773:
761:
760:
749:
747:
736:
734:
723:
721:
603:
597:
592:
590:
585:
583:
578:
577:
571:
567:
560:
554:
553:H. luzonensis
550:
549:
544:
539:
530:
528:
524:
520:
519:
514:
513:H. luzonensis
510:
506:
505:
500:
499:H. luzonensis
495:
493:
489:
488:femoral shaft
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
449:
442:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
413:
409:
404:
395:
393:
389:
385:
384:
378:
376:
375:
370:
369:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:archaic human
344:, species of
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:
319:
313:
311:
302:
299:
298:Binomial name
295:
291:
290:
284:
281:
280:
277:
276:
272:
269:
268:
265:
262:
259:
258:
255:
252:
249:
248:
245:
242:
239:
238:
235:
232:
229:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
163:
158:
154:
151:
146:
142:
137:
133:
129:
124:
120:
115:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
32:
26:
22:
19:
3577:
3481:
3462:Paleontology
3432:
3420:
3408:
3275:Gender roles
3270:Intelligence
3083:Homo sapiens
3081:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3061:Homo erectus
3059:
3053:
3049:Homo habilis
3047:
3008:Manot people
2997:H. s. idaltu
2995:
2991:Jebel Irhoud
2983:
2974:Homo sapiens
2972:
2950:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2906:
2894:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2813:Homo erectus
2811:
2798:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2768:
2758:Proto-humans
2747:
2744:proto-humans
2725:
2718:
2711:
2703:Paranthropus
2701:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2663:A. anamensis
2661:
2656:A. africanus
2654:
2649:A. afarensis
2647:
2637:
2625:
2618:
2610:Ardipithecus
2608:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2554:Gibbon–human
2469:
2455:
2438:. Retrieved
2432:
2425:Zimmer, Carl
2382:
2378:
2368:
2354:cite journal
2329:
2325:
2315:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2204:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2093:
2083:
2074:
2064:
2023:
2019:
1986:
1977:
1967:
1958:
1948:
1907:
1903:
1894:
1842:
1813:
1805:
1780:
1769:hammerstones
1761:lithic cores
1754:
1745:situated in
1742:
1740:
1716:
1707:
1701:
1694:crossed the
1691:
1667:
1662:
1650:
1646:A. afarensis
1644:
1640:A. africanus
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:. Unique to
1624:
1620:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1596:, and early
1594:Paranthropus
1593:
1589:
1585:
1582:Paranthropus
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:Paranthropus
1567:
1563:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1472:
1457:
1313:
1269:
1247:Ardipithecus
1246:
1165:Earlier apes
1122:Neanderthals
1106:Homo sapiens
1103:
1102:
1089:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1047:
1046:
1032:
1024:
1014:
1013:
999:
991:
983:
973:
972:
958:
943:
931:Ardipithecus
928:
927:
913:
905:
891:
878:
865:
855:Sivapithecus
852:
842:Oreopithecus
839:
826:
812:
804:
795:
782:
769:
757:
743:
730:
715:
552:
548:A. afarensis
546:
526:
522:
516:
512:
511:, Indonesia—
502:
498:
496:
461:
456:
446:
420:Philip Piper
417:
406:Interior of
387:
381:
379:
372:
366:
337:
333:
328:
327:
326:
317:
309:
304:
288:
287:
274:
230:Infraorder:
24:
18:
3506:Wikispecies
3206:Grandmother
3161:Shore-based
3122:Aquatic ape
3013:Tam Pa Ling
2908:H. ergaster
2727:P. robustus
2385:: 109–123.
2205:Nature News
2157:Nature News
2075:ABC Science
1821:Neanderthal
1814:Homo naledi
1751:Philippines
1712:Huxley Line
1696:Huxley Line
1503:Like other
1068:H. ergaster
961:Ar. ramidus
946:Ar. kadabba
908:O. praegens
746:Pleistocene
575:This box:
545:(below) of
439: [
430:, Northern
428:Callao Cave
408:Callao Cave
362:Callao Cave
250:Subfamily:
234:Simiiformes
37:0.134
3584:Categories
3245:Skin color
3230:Bipedalism
3191:Killer ape
3003:Cro-Magnon
2902:Denisovans
2778:H. habilis
2742:Humans and
2627:A. ramidus
2620:A. kadabba
1859:References
1767:, and two
1704:Quaternary
1680:See also:
1655:bipedalism
1626:H. habilis
1564:H. erectus
1531:and early
1137:Denisovans
1076:Au. sediba
1050:H. erectus
1017:H. habilis
807:Ou. turkae
527:H. erectus
518:H. erectus
494:, Manila.
383:H. erectus
371:and early
334:Callao Man
224:Haplorhini
220:Suborder:
3364:Theorists
3331:Timelines
3211:Patriarch
3187:Behavior
3112:Gathering
3040:Ancestors
2785:H. naledi
2720:P. boisei
2691:A. sediba
2440:April 10,
2407:1040-6182
2346:1835-1794
2264:189045520
2229:146786512
1940:106411053
1851:for more.
1827:Tabon Man
1799:Denisovan
1576:, though
1035:Au. garhi
543:phalanges
484:phalanges
476:paratypes
468:premolars
358:phalanges
348:from the
282:Species:
254:Homininae
244:Hominidae
180:Kingdom:
174:Eukaryota
126:CCH6a–e,
3590:Hominini
3552:11915161
3526:60970009
3497:Q5021780
3491:Wikidata
3410:Category
3265:Language
3235:Skeleton
2930:H. longi
2684:A. garhi
2521:Hominins
2516:Taxonomy
2307:20569967
2221:32269371
2187:30971838
2138:20569967
2056:13742336
2048:29720661
1932:30971845
1793:See also
1782:Stegodon
759:Hominini
733:Pliocene
551:(left),
464:holotype
398:Taxonomy
316:DĂ©troit
264:Hominini
240:Family:
214:Primates
204:Mammalia
194:Chordata
190:Phylum:
184:Animalia
170:Domain:
132:premolar
3560:ZooBank
3539:9924687
3422:Commons
3374:Fossils
3240:Muscles
3151:Cooking
3107:Hunting
2584:Orrorin
2387:Bibcode
2287:Bibcode
2244:Science
2165:Bibcode
2118:Bibcode
2028:Bibcode
1912:Bibcode
1723:Palawan
1676:Culture
1505:endemic
1436:←
1414:←
1392:←
1379:cooking
1368:←
1348:←
1328:←
1304:←
1284:←
1261:←
1238:←
1218:←
1198:←
1178:←
1158:←
894:Orrorin
719:Miocene
702:–
692:–
682:–
672:–
662:–
652:–
642:–
632:–
622:–
612:–
533:Anatomy
453:hominin
307:†
286:†
270:Genus:
260:Tribe:
210:Order:
200:Class:
106:↓
3448:Portal
3357:Others
3260:Speech
3222:Topics
3167:Drugs
3093:Models
2405:
2344:
2305:
2262:
2227:
2219:
2185:
2136:
2054:
2046:
2020:Nature
1938:
1930:
1904:Nature
1727:tigers
1560:dentin
1556:enamel
1147:
509:Flores
474:. The
472:molars
320:, 2019
318:et al.
134:teeth
3547:IRMNG
3369:Books
3147:Diet
2260:S2CID
2225:S2CID
2052:S2CID
1936:S2CID
1900:(PDF)
1834:Notes
1773:chert
1735:bovid
507:from
443:]
432:Luzon
412:Luzon
354:Luzon
342:pygmy
128:molar
3534:GBIF
3250:Hair
3070:) →
2748:Homo
2442:2019
2403:ISSN
2360:link
2342:ISSN
2303:PMID
2217:PMID
2183:PMID
2134:PMID
2044:PMID
1928:PMID
1895:Homo
1741:The
1643:and
1635:Homo
1598:Homo
1574:Homo
1552:Homo
1537:Homo
1533:Homo
1314:Homo
595:edit
588:talk
581:view
523:Homo
470:and
462:The
388:Homo
374:Homo
338:Ubag
275:Homo
130:and
45:Preęž’
3521:EoL
3064:(→
2955:(?)
2933:(?)
2911:(?)
2803:(?)
2795:(?)
2773:(?)
2395:doi
2383:596
2334:doi
2295:doi
2252:doi
2248:364
2209:doi
2173:doi
2161:568
2126:doi
2094:ANU
2036:doi
2024:557
1920:doi
1908:568
426:in
352:of
3586::
3562::
3549::
3536::
3523::
3508::
3493::
3080:→
3076:→
3058:/
3052:→
2431:.
2401:.
2393:.
2377:.
2356:}}
2352:{{
2332:.
2330:24
2328:.
2324:.
2301:.
2293:.
2283:59
2281:.
2258:.
2250:.
2246:.
2223:.
2215:.
2207:.
2195:^
2181:.
2171:.
2159:.
2155:.
2132:.
2124:.
2114:59
2112:.
2092:.
2073:.
2050:.
2042:.
2034:.
2022:.
2018:.
2003:^
1994:.
1976:.
1957:.
1934:.
1926:.
1918:.
1906:.
1902:.
1867:^
1789:.
1749:,
1714:.
1649:.
1607:,
1600:.
1592:,
1539:.
1523:,
1511:,
1377:/
441:fr
410:,
95:Pg
39:Ma
3450::
2750:)
2746:(
2523:)
2519:(
2500:e
2493:t
2486:v
2444:.
2409:.
2397::
2389::
2362:)
2348:.
2336::
2309:.
2297::
2289::
2266:.
2254::
2231:.
2211::
2189:.
2175::
2167::
2140:.
2128::
2120::
2096:.
2077:.
2058:.
2038::
2030::
1980:.
1961:.
1942:.
1922::
1914::
1558:-
1495:)
1491:(
1078:)
1074:(
1070:)
1066:(
1062:)
1058:(
1037:)
1033:(
1029:)
1025:(
1004:)
1000:(
996:)
992:(
988:)
984:(
963:)
959:(
948:)
944:(
918:)
914:(
910:)
906:(
817:)
813:(
809:)
805:(
100:N
90:K
85:J
80:T
75:P
70:C
65:D
60:S
55:O
50:ęž’
33:,
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