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consistent with considerable exogamy within this group. By comparison, we do see structure in the East Asian population, correlated with nationality, reflecting continuing endogamy for these nationalities and also recent immigration. On the other hand, we did observe a substantial number of individuals who are admixed between East Asian and
European ancestry, reflecting ~10% of all those reporting East Asian race/ethnicity. The majority of these reflected individuals with one East Asian and one European parent or one East Asian and three European grandparents. In addition, we noted that for self-reported Filipinos, a substantial proportion have modest levels of European genetic ancestry reflecting older admixture. A modest subgroup (3.4%) had evidence of European/West Asian genetic ancestry (majority are self-reported Filipinos), while small proportions had evidence of African or Native American genetic ancestry (0.1 and 0.5%, respectively)."
44:
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cultures were to be explained by simple migration. Where
Bellwood based his analysis primarily on linguistic analysis, Solheim's approach was based on artifact findings. On the basis of a careful analysis of artifacts, he suggests the existence of a trade and communication network that first spread in the Asia-Pacific region during its Neolithic age (c.8,000 to 500 BC). According to Solheim's NMTCN theory, this trade network, consisting of both Austronesian and non-Austronesian seafaring peoples, was responsible for the spread of cultural patterns throughout the Asia-Pacific region, not the simple migration proposed by the Out-of-Taiwan hypothesis.
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there was westward expansion of peoples from Papua New Guinea into the
Philippines. In all cases, new immigrants appear to have mixed to some degree with existing populations. The integration of Southeast Asia into Indian Ocean trading networks around 2,000 years ago also shows some impact, with South Asian genetic signals present within some Sama-Bajau communities. After these initial migratory waves that occurred in the precolonial era, there were also modest scales of immigration from Europe and Latin America. among Filipinos.
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1322:, founder of the Anthropology Department of the University of the Philippines. Heading that department for 40 years, Professor Beyer became the unquestioned expert on Philippine prehistory, exerting early leadership in the field and influencing the first generation of Filipino historians and anthropologists, archaeologists, paleontologists, geologists, and students the world over. According to Dr. Beyer, the ancestors of the Filipinos came in different "waves of migration", as follows:
1480:
1056:" model. Of the two, however, the most widely accepted hypothesis is the Out-of-Taiwan model, which largely corresponds to linguistic, genetic, archaeological, and cultural evidence. It has since been strengthened by genetic and archaeological studies that broadly agree with the timeline of the Austronesian expansion.
1439:
Thus, the latter could not have been a land bridge to the Asian mainland. The matter of who the first settlers were has not been really resolved. This is being disputed by anthropologists, as well as
Professor H. Otley Beyer, who claims that the first inhabitants of the Philippines came from the Malay Peninsula. The
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Jocano further believes that the present
Filipinos are products of the long process of cultural evolution and movement of people. This not only holds true for Filipinos, but for the Indonesians and the Malays of Malaysia, as well. No group among the three is culturally or genetically dominant. Hence,
1470:
of the sea bottom in recent geologic times. According to Scott, it is clear that
Palawan and the Calamianes do not stand on a submerged land bridge, but were once a hornlike protuberance on the shoulder of a continent whose southern shoreline used to be the present islands of Java and Borneo. Mindoro
1142:
and developed into the
Austronesian cultures. They supposedly later spread among seafarers from the area to the rest of Island Southeast Asia and areas along the South China Sea. In support of this idea Solheim notes there is little or no indication that Pre- or Proto Malayo-Polynesian was present in
1438:
caused what is now the land masses forming the
Philippines to rise to the surface of the sea. Dr. Voss also pointed out that when scientific studies were done on the Earth's crust from 1964 to 1967, it was discovered that the 35-kilometer- thick crust underneath China does not reach the Philippines.
1304:
mountain range. Later migrations brought other
Austronesian groups, along with agriculture, and the languages of these recent Austronesian migrants effectively replaced those existing populations. Papuan ancestry was also detected among the ethnic Blaan and Sangir people of Mindanao, suggesting that
1190:
This "late central lobe" included southern China and Taiwan, which became "the area where
Austronesian became the original language family and Malayo-Polynesian developed." In about 4000 to 3000 BC, these peoples continued spreading east through Northern Luzon to Micronesia to form the Early Eastern
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The central lobe was further divided into two smaller lobes reflecting phases of cultural spread: the Early Central Lobe and the Late Central Lobe. Instead of Austronesian peoples originating from Taiwan, Solheim placed the origins of the early NMTCN peoples in the "Early Central Lobe," which was in
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A 2021 genetic study, which examined representatives of 115 indigenous communities, found evidence of at least five independent waves of early human migration. Negrito groups, divided between those in Luzon and those in Mindanao, may come from a single wave and diverged subsequently, or through two
1503:. This theory holds that there weren't clear discrete waves of migration. Instead it suggests early inhabitants of Southeast Asia were of the same ethnic group with similar culture, but through a gradual process over time driven by environmental factors, differentiated themselves from one another.
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matter of the origination of peoples, the difference between the two theories is that Bellwood's theory suggests a linear expansion, while Solheim's suggests something more akin to concentric circles, all overlapping in the geographical area of the late central lobe which includes the Philippines.
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and Sri Lanka up to the western coast of Africa and Madagascar; and over time, further eastward towards its easternmost borders at Easter Island. Thus, as in the case of Bellwood's theory, the Austronesian languages spread eastward and westward from the area around the Philippines. Aside from the
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He then suggests the spread of peoples around 5000 BC towards the "Late central lobe", including the Philippines, via island Southeast Asia, rather than from the north as the Taiwan theory suggests. Thus, from the Point of view of the Philippine peoples, the NMTCN is also referred to as the Island
1146:
Solheim's concept of the Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network, while not strictly a theory regarding the biological ancestors of modern Southeast Asians, does suggest that the patterns of cultural diffusion throughout the Asia-Pacific region are not what would be expected if such
2232:
Subsection: (Discussion) "For the non-Hispanic white individuals, we see a broad spectrum of genetic ancestry ranging from northern Europe to southern Europe and the Middle East. Within that large group, with the exception of Ashkenazi Jews, we see little evidence of distinct clusters. This is
1596:
were of the same population as the combination of human evolution that occurred in the islands of Southeast Asia about 1.9 million years ago. The claimed evidence for this is fossil material found in different parts of the region and the movements of other people from the Asian mainland during
1134:" (NMTCN). It posited an alternative model based on maritime movement of people over different directions and routes. It suggests that people with distant origins from 50,000 years ago in the area of present-day coastal eastern Vietnam and Southern China had moved to the area of the
43:
1299:
Austronesians, either from Southern China or Taiwan, were found to have come in at least two distinct waves. The first, occurring perhaps between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago, brought the ancestors of indigenous groups that today live around the
1409:
A German scientist who has studied the Philippines, Fritjof Voss, has even argued that the present soundings are probably a generous overestimate of the earlier situation, as the Philippines have steadily risen over known geologic history.
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There is no definite evidence, archaeological or historical, to support this migration theory, and the passage of time has made that more unlikely. Key issues with this theory include Beyer's reliance on 19th-century theories of
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Lobe, carrying the Malayo-Polynesian languages with them. These languages would become part of the culture spread by the NMTCN in its expansions Malaysia and western towards Malaysia before 2000 BC, continuing along
1150:
Solheim came up with four geographical divisions delineating the spread of the NMTCN over time, calling these geographical divisions "lobes." Specifically, these were the central, northern, eastern and western lobes.
1430:. He claimed that it arose from the bottom of the sea and, as the thin Pacific crust moved below it, continued to rise. It continues to rise today. The country lies along great Earth faults that extend to deep
1381:
His claims that the Malays were the original settlers of the lowland regions and the dominant cultural transmitter now seem untenable, no subsequent evidence has emerged to support his "Dawn Man", and improved
2132:
Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul; Guilay, Dennis; Reyes, Jennelyn (March 30, 2021).
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has pointed out that Palawan and the Calamianes Islands are separated from Borneo by water nowhere deeper than 100 meters, that south of a line drawn between Saigon and Brunei does the depth of the
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of mainland Southeast Asia, and reflects a similar genetic signal found in western Indonesia. These happened sometime after 15,000 years ago and 12,000 years ago respectively, around the time the
1143:
Taiwan. According to Solheim, "The one thing I feel confident in saying is that all native Southeast Asians are closely related culturally, genetically and to a lesser degree linguistically."
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at all. However, what is sure is that there is evidence the Philippines was inhabited tens of thousands of years ago. In 1962, a skull cap and a portion of a jaw, presumed to be those of
788:
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separate waves. This likely occurred sometime after 46,000 years ago. Another Negrito migration entered Mindanao sometime after 25,000 years ago. Two early East Asian waves (
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historic times. He states that these ancient men cannot be categorized under any of the historically identified ethnic groups (Malays, Indonesians, and Filipinos) of today.
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and migratory diffusion that have been shown in other contexts to be overly simplistic and unreliable and his reliance on incomplete archaeological findings and conjecture.
600:
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first proposed his wave migration theory, numerous scholars have approached the question of how, when and why humans first came to the Philippines. The current
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1893:
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2753:. Department of Anthropology as part of the Comparative Austronesian Project, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
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and related people of the Sulu archipelago, Zamboanga Peninsula, and Palawan. The admixture found in the Sama people indicates a relationship with the
852:
2194:"Characterizing Race/Ethnicity and Genetic Ancestry for 100,000 Subjects in the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) Cohort"
887:
2869:
2533:
947:
1419:
2107:
778:
770:
1953:
Lipson, Mark; Loh, Po-Ru; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Ko, Ying-Chin; Stoneking, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Reich, David (August 19, 2014).
737:
610:
559:
1612:, and Ponciano L. Bennagen agreed with Jocano. Some still preferred Beyer's theory as the more acceptable model, including anthropologist
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is not the peak of a submerged mountain range connecting Mindanao and Borneo, but the exposed edge of three small ridges produced by
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877:
442:
175:
382:
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983:
2015:
Lipson, Mark; Loh, Po-Ru; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Ko, Ying-Chin; Stoneking, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Reich, David (2014).
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Modern theories of the peopling of the Philippines islands are interpreted against the wider backdrop of the migrations of the
922:
635:
517:
1721:"Genetic Evidence for the Proto-Austronesian Homeland in Asia: mtDNA and Nuclear DNA Variation in Taiwanese Aboriginal Tribes"
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Jocano contends that what fossil evidence of ancient men show is that they not only migrated to the Philippines, but also to
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937:
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847:
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670:
422:
157:
1833:
Austronesian Diaspora and the Ethnogeneses of People in Indonesian Archipelago: Proceedings of the International Symposium
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A less rigid version of the earlier wave migration theory is the Core Population Theory first proposed by anthropologist
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927:
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23:
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1426:, questioned the validity of the theory of land bridges. He maintained that the Philippines was never part of mainland
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concluded that "it is probably safe to say that no anthropologist accepts the Beyer Wave Migration Theory today."
1076:. However, instead of the Philippines, they assume the origin of the Austronesian peoples as being the now sunken
2855:
2814:
2662:
2553:
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1403:
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group who arrived about 5,000 to 6,000 years ago and were the first immigrants to reach the Philippines by sea.
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147:
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1500:
452:
62:
3011:
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2921:
2623:"Nuancing Anti-Essentialism: A Critical Genealogy of Philippine Experiments in National Identity Formation"
2016:
1068:" hypotheses, posited by a minority of modern authors and differing slightly in the details, is similar to
917:
907:
457:
303:
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1804:
783:
537:
271:
211:
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Bellwood and Solheim: Models of Neolithic movements of people in Southeast Asia and the Pacific (Paper)
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1301:
650:
251:
196:
32:
1719:
Melton, Terry; Clifford, Stephanie; Martinson, Jeremy; Batzer, Mark; Stoneking, Mark (December 1998).
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Jocano says that it is not correct to attribute the Filipino culture as being Malayan in orientation.
532:
447:
201:
2771:
Philippine Prehistory: An Anthropological Overview of the Beginnings of Filipino Society and Culture
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2115:
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261:
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Intercolonial Intimacies: Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines. 1898-1964 By Paula C. Park
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culture and were the real colonizers and dominant cultural group in the pre-Hispanic Philippines.
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246:
100:
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1928:
1625:
1605:
1252:
1213:
1038:
793:
507:
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Spriggs, Matthew (May 2011). "Archaeology and the Austronesian expansion: where are we now?".
1235:. From there, they rapidly spread downwards to the rest of the islands of the Philippines and
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2502:
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2350:
1581:. Some have argued that this may show settlement of the Philippines earlier than that of the
1375:
1162:
711:
595:
487:
392:
1216:, it has corresponded to archaeological, cultural, and genetic findings later on; including
2916:
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Rowthorn, Chris, Monique Choy, Michael Grosberg, Steven Martin, and Sonia Orchard. (2003).
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2031:
1966:
1444:
1223:
In this hypothesis, the first Austronesians reached the Philippines at around 2200 BC from
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1115:
1045:
1024:
1008:
716:
706:
665:
645:
512:
110:
105:
8:
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2244:
1696:. Trondheim, Sør-Trøndelag, Norway: Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
1601:
1552:
1496:
1293:
1015:" model, which broadly match linguistic, genetic, archaeological, and cultural evidence.
808:
554:
462:
417:
407:
353:
266:
2150:
2108:"The Early Austronesian Migration To Luzon: Perspectives From The Peñablanca Cave Sites"
2035:
1970:
1663:
2947:
2527:
2218:
2193:
2169:
2134:
2052:
1987:
1954:
1785:
1745:
1720:
1318:
The most widely known theory of the prehistoric peopling of the Philippines is that of
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115:
90:
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3002:
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2902:
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2720:
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2601:
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2506:
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1992:
1869:
1837:
1829:
1810:
1789:
1750:
1667:
1613:
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now constitute the largest portion of the populace and what Filipinos now have is an
1256:
1220:
data, rather than the mtDNA sequencing relied upon by "Out of Sundaland" proponents.
1101:
298:
276:
2256:
2213:
2205:
2164:
2154:
2047:
2039:
1982:
1974:
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1740:
1732:
1659:
1463:
1135:
1065:
1049:
640:
585:
527:
472:
427:
397:
358:
2297:, p. 32, citing Beyer Memorial Issue on the Prehistory of the Philippines in
2804:
2769:
2765:
2712:
2666:
2492:
2375:
2282:
2245:"Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific"
1889:
1831:
1609:
1582:
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1455:
1228:
1093:
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818:
308:
241:
75:
2209:
3016:
2740:
1593:
1572:
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1544:
1431:
1399:
1395:
1394:, although most of the islands were connected and could be accessed across the
1319:
1236:
1232:
1209:
1004:
803:
605:
432:
328:
2774:, Philippine Center for Advanced Studies, University of the Philippines System
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2744:
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1440:
1289:
1269:
1205:
1192:
1167:
1053:
1012:
932:
742:
152:
2377:
The Filipino Americans (1763–Present): Their History, Culture and Traditions
2159:
1171:
2261:
2227:
2178:
2061:
1996:
1338:
343:
323:
142:
1859:"Splitting up Proto-Malayopolynesian: New Models of Dispersal from Taiwan"
1754:
1471:
and the Calamianes are separated by a channel more than 500 meters deep.
2847:
2017:"Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia"
1955:"Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia"
1592:
According to Jocano's findings, the people of the prehistoric islands of
1484:
1479:
1387:
1350:
1248:
1105:
1097:
564:
549:
1830:
Simanjuntak, Truman; Pojoh, Ingrid H.E.; Hisyam, Mohammad, eds. (2006).
2043:
1978:
1864:. In Prasetyo, Bagyo; Nastiti, Tito Surti; Simanjuntak, Truman (eds.).
1802:
1654:
Chambers, Geoff (2013). "Genetics and the Origins of the Polynesians".
1560:
1527:
1507:
1435:
1383:
1333:
1285:
1281:
823:
660:
338:
1121:
2803:
Regalado, Felix B; Franco, Quintin B. (1973), Grimo, Eliza B. (ed.),
2135:"Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years"
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1515:
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477:
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80:
1736:
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events, thus having results that mistakenly combine the much older
798:
313:
288:
256:
236:
191:
127:
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2131:
1462:
reaches 50 meters only at one point. Scott also asserts that the
1386:
soundings have established that there was almost certainly not a
1346:
1273:
1244:
1108:
1081:
1028:
387:
348:
206:
2668:
Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History
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1511:
1277:
1224:
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231:
226:
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2285:(Chapter 3: On the Globality of Mexico and the Manila Galleon)
1718:
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1176:
318:
2892:
2750:
The Austronesians – Historical and Comparative Perspectives
1518:. He says that there is no way of determining if they were
1427:
1126:
A notable model among the "Out of Sundaland" hypothesis is
1085:
221:
2785:
Eden in the East – The Drowned Continent of Southeast Asia
2456:
2352:
Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society
2014:
1952:
1806:
The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives
1803:
Peter Bellwood; James J. Fox; Darrell Tryon, eds. (2006).
1487:
and the Sunda Shelf today. The area in between is called "
1280:
people who live in inland Mindanao, and the other in the
1413:
1096:). These models have been criticized as relying only on
2717:
Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage
1555:(and separated from the rest of the Philippines by the
1276:) were detected, one most strongly evidenced among the
1349:, who arrived between 25,000 and 30,000 years ago via
1363:
The seafaring, more civilized Malays who brought the
2112:
Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
1132:
Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network
1122:
Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network
1048:. They comprise two major schools of thought, the "
1204:The most widely accepted hypothesis today is the "
2627:Between law and culture: relocating legal studies
1836:. Indonesian Institute of Sciences. p. 107.
3065:
2625:. In Lisa C. Bower; David Theo Goldberg (eds.).
2594:Rosario S. Sagmit & Nora N. Soriano (1998).
1313:
1243:by around 1500 BC. They assimilated the earlier
1239:, as well as voyaging further east to reach the
2620:
2139:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1328:"Dawn Man", a cave-man type who was similar to
2843:The Timeline of the History of the Philippines
2802:
2629:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 230.
1926:
1823:
1649:
1647:
1645:
2863:
2551:
2191:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1920:
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984:
2719:, Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc.,
2655:Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian archipelago
2532:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2484:
2321:
2319:
2086:
2084:
2082:
1895:Origins of the Filipinos and Their Languages
1155:eastern coastal Vietnam, at around 9000 BC.
2778:
2697:(Second ed.), All-Nations Publishing,
2099:
1687:Flessen, Catherine T. (November 14, 2006).
1642:
2877:
2870:
2856:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2356:. Manila University Press (Manila), 1994.
2003:
1946:
1547:. While Palawan was connected directly to
991:
977:
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2587:
2316:
2260:
2217:
2168:
2158:
2127:
2125:
2079:
2051:
1986:
1929:"'Out of Sundaland' Assumption Disproved"
1927:Rochmyaningsih, Dyna (October 28, 2014).
1850:
1744:
1474:
1458:nowhere exceeds 100 meters, and that the
1259:between Austronesian and Negrito groups.
443:Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization
2657:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
2652:
2373:
2093:The Global Prehistory of Human Migration
2090:
1866:Austronesian Diaspora: A New Perspective
1707:
1653:
1478:
1402:. Writing in 1994, Philippine historian
1161:
1032:
2614:
2429:
2418:
2415:, pp. 1 and Map 2 in Frontispiece.
2105:
2074:
1888:
1767:
1686:
1212:. Although originally largely based on
182:Historically documented states/polities
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2764:
2711:
2584:
2578:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2450:
2340:, pp. 1 and Map 2 in Frontispiece
2243:Mawson, Stephanie J. (June 15, 2016).
2242:
2236:
2185:
2122:
1761:
1725:The American Journal of Human Genetics
1537:from cooking fires have been dated to
3074:History of the Philippines (900–1565)
2851:
2813:
2692:
2661:
2412:
2400:
2337:
2325:
2310:
2294:
1712:
1600:Other prominent anthropologists like
1422:, a German scientist who studied the
1414:Objections to the land bridges theory
2819:Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino
2106:Mijares, Armand Salvador B. (2006).
1255:which all display various ratios of
1100:genetic data without accounting for
2821:, Quezon City: New Day Publishers,
2540:
2457:Halili, Maria Christine N. (2004).
2255:. Oxford University Press: 87–125.
1664:10.1002/9780470015902.a0020808.pub2
1059:
13:
2734:
2600:. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 68.
2436:. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 65.
1796:
1018:
42:
14:
3100:
2836:
2463:. Rex Bookstore. pp. 34–35.
1308:
1262:
1247:groups which arrived during the
383:Voyage of Miguel LĂłpez de Legazpi
96:Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens
3089:Ethnic groups in the Philippines
2695:The Philippines: A Unique Nation
2374:Bautista, Veltisezar B. (2002).
1868:. Gadjah Mada University Press.
1631:Ethnic groups in the Philippines
1345:The aboriginal pygmy group, the
1199:
960:
2809:, Central Philippine University
2597:Geography in the Changing World
2572:
2406:
2394:
2367:
2343:
2331:
2304:
2301:, Vol. 15:No. 1 (January 1967).
2288:
2276:
2068:
1882:
1680:
1658:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
789:2000 campaign against the MILF
294:Laguna Copperplate Inscription
148:Maitum anthropomorphic pottery
1:
3079:Prehistory of the Philippines
2646:
2430:Antonio; et al. (2007).
1566:
1538:
1501:University of the Philippines
1314:Beyer's Wave Migration Theory
453:Battles of La Naval de Manila
2555:A History of the Philippines
2380:. Bookhaus Pub. p. 15.
1577:were discovered in northern
1074:"Core Population" hypothesis
304:Limestone tombs of Kamhantik
7:
2210:10.1534/genetics.115.178616
2114:(26): 72–78. Archived from
1619:
1208:" model, first proposed by
1111:populations with the newer
794:2nd People Power Revolution
784:1997 Asian financial crisis
518:Declaration of Independence
10:
3105:
3084:Peopling of Southeast Asia
3027:Settlement of the Americas
1424:geology of the Philippines
1251:, resulting in the modern
1022:
523:American capture of Manila
3001:
2946:
2901:
2885:
1782:10.1017/S0003598X00067910
1356:The seafaring tool-using
1037:Chronological map of the
403:Spanish capture of Manila
3037:Western hunter-gatherers
2693:Zaide, Sonia M. (1999),
2653:Bellwood, Peter (1997).
2621:S. Lily Mendoza (2001).
2558:. UP Press. p. 30.
2364:. Accessed May 14, 2009.
2091:Bellwood, Peter (2014).
1636:
1434:. The resulting violent
1241:Northern Mariana Islands
1183:trunks, overlooking the
863:Administrative divisions
578:American colonial period
498:Republic of Biak-na-Bato
334:Butuan Silver Paleograph
319:Batanes Ijang fortresses
262:Sultanate of Maguindanao
133:Cordillera Rice Terraces
3032:Ancient North Eurasians
2761:. Retrieved 2011-03-04.
2160:10.1073/pnas.2026132118
1563:'s still-older remains
1218:whole genome sequencing
758:People Power Revolution
538:Philippine–American War
372:Spanish colonial period
2879:Early human migrations
2671:, New Day Publishers,
2552:Samuel K. Tan (2008).
2192:Yambazi Banda (2015).
1890:Solheim, Wilhelm G. II
1857:Blench, Roger (2016).
1626:Austronesian languages
1606:Alfredo E. Evangelista
1492:
1475:Core Population Theory
1296:was coming to an end.
1253:Filipino ethnic groups
1187:
1041:
1039:Austronesian expansion
967:Philippines portal
943:Science and technology
560:UST Baybayin Documents
508:Treaty of Paris (1898)
86:Austronesian expansion
71:Early hominin activity
47:
2743:., James J. Fox, and
2024:Nature Communications
1959:Nature Communications
1482:
1450:Philippine historian
1376:progressive evolution
1342:of 250,000 years ago.
1165:
1036:
888:Cultural achievements
712:Filipino First policy
702:Mutual Defense Treaty
656:Philippine resistance
488:Philippine Revolution
448:Spanish–Moro conflict
438:Revolts and uprisings
324:Golden Tara of Agusan
46:
2815:Scott, William Henry
2780:Oppenheimer, Stephen
2663:Scott, William Henry
2262:10.1093/pastj/gtw008
1185:Banaue Rice Terraces
1116:Austronesian peoples
1046:Austronesian peoples
1025:Austronesian peoples
1009:scientific consensus
948:World Heritage Sites
814:Territorial disputes
717:North Borneo dispute
707:Hukbalahap Rebellion
671:Philippines campaign
666:Battle of Leyte Gulf
646:Battle of Corregidor
621:Tydings–McDuffie Act
513:Battle of Manila Bay
503:Spanish–American War
111:Precolonial barangay
2151:2021PNAS..11826132L
2145:(13): e2026132118.
2036:2014NatCo...5.4689L
1971:2014NatCo...5.4689L
1602:Robert Bradford Fox
1497:Felipe Landa Jocano
1452:William Henry Scott
1294:last glacial period
1214:linguistic evidence
809:Philippine drug war
771:Contemporary period
738:Communist rebellion
636:Japanese occupation
601:Military Government
555:Doctrina Christiana
463:Propaganda Movement
418:Spanish East Indies
408:Battle of Bangkusay
354:Magellan expedition
272:Sultanates of Lanao
267:Sultanate of Buayan
2948:Middle Paleolithic
2747:. (Eds.). (1995).
2460:Philippine History
2349:Scott, William H.
2299:Philippine Studies
2249:Past & Present
2044:10.1038/ncomms5689
1979:10.1038/ncomms5689
1493:
1432:submarine trenches
1418:In February 1976,
1336:, and other Asian
1302:Cordillera Central
1188:
1138:south and east of
1128:Wilhelm Solheim II
1052:" models and the "
1042:
611:Insular Government
596:Zamboanga Republic
493:Tejeros Convention
483:Cry of Pugad Lawin
468:1872 Cavite mutiny
176:Precolonial period
116:Maritime Silk Road
91:Angono Petroglyphs
63:Prehistoric period
48:
3061:
3060:
3022:Ancient Beringian
3003:Upper Paleolithic
2972:archaic admixture
2967:Coastal migration
2917:Neanderthal range
2903:Lower Paleolithic
2828:978-971-10-0524-5
2795:978-0-7538-0679-1
2741:Bellwood, Peter S
2726:978-971-622-006-3
2704:978-971-642-071-5
2678:978-971-10-0226-8
2636:978-0-8166-3380-7
2607:978-971-23-2451-2
2565:978-971-542-568-1
2512:978-1-74059-210-9
2470:978-971-23-3934-9
2443:978-971-23-4538-8
2387:978-0-931613-17-3
2328:, pp. 34–35.
2313:, pp. 32–34.
1614:E. Arsenio Manuel
1608:, Jesus Peralta,
1460:Strait of Malacca
1257:genetic admixture
1080:landmass (modern
1001:
1000:
848:Ancient religions
829:COVID-19 pandemic
684:Post-independence
423:Captaincy General
299:Butuan Ivory Seal
277:Sultanate of Sulu
158:Prehistoric beads
3096:
2962:Out of Africa II
2872:
2865:
2858:
2849:
2848:
2831:
2810:
2806:History of Panay
2798:
2775:
2766:Jocano, F. Landa
2745:Darrell T. Tryon
2729:
2713:Jocano, F. Landa
2707:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2658:
2641:
2640:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2591:
2582:
2581:, pp. 34–56
2576:
2570:
2569:
2549:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2497:(8th ed.).
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2433:Turning Points I
2427:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2371:
2365:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2264:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2221:
2204:(4): 1285–1295.
2189:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2162:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2118:on July 7, 2014.
2103:
2097:
2096:
2088:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2021:
2012:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1908:on July 28, 2011
1907:
1901:. Archived from
1900:
1892:(January 2006).
1886:
1880:
1879:
1863:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1776:(328): 510–528.
1765:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1731:(6): 1807–1823.
1716:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1695:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1651:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1543:
1540:
1526:, were found in
1468:tectonic tilting
1464:Sulu Archipelago
1177:guardian spirits
1136:Bismarck Islands
1066:Out of Sundaland
1060:Out of Sundaland
1050:Out of Sundaland
993:
986:
979:
965:
964:
963:
697:Treaty of Manila
641:Battle of Bataan
586:Tagalog Republic
528:Malolos Congress
473:La Liga Filipina
458:British invasion
428:Tondo Conspiracy
398:Blockade of Cebu
359:Battle of Mactan
283:Events/Artifacts
186:(north to south)
122:Events/Artifacts
106:Sa Huỳnh culture
36:
18:
17:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3056:
2997:
2996:
2942:
2941:
2912:Out of Africa I
2897:
2881:
2876:
2839:
2829:
2796:
2737:
2735:Further reading
2727:
2705:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2649:
2644:
2637:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2550:
2541:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2428:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2372:
2368:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2241:
2237:
2190:
2186:
2130:
2123:
2104:
2100:
2089:
2080:
2073:
2069:
2019:
2013:
2004:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1809:. ANU E Press.
1801:
1797:
1766:
1762:
1717:
1713:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1622:
1610:Zeus A. Salazar
1583:Malay Peninsula
1569:
1564:
1541:
1477:
1456:South China Sea
1416:
1316:
1311:
1265:
1229:Batanes Islands
1227:, settling the
1202:
1159:Origin Theory.
1124:
1094:Malay Peninsula
1070:F. Landa Jocano
1062:
1031:
1023:Main articles:
1021:
1019:Modern theories
997:
961:
959:
954:
953:
952:
893:Diet and health
842:
834:
833:
819:Siege of Marawi
774:
763:
762:
753:Fourth Republic
733:
722:
721:
687:
676:
675:
651:Second Republic
591:Negros Republic
581:
570:
569:
375:
364:
363:
309:Kabayan Mummies
179:
168:
167:
76:Homo luzonensis
66:
35:the Philippines
34:
27:
12:
11:
5:
3102:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3017:Mammoth steppe
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2933:
2927:Southeast Asia
2924:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2837:External links
2835:
2834:
2833:
2827:
2811:
2800:
2794:
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2732:
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2315:
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2287:
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2235:
2184:
2121:
2098:
2095:. p. 213.
2078:
2067:
2002:
1945:
1919:
1881:
1874:
1849:
1842:
1822:
1815:
1795:
1760:
1737:10.1086/302131
1711:
1679:
1673:978-0470016176
1672:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1594:Southeast Asia
1557:Mindoro Strait
1476:
1473:
1415:
1412:
1400:Sibutu Passage
1396:Mindoro Strait
1371:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1343:
1320:H. Otley Beyer
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:Older theories
1307:
1264:
1263:Multiple waves
1261:
1237:Southeast Asia
1233:northern Luzon
1210:Peter Bellwood
1201:
1198:
1123:
1120:
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1020:
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1005:H. Otley Beyer
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913:Historiography
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878:Communications
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858:Queen consorts
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779:Fifth Republic
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773:(1986–present)
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2759:0-7315-1578-1
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2499:Lonely Planet
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2011:
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2007:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1984:
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1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1934:
1933:Jakarta Globe
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1904:
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1885:
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1875:9786023862023
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1843:9789792624366
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1816:9781920942854
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1709:
1708:Bellwood 1997
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1580:
1574:
1570: 67,000
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542: 22,000
1536:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1524:a human being
1521:
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1421:
1411:
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1405:
1404:William Scott
1401:
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1297:
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1290:Mlabri people
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1272:and possible
1271:
1270:Austroasiatic
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:Out of Taiwan
1200:Out of Taiwan
1197:
1194:
1193:coastal India
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1164:
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1064:The various "
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1054:Out of Taiwan
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743:Moro conflict
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153:Manunggul Jar
151:
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2493:
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2459:
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2351:
2345:
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2290:
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2266:. Retrieved
2252:
2248:
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2138:
2116:the original
2111:
2101:
2092:
2075:Solheim 2006
2070:
2027:
2023:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1938:December 24,
1936:. Retrieved
1932:
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1903:the original
1894:
1884:
1865:
1852:
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1698:. Retrieved
1689:
1682:
1655:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1553:last ice age
1532:
1530:in Palawan.
1505:
1494:
1449:
1445:Austronesian
1420:Fritjof Voss
1417:
1408:
1380:
1372:
1351:land bridges
1339:Homo erectus
1337:
1317:
1298:
1266:
1222:
1203:
1189:
1179:carved from
1170:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1125:
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1043:
1011:favors the "
1002:
631:World War II
626:Commonwealth
543:
542:
377:
344:Barter rings
282:
281:
185:
184:
181:
143:Kalanay Cave
121:
120:
101:Jade culture
85:
15:
3052:Philippines
3012:LGM refugia
2987:Philippines
2936:Philippines
2788:, Phoenix,
2579:Jocano 2001
2494:Philippines
2030:(1): 4689.
1965:(1): 4689.
1700:February 5,
1551:during the
1533:The nearby
1485:Sahul Shelf
1436:earthquakes
1388:land bridge
1384:bathymetric
1249:Paleolithic
1106:Paleolithic
873:Archaeology
868:Agriculture
748:Martial law
732:(1965–1986)
686:(1946–1965)
580:(1898–1946)
565:Velarde map
550:Boxer Codex
374:(1565–1898)
163:Shell tools
138:Grave goods
33:History of
3068:Categories
2896:dispersals
2647:References
2501:. p.
2413:Scott 1984
2401:Scott 1984
2338:Scott 1984
2326:Zaide 1999
2311:Zaide 1999
2295:Zaide 1999
1561:Callao Man
1528:Tabon Cave
1508:New Guinea
1358:Indonesian
1334:Peking Man
1282:Sama-Bajau
1092:, and the
824:Bangsamoro
730:Marcos era
661:Hukbalahap
339:Piloncitos
178:(900–1565)
2977:Australia
2684:August 5,
2528:cite book
1790:162491927
1770:Antiquity
1549:Sundaland
1545:years ago
1516:Australia
1447:culture.
1392:Sundaland
1181:tree fern
1113:Neolithic
1102:admixture
1078:Sundaland
918:Languages
908:Geography
898:Education
883:Conflicts
616:Jones Law
544:Artifacts
478:Katipunan
413:New Spain
81:Tabon Man
65:(pre-900)
2817:(1992),
2782:(1999),
2768:(1975),
2715:(2001),
2665:(1984),
2518:March 3,
2476:March 3,
2268:July 28,
2228:26092716
2198:Genetics
2179:33753512
2062:25137359
1997:25137359
1912:March 3,
1620:See also
1535:charcoal
1520:Negritos
1489:Wallacea
1365:Iron Age
1347:Negritos
1330:Java man
1140:Mindanao
938:Politics
928:Military
923:Medicine
841:By topic
799:EDSA III
314:Baybayin
289:Maragtas
257:Sanmalan
237:Madja-as
192:Caboloan
128:Balangay
54:Timeline
24:a series
22:Part of
2888:Hominin
2219:4574246
2170:8020671
2147:Bibcode
2053:4143916
2032:Bibcode
1988:4143916
1967:Bibcode
1755:9837834
1746:1377653
1706:citing
1499:of the
1274:Austric
1245:Negrito
1109:Negrito
1082:Sumatra
1029:Negrito
903:Economy
388:Sandugo
349:Luzones
242:Dapitan
212:Maynila
207:Namayan
2992:Europe
2957:Africa
2922:Europe
2825:
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1788:
1753:
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1514:, and
1512:Borneo
1441:Malays
1278:Manobo
1225:Taiwan
1172:hogang
1168:Ifugao
1090:Borneo
1003:Since
853:Rulers
378:Events
252:Butuan
232:Sandao
227:Pulilu
217:Ibalon
197:Cainta
26:on the
3047:Burma
2982:Burma
2931:Burma
2020:(PDF)
1906:(PDF)
1899:(PDF)
1862:(PDF)
1786:S2CID
1694:(PDF)
1637:Notes
1579:Luzon
1098:mtDNA
933:Names
202:Tondo
2893:Homo
2890:and
2823:ISBN
2790:ISBN
2755:ISBN
2721:ISBN
2699:ISBN
2686:2008
2673:ISBN
2631:ISBN
2602:ISBN
2560:ISBN
2534:link
2520:2011
2507:ISBN
2478:2011
2465:ISBN
2438:ISBN
2382:ISBN
2358:ISBN
2270:2020
2224:PMID
2175:PMID
2058:PMID
1993:PMID
1940:2018
1914:2011
1870:ISBN
1838:ISBN
1811:ISBN
1751:PMID
1702:2009
1668:ISBN
1573:B.P.
1483:The
1428:Asia
1398:and
1288:and
1231:and
1130:'s "
1086:Java
1027:and
247:Cebu
222:Ma-i
2257:doi
2253:232
2214:PMC
2206:doi
2202:200
2165:PMC
2155:doi
2143:118
2048:PMC
2040:doi
1983:PMC
1975:doi
1778:doi
1741:PMC
1733:doi
1660:doi
1656:eLS
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