Second Sino-Japanese War

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America's Neutrality Act and its "neutrality policy" was a massive farce which only benefited Japan and that Japan did not have the capability nor could ever have invaded China without the massive amount of raw material America exported to Japan. America exported far more raw material to Japan than to China in the years 1937–1940. According to the United States Congress, the U.S.'s third largest export destination was Japan until 1940 when France overtook it due to France being at war too. Japan's military machine acquired war materials, automotive equipment, steel, scrap iron, copper, oil, that it wanted from the United States in 1937–1940 and was allowed to purchase aerial bombs, aircraft equipment, and aircraft from America up to the summer of 1938. War essentials exports from the United States to Japan increased by 124% along with a general increase of 41% of all American exports from 1936 to 1937 when Japan invaded China. Japan's war economy was fueled by exports to the United States at over twice the rate immediately preceding the war. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, Japan corresponded to the following share of American exports;

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thirties, a strong and somewhat ruthless character as befits a scion of the family which has in recent years produced such outstanding men as Ma An Liang, Ma Ch'i, and Ma Fu Hsiang. He has kept the Province in fair order, since he assumed control a year or two ago; though his relations with the Military Governor, his uncle Ma Shun Cheng, are at the moment none too cordial and trouble threatens. Further, there is a certain movement for independence among these Moslems, and a tendency to break away from Nanking and join up with their fellow-Moslems further west. The latter is much under the influence of Russia, which for years has tried to extend its influence into Kansu, but with very little success, for the Kansu Moslems are a sturdy independent people and make poor material for Bolshevik propaganda. We saw no signs of any Japanese whatever, and strong anti-Japanese feeling was very apparent.

5990: 4787:. Elements of the Eighth Route Army soon attacked the advancing Japanese, inflicting between 3,000 and 5,000 casualties and resulting in a Japanese retreat. As the Japanese military came to understand that the Communists avoided conventional attacks and defense, it altered its tactics. The Japanese military built more roads to quicken movement between strongpoints and cities, blockaded rivers and roads in an effort to disrupt Communists supply, sought to expand militia from its puppet regime to conserve manpower, and use systematic violence on civilians in the Border Region in an effort to destroy its economy. The Japanese military mandated confiscation of the Eighth Route Army's goods and used this directive as a pretext to confiscate goods, including engaging in grave robbery in the Border Region. 6052:

jointly along with the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), America's first intelligence agency and forerunner of the CIA while also serving as joint training program between the two nations. Among all the wartime missions that Americans set up in China, SACO was the only one that adopted a policy of "total immersion" with the Chinese. The "Rice Paddy Navy" or "What-the-Hell Gang" operated in the China-Burma-India theater, advising and training, forecasting weather and scouting landing areas for USN fleet and Gen Claire Chennault's 14th AF, rescuing downed American flyers, and intercepting Japanese radio traffic. An underlying mission objective during the last year of war was the development and preparation of the China coast for Allied penetration and occupation.

5577:) have depicted it as a more complicated situation. Stilwell had a strong desire to assume total control of Chinese troops and pursue an aggressive strategy, while Chiang preferred a patient and less expensive strategy of out-waiting the Japanese. Chiang continued to maintain a defensive posture despite Allied pleas to actively break the Japanese blockade, because China had already suffered tens of millions of war casualties and believed that Japan would eventually capitulate in the face of America's overwhelming industrial output. For these reasons the other Allies gradually began to lose confidence in the Chinese ability to conduct offensive operations from the Asian mainland, and instead concentrated their efforts against the Japanese in the 54: 915: 700: 590: 578: 566: 554: 542: 524: 5413: 4492:(GHQ) in Tokyo, content with the gains acquired in northern China following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, initially showed reluctance to escalate the conflict into a full-scale war. Following the shooting of two Japanese officers who were attempting to enter the Hongqiao military airport on 9 August 1937, the Japanese demanded that all Chinese forces withdraw from Shanghai; the Chinese outright refused to meet this demand. In response, both the Chinese and the Japanese marched reinforcements into the Shanghai area. Chiang concentrated his best troops north of Shanghai in an effort to impress the city's large foreign community and increase China's foreign support. 63: 4030:(NRA) formed by the Kuomintang swept through southern and central China until it was checked in Shandong, where confrontations with the Japanese garrison escalated into armed conflict. The conflicts were collectively known as the Jinan incident of 1928, during which time the Japanese military killed several Chinese officials and fired artillery shells into Jinan. According to the investigation results of the Association of the Families of the Victims of the Jinan massacre, it showed that 6,123 Chinese civilians were killed and 1,701 injured. Relations between the Chinese Nationalist government and Japan severely worsened as a result of the Jinan incident. 834: 655: 376: 285: 6797: 6261:

influence in French Indochina and to put pressure on their opponents. Chiang Kai-shek threatened the French with war in response to maneuvering by the French and Ho Chi Minh's forces against each other, forcing them to come to a peace agreement. In February 1946, he also forced the French to surrender all of their concessions in China and to renounce their extraterritorial privileges in exchange for the Chinese withdrawing from northern Indochina and allowing French troops to reoccupy the region. Following France's agreement to these demands, the withdrawal of Chinese troops began in March 1946.

21244: 20646: 7166: 6437: 74: 4171:, the president of the Republic of China at the time. With a widened range of economic privileges in Manchuria, Japan began focusing on developing and protecting matters of economic interests. This included railroads, businesses, natural resources, and a general control of the territory. With its influence growing, the Japanese Army began to justify its presence by stating that it was simply protecting its own economic interests. However militarists in the Japanese Army began pushing for an expansion of influence, leading to the Japanese Army assassinating the warlord of Manchuria, 300: 688: 774: 625: 492: 473: 454: 435: 416: 397: 273: 94: 485: 466: 447: 428: 409: 390: 4646: 260: 744: 4835: 966: 613: 362: 337: 6975:, Japan permitted the use of chemical weapons in China because the Japanese concluded that Chinese forces did not possess the capacity to retaliate in kind. The Japanese incorporated gas warfare into many aspects of their army, which includes special gas troops, infantry, artillery, engineers and air force; the Japanese were aware of basic gas tactics of other armies, and deployed multifarious gas warfare tactics in China. The Japanese were very dependent on gas weapons when they were engaged in chemical warfare. 510: 18682: 6562: 5026: 4477: 21254: 5283:), with American pilots flying American warplanes which were painted with the Chinese flag to attack the Japanese. He headed both the volunteer group and the uniformed U.S. Army Air Forces units that replaced it in 1942. However, it was the Soviets that provided the greatest material help for China's war of resistance against the imperial Japanese invasion from 1937 into 1941, with fighter aircraft for the Nationalist Chinese Air Force and artillery and armour for the Chinese Army through the 5057:, this offensive was defeated. Afterwards Chiang could not risk any more all-out offensive campaigns given the poorly trained, under-equipped, and disorganized state of his armies and opposition to his leadership both within the Kuomintang and in China in general. He had lost a substantial portion of his best trained and equipped troops in the Battle of Shanghai and was at times at the mercy of his generals, who maintained a high degree of autonomy from the central KMT government. 325: 19557: 6079:'s car which had Union Jacks on it was attacked by Japanese aircraft with Hugessen being temporarily paralyzed with outrage against the attack from the public and government. The British public were largely supportive of the Chinese and many relief efforts were untaken to help China. Britain at this time was beginning the process of rearmament and the sale of military surplus was banned but there was never an embargo on private companies shipping arms. A number of unassembled 534: 6200: 737: 4810: 5191: 22574: 21197: 15388: 313: 5446: 83: 959: 730: 4350: 15408: 15398: 4136: 4965: 5938: 5593: 4620:(IJA) ultimately committed over 300,000 troops, along with numerous naval vessels and aircraft, to capture the city. After more than three months of intense fighting, their casualties far exceeded initial expectations. On 26 October, the IJA captured Dachang, a key strong-point within Shanghai, and on 5 November, additional reinforcements from Japan landed in Hangzhou Bay. Finally, on 9 November, the NRA began a general retreat. 5305: 5852: 6092: 5404:". The communists also began to focus most of their energy on building up their sphere of influence wherever opportunities were presented, mainly through rural mass organizations, administrative, land and tax reform measures favouring poor peasants; while the Nationalists attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence by military blockade of areas controlled by CCP and fighting the Japanese at the same time. 20656: 7152: 6649: 5924:. This pact enabled the Soviet Union to avoid fighting against Germany and Japan at the same time. In August 1945, the Soviet Union annulled the neutrality pact with Japan and invaded Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, the Kuril Islands, and northern Korea. The Soviets also continued to support the Chinese Communist Party. In total, 3,665 Soviet advisors and pilots served in China, and 227 of them died fighting there. 4702: 103: 4748: 5952:

Cotton Loan mainly benefited American producers, while aiding to a smaller extent both Chinese and Japanese alike. This policy was due to US fear of breaking off profitable trade ties with Japan, in addition to US officials and businesses perception of China as a potential source of massive profit for the US by absorbing surplus American products, as William Appleman Williams states.

5520:, with the goal of finding the surviving American airmen, applying retribution on the Chinese who aided them and destroying air bases. The operation started 15 May 1942, with 40 infantry battalions and 15–16 artillery battalions but was repelled by Chinese forces in September. During this campaign, the Imperial Japanese Army left behind a trail of devastation and also spread 6991:, during the battle at Hankow, in areas where Japanese artillery or gunboats on the river could not reach Chinese defenders on hilltops, Japanese infantrymen had to fight Chinese troops on the hills. She noted that the Japanese were inferior at hand-to-hand combat against the Chinese, and resorted to deploying poison gas to defeat the Chinese troops. She was told by General 6704:. Disputes over the precise de jure sovereign of Taiwan persist to the present. On a de facto basis, sovereignty over Taiwan has been and continues to be exercised by the ROC. Japan's position has been to avoid commenting on Taiwan's status, maintaining that Japan renounced all claims to sovereignty over its former colonial possessions after World War II, including Taiwan. 5437: 6680:, as neither had shown full and complete legal capacity to enter into an international legally binding agreement. Since China was not present, the Japanese only formally renounced the territorial sovereignty of Taiwan and Penghu islands without specifying to which country Japan relinquished the sovereignty, and the treaty was signed in 1951 and came into force in 1952. 6323: 5435: 3687:. From the Japanese perspective, localizing these conflicts was beneficial in preventing intervention from other countries, particularly the United Kingdom and the United States, which were its primary source of petroleum and steel respectively. A formal expression of these conflicts would potentially lead to an American embargo in accordance with the 6937:

North China alone, 18,000 soldiers were evacuated back to Japan for illnesses in 1938, 23,000 in 1939, and 15,000 in 1940. From 1941 to 1945: 202,958 dead; another 54,000 dead after war's end. Chinese forces also report that by May 1945, 22,293 Japanese soldiers were captured as prisoners. Many more Japanese soldiers surrendered when the war ended.

4184:, had been systematically violated and there were "more than 120 cases of infringement of rights and interests, interference with business, boycott of Japanese goods, unreasonable taxation, detention of individuals, confiscation of properties, eviction, demand for cessation of business, assault and battery, and the oppression of Korean residents". 4167:. As a result, the Japanese Army was widely prevalent in Manchuria immediately following the Japanese victory in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, where Japan gained significant territory in Manchuria. As a result of their strengthened position, by 1915 Japan had negotiated a significant amount of economic privilege in the region by pressuring 4335:

government officially announced that it would adopt this view. Under this interpretation, the 1931–1937 period is viewed as the "partial" war, while 1937–1945 is a period of "total" war. This view of a fourteen-year war has political significance because it provides more recognition for the role of northeast China in the War of Resistance.

6389:, Ma Buqing and Ma Hushan. Qinghai Tibetans served in the Qinghai army against the Japanese. The Qinghai Tibetans view the Tibetans of Central Tibet (Tibet proper, ruled by the Dalai Lamas from Lhasa) as distinct and different from themselves, and even take pride in the fact that they were not ruled by Lhasa ever since the collapse of the 6494:

their former property. In practice, the Nationalist government and its officials retained a great deal of the seized property and embezzling property, particularly from warehouses, was common. Nationalist officials sometimes extorted money from individuals in liberated territories under threat of labeling them as Japanese collaborators.

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support for the communists. To strengthen its legitimacy, CCP forces actively engaged the Japanese early on. These operations weakened Japanese forces in Shanxi and other areas in the North. Mao Zedong was distrustful of Chiang Kai-shek, however, and shifted strategy to guerrilla warfare in order to preserve the CCP's military strength.

4759:, which had become the political, economic and military center of China, in hopes of destroying the fighting strength of the NRA and forcing the KMT government to negotiate for peace. On 6 June, they captured Kaifeng, the capital of Henan, and threatened to take Zhengzhou, the junction of the Pinghan and Longhai railways. 6373:, who prayed for the destruction of the Japanese. Ma became chairman (governor) of Qinghai in 1938 and commanded a group army. He was appointed because of his anti-Japanese inclinations, and was such an obstruction to Japanese agents trying to contact the Tibetans that he was called an "adversary" by a Japanese agent. 6035:(AVG), of which one the "Flying Tigers" reached China, to replace the withdrawn Soviet volunteers and aircraft. The Flying Tigers did not enter actual combat until after the United States had declared war on Japan. Led by Chennault, their early combat success of 300 kills against a loss of 12 of their newly introduced 6253:, through General Stilwell, privately made it clear that they preferred that the French not reacquire French Indochina (modern day Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) after the war was over. Roosevelt offered Chiang Kai-shek control of all of Indochina. It was said that Chiang Kai-shek replied: "Under no circumstances!" 5978:, led to an agreement by which the United Kingdom recognized Japanese conquests in China. At the same time, the US government extended a trade agreement with Japan for six months, then fully restored it. Under the agreement, Japan purchased trucks for the Kwantung Army, machine tools for aircraft factories, 10269:

The US, the biggest oil supplier for Japan at the time, imposed the oil embargo on Japan in July, 1941, and it helped the Japanese to make up their minds to fight against the Americans. Thus, in a way, the attack on Pearl Harbor was not a surprise one at all; it was a necessary result of the conflict

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The Nationalist Chinese authorities ridiculed Japanese estimates of Chinese casualties. In 1940, the National Herald stated that the Japanese exaggerated Chinese casualties, while deliberately concealing the true number of Japanese casualties, releasing false figures that made them appear much lower.

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An academic study published in the United States in 1959 estimates military casualties: 1.5 million killed in battle, 750,000 missing in action, 1.5 million deaths due to disease and 3 million wounded; civilian casualties: due to military activity, killed 1,073,496 and 237,319 wounded;

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are notable exceptions). The Nationalists committed their strongest divisions in early battle against the Japanese (including the 36th, 87th, 88th divisions, the crack divisions of Chiang's Central Army) to defend Shanghai and continued to deploy most of their forces to fight the Japanese even as the

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Chiang relied on American help in transporting Nationalist troops to regain control of formerly Japanese-occupied areas. Non-Chinese generally viewed the behavior of these troops as undercutting Nationalist legitimacy, and these troops engaged in corruption and looting, leading to widespread views of

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after the Battle of South Guangxi. Overseas Chinese communities in the U.S. raised money and nurtured talent in response to Imperial Japan's aggressions in China, which helped to fund an entire squadron of Boeing P-26 fighter planes purchased for the looming war situation between China and the Empire

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American and Canadian-born Chinese were recruited to act as covert operatives in Japanese-occupied China. Employing their racial background as a disguise, their mandate was to blend in with local citizens and wage a campaign of sabotage. Activities focused on destruction of Japanese transportation of

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The formation of a united front added to the legality of the CCP, but what kind of support the central government would provide to the communists were not settled. When compromise with the CCP failed to incentivize the Soviet Union to engage in an open conflict against Japan, the KMT withheld further

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upon its capture. After four months of intense combat, the Nationalists were forced to abandon Wuhan by October, and its government and armies retreated to Chongqing. Both sides had suffered tremendous casualties in the battle, with the Chinese losing up to 500,000 soldiers killed or wounded, and the

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At the start of 1938, the leadership in Tokyo still hoped to limit the scope of the conflict to occupy areas around Shanghai, Nanjing and most of northern China. They thought this would preserve strength for an anticipated showdown with the Soviet Union, but by now the Japanese government and GHQ had

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against the Chinese Air Force. At the start of the battle, the local strength of the NRA was around five divisions, or about 70,000 troops, while local Japanese forces comprised about 6,300 marines. On 23 August, the Chinese Air Force attacked Japanese troop landings at Wusongkou in northern Shanghai

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Though it is also worth pointing out that, in practice, Mao's recipe for guerrilla manoeuvres played a limited role in Chinese revolutionary wars during the 1930s and '40s. Nationalist armies carried most of the resistance to the Japanese during the Second World War, and Chinese Communist victory in

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For the Japanese, most of whom were unwilling to pay the American price for peace, time was of the essence. They were convinced that acceptance of American peace terms would only lead to further demands and ultimately leave Japan dependent on the United States and United Kingdom. To them the gambles

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Clodfelter, Micheal "Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference", Vol. 2, pp. 956. Includes civilians who died due to famine and other environmental disasters caused by the war. Only includes the 'regular' Chinese army; does NOT include guerrillas and does not include Chinese casualties in

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and Seiya Matsuno, the chemical weapons were authorized by specific orders given by Hirohito himself, transmitted by the Imperial General Headquarters. For example, the Emperor authorized the use of toxic gas on 375 separate occasions during the Battle of Wuhan from August to October 1938. They were

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fought in 22 major engagements, most of which involved more than 100,000 troops on both sides, 1,171 minor engagements most of which involved more than 50,000 troops on both sides, and 38,931 skirmishes. The Chinese reported their yearly total battle casualties as 367,362 for 1937, 735,017 for 1938,

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The Nationalists suffered higher casualties because they were the main combatants opposing the Japanese in each of the 22 major battles (involving more than 100,000 troops on both sides) between China and Japan. The Communist forces, by contrast, usually avoided pitched battles with the Japanese, in

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fighters were imported to China via Hong Kong for the Chinese Air Force. Between July 1937 and November 1938 on average 60,000 tons of munitions were shipped from Britain to China via Hong Kong. Attempts by the United Kingdom and the United States to do a joint intervention were unsuccessful as both

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in 1901. These were predominantly Japanese, including the police force, and some ethnic Koreans. The Chinese then set fire to and destroyed much of the city. Only around 60 Japanese civilians survived, who provided both journalists and later historians with firsthand witness accounts. As a result of

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Some Chinese historians believe the 18 September 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria marks the start of the War of Resistance. Although not the conventional Western view, British historian Rana Mitter describes this Chinese trend of historical analysis as "perfectly reasonable". In 2017, the Chinese

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claims that a total of 396,000 Japanese soldiers died in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Of this number, the Imperial Japanese Army lost 388,605 soldiers and the Imperial Japanese Navy lost 8,000 soldiers. Another 54,000 soldiers also died after the war had ended, mostly from illness and

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The Chinese Red Army fostered an image of conducting guerrilla warfare in defense of the people. Communist troops adapted to changing wartime conditions and became a seasoned fighting force. With skillful organization and propaganda, the Communists increased party membership from 100,000 in 1937 to

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As part of the Yalta Conference, which allowed a Soviet sphere of influence in Manchuria, the Soviets dismantled and removed more than half of the industrial equipment left there by the Japanese before handing over Manchuria to China. Large swathes of the prime farming areas had been ravaged by the

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On 24 July 1941, Roosevelt requested Japan withdraw all its forces from Indochina. Two days later the US and the UK began an oil embargo; two days after that the Netherlands joined them. This was a decisive moment in the Second Sino-Japanese War. The loss of oil imports made it impossible for Japan

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began training to German standards and were to form a relatively small but well trained Chinese Central Army. By the mid-1930s about 80,000 soldiers had received German-style training. After the KMT lost Nanjing and retreated to Wuhan, Hitler's government decided to withdraw its support of China in

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outlined the preliminary plan for the CCP's eventual seizure of power from Chiang Kai-shek. Mao himself is quoted outlining the "721" policy, saying "We are fighting 70 percent for self development, 20 percent for compromise, and 10 percent against Japan". Mao began his final push for consolidation

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also provided for a group of Soviet volunteer combat aviators to join the Chinese Air Force in the fight against the Japanese occupation from late 1937 through 1939. The United States embargoed Japan in 1941 depriving her of shipments of oil and various other resources necessary to continue the war

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and threw themselves under Japanese tanks to blow them up. This tactic was used during the Battle of Shanghai, where a Chinese suicide bomber stopped a Japanese tank column by exploding himself beneath the lead tank, and at the Battle of Taierzhuang, where dynamite and grenades were strapped on by

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Contemporary studies from the Beijing Central Compilation and Translation Press state that the Japanese suffered a total of 2,227,200 casualties, including 1,055,000 dead and 1,172,341 injured. This Chinese publication analyzes statistics provided by Japanese publications and claimed these numbers

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The problems of rehabilitation and reconstruction after the ravages of a protracted war were staggering, and the war left the Nationalists severely weakened, and their policies left them unpopular. Meanwhile, the war strengthened the Communists both in popularity and as a viable fighting force. At

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The Nationalist government seized Japanese-held businesses at the time of the Japanese surrender. The Nationalist government made little effort to return these businesses to their original Chinese owners. A mechanism existed through which Chinese and foreign owners could petition for the return of

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directed the defense of the city of Xining during air raids by Japanese planes. Han survived an aerial bombardment by Japanese planes in Xining while he was being directed via telephone by Ma Bufang, who hid in an air-raid shelter in a military barracks. The bombing resulted in Han being buried in

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were sent by Chiang Kai-shek to northern Indochina (north of the 16th parallel) to accept the surrender of Japanese occupying forces there, and remained in Indochina until 1946, when the French returned. The Chinese used the VNQDD, the Vietnamese branch of the Chinese Kuomintang, to increase their

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The United States generally avoided taking sides between Japan and China until 1940, providing virtually no aid to China in this period. For instance, the 1934 Silver Purchase Act signed by President Roosevelt caused chaos in China's economy which helped the Japanese war effort. The 1933 Wheat and

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Over 3,200 overseas Chinese drivers and motor vehicle mechanics embarked to wartime China to support military and logistics supply lines, especially through Indo-China, which became of absolute tantamount importance when the Japanese cut-off all ocean-access to China's interior with the capture of

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to some pilots of the pre-Nationalist Air Force of China. A number of foreign powers, including the Americans, Italians and Japanese, provided training and equipment to different air force units of pre-war China. With the outbreak of full-scale war between China and the Empire of Japan, the Soviet

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The Soviet Red Army performance also stunned the Japanese. Manchuria was central to Japan's East Asia policy. Both the 1921 and 1927 Imperial Eastern Region Conferences reconfirmed Japan's commitment to be the dominant power in the Northeast. The 1929 Red Army victory shook that policy to the core

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Japanese statistics, however, lack complete estimates for the wounded. From 1937 to 1941, 185,647 Japanese soldiers were killed in China and 520,000 were wounded. Disease also incurred critical losses on Japanese forces. From 1937 to 1941, 430,000 Japanese soldiers were recorded as being sick. In

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The Japanese recorded around 1.1 to 1.9 million military casualties during all of World War II (which include killed, wounded and missing). The official death toll of Japanese men killed in China, according to the Japan Defense Ministry, is 480,000. Based on the investigation of the Japanese

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After Ma Buqing left Gansu, Nationalist troops from central China flooded the area, and infiltrated Soviet occupied Xinjiang, gradually reclaiming it and forcing Sheng to break with the Soviets. The Nationalist government ordered Ma Bufang to march his troops into Xinjiang to intimidate Sheng and

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Another phase was set up with lessons learned from the first. Commencing in February 1943 this time valid assistance was given to the Chinese 'Surprise Troops' in various actions against the Japanese. These involved ambushes, attacks on airfields, blockhouses, and supply depots. The unit operated

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After the Tanggu Truce of 1933, Chiang Kai-Shek and the British government would have more friendly relations but were uneasy due to British foreign concessions there. During the Second Sino-Japanese War the British government would initially have an impartial viewpoint toward the conflict urging

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In late November 1944, the Japanese advanced slowed approximately 300 miles from Chongqing as it experienced shortages of trained soldiers and materiel. Although Operation Ichi-Go achieved its goals of seizing United States air bases and establishing a potential railway corridor from Manchukuo to

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Operation Ichi-Go was the largest military campaign of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The campaign mobilized 500,000 Japanese troops, 100,000 horses, 1,500 artillery pieces, and 800 tanks. The 750,000 casualty figure for Nationalist Chinese forces are not all dead and captured, Cox included in the

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After 1940, the Japanese encountered tremendous difficulties in administering and garrisoning the seized territories, and tried to solve their occupation problems by implementing a strategy of creating friendly puppet governments favourable to Japanese interests in the territories conquered, most

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The Japanese forces, numbering some 400,000 men, were faced by over 1,000,000 NRA troops in the Central Yangtze region. Having learned from their defeats at Shanghai and Nanjing, the Chinese had adapted themselves to fight the Japanese and managed to check their forces on many fronts, slowing and

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with a different warlord controlling each province of the country. China was reduced to a fractured state. As a result, China's prosperity began to wither and its economy declined. This instability presented an opportunity for nationalistic politicians in Japan to press for territorial expansion.

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We spent a day resting at Hsining. This is a walled city lying just within the old Tibetan border, and is the capital of the new Province of Ching Hai and the seat of the Provincial Civil Government. The Chairman of the Provincial Council, or Shihehang, is Ma Pu Fang, a young Moslem in the early

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In 1945, China emerged from the war nominally a great military power but economically weak and on the verge of all-out civil war. The economy was sapped by the military demands of a long costly war and internal strife, by spiraling inflation, and by corruption in the Nationalist government that

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After the Mukden Incident in 1931, Chinese public opinion was strongly critical of Manchuria's leader, the "young marshal" Zhang Xueliang, for his non-resistance to the Japanese invasion, even though the Kuomintang central government was also responsible for this policy, giving Zhang an order to

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called this strategy "winning by outlasting". The NRA adopted the concept of "magnetic warfare" to attract advancing Japanese troops to definite points where they were subjected to ambush, flanking attacks, and encirclements in major engagements. The most prominent example of this tactic was the

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By the fall of 1941 relations between the United States and Japan had reached a critical stage... the Japanese, most of whom were unwilling to pay the American price for peace... were convinced that acceptance of American peace terms would only lead to further demands and ultimately leave Japan

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Mao also began to execute his plan to establish a new China by rapidly moving his forces from Yan'an and elsewhere to Manchuria. This opportunity was available to the Communists because although Nationalist representatives were not invited to Yalta, they had been consulted and had agreed to the

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In a hearing before the United States Congress House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs on Wednesday, 19 April 1939, the acting chairman Sol Bloom and other Congressmen interviewed Maxwell S. Stewart, a former Foreign Policy Association research staff and economist who charged that

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Valley in central China, the distrust between the two antagonists was scarcely veiled. The uneasy alliance began to break down by late 1938, partially due to the Communists' aggressive efforts to expand their military strength by absorbing Chinese guerrilla forces behind Japanese lines. Chinese

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gave a figure of 3,949,000 people in China murdered directly by the Japanese army while giving a figure of 10,216,000 total dead in the war with the additional millions of deaths due to indirect causes like starvation, disease and disruption but not direct killing by Japan. China suffered from

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However, the Soviet occupation of Manchuria was long enough to allow the Communist forces to move in en masse and arm themselves with the military hardware surrendered by the Imperial Japanese Army, quickly establish control in the countryside and move into position to encircle the Nationalist

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The Sino-American Cooperative Organization was an organization created by the SACO Treaty signed by the Republic of China and the United States of America in 1942 that established a mutual intelligence gathering entity in China between the respective nations against Japan. It operated in China

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not to move into southern French Indochina. From bases in Cambodia and southern Vietnam, Japanese planes could attack Malaya, Singapore, and the Dutch East Indies. As the Japanese occupation of northern French Indochina in 1940 had already cut off supplies from the West to China, the move into

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The poor performance of Chiang Kai-shek's forces in opposing the Japanese advance during Operation Ichigo became widely viewed as demonstrating Chiang's incompetence. It irreparably damaged the Roosevelt administration's view of Chiang and the KMT. The campaign further weakened the Nationalist

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was seen by Chiang as an attempt to use Chinese manpower to defend British colonial possessions. Chiang also believed that China should divert its crack army divisions from Burma to eastern China to defend the airbases of the American bombers that he hoped would defeat Japan through bombing, a

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as the Xinjiang warlord Sheng Shicai had turned anti-Soviet in 1942 with Chiang's approval. For these reasons, the Chinese government never had the supplies and equipment needed to mount major counter-offensives. Despite the severe shortage of matériel, in 1943, the Chinese were successful in

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pathogens. Chinese estimates allege that as many as 250,000 civilians, the vast majority of whom were destitute Tanka boat people and other pariah ethnicities unable to flee, may have died of disease. It caused more than 16 million civilians to evacuate far away deep inward China. 90% of

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During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese had consistent tactical successes but failed to achieve strategic results. Although it seized the majority of China's industrial capacity, occupied most major cities, and rarely lost a battle, Japan's occupation of China was costly. Japan had

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Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States declared war against Japan, and within days China joined the Allies in formal declaration of war against Japan, Germany and Italy. As the Western Allies entered the war against Japan, the Sino-Japanese War would become part of a greater

4211:, condemning Japan for its incursion into Manchuria, causing Japan to withdraw from the League of Nations. No country took action against Japan beyond tepid censure. From 1931 until summer 1937, the Nationalist Army under Chiang Kai-shek did little to oppose Japanese encroachment into China. 4179:

in September 1931. Japanese soldiers set off a bomb on the Southern Manchurian Railroad in order to provoke an opportunity to act in "self defense" and invade outright. Japan charged that its rights in Manchuria, which had been established as a result of its victory in 1905 at the end of the

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The poor performance of Nationalist forces opposing the Ichi-go campaign was largely viewed as reflecting poorly on Chiang's competence. Chiang blamed the failure on the United States, particularly Stilwell, who had used Chinese forces in the Burma Campaign and in Chiang's view, left China

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During the battle in Yichang of October 1941, Japanese troops used chemical munitions in their artillery and mortar fire, and warplanes dropped gas bombs all over the area; since the Chinese troops were poorly equipped and without gas-masks, they were severely gassed, burned and killed.

6808:

The conflict lasted eight years, two months and two days (from 7 July 1937, to 9 September 1945). The total number of casualties that resulted from this war (and subsequently theater) equaled more than half the total number of casualties that later resulted from the entire Pacific War.

6218:, Chinese military leaders were organizing Vietnamese nationalists against the Japanese. The VNQDD had been active in Guangxi and some of their members had joined the KMT army. Under the umbrella of KMT activities, a broad alliance of nationalists emerged. With Ho at the forefront, the 5272:(and froze all Japanese assets) in the summer of 1941. As the Soviets prepared for war against Nazi Germany in June 1941, and all new Soviet combat aircraft was needed in the west, Chiang Kai-shek sought American support through the Lend-Lease Act that was promised in March 1941. 3929:, as temporary prime minister in order to subdue the revolution. Yuan, wanting to remain in power, compromised with the revolutionaries, and agreed to abolish the monarchy and establish a new republican government, under the condition he be appointed president of China. The new 6043:

and very fast diving speeds earned them wide recognition at a time when the Chinese Air Force and Allies in the Pacific and SE Asia were suffering heavy losses, and soon afterwards their "boom and zoom" high-speed hit-and-run air combat tactics would be adopted by the

21406: 6404:

John Scott reported in 1934 that there was both strong anti-Japanese feeling and anti-Bolshevik among the Muslims of Gansu and he mentioned the Muslim generals Ma Fuxiang, Ma Qi, Ma Anliang and Ma Bufang who was chairman of Qinghai province when he stayed in Xining.

7003:

against Chinese troops. Li also added that his forces could not withstand large scale deployments of Japanese poison gas. Since Chinese troops did not have gas-masks, the poison gases provided enough time for Japanese troops to bayonet debilitated Chinese soldiers.

6833:

The official account of the war published in Taiwan reported that the Nationalist Chinese Army lost 3,238,000 men (1,797,000 wounded, 1,320,000 killed, and 120,000 missing) and 5,787,352 civilians casualties putting the total number of casualties at 9,025,352. The

6624:

In 2005, a history textbook prepared by the Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform which had been approved by the government in 2001, sparked huge outcry and protests in China and Korea. It referred to the Nanjing Massacre and other atrocities such as the

3599:, historians in China are unhappy with the blanket revision, and (despite sustained tensions) the Republic of China did not consider itself to be in an ongoing war with Japan over these six years. It is also referred to as part of the "Global Anti-Fascist War". 6245:, created by KMT founder Dr. Sun and opposition to Japanese and French Imperialists. The Revolutionary League was controlled by Nguyen Hai Than, who was born in China and could not speak Vietnamese. General Zhang shrewdly blocked the Communists of Vietnam, and 6024:

southern French Indochina was viewed as a direct threat to British and Dutch colonies. Many principal figures in the Japanese government and military (particularly the navy) were against the move, as they foresaw that it would invite retaliation from the West.

3949:, and Yuan Shikai was overthrown after only a few months. In the aftermath of Shikai's death in June 1916, control of China fell into the hands of the Beiyang Army leadership. The Beiyang government was a civilian government in name, but in practice it was a 6138:

The first operation commenced in February 1942 from Burma on a long journey to the Chinese front. Due to issues with supporting the Chinese and gradual disease and supply issues, the first phase achieved very little and the unit was withdrawn in September.

4429:

The Japanese gave Sung and his troops "free passage" before moving in to pacify resistance in areas surrounding Beijing (then Beiping) and Tianjin. After 24 days of combat, the Chinese 29th Army was forced to withdraw. The Japanese captured Beijing and the

6734:

Meanwhile, many KMT supporters, particularly veterans who retreated with the government in 1949, still have an emotional interest in the war. For example, in celebrating the 60th anniversary of the end of war in 2005, the cultural bureau of KMT stronghold

6918:

Another source from Hilary Conroy claims that a total of 447,000 Japanese soldiers died or went missing in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Of the 1,130,000 Imperial Japanese Army soldiers who died during World War II, 39 percent died in China.

5387:

attacked and wiped out a brigade of Chinese militia led by Zhang Yin-wu in Hebei in June 1939. Starting in 1940, open conflict between Nationalists and Communists became more frequent in the occupied areas outside of Japanese control, culminating in the

21401: 15209: 6478:), Taiwan and French Indochina north of 16° north latitude to surrender to Chiang Kai-shek, and the Japanese troops in China formally surrendered on 9 September 1945, at 9:00. The ninth hour of the ninth day of the ninth month was chosen in echo of the 10903: 6825:

statistics for China's civilian and military casualties in the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945 are 20 million dead and 15 million wounded. The figures for total military casualties, killed and wounded are: NRA 3.2 million;

11729: 5261:. In the occupied areas, Japanese control was mainly limited to railroads and major cities ("points and lines"). They did not have a major military or administrative presence in the vast Chinese countryside, where Chinese guerrillas roamed freely. 13465: 5731:. With the Chinese army progressing well in training and equipment, Wedemeyer planned to launch Operation Carbonado in summer 1945 to retake Guangdong, thus obtaining a coastal port, and from there drive northwards toward Shanghai. However, the 4150:

The internecine warfare in China provided excellent opportunities for Japan, which saw Manchuria as a limitless supply of raw materials, a market for its manufactured goods (now excluded from the markets of many Western countries as a result of

11967:

Yang Kuisong, "The Formation and Implementation of the Chinese Communists' Guerrilla Warfare Strategy in the Enemy's Rear during the Sino-Japanese War", paper presented at Harvard University Conference on Wartime China, Maui, January 2004, pp.

6612:

was used by only 0.039% of junior high schools in Japan and despite the efforts of the Japanese nationalist textbook reformers, by the late 1990s the most common Japanese schoolbooks contained references to, for instance, the Nanjing Massacre,

4945:

and the Longhai railway, thereby preventing the Japanese from effectively moving their forces across Northern and Central China. In the short term, the NRA aimed to use the flood to halt the rapid transit of Japanese units from Northern China

6761:

Several thousand Japanese who were sent as colonizers to Manchukuo and Inner Mongolia were left behind in China. The majority of these were women, and they married mostly Chinese men and became known as "stranded war wives" (zanryu fujin).

7058:. These attacks caused epidemic plague outbreaks. In the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign, of the 10,000 Japanese soldiers who fell ill with the disease, about 1,700 Japanese troops died when the biological weapons rebounded on their own forces. 5696:

economy and government revenues. Because of the Nationalists' increasing inability to fund the military, Nationalist authorities overlooked military corruption and smuggling. The Nationalist army increasingly turned to raiding villages to

5691:

After Operation Ichigo, Chiang Kai-shek started a plan to withdraw Chinese troops from the Burma theatre against Japan in Southeast Asia for a counter offensive called "White Tower" and "Iceman" against Japanese soldiers in China in 1945.

5256:

By 1941, Japan had occupied much of north and coastal China, but the KMT central government and military had retreated to the western interior to continue their resistance, while the Chinese communists remained in control of base areas in

4175:. This was done with hopes that it would start a crisis that would allow Japan to expand their power and influence in the region. When this was not as successful as they desired, Japan then decided to invade Manchuria outright after the 4257:

Japan increasingly exploited China's internal conflicts to reduce the strength of its fractious opponents. Even years after the Northern Expedition, the political power of the Nationalist government was limited to just the area of the

6982:

Under General Xue Yue, some 100,000 Chinese troops pushed back Japanese forces at Huangmei. At the fortress of Tianjiazhen, thousands of men fought until the end of September, with Japanese victory assured only with the use of poison

6307:

broke out in Xinjiang when the Kuomintang Hui Officer Liu Bin-Di was killed while fighting Turkic Uyghur rebels in November 1944. The Soviet Union supported the Turkic rebels against the Kuomintang, and Kuomintang forces fought back.

6687:

was signed separately between the ROC and Japan that basically followed the same guideline of the Treaty of San Francisco, not specifying which country has sovereignty over Taiwan. However, Article 10 of the treaty states that the

6123:

which later fought in Burma. B.A.A.G. also sent agents to gather intelligence – military, political and economic in Southern China, as well as giving medical and humanitarian assistance to Chinese civilians and military personnel.

5828:

et al., formed the original contingent of foreign volunteer aviators to join the Chinese air forces (some provincial or warlord air forces, but ultimately all integrating into the centralized Chinese Air Force; often called the

4924:

to send supplies to the NRA from August 1937 to March 1941. Secondly, the flooding of significant portions of land and railway sections made it difficult for the Japanese military to enter Shaanxi, thereby preventing them from

4438:, the Konoe government's foreign minister opened negotiations with Chiang Kai-shek's government in Nanjing and stated: "Japan wants Chinese cooperation, not Chinese land." Nevertheless, negotiations failed to move further. The 4670:. Over the next several weeks, Japanese troops perpetrated numerous mass executions and tens of thousands of rapes. The army looted and burned the surrounding towns and the city, destroying more than a third of the buildings. 5198:

During this period, the main Chinese objective was to drag out the war for as long as possible in a war of attrition, thereby exhausting Japanese resources while it was building up China's military capacity. American general

21210: 4086:

and reopened the Manchurian problem. By 1930, the Kwantung Army realized they faced a Red Army that was only growing stronger. The time to act was drawing near and Japanese plans to conquer the Northeast were accelerated.

10781: 6675:

on 25 October 1945. However, due to the unresolved Chinese Civil War, neither the newly established People's Republic of China in mainland China nor the Nationalist ROC that retreated to Taiwan was invited to sign the

5866:

Prior to the war, Germany and China were in close economic and military cooperation, with Germany helping China modernize its industry and military in exchange for raw materials. Germany sent military advisers such as

6583:

Communists changed their strategy to engage mainly in a political offensive against the Japanese while declaring that the CCP should "save and preserve our strength and wait for favourable timing" by the end of 1941.

6629:

as an "incident", glossed over the issue of comfort women, and made only brief references to the death of Chinese soldiers and civilians in Nanjing. A copy of the 2005 version of a junior high school textbook titled

5436: 3944:

However, there was little support for an imperial restoration among the general population, and protests and demonstrations soon broke out across the country. Yuan's attempts at restoring the monarchy triggered the

9616: 6281:. General Ma expected help from Nanjing, but did not receive it. The Nationalist government was forced to deny these maneuvers as "Japanese propaganda", as it needed continued military supplies from the Soviets. 5100:

committed by the Imperial Japanese Army, as well as Japanese refusal to delegate any real power, left the puppets very unpopular and largely ineffective. The only success the Japanese had was to recruit a large

4688:

By January 1938, most conventional Kuomintang forces had either been defeated or no longer offered major resistance to Japanese advances. Communist-led rural resistance to the Japanese remained active, however.

10896: 6785: 6497:

Chiang's focus on his communist opponents prompted him to leave Japanese troops or troops of the Japanese puppet regimes to remain on duty in occupied areas so as to avoid their surrender to Communist forces.

6087:

In February 1941 a Sino-British agreement was forged whereby British troops would assist the Chinese "Surprise Troops" units of guerrillas already operating in China, and China would assist Britain in Burma.

4666:(September–November 1937). Upon the capture of Nanjing, Japanese committed massive war atrocities including mass murder and rape of Chinese civilians after 13 December 1937, which has been referred to as the 5560:

Chiang was named Allied commander-in-chief in the China theater in 1942. American general Joseph Stilwell served for a time as Chiang's chief of staff, while simultaneously commanding American forces in the

3830:

The origins of the Second Sino-Japanese War can be traced back to the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895, in which China, then under the rule of the Qing dynasty, was defeated by Japan and forced to cede

22013: 8189: 5117:

fighting continued in these occupied areas. Japan had suffered high casualties which resulted from unexpectedly stubborn Chinese resistance, and neither side could make any swift progress in the manner of

4253:

province as well as a demilitarized zone between the Great Wall and Beijing-Tianjin region. Japan aimed to create another buffer zone between Manchukuo and the Chinese Nationalist government in Nanjing.

20612: 6968:

and a resolution adopted by the League of Nations on 14 May 1938, condemning the use of poison gas by the Empire of Japan, the Imperial Japanese Army frequently used chemical weapons during the war.

10748: 10716: 4434:

at Tianjin on 29 and 30 July respectively, thus concluding the Beijing-Tianjin campaign. However, the Japanese Army had been given orders not to advance further than the Yongding River. In a sudden

11567:

China's inner Asian frontier: photographs of the Wulsin expedition to northwest China in 1923 : from the archives of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, and the National Geographic Society

6028:

to continue operations in China on a long-term basis. It set the stage for Japan to launch a series of military attacks against the Allies, including the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941.

4673:

The number of Chinese killed in the massacre has been subject to much debate, with estimates ranging from 100,000 to more than 300,000. The numbers agreed upon by most scholars are provided by the

15307: 10380: 5462:, which earned the Chinese government much prestige from the Western Allies. President Franklin D. Roosevelt referred to the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union and China as the world's " 3700: 12658: 7461: 21240: 8057: 6948:

himself contested the Communists' claims, finding it impossible for a force of "untrained, undisciplined, poorly equipped" guerrillas of Communist forces to have killed so many enemy soldiers.

6448:, which was the primary Japanese fighting force, consisting of over a million men but lacking in adequate armour, artillery, or air support, had been destroyed by the Soviets. Japanese Emperor 15219: 5912:. Prior to the Western Allies, the Soviets provided the most foreign aid to China: some $ 250 million in credits for munitions and other supplies. The Soviet Union defeated Japan in the 13907:

Multi-year project seeks to expand research by promoting cooperation among scholars and institutions in China, Japan, the United States, and other nations. Includes extensive bibliographies.

5799:

of which China became a beneficiary on 6 May 1941; from there, China's main diplomatic, financial and military supporter came from the U.S., particularly following the attack on Pearl Harbor

4082:

victory over Xueliang's forces not only reasserted Soviet control over the CER in Manchuria but revealed Chinese military weaknesses that Japanese Kwantung Army officers were quick to note.

22063: 21356: 13214: 12911: 11006: 4739:. However the majority of the Chinese forces, some 200,000-300,000 troops in 40 divisions, managed to break out of the encirclement and retreat to defend Wuhan, the Japanese's next target. 4383:

in which Beijing and its port city of Tianjin fell to invading Japanese forces (July–August 1937). On 29 July, some 5,000 troops of the 1st and 2nd Corps of the East Hebei Army mutinied in

13079: 12946: 15204: 12995:

The Implementation of Legally Binding Measures to Strengthen the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, Held in Budapest, Hungary, 2001

6978:

Japan used poison gas at Hankow during the Battle of Wuhan to break fierce Chinese resistance after conventional Japanese assaults were repelled by Chinese defenders. Rana Mitter writes,

6634:

found that there is no mention of the "Nanjing Massacre" or the "Nanjing Incident". Indeed, the only one sentence that referred to this event was: "they occupied that city in December".

6549:

government army in major cities of northeast China. Following that, the Chinese Civil War broke out between the Nationalists and Communists, which concluded with the Communist victory in

5962:

and the Nanjing Massacre swung public opinion in the West sharply against Japan and increased their fear of Japanese expansion, which prompted the United States, the United Kingdom, and

5219:, organized separately by both the CCP and the KMT, continued their resistance in occupied areas to make Japanese administration over the vast land area of China difficult. In 1940, the 6288:

corridor. Ma had earlier fought against the Japanese, but because the Soviet threat was great, Chiang in July 1942 directed him to move 30,000 of his troops to the Tsaidam marsh in the

5872: 5227:

in north China, destroying railways and a major coal mine. These constant guerilla and sabotage operations deeply frustrated the Imperial Japanese Army and they led them to employ the "

10568:

US Congress. Investigation of Concentracion of Economic Power. Hearings before the Temporary National Economic Committee. 76th Congress, 2nd Session, Pt. 21. Washington, 1940, p. 11241

6944:

Both Nationalist and Communist Chinese sources report that their respective forces were responsible for the deaths of over 1.7 million Japanese soldiers. Nationalist War Minister

5264:

The United States strongly supported China starting in 1937 and warned Japan to get out. However, the United States continued to sell Japan petroleum and scrap metal exports until the

4387:, turning against the Japanese garrison. In addition to Japanese military personnel, some 260 civilians living in Tongzhou were killed during the uprising in scenes reminiscent of the 23692: 4426:

and an air regiment composed of 18 squadrons as reinforcements to Northern China. By 20 July, total Japanese military strength in the Beijing-Tianjin area exceeded 180,000 personnel.

4106:, and they continued to expand during this protracted civil war. The Kuomintang government in Nanjing decided to focus their efforts on suppressing the Chinese Communists through the 21837: 4732:

to overcome Japanese advantages in firepower. The Chinese also severed Japanese supply lines from the rear, forcing the Japanese to retreat in the first Chinese victory of the war.

4327:

was formed on 12 May 1936. Japan provided all the necessary military and economic aid. Afterwards Chinese volunteer forces continued to resist Japanese aggression in Manchuria, and

2162: 7129:

Chinese troops who rushed at Japanese tanks and blew themselves up. During one incident at Taierzhuang, Chinese suicide bombers destroyed four Japanese tanks with grenade bundles.

21981: 15138: 4721:

in an attempt to wipe out the Chinese forces in the area. The Japanese managed to overcome Chinese resistance around Bengbu and the Teng xian, but were fought to a halt at Linyi.

21477: 7106: 4098:

broke out across China, involving regional commanders who had fought in alliance with the Kuomintang during the Northern Expedition, and the Nanjing government under Chiang. The

22545: 20566: 14176: 10624:

American Neutrality Policy: Hearings Before the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Seventy-Sixth Congress, First Session, on Apr. 11–13, 17–21, 24–28, May 2, 1939

12858: 12773: 12744: 10796: 8747: 6818:

Duncan Anderson, Head of the Department of War Studies at the Royal Military Academy, UK, writing for BBC states that the total number of casualties was around 20 million.

5661:

achieved very little, but lessons were learned and a second more successful phase, commenced in February 1943 under British Military command, was conducted before the Japanese

13192: 12049: 6249:

from entering the league, as Zhang's main goal was Chinese influence in Indochina. The KMT utilized these Vietnamese nationalists during World War II against Japanese forces.

3937:; it is generally believed Yuan Shikai ordered the assassination. Yuan Shikai then forced the parliament to pass a bill to strengthen the power of the president and sought to 1076: 4680:

The Japanese atrocities in Nanjing, especially following the Chinese defense of Shanghai, increased international goodwill for the Chinese people and the Chinese government.

12534: 5833:) in the "patriotic call to duty for the motherland" to fight against the Imperial Japanese invasion. Several of the original Chinese-American volunteer pilots were sent to 4770:

To overcome Chinese resistance, Japanese forces frequently deployed poison gas and committed atrocities against civilians, such as a "mini-Nanjing Massacre" in the city of

1044:

Including casualties of Japanese puppet forces. The combined toll is most likely around 3,500,000: 2.5 million Japanese, per their own records, and 1,000,000 collaborators.

21923: 21738: 19844: 19762: 15224: 13842: 7189: 5723:, successfully driving the Japanese out of North Burma and securing the Ledo Road, China's vital supply artery. In Spring 1945 the Chinese launched offensives that retook 13261: 8892: 6776:

In China some Korean comfort women stayed behind instead of going back to their native land. Most Korean comfort women who were left behind in China married Chinese men.

22129: 21317: 21232: 20642: 17253: 5680:

750,000 casualties that China incurred in Ichigo soldiers who simply "melted away" and others who were rendered combat ineffective besides killed and captured soldiers.

16998: 19323: 16606: 15214: 3691:. In addition, due to China's fractured political status, Japan often claimed that China was no longer a recognizable political entity on which war could be declared. 10320: 4315:

was signed expelling the KMT from Chahar. Thus, by the end of 1935 the Chinese government had essentially abandoned northern China. In its place, the Japanese-backed

21785: 20561: 18891: 18604: 16622: 15337: 10694: 6317: 5767: 5612:

Long-standing differences in national interest and political stance among China, the United States, and the United Kingdom remained in place. British Prime Minister

10543: 6861:

The property loss suffered by the Chinese was valued at 383 billion US dollars according to the currency exchange rate in July 1937, roughly 50 times the

6369:

were Hui. The Japanese attempted to approach Ma Bufang but were unsuccessful in making any agreement with him. Ma Bufang ended up supporting the anti-Japanese Imam

4052:, took over as the leader of the Fengtian clique in Manchuria. Later in the same year, Zhang declared his allegiance to the Nationalist government in Nanjing under 21878: 21768: 21718: 8167: 7862: 6016:. In spite of non-aggression pacts or trade connections, Hitler's assault threw the world into a frenzy of re-aligning political outlooks and strategic prospects. 3520: 16942: 22400: 22320: 21041: 19967: 19076: 16545: 16517: 15661: 15066: 6668: 5296:

and Japan's drive south to procure from the resource-rich European colonies in Southeast Asia by force the resources which the United States had denied to them.

19101: 5129:

By 1943, Guangdong had experienced famine. As the situation worsened, New York Chinese compatriots received a letter stating that 600,000 people were killed in

3358:, resulting in the Communists losing around 90% of their men. As a Japanese invasion became imminent, Chiang still refused to form a united front before he was 23687: 23354: 22410: 20732: 18583: 17262: 16949: 16083: 3351: 2054: 5540:

Most of China's industry had already been captured or destroyed by Japan, and the Soviet Union refused to allow the United States to supply China through the

17565: 16928: 16237: 15862: 2512: 2155: 6381:

Hui cemeteries were destroyed for military reasons. Many Hui fought in the war against the Japanese such as Bai Chongxi, Ma Hongbin, Ma Hongkui, Ma Bufang,

5363:

and Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region were created. They were controlled by CCP. To raise funds, the CCP in the Shaan-Gan-Ning Base Area fostered and taxed

5068:

routed the Imperial Japanese Army and their puppet Inner Mongol forces and prevented the planned Japanese advance into northwest China. Ma Hongbin's father

21817: 21671: 21509: 20749: 19997: 19504: 18886: 18840: 16578: 16524: 15710: 13118: 12076: 10755: 10723: 5081: 6529:

fighting and there was starvation and famine in the wake of the war. Many towns and cities were destroyed, and millions were rendered homeless by floods.

6135:), was initialized to provide training to Chinese guerrilla troops. The mission conducted two operations, mostly in the provinces of Yunnan and Jiangxi. 21567: 20634: 20450: 19398: 17035: 16531: 16147: 11757: 8769: 1969: 10372: 22395: 21175: 15557: 15194: 13942: 12654: 8829: 7458: 7209: 6692:

and the juridical person should be the people and the juridical person of the ROC. Both the PRC and ROC governments base their claims to Taiwan on the

6512: 2314: 2247: 1601: 1069: 8049: 3768:

is considered derogatory by China and therefore the media in Japan often paraphrase with other expressions like "The Japan–China Incident" (Japanese:

21489: 21312: 21284: 21274: 20889: 20884: 20754: 19378: 19343: 16921: 16368: 16244: 6597: 3528: 3283:, and often regarded as the beginning of World War II in Asia. It was the largest Asian war in the 20th century and has been described as "the Asian 1641: 12299: 8219: 7893: 7054:

the accused, such as Major General Kiyashi Kawashima, testified that, in 1941, some 40 members of Unit 731 air-dropped plague-contaminated fleas on

6396:

Xining was subjected to aerial bombardment by Japanese warplanes in 1941, causing all ethnicities in Qinghai to unite against the Japanese. General

22609: 21327: 21322: 20596: 18735: 16221: 15601: 10882: 8807: 5620:; Stilwell, on the other hand, believed that reopening the road was vital, as all China's mainland ports were under Japanese control. The Allies' " 5466:"; his primary reason for elevating China to such a status was the belief that after the war it would serve as a bulwark against the Soviet Union. 4674: 2148: 13222: 12944: 12919: 12093: 11018: 6537:

to Chinese conditions. He taught party cadres to lead the masses by living and working with them, eating their food, and thinking their thoughts.

6241:

created the league to further Chinese influence in Indochina, against the French and Japanese. Its stated goal was for unity with China under the

5776:, provided much equipment and training to crack units of the National Revolutionary Army of China, including some aerial-combat training with the 4571:"Claude" fighters into the Shanghai-Nanjing theater of operations, beginning on 18 September 1937, helped the Japanese achieve a certain level of 21701: 21307: 21225: 20742: 19531: 16658: 15970: 15332: 13071: 4552:

fighter squadrons; suffering heavy (50%) losses from the defending Chinese pilots (14 August was subsequently commemorated by the KMT as China's

4507:

were ordered to capture or destroy the Japanese strongholds in Shanghai, leading to bitter street fighting. In an attack on the Japanese cruiser

10350: 10226: 9531: 5383:

militia who refused to switch their allegiance were often labelled "collaborators" and attacked by CCP forces. For example, the Red Army led by

23058: 22989: 22149: 21504: 19408: 19214: 19184: 19167: 16477: 15779: 15199: 10406: 10196: 9719: 7199: 6173:

was finished in early 1945, the majority of US and British supplies to the Chinese had to be delivered via airlift over the eastern end of the

2025: 18476: 11362: 6194: 5477:. Philippine and Japanese ocean weather was affected by weather originating near northern China. The base of SACO was located in Yangjiashan. 5343:, hoping to force an end to the conflict between KMT and CCP. To secure the release of Chiang, the KMT agreed to a temporary ceasefire of the 4799: 2684: 1814: 23662: 22999: 22788: 22370: 22028: 21332: 19209: 17269: 17232: 17209: 16730: 15652: 15622: 15071: 13383:

Guo Rugui, editor-in-chief Huang Yuzhang,中国抗日战争正面战场作战记 China's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations (Jiangsu People's Publishing House, 2005)

11847: 9309:

Muscolino, Micah S. (2014). The Ecology of War in China: Henan Province, the Yellow River, and Beyond, 1938–1950. Cambridge University Press.

6891:

that led to starvation deaths of 2 to 3 million people, Guangdong famine caused more than 3 million people to flee or die, and the

5989: 5629:

strategy that American general Claire Lee Chennault supported but which Stilwell strongly opposed. In addition, Chiang voiced his support of

5367:

production and dealing, selling to Japanese-occupied and KMT-controlled provinces. The CCP's Red Army fought alongside KMT forces during the

3933:

of China was proclaimed in March 1912, after which Yuan Shikai began to amass power for himself. In 1913, the parliamentary political leader

3847:, which Japan claims were uninhabited, in early 1895 as a result of its victory at the end of the war. Japan had also attempted to annex the 3417:, and with Japan's lines of communications stretched deep into the interior, the war reached a stalemate. The Japanese were unable to defeat 1062: 16984: 12715: 11581: 6234:, later to be Ho's Prime Minister. The front was later broadened and renamed the Viet Nam Giai Phong Dong Minh (Vietnam Liberation League). 23503: 22187: 22103: 21888: 21107: 20468: 19142: 19007: 17362: 17218: 17202: 17174: 16422: 15629: 15362: 15240: 14537: 14181: 12329: 11799: 6744: 6724: 5916:

in May – September 1939, leaving the Japanese reluctant to fight the Soviets again. In April 1941, Soviet aid to China ended with the

5752: 5624:" policy did not sit well with Chiang, while the later British insistence that China send more and more troops to Indochina for use in the 5269: 6237:

The Viet Nam Revolutionary League was a union of various Vietnamese nationalist groups, run by the pro Chinese VNQDD. Chinese KMT General

5974:

exports in 1938. However, in July 1939, negotiations between Japanese Foreign Minister Arita Khatira and the British Ambassador in Tokyo,

23677: 22813: 22425: 22380: 22375: 22231: 20722: 20601: 19987: 19918: 19224: 18119: 17186: 17098: 17042: 17005: 16287: 14813: 13891: 13048: 11620: 10662: 9871: 9832: 9793: 9462: 8026: 7971: 7228:

This number does not include the casualties of the large numbers of Chinese collaborator government troops fighting on the Japanese side.

6278: 6181:". Flying over the Himalayas was extremely dangerous, but the airlift continued daily to August 1945, at great cost in men and aircraft. 5642: 4912:. There were three long-term strategic intentions behind the decision to cause the flooding: firstly, the flood in Henan safeguarded the 3477: 2037: 1529: 18871: 13855: 13392: 13141: 13009: 12225: 12206: 12187: 12168: 11698: 11275: 9973: 7932: 7284: 6846:

According to historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta, at least 2.7 million civilians died during the "kill all, loot all, burn all" operation (

5982:(steel and scrap iron up to 16 October 1940, petrol and petroleum products up to 26 June 1941), and various other much-needed supplies. 22739: 22577: 21218: 19403: 19383: 17091: 15823: 14200: 14128: 10161: 7138: 5700:

peasants into service and force marching them to assigned units. Approximately 10% of these peasants died before reaching their units.

5582: 3583:

issued a directive stating that textbooks were to refer to the war as the "Fourteen Years' War of Resistance" (simplified Chinese:

2466: 2394: 1886: 1736: 1026:

This number does not include Japanese killed by Chinese forces in the Burma campaign and does not include Japanese killed in Manchuria.

10502: 7442: 4583:, and Capt. Chan Kee-Wong, even in their older and slower biplanes, proved more than able to hold their own against the sleek A5Ms in 3784:

The name "Second Sino-Japanese War" is not commonly used in Japan as the China it fought a war against in 1894 to 1895 was led by the

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Soviet invasion of Manchuria in the belief that the Soviet Union would cooperate only with the Nationalist government after the war.

6419: 5732: 5562: 5292:

in China. This pressure, which was intended to disparage a continuation of the war and bring Japan into negotiation, resulted in the

4986: 4790:

With Japanese casualties and costs mounting, the Imperial General Headquarters attempted to break Chinese resistance by ordering the

4783:

After its fall 1938 victory in the Battle of Wuhan, Japan advanced deep into Communist territory and redeployed 50,000 troops to the

4328: 3500: 2030: 1156: 13176: 12041: 7658: 7110:

Chinese suicide bomber putting on an explosive vest made out of Model 24 hand grenades to use in an attack on Japanese tanks at the

5332:. This resulted in great casualties for his Northeast Army, which received no support in manpower or weaponry from Chiang Kai-shek. 22465: 22053: 21339: 21182: 19714: 19704: 19338: 18446: 16265: 16039: 15802: 15668: 15479: 9493: 9028: 5616:

was reluctant to devote British troops, many of whom had been routed by the Japanese in earlier campaigns, to the reopening of the

4575:. However the few experienced Chinese veteran pilots, as well as several Chinese-American volunteer fighter pilots, including Maj. 2505: 2478: 1925: 1850: 1777: 12144: 10124: 9430:

Eastman, Lloyd E. (1986). "Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese War 1937-1945". In Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John (eds.).

8245: 23208: 21743: 21644: 21519: 21292: 21010: 20993: 20627: 19193: 17341: 17138: 16175: 15675: 15587: 15523: 12285: 10823:"Powerless and Frustrated: Britain's Relationship With China During the Opening Years of the Second Sino–Japanese War, 1937–1939" 6743:

regarding the war and post-war developments, while the KMT held its own exhibit in the KMT headquarters. Whereas the KMT won the

6211: 5400:

of CCP power under his authority, and his teachings became the central tenets of the CCP doctrine that came to be formalized as "

2608: 19509: 13736: 6056:

was scouted as a potential staging area and springboard for the future military landing of the Allies of World War II in Japan.

23667: 22503: 22001: 21953: 21847: 21827: 20514: 20488: 18763: 17544: 17056: 15906: 15444: 13935: 13245: 12504: 11987: 11481: 8992: 8884: 7625: 7553: 6296:. Chiang further named Ma as Reclamation Commissioner, to threaten Sheng's southern flank in Xinjiang, which bordered Tsaidam. 5470: 2307: 9639: 23104: 22729: 22385: 22192: 21976: 21524: 21279: 21127: 21036: 20988: 20707: 20671: 20458: 19081: 18140: 18045: 17572: 17318: 17193: 16279: 16253: 16110: 15816: 15733: 15281: 13719: 13633: 13575: 13436: 13407: 13311: 13186: 13112: 12701: 12592: 12389: 12257: 11940: 11395: 11308: 11269: 11242: 10290: 10109: 10044: 9927: 9865: 9826: 9787: 9760: 9602: 9098: 8972: 8868: 8698: 8651: 8579: 8288: 8020: 7965: 7926: 7424: 7339: 7315: 7278: 7194: 6600:. Issues regarding the current historical outlook on the war exist. For example, the Japanese government has been accused of 6190: 5265: 4926: 4533: 2618: 2461: 2276: 1784: 1697: 1663: 1634: 1509: 1420: 13763: 13639: 12526: 11888: 11659: 11542: 11513: 11429: 11401: 8534: 7684: 7381: 6596:

Today, the war is a major point of contention and resentment between China and Japan. The war remains a major roadblock for

3972:

to extort further political and commercial privilege from China, which was accepted by the regime of Yuan Shikai. Following

3334:. This is sometimes marked as the beginning of the war. From 1931 to 1937, China and Japan engaged in skirmishes, including 22602: 21822: 21753: 21433: 21026: 20874: 20286: 20047: 19923: 19823: 19808: 19719: 19679: 18728: 18373: 17780: 17666: 16831: 16298: 16294: 16272: 15876: 14843: 14723: 13887:

Manchuria 1:250,000, Series L542, U.S. Army Map Service, 1950– . Topographic Maps of Manchuria during the Second World War.

10312: 5896:. In September 1937, they signed the Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact and approved Operation Zet, the formation of a secret 5569:) have suggested it was largely due to the corruption and inefficiency of the Kuomintang government, while others (such as 4608: 4602: 4411: 3515:. The war resulted in the deaths of around 20 million people, mostly Chinese civilians. China was recognized as one of the 2527: 2498: 1940: 1898: 1731: 1582: 1276: 1217: 12998:. Vol. 150 of NATO science series: Mathematics, physics, and chemistry (illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 19. 10684: 5182:. Up until the mid-1930s, China had hoped that the League of Nations would provide countermeasures to Japan's aggression. 4499:

positions in Shanghai, with Japanese army troops and marines in turn crossing into the city with naval gunfire support at

22430: 22405: 21807: 21494: 21297: 20847: 20737: 20687: 20586: 20581: 20301: 19803: 19017: 18288: 17752: 17084: 17070: 16283: 14259: 12655:"Washington Treaty in Relation to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare — World War I Document Archive" 6119:. It's aim was to assist prisoners of war and internees to escape from Japanese camps. This led to the formation of the 5917: 5846: 4631:

system. Japan moved into these areas after its 1941 declaration of war against the United States and the United Kingdom.

2664: 2042: 1707: 1475: 1222: 20727: 12965:

of a film showing imperial planes loading germ bombs for bubonic dissemination over Ningbo in 1940. (Daniel Barenblatt,

12826: 12457: 12018: 7854: 4044:

As the National Revolutionary Army approached Beijing, Zhang Zuolin decided to retreat back to Manchuria, before he was

3996:

and was unable to resist foreign incursions. For the purpose of unifying China and defeating the regional warlords, the

23757: 23747: 23185: 23036: 23020: 22391:

United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party

22202: 22108: 22008: 21868: 21514: 21269: 21200: 20842: 20759: 20620: 20158: 20153: 20052: 19992: 19783: 19773: 19464: 19296: 19172: 18783: 18497: 18366: 18244: 17822: 17537: 17488: 17246: 16801: 16053: 15892: 15740: 15594: 14793: 14297: 14287: 14049: 11956:

the final years of the civil war up to 1949 was won through field battles that the Soviets taught the CCP how to fight.

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in September 1940 to prevent China from receiving the 10,000 tons of materials delivered monthly by the Allies via the

4795: 4791: 4592:

with Hawk III fighter-attack planes and P-26/281 fighter escorts, and the Japanese intercepted most of the attack with

4496: 4320: 2625: 2192: 1702: 1469: 13824:

Issue 40 of China, a collection of pamphlets. Original from Pennsylvania State University. Digitized 15 September 2009

6019:

On 21 July, Japan occupied the southern part of French Indochina (southern Vietnam and Cambodia), contravening a 1940

5970:. Australia also prevented a Japanese government-owned company from taking over an iron mine in Australia, and banned 5166:: 25 October 1938 (following the Fall of Wuhan) – December 1941 (before the Allies' declaration of war on Japan). 23652: 23332: 22197: 22161: 21384: 21248: 20998: 20896: 20797: 19474: 19469: 19393: 19318: 19264: 19244: 19012: 18954: 18921: 18845: 18778: 18613: 17495: 17467: 17284: 16866: 16585: 16552: 15391: 15347: 14116: 13928: 13881:, China 1:250,000, Series L500, U.S. Army Map Service, 1954– . Topographic Maps of China during the Second World War. 13790: 13757: 13591: 13543: 13515: 13485: 13455: 13388: 13357: 13296: 13255: 13042: 13003: 12498: 12426: 11977:

Sven Saaler: Politics, Memory and Public Opinion: The History Textbook Controversy and Japanese Society. Munich: 2005

11692: 11653: 11614: 11575: 11342: 11215: 11182: 11155: 11128: 11091: 11058: 10955: 10547: 9902: 9583:

Saich, Tony; Van De Ven, Hans J. (2015). "The Blooming Poppy under the Red Sun: The Yan'an Way and the Opium Trade".

8741: 7726: 7593: 7499: 7375: 5967: 5012: 4784: 4514: 3268: 2539: 2300: 971: 749: 264: 232: 15768: 7121: 5351:

with the communists against Japan. The alliance having salutary effects for the beleaguered CCP, agreed to form the

4994: 23342: 23302: 23213: 22490: 22278: 22171: 22018: 21795: 21080: 21058: 20901: 20837: 20493: 20478: 20473: 20188: 19947: 19880: 19669: 19489: 19484: 19350: 19086: 19034: 19024: 18650: 17808: 17745: 16880: 16716: 15839: 15352: 15276: 15056: 14166: 13671:

Steiner, Zara. "Thunder from the East: The Sino-Japanese Conflict and the European Powers, 1933=1938": in Steiner,

11825: 9994:

Hans Van de Ven, "Stilwell in the Stocks: The Chinese Nationalists and the Allied Powers in the Second World War",

8385: 6693: 6427: 5541: 4284:), more commonly known as the North China Autonomous Movement. The northern provinces affected by this policy were 3496: 2336: 2252: 1627: 53: 19284: 16393: 7028:

were used more than 2,000 times against Chinese soldiers and civilians in the war in China in the 1930s and 1940s

2674: 23401: 22994: 22756: 22744: 22595: 22517: 22440: 22305: 22023: 21639: 21608: 21092: 21046: 20181: 19039: 18721: 18174: 18015: 18004: 17840: 17599: 17558: 17451: 17389: 16776: 16046: 15915: 15883: 13373: 12881:

Dokugasusen Kankei Shiryō II (Materials on poison gas warfare), Kaisetsu, Hōkan 2, Jugonen Sensō Gokuhi Shiryōshu

10641:

American Neutrality Policy: Hearings ... on Present Neutrality Law (public Res. No. 27)... April 11 – May 2, 1939

6006: 5748: 5684:

Hanoi, it did so too late to impact the result of the broader war. American bombers in Chengdu were moved to the

5284: 3938: 3524: 3398: 2649: 2586: 2435: 2418: 1952: 19219: 16563: 16131: 13462: 13366: 13102: 8351: 6964:, article V of the Treaty in Relation to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare, article 171 of the 6574:

which their guerrilla tactics were less effective, and generally limited their combat to guerrilla actions (the

5657:

which attempted to provide assistance to the Chinese Nationalist Army. The first phase in 1942 under command of

2669: 23580: 23518: 23406: 22734: 22496: 22073: 21634: 21499: 21389: 21112: 20556: 20203: 19904: 19674: 19479: 19373: 19328: 18911: 18901: 18560: 18532: 18410: 18203: 17440: 16891: 16817: 16613: 15984: 15703: 15608: 15493: 14838: 14758: 14277: 14235: 13989: 8830:"Mitsubishi A5M (Claude) – Development and Operational History, Performance Specifications and Picture Gallery" 7078: 6972: 6242: 5050: 4990: 4909: 4855: 4231: 4130: 3592: 3548: 3430: 3323: 3304: 3069: 3002: 2935: 2868: 2801: 2720: 2598: 2266: 2227: 1879: 1869: 1379: 1107: 11751: 10453: 8777: 7749: 5500:". In Burma, on 16 April 1942, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the 5053:

against the IJA in early 1940; however, due to its low military-industrial capacity and limited experience in

23657: 23416: 23369: 23312: 23197: 23110: 22450: 21873: 21394: 21102: 20859: 20483: 19913: 19828: 19818: 19434: 19061: 19046: 18969: 18939: 18916: 18758: 18620: 18553: 18504: 18435: 18260: 17766: 17717: 17481: 17474: 17077: 16838: 16629: 15682: 15291: 14995: 14950: 14763: 14743: 14344: 13609: 11790:. Cambridge University Press for the School of Oriental and African Studies. University of London, UK.: 385. 7986: 7179: 7086: 6915:, the military death toll of Japan in China is about 700,000 since 1937 (excluding the deaths in Manchuria). 6884: 6822: 6605: 6479: 6075:

both to reach an agreement and prevent war. British public opinion would swing in favor of the Chinese after

6045: 5578: 5102: 5034: 4938: 4847: 4735:

The Japanese then attempted to surround and destroy the Chinese armies in the Xuzhou region with an enormous

4489: 4405: 4380: 4316: 3580: 3540: 3453: 3296: 3083: 3016: 2949: 2882: 2815: 2734: 2562: 2544: 2069: 1794: 1405: 1344: 1190: 1129: 21407:

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of China

10437: 10421: 8837: 6483: 5688:

where, along with bombers from bases in Saipan and Tinian, they could still bomb the Japanese home islands.

5412: 23374: 23297: 23229: 23203: 22890: 22420: 22335: 22058: 21681: 21344: 21117: 20812: 20463: 20334: 19793: 19734: 19724: 19388: 19269: 19259: 19249: 19137: 18985: 18959: 18949: 18835: 18694: 18590: 17965: 17926: 16845: 16680: 16665: 16592: 16571: 16389: 16067: 15853: 15846: 15830: 15541: 15500: 15472: 15260: 15133: 15076: 15046: 14899: 14317: 13598:- Book about the Chinese from Canada as well as Americans who fought against Japan in the Second World War. 13472:: Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge, 2015. Chapters on military, economic, diplomatic aspects of the war. 11118: 11048: 9074: 6720: 6667:

islands were put under the administrative control of the Republic of China (ROC) government in 1945 by the

6423: 6330:

Japan attempted to reach out to Chinese ethnic minorities in order to rally them to their side against the

6147: 5921: 5736: 5658: 5630: 5360: 4481: 4039: 3688: 3449: 3377:, which prompted a full-scale Japanese invasion of the rest of China. The Japanese captured the capital of 2630: 2430: 2379: 2109: 1819: 1724: 1675: 1574: 5772:

Before the start of full-scale warfare of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Germany had since the time of the

4755:

Following Xuzhou, the IJA changed its strategy and deployed almost all of its existing armies in China to

2659: 23762: 23717: 23682: 23523: 23364: 23317: 23282: 23251: 22660: 22538: 22480: 22365: 22355: 22139: 21856: 21591: 20971: 20143: 19962: 19833: 19279: 19239: 19234: 18964: 18896: 18657: 17981: 17933: 17551: 17523: 17376: 16991: 16970: 16491: 16154: 16060: 15550: 14965: 14768: 14244: 14225: 14215: 12303: 11014: 8094: 7885: 7120:

was also used against the Japanese. A Chinese soldier detonated a grenade vest and killed 20 Japanese at

7051: 6827: 6575: 6120: 5348: 5224: 5033:

From the beginning of 1939, the war entered a new phase with the unprecedented defeat of the Japanese at

4895: 4537: 4065: 4027: 3473: 3434: 3406: 2613: 2591: 2534: 1974: 1413: 1207: 165: 130: 9556:

Tai-Chun Kuo, "A Strong Diplomat in a Weak Polity: TV Soong and wartime US–China relations, 1940–1943."

9399: 8799: 8211: 4379:, a crucial access-route to Beijing. What began as confused, sporadic skirmishing soon escalated into a 4262:. Other sections of China were essentially in the hands of local Chinese warlords. Japan sought various 62: 23359: 23223: 23218: 23191: 23081: 23025: 22972: 22475: 21596: 21579: 21428: 21168: 21031: 20822: 20425: 20394: 19355: 19313: 19301: 19274: 19229: 19162: 18906: 18881: 18808: 18793: 18788: 18455: 17951: 17870: 17815: 17703: 17659: 17309: 16935: 16859: 16761: 16638: 16510: 16503: 16463: 16436: 16168: 16101: 15696: 15507: 15437: 14945: 14798: 14074: 14034: 13428: 12100: 10101: 8964: 6933:

starvation. Of the 1,740,955 Japanese soldiers who died during World War II, 22 percent died in China.

6621:

of World War II, all historical issues which have faced challenges from ultranationalists in the past.

6566: 6231: 5868: 5634: 5489: 5485: 5153: 4806:

and most other major cities in unoccupied China, leaving many people either dead, injured, or homeless.

4624: 4368: 4344: 4312: 3370: 2557: 2423: 2401: 2064: 1893: 1864: 1748: 1185: 22803: 4439: 2654: 23732: 23528: 23327: 23277: 22648: 22470: 22415: 22325: 22295: 21470: 21402:

Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China

20650: 20384: 20379: 20306: 20266: 20057: 19744: 19291: 19056: 18876: 18830: 18357: 18274: 18059: 17919: 17891: 17724: 17629: 17419: 16852: 15926: 15580: 15020: 14879: 14803: 14788: 14748: 14615: 14327: 14302: 14004: 13994: 13417:

Förster, Stig; Gessler, Myriam (2005). "The Ultimate Horror: Reflections on Total War and Genocide".

12620:

ed. Coox, Alvin and Hilary Conroy "China and Japan: A Search for Balance since World War I", pp. 296.

12365:

Ho Ping-ti. Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959.

11781:"Qinghai and the Emergence of the West: Nationalities, Communal Interaction and National Integration" 10342: 10218: 9523: 7184: 7038:'s units were also profusely used. For example, in 1940, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force bombed 7017: 6740: 6222:(Vietnamese Independence League, usually known as the Viet Minh) was formed and based in the town of 6076: 5975: 5517: 5459: 5364: 5209: 5179: 5038: 4942: 4937:

were located. Thirdly, the floods in Henan and Anhui destroyed much of the tracks and bridges of the

4242: 4234:

that arose from widespread outrage over the policy of non-resistance to Japan. On 15 April 1932, the

4227: 4103: 3814: 3512: 3410: 3228: 2440: 2406: 1964: 1563: 1503: 1462: 1358: 1161: 1151: 570: 23538: 20246: 19536: 16124: 12124: 10402: 10192: 9729: 5565:. For many reasons, relations between Stilwell and Chiang soon broke down. Many historians (such as 3762:

Although the Japanese government still uses the term "China Incident" in formal documents, the word

23752: 23742: 23737: 23508: 22950: 22846: 21913: 21085: 20966: 20498: 20228: 20176: 19798: 19626: 19427: 19306: 19091: 19066: 18866: 18096: 18073: 17126: 17119: 16783: 16443: 16415: 15245: 15005: 14915: 13910: 13550:

Laureau, Patrick (June 1993). "Des Français en Chine (2ème partie)" [The French in China].

13349: 12249: 11358: 10822: 10036: 9339: 8643: 6756: 6159: 6032: 6020: 5389: 4975: 4540:. However, the Imperial Japanese Navy encountered unexpected resistance from the defending Chinese 4071: 3612: 3202: 1910: 1770: 1430: 23267: 16140: 16117: 13331: 12969:, 2004, p. 32.) All these weapons were experimented with on humans before being used in the field. 12073: 11851: 7620: 6608:

omitting or glossing over Japan's militant past, although the most recent controversial book, the

5787:

through the Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact from 1937 to 1941. When the Imperial Japanese invaded

5480:

Chiang Kai-shek continued to receive supplies from the United States. However, in contrast to the

3867:. The Qing dynasty was on the brink of collapse due to internal revolts and the imposition of the 2259: 23727: 23722: 23712: 23707: 23702: 23442: 23437: 23322: 22895: 22552: 22340: 21812: 21550: 21162: 21097: 20869: 20775: 20692: 20321: 20198: 20128: 19937: 19689: 19616: 19333: 19254: 19204: 19199: 19189: 19157: 19152: 19147: 19132: 19122: 18823: 18803: 18744: 18518: 18462: 18332: 18192: 17877: 17530: 17426: 17332: 16900: 16768: 16738: 16702: 16687: 16559: 16451: 16429: 16375: 16361: 16343: 16007: 15788: 15516: 15465: 15143: 14940: 14853: 14753: 14630: 14322: 14312: 14133: 12681: 12419:

War, nation, memory : international perspectives on World War II in school history textbooks

12325: 11565: 7799:

Bix, Herbert P. (1992), "The Showa Emperor's 'Monologue' and the Problem of War Responsibility",

7738:

Ho Ping-ti, Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953, Harvard University Press, 1953. p. 252

6677: 5997:" issued to American Volunteer Group pilots requesting all Chinese to offer rescue and protection 5913: 5728: 5605: 5586: 5089: 5042: 4979: 4843: 4827: 4814: 4616:

in his P-26/281; the Japanese Army reinforcements succeeded in landing in northern Shanghai. The

4612:, shooting down several of the Chinese planes while losing a single A4N in the dogfight with Lt. 4572: 4235: 4214:

Incessant fighting followed the Mukden Incident. In 1932, Chinese and Japanese troops fought the

4099: 3946: 3825: 3802: 3732: 3539:

In China, the war is most commonly known as the "War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression" (

3504: 3489: 3418: 3414: 2493: 2352: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2095: 1915: 1594: 1442: 1425: 1365: 1329: 1299: 839: 660: 289: 18713: 13915: 12353:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015

11780: 11467:"Nationalists, Muslim Warlords, and the "Great Northwestern Development" in Pre-Communist China" 9258:

Di Wu, "The cult of geography: Chinese riverine defence during the Battle of Wuhan, 1937-1938".

9246:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015

6796: 4110:, following the policy of "first internal pacification, then external resistance" (Chinese: 2374: 23075: 22618: 22510: 22445: 22345: 22144: 22078: 22048: 21723: 20942: 20817: 20038: 20002: 19978: 19875: 19860: 19709: 19621: 18990: 18944: 18861: 18813: 18210: 18103: 17905: 17856: 17759: 17652: 17622: 17405: 17293: 17019: 16810: 16401: 16382: 16352: 15899: 15869: 15255: 15123: 15081: 14783: 14292: 14282: 14230: 14220: 14029: 13143:

Angry Monk: Reflections on Tibet: Literary, Historical, and Oral Sources for a Documentary Film

11207: 11083: 9404:. 朝雲新聞社. pp. 77–78, 125 – via ebook on Japan National Institute for Defense Studies. 6862: 6701: 6643: 6601: 6579: 6108: 6069: 5897: 5293: 5142: 4617: 4549: 4521: 4509: 4375:

On the night of 7 July 1937, Chinese and Japanese troops exchanged fire in the vicinity of the

4308: 4107: 3441: 3402: 3390: 2603: 2522: 1959: 1670: 1455: 1385: 1236: 259: 117: 21438: 13895: 13032: 11604: 11232: 11172: 11145: 10656: 10639: 10622: 10605: 10588: 10477:

To the Banks of the Halha: The Nomohan Incident and the Northern Limits of the Japanese Empire

10463: 9855: 9816: 9777: 9752: 9446: 8688: 8010: 7996: 7955: 6436: 5469:

Knowledge of Japanese naval movements in the Pacific was provided to the American Navy by the

5378:

Despite Japan's steady territorial gains in northern China, the coastal regions, and the rich

5320:"improvise" while not offering support. After losing Manchuria to the Japanese, Zhang and his 5275:

After the Lend-Lease Act was passed, American financial and military aid began to trickle in.

4203:, as its puppet ruler. Militarily too weak to challenge Japan directly, China appealed to the 3354:

the Chinese Communists in an attempt to finally destroy them, forcing the Communists into the

23631: 23543: 23478: 23246: 23041: 23014: 23004: 22983: 22911: 22713: 22688: 22098: 22088: 22083: 21996: 21901: 21832: 21654: 21574: 21545: 21459: 20780: 20062: 19524: 19096: 19071: 19029: 18798: 18768: 18701: 18424: 18267: 18163: 18133: 18089: 17829: 17794: 17787: 17710: 17608: 17049: 17026: 16873: 16484: 16021: 15761: 15747: 15430: 14930: 14925: 14828: 14773: 14044: 14024: 13859: 13150: 12993: 12850: 12765: 12736: 12222: 12203: 12184: 12165: 11932: 11928: 11682: 11332: 11298: 11259: 10447: 10431: 9957: 7916: 7268: 7111: 6892: 6463:

on 2 September 1945, in a ceremony where several Allied commanders including Chinese general

6250: 5963: 5704: 5597: 5501: 4729: 4725: 4710: 3950: 3856: 3840: 3484:

linking India to China. China launched large counteroffensives in South China and repulsed a

2679: 2114: 1874: 1717: 1495: 1436: 1371: 1269: 240: 208: 73: 20927: 16319: 13679:

Stevens, Keith (March 2005). "A token operation: 204 military mission to China, 1941–1945".

10971:

Stevens, Keith (March 2005). "A token operation: 204 military mission to China, 1941–1945".

10620: 10586: 10169: 2140: 23697: 23600: 23573: 23548: 23498: 23287: 23031: 22977: 22916: 22655: 22290: 21991: 21928: 21861: 21649: 21068: 20193: 20017: 20007: 19519: 19106: 18525: 18380: 18031: 17988: 17958: 17884: 17694: 17673: 16599: 16076: 15754: 14985: 14889: 14848: 14818: 14718: 14472: 14334: 14171: 14039: 11848:"Leavenworth Papers No. 7 (August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria)" 10500: 9511: 9284: 7439: 6965: 6801: 6534: 6457: 6036: 6013: 5945: 5909: 5724: 5650: 5550: 5484:

to the Soviet Union which stayed open through most of the war, sea routes to China and the

5276: 4803: 4764: 4541: 4419: 3485: 2635: 2059: 2047: 1935: 1741: 1588: 1540: 1522: 1312: 1293: 160: 21443: 14502: 14442: 13656:

The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945

10928: 6227: 5876:

1938 in favour of an alliance with Japan as its main anti-Communist partner in East Asia.

4226:, which forbade the Chinese to deploy troops in their own city. In Manchukuo there was an 8: 23626: 23307: 23163: 23151: 23139: 23115: 23009: 22966: 22808: 22761: 22285: 21948: 21758: 21748: 21728: 21629: 21603: 21584: 21482: 21453: 21379: 20959: 20922: 20827: 20802: 20420: 20367: 20340: 20330: 20276: 20271: 20256: 20133: 19957: 19636: 19631: 19514: 18643: 18417: 18295: 18251: 17773: 16907: 16673: 16200: 16030: 16014: 15963: 15118: 14955: 14920: 14186: 14069: 13999: 11116: 9275:

Dutch, Steven I. (November 2009). "The Largest Act of Environmental Warfare in History".

8571: 7655: 6728: 6697: 6482:(on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month) and because "nine" is a 6456:

to the Allies on 15 August 1945. The official surrender was signed aboard the battleship

6270: 6174: 6104: 5885: 5449:

A United States poster from the United China Relief organization advocating aid to China.

5216: 5097: 4449:", which—with slightly reworked lyrics—became the National Revolutionary Army's standard 4259: 4215: 4045: 4005: 3989: 3981: 3852: 3363: 3335: 3288: 2689: 2569: 2212: 1930: 1804: 1146: 743: 342: 23093: 20208: 14477: 13498:, New York: William Sloane Associates, 1946. Critical account of Chiang's government by 12094:"Disputes over Taiwan Sovereignty and the Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty Since World War II" 11722:"The Chinese Islamic 'Goodwill Mission to the Middle East' During the Anti-Japanese War" 9374: 9372: 9288: 9032: 5395:

Afterwards, the Second United Front completely broke down and Chinese Communists leader

23473: 23421: 23240: 23177: 23157: 23133: 22938: 22841: 22771: 22683: 22643: 22350: 22330: 22207: 22068: 21918: 21778: 21369: 21122: 20712: 20389: 20326: 20148: 20118: 19659: 18636: 18469: 18394: 18348: 18318: 18226: 18066: 17731: 17615: 17509: 17460: 17398: 17154: 17105: 16914: 16538: 16193: 15991: 15153: 15086: 15051: 15030: 15025: 14975: 14894: 14884: 14778: 14738: 14703: 13920: 13696: 13666: 13342: 12707: 12136: 11200: 11076: 10988: 10876: 10842: 9670: 9485: 9112: 9104: 8714: 8602: 8333: 8241: 8149: 8141: 8012:

The New York Times Living History: World War II, 1942–1945: The Allied Counteroffensive

7824: 7031: 6453: 6413: 6203: 6155: 5979: 5900:, in which Soviet technicians upgraded and ran some of China's transportation systems. 5566: 5421: 5401: 4580: 4503:, leading to the Battle of Shanghai. On 14 August, Chinese forces under the command of 4471: 4181: 4095: 3993: 3969: 3963: 3930: 3884: 3848: 3716:), the first step of the "eight corners of the world under one roof" slogan (Japanese: 3684: 3648: 2342: 2222: 2088: 2081: 2020: 2010: 1984: 1836: 1758: 1608: 1568: 1535: 1448: 1337: 1317: 1201: 1124: 125: 93: 22587: 14625: 11606:

Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication

11120:

The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: History of the Indochina incident, 1940–1954

6731:

DPP does not see the relevancy of celebrating events that happened in mainland China.

23493: 23144: 22955: 22884: 22485: 22460: 22360: 22212: 22038: 21557: 21421: 21374: 21364: 21003: 20949: 20430: 20123: 20103: 19870: 19499: 18818: 18627: 18511: 18401: 18341: 18302: 18235: 18217: 18183: 18126: 18080: 18024: 17849: 17587: 17579: 17516: 17369: 16963: 16495: 15956: 15935: 15645: 15407: 15397: 15327: 15010: 14990: 14935: 14874: 14869: 14833: 14823: 14713: 14708: 14249: 14064: 14054: 13979: 13786: 13780: 13753: 13733: 13715: 13709: 13700: 13629: 13587: 13571: 13555: 13539: 13511: 13481: 13451: 13432: 13403: 13384: 13353: 13307: 13292: 13251: 13182: 13108: 13038: 12999: 12954: 12711: 12697: 12588: 12564:

and Hilary Conroy "China and Japan: A Search for Balance since World War I", pp. 308.

12494: 12432: 12422: 12385: 12263: 12253: 11946: 11936: 11791: 11688: 11649: 11610: 11571: 11391: 11338: 11304: 11265: 11238: 11211: 11178: 11151: 11124: 11087: 11054: 10992: 10951: 10846: 10658:

Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress, Volume 113, Part 1

10523: 10105: 10040: 9963: 9923: 9898: 9861: 9822: 9783: 9756: 9745: 9674: 9662: 9608: 9598: 9452: 9369: 9116: 9108: 9094: 9068: 8968: 8913:

Fu Jing-hui, An Introduction of Chinese and Foreign History of War, 2003, pp. 109–111

8864: 8737: 8716:"New Songs of the Battlefield": Songs and Memories of the Chinese Cultural Revolution 8694: 8657: 8647: 8575: 8325: 8284: 8181: 8153: 8016: 7961: 7922: 7816: 7722: 7615: 7589: 7545: 7495: 7420: 7371: 7335: 7311: 7274: 6924: 6847: 6708: 6533:

Yan'an and elsewhere in the communist controlled areas, Mao Zedong was able to adapt

6507: 6471: 6080: 5834: 5674: 5662: 5613: 5601: 5554: 5441:

On 18 February 1943, Madame Chiang Kai-shek addressed both houses of the US Congress.

5368: 5344: 5336: 5308: 5228: 5220: 5114: 5077: 4891: 4659: 4613: 4588: 4415: 4384: 4376: 4204: 3739: 3603: 3461: 3426: 3378: 3359: 3347: 3338:

and in Northern China. Chinese Nationalist and Communist forces, respectively led by

2574: 2413: 2389: 2242: 2121: 2074: 1979: 1824: 1809: 1753: 1556: 1548: 1490: 1480: 1281: 1249: 1230: 1139: 1134: 121: 19579: 14645: 14467: 13603:

Clash of Empires in South China: The Allied Nations' Proxy War with Japan, 1935–1941

13318:

Benesch, Oleg. "Castles and the Militarisation of Urban Society in Imperial Japan",

12480: 11991: 11466: 9584: 8988: 4311:, which forbade the KMT to conduct party operations in Hebei. In the same year, the 4266:

and helped them establish governments friendly to Japan. This policy was called the

3742:. When both sides formally declared war in December 1941, the name was replaced by " 3571:). It was also called the "Eight Years' War of Resistance" (simplified Chinese: 995:

c. 3,000,000–3,600,000 military casualties after July 1937 (excluding Manchuria and

23610: 23483: 23349: 23127: 23047: 22961: 22818: 22793: 22559: 22300: 22268: 21773: 21733: 21691: 21448: 21411: 21147: 20954: 20879: 20832: 20717: 20571: 20291: 20012: 19684: 18773: 18546: 18539: 18483: 18147: 17912: 17898: 17801: 17738: 17689: 17502: 17355: 17302: 17112: 17063: 16977: 16207: 16184: 15717: 15148: 15128: 15061: 14980: 14970: 14733: 14432: 14059: 13688: 13522:– Book about the Chinese and Mongolians who fought for the Japanese during the war. 12689: 12486: 11452:

War, Leadership and Ethnopolitics: Chiang Kai-shek and China's frontiers, 1941–1945

11334:

The Vietnam War as history: edited by Elizabeth Jane Errington and B.J.C. McKercher

10980: 10834: 9654: 9590: 9292: 9086: 9078: 8317: 8133: 7886:"Breaking Silence: Exhibit on 'Forgotten Holocaust' Focuses on Japanese War Crimes" 7808: 7062: 7012: 6771: 6716: 6689: 6684: 6672: 6257: 6226:. The pro-VNQDD nationalist Ho Ngoc Lam, a KMT army officer and former disciple of 6096: 6002: 5905: 5788: 5529: 5371:, and the high point of their cooperation came in 1938 during the Battle of Wuhan. 5325: 5175: 5123: 4718: 4667: 4663: 4645: 4640: 4545: 4450: 4219: 4196: 4152: 3868: 3622:) is most commonly used because of its perceived objectivity. When the invasion of 3556: 3444:

and declared war on the United States. The US increased its aid to China under the

3382: 3039: 2972: 2905: 2838: 2757: 2384: 2362: 2015: 1843: 1829: 1799: 1712: 1692: 1485: 1390: 1350: 1324: 1263: 1255: 1241: 1195: 1171: 891:

3,800,000–10,600,000+ military casualties after July 1937 (excluding Manchuria and

528: 203: 156: 140: 20546: 15726: 13508:

Rays of the Rising Sun: Japan's Asian Allies 1931–45 Volume 1: China and Manchukuo

12587:

Liu Feng, (2007). "血祭太阳旗: 百万侵华日军亡命实录". Central Compilation and Translation Press.

12074:

World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Taiwan : Overview

10282: 7016:

also used during the invasion of Changde. Those orders were transmitted either by

6784:

Three major museums in China commemorate China's War of Resistance, including the

6727:

in 2000, these national holidays commemorating the war have been cancelled as the

5816:

of Japan; over a dozen Chinese-American aviators, including John "Buffalo" Huang,

5253:). It was during this period that the bulk of Japanese war crimes were committed. 2235: 23234: 23099: 22944: 22798: 22776: 22749: 22667: 22315: 22310: 22273: 22253: 22154: 22124: 21960: 21802: 21763: 21676: 21540: 20978: 20917: 20864: 20702: 20591: 20296: 20218: 20138: 19611: 19450: 19051: 18569: 18281: 18196: 18154: 18052: 17995: 17863: 17645: 17636: 17165: 16747: 16723: 15977: 15322: 15312: 14960: 14808: 14728: 14620: 14492: 14487: 14452: 14386: 14371: 14339: 14254: 14151: 13984: 13884: 13848: 13809: 13747: 13740: 13623: 13613: 13469: 13422:

A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945

13377: 12992:

Chevrier, Marie Isabelle; Chomiczewski, Krzysztof; Garrigue, Henri, eds. (2004).

12950: 12693: 12630: 12599:: This Chinese publication analyses statistics provided by Japanese publications. 12229: 12210: 12191: 12172: 12080: 11892: 11885: 11643: 11536: 11507: 11423: 11385: 10838: 10506: 9724: 8538: 8531: 8177: 7678: 7662: 7465: 7446: 7365: 7117: 7021: 6911: 6626: 6223: 5825: 5773: 5685: 5574: 5424: 5352: 5321: 5200: 5157: 5073: 5046: 4947: 4917: 4834: 4756: 4736: 4393: 4364: 4356: 4285: 4176: 4144: 4075: 4053: 3918: 3908: 3844: 3631: 3527:. The Chinese Civil War resumed in 1946, ending with a communist victory and the 3386: 3339: 3315: 3272: 2552: 2473: 2217: 2173: 1945: 1920: 1789: 1306: 1112: 920: 705: 594: 367: 304: 299: 236: 150: 32: 22766: 20213: 18681: 13478:從大歷史的角度讀蔣介石日記 (Reading Chiang Kai-shek's Diary from a Macro History Perspective) 13291:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005. xxxiii, 555p. 12817: 11602: 9312: 9296: 7774: 6804:. More than 5,000 civilians died during the first two days of air raids in 1939. 6561: 6433:

approximately 50,000 military fatalities each year and 200,000 wounded per year.

6284:

As the war went on, Nationalist General Ma Buqing was in virtual control of the

5113:

By 1941, Japan held most of the eastern coastal areas of China and Vietnam, but

3591:), reflecting a focus on the broader conflict with Japan going back to the 1931 1035:

Excluding more than 1 million who were disarmed following the surrender of Japan

582: 23533: 23452: 23411: 23292: 23087: 22825: 22783: 22033: 21896: 21696: 21624: 21465: 21137: 20983: 20541: 20435: 20261: 20251: 20108: 20072: 19494: 18576: 18112: 18038: 16090: 15949: 15015: 14522: 14437: 14009: 13974: 13337: 12897: 11480:(1). Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program: 115–135. 10637: 10093: 9506:

John McVickar Haight, "Franklin D. Roosevelt and a Naval Quarantine of Japan."

8956: 8137: 7611: 7125: 7047: 6875: 6855: 6550: 6464: 6390: 6347: 5956: 5821: 5796: 5625: 5505: 5463: 5417: 5356: 5054: 5025: 4905: 4899: 4568: 4529: 4504: 4454: 4388: 4304: 4049: 4021: 3921:

that swept across China's southern provinces. The Qing responded by appointing

3880: 3864: 3735: 3516: 3445: 2488: 2483: 2003: 1857: 1765: 1687: 1288: 1166: 996: 946: 892: 719: 558: 198: 20576: 20551: 13749:

China at War: Triumph and Tragedy in the Emergence of the New China, 1937–1952

13692: 12962: 12267: 11950: 10984: 9090: 8661: 7035: 5641:

supplies (signaling bomber destruction of railroads, bridges). Chinese forces

5637:, which further soured the relationship between China and the United Kingdom. 5458:. Almost immediately, Chinese troops achieved another decisive victory in the 4623:

Japan did not immediately occupy the Shanghai International Settlement or the

3726: 23646: 23336: 22932: 22693: 22263: 22165: 22043: 21943: 21938: 21933: 21416: 21253: 21142: 20067: 19788: 19778: 19606: 19571: 18387: 16312: 16161: 16000: 15357: 15250: 15000: 14547: 14512: 14497: 14482: 14462: 14406: 14391: 13878: 13559: 13306:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007. xxx, 674p. 12958: 12436: 12014: 11795: 10098:

The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War

9689: 9666: 9612: 9432:

The Cambridge History of China, Volume 13: Republican China 1912-1949, part 2

9263: 9013:

Daqing Yang, "A Sino-Japanese Controversy: The Nanjing Atrocity As History",

8961:

The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War

8606: 8596: 8329: 8185: 8172: 7820: 6929: 6653: 6618: 6445: 6335: 6304: 6206:

retreating to the Chinese border after the Japanese coup d'état in March 1945

5941: 5893: 5481: 5428: 5379: 5288: 5280: 4802:

on civilian targets. Japanese raiders hit the Kuomintang's newly established

4706: 4423: 4353: 4250: 4208: 4135: 3977: 3896: 3876: 3860: 3284: 1117: 546: 533: 144: 20168: 13317: 10252: 6858:

and authorized on 3 December 1941, by Imperial Headquarter Order number 575.

6786:

Museum of the War of Chinese People's Resistance Against Japanese Aggression

6565:

China War of Resistance Against Japan Memorial Museum on the site where the

5359:

and place them under the nominal control of the NRA. In agreement with KMT,

4476: 3917:

In 1911, factions of the Qing Army uprose against the government, staging a

2292: 23605: 22861: 22856: 22638: 22531: 22455: 22134: 21986: 21790: 21711: 21706: 21051: 20932: 19664: 19541: 19179: 18686: 18490: 16790: 16695: 16326: 15689: 15453: 15411: 15401: 14640: 14635: 14527: 14447: 14014: 12684:. In Friedrich, B.; Hoffmann, D.; Renn, J.; Schmaltz, F.; Wolf, M. (eds.). 12404: 12382:

Concerning the Three Alls Strategy/Three Alls Policy By the Japanese Forces

12243: 11920: 11826:"A SHORT JOURNEY THROUGH NORTHWESTERN KANSU AND THE TIBETAN BORDER COUNTRY" 11564:

Frederick Roelker Wulsin; Joseph Fletcher (1979). Mary Ellen Alonso (ed.).

8637: 7714: 7581: 7171: 7157: 6386: 6289: 5859: 5621: 5455: 5299: 5238: 5119: 5093: 4921: 4887: 4628: 4597: 4593: 4246: 4188: 4172: 4160: 4009: 3934: 3926: 3785: 3764: 3661: 3623: 3327: 3280: 3046: 2979: 2912: 2845: 2764: 2325: 2186: 1994: 1989: 1903: 1054: 477: 40: 20238: 19855: 12682:"No Retaliation in Kind: Japanese Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II" 12490: 12451: 9658: 9594: 9331: 9082: 6199: 5795:

against Japan and froze all Japanese assets in 1941, and with it came the

5049:. These outcomes encouraged the Chinese to launch their first large-scale 4442:

on 9 August escalated the skirmishes and battles into full scale warfare.

23585: 23513: 23447: 22698: 22258: 22241: 22014:

United States–Hong Kong Agreement for the Surrender of Fugitive Offenders

21664: 21152: 21132: 20937: 20311: 19865: 18325: 18311: 17973: 16649: 16470: 16455: 15809: 15317: 14599: 14584: 14552: 14532: 14457: 14411: 13619: 12686:

One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences

12280: 12137:"Left Behind: Japan's Wartime Defeat and the Stranded Women of Manchukuo" 12126:

FOCUS: Taiwan–Japan ties back on shaky ground as Taipei snubs Tokyo envoy

11906: 11570:. The Museum : distributed by Harvard University Press. p. 50. 10373:"Remembering Hazel Lee, the first Chinese-American female military pilot" 7517:

Hsu Long-hsuen "History of the Sino-Japanese war (1937–1945)" Taipei 1972

7000: 6988: 6880: 6712: 6382: 6370: 6358: 6331: 6246: 6238: 6128: 6065: 6040: 5837:

in Germany for aerial-gunnery training by the Chinese Air Force in 1936.

5817: 5792: 5712: 5697: 5654: 5496:

in 1945, foreign aid was largely limited to what could be flown in over "

5304: 4882:

from June 1938 to January 1947 created by the intentional destruction of

4809: 4446: 4271: 4168: 3973: 3922: 3912: 3872: 3743: 3596: 2449: 2367: 2281: 1680: 1651: 635: 458: 169: 36: 9408: 5190: 4898:(NRA) during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The first wave of floods hit 4102:(CCP) previously fought openly against the Nanjing government after the 4056:, and consequently, China was nominally reunified under one government. 3851:

following the war, though was forced to return it to China following an

23457: 22246: 21842: 21562: 21073: 20113: 19729: 17680: 17433: 17412: 16305: 15638: 15566: 15286: 14660: 14650: 14594: 14589: 14557: 14542: 14517: 14401: 14396: 14376: 14121: 13843:

Full text of the Chinese declaration of war against Japan on Wikisource

12561: 11563: 10544:"Memorandum by Mr J. McEwen, Minister for External Affairs 10 May 1940" 8337: 8145: 8124:

Linebarger, Paul M. A. (May 1941). "The Status of the China Incident".

8050:"China rewrites history books to extend Sino-Japanese war by six years" 7417:

Avoiding Armageddon: From the Great Wall to the Fall of France, 1918–40

7025: 6992: 6945: 6835: 6397: 6362: 6354: 6166: 6095:

British and Australian troops from 'Mission 204' march to the front in

6031:

In mid-1941, the United States government financed the creation of the

5994: 5855: 5708: 5617: 5445: 5396: 5329: 5061: 4934: 4651: 4435: 4431: 4360: 3997: 3651:

the following month, it was changed to "The China Incident" (Japanese:

3355: 3343: 3319: 2357: 2347: 779: 630: 496: 439: 420: 401: 381: 277: 134: 20022: 13873: 12851:

United States. War Department. Military Intelligence Division (1944).

12766:

United States. War Department. Military Intelligence Division (1944).

12737:

United States. War Department. Military Intelligence Division (1944).

10577:Д. Г. Наджафов. Нейтралитет США. 1935–1941. М., "Наука", 1990. стр.157 10219:"HyperWar: US Army in WWII: Strategy and Command: The First Two Years" 9571:

Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers, 1941–1942

9524:"HyperWar: US Army in WWII: Strategy and Command: The First Two Years" 8281:

Struggle for democracy: Sung Chiao-jen and the 1911 Chinese revolution

7828: 7126:

strapped explosives, such as grenade packs or dynamite to their bodies

5739:

hastened Japanese surrender and these plans were not put into action.

4658:

Building on the hard-won victory in Shanghai, the IJA advanced on and

4349: 4074:(CER) further increased the tensions in the Northeast that led to the 82: 23488: 23052: 22236: 22223: 22064:

Taiwan Allies International Protection and Enhancement Initiative Act

21659: 20807: 20792: 20440: 20415: 20410: 20223: 20094: 20027: 19699: 19127: 19000: 17943: 17348: 17145: 16956: 16754: 16709: 14416: 14161: 14156: 13380:

Historiographical overview of major books from the 1970s through 2006

13104:

Modern China: the fall and rise of a great power, 1850 to the present

12245:

China's good war : how World War II is shaping a new nationalism

11261:

The tragedy of the Vietnam War: a South Vietnamese officer's analysis

10689: 10621:

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs (1939).

10587:

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs (1939).

8639:

China's good war : how World War II is shaping a new nationalism

8451:(China University of Political Science and Law Press, 1987), pp. 238. 8305: 6952:

The article reports on the casualty situation of the war up to 1940.

6475: 6366: 6274: 6219: 6170: 6151: 5889: 5888:, the Soviet Union hoped to keep China fighting, in order to deter a 5778: 5646: 5570: 5533: 5493: 5171: 5065: 4930: 4913: 4564: 4324: 4192: 4001: 3508: 3481: 3394: 3331: 3276: 2103: 945:

2,500,000+ military casualties (1937 to 1945 excluding Manchuria and

329: 324: 317: 312: 16230: 13711:

The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the struggle for modern China

12912:"Okunoshima Journal; A Museum to Remind Japanese of Their Own Guilt" 11534: 8321: 6501: 6414:

End of the Pacific War and the surrender of Japanese troops in China

4964: 4122: 23568: 22524: 20519: 19952: 19643: 19587: 16214: 15942: 12042:"History Education: The Source of Conflict Between China and Japan" 11721: 7812: 7066: 6996: 6614: 6449: 6178: 5971: 5937: 5592: 5545: 5509: 5497: 5340: 5205: 5080:

led Hui, Salar and Dongxiang cavalry to defeat the Japanese at the

4771: 4584: 4576: 4445:

The 29th Army's resistance (and poor equipment) inspired the 1937 "

4303:

This Japanese policy was most effective in the area of what is now

4223: 4207:

for help. The League's investigation led to the publication of the

4140: 4079: 3985: 3892: 3469: 3457: 3167: 3141: 2778: 515: 19419: 13606: 11117:

United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Historical Division (1982).

6719:) and Taiwan's Retrocession Day on 25 October. However, after the 6214:(VNQDD) in its battle against French and Japanese imperialism. In 6091: 5851: 23170: 22708: 22703: 19694: 18743: 14655: 14381: 13673:

The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939

11904:

Hans Van De Ven, "A call to not lead humanity into another war",

9448:

Brokering Belonging: Chinese in Canada's Exclusion Era, 1885–1945

7055: 6879:

famines during the war caused by drought affected both China and

6869: 6343: 6339: 6293: 6215: 6116: 5812: 5756: 5720: 5525: 5521: 5513: 5384: 5258: 5141:

The basis of Chinese strategy before the entrance of the Western

5069: 4954: 4747: 4560: 4289: 4263: 4164: 3627: 3422: 3374: 15139:

Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance

13856:"World War II Newspaper Archives – War in China, 1937–1945" 13782:

When Tigers Fight: The story of the Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945

11538:

Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 4–5

10130: 9545:

of war seemed preferable to the ignominy of a disgraceful peace.

7616:"Estimates, Sources, and Calculations, July 1937 to August 1945" 6648: 5194:

National Revolutionary Army soldiers march to the front in 1939.

4649:

A Chinese POW about to be beheaded by a Japanese officer with a

3366:

in late 1936 in order to resist the Japanese invasion together.

23595: 22633: 20372: 19546: 16824: 15422: 15342: 13420:

In Roger Chickering, Stig Förster and Bernd Greiner, eds.,

13149:(PhD thesis). University of Zurich. p. 518. Archived from 11505: 9231:

Wuhan 1938 : War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China

9201:

Wuhan 1938 : War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China

9186:

Wuhan 1938 : War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China

8081:

China's Good War: how World War II is shaping a new nationalism

7094: 7039: 6896: 6736: 6664: 6657: 6486:

in Chinese (to suggest that the peace won would last forever).

6112: 6053: 5901: 5716: 5508:, the Imperial Japanese Army conducted a massive sweep through 5474: 5312: 5246: 4863: 4525: 4500: 4297: 4156: 4000:(KMT, alternatively known as the Chinese Nationalist Party) in 3888: 3836: 3832: 23219:

Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome)

13911:

Photographs of the war from a Presbyterian mission near Canton

11042: 11040: 11038: 11036: 10603: 8570:. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK: 8405:

Hoyt, Edwin P., Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict, p. 45

5084:. Ma Biao fought against the Japanese in the Boxer Rebellion. 5029:

Map showing the extent of Japanese occupation in 1940 (in red)

4701: 4307:

and Hebei. In 1935, under Japanese pressure, China signed the

3555:), and shortened to "Resistance against Japanese Aggression" ( 3275:

between 1937 and 1945, following a period of war localized to

1619: 23590: 21686: 21478:

Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations

21243: 21157: 21063: 20655: 20645: 19739: 17012: 13037:. Jeffrey A. Larsen, Managing Editor. ABC-CLIO. p. 171. 11830:

Journal Of The Royal Central Asian Society – Vol.21; Pt. 1- 4

11603:

Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (2006).

9920:

In a Sea of Bitterness, Refugees during the Sino-Japanese War

9268: 9252: 8160: 7646:

Meng Guoxiang & Zhang Qinyuan, 1995. "关于抗日战争中我国军民伤亡数字问题".

6888: 6322: 6285: 5871:

to China to help the KMT government reform its armed forces.

5653:. The British and Commonwealth forces had their operation in 5185: 4883: 4879: 4763:

sometimes reversing the Japanese advances, as in the case of

4728:(March–April 1938), where the Chinese used night attacks and 4458: 4293: 3465: 3115: 2170: 102: 22546:

Stealth War: How China Took Over While America's Elite Slept

13836: 12991: 12900:, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 2001, pp. 360–364 9490:

Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942

9391: 8242:"How uninhabited islands soured China-Japan ties – BBC News" 8168:"The Senkaku or Diaoyu Islands: Narrative of an empty space" 7190:

List of military engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War

5537:

Ningbo's population had already fled before battle started.

4677:, which estimate at least 200,000 murders and 20,000 rapes. 3360:

placed under house arrest by his subordinates who forced him

22130:

United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission

14507: 12407:, Who Actually Fought the Sino-Japanese War 1937–1945? 1978 11684:

Japanese agent in Tibet: my ten years of travel in disguise

11033: 9007: 8598:

The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific

7834: 7043: 6843:

335,934 killed and 426,249 wounded in Japanese air attacks.

6747:

in 2008, the ROC government resumed commemorating the war.

6158:

who also operated in China, mostly while on their way into

5130: 5060:

During the offensive, Hui forces in Suiyuan under generals

4200: 3448:, becoming its main financial and military supporter. With 13892:"Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War, Harvard University" 13566:

MacKinnon, Stephen R., Diana Lary and Ezra F. Vogel, eds.

12482:

China's Bloody Century Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900

11756:. China Information Publishing Company. 1940. p. 16. 10191:

Chan, Andy; Gong, John; Little, Michael (7 October 2015).

9959:

Wuhan, 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China

9690:"How the War with Japan Saved the Chinese Communist Party" 9350: 9132:

Wuhan, 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China

8522:(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2017), pp. 290–291. 5279:

commanded the 1st American Volunteer Group (nicknamed the

4567:

combat-aircraft designs. The introduction of the advanced

4559:

The skies of China had become a testing zone for advanced

4480:

A baby sits in the remains of a Shanghai train station on

3683:) was used by Japan, as neither country had made a formal 21838:

Alleged Chinese spy cases persecuted in the United States

21786:

Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks

15338:

Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan

11512:. Printed by the Human Relations Area Files. p. 74. 10869:

The War against Japan, Vol 2: India's Most Dangerous Hour

10403:"World War 2 Flying Ace Arthur Chin's Amazing True Story" 10193:"World War 2 Flying Ace Arthur Chin's Amazing True Story" 9138: 7299: 6955: 6318:

Chinese ethnic minorities in the Second Sino-Japanese War

5768:

Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan

5335:

On 12 December 1936, a deeply disgruntled Zhang Xueliang

4627:, areas which were outside of China's control due to the 4323:

were established. There in the empty space of Chahar the

21924:

Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)

21879:

Chinese interference in the 2024 United States elections

21769:

Animal Science Products v. Hebei Welcome Pharmaceuticals

21719:

United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade

13950: 13800:

Zarrow, Peter (2005). "The War of Resistance, 1937–45".

13304:

Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia

13250:(illustrated ed.). Marshall Cavendish. p. 94. 11330: 11170: 10638:

United States. Congress. House. Foreign AFfairs (1939).

10013: 5300:

Relationship between the Nationalists and the Communists

5212:), in which heavy casualties were inflicted on the IJA. 4878:'Huayuankou Dam Burst Incident') was a man-made 4693:

effectively lost control of the Japanese army in China.

4410:

On 11 July, in accordance with the Goso conference, the

4078:

and eventually the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Soviet

3389:

in 1938, then China's de facto capital at the time, the

22617: 22321:

Air route authority between the United States and China

21042:

Differences between Shinjitai and Simplified characters

15067:

United Nations Conference on International Organization

13536:

The Scars of War: The Impact of Warfare on Modern China

11680: 10902:. Hong Kong Volunteer & Ex.PoW Association of NSW. 10654: 10253:"Inventory of Conflict and Environment (ICE), Template" 8306:"The Rise of Military Power in Modern China, 1895–1912" 6800:

Casualties of a mass panic during a June 1941 Japanese

6669:

United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration

6553:

and the retreat of the Nationalists to Taiwan in 1949.

6357:

on their side failed, as many Chinese generals such as

5966:

to provide loan assistance for war supply contracts to

4520:

In the three days from 14 August through 16, 1937, the

3519:, regained all territories lost, and became one of the 3291:

against Chinese civilians. It is known in China as the

22411:

Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction

20733:

Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China

16084:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

13728:

Van de Ven, Hans, Diana Lary, Stephen MacKinnon, eds.

13714:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 13654:

Peattie, Mark. Edward Drea, and Hans van de Ven, eds.

12941:

Japan triggered bubonic plague outbreak, doctor claims

12788: 11988:"Foreign Correspondent – 22/04/2003: Japan – Unit 731" 11387:

Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West

10948:

Escape to Fight on: With 204 Military Mission in China

8114:. New York: D. Appleton-Century Company, 1935. Pp 164. 7855:"Douglas Todd: Lest we overlook the 'Asian Holocaust'" 7354:丁星, 《新四军初期的四个支队—新四军组织沿革简介(2)》【J】, 铁军, 2007年第2期, 38–40页 7334:(in Chinese). 中国人民解放军历史资料丛书编审委员会. 1994. pp. 第3页. 5742: 5473:(SACO) which was run by the Chinese intelligence head 5328:

of the Chinese Communist Party in Shaanxi after their

4717:

With many victories achieved, Japanese field generals

3796: 3788:, and thus is called the Qing-Japanese War (Japanese: 3776: 3754: 3724: 3711: 3678: 3659: 3642: 3617: 3563:) or the "War of Resistance" (simplified Chinese: 3233: 3207: 23693:

Military history of the Republic of China (1912–1949)

13851:

Links to selected documents, photos, maps, and books.

13448:

China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937–1945

13446:

Hsiung, James Chieh; Levine, Steven I., eds. (1992),

13289:

Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945

12355:(4th ed.). McFarland & Company. p. 393. 11990:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from 10929:"BADGE, UNIT, BRITISH, BRITISH ARMY AID GROUP (BAAG)" 10001: 9818:

The Rice Paddy Navy: U.S. Sailors Undercover in China

9747:

Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950

9712: 9248:(4th ed.). McFarland & Company. p. 393. 8509:(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2017), p. 290. 7367:

China's Bitter Victory: The War With Japan, 1937–1945

6971:

According to Walter E. Grunden, history professor at

6300:

provide protection for Chinese settling in the area.

6210:

The Chinese Kuomintang also supported the Vietnamese

4338: 4187:

After five months of fighting, Japan established the

3051: 2984: 2917: 2850: 2783: 2769: 21818:

United States Department of Defense China Task Force

13247:

China Condensed: 5000 Years of History & Culture

11147:

The last emperors of Vietnam: from Tự Đức to Bảo Đại

11078:

The endless war: Vietnam's struggle for independence

10168:. United states Army. 3 October 2003. Archived from 9029:""The Nanjing Incident: Recent Research and Trends"" 8800:"War hero's son seeks to establish museum in Taiwan" 8736:. University of California Press. pp. 280–281. 8414:

Palmer and Colton, A History of Modern World, p. 725

7147: 6854:) implemented in May 1942 in north China by general 6474:

ordered all Japanese forces within China (excluding

6440:

WWII victory parade at Chongqing on 3 September 1945

6256:

After the war, 200,000 Chinese troops under General

5504:

and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division. After the

4696: 4249:

established in its aftermath, gave Japan control of

3992:

in China. The country remained fragmented under the

3902: 3835:

and recognize the full and complete independence of

3703:, the invasion of China became a crusade (Japanese: 3433:, and in August 1940, communist forces launched the 22401:

National Committee on United States–China Relations

21568:

Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War

11202:

America's war in Vietnam: a short narrative history

11007:"A Look Back ... "Free Thai" Movement is Born" 9853: 9775: 8729: 8568:

The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History

7606: 7604: 7602: 7540: 7538: 7536: 7266: 6084:countries had rocky relations in the interwar era. 5488:had been closed since 1940. Therefore, between the 5105:to maintain public security in the occupied areas. 4008:from 1926 to 1928 with limited assistance from the 3879:measures. In 1905, Japan successfully defeated the 3781:), which were used by media as early as the 1930s. 22396:Kissinger Institute on China and the United States 21176:The Most Recent Biographies of Chinese Dignitaries 13367:Gordon, David M. "The China–Japan War, 1931–1945" 13341: 12825:. London: Faber and Faber. pp. 110–112, 170. 12086: 11199: 11197: 11075: 10782:"Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service" 10482: 10065: 10053: 9744: 8532:Political Strategy Prior to Outbreak of War Part I 8278: 7673: 7671: 7210:Women in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War 7200:Timeline of events leading to World War II in Asia 5884:After Germany and Japan signed the anti-communist 4724:The Japanese were then decisively defeated at the 21672:1946 United States Air Force C-47 Crash at Yan'an 21490:State visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States 20890:China Federation for Defending the Diaoyu Islands 20885:Action Committee for Defending the Diaoyu Islands 19082:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo 12326:"Nuclear Power: The End of the War Against Japan" 12248:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of 11073: 11046: 10240:dependent on the United States and Great Britain. 10142: 9860:. University of California Press. pp. 497–. 9782:. University of California Press. pp. 309–. 9700: 9188:. University of California Press. pp. 39–41. 8686: 8642:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of 7433: 6521:included profiteering, speculation and hoarding. 6502:Post-war struggle and resumption of the civil war 6470:After the Allied victory in the Pacific, General 6143:successfully before withdrawal in November 1944. 5407: 4634: 4123:Prelude: invasion of Manchuria and Northern China 3369:The full-scale war began on 7 July 1937 with the 23644: 21510:2015 United States–China Cybersecurity Agreement 20597:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 13570:. Stanford University Press, 2007. xviii, 380p. 12556: 12554: 12552: 11641: 11509:A regional handbook on Northwest China, Volume 1 11257: 10945: 10661:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 474. 10118: 9857:Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service 9779:Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service 9165: 8487: 8484:Boorman, Biographical Dictionary, vol. 1, p. 121 8466: 8454: 8429: 8417: 8126:American Academy of Political and Social Science 7599: 7533: 7471: 7363: 6001:Japan invaded and occupied the northern part of 5174:and had little military-industrial strength, no 4813:National Revolutionary Army soldiers during the 4675:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 4517:, which led to more than 3,000 civilian deaths. 4495:On 13 August 1937, Kuomintang soldiers attacked 4033: 3602:In Japan, nowadays, the name "Japan–China War" ( 3385:. After failing to stop the Japanese capture of 21702:1996 United States campaign finance controversy 20567:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation 15333:Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War 13814:. China Information Committee. 1938. p. 66 13625:Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937–1945 13181:(illustrated ed.). Casemate. p. 112. 13031:Croddy, Eric A.; Wirtz, James J., eds. (2005). 12811: 12809: 12807: 12805: 12803: 12602: 11296: 11234:Britain in Vietnam: prelude to disaster, 1945-6 10627:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 266. 10610:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 266. 10522:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 591–597, 601. 9582: 8260: 7668: 6750: 6273:accompanied by Soviet troops to defeat General 5783:Union became the primary supporter for China's 3490:recaptured Japanese occupied regions of Guangxi 3429:. In November 1939, Chinese nationalist forces 3279:that started in 1931. It is considered part of 23059:Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden 22990:Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885) 21505:State visit by Xi Jinping to the United States 19556: 15200:Army groups of the National Revolutionary Army 13416: 12421:. Charlotte, NC: Information Age. p. 90. 12417:Crawford, Keith A.; Foster, Stuart J. (2007). 12416: 11464: 11383: 11303:. University of California Press. p. 41. 10190: 9847: 7494:(in Chinese). Haichao chubanshe. p. 312. 6269:In 1937, then pro-Soviet General Sheng Shicai 5136: 4955:1939–1940: Chinese counterattack and stalemate 4904:NRA commanders intended the flood to act as a 3988:province, leading to nationwide anti-Japanese 3529:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China 3314:On 18 September 1931, the Japanese staged the 815:3,000,000–4,000,000+ military dead and missing 23688:Military history of China during World War II 23000:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885 22603: 22371:Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy 21226: 20628: 19435: 18745:History of World War II by region and country 18729: 15438: 15072:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 13936: 13344:The Rise of Nationalism in Vietnam, 1900–1941 13215:"Chinese Tank Forces and Battles before 1949" 12549: 12069: 12067: 11535:Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs (1982). 11359:"The Vietnam War Seeds of Conflict 1945–1960" 11230: 11143: 11050:The rise of nationalism in Vietnam, 1900–1941 10088: 10086: 10084: 10082: 10080: 9415:傅應川; 洪小夏 (2015). "第十章重探徐州會戰". In 郭岱君 (ed.). 9233:. University of California Press. p. 42. 9203:. University of California Press. p. 39. 9134:. University of California Press. p. 32. 8723: 8520:The 1929 Sino-Soviet War: The War Nobody Knew 8507:The 1929 Sino-Soviet War: The War Nobody Knew 7577: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7525: 7523: 7396: 7077:Chinese armies deployed "dare to die corps" ( 6941:were largely based on Japanese publications. 6868:In addition, the war created 95 million 6865:of Japan at that time (US$ 7.7 billion). 6765: 6711:government has held celebrations marking the 4532:medium-heavy land-based bombers and assorted 4238:led by the communists declared war on Japan. 3293:War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression 3172: 3146: 3120: 3088: 3074: 3021: 3007: 2954: 2940: 2887: 2873: 2820: 2806: 2739: 2725: 2322: 2308: 2156: 1635: 1070: 186:7 July 1937 – 2 September 1945 22104:United States Innovation and Competition Act 21108:Japan-China Joint History Research Committee 20750:China–Japan–South Korea Free Trade Agreement 15363:Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists 15241:Anti-Japanese resistance volunteers in China 13658:(Stanford University Press, 2011); 614 pages 13552:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire 13528:History of the Sino-Japanese war (1937–1945) 13445: 13320:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 12800: 11876:, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Autumn, 1993), pp. 154–201 11645:China Political Reports 1911–1960: 1942–1945 10881:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 10136: 9769: 9486:"Chinese Nationalist Armour in World War II" 8720:University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh), 2004. 8303: 8176:. No. Christmas Specials 2012. London: 7840: 7103:) or "suicide squads" against the Japanese. 5753:History of the cooperative movement in China 5145:can be divided into two periods as follows: 4513:, Kuomintang planes accidentally bombed the 4399: 3440:In December 1941, Japan launched a surprise 1084: 22381:Hua Yuan Science and Technology Association 22376:Congressional-Executive Commission on China 22232:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States 20743:Japan–South Korea Joint Declaration of 1998 20723:Sino-Japanese Journalist Exchange Agreement 19919:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office 14814:Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 13730:Negotiating China's Destiny in World War II 13534:Lary, Diana and Stephen R. Mackinnon, eds. 13030: 12083:United Nations High Commission for Refugees 11687:. Serindia Publications, Inc. p. 232. 9397: 9070:People's Wars in China, Malaya, and Vietnam 8858: 8693:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 152–. 7960:. Cambridge University Press. p. 123. 6408: 6264: 6111:(B.A.A.G.) was set up and headquartered in 5908:, supplies and advisors arrived, headed by 5416:Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and his wife 5315:with a KMT "Blue Sky, White Sun" emblem cap 4993:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4873: 3634:used "The North China Incident" (Japanese: 22610: 22596: 22150:U.S.–China Strategic and Economic Dialogue 21233: 21219: 20635: 20621: 19442: 19428: 18736: 18722: 15445: 15431: 13943: 13929: 13745: 13732:(Stanford University Press, 2014) 336 pp. 13400:Retribution: The Battle for Japan, 1944–45 12635:. Millard Publishing Co. 1940. p. 187 12350: 12064: 11879: 11541:. King Abdulaziz University. p. 299. 11337:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 63. 10871:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 10077: 9814: 9586:New Perspectives on the Chinese Revolution 9434:. Cambridge University Press. p. 555. 9277:Environmental & Engineering Geoscience 9264:https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0968344520961548 9243: 8123: 7705:He Yingqin, "Eight Year Sino-Japanese War" 7568: 7520: 7139:Combatants of the Second Sino-Japanese War 5645:in late 1943, besieged Japanese troops in 5232: 5186:Second phase: October 1938 – December 1941 4820: 4089: 3350:since 1927. In late 1933, Chiang Kai-shek 2315: 2301: 2163: 2149: 1642: 1628: 1077: 1063: 718:1,124,900 (1945) (excluding Manchuria and 22852:Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees 22436:Harvard Summit for Young Leaders in China 22218:Anti-American sentiment in mainland China 22094:Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act 22029:United States–China Relations Act of 2000 21285:Ambassadors of the United States to China 21275:Ambassadors of China to the United States 20853:Controversies surrounding Yasukuni Shrine 20755:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit 20698:Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty 20317:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 19932:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors 13837:Biographical Dictionary of Occupied China 13568:China at War: Regions of China, 1937–1945 13139: 12578:Dower, John "War Without Mercy", pp. 297. 12574: 12572: 12570: 12015:"What Japanese history lessons leave out" 11726:DÎVÂN DİSİPLİNLERARASI ÇALIŞMALAR DERGİSİ 11053:. Cornell University Press. p. 272. 10946:Whitehead, John; Bennett, George (1990). 10889: 10867:Kirby, Major General Woodburn, S (1958). 9955: 9808: 9228: 9198: 9183: 9129: 7947: 7908: 7683:(in Japanese). 読売新聞社. 1983. p. 186. 7260: 7247: 7205:Timeline of events preceding World War II 7072: 6420:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 6127:A British-Australian commando operation, 5733:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 5270:scrap metal and oil embargo against Japan 5013:Learn how and when to remove this message 4920:, a major northwestern route used by the 4070:The July–November 1929 conflict over the 3501:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 984:Middle estimate: 960,000 dead and wounded 828:3,211,000–10,000,000+ military casualties 22466:Human Rights Record of the United States 22188:History of China–United States relations 22054:Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act 21340:Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs 19705:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement 13526:Hsu, Long-hsuen; Chang Ming-kai (1972). 13397: 13178:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze 11506:Human Relations Area Files, inc (1956). 11174:The march of folly: from Troy to Vietnam 10856:– via Taylor & Francis Online. 10685:"Ace served with Flying Tigers in China" 10517: 9922:. Harvard University Press. p. 28. 9821:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 206–. 9262:Volume: 29 issue: 1, page(s): 185-204. 9216:Storm Clouds over the Pacific, 1931-1941 9159:Storm Clouds over the Pacific, 1931-1941 8680: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8304:Nihart, F. B.; Powell, Ralph L. (1955). 8279:Liew, Kit Siong; Sung Chiao-jen (1971). 8008: 7779:Faculty of History, University of Oxford 7273:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 14–15. 7105: 6795: 6647: 6591: 6560: 6511: 6484:homophone of the word for "long lasting" 6435: 6321: 6198: 6195:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina 6090: 5988: 5936: 5850: 5665:offensive in 1944 compelled evacuation. 5591: 5444: 5433: 5411: 5347:and, on 24 December, the formation of a 5303: 5189: 5024: 4833: 4808: 4751:Chinese troops advancing near Wanjialing 4746: 4700: 4644: 4475: 4396:strongly shook public opinion in Japan. 4348: 4134: 2267:Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (1931–1936) 2208:Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (1894–1895) 22426:US–China Peoples Friendship Association 21744:2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations 21183:New Life+: Young Again in Another World 21011:2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations 20994:Japanese history textbook controversies 13849:IBIBLIO World War II: China Burma India 13549: 13530:. Chung Wu Publishers. ASIN B00005W210. 13174: 13069: 12910:Kristof, Nicholas D. (12 August 1995). 12909: 12679: 12384:]. Iwanami Bukkuretto. p. 43. 12286:Hirohito and the making of modern Japan 11872:Robert A. Pape. Why Japan Surrendered. 11778: 10970: 10604:United States. Congress. House (1939). 9917: 9429: 9419:. Taipei: 聯經. p. 437-440, 447-449. 9213: 9156: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8690:Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict 8099:Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy 6895:that killed about 3 million Indians in 6839:346,543 for 1939, and 299,483 for 1941. 6353:The Japanese attempt to get the Muslim 5955:From December 1937, events such as the 5170:Unlike Japan, China was unprepared for 4929:, where the Chinese wartime capital of 4778: 4536:with the expectation of destroying the 4059: 4048:by the Kwantung Army in 1928. His son, 3431:launched a large scale winter offensive 3425:, who waged a campaign of sabotage and 23645: 22578:Category:China–United States relations 22504:A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China 22002:Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992 21954:Sino-American Cooperative Organization 21848:Timeline of the Cox Report controversy 21828:Chinese espionage in the United States 20515:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 17292: 17270:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 13885:Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection 13879:Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection 13618: 13584:Canadians Behind Enemy Lines 1939–1945 13494:Annalee Jacoby and Theodore H. White, 13336: 12794: 12581: 12567: 12478: 12449: 12375: 12241: 11919: 10779: 10459: 10443: 10427: 10031: 9742: 9483: 9414: 9144: 8937: 8935: 8933: 8931: 8929: 8927: 8925: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8810:from the original on 24 September 2021 8770:"-Brief history of military airplanes" 8635: 8078: 7992: 7918:Pan-Asianism and Japan's War 1931–1945 7747: 7513: 7511: 7305: 6956:Use of chemical and biological weapons 6516:Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong in 1945 5711:attacking from India, and those under 5471:Sino-American Cooperative Organization 4367:on 10 July 1937, three days after the 4363:policy of resistance against Japan at 3486:failed Japanese invasion of West Hunan 3409:. By 1939, after Chinese victories at 23105:Soviet deportations of Chinese people 22591: 22386:Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China 21977:United States sanctions against China 21280:Embassy of the United States, Beijing 21214: 21128:Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China 21037:Chinese influence on Japanese culture 20989:Mao Zedong thanking Japan controversy 20708:Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement 20616: 19423: 18717: 18141:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 17573:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 17219:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 17175:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 16280:Rape during the occupation of Germany 15426: 15170: 15107: 14685: 14091: 13963: 13924: 13802:China in War and Revolution 1895–1949 13100: 12815: 12537:from the original on 30 December 2014 12332:from the original on 28 November 2015 12141:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 12052:from the original on 11 November 2017 11823: 11609:. 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Sharpe publishing. 7357: 7324: 7195:Mao Zedong thanking Japan controversy 6401:rubble, though he was later rescued. 6191:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 5266:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 5156:) – 25 October 1938 (end of the 5108: 4465: 3957: 3941:, becoming the new emperor of China. 2296: 2144: 1623: 1058: 16:1937–1945 war between China and Japan 23663:Wars involving the Republic of China 21823:2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan 21754:Disappearance of David Louis Sneddon 21739:United States diplomatic cables leak 21434:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 20875:2010 Senkaku boat collision incident 19924:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff 19680:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 17263:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 16295:Rape during the liberation of France 13766:from the original on 12 October 2022 13642:from the original on 12 October 2022 13581: 13538:. 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Trump 21645:Twain–Ament indemnities controversy 21520:United States–China talks in Alaska 21495:Presidential Rule of Law Initiative 20848:Association of Returnees from China 20738:State visit by Jiang Zemin to Japan 20688:Japanese missions to Imperial China 20587:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman 19834:East Asia Development Board (Kōain) 19449: 15210:Japanese armoured fighting vehicles 14260:Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army 13678: 13322:, Vol. 28 (Dec. 2018), pp. 107–134. 13243: 13070:Morgans, Julian (22 October 2015). 12661:from the original on 4 October 2009 12531:The International Churchill Society 11895:(page visited on 3 September 2015). 11719: 10071: 10059: 9640:"Opium, Empire, and Modern History" 9631: 9576: 9496:from the original on 21 March 2011. 9444: 9378: 9356: 9337: 9318: 8995:from the original on 3 January 2022 8916: 8776:. 19 September 2006. Archived from 7798: 7748:Carter, James (20 September 2023). 7508: 7489: 6184: 5847:China-Germany relations (1912-1949) 5805: 5743:Chinese industrial base and the CIC 5324:were given the duty of suppressing 5072:had fought against Japanese in the 4462:to describe the Japanese invaders. 3626:began in earnest in July 1937 near 3499:on 2 September 1945, following the 3397:in the Chinese interior. After the 13: 23186:Legislation on Chinese Indonesians 23037:Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886 23021:1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka 22109:Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act 22009:United States-Hong Kong Policy Act 21869:Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay 21515:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 21270:Embassy of China, Washington, D.C. 20843:Japanese repatriation from Huludao 20760:Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat 17489:German invasion of the Netherlands 15769:Weather events during World War II 15171: 13799: 13778: 13707: 13505: 13480:. China Times Publishing Company. 13082:from the original on 6 August 2020 12743:. War Department. pp. 69–86. 12012: 11886:Act of Surrender, 9 September 1945 11732:from the original on 18 March 2014 11681:Hisao Kimura; Scott Berry (1990). 11487:from the original on 29 March 2019 11177:. Random House, Inc. p. 235. 10546:. Info.dfat.gov.au. Archived from 10488: 10409:from the original on 26 March 2019 10199:from the original on 26 March 2019 9962:. University of California Press. 9728:. 13 November 1944. Archived from 9047: 8620: 8493: 8472: 8460: 8435: 8423: 8375:《时局未宁之内阁问题》, 《满洲报》1922年7月27日, "论说" 8266: 8132:. Sage Publications, Inc.: 36–43. 8087: 7954:Paine, S. C. M. (20 August 2012). 7610: 7483: 7477: 6962:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 6604:by allowing the approval of a few 6334:, but only succeeded with certain 5892:of Siberia and save itself from a 5492:in 1942 and its re-opening as the 5231:" (kill all, loot all, burn all) ( 4742: 4339:1937: Full-scale invasion of China 3322:event fabricated to justify their 14: 23774: 22193:Hong Kong–United States relations 21525:United States–China Working Group 21385:Shanghai International Settlement 20999:2005 anti-Japanese demonstrations 20798:North China Buffer State Strategy 18120:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 15348:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet 14686: 13829: 13475: 13328:War And Diplomacy in Eastern Asia 13221:(#4). Summer 2001. Archived from 12861:from the original on 2 April 2023 12854:Enemy Tactics in Chemical Warfare 12776:from the original on 2 April 2023 12769:Enemy Tactics in Chemical Warfare 12747:from the original on 2 April 2023 12740:Enemy Tactics in Chemical Warfare 12460:from the original on 30 June 2020 12021:from the original on 16 June 2018 11805:from the original on 2 April 2015 11648:. Archive Editions. p. 311. 11331:Elizabeth Jane Errington (1990). 11237:. Psychology Press. p. 119. 11171:Barbara Wertheim Tuchman (1985). 10897:"The Hong Kong Volunteer Company" 10317:www.century-of-flight.freeola.com 10148: 10007: 9706: 9171: 8668:from the original on 2 April 2023 7492:中国抗日战争与第二次世界大战系年要录·统计荟萃 1931–1945 7270:The Second World War: The Pacific 6893:1943–1945 Indian famine in Bengal 6779: 6059: 6014:Germany attacked the Soviet Union 5927: 5454:conflict, the Pacific theatre of 4838:A map of the flooded area in 1938 4785:Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region 4697:Battles of Xuzhou and Taierzhuang 4528:of the then-advanced long-ranged 4515:Shanghai International Settlement 4422:, two combined brigades from the 4015: 3903:Warlords in the Republic of China 235:recovers all territories lost to 23673:Anti-Japanese sentiment in China 23343:Artificial Intelligence Cold War 23303:2014 Vietnam anti-China protests 23214:1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma 22573: 22572: 22491:Duke-UNC China Leadership Summit 22279:Artificial Intelligence Cold War 22172:Permanent normal trade relations 22019:Forced Abortion Condemnation Act 21252: 21242: 21196: 21195: 21059:Anti-Japanese sentiment in China 21027:History of China–Japan relations 20902:Exclusive economic zone of Japan 20838:Japanese Instrument of Surrender 20654: 20644: 20287:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 19555: 18680: 15452: 15406: 15396: 15387: 15386: 15353:Japanese occupation of Hong Kong 14167:East Hebei Autonomous Government 14092: 13287:Bayly, C. A., and T. N. Harper. 13237: 13207: 13168: 13133: 13094: 13063: 13024: 12985: 12972: 12961:received a special screening by 12934: 12903: 12886: 12873: 12844: 12759: 12730: 12673: 12647: 12623: 12614: 12519: 12507:from the original on 3 June 2018 12472: 12443: 12410: 12398: 12368: 12359: 12344: 12318: 12292: 12274: 12235: 12216: 12197: 12178: 12159: 12129: 12118: 12033: 12006: 11980: 11971: 11961: 11929:Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group 11913: 11898: 11866: 11840: 11817: 11772: 11744: 11713: 11674: 11635: 11596: 11557: 11528: 11499: 11465:Hsiao-ting Lin (February 2007). 11458: 11444: 11416: 11377: 11351: 11324: 11290: 11251: 11224: 11191: 11164: 11137: 11110: 11067: 10999: 10964: 10939: 10860: 10814: 10773: 10741: 10709: 10677: 10655:United States. Congress (1967). 10648: 10631: 10614: 10597: 10580: 10571: 10562: 10536: 10511: 10494: 10469: 10395: 10365: 10335: 10305: 10275: 10245: 10229:from the original on 25 May 2013 10211: 10184: 10154: 10025: 9988: 9949: 9936: 9911: 9886: 9736: 9694:Nippon Communications Foundation 9681: 9563: 9550: 9534:from the original on 25 May 2013 9516: 9500: 9477: 9417:重探抗戰史（一）：從抗日大戰略的形成到武漢會戰1931-1938 8991:. Britannica. 13 December 2022. 8060:from the original on 25 May 2021 7865:from the original on 9 July 2021 7852: 7680:戦争: 中国侵略(War: Invasion of China) 7656:Chidorigafuchi National Cemetery 7222: 7164: 7150: 6696:which specifically accepted the 6694:Japanese Instrument of Surrender 6428:Japanese Instrument of Surrender 6039:fighters heavily armed with six 5932: 5791:, the United States enacted the 4963: 4826:This section is an excerpt from 4804:provisional capital of Chongqing 4414:authorized the deployment of an 4195:in 1932, and installed the last 3990:protests and mass demonstrations 3647:), and with the outbreak of the 3287:", in reference to the scale of 2248:German Pacific possesions (1914) 964: 957: 913: 832: 772: 742: 735: 728: 698: 686: 653: 623: 611: 588: 576: 564: 552: 540: 532: 522: 508: 490: 483: 471: 464: 452: 445: 433: 426: 414: 407: 395: 388: 374: 360: 335: 323: 311: 298: 283: 271: 258: 149:Chinese machine gun nest in the 101: 92: 81: 72: 61: 52: 22995:Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 22518:The Art of Investing in America 22441:International School of Beijing 22306:String of Pearls (Indian Ocean) 22024:Taiwan Security Enhancement Act 21640:Chae Chan Ping v. United States 21609:Quadrilateral Security Dialogue 21093:China-Japan Friendship Hospital 21047:Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan 20302:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 14844:West Henan–North Hubei campaign 13811:China at war, Volume 1, Issue 3 13525: 13280: 12632:China monthly review, Volume 95 12608: 12302:. History.co.uk. Archived from 11824:Scott, John (17 October 1934). 11300:Vietnam 1946: how the war began 11123:. Michael Glazier. p. 56. 11017:. 30 April 2013. Archived from 10313:"Major 'Buffalo' Wong Sun-Shui" 9589:. Routledge. pp. 263–297. 9438: 9423: 9303: 9237: 9222: 9207: 9192: 9177: 9150: 9123: 9020: 8981: 8907: 8877: 8863:. Sandomierz, Poland: Stratus. 8852: 8822: 8792: 8762: 8707: 8588: 8525: 8512: 8499: 8478: 8441: 8408: 8399: 8378: 8369: 8344: 8297: 8272: 8234: 8204: 8117: 8104: 8072: 8041: 8002: 7877: 7846: 7792: 7767: 7741: 7732: 7708: 7699: 7649: 7640: 7452: 7402: 6165:After the Japanese blocked the 5918:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 5749:Chinese Industrial Cooperatives 5596:Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, 4662:of Nanjing (December 1937) and 3871:, while Japan had emerged as a 3819: 3670:The word "incident" (Japanese: 3525:United Nations Security Council 3399:Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact 3346:, had fought each other in the 2997:Fourth alternative Chinese name 2863:Second alternative Chinese name 2223:Manchuria and Korea (1904–1905) 1649: 1038: 1029: 1020: 972:Puppet states and collaborators 750:Puppet states and collaborators 23678:China–Japan military relations 23581:Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees 22497:The Coming Conflict with China 22203:Taiwan–United States relations 22074:Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act 21635:Cheong Ah Moy v. United States 21390:American Concession (Shanghai) 21201:Category:China–Japan relations 20557:Japanese settlers in Manchuria 19675:Imperial Rescript on Education 18367:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 16077:Territorial changes of Germany 15985:Indonesian National Revolution 14278:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces 14177:Provisional Chinese Government 14050:Hebei–Chahar Political Council 13990:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 13964: 13847:"CBI Theater of Operations" – 13476:Huang, Ray (31 January 1994). 13140:Schaedler, Luc (Autumn 2007). 12772:. War Department. p. 69. 11728:. cilt 15 (sayı 29): 139–141. 10754:. 24 June 2015. Archived from 9998:34.3 (November 2003): 243–259. 9956:MacKinnon, Stephen R. (2008). 9688:Nobu, Iwatani (27 July 2021). 8449:Ji Nan Can An (Jinan Massacre) 8048:Cain, Sian (13 January 2017). 7915:Hotta, E. (25 December 2007). 7419:. A&C Black. p. 171. 7408: 7348: 7099: 7090: 7082: 6973:Bowling Green State University 6739:held a series of talks in the 6376: 6243:Three Principles of the People 6220:Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi 6169:in April 1942, and before the 6041:0.50-inch caliber machine guns 5831:Nationalist Air Force of China 5761: 5408:Entrance of the Western Allies 4910:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces 4868: 4859: 4851: 4635:Battle of Nanjing and Massacre 4321:Hebei–Chahar Political Council 4280: 4232:Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies 4131:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 3694: 3593:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 3588: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3552: 3544: 3308: 3300: 3234: 3208: 3089: 3075: 3064:Fifth alternative Chinese name 3052: 3022: 3008: 2985: 2955: 2941: 2930:Third alternative Chinese name 2918: 2888: 2874: 2851: 2821: 2807: 2784: 2770: 2740: 2726: 1102:1931–1937 (pre-war skirmishes) 1: 23668:Anti-Chinese violence in Asia 23370:2024 Papua New Guinean unrest 23333:China–United States trade war 23198:Internment of Chinese-Indians 23111:Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 22451:Yixian glazed pottery luohans 22198:Macau–United States relations 22162:China–United States trade war 21395:United States Court for China 21249:China–United States relations 21103:Yokohama Specie Bank Building 20860:Boycotts of Japanese products 20672:Ambassadors of China to Japan 20008:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha) 19914:Imperial General Headquarters 19505:Foreign commerce and shipping 17767:Japanese invasion of Thailand 17718:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 17482:German invasion of Luxembourg 15863:Mediterranean and Middle East 15292:Declaration by United Nations 15108: 15057:Yan'an Rectification Movement 14996:Kaimingjie germ weapon attack 14345:Collaborationist Chinese Army 12040:Wang, Zheng (23 April 2014). 11779:Goodman, David S. G. (2004). 10518:Pederson, William D. (2011). 9558:Journal of Contemporary China 9387:(PhD). pp. 23–24, 72–73. 8859:Januszewski, Tadeusz (2013). 7235: 7132: 6791: 6715:on 9 September (now known as 6480:Armistice of 11 November 1918 6230:, was named as the deputy of 6046:United States Army Air Forces 5103:Collaborationist Chinese Army 5092:headed by former KMT premier 4660:captured the KMT capital city 4587:, and it also proved to be a 4490:Imperial General Headquarters 4317:East Hebei Autonomous Council 4218:battle. This resulted in the 4034:Reunification of China (1928) 3935:Song Jiaoren was assassinated 3808: 3581:Chinese Ministry of Education 3454:United States Army Air Forces 2513:Mediterranean and Middle East 936:1,934,820 wounded and missing 933:455,700–700,000 military dead 23375:Boycotts of Chinese products 23298:2013 Tiananmen Square attack 23230:1969 race riots of Singapore 23204:1964 race riots in Singapore 22891:2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639) 22336:Protestant missions in China 22059:Tibet Policy and Support Act 21682:Lamont v. Postmaster General 21345:Office of China Coordination 21304:American Consulate-Generals 21118:Emperor at home, king abroad 21081:China–Japan football rivalry 20897:Ryūkyū independence movement 20813:Greater East Asia Conference 20728:Japan–China Joint Communiqué 20335:Hirohito surrender broadcast 19735:Greater East Asia Conference 17674:Invasion of the Soviet Union 17363:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 16681:Independent State of Croatia 15261:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 15134:Chinese Communist Revolution 15077:Hirohito surrender broadcast 15047:Nine Power Treaty Conference 14784:Zhongtiao Mountains campaign 13302:Bayly, C. A., T. N. Harper. 12694:10.1007/978-3-319-51664-6_14 12351:Clodfelter, Michael (2015). 12013:Oi, Mariko (14 March 2013). 10839:10.1080/09592296.2011.599641 9946:, Westviewpres, 1996, p. 138 9854:Frederic E. Wakeman (2003). 9776:Frederic E. Wakeman (2003). 9385:East China Normal University 9363:East China Normal University 9325:East China Normal University 9244:Clodfelter, Michael (2017). 9075:University of Michigan Press 8733:Policing Shanghai, 1927–1937 8730:Frederic E. Wakeman (1996). 7957:The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949 7240: 7061:Japan gave its own soldiers 6899:and parts of Southern India. 6751:Japanese women left in China 6721:Democratic Progressive Party 6671:. The ROC proclaimed Taiwan 6556: 6424:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 5737:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 5608:in 1943 during World War II. 5361:Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region 4719:escalated the war in Jiangsu 4377:Marco Polo (or Lugou) Bridge 4163:against the Soviet Union in 4040:Chinese reunification (1928) 3925:, commander of the loyalist 3689:Neutrality Acts of the 1930s 3507:and subsequent invasions of 3381:in 1937 and perpetrated the 3053:dì èr cì zhōng rì zhàn zhēng 2494:Manchuria and Northern Korea 2096:Manchuria and Northern Korea 7: 23365:2021 Solomon Islands unrest 23355:COVID-19 pandemic incidents 23252:May 1998 riots of Indonesia 22539:The Transpacific Experiment 22481:China Human Rights Biweekly 22366:Chinese Educational Mission 22356:Boxer Indemnity Scholarship 22140:Strategic Economic Dialogue 21857:American espionage in China 21592:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 21289:Chinese Consulate-Generals 19720:Supreme Court of Judicature 18658:End of World War II in Asia 18498:Western invasion of Germany 18005:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 17982:Second Battle of El Alamein 17552:Hundred Regiments Offensive 17524:Battle of the Mediterranean 17377:Italian invasion of Albania 15551:Air warfare of World War II 14966:Zhengding Missionary Murder 14794:1941-1942 Changsha campaign 14769:Hundred Regiments Offensive 14182:Reformed Chinese Government 13874:Annals of the Flying Tigers 13450:, Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 13369:Journal of Military History 13034:Weapons of Mass Destruction 12879:Y. Yoshimi and S. Matsuno, 12376:Himeta, Mitsuyoshi (1995). 11361:. The History Place. 1999. 11198:Larry H. Addington (2000). 11015:Central Intelligence Agency 9638:Hevia, James Louis (2003). 9451:. Oxford University Press. 9365:(PhD). pp. 38, 41, 73. 9327:(PhD). pp. 37, 38, 72. 9297:10.2113/gseegeosci.15.4.287 9229:Mackinnon, Stephen (2008). 9199:Mackinnon, Stephen (2008). 9184:Mackinnon, Stephen (2008). 9130:Mackinnon, Stephen (2008). 7801:Journal of Japanese Studies 7143: 7052:Khabarovsk War Crime Trials 6903: 6576:Hundred Regiments Offensive 6444:In less than two weeks the 6121:Hong Kong Volunteer Company 6007:Haiphong–Yunnan Fou Railway 5516:of China, now known as the 5160:with the fall of the city). 5137:Chinese resistance strategy 4908:defensive line against the 4896:National Revolutionary Army 4066:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 4028:National Revolutionary Army 3939:restore the imperial system 3797: 3777: 3755: 3725: 3712: 3679: 3660: 3643: 3618: 3587:; traditional Chinese: 3575:; traditional Chinese: 3567:; traditional Chinese: 3474:Chinese Expeditionary Force 3435:Hundred Regiments Offensive 3401:, Soviet aid bolstered the 1894:Dutch East Indies (1941–42) 1851:Strategic bombing (1944–45) 1530:North Burma and West Yunnan 901:266,800–1,000,000 POWs dead 867:584,267 military casualties 166:Chinese Expeditionary Force 131:National Revolutionary Army 10: 23779: 23360:2021 Atlanta spa shootings 23224:13 May incident (Malaysia) 23192:Chinese Confession Program 23082:Vancouver anti-Asian riots 23026:Chinese head tax in Canada 22973:San Francisco riot of 1877 22476:New Federal State of China 21597:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis 21580:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 21500:Beijing–Washington hotline 21429:PRC-US Ambassadorial Talks 21113:Japan–Ming trade-ship flag 20426:Second Philippine Republic 20204:Manchuria–Mongolia problem 18584:Naval bombardment of Japan 17952:First Battle of El Alamein 17871:Battle of Christmas Island 17816:Japanese invasion of Burma 17580:Italian invasion of Greece 17496:German invasion of Belgium 17468:German invasion of Denmark 17441:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 17310:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 15574:Comparative military ranks 15021:Zhejiang-Jiangxi massacres 15001:Execution of Huang Yiguang 14946:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 14799:Japanese invasion of Burma 14759:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 14724:Northern and Eastern Henan 14609:Japanese and collaborators 14426:Japanese and collaborators 14271:Japanese and collaborators 14145:Japanese and collaborators 14075:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 13785:. New York: Viking Press. 13510:. Helion and Company Ltd. 13429:Cambridge University Press 12485:. Routledge. p. 348. 12456:. Transaction Publishers. 11720:Lei, Wan (February 2010). 11150:. Greenwood. p. 106. 11074:James P. Harrison (1989). 11047:William J. Duiker (1976). 10827:Diplomacy & Statecraft 10780:Bergin, Bob (March 2009). 10283:"Before the Flying Tigers" 10166:Center of Military History 10102:Cambridge University Press 10100:. Cambridge New York, NY: 9918:Schoppa, R. Keith (2011). 9647:China Review International 8965:Cambridge University Press 8963:. Cambridge New York, NY: 8687:Edwin Palmer Hoyt (2001). 8541:Japanese monograph No. 144 8138:10.1177/000271624121500106 8009:Brinkley, Douglas (2003). 7884:Kang, K. (4 August 1995). 7490:Liu, Tinghua 刘庭华 (1995). 7180:Aviation Martyrs' Cemetery 7136: 6960:Despite Article 23 of the 6812: 6769: 6766:Korean women left in China 6754: 6641: 6567:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 6541:1.2 million by 1945. 6505: 6417: 6315: 6188: 6063: 5898:Soviet volunteer air force 5869:Alexander von Falkenhausen 5844: 5765: 5746: 5672: 5643:advanced to northern Burma 5233: 5208:in 1939 (and again in the 4927:invading the Sichuan basin 4825: 4798:to launch the war's first 4792:air branches of their navy 4638: 4625:Shanghai French Concession 4469: 4403: 4369:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 4345:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 4342: 4325:Mongol Military Government 4128: 4117: 4063: 4037: 4019: 3968:In 1915, Japan issued the 3961: 3906: 3823: 3812: 3644:Hokushi Jihen/Kahoku Jihen 3460:. In 1944, Japan launched 3371:Marco Polo Bridge incident 2172:Military campaigns of the 2043:Volcano and Ryukyu Islands 23748:Campaigns of World War II 23619: 23561: 23466: 23430: 23394: 23387: 23328:2015 Aksu colliery attack 23278:2008 Kunming bus bombings 23260: 23068: 22925: 22904: 22877: 22870: 22834: 22722: 22676: 22649:The Unparalleled Invasion 22626: 22569: 22471:USA pavilion at Expo 2010 22416:US-China Business Council 22296:Peaceful Evolution theory 22180: 22117: 21969: 21887: 21617: 21533: 21471:Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing 21355: 21262: 21192: 21019: 20910: 20768: 20680: 20664: 20534: 20507: 20449: 20403: 20360: 20353: 20307:Japan during World War II 20267:Pacification of Manchukuo 20237: 20167: 20159:Invasion of Taiwan (1895) 20154:Invasion of Taiwan (1874) 20092: 20085: 20036: 20023:Control Faction (Tōseiha) 19976: 19902: 19895: 19842: 19760: 19753: 19745:Imperial Japanese Airways 19652: 19599: 19564: 19553: 19457: 19364: 19115: 18978: 18932: 18854: 18751: 18673: 18505:Bratislava–Brno offensive 18445: 18436:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 18173: 18060:Allied invasion of Sicily 18014: 17920:Aleutian Islands campaign 17892:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 17839: 17830:Greek famine of 1941–1944 17725:Second Battle of Changsha 17630:German invasion of Greece 17598: 17475:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 17450: 17388: 17283: 17164: 16890: 16800: 16648: 16351: 16342: 16100: 15925: 15817:North and Central Pacific 15778: 15540: 15533: 15460: 15382: 15300: 15269: 15233: 15220:Japanese infantry weapons 15187: 15183: 15166: 15114: 15103: 15039: 14908: 14862: 14804:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 14696: 14692: 14681: 14608: 14577: 14570: 14425: 14364: 14357: 14270: 14208: 14199: 14144: 14109: 14102: 14098: 14087: 14005:Defense of the Great Wall 13995:Pacification of Manchukuo 13970: 13959: 13752:. London: Profile Books. 13746:van de Ven, Hans (2017). 13693:10.1080/03068370500039151 13663:Far Eastern War 1937 1941 13072:"A Brief History of Meth" 12949:12 September 2011 at the 11642:Robert L. Jarman (2001). 11264:. McFarland. p. 21. 11258:Van Nguyen Duong (2008). 10985:10.1080/03068370500039151 10037:Weidenfeld & Nicolson 9508:Pacific Historical Review 8386:"北洋军阀时期中华民族共同体的构建路径与效应分析" 8244:. BBC. 10 November 2014. 7661:16 September 2018 at the 7449:. Retrieved 17 April 2016 7364:Hsiung, James C. (1992). 7310:. Routledge. p. 79. 7185:Japan during World War II 6885:Chinese famine of 1942–43 6741:Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall 6637: 6586: 6525:insufficiently defended. 6146:Commandos and members of 6077:Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen 6033:American Volunteer Groups 5920:and the beginning of the 5879: 5840: 5563:China-Burma-India Theater 5518:Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign 5490:closing of the Burma Road 5337:kidnapped Chiang Kai-shek 5035:Battle of Suixian–Zaoyang 4933:and China's southwestern 4406:Battle of Beiping–Tianjin 4400:Battle of Beiping-Tianjin 4275: 4139:Japanese troops entering 4111: 4104:Shanghai massacre of 1927 3843:. Japan also annexed the 3789: 3769: 3747: 3717: 3704: 3671: 3652: 3635: 3607: 3595:. According to historian 3560: 3505:Soviet declaration of war 3326:and establishment of the 3257: 3227: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3166: 3140: 3114: 3109: 3100: 3096: 3082: 3068: 3063: 3045: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3015: 3001: 2996: 2978: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2948: 2934: 2929: 2911: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2881: 2867: 2862: 2844: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2814: 2800: 2795: 2777: 2763: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2733: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2333: 2213:Liaodong Peninsula (1895) 2183: 1659: 1152:Pacification of Manchukuo 1098: 1016: 1006: 762: 603: 350: 250: 178: 46: 30: 25: 23653:Second Sino-Japanese War 23313:April 2014 Ürümqi attack 23122:Second Sino-Japanese War 22951:Chinese massacre of 1871 22847:Asiatic Exclusion League 22421:US–China Education Trust 21914:American Volunteer Group 21909:Second Sino-Japanese War 21086:2004 AFC Asian Cup final 20967:Racial Equality Proposal 20788:Second Sino-Japanese War 20282:Second Sino-Japanese War 20229:Racial Equality Proposal 19809:Agriculture and Commerce 18097:Allied invasion of Italy 18074:Solomon Islands campaign 17823:Third Battle of Changsha 17420:First Battle of Changsha 17326:Second Sino-Japanese War 16266:German military brothels 16132:United States war crimes 15246:American Volunteer Group 15006:New Fourth Army incident 14991:Tientsin Incident (1939) 14916:Tientsin Incident (1931) 14900:Battle of Guilin–Liuzhou 14839:1944-1945 Burma campaign 14764:Zaoyang–Yichang campaign 14744:Suixian–Zaoyang campaign 14216:Nationalist Armed Forces 13952:Second Sino-Japanese War 13554:(in French) (4): 32–38. 13506:Jowett, Phillip (2005). 13350:Cornell University Press 13101:Fenby, Jonathan (2008). 12479:Rummel, Rudolph (1991). 12250:Harvard University Press 11925:Maoism: A Global History 11297:Stein Tønnesson (2010). 10137:Hsiung & Levine 1992 9218:. Casemate. p. 119. 9161:. Casemate. p. 111. 8644:Harvard University Press 8537:25 February 2021 at the 7841:Hsiung & Levine 1992 7775:"China's War with Japan" 7491: 7440:RKKA General Staff, 1939 7331: 7215: 7024:. Gases manufactured in 7011:According to historians 6828:People's Liberation Army 6757:Japanese people in China 6490:a "botched liberation." 6409:Conclusion and aftermath 6265:Central Asian rebellions 5390:New Fourth Army Incident 5268:when the U.S. imposed a 4869:Huāyuánkǒu Juédī Shìjiàn 4775:Japanese up to 200,000. 4757:attack the city of Wuhan 4072:Chinese Eastern Railroad 3778:Nikka Jiken/Nisshi Jiken 3534: 3456:airlifted material over 3265:Second Sino-Japanese War 3173: 3147: 3121: 3070:Traditional Chinese 3003:Traditional Chinese 2936:Traditional Chinese 2869:Traditional Chinese 2802:Traditional Chinese 2721:Traditional Chinese 2706:Second Sino-Japanese War 2499:pre-war border conflicts 2282:Asia-Pacific (1941–1945) 2130:Second Sino-Japanese War 1970:Estevan Point Lighthouse 1725:Indian Ocean (1941–1945) 1676:Marshalls–Gilberts raids 1089:Second Sino-Japanese War 755:900,000–1,006,086 (1945) 112:Clockwise from top left: 26:Second Sino-Japanese War 23443:Ita Martadinata Haryono 23323:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot 23273:Abacus Bank prosecution 22896:Sangley Massacre (1662) 22553:Red Chinese Battle Plan 22341:Elijah Coleman Bridgman 21982:U.S. immigration policy 21813:COVID-19 misinformation 21551:China Relief Expedition 21098:Bank of Taiwan Building 20972:Lansing–Ishii Agreement 20870:Senkaku Islands dispute 20776:First Sino-Japanese War 20199:Washington Naval Treaty 20144:Anglo–Japanese Alliance 20129:First Sino-Japanese War 19948:Nuclear weapons program 19690:Great Japan Youth Party 19617:National seals of Japan 18519:Second Guangxi campaign 18374:Philippines (1944–1945) 17878:Battle of the Coral Sea 17781:Fall of the Philippines 17427:Battle of South Guangxi 17333:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 16739:Italian Social Republic 15277:Sino-German cooperation 15144:Treaty of San Francisco 14941:Murder of Pamela Werner 14880:1944 Battle of Changsha 14875:Battle of Central Henan 14854:Second Guangxi campaign 14631:Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu 14309:Manchukuo Armed Forces 14134:Chinese Communist Party 14020:Inner Mongolia Campaign 13244:Ong, Siew Chey (2005). 13175:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 12228:12 October 2022 at the 12209:12 October 2022 at the 12190:12 October 2022 at the 12171:12 October 2022 at the 11428:. Asia Magazine. 1940. 11384:Hsiao-ting Lin (2010). 10795:: 75–78. Archived from 10789:Studies in Intelligence 9484:L, Klemen (1999–2000). 9445:Mar, Lisa Rose (2010). 9214:Harmsen, Peter (2018). 9157:Harmsen, Peter (2018). 8566:Crean, Jeffrey (2024). 8112:The Case for Manchoukuo 8095:Embargoes and Sanctions 7665:Retrieved 10 March 2016 7468:Retrieved 11 March 2016 7032:Bacteriological weapons 6678:Treaty of San Francisco 6598:Sino-Japanese relations 5957:Japanese attack on USS 5914:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 5633:in a 1942 meeting with 5583:South West Pacific Area 5090:Wang Jingwei Government 5043:Battle of South Guangxi 4844:1938 Yellow River flood 4828:1938 Yellow River flood 4821:1938 Yellow River flood 4815:1938 Yellow River flood 4683: 4243:attacked the Great Wall 4236:Chinese Soviet Republic 4100:Chinese Communist Party 4090:Chinese Communist Party 3947:National Protection War 3826:First Sino-Japanese War 3803:First Sino-Japanese War 3733:Japanese Prime Minister 3419:Chinese Communist Party 3267:was fought between the 3084:Simplified Chinese 3017:Simplified Chinese 2950:Simplified Chinese 2883:Simplified Chinese 2816:Simplified Chinese 2735:Simplified Chinese 2277:French Indochina (1940) 1732:Japanese merchant raids 23318:May 2014 Ürümqi attack 23283:July 2009 Ürümqi riots 23076:White Australia policy 22619:Anti-Chinese sentiment 22511:The New Chinese Empire 22446:SARS conspiracy theory 22346:Divie Bethune McCartee 22145:Summer Palace Dialogue 22079:Hong Kong Autonomy Act 22049:Hong Kong Be Water Act 21724:Hainan Island incident 21032:Japan–Taiwan relations 20943:Convention of Tientsin 20823:Chin–Doihara Agreement 20247:Shōwa financial crisis 20039:Imperial Japanese Navy 19979:Imperial Japanese Army 19710:Peace Preservation Law 18104:Armistice of Cassibile 17906:Battle of Dutch Harbor 17857:Battle of the Java Sea 17760:Attack on Pearl Harbor 17660:Syria–Lebanon campaign 17653:Battle of South Shanxi 17623:Invasion of Yugoslavia 17406:Battle of the Atlantic 17020:Korean Liberation Army 16733:(until September 1943) 16690:(until September 1944) 16668:(until September 1944) 15256:Soviet Volunteer Group 15124:Double Tenth Agreement 15082:Chongqing Negotiations 14789:1941 Changsha campaign 14754:First Guangxi campaign 14749:1939 Changsha campaign 14616:Prince Kan'in Kotohito 14245:Communist Armed Forces 14035:Chin–Doihara Agreement 13612:3 October 2017 at the 13582:MacLaren, Roy (1981). 13398:Hastings, Max (2009). 13391:. On line in Chinese: 12982:, 2004, pages 220–221. 12980:A Plague upon Humanity 12967:A Plague upon Humanity 12680:Grunden, W.E. (2017). 12453:China's Bloody Century 12450:Rummel, R. J. (1991). 11874:International Security 11231:Peter Neville (2007). 11144:Oscar Chapuis (2000). 10935:. Imperial War Museum. 10347:1859 Oregon's Magazine 10127:Retrieved 9 March 2016 9893:Slim, William (1956). 9560:18.59 (2009): 219–231. 8352:"谁是刺杀宋教仁的幕后元凶?_资讯_凤凰网" 7719:China's Bloody Century 7586:China's Bloody Century 7415:Black, Jeremy (2012). 7308:China's Bitter Victory 7255:China's Bitter Victory 7114: 7073:Use of suicide attacks 7018:Prince Kan'in Kotohito 6985: 6863:gross domestic product 6805: 6660: 6644:Legal status of Taiwan 6602:historical revisionism 6580:Battle of Pingxingguan 6570: 6517: 6441: 6327: 6326:Chinese Muslim cavalry 6212:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng 6207: 6204:French colonial troops 6109:British Army Aid Group 6107:in December 1941, the 6100: 6070:British Army Aid Group 5998: 5948: 5863: 5835:Lagerlechfeld Air Base 5609: 5486:Yunnan–Vietnam Railway 5450: 5442: 5431: 5316: 5294:Attack on Pearl Harbor 5204:successful defense of 5195: 5154:Battle of Lugou Bridge 5039:1st Battle of Changsha 5030: 4839: 4817: 4752: 4714: 4655: 4618:Imperial Japanese Army 4534:carrier-based aircraft 4522:Imperial Japanese Navy 4485: 4372: 4313:Chin–Doihara Agreement 4241:In 1933, the Japanese 4147: 4108:Encirclement Campaigns 3521:five permanent members 3442:attack on Pearl Harbor 3403:Republic of China Army 3391:Nationalist government 2031:Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1875:Burma and India (1944) 1698:Gilberts and Marshalls 1583:West Henan–North Hubei 351:Commanders and leaders 118:Imperial Japanese Navy 23758:China–Japan relations 23632:Hong Kong nationalism 23268:2006 Nukuʻalofa riots 23247:1997 Banjarmasin riot 23042:Hells Canyon Massacre 23015:Rock Springs massacre 23005:Issaquah riot of 1885 22984:Chinese Exclusion Act 22912:1740 Batavia massacre 22714:Plaek Phibunsongkhram 22689:Andrew Jackson Bryant 22099:Executive Order 14032 22089:Executive Order 13959 22084:Executive Order 13936 21997:Executive Order 12711 21902:Alice Dollar incident 21874:2023 balloon incident 21833:Cyberwarfare by China 21655:USS Monocacy incident 21575:Cross-Strait conflict 21546:Eight-Nation Alliance 20781:Treaty of Shimonoseki 20651:China–Japan relations 20189:Siberian Intervention 19998:Railways and Shipping 19814:Commerce and Industry 19510:Industrial production 18268:Second Battle of Guam 18164:Bengal famine of 1943 18134:Second Battle of Kiev 18090:Battle of the Dnieper 17795:Battle of Wake Island 17667:East African campaign 17609:Battle of South Henan 17254:atrocities by Germans 17027:Korean Volunteer Army 16008:Occupation of Germany 15762:Music in World War II 14931:North Chahar incident 14926:Pingdingshan massacre 14045:December 9th Movement 14025:North Chahar incident 13779:Wilson, Dick (1982). 13601:Macri, Franco David. 13376:14 March 2020 at the 13107:. Ecco. p. 284. 12892:Yoshimi and Matsuno, 12816:Utley, Freda (1939). 12491:10.4324/9781315081328 12378:日本軍による「三光政策・三光作戦をめぐって 12242:Mitter, Rana (2020). 10505:13 March 2010 at the 9659:10.1353/cri.2004.0076 9595:10.4324/9781315702124 9510:40.2 (1971): 203–226 9340:"全面抗战时期苏联对国共两党援助比较研究" 9109:10.3998/mpub.11413902 9083:10.3998/mpub.11413902 9027:Askew, David (2002). 9015:Sino-Japanese Studies 8636:Mitter, Rana (2020). 8595:Iriye, Akira (1987). 8180:. December 22, 2012. 8110:Rea, George Bronson. 8079:Mitter, Rana (2020). 7621:University of Hawaiʻi 7464:11 March 2016 at the 7445:25 April 2016 at the 7112:Battle of Taierzhuang 7109: 6980: 6799: 6745:presidential election 6725:presidential election 6651: 6592:China-Japan relations 6564: 6515: 6439: 6325: 6251:Franklin D. Roosevelt 6202: 6105:Hong Kong was overrun 6094: 6064:Further information: 6021:gentlemen's agreement 5992: 5940: 5854: 5793:oil and steel embargo 5766:Further information: 5707:under the command of 5598:Franklin D. Roosevelt 5595: 5502:Battle of Yenangyaung 5448: 5440: 5415: 5307: 5193: 5028: 4943:Tianjin–Pukou railway 4939:Beijing–Wuhan railway 4837: 4812: 4750: 4730:close quarters combat 4726:Battle of Taierzhuang 4711:Battle of Taierzhuang 4704: 4648: 4479: 4352: 4264:Chinese collaborators 4138: 4129:Further information: 3976:, Japan acquired the 3951:military dictatorship 3841:Treaty of Shimonoseki 3815:China–Japan relations 3744:Greater East Asia War 3324:invasion of Manchuria 2986:shí sì nián kàng zhàn 2424:Yugoslavian Partisans 1941:Philippines (1944–45) 1899:Philippines (1941–42) 1012:15,000,000–22,000,000 928:Japanese medical data 852:160,603 military dead 763:Casualties and losses 241:Treaty of Shimonoseki 23658:Wars involving Japan 23288:2011 Kashgar attacks 23032:Seattle riot of 1886 22978:New Zealand head tax 22917:1782 Saigon massacre 22656:Japanese nationalism 22291:Triangular diplomacy 21992:Taiwan Relations Act 21929:China Air Task Force 21862:Hugh Francis Redmond 21650:1905 Chinese boycott 20602:Political dissidence 20451:Occupied territories 20194:General Election Law 20018:Taiwan Army of Japan 18554:Surrender of Germany 18032:Battle of West Hubei 17989:Guadalcanal campaign 17959:Battle of Stalingrad 17885:Battle of Madagascar 16659:Albania protectorate 16446:(formerly Swaziland) 16155:Wehrmacht war crimes 15971:Expulsion of Germans 15755:Art and World War II 15653:British contribution 15602:Governments in exile 15225:Military engagements 14986:1938 Dalfram dispute 14890:Battle of Mount Song 14774:South Henan campaign 14719:Bombing of Chongqing 14473:Naruhiko Higashikuni 14335:Inner Mongolian Army 14172:Great Way Government 14040:August 1 Declaration 13804:. London: Routledge. 13739:26 June 2015 at the 13708:Taylor, Jay (2009). 13496:Thunder out of China 13468:7 March 2021 at the 13348:. Ithaca, New York: 12533:. 18 November 2008. 12527:"The Bengali Famine" 12079:28 July 2011 at the 11923:(3 September 2019). 11891:2 April 2023 at the 11105:Chang Fa-Kuei vnqdd. 10717:"軍統局對美國戰略局的認識與合作開展" 10550:on February 21, 2011 10349:. 10 November 2016. 10033:The Second World War 9743:Westad, Odd (2003). 9732:on 20 November 2007. 9401:支那事変陸軍作戦＜2＞昭和十四年九月まで 9398:防衛庁防衛研修所戦史室 (1976). 9067:Opper, Marc (2020). 9017:, November 1990, 16. 8885:"Martyr Qin Jia-zhu" 8806:. 13 February 2012. 6966:Treaty of Versailles 6802:bombing of Chongqing 6700:which refers to the 6632:New History Textbook 6610:New History Textbook 6037:Curtiss P-40 Warhawk 5946:Claire Lee Chennault 5910:Aleksandr Cherepanov 5703:By the end of 1944, 5277:Claire Lee Chennault 5176:mechanized divisions 4987:improve this section 4779:Communist resistance 4705:Chinese soldiers in 4453:and popularized the 4159:), and a protective 4060:1929 Sino-Soviet war 3478:its advance in Burma 1742:Homfreyganj massacre 978:288,140–574,560 dead 780:Chinese Nationalists 631:Chinese Nationalists 161:bombing of Chongqing 143:on the shore of the 23627:Chinese imperialism 23308:2014 Kunming attack 23164:Home Office 213/926 23152:Sook Ching massacre 23140:Japanese war crimes 23116:Wanpaoshan Incident 23010:Tacoma riot of 1885 22967:Trout Creek Outrage 22286:Ping-pong diplomacy 21949:Operation Beleaguer 21749:Murder of Shao Tong 21729:Operation Shady RAT 21630:Chy Lung v. Freeman 21604:CIA Tibetan program 21585:Operation King Kong 21483:Goldwater v. Carter 21454:Nixon goes to China 21439:Shanghai Communiqué 21380:Gresham-Yang Treaty 21318:Hong Kong and Macau 21169:Memoirs of a Geisha 20960:May Fourth Movement 20923:Jiajing wokou raids 20828:Japanese war crimes 20803:Anti-Comintern Pact 20421:Wang Jingwei regime 20331:Potsdam Declaration 20322:Soviet–Japanese War 20277:Anti-Comintern Pact 20272:January 28 incident 20257:London Naval Treaty 20134:Triple Intervention 19963:Supreme War Council 19847:deliberative bodies 19194:Carpathian Ruthenia 18644:Potsdam Declaration 18533:Italy (Spring 1945) 18296:Liberation of Paris 17753:Siege of Sevastopol 16771:(until August 1944) 16674:Wang Jingwei regime 16496:from September 1943 16456:from September 1944 16394:from September 1944 16254:Romanian war crimes 16245:Persecution of Jews 16231:Croatian war crimes 16201:Japanese war crimes 16015:Occupation of Japan 15964:First Indochina War 15676:Military production 15588:Declarations of war 15308:Japanese propaganda 15119:Occupation of Japan 14956:Guanganmen incident 14921:January 28 incident 14829:1944 Burma campaign 14819:West Hubei campaign 14187:Wang Jingwei regime 14070:Second United Front 14000:January 28 incident 13862:on 29 November 2003 13661:Quigley, Harold S. 13502:magazine reporters. 12978:Daniel Barenblatt, 12657:. Wwi.lib.byu.edu. 12306:on 24 November 2015 12300:"Sino-Japanese War" 11832:. pp. 25, 26. 11788:The China Quarterly 10644:. pp. 263–302. 10255:. 13 October 2007. 10172:on 11 November 2014 10139:, pp. 162–166. 10022:, pp. 200–220. 10010:, pp. 299–300. 9897:. London: Cassell. 9895:Defeat into Victory 9815:Linda Kush (2012). 9289:2009EEGeo..15..287D 9147:, pp. 149–150. 8834:militaryfactory.com 8572:Bloomsbury Academic 8518:Michael M. Walker, 8505:Michael M. Walker, 7721:. Transaction 1991 7588:. Transaction 1991 7530:Manchuria or Burma. 7079:traditional Chinese 6707:Traditionally, the 6698:Potsdam Declaration 6271:invaded Dunganistan 6175:Himalayan Mountains 5980:strategic materials 5922:Great Patriotic War 5886:Anti-Comintern Pact 5719:, joined forces in 5651:captured Mount Song 5631:Indian independence 5579:Pacific Ocean Areas 5482:Arctic supply route 4948:to areas near Wuhan 4856:traditional Chinese 4589:battle of attrition 4563:and new-generation 4550:P-26/281 Peashooter 4392:such violence, the 4260:Yangtze River Delta 4216:January 28 Incident 4006:Northern Expedition 3982:sphere of influence 3895:and establishing a 3801:), rather than the 3701:Japanese propaganda 3632:government of Japan 3579:), but in 2017 the 3549:traditional Chinese 3364:Second United Front 3305:traditional Chinese 3289:Japanese war crimes 2253:Siberia (1918–1922) 1510:Sichuan (cancelled) 898:1,000,000+ captured 343:Wang Jingwei regime 23763:Sino-Japanese Wars 23718:Invasions of China 23683:Invasions by Japan 23241:Cambodian genocide 23178:Mergosono massacre 23158:Changkiao massacre 23134:Nanshitou Massacre 22939:Lambing Flat riots 22842:Anti-Chinese Union 22772:Racism in Malaysia 22684:Adriaan Valckenier 22644:Chinese emigration 22351:The 1990 Institute 22331:TPE (cable system) 22208:Americans in China 22118:Economic relations 22069:Proclamation 10043 21919:Black Cat Squadron 21889:Military relations 21779:Trial of Anming Hu 21460:Nixon's China Game 21370:Treaty of Tientsin 21123:TPE (cable system) 20928:María Luz incident 20818:He–Umezu Agreement 20713:Twenty-One Demands 20693:Ryūkyū Disposition 20149:Russo-Japanese War 20119:Two Lords Incident 19774:Imperial Household 18784:French West Africa 18764:British Somaliland 18637:Surrender of Japan 18470:Battle of Iwo Jima 18319:Belgrade offensive 17732:Siege of Leningrad 17616:Battle of Shanggao 17545:British Somaliland 17510:Dunkirk evacuation 17461:Norwegian campaign 17399:Invasion of Poland 17226:Japanese prisoners 16194:Italian war crimes 16125:British war crimes 16040:Soviet occupations 15824:South-West Pacific 15711:Allied cooperation 15669:Military equipment 15215:Japanese campaigns 15195:Aerial engagements 15154:Murayama Statement 15087:Surrender of Japan 15052:Konoe Declarations 15031:Gegenmiao massacre 15026:Changjiao massacre 14976:USS Panay incident 14895:Battle of Hengyang 14885:Siege of Myitkyina 14030:He–Umezu Agreement 13675:(2011) pp 474–551. 12916:The New York Times 12857:. pp. 82–83. 11454:, Informaworld.com 10405:. 7 October 2015. 10287:Air Force Magazine 9091:20.500.12657/23824 8989:"Nanjing Massacre" 8646:. pp. 90–94. 7546:"Rummel, Table 6A" 7115: 7087:simplified Chinese 6806: 6661: 6656:and the island of 6571: 6518: 6442: 6328: 6208: 6156:Free Thai Movement 6154:, worked with the 6101: 5999: 5949: 5864: 5610: 5567:Barbara W. Tuchman 5460:Battle of Changsha 5451: 5443: 5432: 5422:Lieutenant General 5402:Mao Zedong Thought 5317: 5285:Sino-Soviet Treaty 5196: 5109:Japanese expansion 5082:Battle of Huaiyang 5031: 4848:simplified Chinese 4840: 4818: 4753: 4715: 4713:, March–April 1938 4656: 4581:John Wong Pan-yang 4486: 4472:Battle of Shanghai 4466:Battle of Shanghai 4373: 4329:Chahar and Suiyuan 4309:He–Umezu Agreement 4182:Russo-Japanese War 4148: 4096:Central Plains War 3994:Beiyang Government 3970:Twenty-One Demands 3964:Twenty-One Demands 3958:Twenty-One Demands 3931:Beiyang government 3885:Russo-Japanese War 3849:Liaodong Peninsula 3685:declaration of war 3649:Battle of Shanghai 3541:simplified Chinese 3480:and completed the 3464:, the invasion of 3437:in central China. 3297:simplified Chinese 2771:kàng rì zhàn zhēng 2626:French West Africa 2467:South West Pacific 2375:Denmark and Norway 2089:Japanese surrender 2055:Naval bombardments 1985:Fire balloon bombs 1708:Volcano and Ryukyu 1703:Marianas and Palau 1300:Yellow River flood 1214:Railway Operation 840:Chinese Communists 661:Chinese Communists 159:bomber during the 126:Battle of Shanghai 122:military gas masks 23640: 23639: 23574:Chinaman's chance 23557: 23556: 23524:Mi Gao Huang Chen 23494:Franklin Feng Tao 23383: 23382: 23145:Three Alls Policy 22956:Pigtail Ordinance 22885:Sangley Rebellion 22585: 22584: 22486:Far East Reporter 22461:William H. Hinton 22361:China Aid Society 22213:Chinese Americans 22039:Taiwan Travel Act 21558:Chinese Civil War 21444:Three Communiqués 21422:China White Paper 21375:Burlingame Treaty 21365:Treaty of Wanghia 21208: 21207: 21004:Nobukatsu Fujioka 20950:Nagasaki incident 20610: 20609: 20582:Socialist thought 20530: 20529: 20469:Dutch East Indies 20431:Empire of Vietnam 20349: 20348: 20124:Satsuma Rebellion 20104:Meiji Restoration 20081: 20080: 19891: 19890: 19829:Greater East Asia 19715:Political parties 19670:Foreign relations 19417: 19416: 19008:Dutch East Indies 18846:Southern Rhodesia 18779:French Somaliland 18711: 18710: 18669: 18668: 18512:Battle of Okinawa 18411:Burma (1944–1945) 18245:Mariana and Palau 18025:Tunisian campaign 17850:Fall of Singapore 17774:Fall of Hong Kong 17517:Battle of Britain 17370:Operation Himmler 17279: 17278: 16943:Dutch East Indies 16586:Southern Rhodesia 16338: 16337: 16238:Genocide of Serbs 16141:German war crimes 16118:Soviet war crimes 16111:Allied war crimes 15957:Division of Korea 15936:Chinese Civil War 15734:Strategic bombing 15646:Manhattan Project 15420: 15419: 15378: 15377: 15374: 15373: 15328:On Protracted War 15205:Japanese Aircraft 15162: 15161: 15099: 15098: 15095: 15094: 15011:Panjiayu massacre 14951:Langfang Incident 14870:Battle of Lanfeng 14849:Zhijiang campaign 14834:Operation Ichi-Go 14779:Shanggao campaign 14739:Nanchang campaign 14704:Shanghai campaign 14677: 14676: 14673: 14672: 14669: 14668: 14566: 14565: 14503:Shigetarō Shimada 14443:Kiichirō Hiranuma 14358:Political Leaders 14353: 14352: 14250:Eighth Route Army 14195: 14194: 14117:Republic of China 14083: 14082: 14055:Wayaobu Manifesto 13980:Chinese Civil War 13916:"The Route South" 13721:978-0-674-03338-2 13635:978-0-547-84056-7 13576:978-0-8047-5509-2 13438:978-0-521-83432-2 13409:978-0-307-27536-3 13402:. Vintage Books. 13312:978-0-674-02153-2 13225:on 7 October 2012 13219:TANKS! E-Magazine 13188:978-1-61200-167-8 13114:978-0-06-166116-7 12955:Tsuneyoshi Takeda 12883:, 1997, pp. 27–29 12703:978-3-319-51663-9 12593:978-7-80109-030-0 12391:978-4-00-003317-6 12259:978-0-674-98426-4 12106:on March 26, 2009 11942:978-0-525-65605-0 11910:, 31 August 2015. 11397:978-0-415-58264-3 11310:978-0-520-25602-6 11271:978-0-7864-3285-1 11244:978-0-415-35848-4 11021:on 13 August 2016 10343:"Sky's the Limit" 10162:"China Offensive" 10111:978-1-009-29761-5 10046:978-0-297-84497-6 9929:978-0-674-05988-7 9867:978-0-520-92876-3 9828:978-1-78200-312-0 9789:978-0-520-92876-3 9762:978-0-8047-4484-3 9604:978-1-317-46391-7 9100:978-0-472-90125-8 8974:978-1-009-29761-5 8870:978-83-61421-99-3 8780:on 26 August 2016 8700:978-0-8154-1118-5 8653:978-0-674-98426-4 8581:978-1-350-23394-2 8393:shehui.pku.edu.cn 8290:978-0-520-01760-3 8093:Jerald A. Combs. 8022:978-0-805-07247-1 7967:978-1-139-56087-0 7928:978-0-230-60992-1 7890:Los Angeles Times 7754:The China Project 7426:978-1-441-12387-9 7341:978-7-506-52290-8 7317:978-1-563-24246-5 7280:978-0-415-96845-4 7124:. Chinese troops 6925:War Without Mercy 6848:Three Alls Policy 6709:Republic of China 6702:Cairo Declaration 6508:Chinese Civil War 6472:Douglas MacArthur 6312:Ethnic minorities 6279:KMT 36th Division 6081:Gloster Gladiator 6012:On 22 June 1941, 5890:Japanese invasion 5785:war of resistance 5675:Operation Ichi-Go 5669:Operation Ichi-Go 5663:Operation Ichi-Go 5614:Winston Churchill 5602:Winston Churchill 5438: 5392:in January 1941. 5369:Battle of Taiyuan 5345:Chinese Civil War 5309:Eighth Route Army 5229:Three Alls Policy 5217:resistance forces 5051:counter-offensive 5023: 5022: 5015: 4902:on 13 June 1938. 4892:Huayuankou, Henan 4876: 4800:massive air raids 4538:Chinese Air Force 4482:'Bloody Saturday' 4416:infantry division 4381:full-scale battle 4205:League of Nations 3795: 3775: 3753: 3740:Taisei Yokusankai 3723: 3710: 3677: 3658: 3641: 3616: 3462:Operation Ichi-Go 3427:guerrilla warfare 3348:Chinese Civil War 3269:Republic of China 3261: 3260: 3253: 3252: 3105: 3104: 3059: 3058: 3040:Standard Mandarin 2992: 2991: 2973:Standard Mandarin 2925: 2924: 2919:bā nián kàng zhàn 2906:Standard Mandarin 2858: 2857: 2839:Standard Mandarin 2791: 2790: 2758:Standard Mandarin 2698: 2697: 2619:Strategic bombing 2535:Mediterranean Sea 2290: 2289: 2218:China (1899–1901) 2138: 2137: 1980:Lookout Air Raids 1887:Southwest Pacific 1617: 1616: 1476:Yunnan-Burma Road 1414:Hundred Regiments 1186:Marco Polo Bridge 1053: 1052: 847:Official PRC data 795:1,761,335 wounded 787:Official ROC data 636:regional warlords 617:14,000,000 total 246: 245: 120:landing force in 23770: 23733:1940s in Vietnam 23611:Sick man of Asia 23601:Locust/Wongchung 23519:Leung Chi-cheung 23392: 23391: 23350:China Initiative 23128:Nanking Massacre 23094:Torreón massacre 23048:Scott Act (1888) 22962:Page Act of 1875 22875: 22874: 22819:China Initiative 22612: 22605: 22598: 22589: 22588: 22576: 22575: 22560:The China Hustle 22301:Linkage (policy) 22269:Cold War in Asia 21774:China Initiative 21734:Operation Aurora 21692:Project Sabre II 21449:One-China policy 21412:Marshall Mission 21263:Diplomatic posts 21257: 21256: 21247: 21246: 21235: 21228: 21221: 21212: 21211: 21199: 21198: 21148:Satoru Mizushima 20955:Shandong Problem 20880:Baodiao movement 20833:Nanjing Massacre 20718:Treaty of Taipei 20665:Diplomatic posts 20659: 20658: 20649: 20648: 20637: 20630: 20623: 20614: 20613: 20572:Shinmin no Michi 20562:Internment camps 20474:French Indochina 20358: 20357: 20209:Taishō Democracy 20090: 20089: 20013:Japanese holdout 19900: 19899: 19824:Colonial Affairs 19758: 19757: 19685:Yokusan Sonendan 19591: 19583: 19575: 19559: 19558: 19485:Economic history 19444: 19437: 19430: 19421: 19420: 19168:Military history 18922:Native Americans 18738: 18731: 18724: 18715: 18714: 18704: 18697: 18690: 18687:World portal 18685: 18684: 18660: 18653: 18646: 18639: 18630: 18623: 18616: 18607: 18600: 18593: 18586: 18579: 18572: 18563: 18556: 18549: 18547:Prague offensive 18542: 18540:Battle of Berlin 18535: 18528: 18521: 18514: 18507: 18500: 18493: 18486: 18484:Vienna offensive 18479: 18472: 18465: 18463:Battle of Manila 18458: 18438: 18429: 18420: 18413: 18404: 18397: 18390: 18383: 18376: 18369: 18362: 18353: 18344: 18337: 18328: 18321: 18314: 18307: 18298: 18291: 18284: 18277: 18270: 18263: 18256: 18247: 18240: 18231: 18222: 18213: 18206: 18204:Korsun–Cherkassy 18199: 18188: 18166: 18157: 18150: 18143: 18136: 18129: 18122: 18115: 18106: 18099: 18092: 18085: 18076: 18069: 18062: 18055: 18048: 18046:Bombing of Gorky 18041: 18034: 18027: 18007: 18000: 17991: 17984: 17977: 17968: 17961: 17954: 17947: 17936: 17929: 17922: 17915: 17913:Battle of Midway 17908: 17901: 17899:Battle of Gazala 17894: 17887: 17880: 17873: 17866: 17859: 17852: 17832: 17825: 17818: 17811: 17809:Battle of Borneo 17804: 17802:Malayan campaign 17797: 17790: 17783: 17776: 17769: 17762: 17755: 17748: 17746:Bombing of Gorky 17741: 17739:Battle of Moscow 17734: 17727: 17720: 17713: 17706: 17699: 17683: 17676: 17669: 17662: 17655: 17648: 17639: 17632: 17625: 17618: 17611: 17591: 17582: 17575: 17568: 17561: 17554: 17547: 17540: 17533: 17526: 17519: 17512: 17505: 17503:Battle of France 17498: 17491: 17484: 17477: 17470: 17463: 17443: 17436: 17429: 17422: 17415: 17408: 17401: 17379: 17372: 17365: 17358: 17356:Munich Agreement 17351: 17344: 17335: 17328: 17321: 17312: 17305: 17290: 17289: 17272: 17265: 17256: 17249: 17242: 17241:Soviet prisoners 17235: 17228: 17221: 17212: 17205: 17196: 17189: 17182: 17181:German prisoners 17177: 17157: 17148: 17141: 17134: 17129: 17122: 17115: 17108: 17101: 17094: 17087: 17080: 17073: 17066: 17059: 17052: 17045: 17038: 17029: 17022: 17015: 17008: 17001: 16994: 16987: 16980: 16973: 16966: 16959: 16952: 16945: 16938: 16931: 16924: 16917: 16910: 16903: 16883: 16876: 16869: 16862: 16855: 16848: 16841: 16834: 16827: 16820: 16813: 16793: 16786: 16779: 16772: 16764: 16757: 16750: 16741: 16734: 16726: 16719: 16717:French Indochina 16712: 16705: 16698: 16691: 16683: 16676: 16669: 16661: 16641: 16632: 16625: 16616: 16609: 16602: 16595: 16588: 16581: 16574: 16567: 16564:from August 1944 16555: 16548: 16541: 16534: 16527: 16520: 16513: 16506: 16499: 16487: 16480: 16473: 16466: 16459: 16447: 16439: 16432: 16425: 16418: 16411: 16404: 16397: 16385: 16378: 16371: 16364: 16349: 16348: 16329: 16322: 16315: 16308: 16301: 16290: 16275: 16268: 16261: 16256: 16247: 16240: 16233: 16224: 16217: 16210: 16208:Nanjing Massacre 16203: 16196: 16187: 16185:Nuremberg trials 16178: 16171: 16164: 16157: 16150: 16143: 16134: 16127: 16120: 16113: 16093: 16086: 16079: 16070: 16063: 16056: 16049: 16042: 16035: 16026: 16017: 16010: 16003: 15996: 15987: 15980: 15973: 15966: 15959: 15952: 15945: 15938: 15918: 15909: 15902: 15895: 15886: 15879: 15872: 15865: 15856: 15849: 15842: 15833: 15826: 15819: 15812: 15805: 15798: 15791: 15789:Asia and Pacific 15771: 15764: 15757: 15750: 15743: 15736: 15729: 15720: 15718:Mulberry harbour 15713: 15706: 15699: 15692: 15685: 15678: 15671: 15664: 15655: 15648: 15641: 15632: 15625: 15618: 15611: 15604: 15597: 15590: 15583: 15576: 15569: 15560: 15553: 15538: 15537: 15526: 15519: 15510: 15503: 15496: 15489: 15482: 15475: 15468: 15447: 15440: 15433: 15424: 15423: 15410: 15400: 15390: 15389: 15185: 15184: 15168: 15167: 15149:Treaty of Taipei 15129:Retrocession Day 15105: 15104: 15062:Cairo Conference 15040:Political events 15016:Rape of Nancheng 14981:Kweilin incident 14971:Nanking Massacre 14824:Changde campaign 14714:Nanjing campaign 14709:Taiyuan campaign 14694: 14693: 14683: 14682: 14575: 14574: 14571:Military Leaders 14478:Seishirō Itagaki 14433:Emperor Hirohito 14362: 14361: 14298:Navy Air Service 14288:Army Air Service 14206: 14205: 14107: 14106: 14100: 14099: 14089: 14088: 14060:Suiyuan campaign 13961: 13960: 13945: 13938: 13931: 13922: 13921: 13906: 13904: 13903: 13894:. Archived from 13870: 13868: 13867: 13858:. Archived from 13823: 13821: 13819: 13805: 13796: 13775: 13773: 13771: 13725: 13704: 13651: 13649: 13647: 13597: 13563: 13531: 13521: 13491: 13460: 13442: 13424:(pp. 53–68) 13413: 13363: 13347: 13326:Buss, Claude A. 13274: 13273: 13271: 13269: 13241: 13235: 13234: 13232: 13230: 13211: 13205: 13204: 13202: 13200: 13172: 13166: 13165: 13163: 13161: 13155: 13148: 13137: 13131: 13130: 13128: 13126: 13098: 13092: 13091: 13089: 13087: 13067: 13061: 13060: 13058: 13056: 13028: 13022: 13021: 13019: 13017: 12989: 12983: 12976: 12970: 12938: 12932: 12931: 12929: 12927: 12918:. Archived from 12907: 12901: 12890: 12884: 12877: 12871: 12870: 12868: 12866: 12848: 12842: 12841: 12839: 12837: 12831: 12824: 12813: 12798: 12792: 12786: 12785: 12783: 12781: 12763: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12752: 12734: 12728: 12727: 12725: 12723: 12677: 12671: 12670: 12668: 12666: 12651: 12645: 12644: 12642: 12640: 12627: 12621: 12618: 12612: 12606: 12600: 12585: 12579: 12576: 12565: 12558: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12542: 12523: 12517: 12516: 12514: 12512: 12476: 12470: 12469: 12467: 12465: 12447: 12441: 12440: 12414: 12408: 12402: 12396: 12395: 12372: 12366: 12363: 12357: 12356: 12348: 12342: 12341: 12339: 12337: 12322: 12316: 12315: 12313: 12311: 12296: 12290: 12278: 12272: 12271: 12239: 12233: 12220: 12214: 12201: 12195: 12182: 12176: 12163: 12157: 12156: 12154: 12152: 12133: 12127: 12122: 12116: 12115: 12113: 12111: 12105: 12099:. Archived from 12098: 12090: 12084: 12071: 12062: 12061: 12059: 12057: 12037: 12031: 12030: 12028: 12026: 12010: 12004: 12003: 12001: 11999: 11994:on 3 August 2016 11984: 11978: 11975: 11969: 11965: 11959: 11958: 11917: 11911: 11902: 11896: 11883: 11877: 11870: 11864: 11863: 11861: 11859: 11850:. Archived from 11844: 11838: 11837: 11821: 11815: 11814: 11812: 11810: 11804: 11785: 11776: 11770: 11769: 11767: 11765: 11748: 11742: 11741: 11739: 11737: 11717: 11711: 11710: 11708: 11706: 11678: 11672: 11671: 11669: 11667: 11639: 11633: 11632: 11630: 11628: 11600: 11594: 11593: 11591: 11589: 11561: 11555: 11554: 11552: 11550: 11532: 11526: 11525: 11523: 11521: 11503: 11497: 11496: 11494: 11492: 11486: 11471: 11462: 11456: 11455: 11448: 11442: 11441: 11439: 11437: 11420: 11414: 11413: 11411: 11409: 11381: 11375: 11374: 11372: 11370: 11355: 11349: 11348: 11328: 11322: 11321: 11319: 11317: 11294: 11288: 11287: 11285: 11283: 11255: 11249: 11248: 11228: 11222: 11221: 11205: 11195: 11189: 11188: 11168: 11162: 11161: 11141: 11135: 11134: 11114: 11108: 11107: 11102: 11100: 11081: 11071: 11065: 11064: 11044: 11031: 11030: 11028: 11026: 11003: 10997: 10996: 10968: 10962: 10961: 10943: 10937: 10936: 10925: 10919: 10918: 10916: 10914: 10908: 10901: 10893: 10887: 10886: 10880: 10872: 10864: 10858: 10857: 10855: 10853: 10818: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10807: 10801: 10786: 10777: 10771: 10770: 10768: 10766: 10760: 10753: 10745: 10739: 10738: 10736: 10734: 10728: 10722:. Archived from 10721: 10713: 10707: 10706: 10704: 10702: 10681: 10675: 10674: 10672: 10670: 10652: 10646: 10645: 10635: 10629: 10628: 10618: 10612: 10611: 10601: 10595: 10594: 10584: 10578: 10575: 10569: 10566: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10555: 10540: 10534: 10533: 10515: 10509: 10498: 10492: 10486: 10480: 10475:Douglas Varner, 10473: 10467: 10457: 10451: 10441: 10435: 10425: 10419: 10418: 10416: 10414: 10399: 10393: 10392: 10390: 10388: 10369: 10363: 10362: 10360: 10358: 10339: 10333: 10332: 10330: 10328: 10309: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10298: 10279: 10273: 10272: 10270:and negotiation. 10266: 10264: 10249: 10243: 10242: 10236: 10234: 10215: 10209: 10208: 10206: 10204: 10188: 10182: 10181: 10179: 10177: 10158: 10152: 10146: 10140: 10134: 10128: 10122: 10116: 10115: 10090: 10075: 10069: 10063: 10057: 10051: 10050: 10029: 10023: 10017: 10011: 10005: 9999: 9992: 9986: 9985: 9983: 9981: 9953: 9947: 9940: 9934: 9933: 9915: 9909: 9908: 9890: 9884: 9883: 9881: 9879: 9851: 9845: 9844: 9842: 9840: 9812: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9773: 9767: 9766: 9750: 9740: 9734: 9733: 9716: 9710: 9704: 9698: 9697: 9685: 9679: 9678: 9644: 9635: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9580: 9574: 9567: 9561: 9554: 9548: 9547: 9541: 9539: 9520: 9514: 9504: 9498: 9497: 9481: 9475: 9474: 9472: 9470: 9442: 9436: 9435: 9427: 9421: 9420: 9412: 9406: 9405: 9395: 9389: 9388: 9376: 9367: 9366: 9354: 9348: 9347: 9335: 9329: 9328: 9316: 9310: 9307: 9301: 9300: 9272: 9266: 9256: 9250: 9249: 9241: 9235: 9234: 9226: 9220: 9219: 9211: 9205: 9204: 9196: 9190: 9189: 9181: 9175: 9169: 9163: 9162: 9154: 9148: 9142: 9136: 9135: 9127: 9121: 9120: 9064: 9045: 9044: 9042: 9040: 9031:. Archived from 9024: 9018: 9011: 9005: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8985: 8979: 8978: 8953: 8914: 8911: 8905: 8904: 8902: 8900: 8881: 8875: 8874: 8856: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8836:. Archived from 8826: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8796: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8766: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8727: 8721: 8711: 8705: 8704: 8684: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8673: 8633: 8618: 8617: 8615: 8613: 8592: 8586: 8585: 8563: 8542: 8529: 8523: 8516: 8510: 8503: 8497: 8491: 8485: 8482: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8458: 8452: 8445: 8439: 8433: 8427: 8421: 8415: 8412: 8406: 8403: 8397: 8396: 8390: 8382: 8376: 8373: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8362: 8348: 8342: 8341: 8310:Military Affairs 8301: 8295: 8294: 8276: 8270: 8264: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8238: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8208: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8197: 8164: 8158: 8157: 8121: 8115: 8108: 8102: 8091: 8085: 8084: 8083:. Belknap Press. 8076: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8065: 8045: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8006: 8000: 7990: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7979: 7951: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7912: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7881: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7850: 7844: 7838: 7832: 7831: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7771: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7745: 7739: 7736: 7730: 7712: 7706: 7703: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7675: 7666: 7653: 7647: 7644: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7608: 7597: 7579: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7542: 7531: 7527: 7518: 7515: 7506: 7505: 7487: 7481: 7475: 7469: 7456: 7450: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7361: 7355: 7352: 7346: 7345: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7303: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7264: 7258: 7251: 7229: 7226: 7174: 7169: 7168: 7167: 7160: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7122:Sihang Warehouse 7101: 7092: 7084: 7063:methamphetamines 7013:Yoshiaki Yoshimi 6772:Koreans in China 6717:Armed Forces Day 6690:Taiwanese people 6685:Treaty of Taipei 6673:Retrocession Day 6606:school textbooks 6535:Marxism–Leninism 6185:French Indochina 6097:Jiangxi province 6003:French Indochina 5806:Overseas Chinese 5789:French Indochina 5606:Cairo Conference 5439: 5243:Sānguāng Zhèngcè 5236: 5235: 5221:Chinese Red Army 5088:prominently the 5018: 5011: 5007: 5004: 4998: 4967: 4959: 4877: 4874: 4870: 4861: 4853: 4709:fighting in the 4668:Nanjing Massacre 4641:Nanjing Massacre 4524:(IJN) sent many 4451:marching cadence 4300:, and Shandong. 4282: 4277: 4228:ongoing campaign 4220:demilitarization 4197:Emperor of China 4113: 3869:unequal treaties 3800: 3794:romanized: 3793: 3791: 3780: 3774:romanized: 3773: 3771: 3758: 3752:romanized: 3751: 3749: 3730: 3722:romanized: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3709:romanized: 3708: 3706: 3682: 3676:romanized: 3675: 3673: 3666: 3657:romanized: 3656: 3654: 3646: 3640:romanized: 3639: 3637: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3590: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3554: 3546: 3383:Nanjing Massacre 3310: 3302: 3249: 3248: 3223: 3222: 3194: 3193: 3098: 3097: 3092: 3091: 3078: 3077: 3055: 3054: 3031: 3030: 3025: 3024: 3011: 3010: 2988: 2987: 2964: 2963: 2958: 2957: 2944: 2943: 2921: 2920: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2890: 2877: 2876: 2854: 2853: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2823: 2810: 2809: 2796:Alternative name 2787: 2786: 2773: 2772: 2749: 2748: 2743: 2742: 2729: 2728: 2703: 2702: 2685:French Indochina 2328: 2317: 2310: 2303: 2294: 2293: 2178: 2176: 2165: 2158: 2151: 2142: 2141: 2110:Manchuria (1945) 1965:Aleutian Islands 1815:Indochina (1945) 1785:Indochina (1940) 1771:2nd Indian Ocean 1754:1st Indian Ocean 1749:Christmas Island 1654: 1644: 1637: 1630: 1621: 1620: 1504:Zhejiang–Jiangxi 1380:Winter Offensive 1277:North-East Henan 1208:Sihang Warehouse 1093: 1092: 1090: 1079: 1072: 1065: 1056: 1055: 1045: 1042: 1036: 1033: 1027: 1024: 1008:Total casualties 969: 968: 967: 962: 961: 960: 939:22,293+ captured 918: 917: 916: 837: 836: 835: 818:500,000 captured 792:1,319,958 killed 777: 776: 775: 747: 746: 740: 739: 738: 733: 732: 731: 715:1,015,000 (1939) 703: 702: 701: 692:4,100,000 total 691: 690: 689: 676:1,200,000 (1945) 658: 657: 656: 647:5,700,000 (1945) 644:2,600,000 (1939) 641:1,700,000 (1937) 628: 627: 626: 616: 615: 614: 593: 592: 591: 581: 580: 579: 569: 568: 567: 557: 556: 555: 545: 544: 543: 536: 527: 526: 525: 513: 512: 511: 495: 494: 493: 488: 487: 486: 476: 475: 474: 469: 468: 467: 457: 456: 455: 450: 449: 448: 438: 437: 436: 431: 430: 429: 419: 418: 417: 412: 411: 410: 400: 399: 398: 393: 392: 391: 379: 378: 377: 365: 364: 363: 341: 339: 338: 328: 327: 316: 315: 303: 302: 288: 287: 286: 276: 275: 274: 263: 262: 180: 179: 157:Mitsubishi Ki-21 141:Nanjing Massacre 105: 96: 85: 76: 65: 56: 23: 22: 23778: 23777: 23773: 23772: 23771: 23769: 23768: 23767: 23753:Interwar period 23743:1940s conflicts 23738:1930s conflicts 23643: 23642: 23641: 23636: 23615: 23553: 23462: 23426: 23379: 23256: 23235:Malari incident 23100:1918 Kudus riot 23064: 22945:Anti-Coolie Act 22921: 22900: 22866: 22830: 22777:Ketuanan Melayu 22750:Racism in Japan 22718: 22672: 22668:De-Sinicization 22622: 22616: 22586: 22581: 22565: 22316:Hong (business) 22311:Thucydides Trap 22274:Second Cold War 22254:Chinese Century 22176: 22155:Senior Dialogue 22125:Old China Trade 22113: 21965: 21961:Exercise RIMPAC 21883: 21803:TikTok v. Trump 21764:Havana syndrome 21759:Trump–Tsai call 21677:Shen Chong case 21613: 21541:Boxer Rebellion 21529: 21351: 21258: 21251: 21241: 21239: 21209: 21204: 21188: 21015: 20979:Hankou incident 20918:Ningbo incident 20906: 20865:Senkaku Islands 20764: 20703:Nishihara Loans 20676: 20660: 20653: 20643: 20641: 20611: 20606: 20592:Yasukuni Shrine 20526: 20503: 20445: 20399: 20345: 20297:Tripartite Pact 20292:Rape of Nanking 20233: 20219:Tapani incident 20163: 20139:Boxer Rebellion 20097: 20077: 20041: 20032: 19981: 19972: 19907: 19887: 19881:Representatives 19849: 19846: 19845:Legislative and 19838: 19804:Foreign Affairs 19767: 19764: 19749: 19648: 19627:Government Seal 19612:Rising Sun Flag 19595: 19589: 19581: 19573: 19560: 19551: 19453: 19451:Empire of Japan 19448: 19418: 19413: 19409:Pacific Islands 19404:Solomon Islands 19384:Gilbert Islands 19366: 19360: 19339:Channel Islands 19111: 18974: 18928: 18850: 18747: 18742: 18712: 18707: 18700: 18693: 18679: 18677: 18665: 18656: 18649: 18642: 18635: 18626: 18619: 18612: 18603: 18598:Atomic bombings 18596: 18589: 18582: 18575: 18568: 18559: 18552: 18545: 18538: 18531: 18524: 18517: 18510: 18503: 18496: 18489: 18482: 18475: 18468: 18461: 18454: 18441: 18434: 18423: 18416: 18409: 18400: 18393: 18386: 18379: 18372: 18365: 18356: 18347: 18340: 18331: 18324: 18317: 18310: 18301: 18294: 18289:Eastern Romania 18287: 18282:Warsaw Uprising 18280: 18275:Tannenberg Line 18273: 18266: 18261:Western Ukraine 18259: 18250: 18243: 18234: 18225: 18216: 18209: 18202: 18191: 18182: 18169: 18162: 18153: 18146: 18139: 18132: 18125: 18118: 18111: 18102: 18095: 18088: 18079: 18072: 18065: 18058: 18053:Battle of Kursk 18051: 18044: 18037: 18030: 18023: 18010: 18003: 17994: 17987: 17980: 17971: 17964: 17957: 17950: 17941: 17932: 17925: 17918: 17911: 17904: 17897: 17890: 17883: 17876: 17869: 17864:St Nazaire Raid 17862: 17855: 17848: 17835: 17828: 17821: 17814: 17807: 17800: 17793: 17786: 17779: 17772: 17765: 17758: 17751: 17744: 17737: 17730: 17723: 17716: 17709: 17702: 17688: 17679: 17672: 17665: 17658: 17651: 17646:Anglo-Iraqi War 17644: 17637:Battle of Crete 17635: 17628: 17621: 17614: 17607: 17594: 17585: 17578: 17571: 17566:Eastern Romania 17564: 17557: 17550: 17543: 17536: 17529: 17522: 17515: 17508: 17501: 17494: 17487: 17480: 17473: 17466: 17459: 17446: 17439: 17432: 17425: 17418: 17411: 17404: 17397: 17384: 17375: 17368: 17361: 17354: 17347: 17340: 17331: 17324: 17317: 17308: 17301: 17275: 17268: 17261: 17252: 17245: 17240: 17231: 17224: 17217: 17208: 17201: 17192: 17185: 17180: 17173: 17160: 17153: 17144: 17137: 17132: 17127:Western Ukraine 17125: 17118: 17111: 17104: 17097: 17090: 17083: 17076: 17071:Northeast China 17069: 17062: 17055: 17048: 17041: 17034: 17025: 17018: 17011: 17004: 16997: 16990: 16983: 16976: 16969: 16962: 16955: 16948: 16941: 16934: 16927: 16920: 16913: 16906: 16899: 16886: 16879: 16872: 16865: 16858: 16851: 16844: 16837: 16830: 16823: 16816: 16809: 16796: 16789: 16782: 16777:Slovak Republic 16775: 16767: 16760: 16753: 16748:Empire of Japan 16746: 16737: 16729: 16722: 16715: 16708: 16701: 16694: 16686: 16679: 16672: 16664: 16657: 16644: 16637: 16628: 16621: 16612: 16605: 16598: 16591: 16584: 16577: 16570: 16558: 16551: 16544: 16537: 16530: 16523: 16516: 16509: 16502: 16490: 16483: 16476: 16469: 16462: 16450: 16442: 16435: 16428: 16421: 16414: 16407: 16400: 16388: 16381: 16374: 16367: 16360: 16334: 16325: 16318: 16311: 16304: 16293: 16278: 16271: 16264: 16260:Sexual violence 16259: 16252: 16243: 16236: 16229: 16220: 16213: 16206: 16199: 16192: 16183: 16174: 16167: 16160: 16153: 16146: 16139: 16130: 16123: 16116: 16109: 16096: 16089: 16082: 16075: 16066: 16059: 16052: 16045: 16038: 16029: 16020: 16013: 16006: 15999: 15990: 15983: 15978:Greek Civil War 15976: 15969: 15962: 15955: 15948: 15941: 15934: 15921: 15914: 15905: 15898: 15891: 15882: 15875: 15868: 15861: 15852: 15845: 15838: 15829: 15822: 15815: 15808: 15803:South-East Asia 15801: 15794: 15787: 15774: 15767: 15760: 15753: 15746: 15739: 15732: 15725: 15716: 15709: 15702: 15695: 15688: 15681: 15674: 15667: 15662:Military awards 15660: 15651: 15644: 15637: 15628: 15621: 15614: 15607: 15600: 15593: 15586: 15579: 15572: 15565: 15556: 15549: 15529: 15522: 15515: 15506: 15499: 15492: 15487: 15478: 15471: 15464: 15456: 15451: 15421: 15416: 15370: 15313:Kumul Rebellion 15296: 15265: 15229: 15179: 15178: 15158: 15110: 15091: 15035: 14961:Tongzhou mutiny 14904: 14858: 14809:Linnan campaign 14734:Xuzhou campaign 14688: 14665: 14626:Yoshijirō Umezu 14621:Hajime Sugiyama 14604: 14562: 14493:Mitsumasa Yonai 14488:Korechika Anami 14453:Mitsumasa Yonai 14421: 14387:Kung Hsiang-hsi 14372:Chiang Kai-shek 14349: 14340:East Hebei Army 14266: 14255:New Fourth Army 14191: 14152:Empire of Japan 14140: 14129:Communist China 14094: 14079: 13985:Mukden Incident 13966: 13955: 13949: 13901: 13899: 13898:on 13 July 2001 13890: 13865: 13863: 13854: 13832: 13827: 13817: 13815: 13808: 13793: 13769: 13767: 13760: 13741:Wayback Machine 13722: 13645: 13643: 13636: 13614:Wayback Machine 13594: 13518: 13488: 13470:Wayback Machine 13458: 13439: 13410: 13378:Wayback Machine 13360: 13338:Duiker, William 13283: 13278: 13277: 13267: 13265: 13258: 13242: 13238: 13228: 13226: 13213: 13212: 13208: 13198: 13196: 13189: 13173: 13169: 13159: 13157: 13156:on 19 July 2014 13153: 13146: 13138: 13134: 13124: 13122: 13115: 13099: 13095: 13085: 13083: 13068: 13064: 13054: 13052: 13045: 13029: 13025: 13015: 13013: 13006: 12990: 12986: 12977: 12973: 12951:Wayback Machine 12939: 12935: 12925: 12923: 12908: 12904: 12891: 12887: 12878: 12874: 12864: 12862: 12849: 12845: 12835: 12833: 12829: 12822: 12814: 12801: 12793: 12789: 12779: 12777: 12764: 12760: 12750: 12748: 12735: 12731: 12721: 12719: 12704: 12678: 12674: 12664: 12662: 12653: 12652: 12648: 12638: 12636: 12629: 12628: 12624: 12619: 12615: 12607: 12603: 12586: 12582: 12577: 12568: 12559: 12550: 12540: 12538: 12525: 12524: 12520: 12510: 12508: 12501: 12477: 12473: 12463: 12461: 12448: 12444: 12429: 12415: 12411: 12403: 12399: 12392: 12373: 12369: 12364: 12360: 12349: 12345: 12335: 12333: 12324: 12323: 12319: 12309: 12307: 12298: 12297: 12293: 12279: 12275: 12260: 12252:. p. 111. 12240: 12236: 12230:Wayback Machine 12221: 12217: 12211:Wayback Machine 12202: 12198: 12192:Wayback Machine 12183: 12179: 12173:Wayback Machine 12164: 12160: 12150: 12148: 12135: 12134: 12130: 12123: 12119: 12109: 12107: 12103: 12096: 12092: 12091: 12087: 12081:Wayback Machine 12072: 12065: 12055: 12053: 12038: 12034: 12024: 12022: 12011: 12007: 11997: 11995: 11986: 11985: 11981: 11976: 11972: 11966: 11962: 11943: 11918: 11914: 11903: 11899: 11893:Wayback Machine 11884: 11880: 11871: 11867: 11857: 11855: 11854:on 2 March 2008 11846: 11845: 11841: 11822: 11818: 11808: 11806: 11802: 11783: 11777: 11773: 11763: 11761: 11750: 11749: 11745: 11735: 11733: 11718: 11714: 11704: 11702: 11695: 11679: 11675: 11665: 11663: 11656: 11640: 11636: 11626: 11624: 11617: 11601: 11597: 11587: 11585: 11578: 11562: 11558: 11548: 11546: 11533: 11529: 11519: 11517: 11504: 11500: 11490: 11488: 11484: 11469: 11463: 11459: 11450: 11449: 11445: 11435: 11433: 11425:Asia, Volume 40 11422: 11421: 11417: 11407: 11405: 11398: 11382: 11378: 11368: 11366: 11357: 11356: 11352: 11345: 11329: 11325: 11315: 11313: 11311: 11295: 11291: 11281: 11279: 11272: 11256: 11252: 11245: 11229: 11225: 11218: 11196: 11192: 11185: 11169: 11165: 11158: 11142: 11138: 11131: 11115: 11111: 11098: 11096: 11094: 11072: 11068: 11061: 11045: 11034: 11024: 11022: 11005: 11004: 11000: 10969: 10965: 10958: 10944: 10940: 10927: 10926: 10922: 10912: 10910: 10906: 10899: 10895: 10894: 10890: 10874: 10873: 10865: 10861: 10851: 10849: 10819: 10815: 10805: 10803: 10802:on 4 March 2016 10799: 10784: 10778: 10774: 10764: 10762: 10761:on 24 June 2015 10758: 10751: 10747: 10746: 10742: 10732: 10730: 10729:on 25 June 2015 10726: 10719: 10715: 10714: 10710: 10700: 10698: 10683: 10682: 10678: 10668: 10666: 10653: 10649: 10636: 10632: 10619: 10615: 10602: 10598: 10585: 10581: 10576: 10572: 10567: 10563: 10553: 10551: 10542: 10541: 10537: 10530: 10516: 10512: 10507:Wayback Machine 10499: 10495: 10487: 10483: 10474: 10470: 10458: 10454: 10442: 10438: 10426: 10422: 10412: 10410: 10401: 10400: 10396: 10386: 10384: 10379:. 25 May 2017. 10371: 10370: 10366: 10356: 10354: 10341: 10340: 10336: 10326: 10324: 10311: 10310: 10306: 10296: 10294: 10281: 10280: 10276: 10262: 10260: 10251: 10250: 10246: 10232: 10230: 10223:www.ibiblio.org 10217: 10216: 10212: 10202: 10200: 10189: 10185: 10175: 10173: 10160: 10159: 10155: 10147: 10143: 10135: 10131: 10125:Cox, 1980 pp. 2 10123: 10119: 10112: 10094:Coble, Parks M. 10091: 10078: 10070: 10066: 10058: 10054: 10047: 10030: 10026: 10018: 10014: 10006: 10002: 9993: 9989: 9979: 9977: 9970: 9954: 9950: 9941: 9937: 9930: 9916: 9912: 9905: 9891: 9887: 9877: 9875: 9868: 9852: 9848: 9838: 9836: 9829: 9813: 9809: 9799: 9797: 9790: 9774: 9770: 9763: 9741: 9737: 9718: 9717: 9713: 9705: 9701: 9686: 9682: 9642: 9636: 9632: 9622: 9620: 9605: 9581: 9577: 9568: 9564: 9555: 9551: 9537: 9535: 9528:www.ibiblio.org 9522: 9521: 9517: 9505: 9501: 9482: 9478: 9468: 9466: 9459: 9443: 9439: 9428: 9424: 9413: 9409: 9396: 9392: 9377: 9370: 9355: 9351: 9336: 9332: 9317: 9313: 9308: 9304: 9273: 9269: 9260:War in History. 9257: 9253: 9242: 9238: 9227: 9223: 9212: 9208: 9197: 9193: 9182: 9178: 9170: 9166: 9155: 9151: 9143: 9139: 9128: 9124: 9101: 9065: 9048: 9038: 9036: 9035:on 5 April 2018 9025: 9021: 9012: 9008: 8998: 8996: 8987: 8986: 8982: 8975: 8957:Coble, Parks M. 8954: 8917: 8912: 8908: 8898: 8896: 8883: 8882: 8878: 8871: 8857: 8853: 8843: 8841: 8840:on 3 March 2016 8828: 8827: 8823: 8813: 8811: 8798: 8797: 8793: 8783: 8781: 8768: 8767: 8763: 8753: 8751: 8744: 8728: 8724: 8712: 8708: 8701: 8685: 8681: 8671: 8669: 8654: 8634: 8621: 8611: 8609: 8593: 8589: 8582: 8564: 8545: 8539:Wayback Machine 8530: 8526: 8517: 8513: 8504: 8500: 8492: 8488: 8483: 8479: 8471: 8467: 8459: 8455: 8446: 8442: 8434: 8430: 8422: 8418: 8413: 8409: 8404: 8400: 8388: 8384: 8383: 8379: 8374: 8370: 8360: 8358: 8350: 8349: 8345: 8322:10.2307/1983349 8302: 8298: 8291: 8277: 8273: 8265: 8261: 8251: 8249: 8240: 8239: 8235: 8225: 8223: 8210: 8209: 8205: 8195: 8193: 8178:Economist Group 8166: 8165: 8161: 8122: 8118: 8109: 8105: 8092: 8088: 8077: 8073: 8063: 8061: 8046: 8042: 8032: 8030: 8023: 8007: 8003: 7991: 7987: 7977: 7975: 7968: 7952: 7948: 7938: 7936: 7929: 7913: 7909: 7899: 7897: 7882: 7878: 7868: 7866: 7853:Todd, Douglas. 7851: 7847: 7839: 7835: 7797: 7793: 7783: 7781: 7773: 7772: 7768: 7758: 7756: 7746: 7742: 7737: 7733: 7713: 7709: 7704: 7700: 7690: 7688: 7677: 7676: 7669: 7663:Wayback Machine 7654: 7650: 7645: 7641: 7631: 7629: 7612:Rummel, Rudolph 7609: 7600: 7580: 7569: 7559: 7557: 7544: 7543: 7534: 7528: 7521: 7516: 7509: 7502: 7493: 7488: 7484: 7476: 7472: 7466:Wayback Machine 7457: 7453: 7447:Wayback Machine 7438: 7434: 7427: 7413: 7409: 7401: 7397: 7387: 7385: 7378: 7362: 7358: 7353: 7349: 7342: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7325: 7318: 7306:Hsiung (1992). 7304: 7300: 7290: 7288: 7281: 7265: 7261: 7252: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7232: 7227: 7223: 7218: 7170: 7165: 7163: 7156: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7141: 7135: 7118:Suicide bombing 7075: 7065:in the form of 7022:Hajime Sugiyama 6958: 6912:Yomiuri Shimbun 6906: 6815: 6794: 6782: 6774: 6768: 6759: 6753: 6729:pro-independent 6663:Taiwan and the 6646: 6640: 6627:Manila massacre 6594: 6589: 6559: 6510: 6504: 6430: 6418:Main articles: 6416: 6411: 6379: 6320: 6314: 6267: 6197: 6187: 6150:who had formed 6072: 6062: 5935: 5930: 5882: 5849: 5843: 5808: 5774:Weimar Republic 5770: 5764: 5759: 5747:Main articles: 5745: 5715:attacking from 5686:Mariana Islands 5677: 5671: 5585:, employing an 5575:Hans van de Ven 5434: 5425:Joseph Stilwell 5410: 5353:New Fourth Army 5302: 5225:major offensive 5201:Joseph Stilwell 5188: 5180:armoured forces 5158:Battle of Wuhan 5152:: 7 July 1937 ( 5139: 5133:by starvation. 5111: 5074:Boxer Rebellion 5047:Battle of Zaoyi 5019: 5008: 5002: 4999: 4984: 4968: 4957: 4952: 4951: 4918:Longhai railway 4916:section of the 4831: 4823: 4781: 4745: 4743:Battle of Wuhan 4737:pincer movement 4699: 4686: 4664:Northern Shanxi 4643: 4637: 4573:air superiority 4542:Curtiss Hawk II 4497:Japanese Marine 4474: 4468: 4408: 4402: 4394:Tongzhou mutiny 4357:Chiang Kai-shek 4347: 4341: 4177:Mukden Incident 4145:Mukden Incident 4133: 4125: 4120: 4092: 4076:Mukden Incident 4068: 4062: 4054:Chiang Kai-shek 4042: 4036: 4024: 4018: 3966: 3960: 3915: 3909:1911 Revolution 3907:Main articles: 3905: 3845:Senkaku Islands 3828: 3822: 3817: 3811: 3697: 3537: 3517:Big Four Allies 3495:Japan formally 3472:. In 1945, the 3340:Chiang Kai-shek 3316:Mukden incident 3273:Empire of Japan 3247: 3221: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3162: 3161: 3160: 3136: 3135: 3134: 2701: 2700: 2699: 2694: 2581:Other campaigns 2575:Southern France 2484:Burma and India 2479:South-East Asia 2474:Franco-Thai War 2329: 2323: 2321: 2291: 2286: 2272:China (1937–45) 2243:Tsingtao (1914) 2230: 2179: 2175:Empire of Japan 2174: 2171: 2169: 2139: 2134: 2126: 2038:Mariana Islands 1911:Solomon Islands 1880:Burma (1944–45) 1870:Burma (1942–43) 1865:Burma (1941–42) 1858:Burma and India 1790:Franco-Thai War 1737:Andaman Islands 1664:Central Pacific 1655: 1650: 1648: 1618: 1613: 1406:Zaoyang–Yichang 1345:Suixian–Zaoyang 1191:Beiping–Tianjin 1130:Nenjiang Bridge 1094: 1088: 1086: 1085: 1083: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1011: 1002: 981:742,000 wounded 965: 963: 958: 956: 914: 912: 906: 873:Other estimates 855:290,467 wounded 833: 831: 810:Other estimates 798:130,116 missing 773: 771: 758: 754: 741: 736: 734: 729: 727: 699: 697: 687: 685: 681: 654: 652: 624: 622: 612: 610: 599: 595:Hajime Sugiyama 589: 587: 577: 575: 571:Prince Kotohito 565: 563: 553: 551: 541: 539: 523: 521: 509: 507: 501: 491: 489: 484: 482: 472: 470: 465: 463: 453: 451: 446: 444: 434: 432: 427: 425: 415: 413: 408: 406: 396: 394: 389: 387: 375: 373: 368:Chiang Kai-shek 361: 359: 336: 334: 322: 310: 297: 284: 282: 272: 270: 257: 228: 222:Chinese victory 214: 213: 174: 151:Battle of Wuhan 139:Victims of the 110: 109: 108: 107: 106: 98: 97: 88: 87: 86: 78: 77: 68: 67: 66: 58: 57: 37:Pacific theatre 33:interwar period 17: 12: 11: 5: 23776: 23766: 23765: 23760: 23755: 23750: 23745: 23740: 23735: 23730: 23728:1940s in Japan 23725: 23723:1930s in Japan 23720: 23715: 23713:1940s in China 23710: 23708:1930s in China 23705: 23703:Tunnel warfare 23700: 23695: 23690: 23685: 23680: 23675: 23670: 23665: 23660: 23655: 23638: 23637: 23635: 23634: 23629: 23623: 23621: 23617: 23616: 23614: 23613: 23608: 23603: 23598: 23593: 23588: 23583: 23578: 23577: 23576: 23565: 23563: 23559: 23558: 23555: 23554: 23552: 23551: 23546: 23541: 23536: 23534:Teoh Beng Hock 23531: 23526: 23521: 23516: 23511: 23509:Jiansheng Chen 23506: 23501: 23496: 23491: 23486: 23481: 23476: 23470: 23468: 23464: 23463: 23461: 23460: 23455: 23453:Velma Demerson 23450: 23445: 23440: 23434: 23432: 23428: 23427: 23425: 23424: 23419: 23414: 23409: 23404: 23402:Chae Chan Ping 23398: 23396: 23389: 23385: 23384: 23381: 23380: 23378: 23377: 23372: 23367: 23362: 23357: 23352: 23347: 23346: 23345: 23330: 23325: 23320: 23315: 23310: 23305: 23300: 23295: 23293:Wolf Amendment 23290: 23285: 23280: 23275: 23270: 23264: 23262: 23258: 23257: 23255: 23254: 23249: 23244: 23238: 23232: 23227: 23221: 23216: 23211: 23206: 23201: 23195: 23189: 23183: 23182: 23181: 23167: 23161: 23155: 23149: 23148: 23147: 23142: 23137: 23131: 23119: 23113: 23108: 23102: 23097: 23091: 23088:Beipu uprising 23085: 23079: 23072: 23070: 23066: 23065: 23063: 23062: 23056: 23050: 23045: 23039: 23034: 23029: 23023: 23018: 23012: 23007: 23002: 22997: 22992: 22987: 22981: 22975: 22970: 22964: 22959: 22953: 22948: 22942: 22936: 22929: 22927: 22923: 22922: 22920: 22919: 22914: 22908: 22906: 22902: 22901: 22899: 22898: 22893: 22888: 22881: 22879: 22872: 22868: 22867: 22865: 22864: 22859: 22854: 22849: 22844: 22838: 22836: 22835:By institution 22832: 22831: 22829: 22828: 22823: 22822: 22821: 22811: 22806: 22801: 22796: 22791: 22786: 22781: 22780: 22779: 22774: 22764: 22759: 22754: 22753: 22752: 22742: 22737: 22732: 22726: 22724: 22720: 22719: 22717: 22716: 22711: 22706: 22701: 22696: 22691: 22686: 22680: 22678: 22674: 22673: 22671: 22670: 22665: 22664: 22663: 22653: 22652: 22651: 22646: 22636: 22630: 22628: 22624: 22623: 22615: 22614: 22607: 22600: 22592: 22583: 22582: 22570: 22567: 22566: 22564: 22563: 22556: 22549: 22542: 22535: 22528: 22521: 22514: 22507: 22500: 22493: 22488: 22483: 22478: 22473: 22468: 22463: 22458: 22453: 22448: 22443: 22438: 22433: 22428: 22423: 22418: 22413: 22408: 22403: 22398: 22393: 22388: 22383: 22378: 22373: 22368: 22363: 22358: 22353: 22348: 22343: 22338: 22333: 22328: 22323: 22318: 22313: 22308: 22303: 22298: 22293: 22288: 22283: 22282: 22281: 22271: 22266: 22261: 22256: 22251: 22250: 22249: 22239: 22234: 22229: 22228: 22227: 22215: 22210: 22205: 22200: 22195: 22190: 22184: 22182: 22178: 22177: 22175: 22174: 22169: 22159: 22158: 22157: 22147: 22142: 22137: 22132: 22127: 22121: 22119: 22115: 22114: 22112: 22111: 22106: 22101: 22096: 22091: 22086: 22081: 22076: 22071: 22066: 22061: 22056: 22051: 22046: 22041: 22036: 22034:Wolf Amendment 22031: 22026: 22021: 22016: 22011: 22006: 22005: 22004: 21994: 21989: 21984: 21979: 21973: 21971: 21967: 21966: 21964: 21963: 21958: 21957: 21956: 21951: 21946: 21941: 21936: 21931: 21926: 21921: 21916: 21906: 21905: 21904: 21897:Yangtze Patrol 21893: 21891: 21885: 21884: 21882: 21881: 21876: 21871: 21866: 21865: 21864: 21854: 21853: 21852: 21851: 21850: 21840: 21835: 21825: 21820: 21815: 21810: 21805: 21800: 21799: 21798: 21788: 21783: 21782: 21781: 21771: 21766: 21761: 21756: 21751: 21746: 21741: 21736: 21731: 21726: 21721: 21716: 21715: 21714: 21709: 21699: 21697:Yinhe incident 21694: 21689: 21684: 21679: 21674: 21669: 21668: 21667: 21657: 21652: 21647: 21642: 21637: 21632: 21627: 21625:Rover incident 21621: 21619: 21615: 21614: 21612: 21611: 21606: 21601: 21600: 21599: 21594: 21589: 21588: 21587: 21572: 21571: 21570: 21560: 21555: 21554: 21553: 21548: 21537: 21535: 21531: 21530: 21528: 21527: 21522: 21517: 21512: 21507: 21502: 21497: 21492: 21487: 21486: 21485: 21475: 21474: 21473: 21468: 21466:Harvey Feldman 21463: 21456: 21451: 21446: 21441: 21431: 21426: 21425: 21424: 21419: 21409: 21404: 21399: 21398: 21397: 21392: 21382: 21377: 21372: 21367: 21361: 21359: 21353: 21352: 21350: 21349: 21348: 21347: 21337: 21336: 21335: 21330: 21325: 21320: 21315: 21310: 21302: 21301: 21300: 21295: 21287: 21282: 21277: 21272: 21266: 21264: 21260: 21259: 21238: 21237: 21230: 21223: 21215: 21206: 21205: 21193: 21190: 21189: 21187: 21186: 21179: 21172: 21165: 21160: 21155: 21150: 21145: 21140: 21138:Kosei Fukunaga 21135: 21130: 21125: 21120: 21115: 21110: 21105: 21100: 21095: 21090: 21089: 21088: 21078: 21077: 21076: 21071: 21066: 21056: 21055: 21054: 21044: 21039: 21034: 21029: 21023: 21021: 21017: 21016: 21014: 21013: 21008: 21007: 21006: 21001: 20991: 20986: 20984:Jinan incident 20981: 20976: 20975: 20974: 20964: 20963: 20962: 20952: 20947: 20946: 20945: 20935: 20930: 20925: 20920: 20914: 20912: 20908: 20907: 20905: 20904: 20899: 20894: 20893: 20892: 20887: 20882: 20877: 20872: 20862: 20857: 20856: 20855: 20850: 20845: 20840: 20835: 20830: 20825: 20820: 20815: 20810: 20805: 20800: 20795: 20785: 20784: 20783: 20772: 20770: 20766: 20765: 20763: 20762: 20757: 20752: 20747: 20746: 20745: 20735: 20730: 20725: 20720: 20715: 20710: 20705: 20700: 20695: 20690: 20684: 20682: 20678: 20677: 20675: 20674: 20668: 20666: 20662: 20661: 20640: 20639: 20632: 20625: 20617: 20608: 20607: 20605: 20604: 20599: 20594: 20589: 20584: 20579: 20574: 20569: 20564: 20559: 20554: 20549: 20544: 20538: 20536: 20532: 20531: 20528: 20527: 20525: 20524: 20523: 20522: 20511: 20509: 20505: 20504: 20502: 20501: 20496: 20491: 20486: 20481: 20476: 20471: 20466: 20461: 20455: 20453: 20447: 20446: 20444: 20443: 20438: 20436:State of Burma 20433: 20428: 20423: 20418: 20413: 20407: 20405: 20401: 20400: 20398: 20397: 20392: 20387: 20382: 20377: 20364: 20362: 20355: 20351: 20350: 20347: 20346: 20344: 20343: 20338: 20324: 20319: 20314: 20309: 20304: 20299: 20294: 20289: 20284: 20279: 20274: 20269: 20264: 20262:Musha Incident 20259: 20254: 20252:Jinan incident 20249: 20243: 20241: 20235: 20234: 20232: 20231: 20226: 20221: 20216: 20211: 20206: 20201: 20196: 20191: 20186: 20185: 20184: 20173: 20171: 20165: 20164: 20162: 20161: 20156: 20151: 20146: 20141: 20136: 20131: 20126: 20121: 20116: 20111: 20109:Beipu uprising 20106: 20100: 20098: 20093: 20087: 20083: 20082: 20079: 20078: 20076: 20075: 20073:Treaty Faction 20070: 20065: 20060: 20055: 20050: 20044: 20042: 20037: 20034: 20033: 20031: 20030: 20025: 20020: 20015: 20010: 20005: 20003:Imperial Guard 20000: 19995: 19990: 19984: 19982: 19977: 19974: 19973: 19971: 19970: 19965: 19960: 19955: 19950: 19945: 19944: 19943: 19928: 19927: 19926: 19921: 19910: 19908: 19903: 19897: 19893: 19892: 19889: 19888: 19886: 19885: 19884: 19883: 19878: 19868: 19863: 19858: 19852: 19850: 19843: 19840: 19839: 19837: 19836: 19831: 19826: 19821: 19816: 19811: 19806: 19801: 19796: 19791: 19786: 19781: 19776: 19770: 19768: 19763:Administration 19761: 19755: 19751: 19750: 19748: 19747: 19742: 19737: 19732: 19727: 19722: 19717: 19712: 19707: 19702: 19697: 19692: 19687: 19682: 19677: 19672: 19667: 19662: 19656: 19654: 19650: 19649: 19647: 19646: 19641: 19640: 19639: 19634: 19629: 19624: 19614: 19609: 19603: 19601: 19597: 19596: 19594: 19593: 19585: 19577: 19568: 19566: 19562: 19561: 19554: 19552: 19550: 19549: 19544: 19539: 19534: 19529: 19528: 19527: 19517: 19512: 19507: 19502: 19497: 19492: 19487: 19482: 19477: 19472: 19467: 19461: 19459: 19455: 19454: 19447: 19446: 19439: 19432: 19424: 19415: 19414: 19412: 19411: 19406: 19401: 19396: 19391: 19386: 19381: 19376: 19370: 19368: 19362: 19361: 19359: 19358: 19353: 19348: 19347: 19346: 19341: 19336: 19331: 19329:British Empire 19324:United Kingdom 19321: 19316: 19311: 19310: 19309: 19304: 19299: 19297:Basque Country 19289: 19288: 19287: 19282: 19277: 19267: 19262: 19257: 19252: 19247: 19242: 19237: 19232: 19227: 19222: 19217: 19212: 19207: 19202: 19197: 19187: 19182: 19177: 19176: 19175: 19173:Basque Country 19170: 19160: 19155: 19150: 19145: 19143:Czechoslovakia 19140: 19135: 19130: 19125: 19119: 19117: 19113: 19112: 19110: 19109: 19104: 19099: 19094: 19089: 19084: 19079: 19074: 19069: 19064: 19059: 19054: 19049: 19044: 19043: 19042: 19032: 19027: 19022: 19021: 19020: 19015: 19005: 19004: 19003: 18993: 18988: 18982: 18980: 18976: 18975: 18973: 18972: 18967: 18962: 18957: 18952: 18947: 18942: 18936: 18934: 18930: 18929: 18927: 18926: 18925: 18924: 18919: 18914: 18909: 18904: 18899: 18889: 18884: 18879: 18874: 18869: 18864: 18858: 18856: 18852: 18851: 18849: 18848: 18843: 18838: 18833: 18828: 18827: 18826: 18821: 18811: 18806: 18801: 18796: 18791: 18786: 18781: 18776: 18771: 18766: 18761: 18755: 18753: 18749: 18748: 18741: 18740: 18733: 18726: 18718: 18709: 18708: 18706: 18705: 18698: 18691: 18674: 18671: 18670: 18667: 18666: 18664: 18663: 18662: 18661: 18654: 18647: 18633: 18632: 18631: 18617: 18614:South Sakhalin 18610: 18609: 18608: 18594: 18587: 18580: 18573: 18566: 18565: 18564: 18550: 18543: 18536: 18529: 18522: 18515: 18508: 18501: 18494: 18487: 18480: 18473: 18466: 18459: 18451: 18449: 18443: 18442: 18440: 18439: 18432: 18431: 18430: 18414: 18407: 18406: 18405: 18391: 18384: 18377: 18370: 18363: 18354: 18345: 18338: 18329: 18322: 18315: 18308: 18299: 18292: 18285: 18278: 18271: 18264: 18257: 18248: 18241: 18232: 18223: 18214: 18207: 18200: 18189: 18179: 18177: 18171: 18170: 18168: 18167: 18160: 18159: 18158: 18151: 18137: 18130: 18123: 18116: 18109: 18108: 18107: 18093: 18086: 18077: 18070: 18063: 18056: 18049: 18042: 18039:Battle of Attu 18035: 18028: 18020: 18018: 18012: 18011: 18009: 18008: 18001: 17992: 17985: 17978: 17969: 17962: 17955: 17948: 17939: 17938: 17937: 17930: 17916: 17909: 17902: 17895: 17888: 17881: 17874: 17867: 17860: 17853: 17845: 17843: 17837: 17836: 17834: 17833: 17826: 17819: 17812: 17805: 17798: 17791: 17788:Battle of Guam 17784: 17777: 17770: 17763: 17756: 17749: 17742: 17735: 17728: 17721: 17714: 17711:Battle of Kiev 17707: 17700: 17686: 17685: 17684: 17670: 17663: 17656: 17649: 17642: 17641: 17640: 17626: 17619: 17612: 17604: 17602: 17596: 17595: 17593: 17592: 17583: 17576: 17569: 17562: 17555: 17548: 17541: 17534: 17527: 17520: 17513: 17506: 17499: 17492: 17485: 17478: 17471: 17464: 17456: 17454: 17448: 17447: 17445: 17444: 17437: 17430: 17423: 17416: 17409: 17402: 17394: 17392: 17386: 17385: 17383: 17382: 17381: 17380: 17373: 17366: 17359: 17352: 17338: 17337: 17336: 17329: 17315: 17314: 17313: 17298: 17296: 17287: 17281: 17280: 17277: 17276: 17274: 17273: 17266: 17259: 17258: 17257: 17250: 17238: 17237: 17236: 17222: 17215: 17214: 17213: 17210:United Kingdom 17206: 17199: 17198: 17197: 17178: 17170: 17168: 17162: 17161: 17159: 17158: 17151: 17150: 17149: 17142: 17130: 17123: 17116: 17109: 17102: 17095: 17088: 17081: 17074: 17067: 17060: 17053: 17046: 17039: 17032: 17031: 17030: 17023: 17009: 17002: 16995: 16988: 16981: 16974: 16967: 16960: 16953: 16946: 16939: 16932: 16925: 16918: 16911: 16904: 16896: 16894: 16888: 16887: 16885: 16884: 16877: 16870: 16863: 16856: 16849: 16842: 16835: 16828: 16821: 16814: 16806: 16804: 16798: 16797: 16795: 16794: 16787: 16780: 16773: 16765: 16758: 16751: 16744: 16743: 16742: 16727: 16720: 16713: 16706: 16699: 16692: 16684: 16677: 16670: 16662: 16654: 16652: 16646: 16645: 16643: 16642: 16635: 16634: 16633: 16619: 16618: 16617: 16614:British Empire 16607:United Kingdom 16603: 16596: 16589: 16582: 16575: 16568: 16556: 16549: 16542: 16535: 16528: 16521: 16514: 16507: 16500: 16488: 16481: 16474: 16467: 16460: 16448: 16440: 16433: 16426: 16423:Czechoslovakia 16419: 16412: 16405: 16398: 16386: 16379: 16372: 16365: 16357: 16355: 16346: 16340: 16339: 16336: 16335: 16333: 16332: 16331: 16330: 16323: 16320:Rape of Manila 16316: 16309: 16302: 16291: 16276: 16269: 16257: 16250: 16249: 16248: 16241: 16227: 16226: 16225: 16218: 16211: 16197: 16190: 16189: 16188: 16181: 16180: 16179: 16172: 16158: 16151: 16137: 16136: 16135: 16128: 16121: 16106: 16104: 16098: 16097: 16095: 16094: 16091:United Nations 16087: 16080: 16073: 16072: 16071: 16064: 16057: 16050: 16036: 16027: 16018: 16011: 16004: 15997: 15988: 15981: 15974: 15967: 15960: 15953: 15950:Decolonization 15946: 15939: 15931: 15929: 15923: 15922: 15920: 15919: 15912: 15911: 15910: 15896: 15889: 15888: 15887: 15880: 15873: 15859: 15858: 15857: 15850: 15836: 15835: 15834: 15827: 15820: 15813: 15806: 15799: 15784: 15782: 15776: 15775: 15773: 15772: 15765: 15758: 15751: 15744: 15737: 15730: 15723: 15722: 15721: 15714: 15700: 15693: 15686: 15679: 15672: 15665: 15658: 15657: 15656: 15642: 15635: 15634: 15633: 15626: 15623:United Kingdom 15619: 15605: 15598: 15591: 15584: 15577: 15570: 15563: 15562: 15561: 15546: 15544: 15535: 15531: 15530: 15528: 15527: 15520: 15513: 15512: 15511: 15504: 15497: 15485: 15484: 15483: 15469: 15461: 15458: 15457: 15450: 15449: 15442: 15435: 15427: 15418: 15417: 15415: 15414: 15404: 15394: 15383: 15380: 15379: 15376: 15375: 15372: 15371: 15369: 15368: 15365: 15360: 15355: 15350: 15345: 15340: 15335: 15330: 15325: 15320: 15315: 15310: 15304: 15302: 15298: 15297: 15295: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15273: 15271: 15267: 15266: 15264: 15263: 15258: 15253: 15248: 15243: 15237: 15235: 15231: 15230: 15228: 15227: 15222: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15191: 15189: 15181: 15180: 15177: 15176: 15175:Related topics 15172: 15164: 15163: 15160: 15159: 15157: 15156: 15151: 15146: 15141: 15136: 15131: 15126: 15121: 15115: 15112: 15111: 15101: 15100: 15097: 15096: 15093: 15092: 15090: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15043: 15041: 15037: 15036: 15034: 15033: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15013: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14983: 14978: 14973: 14968: 14963: 14958: 14953: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14936:Xi'an Incident 14933: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14912: 14910: 14906: 14905: 14903: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14866: 14864: 14860: 14859: 14857: 14856: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14729:Wuhan campaign 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14700: 14698: 14690: 14689: 14679: 14678: 14675: 14674: 14671: 14670: 14667: 14666: 14664: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14646:Koshirō Oikawa 14643: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14623: 14618: 14612: 14610: 14606: 14605: 14603: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14581: 14579: 14572: 14568: 14567: 14564: 14563: 14561: 14560: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14540: 14535: 14530: 14525: 14523:Demchugdongrub 14520: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14468:Kantarō Suzuki 14465: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14438:Fumimaro Konoe 14435: 14429: 14427: 14423: 14422: 14420: 14419: 14414: 14409: 14404: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14379: 14374: 14368: 14366: 14359: 14355: 14354: 14351: 14350: 14348: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14331: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14307: 14306: 14305: 14303:Naval Infantry 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14274: 14272: 14268: 14267: 14265: 14264: 14263: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14242: 14241: 14240: 14239: 14238: 14228: 14223: 14212: 14210: 14203: 14197: 14196: 14193: 14192: 14190: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14148: 14146: 14142: 14141: 14139: 14138: 14137: 14136: 14126: 14125: 14124: 14113: 14111: 14104: 14096: 14095: 14085: 14084: 14081: 14080: 14078: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14065:Xi'an Incident 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14010:Battle of Rehe 14007: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13987: 13982: 13977: 13975:Nanjing decade 13971: 13968: 13967: 13957: 13956: 13948: 13947: 13940: 13933: 13925: 13919: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13888: 13882: 13876: 13871: 13852: 13845: 13840: 13831: 13830:External links 13828: 13826: 13825: 13806: 13797: 13791: 13776: 13758: 13743: 13726: 13720: 13705: 13676: 13669: 13659: 13652: 13634: 13616: 13599: 13592: 13579: 13564: 13547: 13532: 13523: 13516: 13503: 13492: 13486: 13473: 13456: 13443: 13437: 13414: 13408: 13395: 13381: 13364: 13358: 13334: 13324: 13315: 13300: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13276: 13275: 13256: 13236: 13206: 13187: 13167: 13132: 13113: 13093: 13062: 13043: 13023: 13004: 12984: 12971: 12933: 12902: 12885: 12872: 12843: 12799: 12797:, p. 166. 12787: 12758: 12729: 12702: 12672: 12646: 12622: 12613: 12611:, p. 565. 12601: 12580: 12566: 12548: 12518: 12499: 12471: 12442: 12427: 12409: 12397: 12390: 12367: 12358: 12343: 12317: 12291: 12289:, 2001, p. 364 12273: 12258: 12234: 12215: 12196: 12177: 12166:Mackerras 2003 12158: 12143:. March 2007. 12128: 12117: 12085: 12063: 12032: 12005: 11979: 11970: 11960: 11941: 11912: 11897: 11878: 11865: 11839: 11816: 11771: 11743: 11712: 11693: 11673: 11654: 11634: 11615: 11595: 11576: 11556: 11527: 11498: 11457: 11443: 11415: 11396: 11376: 11350: 11343: 11323: 11309: 11289: 11270: 11250: 11243: 11223: 11216: 11190: 11183: 11163: 11156: 11136: 11129: 11109: 11092: 11066: 11059: 11032: 10998: 10963: 10956: 10938: 10933:www.iwm.org.uk 10920: 10888: 10859: 10833:(3): 408–430. 10813: 10772: 10740: 10708: 10676: 10647: 10630: 10613: 10596: 10593:. p. 266. 10579: 10570: 10561: 10535: 10529:978-1444395174 10528: 10510: 10493: 10491:, p. 156. 10481: 10468: 10452: 10436: 10420: 10394: 10364: 10334: 10304: 10274: 10244: 10210: 10183: 10153: 10151:, p. 420. 10141: 10129: 10117: 10110: 10076: 10064: 10052: 10045: 10024: 10012: 10000: 9987: 9969:978-0520934603 9968: 9948: 9944:Hidden Horrors 9935: 9928: 9910: 9903: 9885: 9866: 9846: 9827: 9807: 9788: 9768: 9761: 9735: 9711: 9709:, p. 259. 9699: 9680: 9653:(2): 307–326. 9630: 9603: 9575: 9562: 9549: 9515: 9499: 9476: 9458:978-0199780549 9457: 9437: 9422: 9407: 9390: 9368: 9349: 9330: 9311: 9302: 9283:(4): 287–297. 9267: 9251: 9236: 9221: 9206: 9191: 9176: 9174:, p. 168. 9164: 9149: 9137: 9122: 9099: 9046: 9019: 9006: 8980: 8973: 8915: 8906: 8889:air.mnd.gov.tw 8876: 8869: 8851: 8821: 8791: 8761: 8742: 8722: 8706: 8699: 8679: 8652: 8619: 8587: 8580: 8543: 8524: 8511: 8498: 8486: 8477: 8465: 8453: 8440: 8428: 8416: 8407: 8398: 8377: 8368: 8356:news.ifeng.com 8343: 8296: 8289: 8271: 8259: 8233: 8203: 8159: 8116: 8103: 8086: 8071: 8040: 8021: 8001: 7985: 7966: 7946: 7927: 7907: 7876: 7845: 7843:, p. 171. 7833: 7813:10.2307/132824 7807:(2): 295–363, 7791: 7766: 7740: 7731: 7707: 7698: 7667: 7648: 7639: 7598: 7567: 7532: 7519: 7507: 7500: 7482: 7470: 7451: 7432: 7425: 7407: 7405:, p. 535. 7395: 7376: 7356: 7347: 7340: 7323: 7316: 7298: 7279: 7259: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7161: 7145: 7142: 7137:Main article: 7134: 7131: 7074: 7071: 7048:bubonic plague 6957: 6954: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6900: 6876:Rudolph Rummel 6873: 6866: 6859: 6856:Yasuji Okamura 6844: 6840: 6831: 6819: 6814: 6811: 6793: 6790: 6781: 6780:Commemorations 6778: 6770:Main article: 6767: 6764: 6755:Main article: 6752: 6749: 6723:(DPP) won the 6642:Main article: 6639: 6636: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6558: 6555: 6551:mainland China 6506:Main article: 6503: 6500: 6467:were present. 6465:Hsu Yung-chang 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6391:Tibetan Empire 6378: 6375: 6361:, Ma Hongbin, 6316:Main article: 6313: 6310: 6266: 6263: 6186: 6183: 6061: 6060:United Kingdom 6058: 5976:Robert Craigie 5934: 5931: 5929: 5928:Western allies 5926: 5881: 5878: 5873:Some divisions 5845:Main article: 5842: 5839: 5822:Hazel Ying Lee 5807: 5804: 5797:Lend-Lease Act 5763: 5760: 5744: 5741: 5705:Chinese troops 5673:Main article: 5670: 5667: 5635:Mahatma Gandhi 5626:Burma Campaign 5587:island hopping 5506:Doolittle Raid 5464:Four Policemen 5409: 5406: 5357:8th Route Army 5322:Northeast Army 5301: 5298: 5215:Local Chinese 5187: 5184: 5168: 5167: 5161: 5138: 5135: 5124:Western Europe 5110: 5107: 5055:modern warfare 5021: 5020: 4971: 4969: 4962: 4956: 4953: 4906:scorched earth 4900:Zhongmu County 4832: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4780: 4777: 4744: 4741: 4707:house-to-house 4698: 4695: 4685: 4682: 4639:Main article: 4636: 4633: 4505:Zhang Zhizhong 4470:Main article: 4467: 4464: 4455:racial epithet 4440:Ōyama Incident 4404:Main article: 4401: 4398: 4389:Boxer Protocol 4359:announced the 4343:Main article: 4340: 4337: 4305:Inner Mongolia 4281:huáběitèshūhùa 4278:; pinyin: 4274:(Chinese: 4268:Specialization 4230:to defeat the 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4091: 4088: 4064:Main article: 4061: 4058: 4050:Zhang Xueliang 4038:Main article: 4035: 4032: 4022:Jinan incident 4020:Main article: 4017: 4016:Jinan incident 4014: 3962:Main article: 3959: 3956: 3904: 3901: 3881:Russian Empire 3824:Main article: 3821: 3818: 3813:Main article: 3810: 3807: 3736:Fumimaro Konoe 3696: 3693: 3536: 3533: 3446:Lend-Lease Act 3259: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3245: 3244:Nittyuu sensou 3242: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3197:Transcriptions 3190: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3103: 3102: 3101:Transcriptions 3094: 3093: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3034:Transcriptions 3027: 3026: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2967:Transcriptions 2960: 2959: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2900:Transcriptions 2893: 2892: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2833:Transcriptions 2826: 2825: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2752:Transcriptions 2745: 2744: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2650:Baltic Nations 2641: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2628: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2531: 2530: 2525: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2459: 2446: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2433: 2428: 2427: 2426: 2416: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2377: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2350: 2345: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2320: 2319: 2312: 2305: 2297: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2232: 2231: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2198:Ganghwa (1875) 2195: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2168: 2167: 2160: 2153: 2145: 2136: 2135: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2107: 2099: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2067: 2065:South Sakhalin 2062: 2057: 2052: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2007: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1901: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1841: 1834: 1827: 1822: 1820:Malacca Strait 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1778:Southeast Asia 1774: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1751: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1688:Doolittle Raid 1685: 1678: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1647: 1646: 1639: 1632: 1624: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1585: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1575:Guilin–Liuzhou 1571: 1566: 1552: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1526: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1473: 1466: 1459: 1452: 1445: 1440: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1409: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1362: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1341: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1303: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1285: 1284: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1218:Beiping–Hankou 1212: 1211: 1210: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1157:Inner Mongolia 1154: 1149: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1104: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1082: 1081: 1074: 1067: 1059: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1037: 1028: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1004: 1003: 1001: 1000: 997:Burma campaign 993: 987: 986: 985: 982: 979: 954: 953: 952: 951: 950: 947:Burma campaign 940: 937: 934: 909: 907: 905: 904: 903: 902: 899: 896: 893:Burma campaign 883: 882: 881: 880: 879: 870: 869: 868: 862: 859: 858:87,208 missing 856: 853: 829: 823: 822: 821: 820: 819: 816: 807: 806: 805: 799: 796: 793: 768: 765: 764: 760: 759: 757: 756: 725: 724: 723: 720:Burma campaign 716: 713: 712:600,000 (1937) 694: 682: 680: 679: 678: 677: 674: 673:488,744 (1940) 671: 670:166,700 (1938) 668: 667:640,000 (1937) 650: 649: 648: 645: 642: 619: 606: 605: 601: 600: 598: 597: 585: 573: 561: 559:Yasuji Okamura 549: 537: 519: 504: 502: 500: 499: 480: 461: 442: 423: 404: 385: 371: 356: 353: 352: 348: 347: 346: 345: 332: 320: 294: 293: 292: 280: 253: 252: 248: 247: 244: 243: 230: 224: 223: 220: 216: 215: 212: 211: 206: 201: 199:Mainland China 195: 194: 192: 188: 187: 184: 176: 175: 173: 172: 163: 153: 147: 137: 128: 114: 100: 99: 91: 90: 89: 80: 79: 71: 70: 69: 60: 59: 51: 50: 49: 48: 47: 44: 43: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 23775: 23764: 23761: 23759: 23756: 23754: 23751: 23749: 23746: 23744: 23741: 23739: 23736: 23734: 23731: 23729: 23726: 23724: 23721: 23719: 23716: 23714: 23711: 23709: 23706: 23704: 23701: 23699: 23696: 23694: 23691: 23689: 23686: 23684: 23681: 23679: 23676: 23674: 23671: 23669: 23666: 23664: 23661: 23659: 23656: 23654: 23651: 23650: 23648: 23633: 23630: 23628: 23625: 23624: 23622: 23618: 23612: 23609: 23607: 23604: 23602: 23599: 23597: 23594: 23592: 23589: 23587: 23584: 23582: 23579: 23575: 23572: 23571: 23570: 23567: 23566: 23564: 23560: 23550: 23547: 23545: 23542: 23540: 23537: 23535: 23532: 23530: 23527: 23525: 23522: 23520: 23517: 23515: 23512: 23510: 23507: 23505: 23502: 23500: 23497: 23495: 23492: 23490: 23487: 23485: 23482: 23480: 23477: 23475: 23472: 23471: 23469: 23465: 23459: 23456: 23454: 23451: 23449: 23446: 23444: 23441: 23439: 23436: 23435: 23433: 23429: 23423: 23420: 23418: 23415: 23413: 23410: 23408: 23407:Fong Yue Ting 23405: 23403: 23400: 23399: 23397: 23393: 23390: 23386: 23376: 23373: 23371: 23368: 23366: 23363: 23361: 23358: 23356: 23353: 23351: 23348: 23344: 23341: 23340: 23338: 23337:Trump tariffs 23334: 23331: 23329: 23326: 23324: 23321: 23319: 23316: 23314: 23311: 23309: 23306: 23304: 23301: 23299: 23296: 23294: 23291: 23289: 23286: 23284: 23281: 23279: 23276: 23274: 23271: 23269: 23266: 23265: 23263: 23259: 23253: 23250: 23248: 23245: 23242: 23239: 23236: 23233: 23231: 23228: 23225: 23222: 23220: 23217: 23215: 23212: 23210: 23207: 23205: 23202: 23199: 23196: 23193: 23190: 23187: 23184: 23179: 23176: 23175: 23173: 23172: 23168: 23165: 23162: 23159: 23156: 23153: 23150: 23146: 23143: 23141: 23138: 23135: 23132: 23129: 23126: 23125: 23123: 23120: 23117: 23114: 23112: 23109: 23107:(1920s–1930s) 23106: 23103: 23101: 23098: 23095: 23092: 23089: 23086: 23083: 23080: 23077: 23074: 23073: 23071: 23067: 23060: 23057: 23054: 23051: 23049: 23046: 23043: 23040: 23038: 23035: 23033: 23030: 23027: 23024: 23022: 23019: 23016: 23013: 23011: 23008: 23006: 23003: 23001: 22998: 22996: 22993: 22991: 22988: 22985: 22982: 22979: 22976: 22974: 22971: 22968: 22965: 22963: 22960: 22957: 22954: 22952: 22949: 22946: 22943: 22940: 22937: 22934: 22933:Buckland Riot 22931: 22930: 22928: 22924: 22918: 22915: 22913: 22910: 22909: 22907: 22903: 22897: 22894: 22892: 22889: 22886: 22883: 22882: 22880: 22876: 22873: 22869: 22863: 22860: 22858: 22855: 22853: 22850: 22848: 22845: 22843: 22840: 22839: 22837: 22833: 22827: 22824: 22820: 22817: 22816: 22815: 22814:United States 22812: 22810: 22807: 22805: 22802: 22800: 22797: 22795: 22792: 22790: 22787: 22785: 22782: 22778: 22775: 22773: 22770: 22769: 22768: 22765: 22763: 22760: 22758: 22755: 22751: 22748: 22747: 22746: 22743: 22741: 22738: 22736: 22733: 22731: 22728: 22727: 22725: 22721: 22715: 22712: 22710: 22707: 22705: 22702: 22700: 22697: 22695: 22694:Denis Kearney 22692: 22690: 22687: 22685: 22682: 22681: 22679: 22677:By persecutor 22675: 22669: 22666: 22662: 22659: 22658: 22657: 22654: 22650: 22647: 22645: 22642: 22641: 22640: 22637: 22635: 22632: 22631: 22629: 22625: 22620: 22613: 22608: 22606: 22601: 22599: 22594: 22593: 22590: 22580: 22579: 22568: 22562: 22561: 22557: 22555: 22554: 22550: 22548: 22547: 22543: 22541: 22540: 22536: 22534: 22533: 22529: 22527: 22526: 22522: 22520: 22519: 22515: 22513: 22512: 22508: 22506: 22505: 22501: 22499: 22498: 22494: 22492: 22489: 22487: 22484: 22482: 22479: 22477: 22474: 22472: 22469: 22467: 22464: 22462: 22459: 22457: 22454: 22452: 22449: 22447: 22444: 22442: 22439: 22437: 22434: 22432: 22429: 22427: 22424: 22422: 22419: 22417: 22414: 22412: 22409: 22407: 22404: 22402: 22399: 22397: 22394: 22392: 22389: 22387: 22384: 22382: 22379: 22377: 22374: 22372: 22369: 22367: 22364: 22362: 22359: 22357: 22354: 22352: 22349: 22347: 22344: 22342: 22339: 22337: 22334: 22332: 22329: 22327: 22324: 22322: 22319: 22317: 22314: 22312: 22309: 22307: 22304: 22302: 22299: 22297: 22294: 22292: 22289: 22287: 22284: 22280: 22277: 22276: 22275: 22272: 22270: 22267: 22265: 22264:China watcher 22262: 22260: 22257: 22255: 22252: 22248: 22245: 22244: 22243: 22240: 22238: 22235: 22233: 22230: 22226: 22225: 22221: 22220: 22219: 22216: 22214: 22211: 22209: 22206: 22204: 22201: 22199: 22196: 22194: 22191: 22189: 22186: 22185: 22183: 22179: 22173: 22170: 22167: 22166:Trump tariffs 22163: 22160: 22156: 22153: 22152: 22151: 22148: 22146: 22143: 22141: 22138: 22136: 22133: 22131: 22128: 22126: 22123: 22122: 22120: 22116: 22110: 22107: 22105: 22102: 22100: 22097: 22095: 22092: 22090: 22087: 22085: 22082: 22080: 22077: 22075: 22072: 22070: 22067: 22065: 22062: 22060: 22057: 22055: 22052: 22050: 22047: 22045: 22044:EQUITABLE Act 22042: 22040: 22037: 22035: 22032: 22030: 22027: 22025: 22022: 22020: 22017: 22015: 22012: 22010: 22007: 22003: 22000: 21999: 21998: 21995: 21993: 21990: 21988: 21985: 21983: 21980: 21978: 21975: 21974: 21972: 21968: 21962: 21959: 21955: 21952: 21950: 21947: 21945: 21944:Flying Tigers 21942: 21940: 21939:Dixie Mission 21937: 21935: 21934:China Marines 21932: 21930: 21927: 21925: 21922: 21920: 21917: 21915: 21912: 21911: 21910: 21907: 21903: 21900: 21899: 21898: 21895: 21894: 21892: 21890: 21886: 21880: 21877: 21875: 21872: 21870: 21867: 21863: 21860: 21859: 21858: 21855: 21849: 21846: 21845: 21844: 21841: 21839: 21836: 21834: 21831: 21830: 21829: 21826: 21824: 21821: 21819: 21816: 21814: 21811: 21809: 21806: 21804: 21801: 21797: 21794: 21793: 21792: 21789: 21787: 21784: 21780: 21777: 21776: 21775: 21772: 21770: 21767: 21765: 21762: 21760: 21757: 21755: 21752: 21750: 21747: 21745: 21742: 21740: 21737: 21735: 21732: 21730: 21727: 21725: 21722: 21720: 21717: 21713: 21710: 21708: 21705: 21704: 21703: 21700: 21698: 21695: 21693: 21690: 21688: 21685: 21683: 21680: 21678: 21675: 21673: 21670: 21666: 21663: 21662: 21661: 21658: 21656: 21653: 21651: 21648: 21646: 21643: 21641: 21638: 21636: 21633: 21631: 21628: 21626: 21623: 21622: 21620: 21616: 21610: 21607: 21605: 21602: 21598: 21595: 21593: 21590: 21586: 21583: 21582: 21581: 21578: 21577: 21576: 21573: 21569: 21566: 21565: 21564: 21561: 21559: 21556: 21552: 21549: 21547: 21544: 21543: 21542: 21539: 21538: 21536: 21532: 21526: 21523: 21521: 21518: 21516: 21513: 21511: 21508: 21506: 21503: 21501: 21498: 21496: 21493: 21491: 21488: 21484: 21481: 21480: 21479: 21476: 21472: 21469: 21467: 21464: 21462: 21461: 21457: 21455: 21452: 21450: 21447: 21445: 21442: 21440: 21437: 21436: 21435: 21432: 21430: 21427: 21423: 21420: 21418: 21417:Loss of China 21415: 21414: 21413: 21410: 21408: 21405: 21403: 21400: 21396: 21393: 21391: 21388: 21387: 21386: 21383: 21381: 21378: 21376: 21373: 21371: 21368: 21366: 21363: 21362: 21360: 21358: 21354: 21346: 21343: 21342: 21341: 21338: 21334: 21331: 21329: 21326: 21324: 21321: 21319: 21316: 21314: 21311: 21309: 21306: 21305: 21303: 21299: 21296: 21294: 21291: 21290: 21288: 21286: 21283: 21281: 21278: 21276: 21273: 21271: 21268: 21267: 21265: 21261: 21255: 21250: 21245: 21236: 21231: 21229: 21224: 21222: 21217: 21216: 21213: 21203: 21202: 21191: 21185: 21184: 21180: 21178: 21177: 21173: 21171: 21170: 21166: 21164: 21161: 21159: 21156: 21154: 21151: 21149: 21146: 21144: 21143:Yang Shoujing 21141: 21139: 21136: 21134: 21131: 21129: 21126: 21124: 21121: 21119: 21116: 21114: 21111: 21109: 21106: 21104: 21101: 21099: 21096: 21094: 21091: 21087: 21084: 21083: 21082: 21079: 21075: 21072: 21070: 21067: 21065: 21062: 21061: 21060: 21057: 21053: 21050: 21049: 21048: 21045: 21043: 21040: 21038: 21035: 21033: 21030: 21028: 21025: 21024: 21022: 21018: 21012: 21009: 21005: 21002: 21000: 20997: 20996: 20995: 20992: 20990: 20987: 20985: 20982: 20980: 20977: 20973: 20970: 20969: 20968: 20965: 20961: 20958: 20957: 20956: 20953: 20951: 20948: 20944: 20941: 20940: 20939: 20936: 20934: 20931: 20929: 20926: 20924: 20921: 20919: 20916: 20915: 20913: 20909: 20903: 20900: 20898: 20895: 20891: 20888: 20886: 20883: 20881: 20878: 20876: 20873: 20871: 20868: 20867: 20866: 20863: 20861: 20858: 20854: 20851: 20849: 20846: 20844: 20841: 20839: 20836: 20834: 20831: 20829: 20826: 20824: 20821: 20819: 20816: 20814: 20811: 20809: 20806: 20804: 20801: 20799: 20796: 20794: 20791: 20790: 20789: 20786: 20782: 20779: 20778: 20777: 20774: 20773: 20771: 20767: 20761: 20758: 20756: 20753: 20751: 20748: 20744: 20741: 20740: 20739: 20736: 20734: 20731: 20729: 20726: 20724: 20721: 20719: 20716: 20714: 20711: 20709: 20706: 20704: 20701: 20699: 20696: 20694: 20691: 20689: 20686: 20685: 20683: 20679: 20673: 20670: 20669: 20667: 20663: 20657: 20652: 20647: 20638: 20633: 20631: 20626: 20624: 20619: 20618: 20615: 20603: 20600: 20598: 20595: 20593: 20590: 20588: 20585: 20583: 20580: 20578: 20575: 20573: 20570: 20568: 20565: 20563: 20560: 20558: 20555: 20553: 20550: 20548: 20547:Fukoku kyōhei 20545: 20543: 20540: 20539: 20537: 20533: 20521: 20518: 20517: 20516: 20513: 20512: 20510: 20506: 20500: 20497: 20495: 20492: 20490: 20487: 20485: 20482: 20480: 20477: 20475: 20472: 20470: 20467: 20465: 20462: 20460: 20457: 20456: 20454: 20452: 20448: 20442: 20439: 20437: 20434: 20432: 20429: 20427: 20424: 20422: 20419: 20417: 20414: 20412: 20409: 20408: 20406: 20404:Puppet states 20402: 20396: 20393: 20391: 20388: 20386: 20383: 20381: 20378: 20375: 20374: 20369: 20366: 20365: 20363: 20359: 20356: 20352: 20342: 20339: 20336: 20332: 20328: 20325: 20323: 20320: 20318: 20315: 20313: 20310: 20308: 20305: 20303: 20300: 20298: 20295: 20293: 20290: 20288: 20285: 20283: 20280: 20278: 20275: 20273: 20270: 20268: 20265: 20263: 20260: 20258: 20255: 20253: 20250: 20248: 20245: 20244: 20242: 20240: 20236: 20230: 20227: 20225: 20222: 20220: 20217: 20215: 20212: 20210: 20207: 20205: 20202: 20200: 20197: 20195: 20192: 20190: 20187: 20183: 20180: 20179: 20178: 20175: 20174: 20172: 20170: 20166: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20147: 20145: 20142: 20140: 20137: 20135: 20132: 20130: 20127: 20125: 20122: 20120: 20117: 20115: 20112: 20110: 20107: 20105: 20102: 20101: 20099: 20096: 20091: 20088: 20084: 20074: 20071: 20069: 20068:Fleet Faction 20066: 20064: 20061: 20059: 20056: 20054: 20051: 20049: 20048:General Staff 20046: 20045: 20043: 20040: 20035: 20029: 20026: 20024: 20021: 20019: 20016: 20014: 20011: 20009: 20006: 20004: 20001: 19999: 19996: 19994: 19991: 19989: 19988:General Staff 19986: 19985: 19983: 19980: 19975: 19969: 19966: 19964: 19961: 19959: 19956: 19954: 19951: 19949: 19946: 19942: 19941:military code 19940: 19936: 19935: 19934: 19933: 19929: 19925: 19922: 19920: 19917: 19916: 19915: 19912: 19911: 19909: 19906: 19901: 19898: 19894: 19882: 19879: 19877: 19874: 19873: 19872: 19871:Imperial Diet 19869: 19867: 19864: 19862: 19861:Privy Council 19859: 19857: 19854: 19853: 19851: 19848: 19841: 19835: 19832: 19830: 19827: 19825: 19822: 19820: 19817: 19815: 19812: 19810: 19807: 19805: 19802: 19800: 19797: 19795: 19792: 19790: 19787: 19785: 19782: 19780: 19779:Home Ministry 19777: 19775: 19772: 19771: 19769: 19766: 19759: 19756: 19752: 19746: 19743: 19741: 19738: 19736: 19733: 19731: 19728: 19726: 19723: 19721: 19718: 19716: 19713: 19711: 19708: 19706: 19703: 19701: 19698: 19696: 19693: 19691: 19688: 19686: 19683: 19681: 19678: 19676: 19673: 19671: 19668: 19666: 19663: 19661: 19658: 19657: 19655: 19651: 19645: 19642: 19638: 19635: 19633: 19630: 19628: 19625: 19623: 19622:Imperial Seal 19620: 19619: 19618: 19615: 19613: 19610: 19608: 19607:Flag of Japan 19605: 19604: 19602: 19598: 19592: 19586: 19584: 19578: 19576: 19570: 19569: 19567: 19563: 19548: 19545: 19543: 19540: 19538: 19535: 19533: 19530: 19526: 19523: 19522: 19521: 19518: 19516: 19513: 19511: 19508: 19506: 19503: 19501: 19498: 19496: 19493: 19491: 19488: 19486: 19483: 19481: 19478: 19476: 19473: 19471: 19468: 19466: 19463: 19462: 19460: 19456: 19452: 19445: 19440: 19438: 19433: 19431: 19426: 19425: 19422: 19410: 19407: 19405: 19402: 19400: 19397: 19395: 19392: 19390: 19387: 19385: 19382: 19380: 19377: 19375: 19372: 19371: 19369: 19363: 19357: 19354: 19352: 19349: 19345: 19342: 19340: 19337: 19335: 19332: 19330: 19327: 19326: 19325: 19322: 19320: 19317: 19315: 19312: 19308: 19305: 19303: 19300: 19298: 19295: 19294: 19293: 19290: 19286: 19283: 19281: 19278: 19276: 19273: 19272: 19271: 19268: 19266: 19263: 19261: 19258: 19256: 19253: 19251: 19248: 19246: 19243: 19241: 19238: 19236: 19233: 19231: 19228: 19226: 19223: 19221: 19220:Liechtenstein 19218: 19216: 19213: 19211: 19208: 19206: 19203: 19201: 19198: 19195: 19191: 19188: 19186: 19183: 19181: 19178: 19174: 19171: 19169: 19166: 19165: 19164: 19161: 19159: 19156: 19154: 19151: 19149: 19146: 19144: 19141: 19139: 19136: 19134: 19131: 19129: 19126: 19124: 19121: 19120: 19118: 19114: 19108: 19105: 19103: 19100: 19098: 19095: 19093: 19090: 19088: 19085: 19083: 19080: 19078: 19075: 19073: 19070: 19068: 19065: 19063: 19060: 19058: 19055: 19053: 19050: 19048: 19045: 19041: 19038: 19037: 19036: 19033: 19031: 19028: 19026: 19023: 19019: 19016: 19014: 19011: 19010: 19009: 19006: 19002: 18999: 18998: 18997: 18994: 18992: 18989: 18987: 18984: 18983: 18981: 18977: 18971: 18968: 18966: 18963: 18961: 18958: 18956: 18955:Latin America 18953: 18951: 18948: 18946: 18943: 18941: 18938: 18937: 18935: 18933:South America 18931: 18923: 18920: 18918: 18915: 18913: 18910: 18908: 18905: 18903: 18900: 18898: 18895: 18894: 18893: 18892:United States 18890: 18888: 18885: 18883: 18880: 18878: 18875: 18873: 18870: 18868: 18865: 18863: 18860: 18859: 18857: 18855:North America 18853: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18829: 18825: 18822: 18820: 18817: 18816: 18815: 18812: 18810: 18807: 18805: 18802: 18800: 18797: 18795: 18792: 18790: 18787: 18785: 18782: 18780: 18777: 18775: 18772: 18770: 18767: 18765: 18762: 18760: 18759:Belgian Congo 18757: 18756: 18754: 18750: 18746: 18739: 18734: 18732: 18727: 18725: 18720: 18719: 18716: 18703: 18699: 18696: 18692: 18689: 18688: 18683: 18676: 18675: 18672: 18659: 18655: 18652: 18648: 18645: 18641: 18640: 18638: 18634: 18629: 18625: 18624: 18622: 18621:Kuril Islands 18618: 18615: 18611: 18606: 18602: 18601: 18599: 18595: 18592: 18588: 18585: 18581: 18578: 18574: 18571: 18567: 18562: 18558: 18557: 18555: 18551: 18548: 18544: 18541: 18537: 18534: 18530: 18527: 18523: 18520: 18516: 18513: 18509: 18506: 18502: 18499: 18495: 18492: 18488: 18485: 18481: 18478: 18474: 18471: 18467: 18464: 18460: 18457: 18453: 18452: 18450: 18448: 18444: 18437: 18433: 18428: 18427: 18422: 18421: 18419: 18415: 18412: 18408: 18403: 18399: 18398: 18396: 18392: 18389: 18388:Syrmian Front 18385: 18382: 18378: 18375: 18371: 18368: 18364: 18361: 18360: 18355: 18352: 18351: 18346: 18343: 18339: 18336: 18335: 18334:Market Garden 18330: 18327: 18323: 18320: 18316: 18313: 18309: 18306: 18305: 18300: 18297: 18293: 18290: 18286: 18283: 18279: 18276: 18272: 18269: 18265: 18262: 18258: 18255: 18254: 18249: 18246: 18242: 18239: 18238: 18233: 18230: 18229: 18224: 18221: 18220: 18215: 18212: 18208: 18205: 18201: 18198: 18194: 18193:Monte Cassino 18190: 18187: 18186: 18181: 18180: 18178: 18176: 18172: 18165: 18161: 18156: 18152: 18149: 18145: 18144: 18142: 18138: 18135: 18131: 18128: 18124: 18121: 18117: 18114: 18110: 18105: 18101: 18100: 18098: 18094: 18091: 18087: 18084: 18083: 18078: 18075: 18071: 18068: 18064: 18061: 18057: 18054: 18050: 18047: 18043: 18040: 18036: 18033: 18029: 18026: 18022: 18021: 18019: 18017: 18013: 18006: 18002: 17999: 17998: 17993: 17990: 17986: 17983: 17979: 17976: 17975: 17970: 17967: 17963: 17960: 17956: 17953: 17949: 17946: 17945: 17940: 17935: 17931: 17928: 17924: 17923: 17921: 17917: 17914: 17910: 17907: 17903: 17900: 17896: 17893: 17889: 17886: 17882: 17879: 17875: 17872: 17868: 17865: 17861: 17858: 17854: 17851: 17847: 17846: 17844: 17842: 17838: 17831: 17827: 17824: 17820: 17817: 17813: 17810: 17806: 17803: 17799: 17796: 17792: 17789: 17785: 17782: 17778: 17775: 17771: 17768: 17764: 17761: 17757: 17754: 17750: 17747: 17743: 17740: 17736: 17733: 17729: 17726: 17722: 17719: 17715: 17712: 17708: 17705: 17701: 17697: 17696: 17691: 17687: 17682: 17678: 17677: 17675: 17671: 17668: 17664: 17661: 17657: 17654: 17650: 17647: 17643: 17638: 17634: 17633: 17631: 17627: 17624: 17620: 17617: 17613: 17610: 17606: 17605: 17603: 17601: 17597: 17590: 17589: 17584: 17581: 17577: 17574: 17570: 17567: 17563: 17560: 17559:Baltic states 17556: 17553: 17549: 17546: 17542: 17539: 17535: 17532: 17528: 17525: 17521: 17518: 17514: 17511: 17507: 17504: 17500: 17497: 17493: 17490: 17486: 17483: 17479: 17476: 17472: 17469: 17465: 17462: 17458: 17457: 17455: 17453: 17449: 17442: 17438: 17435: 17431: 17428: 17424: 17421: 17417: 17414: 17410: 17407: 17403: 17400: 17396: 17395: 17393: 17391: 17387: 17378: 17374: 17371: 17367: 17364: 17360: 17357: 17353: 17350: 17346: 17345: 17343: 17339: 17334: 17330: 17327: 17323: 17322: 17320: 17316: 17311: 17307: 17306: 17304: 17300: 17299: 17297: 17295: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17282: 17271: 17267: 17264: 17260: 17255: 17251: 17248: 17244: 17243: 17239: 17234: 17230: 17229: 17227: 17223: 17220: 17216: 17211: 17207: 17204: 17203:United States 17200: 17195: 17191: 17190: 17188: 17184: 17183: 17179: 17176: 17172: 17171: 17169: 17167: 17163: 17156: 17152: 17147: 17143: 17140: 17139:Quốc dân Đảng 17136: 17135: 17131: 17128: 17124: 17121: 17117: 17114: 17110: 17107: 17103: 17100: 17096: 17093: 17089: 17086: 17082: 17079: 17075: 17072: 17068: 17065: 17061: 17058: 17054: 17051: 17047: 17044: 17040: 17037: 17033: 17028: 17024: 17021: 17017: 17016: 17014: 17010: 17007: 17003: 17000: 16996: 16993: 16989: 16986: 16982: 16979: 16975: 16972: 16968: 16965: 16961: 16958: 16954: 16951: 16947: 16944: 16940: 16937: 16933: 16930: 16926: 16923: 16919: 16916: 16912: 16909: 16905: 16902: 16898: 16897: 16895: 16893: 16889: 16882: 16878: 16875: 16871: 16868: 16864: 16861: 16857: 16854: 16850: 16847: 16843: 16840: 16839:Liechtenstein 16836: 16833: 16829: 16826: 16822: 16819: 16815: 16812: 16808: 16807: 16805: 16803: 16799: 16792: 16788: 16785: 16781: 16778: 16774: 16770: 16766: 16763: 16759: 16756: 16752: 16749: 16745: 16740: 16736: 16735: 16732: 16728: 16725: 16721: 16718: 16714: 16711: 16707: 16704: 16700: 16697: 16693: 16689: 16685: 16682: 16678: 16675: 16671: 16667: 16663: 16660: 16656: 16655: 16653: 16651: 16647: 16640: 16636: 16631: 16627: 16626: 16624: 16623:United States 16620: 16615: 16611: 16610: 16608: 16604: 16601: 16597: 16594: 16590: 16587: 16583: 16580: 16576: 16573: 16569: 16565: 16561: 16557: 16554: 16550: 16547: 16543: 16540: 16536: 16533: 16529: 16526: 16522: 16519: 16515: 16512: 16508: 16505: 16501: 16497: 16493: 16489: 16486: 16482: 16479: 16475: 16472: 16468: 16465: 16461: 16457: 16453: 16449: 16445: 16441: 16438: 16434: 16431: 16427: 16424: 16420: 16417: 16413: 16410: 16406: 16403: 16399: 16395: 16391: 16387: 16384: 16380: 16377: 16373: 16370: 16366: 16363: 16359: 16358: 16356: 16354: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16341: 16328: 16324: 16321: 16317: 16314: 16313:Comfort women 16310: 16307: 16303: 16300: 16297: / 16296: 16292: 16289: 16286: / 16285: 16282: / 16281: 16277: 16274: 16273:Camp brothels 16270: 16267: 16263: 16262: 16258: 16255: 16251: 16246: 16242: 16239: 16235: 16234: 16232: 16228: 16223: 16219: 16216: 16212: 16209: 16205: 16204: 16202: 16198: 16195: 16191: 16186: 16182: 16177: 16173: 16170: 16166: 16165: 16163: 16162:The Holocaust 16159: 16156: 16152: 16149: 16148:forced labour 16145: 16144: 16142: 16138: 16133: 16129: 16126: 16122: 16119: 16115: 16114: 16112: 16108: 16107: 16105: 16103: 16099: 16092: 16088: 16085: 16081: 16078: 16074: 16069: 16065: 16062: 16058: 16055: 16051: 16048: 16044: 16043: 16041: 16037: 16034: 16033: 16028: 16025: 16024: 16019: 16016: 16012: 16009: 16005: 16002: 16001:Marshall Plan 15998: 15995: 15994: 15989: 15986: 15982: 15979: 15975: 15972: 15968: 15965: 15961: 15958: 15954: 15951: 15947: 15944: 15940: 15937: 15933: 15932: 15930: 15928: 15924: 15917: 15913: 15908: 15904: 15903: 15901: 15897: 15894: 15890: 15885: 15881: 15878: 15874: 15871: 15867: 15866: 15864: 15860: 15855: 15854:Eastern Front 15851: 15848: 15847:Western Front 15844: 15843: 15841: 15837: 15832: 15828: 15825: 15821: 15818: 15814: 15811: 15807: 15804: 15800: 15797: 15793: 15792: 15790: 15786: 15785: 15783: 15781: 15777: 15770: 15766: 15763: 15759: 15756: 15752: 15749: 15745: 15742: 15741:Puppet states 15738: 15735: 15731: 15728: 15724: 15719: 15715: 15712: 15708: 15707: 15705: 15701: 15698: 15694: 15691: 15687: 15684: 15683:Naval history 15680: 15677: 15673: 15670: 15666: 15663: 15659: 15654: 15650: 15649: 15647: 15643: 15640: 15636: 15631: 15630:United States 15627: 15624: 15620: 15617: 15613: 15612: 15610: 15606: 15603: 15599: 15596: 15592: 15589: 15585: 15582: 15578: 15575: 15571: 15568: 15564: 15559: 15555: 15554: 15552: 15548: 15547: 15545: 15543: 15539: 15536: 15532: 15525: 15521: 15518: 15514: 15509: 15505: 15502: 15498: 15495: 15491: 15490: 15486: 15481: 15477: 15476: 15474: 15470: 15467: 15463: 15462: 15459: 15455: 15448: 15443: 15441: 15436: 15434: 15429: 15428: 15425: 15413: 15409: 15405: 15403: 15399: 15395: 15393: 15385: 15384: 15381: 15367:Stubborn Army 15366: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15358:Dixie Mission 15356: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15331: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15306: 15305: 15303: 15299: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15274: 15272: 15268: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15251:Flying Tigers 15249: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15238: 15236: 15232: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15192: 15190: 15186: 15182: 15174: 15173: 15169: 15165: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15116: 15113: 15106: 15102: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15045: 15044: 15042: 15038: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14974: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14913: 14911: 14907: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14867: 14865: 14863:Major Battles 14861: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14701: 14699: 14695: 14691: 14687:Course of War 14684: 14680: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14614: 14613: 14611: 14607: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14582: 14580: 14576: 14573: 14569: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14548:Liang Hongzhi 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14513:Zhang Jinghui 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14498:Zengo Yoshida 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14483:Shunroku Hata 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14463:Kuniaki Koiso 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14430: 14428: 14424: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14407:Zhang Wentian 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14392:Soong Tse-ven 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14369: 14367: 14363: 14360: 14356: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14310: 14308: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14280: 14279: 14276: 14275: 14273: 14269: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14247: 14246: 14243: 14237: 14234: 14233: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14218: 14217: 14214: 14213: 14211: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14198: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14149: 14147: 14143: 14135: 14132: 14131: 14130: 14127: 14123: 14120: 14119: 14118: 14115: 14114: 14112: 14108: 14105: 14101: 14097: 14090: 14086: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13972: 13969: 13962: 13958: 13953: 13946: 13941: 13939: 13934: 13932: 13927: 13926: 13923: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13897: 13893: 13889: 13886: 13883: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13861: 13857: 13853: 13850: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13838: 13834: 13833: 13813: 13812: 13807: 13803: 13798: 13794: 13792:0-670-76003-X 13788: 13784: 13783: 13777: 13765: 13761: 13759:9781781251942 13755: 13751: 13750: 13744: 13742: 13738: 13735: 13734:online review 13731: 13727: 13723: 13717: 13713: 13712: 13706: 13702: 13698: 13694: 13690: 13686: 13682: 13681:Asian Affairs 13677: 13674: 13670: 13668: 13664: 13660: 13657: 13653: 13641: 13637: 13631: 13627: 13626: 13621: 13617: 13615: 13611: 13608: 13604: 13600: 13595: 13593:0-7748-1100-5 13589: 13586:. UBC Press. 13585: 13580: 13577: 13573: 13569: 13565: 13561: 13557: 13553: 13548: 13545: 13544:0-7748-0840-3 13541: 13537: 13533: 13529: 13524: 13519: 13517:1-874622-21-3 13513: 13509: 13504: 13501: 13497: 13493: 13489: 13487:957-13-0962-1 13483: 13479: 13474: 13471: 13467: 13464: 13459: 13457:0-87332-708-X 13453: 13449: 13444: 13440: 13434: 13430: 13427:. Cambridge: 13426: 13423: 13419: 13415: 13411: 13405: 13401: 13396: 13394: 13390: 13389:7-214-03034-9 13386: 13382: 13379: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13365: 13361: 13359:0-8014-0951-9 13355: 13351: 13346: 13345: 13339: 13335: 13333: 13330:(1941) 570pp 13329: 13325: 13323: 13321: 13316: 13313: 13309: 13305: 13301: 13298: 13297:0-674-01748-X 13294: 13290: 13286: 13285: 13263: 13259: 13257:981-261-067-7 13253: 13249: 13248: 13240: 13224: 13220: 13216: 13210: 13194: 13190: 13184: 13180: 13179: 13171: 13152: 13145: 13144: 13136: 13120: 13116: 13110: 13106: 13105: 13097: 13081: 13077: 13073: 13066: 13050: 13046: 13044:1-85109-490-3 13040: 13036: 13035: 13027: 13011: 13007: 13005:1-4020-2097-X 13001: 12997: 12996: 12988: 12981: 12975: 12968: 12964: 12960: 12959:Prince Mikasa 12956: 12952: 12948: 12945: 12942: 12937: 12922:on 8 May 2019 12921: 12917: 12913: 12906: 12899: 12895: 12889: 12882: 12876: 12860: 12856: 12855: 12847: 12828: 12821: 12820: 12812: 12810: 12808: 12806: 12804: 12796: 12791: 12775: 12771: 12770: 12762: 12746: 12742: 12741: 12733: 12717: 12713: 12709: 12705: 12699: 12695: 12691: 12687: 12683: 12676: 12660: 12656: 12650: 12634: 12633: 12626: 12617: 12610: 12605: 12598: 12594: 12590: 12584: 12575: 12573: 12571: 12563: 12557: 12555: 12553: 12536: 12532: 12528: 12522: 12506: 12502: 12500:9781315081328 12496: 12492: 12488: 12484: 12483: 12475: 12459: 12455: 12454: 12446: 12438: 12434: 12430: 12428:9781607526599 12424: 12420: 12413: 12406: 12401: 12393: 12387: 12383: 12379: 12371: 12362: 12354: 12347: 12331: 12327: 12321: 12305: 12301: 12295: 12288: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12269: 12265: 12261: 12255: 12251: 12247: 12246: 12238: 12231: 12227: 12224: 12219: 12212: 12208: 12205: 12200: 12193: 12189: 12186: 12181: 12174: 12170: 12167: 12162: 12146: 12142: 12138: 12132: 12125: 12121: 12102: 12095: 12089: 12082: 12078: 12075: 12070: 12068: 12051: 12047: 12043: 12036: 12020: 12016: 12009: 11993: 11989: 11983: 11974: 11964: 11957: 11952: 11948: 11944: 11938: 11934: 11930: 11926: 11922: 11921:Lovell, Julia 11916: 11909: 11908: 11901: 11894: 11890: 11887: 11882: 11875: 11869: 11853: 11849: 11843: 11836: 11831: 11827: 11820: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11789: 11782: 11775: 11759: 11755: 11754: 11747: 11731: 11727: 11723: 11716: 11700: 11696: 11694:0-906026-24-5 11690: 11686: 11685: 11677: 11661: 11657: 11655:1-85207-930-4 11651: 11647: 11646: 11638: 11622: 11618: 11616:0-415-36835-9 11612: 11608: 11607: 11599: 11583: 11579: 11577:0-674-11968-1 11573: 11569: 11568: 11560: 11544: 11540: 11539: 11531: 11515: 11511: 11510: 11502: 11483: 11479: 11475: 11468: 11461: 11453: 11447: 11431: 11427: 11426: 11419: 11403: 11399: 11393: 11389: 11388: 11380: 11364: 11360: 11354: 11346: 11344:0-275-93560-4 11340: 11336: 11335: 11327: 11312: 11306: 11302: 11301: 11293: 11277: 11273: 11267: 11263: 11262: 11254: 11246: 11240: 11236: 11235: 11227: 11219: 11217:0-253-21360-6 11213: 11209: 11204: 11203: 11194: 11186: 11184:0-345-30823-9 11180: 11176: 11175: 11167: 11159: 11157:0-313-31170-6 11153: 11149: 11148: 11140: 11132: 11130:9780894532870 11126: 11122: 11121: 11113: 11106: 11095: 11093:0-231-06909-X 11089: 11085: 11080: 11079: 11070: 11062: 11060:0-8014-0951-9 11056: 11052: 11051: 11043: 11041: 11039: 11037: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11002: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10974: 10973:Asian Affairs 10967: 10959: 10957:9780709041313 10953: 10949: 10942: 10934: 10930: 10924: 10905: 10898: 10892: 10884: 10878: 10870: 10863: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10817: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10783: 10776: 10757: 10750: 10744: 10725: 10718: 10712: 10696: 10692: 10691: 10686: 10680: 10664: 10660: 10659: 10651: 10643: 10642: 10634: 10626: 10625: 10617: 10609: 10608: 10600: 10592: 10591: 10583: 10574: 10565: 10549: 10545: 10539: 10531: 10525: 10521: 10514: 10508: 10504: 10501: 10497: 10490: 10485: 10478: 10472: 10465: 10461: 10460:Mitter (2013) 10456: 10449: 10445: 10444:Mitter (2013) 10440: 10433: 10429: 10428:Mitter (2013) 10424: 10408: 10404: 10398: 10382: 10378: 10374: 10368: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10338: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10308: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10278: 10271: 10258: 10254: 10248: 10241: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10214: 10198: 10194: 10187: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10157: 10150: 10145: 10138: 10133: 10126: 10121: 10113: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10095: 10089: 10087: 10085: 10083: 10081: 10074:, p. 73. 10073: 10068: 10062:, p. 70. 10061: 10056: 10048: 10042: 10038: 10034: 10028: 10021: 10016: 10009: 10004: 9997: 9996:Asian Affairs 9991: 9975: 9971: 9965: 9961: 9960: 9952: 9945: 9942:Yuki Tanaka, 9939: 9931: 9925: 9921: 9914: 9906: 9904:0-304-29114-5 9900: 9896: 9889: 9873: 9869: 9863: 9859: 9858: 9850: 9834: 9830: 9824: 9820: 9819: 9811: 9795: 9791: 9785: 9781: 9780: 9772: 9764: 9758: 9754: 9749: 9748: 9739: 9731: 9727: 9726: 9721: 9715: 9708: 9703: 9695: 9691: 9684: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9656: 9652: 9648: 9641: 9634: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9600: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9587: 9579: 9572: 9569:Daniel Ford, 9566: 9559: 9553: 9546: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9519: 9513: 9509: 9503: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9480: 9464: 9460: 9454: 9450: 9449: 9441: 9433: 9426: 9418: 9411: 9403: 9402: 9394: 9386: 9382: 9381:功罪千秋——花园口事件研究 9375: 9373: 9364: 9360: 9359:功罪千秋——花园口事件研究 9353: 9345: 9341: 9334: 9326: 9322: 9321:功罪千秋——花园口事件研究 9315: 9306: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9271: 9265: 9261: 9255: 9247: 9240: 9232: 9225: 9217: 9210: 9202: 9195: 9187: 9180: 9173: 9168: 9160: 9153: 9146: 9141: 9133: 9126: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9073:. Ann Arbor: 9072: 9071: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9034: 9030: 9023: 9016: 9010: 8994: 8990: 8984: 8976: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8944: 8942: 8940: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8910: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8880: 8872: 8866: 8862: 8855: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8825: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8795: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8765: 8749: 8745: 8743:0-520-20761-0 8739: 8735: 8734: 8726: 8719: 8718:, p. 85. 8717: 8713:Lei, Bryant. 8710: 8702: 8696: 8692: 8691: 8683: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8640: 8632: 8630: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8608: 8607:j.ctv9zckzn.9 8604: 8601:. Routledge. 8600: 8599: 8591: 8583: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8552: 8550: 8548: 8540: 8536: 8533: 8528: 8521: 8515: 8508: 8502: 8496:, p. 83. 8495: 8490: 8481: 8475:, p. 82. 8474: 8469: 8463:, p. 79. 8462: 8457: 8450: 8444: 8438:, p. 57. 8437: 8432: 8426:, p. 33. 8425: 8420: 8411: 8402: 8395:(in Chinese). 8394: 8387: 8381: 8372: 8357: 8353: 8347: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8300: 8292: 8286: 8282: 8275: 8268: 8263: 8247: 8243: 8237: 8221: 8217: 8216:History Today 8213: 8207: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8174: 8173:The Economist 8169: 8163: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8120: 8113: 8107: 8100: 8096: 8090: 8082: 8075: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8044: 8028: 8024: 8018: 8015:. Macmillan. 8014: 8013: 8005: 7998: 7994: 7993:Mitter (2013) 7989: 7973: 7969: 7963: 7959: 7958: 7950: 7934: 7930: 7924: 7920: 7919: 7911: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7880: 7864: 7860: 7859:Vancouver Sun 7856: 7849: 7842: 7837: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7795: 7780: 7776: 7770: 7755: 7751: 7744: 7735: 7728: 7727:0-88738-417-X 7724: 7720: 7716: 7711: 7702: 7686: 7682: 7681: 7674: 7672: 7664: 7660: 7657: 7652: 7643: 7627: 7623: 7622: 7617: 7613: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7595: 7594:0-88738-417-X 7591: 7587: 7583: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7526: 7524: 7514: 7512: 7503: 7501:7-80054-595-4 7497: 7486: 7480:, p. 72. 7479: 7474: 7467: 7463: 7460: 7455: 7448: 7444: 7441: 7436: 7428: 7422: 7418: 7411: 7404: 7399: 7383: 7379: 7377:1-56324-246-X 7373: 7369: 7368: 7360: 7351: 7343: 7337: 7327: 7319: 7313: 7309: 7302: 7286: 7282: 7276: 7272: 7271: 7263: 7256: 7250: 7246: 7225: 7221: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7173: 7162: 7159: 7148: 7140: 7130: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7113: 7108: 7104: 7102: 7096: 7088: 7080: 7070: 7068: 7064: 7059: 7057: 7053: 7050:. During the 7049: 7046:carrying the 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7005: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6987:According to 6984: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6969: 6967: 6963: 6953: 6949: 6947: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6931: 6930:John W. Dower 6927: 6926: 6920: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6877: 6874: 6871: 6867: 6864: 6860: 6857: 6853: 6852:sanko sakusen 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6832: 6829: 6824: 6821:The official 6820: 6817: 6816: 6810: 6803: 6798: 6789: 6787: 6777: 6773: 6763: 6758: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6686: 6683:In 1952, the 6681: 6679: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6659: 6655: 6654:Taiwan Strait 6650: 6645: 6635: 6633: 6628: 6622: 6620: 6619:comfort women 6616: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6584: 6581: 6577: 6568: 6563: 6554: 6552: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6536: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6514: 6509: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6468: 6466: 6462: 6461: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6446:Kwantung Army 6438: 6434: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6406: 6402: 6399: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6324: 6319: 6309: 6306: 6305:Ili Rebellion 6301: 6297: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6282: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6262: 6259: 6254: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6233: 6232:Phạm Văn Đồng 6229: 6228:Phan Bội Châu 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6205: 6201: 6196: 6192: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6163: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6098: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6078: 6071: 6067: 6057: 6055: 6049: 6047: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6017: 6015: 6010: 6008: 6004: 5996: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5960: 5953: 5947: 5943: 5942:Flying Tigers 5939: 5933:United States 5925: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5894:two-front war 5891: 5887: 5877: 5874: 5870: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5848: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5826:Chan Kee-Wong 5823: 5819: 5814: 5803: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5781: 5780: 5775: 5769: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5701: 5699: 5693: 5689: 5687: 5681: 5676: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5636: 5632: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5594: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5547: 5543: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5447: 5430: 5426: 5423: 5419: 5418:Madame Chiang 5414: 5405: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5380:Yangtze River 5376: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5297: 5295: 5290: 5289:Operation Zet 5286: 5282: 5281:Flying Tigers 5278: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5260: 5254: 5252: 5251:Sankō Seisaku 5248: 5244: 5240: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5192: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5165: 5164:Second Period 5162: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5134: 5132: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5116: 5106: 5104: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5027: 5017: 5014: 5006: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4972:This section 4970: 4966: 4961: 4960: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4871: 4865: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4836: 4829: 4816: 4811: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4788: 4786: 4776: 4773: 4768: 4766: 4760: 4758: 4749: 4740: 4738: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4720: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4694: 4690: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4653: 4647: 4642: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4555: 4554:Air Force Day 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4491: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4425: 4424:Kwantung Army 4421: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4397: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4354:Generalissimo 4351: 4346: 4336: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4210: 4209:Lytton Report 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4115: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4094:In 1930, the 4087: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4031: 4029: 4023: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4004:launched the 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3978:German Empire 3975: 3971: 3965: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3910: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3891:and southern 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3877:modernization 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3816: 3806: 3804: 3799: 3798:Nisshin–Sensō 3787: 3782: 3779: 3767: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3746:" (Japanese: 3745: 3741: 3738:launched the 3737: 3734: 3729: 3728: 3714: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3650: 3645: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3614: 3605: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3582: 3558: 3550: 3542: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3458:the Himalayas 3455: 3452:cut off, the 3451: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3393:relocated to 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3110:Japanese name 3108: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2785:ㄎㄤˋ ㄖˋ ㄓㄢˋ ㄓㄥ 2782: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2646: 2645: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2558:Syria–Lebanon 2556: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2514: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2462:Pacific Ocean 2460: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2451: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2431:Eastern Front 2429: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2380:Western Front 2378: 2376: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2332: 2327: 2324:Campaigns of 2318: 2313: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2299: 2298: 2295: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2261: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2237: 2236:Taishō period 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2203:Ryukyu (1879) 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2193:Taiwan (1874) 2191: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2182: 2177: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2070:Kuril Islands 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1953:North America 1951: 1950: 1947: 1946:Borneo (1945) 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1766:Bay of Bengal 1764: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1653: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1438: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1426:Central Hubei 1424: 1422: 1421:North Vietnam 1419: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1366:South Guangxi 1363: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1223:Tianjin–Pukou 1221: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1118:Lytton Report 1116: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1091: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1041: 1032: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1009: 1005: 998: 994: 991: 988: 983: 980: 977: 976: 974: 973: 955: 948: 944: 941: 938: 935: 932: 931: 929: 926: 925: 923: 922: 911: 910: 908: 900: 897: 894: 890: 889: 887: 884: 878:446,740 total 877: 876: 874: 871: 866: 863: 860: 857: 854: 851: 850: 848: 845: 844: 842: 841: 830: 827: 824: 817: 814: 813: 811: 808: 803: 800: 797: 794: 791: 790: 788: 785: 784: 782: 781: 770: 769: 767: 766: 761: 752: 751: 745: 726: 721: 717: 714: 711: 710: 708: 707: 696: 695: 693: 683: 675: 672: 669: 666: 665: 663: 662: 651: 646: 643: 640: 639: 637: 634:: (including 633: 632: 621: 620: 618: 608: 607: 602: 596: 586: 584: 574: 572: 562: 560: 550: 548: 547:Shunroku Hata 538: 535: 530: 520: 518: 517: 516:Emperor Shōwa 506: 505: 503: 498: 481: 479: 462: 460: 443: 441: 424: 422: 405: 403: 386: 384: 383: 372: 370: 369: 358: 357: 355: 354: 349: 344: 333: 331: 326: 321: 319: 314: 309: 308: 307: 306: 301: 295: 291: 281: 279: 269: 268: 267: 266: 261: 255: 254: 249: 242: 238: 234: 231: 226: 225: 221: 218: 217: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 196: 193: 190: 189: 185: 182: 181: 177: 171: 167: 164: 162: 158: 154: 152: 148: 146: 145:Qinhuai River 142: 138: 136: 132: 129: 127: 123: 119: 116: 115: 113: 104: 95: 84: 75: 64: 55: 45: 42: 38: 34: 29: 24: 19: 23467:21st century 23438:Vincent Chin 23431:20th century 23417:Wong Kim Ark 23395:19th century 23261:21st century 23174:(1945–1947) 23169: 23124:(1937-1945) 23121: 23069:20th century 22926:19th century 22905:18th century 22878:17th century 22862:Uyoku dantai 22857:Tsagaan Khas 22789:Nazi Germany 22639:Yellow Peril 22621:(Sinophobia) 22571: 22558: 22551: 22544: 22537: 22532:Peaceful War 22530: 22523: 22516: 22509: 22502: 22495: 22456:Harvard Bixi 22222: 22135:Group of Two 21987:Magnuson Act 21908: 21791:Meng Wanzhou 21712:Liu Chaoying 21707:Johnny Chung 21458: 21194: 21181: 21174: 21167: 20933:Imo Incident 20787: 20535:Other topics 20371: 20281: 20214:Taishō Roman 19968:Conscription 19938: 19930: 19905:Armed Forces 19765:(ministries) 19665:Charter Oath 19660:Constitution 19542:State Shinto 19525:Essentialism 19475:Demographics 19351:Vatican City 19270:Soviet Union 19018:West Sumatra 18995: 18887:Newfoundland 18841:South Africa 18836:Sierra Leone 18814:North Africa 18695:Bibliography 18678: 18491:Project Hula 18456:Vistula–Oder 18425: 18358: 18349: 18333: 18303: 18252: 18236: 18227: 18218: 18184: 18081: 17996: 17972: 17942: 17693: 17586: 17531:North Africa 17325: 17233:Soviet Union 17187:Soviet Union 17113:Soviet Union 16881:Vatican City 16791:Vichy France 16696:German Reich 16593:Soviet Union 16579:South Africa 16572:Sierra Leone 16525:Newfoundland 16408: 16344:Participants 16327:Marocchinate 16031: 16022: 15992: 15870:North Africa 15831:Indian Ocean 15795: 15690:Nazi plunder 15581:Cryptography 15454:World War II 15412:Japan Portal 15402:China Portal 15323:People's war 14641:Soemu Toyoda 14636:Osami Nagano 14528:Wang Jingwei 14448:Nobuyuki Abe 14236:Marine Corps 14201:Armed Forces 14093:Participants 14015:Tanggu Truce 13951: 13900:. Retrieved 13896:the original 13864:. Retrieved 13860:the original 13835: 13816:. Retrieved 13810: 13801: 13781: 13768:. Retrieved 13748: 13729: 13710: 13687:(1): 66–74. 13684: 13680: 13672: 13662: 13655: 13644:. Retrieved 13624: 13620:Mitter, Rana 13602: 13583: 13567: 13551: 13535: 13527: 13507: 13499: 13495: 13477: 13447: 13425: 13421: 13418: 13399: 13368: 13343: 13327: 13319: 13303: 13288: 13281:Bibliography 13266:. Retrieved 13246: 13239: 13227:. Retrieved 13223:the original 13218: 13209: 13197:. Retrieved 13177: 13170: 13158:. Retrieved 13151:the original 13142: 13135: 13123:. Retrieved 13103: 13096: 13084:. Retrieved 13075: 13065: 13053:. Retrieved 13033: 13026: 13014:. Retrieved 12994: 12987: 12979: 12974: 12966: 12940: 12936: 12924:. Retrieved 12920:the original 12915: 12905: 12893: 12888: 12880: 12875: 12863:. Retrieved 12853: 12846: 12834:. Retrieved 12819:China at War 12818: 12790: 12778:. Retrieved 12768: 12761: 12749:. Retrieved 12739: 12732: 12720:. Retrieved 12685: 12675: 12663:. Retrieved 12649: 12637:. Retrieved 12631: 12625: 12616: 12604: 12596: 12583: 12539:. Retrieved 12530: 12521: 12509:. Retrieved 12481: 12474: 12462:. Retrieved 12452: 12445: 12418: 12412: 12405:Ho Ying-chin 12400: 12381: 12377: 12370: 12361: 12352: 12346: 12334:. Retrieved 12320: 12308:. Retrieved 12304:the original 12294: 12284: 12276: 12244: 12237: 12218: 12199: 12180: 12161: 12149:. Retrieved 12140: 12131: 12120: 12108:. Retrieved 12101:the original 12088: 12054:. Retrieved 12046:The Diplomat 12045: 12035: 12023:. Retrieved 12008: 11996:. Retrieved 11992:the original 11982: 11973: 11963: 11954: 11924: 11915: 11905: 11900: 11881: 11873: 11868: 11856:. Retrieved 11852:the original 11842: 11833: 11829: 11819: 11807:. Retrieved 11787: 11774: 11762:. Retrieved 11753:China at War 11752: 11746: 11734:. Retrieved 11725: 11715: 11703:. Retrieved 11683: 11676: 11664:. Retrieved 11644: 11637: 11625:. Retrieved 11605: 11598: 11586:. 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Retrieved 10548:the original 10538: 10519: 10513: 10496: 10484: 10476: 10471: 10455: 10439: 10423: 10411:. Retrieved 10397: 10385:. Retrieved 10376: 10367: 10355:. Retrieved 10346: 10337: 10325:. Retrieved 10316: 10307: 10295:. Retrieved 10286: 10277: 10268: 10261:. Retrieved 10247: 10238: 10231:. Retrieved 10222: 10213: 10201:. Retrieved 10186: 10174:. Retrieved 10170:the original 10165: 10156: 10144: 10132: 10120: 10097: 10067: 10055: 10032: 10027: 10015: 10003: 9995: 9990: 9978:. Retrieved 9958: 9951: 9943: 9938: 9919: 9913: 9894: 9888: 9876:. Retrieved 9856: 9849: 9837:. Retrieved 9817: 9810: 9798:. Retrieved 9778: 9771: 9746: 9738: 9730:the original 9723: 9714: 9702: 9693: 9683: 9650: 9646: 9633: 9621:. Retrieved 9585: 9578: 9570: 9565: 9557: 9552: 9543: 9536:. Retrieved 9527: 9518: 9507: 9502: 9489: 9479: 9467:. Retrieved 9447: 9440: 9431: 9425: 9416: 9410: 9400: 9393: 9384: 9380: 9379:渠长根 (2003). 9362: 9358: 9357:渠长根 (2003). 9352: 9343: 9338:张龙杰 (2019). 9333: 9324: 9320: 9319:渠长根 (2003). 9314: 9305: 9280: 9276: 9270: 9259: 9254: 9245: 9239: 9230: 9224: 9215: 9209: 9200: 9194: 9185: 9179: 9167: 9158: 9152: 9140: 9131: 9125: 9069: 9037:. Retrieved 9033:the original 9022: 9014: 9009: 8997:. Retrieved 8983: 8960: 8909: 8897:. Retrieved 8888: 8879: 8860: 8854: 8842:. Retrieved 8838:the original 8833: 8824: 8812:. Retrieved 8804:Taipei Times 8803: 8794: 8782:. Retrieved 8778:the original 8773: 8764: 8752:. Retrieved 8732: 8725: 8715: 8709: 8689: 8682: 8670:. Retrieved 8638: 8610:. Retrieved 8597: 8590: 8567: 8527: 8519: 8514: 8506: 8501: 8489: 8480: 8468: 8456: 8448: 8447:Zhen Jiali, 8443: 8431: 8419: 8410: 8401: 8392: 8380: 8371: 8359:. Retrieved 8355: 8346: 8313: 8309: 8299: 8280: 8274: 8269:, p. 5. 8262: 8250:. Retrieved 8236: 8224:. Retrieved 8215: 8206: 8194:. Retrieved 8171: 8162: 8129: 8125: 8119: 8111: 8106: 8098: 8089: 8080: 8074: 8062:. Retrieved 8054:the Guardian 8053: 8043: 8031:. Retrieved 8011: 8004: 7988: 7976:. Retrieved 7956: 7949: 7937:. Retrieved 7917: 7910: 7898:. Retrieved 7889: 7879: 7867:. Retrieved 7858: 7848: 7836: 7804: 7800: 7794: 7782:. Retrieved 7778: 7769: 7757:. Retrieved 7753: 7743: 7734: 7718: 7715:R. J. Rummel 7710: 7701: 7689:. Retrieved 7679: 7651: 7642: 7630:. Retrieved 7619: 7585: 7582:R. J. Rummel 7558:. Retrieved 7549: 7485: 7473: 7454: 7435: 7416: 7410: 7398: 7386:. Retrieved 7366: 7359: 7350: 7326: 7307: 7301: 7289:. Retrieved 7269: 7262: 7254: 7249: 7224: 7172:China portal 7158:Japan portal 7116: 7098: 7076: 7060: 7034:provided by 7030: 7010: 7006: 6986: 6981: 6977: 6970: 6959: 6950: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6910: 6907: 6851: 6836:Nationalists 6807: 6783: 6775: 6760: 6733: 6706: 6682: 6662: 6631: 6623: 6609: 6595: 6572: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6469: 6459: 6443: 6431: 6403: 6395: 6387:Ma Zhongying 6380: 6352: 6329: 6302: 6298: 6290:Qaidam Basin 6283: 6268: 6255: 6236: 6209: 6164: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6126: 6102: 6099:in June 1942 6086: 6073: 6050: 6030: 6026: 6018: 6011: 6000: 5984: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5883: 5865: 5860:Adolf Hitler 5830: 5809: 5800: 5784: 5777: 5771: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5639: 5622:Europe first 5611: 5559: 5539: 5479: 5468: 5456:World War II 5452: 5394: 5377: 5373: 5349:United Front 5334: 5326:the Red Army 5318: 5274: 5263: 5255: 5250: 5242: 5239:Hanyu Pinyin 5214: 5197: 5169: 5163: 5150:First Period 5149: 5140: 5128: 5120:Nazi Germany 5112: 5094:Wang Jingwei 5086: 5059: 5032: 5009: 5003:October 2023 5000: 4985:Please help 4973: 4922:Soviet Union 4888:Yellow River 4867: 4841: 4789: 4782: 4769: 4761: 4754: 4734: 4723: 4716: 4691: 4687: 4679: 4672: 4657: 4650: 4622: 4614:Huang Xinrui 4607: 4601: 4558: 4553: 4519: 4508: 4494: 4487: 4457: 4444: 4428: 4409: 4374: 4333: 4302: 4279: 4267: 4256: 4247:Tanggu Truce 4245:region. The 4240: 4213: 4189:puppet state 4186: 4173:Zhang Zuolin 4161:buffer state 4149: 4126: 4093: 4084: 4069: 4046:assassinated 4043: 4025: 4010:Soviet Union 3967: 3943: 3927:Beiyang Army 3916: 3899:over Korea. 3897:protectorate 3875:through its 3853:intervention 3829: 3820:Previous war 3786:Qing dynasty 3783: 3763: 3761: 3756:Daitōa Sensō 3731:). In 1940, 3698: 3669: 3624:China proper 3619:Nitchū Sensō 3601: 3538: 3494: 3439: 3368: 3362:to form the 3328:puppet state 3313: 3292: 3281:World War II 3264: 3262: 3241:Nissi sensou 3229:Kunrei-shiki 3218:Nicchū sensō 3215:Nisshi sensō 3203:Romanization 3047:Hanyu Pinyin 2980:Hanyu Pinyin 2913:Hanyu Pinyin 2846:Hanyu Pinyin 2765:Hanyu Pinyin 2715:Chinese name 2643: 2642: 2631:Indian Ocean 2592:Ecuador–Peru 2580: 2579: 2549:Middle East 2523:North Africa 2511: 2510: 2456: 2450:Asia-Pacific 2448: 2447: 2335: 2326:World War II 2271: 2260:Shōwa period 2258: 2257: 2234: 2233: 2228:Korea (1910) 2187:Meiji period 2185: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2102: 2082: 2048: 1995: 1990:Project Hula 1975:Fort Stevens 1904: 1844: 1837: 1830: 1718:Ocean Island 1681: 1671:Pearl Harbor 1587: 1573: 1564:4th Changsha 1555: 1554: 1547: 1528: 1521: 1502: 1470:3rd Changsha 1468: 1463:2nd Changsha 1461: 1456:South Shanxi 1454: 1447: 1435: 1412: 1411: 1404: 1386:West Suiyuan 1378: 1364: 1359:1st Changsha 1357: 1343: 1336: 1305: 1298: 1262: 1248: 1237:Pingxingguan 1229: 1202:2nd Shanghai 1200: 1147:1st Shanghai 1087: 1040: 1031: 1022: 1007: 989: 970: 942: 927: 919: 885: 872: 864: 846: 838: 825: 809: 801: 786: 778: 748: 704: 684: 659: 629: 609: 583:Otozō Yamada 514: 478:Xu Yongchang 380: 366: 296: 278:Nationalists 256: 251:Belligerents 168:marching in 133:fighting in 111: 41:World War II 31:Part of the 18: 23698:Pacific War 23606:Shina/Zhina 23586:Ching chong 23549:Michelle Go 23539:Xiaoxing Xi 23529:Sherry Chen 23514:Jiayang Fan 23448:Qian Xuesen 23243:(1975–1979) 23194:(1956–1965) 23166:(1945–1946) 23136:(1942-1945) 23130:(1937–1938) 23078:(1901–1973) 23055:(1892–1943) 23028:(1885–1923) 22986:(1882–1943) 22980:(1881–1944) 22941:(1860–1861) 22871:By incident 22794:Philippines 22699:Hideki Tojo 22259:China Hands 22242:China Lobby 21970:Legislation 21796:Extradition 21665:Qian Xuesen 21293:Los Angeles 21153:Liu Lianren 21133:Pei Shiqing 20938:Gapsin Coup 20577:Shōwa Modan 20552:Hakkō ichiu 20489:Philippines 20376:after 1943) 20354:Territories 20312:Pacific War 20177:World War I 20053:Air Service 19993:Air Service 19866:Gozen Kaigi 19582:(Yoshihito) 19574:(Mutsuhito) 19520:Nationalism 19465:Agriculture 19399:New Zealand 19365:Oceania and 19319:Switzerland 19280:Byelorussia 19235:Netherlands 19077:Philippines 18917:Puerto Rico 18872:El Salvador 18426:Bodenplatte 18312:Gothic Line 17538:West Africa 17085:Philippines 17064:Netherlands 16929:Czech lands 16867:Switzerland 16811:Afghanistan 16762:Philippines 16630:Puerto Rico 16546:Philippines 16532:New Zealand 16518:Netherlands 16471:Free France 16222:Prosecution 16023:Osoaviakhim 15893:West Africa 15877:East Africa 15524:Conferences 15318:On Practice 14600:Ma Zhanshan 14585:Bai Chongxi 14553:Ren Yuandao 14533:Chen Gongbo 14458:Hideki Tojo 14412:Wang Ruofei 14103:Governments 13954:(1937–1945) 13667:online free 13393:中国抗战正向战场作战记 13332:online free 12963:Shirō Ishii 12898:Herbert Bix 12795:Mitter 2013 12562:Coox, Alvin 12310:27 November 12281:Herbert Bix 12223:Teunis 2007 12204:Tanaka 2003 12185:Tanaka 2002 12056:11 November 11931:. pp. 11907:China Daily 11369:28 December 11099:30 November 10913:23 December 10749:"館戴笠與忠義救國軍" 10554:December 2, 10263:13 November 10233:13 November 10176:14 November 9145:Mitter 2013 8196:26 February 8033:2 September 7978:28 November 7939:28 November 7036:Shirō Ishii 7020:or General 7001:mustard gas 6989:Freda Utley 6713:Victory Day 6454:capitulated 6452:officially 6385:, Ma Biao, 6383:Ma Zhanshan 6377:Hui Muslims 6371:Hu Songshan 6359:Bai Chongxi 6332:Han Chinese 6247:Ho Chi Minh 6239:Zhang Fakui 6133:Tulip Force 6129:Mission 204 6066:Mission 204 5818:Arthur Chin 5762:Foreign aid 5713:Wei Lihuang 5655:Mission 204 5604:met at the 5245:, Japanese 5223:launched a 5210:1941 battle 5096:. However, 4629:treaty port 4447:Sword March 4420:Chōsen Army 4272:North China 4169:Yuan Shikai 4143:during the 3974:World War I 3923:Yuan Shikai 3913:Warlord Era 3873:great power 3727:Hakkō ichiu 3695:Other names 3597:Rana Mitter 3497:surrendered 3336:in Shanghai 3212:Shina jihen 2614:Air Warfare 2528:East Africa 2115:Mutanchiang 1936:New Britain 1652:Pacific War 1496:Yenangyaung 1437:South Henan 1431:South Anhui 1372:Kunlun Pass 1270:Taierzhuang 861:45,989 POWs 529:Hideki Tōjō 459:Bai Chongxi 227:Territorial 23647:Categories 23544:Yao Pan Ma 23504:Haoyang Yu 23479:Danny Chen 23458:Wen Ho Lee 22723:By country 22627:Background 22247:Asia First 21843:Cox Report 21563:Korean War 21074:Xiao Riben 20341:Occupation 20169:Taishō era 20114:Boshin War 19958:War crimes 19754:Government 19730:Tonarigumi 19637:Privy Seal 19632:State Seal 19590:(Hirohito) 19515:Militarism 19470:Censorship 19394:New Guinea 19374:Antarctica 19367:Antarctica 19356:Yugoslavia 19275:Azerbaijan 19230:Luxembourg 19013:New Guinea 18912:New Mexico 18902:California 18809:Madagascar 18794:Gold Coast 18789:The Gambia 18526:West Hunan 18359:Pointblank 17695:Silver Fox 17681:Summer War 17434:Winter War 17413:Phoney War 17194:Azerbaijan 17155:Yugoslavia 17050:Luxembourg 16892:Resistance 16639:Yugoslavia 16504:Luxembourg 16306:Sook Ching 16102:War crimes 15704:Technology 15697:Opposition 15639:Lend-Lease 15616:Australian 15609:Home front 15567:Blitzkrieg 15517:Casualties 15508:Commanders 15480:Operations 15287:Lend-Lease 15282:Free China 14661:Yang Kuiyi 14651:Li Shouxin 14595:Sun Li-jen 14590:Yan Xishan 14558:Bao Wenyue 14543:Wang Kemin 14538:Chi Zongmo 14518:Yu Zhishan 14402:Chen Cheng 14397:He Yingqin 14377:Mao Zedong 14122:Kuomintang 13965:Background 13902:2007-07-07 13866:2004-08-19 13646:27 January 12865:28 October 12836:28 October 12780:28 October 12751:28 October 12722:28 October 12665:2 December 12541:8 November 12336:2 December 12268:1141442704 12110:August 25, 11951:1078879585 11764:20 October 11491:2 December 11316:18 October 11282:18 October 10852:23 October 10765:8 November 10462:, p. 10446:, p. 10430:, p. 10413:8 November 10387:8 November 10357:8 November 10327:8 November 10297:8 November 10203:20 January 10035:. London: 8999:13 January 8899:8 November 8774:mnd.gov.tw 8754:20 October 8672:17 October 8662:1141442704 8316:(2): 105. 7995:, p. 7729:. Table 5A 7691:16 January 7550:hawaii.edu 7236:References 7133:Combatants 7026:Okunoshima 6993:Li Zongren 6946:He Yingqin 6792:Casualties 6617:, and the 6569:took place 6398:Han Youwen 6363:Ma Hongkui 6355:Hui people 6350:elements. 6189:See also: 6177:known as " 6167:Burma Road 5995:blood chit 5944:Commander 5856:H. H. Kung 5709:Sun Li-jen 5698:press-gang 5618:Burma Road 5589:strategy. 5542:Kazakhstan 5397:Mao Zedong 5330:Long March 5311:Commander 5178:, and few 5098:atrocities 5076:. General 5062:Ma Hongbin 4935:home front 4765:Wanjialing 4652:shin gunto 4436:volte-face 4432:Taku Forts 4361:Kuomintang 4153:Depression 3998:Kuomintang 3919:revolution 3887:, gaining 3809:Background 3421:forces in 3356:Long March 3344:Mao Zedong 3320:false flag 3238:Sina zihen 2655:Yugoslavia 2636:Madagascar 2599:Antarctica 2570:Dodecanese 2390:Resistance 2358:Winter War 2348:Phoney War 2060:Sagami Bay 2049:Starvation 1931:New Guinea 1589:West Hunan 1541:Mount Song 1523:West Hubei 1443:West Hubei 1318:Wenxi fire 1313:Wanjialing 1162:Great Wall 497:Li Zongren 440:Cheng Qian 421:Chen Cheng 402:He Yingqin 382:Mao Zedong 290:Communists 239:since the 135:Great Wall 23499:Gang Chen 23489:Eileen Gu 23474:Anming Hu 23412:Mary Tape 23388:By victim 23053:Geary Act 22799:Singapore 22740:Indonesia 22730:Hong Kong 22326:Blue Team 22237:Chimerica 22224:Ruguanxue 21660:Red Scare 21618:Incidents 21534:Conflicts 21357:Diplomacy 21313:Guangzhou 21163:Ling Ling 20911:Incidents 20808:ABCD line 20793:Manchukuo 20769:Conflicts 20681:Diplomacy 20542:Sonnō jōi 20494:Singapore 20479:Hong Kong 20441:Azad Hind 20416:Mengjiang 20411:Manchukuo 20385:Kantō-shū 20327:Surrender 20239:Shōwa era 20224:Truku War 20095:Meiji era 20063:Tokkeitai 20028:Kempeitai 19939:Senjinkun 19856:Daijō-kan 19819:Munitions 19700:Mokusatsu 19490:Education 19379:Australia 19344:Gibraltar 19302:Catalonia 19225:Lithuania 19087:Singapore 19035:Indochina 19025:Hong Kong 19001:Manchuria 18970:Venezuela 18940:Argentina 18877:Greenland 18831:Nyasaland 18591:Manchuria 18477:Indochina 18253:Bagration 17704:Lithuania 17349:Anschluss 17146:Viet Minh 17043:Lithuania 16985:Hong Kong 16755:Manchukuo 16710:Azad Hind 16369:Australia 16169:Aftermath 16032:Paperclip 15927:Aftermath 15727:Total war 15595:Diplomacy 15558:In Europe 15270:Political 15109:Aftermath 14909:Incidents 14697:Campaigns 14417:Ren Bishi 14318:Air Force 14226:Air Force 14162:Mengjiang 14157:Manchukuo 13770:3 January 13701:161326427 13560:1243-8650 13463:Reprinted 13076:VICE News 12953:, Prince 12712:158528688 12437:294758908 12151:13 August 11998:13 August 11796:0305-7410 10993:161326427 10877:cite book 10847:153517917 10690:USA Today 9675:143635262 9667:1527-9367 9623:6 October 9613:904437646 9538:4 January 9117:211359950 8844:13 August 8814:13 August 8784:13 August 8330:0026-3931 8252:13 August 8226:13 August 8186:0013-0613 8154:144915586 7821:0095-6848 7560:1 January 7388:5 October 7241:Citations 6557:Aftermath 6476:Manchuria 6458:USS 6367:Ma Bufang 6275:Ma Hushan 6171:Ledo Road 6152:Force 136 5862:in Berlin 5779:Luftwaffe 5647:Myitkyina 5571:Ray Huang 5534:dysentery 5494:Ledo Road 5427:in 1942, 5172:total war 5115:guerrilla 5066:Ma Buqing 4974:does not 4931:Chongqing 4914:Guanzhong 4585:dogfights 4565:monoplane 4418:from the 4193:Manchukuo 4002:Guangzhou 3770:日華事變/日支事變 3636:北支事變/華北事變 3613:romanized 3531:in 1949. 3509:Manchukuo 3482:Ledo Road 3407:Air Force 3395:Chongqing 3352:encircled 3332:Manchukuo 3285:Holocaust 3277:Manchuria 3183:ニッチュウセンソウ 3157:にっちゅうせんそう 2852:kàng zhàn 2506:Australia 2402:Alps 1940 2395:1944–1945 2104:Kantokuen 2011:Air raids 1926:Australia 1916:Coral Sea 1810:Singapore 1805:Hong Kong 1536:Myitkyina 1516:1943–1945 1399:1940–1942 1294:Chongqing 1180:1937–1939 1125:Jiangqiao 1108:Manchuria 804:3,211,409 330:Mengjiang 318:Manchukuo 204:Indochina 155:Japanese 23569:Chinaman 23188:(1950s-) 22809:Thailand 22767:Malaysia 22525:On China 21328:Shenyang 21323:Shanghai 20520:Yen bloc 20508:Ideology 20499:Thailand 20368:Karafuto 20361:Colonies 19953:Kamikaze 19896:Military 19799:Treasury 19653:Policies 19644:Kimigayo 19565:Emperors 19532:Politics 19500:Eugenics 19458:Overview 19265:Slovenia 19260:Slovakia 19250:Portugal 19138:Bulgaria 19092:Thailand 19067:Mongolia 19040:Cambodia 18960:Suriname 18950:Colombia 18774:Ethiopia 18702:Category 18651:document 18561:document 18418:Ardennes 18402:Budapest 18350:Crossbow 18228:Overlord 18067:Smolensk 17285:Timeline 17120:Slovakia 17106:Thailand 16957:Ethiopia 16922:Bulgaria 16846:Portugal 16784:Thailand 16666:Bulgaria 16444:Eswatini 16437:Ethiopia 16390:Bulgaria 16215:Unit 731 16176:Response 15993:Keelhaul 15943:Cold War 15916:Americas 15907:timeline 15900:Atlantic 15780:Theaters 15392:Category 15234:Military 13818:21 March 13764:Archived 13737:Archived 13640:Archived 13622:(2013). 13610:Archived 13466:Archived 13374:Archived 13340:(1976). 13268:24 April 13262:Archived 13229:2 August 13199:24 April 13193:Archived 13160:24 April 13125:24 April 13119:Archived 13086:29 April 13080:Archived 13055:10 March 13049:Archived 13016:10 March 13010:Archived 12947:Archived 12926:17 March 12859:Archived 12827:Archived 12774:Archived 12745:Archived 12716:Archived 12659:Archived 12535:Archived 12511:29 April 12505:Archived 12464:29 April 12458:Archived 12330:Archived 12232:, p. 90. 12226:Archived 12213:, p. 59. 12207:Archived 12194:, p. 59. 12188:Archived 12175:, p. 59. 12169:Archived 12145:Archived 12077:Archived 12050:Archived 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7144:See also 7100:gǎnsǐduì 7067:Philopon 6997:tear gas 6922:Then in 6904:Japanese 6870:refugees 6830:500,000. 6615:Unit 731 6578:and the 6460:Missouri 6450:Hirohito 6179:The Hump 6160:Thailand 5972:iron ore 5906:fighters 5551:in Hubei 5546:Xinjiang 5510:Zhejiang 5498:The Hump 5355:and the 5206:Changsha 4772:Jiujiang 4577:Art Chin 4546:Hawk III 4385:Tongzhou 4319:and the 4224:Shanghai 4141:Shenyang 4080:Red Army 3986:Shandong 3893:Sakhalin 3604:Japanese 3476:resumed 3470:Changsha 3411:Changsha 3271:and the 3168:Katakana 3142:Hiragana 3090:(日本)侵华战争 3076:(日本)侵華戰爭 2779:Bopomofo 2675:Bulgaria 2604:Atlantic 2587:Americas 2540:Adriatic 2122:Chongjin 2083:Downfall 2021:Yokosuka 1838:Tiderace 1795:Thailand 1569:Hengyang 1449:Shanggao 1338:Nanchang 1256:Massacre 921:Japanese 706:Japanese 604:Strength 191:Location 35:and the 23620:Related 23422:Yick Wo 23171:Bersiap 22826:Vietnam 22784:Myanmar 22709:Pol Pot 22704:Suharto 22661:Minzoku 22181:Related 21308:Chengdu 21298:Houston 21020:Related 20086:History 20058:Marines 19695:Kokutai 19600:Symbols 19580:Taishō 19537:Statism 19480:Economy 19307:Galicia 19285:Ukraine 19255:Romania 19205:Ireland 19200:Iceland 19190:Hungary 19180:Germany 19158:Finland 19153:Estonia 19148:Denmark 19133:Belgium 19128:Austria 19123:Albania 18965:Uruguay 18897:Arizona 18824:Morocco 18819:Tunisia 18804:Liberia 18628:Shumshu 18395:Hungary 18342:Estonia 18326:Lapland 18304:Dragoon 18237:Neptune 18219:Ichi-Go 18185:Tempest 18127:Changde 18082:Cottage 17974:Jubilee 17690:Finland 17588:Compass 17294:Prelude 17247:Finland 17133:Vietnam 17099:Romania 16971:Germany 16950:Estonia 16936:Denmark 16915:Belgium 16908:Austria 16901:Albania 16832:Ireland 16818:Andorra 16802:Neutral 16769:Romania 16703:Hungary 16688:Finland 16560:Romania 16452:Finland 16430:Denmark 16376:Belgium 16362:Algeria 16068:Romania 16054:Hungary 15810:Pacific 15534:General 15488:Leaders 15473:Battles 15466:Outline 14656:Ye Peng 14578:Chinese 14382:Lin Sen 14365:Chinese 14209:Chinese 14110:Chinese 13665:(1942) 13628:. HMH. 13605:(2015) 12639:28 June 12328:. BBC. 12025:21 June 12017:. BBC. 11858:15 July 11809:13 July 11736:19 June 11705:28 June 11666:28 June 11627:28 June 11588:28 June 11549:28 June 11520:28 June 11436:28 June 11408:28 June 11025:20 June 11011:cia.gov 10806:24 June 10733:24 June 10072:Stevens 10060:Stevens 9878:29 July 9839:29 July 9800:29 July 9573:(2007). 9285:Bibcode 8612:13 July 8361:30 July 8338:1983349 8146:1022596 7784:13 July 7759:13 July 7632:17 June 7624:(GIF). 7291:6 March 7056:Changde 6813:Chinese 6348:Tibetan 6294:Qinghai 6277:of the 6216:Guangxi 6117:Guangxi 5902:Bombers 5813:Nanning 5757:Gung-ho 5729:Guangxi 5721:Mong-Yu 5555:Changde 5526:typhoid 5522:cholera 5514:Jiangxi 5385:He Long 5259:Shaanxi 5078:Ma Biao 5070:Ma Fulu 4995:removed 4980:sources 4894:by the 4886:on the 4860:花園口決堤事件 4852:花园口决堤事件 4579:, Maj. 4561:biplane 4526:sorties 4484:, 1937 4290:Suiyuan 4165:Siberia 4157:tariffs 4118:History 3883:in the 3861:Germany 3839:in the 3628:Beijing 3615:: 3557:Chinese 3523:of the 3423:Shaanxi 3415:Guangxi 3379:Nanjing 3375:Beijing 3180:ニッシセンソウ 3154:にっしせんそう 3023:第二次中日战争 3009:第二次中日戰爭 2680:Hungary 2670:Romania 2519:Africa 2419:Balkans 2414:Britain 2368:Lapland 2363:Karelia 2353:Finland 2075:Shumshu 1960:Ellwood 1825:Vietnam 1609:Taihoku 1602:Air War 1595:Guangxi 1557:Ichi-Go 1549:Changde 1491:Toungoo 1481:Tachiao 1282:Lanfeng 1250:Nanking 1231:Taiyuan 1172:Suiyuan 1135:Jinzhou 229:changes 124:in the 23596:Chinky 23484:Ee Lee 23237:(1974) 23226:(1969) 23200:(1962) 23180:(1947) 23160:(1943) 23154:(1942) 23118:(1931) 23096:(1911) 23090:(1907) 23084:(1907) 23061:(1899) 23044:(1887) 23017:(1885) 22969:(1876) 22958:(1873) 22947:(1862) 22935:(1857) 22887:(1603) 22804:Taiwan 22634:Coolie 21069:Jingri 20484:Malaya 20459:Borneo 20395:Taiwan 20390:Nan'yō 20380:Chōsen 20373:naichi 19588:Shōwa 19572:Meiji 19547:Kazoku 19495:System 19314:Sweden 19245:Poland 19240:Norway 19215:Latvia 19185:Greece 19163:France 19116:Europe 19102:Turkey 19062:Malaya 18991:Ceylon 18945:Brazil 18907:Nevada 18882:Mexico 18862:Canada 18752:Africa 18605:Debate 18577:Taipei 18570:Borneo 18148:Tarawa 17342:Europe 17303:Africa 17092:Poland 17078:Norway 17057:Malaya 17036:Latvia 16978:Greece 16964:France 16860:Sweden 16825:Bhutan 16553:Poland 16539:Norway 16511:Mexico 16478:Greece 16464:France 16402:Canada 16383:Brazil 16353:Allies 16299:Serbia 16288:Poland 16061:Poland 16047:Baltic 15840:Europe 15542:Topics 15494:Allied 15343:Ip Man 15301:Others 14328:Guards 13789: 13756: 13718: 13699: 13632: 13607:online 13590: 13574: 13558: 13542: 13514: 13484: 13454: 13435: 13406: 13387: 13356: 13310: 13295: 13254: 13185: 13111: 13041: 13002: 12710: 12700: 12591: 12497: 12435: 12425: 12388: 12266: 12256: 11949: 11939: 11794: 11691: 11652: 11613: 11574: 11394: 11341: 11307: 11268: 11241: 11214: 11181: 11154: 11127: 11090: 11057: 10991: 10954: 10845: 10701:26 May 10669:31 May 10526: 10489:Taylor 10479:(2008) 10108: 10043: 9980:3 June 9966: 9926: 9901: 9864: 9825: 9786: 9759: 9673: 9665: 9611: 9601: 9512:online 9469:2 June 9455: 9344:深圳社会科学 9115: 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