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hide with her 1-year-old baby. After being stripped and raped by one or more men, she was bayoneted in the chest and then had a bottle thrust into her vagina. The baby was killed with a bayonet. Some soldiers then went to the next room, where Mrs. Hsia's parents, aged 76 and 74, and her two daughters aged 16 and 14 . They were about to rape the girls when the grandmother tried to protect them. The soldiers killed her with a revolver. The grandfather grasped the body of his wife and was killed. The two girls were then stripped, the elder being raped by 2–3 men and the younger by 3. The older girl was stabbed afterwards and a cane was rammed in her vagina. The younger girl was bayoneted also but was spared the horrible treatment that had been meted out to her sister and mother. The soldiers then bayoneted another sister of between 7–8, who was also in the room. The last murders in the house were of Ha's two children, aged 4 and 2 respectively. The older was bayoneted and the younger split down through the head with a sword.
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1687:. Although the Japanese forces succeeded in forcing the Chinese forces into retreat, the General Staff Headquarters in Tokyo initially decided not to expand the war because they wanted the war to end. However, there was a significant disagreement between the Japanese government and its army in China. Matsui had expressed his intention to advance on Nanjing even before departing for Shanghai. He firmly believed that capturing Nanjing, the Chinese capital, would lead to the collapse of the entire Nationalist Government of China, thereby securing a swift and decisive victory for Japan. The General Staff Headquarters in Tokyo eventually relented to the demands of the Imperial Japanese Army in China by approving the operation to attack and capture Nanjing.
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mainland China saw themselves as the victims. For Japan, it was a question they needed to answer but were reluctant to do so because they too identified themselves as victims after the A-bombs. The U.S., which served as the melting pot of cultures and is home to descendants of members of both
Chinese and Japanese cultures, took up the mantle of investigator for the victimized Chinese. Yoshida has argued that the Nanjing Massacre has figured in the attempts of all three nations as they work to preserve and redefine national and ethnic pride and identity, assuming different kinds of significance based on each country's changing internal and external enemies.
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systematically destroyed military, naval, and government archives, much of which was from the period 1942–1945." Overseas troops in the
Pacific and East Asia were ordered to destroy incriminating evidence of war crimes. Approximately 70 percent of the Japanese army's wartime records were destroyed. In regards to the Nanjing Massacre, Japanese authorities deliberately concealed wartime records, eluding confiscation from American authorities. Some of the concealed information was made public a few decades later. For example, a two-volume collection of military documents related to the Nanjing operations was published in 1989; and disturbing excerpts from
1839:
3367:, estimates made at a later date indicate that the total number of civilians and prisoners of war murdered in Nanjing and its vicinity during the first six weeks of the Japanese occupation was over 200,000. These estimates are borne out by the figures of burial societies and other organizations, which testify to over 155,000 buried bodies. These figures also do not take into account those persons whose bodies were destroyed by burning, drowning or other means, or whose bodies were interred in mass graves. The most credible scholars in Japan, which include a large number of authoritative academics, support the validity of the tribunal and its findings.
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killed five of their number and wounded the two that found their way to the hospital. Let me recount some instances occurring in the last two days. Last night the house of one of the
Chinese staff members of the university was broken into and two of the women, his relatives, were raped. Two girls, about 16, were raped to death in one of the refugee camps. In the University Middle School where there are 8,000 people the Japs came in ten times last night, over the wall, stole food, clothing, and raped until they were satisfied. They bayoneted one little boy of eight who five bayonet wounds including one that penetrated his stomach, a portion of
1164:
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3905:, noted that in Japan views concerning the massacre were divided between two mutually exclusive groups. The "Great Massacre School" group accepts the findings of the Tokyo Trials, and concludes that there were at least 200,000 casualties and at least 20,000 rape cases; whereas "The Illusion School" group rejects the tribunal's findings as "victor's justice". According to Askew, the "Great Massacre School" is more sophisticated, and the credibility of its conclusions are supported by a large number of authoritative academics. Askew estimates that the city's population was 224,500 from December 24, 1937 to January 5, 1938.
2730:
3727:, Prime Minister of Japan at an earlier stage of the war, and a diplomat during the atrocities at Nanjing, was convicted of participating in "the formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy" (count 1), waging "a war of aggression and a war in violation of international laws, treaties, agreements and assurances against the Republic of China" (count 27) and count 55. Matsui was convicted by a majority of the judges at the Tokyo tribunal who ruled that he bore ultimate responsibility for the "orgy of crime" at Nanjing because, "He did nothing, or nothing effective, to abate these horrors."
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fruitless. The body is still lying in the same spot as before, except that the ropes have been cut and the bamboo bed is now lying about two yards away. I am totally puzzled by the conduct of the
Japanese in this matter. On the one hand, they want to be recognized and treated as a great power on a par with European powers, on the other, they are currently displaying a crudity, brutality, and bestiality that bears no comparison except with the hordes of Genghis Khan. I have stopped trying to get the poor devil buried, but i hereby record that he, though very dead, still lies above the earth!
2880:, where they were machine-gunned to death. What was probably the single largest massacre of Chinese troops, the Straw String Gorge Massacre, occurred along the banks of the Yangtze River on December 18. For most of the morning, Japanese soldiers tied the POWs' hands together. At dusk, the soldiers divided POWs into four columns and opened fire. Unable to escape, the POWs could only scream and thrash desperately. It took an hour for the sounds of death to stop and even longer for the Japanese to bayonet each individual. The majority of the bodies were dumped directly into the Yangtze River.
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4317:, it is the most complete record to date. The report consists of eight volumes and was released to mark the 70th anniversary of the start of the massacre. It also lists the Japanese army units that were responsible for each of the deaths and states the way in which the victims were killed. Zhang Xianwen, editor-in-chief of the report, states that the information collected was based on "a combination of Chinese, Japanese and Western raw materials, which is objective and just and is able to stand the trial of history". This report formed part of a 55-volume series about the massacre, the
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course of organized warfare but seized by an invading army whose members seemed to have set upon the prize to commit unlimited depredations and violence. Fuller data and our own observations have not brought out facts to discredit their information. The civilian
Chinese population remaining in the city crowded the streets of the so-called "safety zone" as refugees, many of whom are destitute. Physical evidences are almost everywhere to the killing of men, women and children, of the breaking into and looting of property and of the burning and destruction of houses and buildings.
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situation was different in Japan. Between the announcement of a ceasefire on August 15, 1945, and the arrival of small advance parties of
American troops in Japan on August 28, Japanese military and civil authorities systematically destroyed military, naval, and government archives, much of which was from the period 1942–1945. Imperial General Headquarters in Tokyo dispatched enciphered messages to field commands throughout the Pacific and East Asia ordering units to burn incriminating evidence of war crimes, especially offenses against prisoners of war.
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Chinese population were totally surprised by the reign of robbery, raping and killing initiated by your soldiers on the 14th. All we are asking in our protest is that you restore order among your troops and get the normal city life going as soon as possible. In the latter process we are glad to cooperate in any way we can. But even last night between 8 and 9 p.m. when five
Occidental members of our staff and Committee toured the Zone to observe conditions, we did not find any single Japanese patrol either in the Zone or at the entrances!
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2006:
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officially informed by the
Foreign Ministry in Hankow that our understanding that General Tang agreed to a three-day armistice and the withdrawal of his troops from Nanjing is mistaken, and moreover that Chiang Kai-shek has announced that he is not in a position to accept such an offer." This rejection of the committee's ceasefire plan, in Rabe's mind, sealed the fate of the city. Nanjing had been constantly bombed for days, causing massive destruction and civilian casualties.
2960:"In the first days of the occupation the soldiers took a great deal of bedding, cooking utensils and food from the refugees. Practically every building in the city was entered many, many times by these roving gangs of soldiers throughout the first six or seven weeks of the occupation". "here was no burning until the Japanese troops had been in the city five or six days. Beginning, I believe, on the 19th or 20th of December, burning was carried on regularly for six weeks."
2528:'s film: on December 13, 1937, about 30 Japanese soldiers murdered all but two of 11 Chinese in the house at No. 5 Xinlukou. A woman and her two teenaged daughters were raped, and Japanese soldiers rammed a bottle and a cane into her vagina. An eight-year-old girl was stabbed, but she and her younger sister survived. They were found alive two weeks after the killings by the elderly woman shown in the photo. Bodies of the victims can also be seen in the photo.
12025:
3045:) was greeted by several hundred women pleading with him that they would not have to go home on February 4th. They said it was no use going home they might just as well be killed for staying at the camp as to be raped, robbed or killed at home.... One old woman 62 years old went home near Hansimen and Japanese soldiers came at night and wanted to rape her. She said she was too old. So the soldiers rammed a stick up her. But she survived to come back."
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1616:. They rampaged through Nanjing almost unchecked. Captured Chinese soldiers were summarily executed in violation of the laws of war, as were numerous male civilians falsely accused of being soldiers. Rape and looting was widespread. Due to multiple factors, death toll estimates vary from 40,000 to over 300,000, with rape cases ranging from 20,000 to over 80,000 cases. However, most credible and sophisticated scholars support the validity of the
2819:: "This nineteen year old woman was a refugee at the American School in the Refugee Zone. She was six and one-half months pregnant with her first child. She resisted rape and was therefore stabbed many times by a Japanese soldier. She has nineteen cuts on her face, eight on her legs, and a cut two inches deep in her abdomen. This caused a miscarriage the day after her entrance into the University Hospital. She recovered from her wounds."
3521:
2898:"I figured that I'd never get another chance like this, so I stabbed thirty of the damned Chinks. Climbing atop the mountain of corpses, I felt like a real devil-slayer, stabbing again and again, with all my might. 'Ugh, ugh,' the Chinks groaned. There were old folks as well as kids, but we killed them lock, stock, and barrel. I also borrowed a buddy's sword and tried to decapitate some. I've never experienced anything so unusual."
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example, the
Nanqiantou hamlet was set on fire, with many of its inhabitants locked within the burning houses. Two women, one of them pregnant, were raped repeatedly. Afterwards, the soldiers "cut open the belly of the pregnant woman and gouged out the fetus." A crying two-year-old boy was wrestled from his mother's arms and thrown into the flames, while the mother and remaining villagers were bayoneted and thrown into a creek.
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atrocities committed by the
Japanese.... One will have to wait and see whether the highest officers in the Japanese army succeed, as they have indicated, in stopping the activities of their troops, which continue even today. On December 13, about 30 soldiers came to a Chinese house at No. 5 Hsing Lu Koo in the southeastern part of Nanjing and demanded entrance. The door was open by the landlord, a
4521:"Six weeks long" is a convenient figure but far from precise. Killings were most intense in the first five days from December 13 and remained moderately intense until December 31, 1937, according to the Japanese military records. From February 7, 1938, killings were no longer in mass fashion as the senior Japanese officers came to restore discipline of their troops, according to the testimony of
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for its wartime wrongdoings; or ... stands firm against foreign pressures and teaches Japanese youth about the benevolent and courageous martyrs who fought a just war to save Asia from Western aggression." Recognizing the Nanjing Massacre as such can be viewed in some circles in Japan as "Japan-bashing" (in the case of foreigners) or "self-flagellation" (in the case of Japanese).
2925:, Durdin stated that the alleys and streets were filled with the dead, amongst them women and children. Durdin stated "t should be said that certain Japanese units exercised restraint and that certain Japanese officers tempered power with generosity and commission," but continued "the conduct of the Japanese army as a whole in Nanjing was a blot on the reputation of their country"."
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determined that they needed to eliminate any remaining Chinese soldiers hidden within the city. However, the search process used an arbitrary criteria for identifying former Chinese soldiers. Chinese males who were deemed to be in good health were automatically presumed to be a soldier. During this operation, Japanese forces committed atrocities against the Chinese population.
2609:, a surgeon at the university hospital in the Safety Zone administrated by the United States, wrote in a letter to his family, "a conservative estimate of people slaughtered in cold blood is somewhere about 100,000, including of course thousands of soldiers that had thrown down their arms." Here are two excerpts from his letters of 15 and 18 December 1937 to his family:
3389:, points out that "It is likely that Rabe's estimate is too low, since he could not have had an overview of the entire municipal area during the period of the worst atrocities. Moreover, many troops of captured Chinese soldiers were led out of the city and down to the Yangtze, where they were summarily executed. But, as noted, no one actually counted the dead."
4122:, a shrine for Japanese war deaths up until the end of the Second World War, which includes war criminals that were involved in the Nanjing Massacre. In the museum adjacent to the shrine, a panel informs visitors that there was no massacre in Nanjing, but that Chinese soldiers in plain clothes were "dealt with severely". In 2006 former Japanese prime minister
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1811:“We'd take all the men behind the houses and kill them with bayonets and knives. Then we'd lock up the women and children in a single house and rape them at night... Then, before we left the next morning, we'd kill all the women and children, and to top it off, we'd set fire to the houses, so that even if anyone came back, they wouldn't have a place to live.”
2754:, a physician, testified that cases of gun wounds "continued to come in for a matter of some six or seven weeks following the fall of the city on December 13, 1937. The capacity of the hospital was normally one hundred and eighty beds, and this was kept full to overflowing during this entire period. Bradley Campbell described the Nanjing Massacre as a
4198:, accounts of the Nanjing Massacre, alongside other wartime atrocities committed by Japan in China, emerged in the Chinese media. Concerns regarding Japanese denialism about the massacre was not confined solely to the People's Republic of China; scholars in Taiwan also initiated a response, publishing many studies about Japanese atrocities in China.
4093:) contains revisionist and denialist narratives. They note that the article notably lacks pictures and expresses doubt about the massacre in the first paragraph of the article. In 2021, Yumiko Sato translated a sentence from the first paragraph: "The Chinese side calls it the Nanjing Massacre, but the truth of the incident is still unknown".
3562:, who was the ranking officer in the city at the height of the atrocities, about his involvement in the Nanjing Massacre and the deposition was submitted to the International Prosecution Section of the Tokyo tribunal. Asaka denied the existence of any massacre and claimed never to have received complaints about the conduct of his troops.
1860:. The contest—a race between the two officers to see who could kill 100 people first using only a sword—was covered much like a sporting event with regular updates on the score over a series of days. In Japan, the veracity of the newspaper article about the contest was the subject of ferocious debate for several decades starting in 1967.
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4273:) in 1953, portraying the massacre from the point of view of a Chinese intellectual watching it happen. This novel has been translated into Chinese and Russian. Other eyewitnesses to the massacre also expressed their opinions in Japanese magazines in the 1950s and 1960s, but political shifts slowly eroded this tide of confessions.
2565:, or other objects. For example, a six-months pregnant woman was stabbed sixteen times in the face and body, one stab piercing and killing her unborn child. A young woman had a beer bottle rammed up her vagina after being raped, and was then shot. Edgar Snow wrote how "discards were often bayoneted by drunken Japanese soldiers."
3262:, along with an admission and apology that read, "Whatever the severity of war or special circumstances of war psychology, we just lose words faced with this mass illegal killing. As those who are related to the prewar military, we simply apologize deeply to the people of China. It was truly a regrettable act of barbarity."
3034:"Case 16 – A Chinese girl named Loh, who, with her mother and brother, was living in one of the Refugee Centers in the Refugee Zone, was shot through the head and killed by a Japanese soldier. The girl was 14 years old. The incident occurred near the Kuling Ssu, a noted temple on the border of the Refugee zone ..."
3987:, criticized Murayama for not providing the written apology that had been expected. She said that the people of China "don't believe that an... unequivocal and sincere apology has ever been made by Japan to China" and that a written apology from Japan would send a better message to the international community.
1625:, former Prime Minister of Japan and foreign minister during the atrocities, were found guilty of war crimes and executed. Some other Japanese military leaders in charge at the time of the Nanjing Massacre were not tried only because by the time of the tribunals they had either already been killed or committed
2450:, who presided over the Second Sino-Japanese War, justified the massacre as retaliation against persistent Kuomintang aggression, and advocated for the regime's destruction in January 1938. Prior to the fall of Nanjing, Konoe rejected Chiang Kai-Shek's offer of negotiation through a German ambassador.
4276:
In 21st century Japan, the Nanjing Massacre touches upon national identity and notions of "pride, honor and shame". Yoshida argues that "Nanjing crystallizes a much larger conflict over what should constitute the ideal perception of the nation: Japan, as a nation, acknowledges its past and apologizes
3421:
archive documents revealed that a telegraph by the U.S. ambassador to Germany in Berlin sent one day after the Japanese army occupied Nanjing, stated that he heard the Japanese ambassador in Germany boasting that the Japanese army had killed 500,000 Chinese soldiers and civilians as the Japanese army
3374:
on 10 March 1947, there are "more than 190,000 mass slaughtered civilians and Chinese soldiers killed by machine gun by the Japanese army, whose corpses have been burned to destroy proof. Besides, we count more than 150,000 victims of barbarian acts buried by the charity organizations. We thus have a
3193:
through the brutalities of the soldiers. And can you imagine it, even after that, these officers laughed at me ... I am really, therefore, quite happy that I, at least, should have ended this way, in the sense that it may serve to urge self-reflection on many more members of the military of that time.
3182:
I now realize that we have unknowingly wrought a most grievous effect on this city. When I think of the feelings and sentiments of many of my Chinese friends who have fled from Nanjing and of the future of the two countries, I cannot but feel depressed. I am very lonely and can never get in a mood to
3003:
The Japanese troops did respect the Zone to an extent; until the Japanese occupation, no shells entered that part of the city except a few stray shots. During the chaos following the attack of the city, some were killed in the Safety Zone, but the crimes that occurred in the rest of the city were far
2836:
The seventh and last person in the first row was a pregnant woman. The soldier thought he might as well rape her before killing her, so he pulled her out of the group to a spot about ten meters away. As he was trying to rape her, the woman resisted fiercely.... The soldier abruptly stabbed her in the
2806:
named Ha. They killed him immediately with a revolver and also Mrs. Ha, who knelt before them after Ha's death, begging them not to kill anyone else. Mrs. Ha asked them why they killed her husband and they shot her. Mrs. Hsia was dragged out from under a table in the guest hall where she had tried to
2762:
during the aftermath, despite the successful and certain outcome in battle. However, Jean-Louis Margolin does not believe that the Nanjing atrocities should be considered a genocide because only prisoners of war were executed in a systematic manner and the targeting of civilians was sporadic and done
2741:
I've written several times in this diary about the body of the Chinese soldier who was shot while tied to his bamboo bed and who is still lying unburied near my house. My protests and pleas to the Japanese embassy finally to get this corpse buried, or give me permission to bury it, have thus far been
2581:
A fifteen year old girl was locked naked in a barracks housing two hundred to three hundred Japanese soldiers and raped multiple times daily. American correspondent Edgar Snow wrote how "Frequently mothers had to watch their babies beheaded, and then submit to raping." YMCA head Fitch reported that a
2124:
On December 12, under heavy artillery fire and aerial bombardment, General Tang Sheng-chi ordered his men to retreat. Conflicting orders and a breakdown in discipline turned the events that followed into a disaster. While some Chinese units managed to escape across the river, many more were caught up
1977:
began his role as a guard at a cement factory in Nanjing in December 1937, days before the Japanese invasion of Nanjing. As the massacre began, Sindberg and Karl Gunther, a German colleague, converted the cement factory into a makeshift refugee camp where they offered refuge and medical assistance to
1744:
The following day, on December 10, Rabe got his answer from the Generalissimo. The American ambassador in Hankow replied that although he supported Rabe's proposal for a ceasefire, Chiang did not. Rabe says that the ambassador also "sent us a separate confidential telegram telling us that he has been
3257:
In 1984, in an attempt to refute Japanese war crimes in Nanjing, Kaikosha, the Japanese Army Veterans Association, interviewed former Japanese soldiers who had served in the Nanjing area from 1937 to 1938. Instead of refuting the massacre, the interviewed veterans confirmed that a massacre had taken
2767:
It is not until we tour the city that we learn the extent of destruction. We come across corpses every 100 to 200 yards. The bodies of civilians that I examined had bullet holes in their backs. These people had presumably been fleeing and were shot from behind. The Japanese march through the city in
2659:
At first we used some kinky words like Pikankan. Pi means "hip," kankan means "look." Pikankan means, "Let's see a woman open up her legs." Chinese women didn't wear under-pants. Instead, they wore trousers tied with a string. There was no belt. As we pulled the string, the buttocks were exposed. We
2536:
estimated that in the first month of the occupation, Japanese soldiers committed approximately 20,000 cases of rape in the city. Some estimates claim 80,000 cases of rape. According to the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, rapes of all ages, including children and elderly women, were
2412:
When I tried to cut off the first one, either the farmer moved or I mis-aimed. I ended up slicing off just part of his skull. Blood spurted upwards. I swung again... and this time I killed him... We were taught that we were a superior race since we lived only for the sake of a human god—our emperor.
2141:
The conflict in Nanjing persisted beyond the night of December 12–13, following the Japanese Army's capture of the remaining gates and entrance into the city. The Japanese army continued to encounter sporadic resistance from remaining Chinese forces for several additional days. The Japanese military
2120:
Despite resisting the assault fiercely, the Chinese defenders were hampered by rising casualties and Japanese strengths in firepower and numbers. Combined with fatigue and a breakdown in communications, the garrison was gradually overwhelmed in the four day battle for the city, and finally collapsed
3741:
On November 12, 1948, Matsui and Hirota, along with five other convicted Class-A war criminals, were sentenced to death by hanging. Eighteen others received lesser sentences. The death sentence imposed on Hirota, a six-to-five decision by the eleven judges, shocked the general public and prompted a
3343:
Other factors include the mass disposal of Chinese corpses by Japanese soldiers; the revisionist tendencies of both Chinese and Japanese individuals and groups, who are driven by nationalistic and political motivations; and the subjectivity involved in the collection and interpretation of evidence.
3335:
While it is standard practice for governments to destroy evidence in times of defeat, in the two weeks before the Allies arrived in Japan, various Japanese agencies—the military in particular—systematically destroyed sensitive documents to a degree perhaps unprecedented in history. Estimates of the
3322:
While the Germans, beginning in 1943, did engage in substantial efforts to obliterate evidence of such crimes as mass murder, and they destroyed a great deal of potentially incriminating records in 1945, a great deal survived, in part because not each one of the multiple copies had been burned. The
2993:
In other words, on the 13th when your troops entered the city, we had nearly all the civilian population gathered in a Zone in which there had been very little destruction by stray shells and no looting by Chinese soldiers even in full retreat.... All 27 Occidentals in the city at that time and our
2981:
One-third of the city was destroyed as a result of arson. According to reports, Japanese troops torched newly built government buildings as well as the homes of many civilians. There was considerable destruction to areas outside the city walls. Soldiers pillaged from the poor and the wealthy alike.
2780:
It remains, however, the Japanese soldiers swarmed over the city in thousands and committed untold depredations and atrocities. It would seem according to stories told us by foreign witnesses that the soldiers were let loose like a barbarian horde to desecrate the city. Men, women and children were
2576:
I know not where to end. Never I have heard or read such brutality. Rape! Rape! Rape! We estimate at least 1,000 cases a night and many by day. In case of resistance or anything that seems like disapproval, there is a bayonet stab or a bullet.... People are hysterical... Women are being carried off
2395:
The Nanjing Massacre happened during Japan's invasion of China. The extreme cruelty witnessed in Nanjing, including extensive killing, torture, sexual violence, and looting, was not an isolated occurrence, but rather a reflection of Japan's behavior throughout the war in China. This violence cannot
3757:
in China. He was found guilty of war crimes, sentenced to death, and executed by shooting on 26 April 1947. However, according to historian Tokushi Kasahara, the evidence used to convict Hisao Tani was not convincing. Kasahara said that if there was a full investigation of the massacre, many other
3731:
Organized and wholesale murder of male civilians was conducted with the apparent sanction of the commanders on the pretext that Chinese soldiers had removed their uniforms and were mingling with the population. Groups of Chinese civilians were formed, bound with their hands behind their backs, and
2947:
Just after Christmas, the Japanese set up public stages where they called upon former Chinese soldiers to confess, claiming they would not be harmed. When over 200 former soldiers did come forward, they were promptly executed. When former soldiers stopped identifying themselves, the Japanese began
4292:
attempts to whitewash Japan's war record during the 1930s and early 1940s. It referred to the Nanjing Massacre as an "incident", and glossed over the issue of comfort women. There is also only one sentence that refers to the event: "they occupied that city in December." This revisionist textbook
4114:
Takashi Yoshida described how changing political concerns and perceptions of the "national interest" in Japan, China, and the U.S. have shaped the collective memory of the Nanjing massacre. Yoshida contended that over time the event has acquired different meanings to different people. People from
2951:
Based on the dutiful records of the Safety Zone committee, the post-war International Military Tribunal found that some 20,000 Chinese male civilians were killed on false accusations of being soldiers, while some 30,000 genuine former combatants were executed and their bodies thrown in the river.
2841:
According to Navy veteran Sho Mitani, "The Army used a trumpet sound that meant 'Kill all Chinese who run away'." Thousands were led away and mass-executed in an excavation known as the "Ten-Thousand-Corpse Ditch", a trench measuring about 300 m long and 5 m wide. Since records were not
2801:
During the Japanese reign of terror in Nanjing—which, by the way, continues to this day to a considerable degree—the Reverend John Magee, a member of the American Episcopal Church Mission who has been here for almost a quarter of a century, took motion pictures that eloquently bear witness to the
2548:
Women suffered most. No matter how young or old, they all could not escape the fate of being raped. We sent out coal trucks to the city streets and villages to seize a lot of women. And then each of them was allocated to fifteen to twenty soldiers for sexual intercourse and abuse. After raping we
2374:
The Japanese have looted widely yesterday and today, have destroyed schools, have killed citizens, and raped women. One thousand disarmed Chinese soldiers, whom the International Committee hoped to save, were taken from them and by this time are probably shot or bayoneted. In our South Hill House
1935:. The Japanese government had previously agreed not to attack parts of the city that did not contain Chinese military forces, and the members of the Committee managed to persuade the Chinese government to move their troops out of the area. The Nanking Safety Zone was demarcated through the use of
1748:
On December 11, Rabe found that Chinese soldiers were still residing in areas of the Safety Zone, meaning that it became an intended target for Japanese attacks despite the majority being innocent civilians. Rabe commented on how efforts to remove these Chinese troops failed and Japanese soldiers
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3437:
ended on December 13, when the divisions of the Japanese Army entered the walled city of Nanjing. The Tokyo War Crime Tribunal defined the period of the massacre to the ensuing six weeks. More conservative estimates say that the massacre started on December 14, when the troops entered the Safety
3249:
Ono Kenji, a chemical worker in Japan, curated a collection of wartime diaries from Japanese veterans who fought in the Battle of Nanking in 1937. In 1994, nearly 20 diaries in his collection were published, which became an important source of evidence for the massacre. Official war journals and
3192:
The Nanjing Incident was a terrible disgrace ... Immediately after the memorial services, I assembled the higher officers and wept tears of anger before them, as Commander-in-Chief ... I told them that after all our efforts to enhance the Imperial prestige, everything had been lost in one moment
2638:
Two Japanese soldiers have climbed over the garden wall and are about to break into our house. When I appear they give the excuse that they saw two Chinese soldiers climb over the wall. When I show them my party badge, they return the same way. In one of the houses in the narrow street behind my
2428:
here is no obvious explanation for this grim event, nor can one be found. The Japanese soldiers, who had expected easy victory, instead had been fighting hard for months and had taken infinitely higher casualties than anticipated. They were bored, angry, frustrated, tired. The Chinese women were
2161:
With the relocation of the capital of China, constant bombing raids, and reports of Japanese brutality, much of Nanjing's civilian population had fled out of fear. Wealthy families were the first to flee, leaving Nanjing in automobiles, followed by the evacuation of the middle class and then the
2038:
Prince Asaka issued an order to "kill all captives," thus providing official sanction for the crimes which took place during and after the battle. Some authors record that Prince Asaka signed the order for Japanese soldiers in Nanjing to "kill all captives". Others assert that lieutenant colonel
1911:
Many Westerners were living in the city at that time, conducting trade or on missionary trips. As the Japanese army approached Nanjing, most of them fled the city, leaving 27 foreigners. Five of these were journalists who remained in the city a few days after it was captured, leaving the city on
3765:
In 1947, Toshiaki Mukai and Tsuyoshi Noda, the two officers responsible for the contest to kill 100 people, were both arrested and extradited to China. They were also tried by the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal. On trial with them was Gunkichi Tanaka, a captain from the 6th Division who personally
3245:
During his time in China, Bernhard Arp Sindberg, an amateur photographer and friend to several foreign journalists, always had his camera with him, taking graphic photos of the civilian massacres and extensive destruction. Sindberg smuggled the unprocessed film out of China with the help of his
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The picture that they painted of Nanking was one of a reign of terror that befell the city upon its occupation by the Japanese military forces. Their stories and those of the German residents tell of the city having fallen into the hands of the Japanese as captured prey, not merely taken in the
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The slaughter of civilians is appalling. I could go on for pages telling of cases of rape and brutality almost beyond belief. Two bayoneted corpses are the only survivors of seven street cleaners who were sitting in their headquarters when Japanese soldiers came in without warning or reason and
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without the Prince's knowledge or assent. Nevertheless, even if Chō took the initiative, Asaka was nominally the officer in charge and gave no orders to stop the carnage. While the extent of Prince Asaka's responsibility for the massacre remains a matter of debate, the ultimate sanction for the
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Although the massacre is generally described as having occurred over a six-week period after the fall of Nanjing, the crimes committed by the Japanese army were not limited to that period. Numerous atrocities were committed as the Japanese army advanced from Shanghai to Nanjing, including rape,
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The entry for the same day in Matsui's diary read, "I could only feel sadness and responsibility today, which has been overwhelmingly piercing my heart. This is caused by the Army's misbehaviors after the fall of Nanjing and failure to proceed with the autonomous government and other political
3453:", when Japan was condemned as the sole aggressor. They believed the 300,000 toll typified a "Chinese-style exaggeration" with disregard for evidence. Yet, in China, this figure has come to symbolize the justice, legality, and authority of the post-war trials condemning Japan as the aggressor.
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impact of the destruction vary. Tanaka Hiromi, a professor at Japan’s National Defense Academy who has conducted extensive research into remaining Imperial Japanese Army and Navy documents in Japan and overseas, claims that less than 0.1 percent of the material ordered for destruction survived.
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The Japanese either destroyed or concealed important documents, severely reducing the amount of evidence available for confiscation. Between the declaration of a ceasefire on August 15, 1945, and the arrival of American troops in Japan on August 28, "the Japanese military and civil authorities
2492:, Noda had killed 105 people while Mukai had killed 106 people. Both officers supposedly surpassed their goal during the heat of battle, making it impossible to determine which officer had actually won the contest. Therefore, according to journalists Asami Kazuo and Suzuki Jiro, writing in the
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The 170 miles between Shanghai and Nanjing were transformed into "a nightmarish zone of death and destruction." Japanese planes frequently strafed unarmed farmers and refugees "for fun." Civilians were subjected to extreme violence and brutality in a foreshadowing of the upcoming Massacre. For
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set fire to buildings and houses in the areas close to Xiaguan to the north as well as in the environs of the eastern and southern city gates. Targets within and outside of the city walls—such as military barracks, private homes, the Chinese Ministry of Communication, forests and even entire
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and its findings, which estimate at least 200,000 murders and at least 20,000 cases of rape. The massacre finally wound down in early 1938. John Rabe's Safety Zone was mostly a success, and is credited with saving at least 200,000 lives. After the war, multiple Japanese military officers and
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since the early 1970s. Trade between the two nations is worth over $ 200 billion annually. Despite this, many Chinese people still have a strong sense of mistrust due to the memory of the atrocity and failure of reconciliation measures. This sense of mistrust is strengthened by Japan's
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There are disputes about the official death toll of the massacre. This estimate includes an estimation that the Japanese Army murdered 57,418 Chinese POWs at Mufushan, though the latest research indicates that between 4,000 and 20,000 were massacred, and it also includes the 112,266 corpses
4019:, told a visiting delegation from Nanjing that the massacre "probably never happened". Two days later he defended his remarks, saying, "Even since I was a national Diet representative, I have said there was no massacre that resulted in murders of several hundred thousands of people."
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in December 1937: "The plunder carried out by the Japanese reached almost the entire city. Almost all buildings were entered by Japanese soldiers, often in the sight of their officers, and the men took whatever they wanted. Japanese soldiers often forced Chinese to carry the loot."
2673:, wrote one of the most comprehensive accounts of Japanese war atrocities in China. In her book, she estimated that the number of Chinese women raped by Japanese soldiers ranged from 20,000 to 80,000. Chang also states that not all rape victims were women. Some Chinese men were
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to be around 40,000, mostly massacred in the first five days; while the total victims after a 3-month period in Nanjing and its surrounding six rural counties "far exceed 100,000 but fall short of 200,000". Wakabayashi concludes that estimates of over 200,000 are not credible.
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their mothers, fathers their daughters, and brothers their sisters. Other family members would be forced to look on. Instead of punishing the Japanese troops who were responsible for wholesale rape, "'The Japanese expeditionary Force in Central China issued an order to set up
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2660:"pikankan." We looked. After a while we would say something like, "It's my day to take a bath," and we took turns raping them. It would be all right if we only raped them. I shouldn't say all right. But we always stabbed and killed them. Because dead bodies don't talk.
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3031:"Case 15 – There are about 540 refugees crowded in No. 83 and 85 on Canton Road.... More than 30 women and girls have been raped. The women and children are crying all nights. Conditions inside the compound are worse than we can describe. Please give us help."
3025:"Case 13 – December 18, 4 p.m., at No. 18 I Ho Lu, Japanese soldiers wanted a man's cigarette case and when he hesitated, one of the soldier crashed in the side of his head with a bayonet. The man is now at the University Hospital and is not expected to live."
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Also, genocide may occur in the aftermath of warfare when mass killings continue after the outcome of a battle or a war has been decided. For instance, after the Japanese occupied Nanjing in December 1937, Japanese soldiers massacred over 250,000 residents of the
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Before the 1970s, China did relatively little to draw attention to the Nanjing massacre. There was also virtually no public commemoration until after 1982. However, China was not oblivious to the Japanese debate over the massacre. In 1982, concerned with Japanese
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apparently buried by the Chongshantang, a charitable association, though today some historians argue that the Chongshantang's records were at least greatly exaggerated if not entirely fabricated. According to Bob Wakabayashi, he estimates the death toll within
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rejoice about this victory.... I personally feel sorry for the tragedies to the people, but the Army must continue unless China repents. Now, in the winter, the season gives time to reflect. I offer my sympathy, with deep emotion, to a million innocent people.
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On 13 December, the 6th and the 116th Divisions of the Japanese Army were the first to enter the city. Simultaneously, the 9th Division entered nearby Guanghua Gate, and the 16th Division entered the Zhongshan and Taiping gates. That same afternoon, two small
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In 2005, a Tokyo district judge dismissed a suit by the families of the lieutenants, stating that "the lieutenants admitted the fact that they raced to kill 100 people" and that the story cannot be proven to be clearly false. The judge also ruled against the
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Eyewitness accounts include testimonies of expatriates engaged in humanitarian work (mostly physicians, professors, missionary and businessmen), journalists (both Western and Japanese), as well as the field diaries of military personnel. American missionary
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During the war in south China, a Japanese sergeant who had raped and killed numerous Chinese women became 'impotent' as soon as he found out to his shock that one of his victims was actually a Japanese woman who had married a Chinese man and emigrated to
4048:(LDP) lawmakers again denounced the Nanjing Massacre as a fabrication, arguing that there was no evidence to prove the allegations of mass killings by Japanese soldiers. They accused Beijing of using the alleged incident as a "political advertisement".
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Yoshida asserts that "Nanjing has figured in the attempts of all three nations to preserve and redefine national and ethnic pride and identity, assuming different kinds of significance based on each country's changing internal and external enemies."
3407:, a journalist in China during the Japanese invasion, reported that at least 300,000 Chinese civilians were killed in Nanjing and elsewhere, and tried to send a telegram but was censored by the Japanese military in Shanghai. Other sources, including
2916:, toured Nanjing before his departure from the city. He heard waves of machine-gun fire and witnessed the Japanese soldiers gun down some two hundred Chinese within ten minutes. He would later state that he had seen tank guns used on bound soldiers.
1737:. The first was to Chiang through an American ambassador in Hankow, asking that Chinese forces "undertake no military operations" within Nanjing. The second telegram was sent through Shanghai to Japanese military leaders, advocating for a three-day
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advanced from Shanghai to Nanjing. According to the archives research "The telegrams sent by the U.S. diplomats pointed to the massacre of an estimated half a million people in Shanghai, Suzhou, Jiaxing, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Wuxi and Changzhou".
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states "more than 100,000 and close to 200,000, or maybe more." With the emergence of more information and data, he said that there is a possibility that the death toll could be higher. Hiroshi Yoshida concludes "more than 200,000" in his book.
3019:"Case 5 – On the night of December 14th, there were many cases of Japanese soldiers entering houses and raping women or taking them away. This created panic in the area and hundreds of women moved into the Ginling College campus yesterday."
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The government of Japan states that it cannot be denied that the killing of a large number of noncombatants, looting and other acts by the Japanese army occurred. However, it also states that the actual number of victims is hard to determine.
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In addition, the Battle of Shanghai which preceded the capture of Nanjing, was more difficult and prolonged than the Japanese side had anticipated, which contributed to a desire among Japanese officers and soldiers to exact revenge on the
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groups of ten to twenty soldiers and loot the shops.... I watched with my own eyes as they looted the café of our German baker Herr Kiessling. Hempel's hotel was broken into as well, as almost every shop on Chung Shang and Taiping Road.
3712:. He further argued that he had directed his army division commanders to discipline their troops for criminal acts, and was not responsible for their failure to carry out his directives. At trial, Matsui went out of his way to protect
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garden wall, a woman was raped, and then wounded in the neck with a bayonet. I managed to get an ambulance so we can take her to Kulou Hospital ... Last night up to 1,000 women and girls are said to have been raped, about 100 girls at
2476:, covered a contest between two Japanese officers, Toshiaki Mukai and Tsuyoshi Noda of the Japanese 16th Division. The two men were described as vying to be the first to kill 100 people with a sword before the capture of Nanjing. From
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But the Chinese were not. So we held nothing but contempt for them... There were many rapes, and the women were always killed. When they were being raped, the women were human. But once the rape was finished, they became pig's flesh.
2694:, a prominent history professor at Chuo University, observes, 'because Japan was afraid of criticism from China, the United States of America and Europe following the case of massive rapes between battles in Shanghai and Nanjing.'"
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had forwarded to the Japanese embassy a total of 450 cases of murder, rape, torture and general disorder by Japanese soldiers that had been reported after the American, British and German diplomats had returned to their embassies:
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In the meantime, members of the Committee contacted Tang and proposed a plan for three-day cease-fire, during which the Chinese troops could withdraw without fighting while the Japanese troops would stay in their present position.
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was built by the Nanjing Municipal Government in remembrance of the victims and to raise awareness of the Nanjing Massacre. It is located near a site where thousands of bodies were buried, called the "pit of ten thousand corpses"
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published a book that denied the massacre. However, the debate was short-lived because no denialist produced a study that was as comprehensive as the one conducted by Hora. The opposition fell short of denying the massacre.
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be separated from the underlying contempt for other Asians that was deeply ingrained in Japanese society before the war. To demonstrate the profound effects of ethnic prejudice, Japanese author Tsuda Michio gives an example:
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made a pilgrimage to the shrine despite warnings from China and South Korea. His decision to visit the shrine regardless sparked international outrage. Although Koizumi denied that he was trying to glorify war or historical
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in the general chaos erupting across the city. Some Chinese soldiers stripped civilians of their clothing in a desperate attempt to blend in, and many others were shot by the Chinese supervisory unit as they tried to flee.
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In 2000, historian Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi concurred with certain Japanese scholars who had argued that the contest was a concocted story, with the collusion of the soldiers themselves for the purpose of raising the
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commonplace, and there were several instances of sadistic and violent behavior related to these rapes. Following the rapes, many women were killed and their bodies were mutilated. A large number of rapes were done
10433:, An East Gate Book, 2001 (includes documentation of American missionaries M.S. Bates, G.A. Fitch, E.H. Foster, J.G. Magee, J.H. MaCallum, W.P. Mills, L.S.C. Smythe, A.N. Steward, Minnie Vautrin and R.O. Wilson.)
2035:, who informed him that the Japanese troops had almost completely surrounded 300,000 Chinese troops in the vicinity of Nanjing and that preliminary negotiations suggested that the Chinese were ready to surrender.
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The lack of resistance from Chinese troops and civilians in Nanjing meant that the Japanese soldiers were free to divide up the city's valuables as they saw fit. This resulted in widespread looting and burglary.
2593:: "This is the corpse of a boy about seven years old who died three days after his admission into the University Hospital. He had received five bayonet wounds in the abdomen, one of them perforating the stomach."
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3476:, chief of staff of the Imperial Japanese Army during the massacre, had died before the end of the war in May 1945. Prince Asaka was granted immunity because of his status as a member of the imperial family.
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On New Year's Day, over a toast he confided to a Japanese diplomat: "My men have done something very wrong and extremely regrettable." Matsui blamed the atrocities on the moral decline of the Japanese Army,
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3585:, a surgeon and a member of the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone, testified. Other members of the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone who took the witness stand included
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Pregnant women were targeted for murder, as their stomachs were often bayoneted, sometimes after rape. Tang Junshan, survivor and witness to one of the Japanese army's systematic mass killings, testified:
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in Nanking, which was within the established Safety Zone. During the massacre, she worked tirelessly in welcoming thousands of female refugees to stay in the college campus, sheltering up to 10,000 women.
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The Nanjing Massacre Project: A Digital Archive of Documents & Photographs from American Missionaries Who Witnessed the Rape of Nanjing From the Special Collections of the Yale Divinity School Library
3028:"Case 14 – On December 16, seven girls (ages ranged from 16 to 21) were taken away from the Military College. Five returned. Each girl was raped six or seven times daily – reported December 18th."
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claims Mao never made any comment either contemporaneously or later in his life about the massacre, but did frequently remark with enduring bitterness about a political struggle between himself and
4131:, the Chinese Foreign Ministry accused Koizumi of "wrecking the political foundations of China-Japan relations". An official from South Korea said they would summon the Tokyo ambassador to protest.
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company, and had entrusted the development of the film to his colleagues. After the war, he retrieved his photos, producing one of the few photographic records documenting the Nanjing massacre.
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on the cement factory roof to deter the Japanese army from bombing the factory. To keep Japanese troops away from the factory, he and Gunther strategically placed the Danish flag and the German
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announced the city would not surrender and would fight to the death. Tang gathered a garrison force of some 81,500 soldiers, many of whom were untrained conscripts, or troops exhausted from the
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supports the information found in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, which estimates a death toll of at least 200,000. An estimate death toll of 300,000 has also been cited.
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The most widely used Japanese textbooks for junior high schools do contain references to the Nanjing Massacre and other issues like comfort women. Fiercely critical of such references, the
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4041:, was quoted as saying the massacre never occurred. He said that there were isolated incidents of brutality but no widespread atrocity, and criticized the Tokyo Trials figure of 200,000.
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Rabe wrote that, from time to time, the Japanese would enter the Safety Zone at will, carry off a few hundred men and women, and either summarily execute them or rape and then kill them.
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undefended, their menfolk powerless or absent. The war, still undeclared, had no clear-cut goal or purpose. Perhaps all Chinese, regardless of sex or age, seemed marked out as victims.
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3022:"Case 10 – On the night of December 15th, a number of Japanese soldiers entered the University of Nanjing buildings at Tao Yuen and raped 30 women on the spot, some by six men."
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The rounding-up and mass killings of male civilians and captured POWs were referred to euphemistically as "mopping-up operations" in Japanese communiqués, in a manner "just like the
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was installed as Japanese commander in the campaign. Whether Asaka ordered the massacre, or simply stood by as it happened, is disputed, but he took no action to stop the carnage.
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Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, "Leftover Problems," in The Nanking Atrocity, 1937–38: Complicating the Picture, ed. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008), 382–384.
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belly with a bayonet. She gave a final scream as her intestines spilled out. Then the soldier stabbed the fetus, with its umbilical cord clearly visible, and tossed it aside.
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In 2003, the director of Japan's Military History Archives of National Institute for Defense Studies said that as much 70 percent of Japan's wartime records were destroyed.
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In late January 1938, the Japanese army forced all refugees in the Safety Zone to return home, immediately claiming to have "restored order". After the establishment of the
1703:. The Chinese government left for relocation on December 1, and the president left on December 7, leaving the administration of Nanjing to an International Committee led by
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province push the beginning of the massacre to around mid-November to early December (Suzhou fell on November 19), and extended the end of the massacre to late March 1938.
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petition on his behalf, which soon gathered over 300,000 signatures but did not succeed in commuting the Minister's sentence. All of them were hanged on 23 December 1948.
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Soon after the fall of the city, Japanese troops made a thorough search for Chinese soldiers and summarily arrested thousands of young Chinese men. Many were taken to the
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around the site. Whenever the Japanese approached the gate, Sindberg would display the Danish flag and step out to converse with them, and eventually, they would leave.
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committed atrocities on the march between Shanghai and Nanjing. The novel itself was based on interviews that Ishikawa conducted with troops in Nanjing in January 1938.
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began to comprehend the full extent of the rape, torture, murder, and looting in the city, he grew increasingly dismayed. He reportedly told one of his civilian aides:
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was forcibly renamed the Nanjing International Rescue Committee, and the Safety Zone effectively ceased to function. The last refugee camps were closed in May 1938.
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American vice consul James Espy arrived in Nanjing on January 6, 1938, to reopen the American embassy. He gave a summarized description of what happened in the city:
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Ono Kenji, "Massacre Near Mufushan," in The Nanking Atrocity, 1937–38: Complicating the Picture, ed. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008), p. 85.
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was razed to the ground, and the salt and grain stores looted. Chinese civilians often committed suicide, such as two girls who deliberately drowned themselves near
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marched outside the walls of the city where they were killed in groups by machine gun fire and with bayonets. — From Judgment of the International Military Tribunal
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ordered all Chinese citizens remaining in Nanjing to move into the Safety Zone. Many fled the city on December 7, and the International Committee took over as the
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Durdin, F. Tillman. "Japanese Atrocities Marked Fall of Nanking After Chinese Command Fled." New York Times (New York), January 9, 1938; accessed March 12, 2016.
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Shortly after the surrender of Japan, the primary officers in charge of the Japanese troops at Nanjing were put on trial. General Matsui was indicted before the
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denied the Nanjing massacre. He alleged it would have been impossible to kill so many people in such a short period of time. He alleged a death toll of 10,000.
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David Askew, "The Scale of Japanese Atrocities in Nanjing: An Examination of the Burial Records," Ritsumeikan Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, June 2004, 7–10.
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killed over 300 Chinese POWs and civilians with his sword during the massacre. All three men were found guilty of war crimes and sentenced to death. They were
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Qian, Fengqi; Liu, Guoqiang (2019). "Remembrance of the Nanjing Massacre in the Globalised Era: The Memory of Victimisation, Emotions and the Rise of China".
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The Japanese military continued to move forward, breaching several lines of Chinese resistance, and arrived outside the city gates of Nanjing on December 9.
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The reason that the is advancing to Nanjing quite rapidly is due to the tacit consent among the officers and men that they could loot and rape as they wish.
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2488:, China), Mukai had killed 89 people while Noda had killed 78. The contest continued because neither had killed 100 people. By the time they had arrived at
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1668:, however, wanted to avoid a decisive conflict in the northern region and instead opened a second front by launching offensives against Japanese forces in
6510:"HyperWar: International Military Tribunal for the Far East (Chapter 8) (Paragraph 2, p. 1015, Judgment International Military Tribunal for the Far East)"
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and is very sensitive to the revisionist sentiments from the far-right in Japan, which makes the memory of the massacre a recurring point of tension in
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7406:. National Archives and Records Administration for the Nazi Warcrimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group. p. 21.
7461:. National Archives and Records Administration for the Nazi Warcrimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group. p. 17.
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7356:. National Archives and Records Administration for the Nazi Warcrimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group. p. 9.
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7317:. National Archives and Records Administration for the Nazi Warcrimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group. p. x.
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7283:. National Archives and Records Administration for the Nazi Warcrimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group. p. x.
7237:. National Archives and Records Administration for the Nazi Warcrimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group. p. 28.
7187:. National Archives and Records Administration for the Nazi Warcrimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group. p. 10.
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The death toll of civilians is difficult to precisely calculate due to the many bodies deliberately burnt, buried in mass graves, or dumped into the
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7164:. National Archives and Records Administration for the Nazi Warcrimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group. p. 9.
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reported seeing corpses of massacred Chinese soldiers forming mounds six feet high at the Nanjing Yijiang gate in the north. Durdin, who worked for
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of Japanese soldiers by their commanders and the challenging combat environment in China. Also, the Japanese population was taught militaristic and
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20,000 to 80,000 women and children raped, 30,000 to 40,000 POWs executed (another 20,000 male civilians falsely accused of being soldiers executed)
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In December 2007, the PRC government published the names of 13,000 people who were killed by Japanese troops in the Nanjing Massacre. According to
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and surrendered in August 1945, the state officially acknowledged the war of aggression and the Nanjing massacre committed by the Japanese army."
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On December 13, 2009, both the Chinese and Japanese monks held a religious assembly to mourn Chinese civilians killed by invading Japanese troops.
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Zone, and that it lasted for six weeks. Historians who define the Nanjing Massacre as having started from the time that the Japanese Army entered
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withdrew the bulk of its forces since Nanjing was not a defensible position. The civilian government of Nanjing fled, leaving the city under the
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concluded that the Nanjing Massacre was not an isolated case, and that Japanese atrocities against the Chinese were common throughout the Lower
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place and openly described and admitted to taking part in the atrocities. In 1985, the interviews were published in the association's magazine,
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He offered his apology to all survivors and to the relatives and friends of the victims. That day, the prime minister and the Japanese Emperor
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In February 1938, both Prince Asaka and General Matsui were recalled to Japan. Matsui returned to retirement, but Prince Asaka remained on the
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9042:"International reconciliation on the Internet? Ontological security, attribution and the construction of war memory narratives in Knowledge"
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The duration of the incident is naturally defined by its geography: the earlier the Japanese entered the area, the longer the duration. The
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2853:, suffered as well during the massacre. One mosque was found destroyed and others found to be "filled with dead bodies." Hui volunteers and
2347:. Such crime continued from three to six weeks depending on the types of crime. The first three weeks were more intense. A group of foreign
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every morning, afternoon and evening. The whole Japanese army seems to be free to go and come as it pleases, and to do whatever it pleases.
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3206:(the collaborating government) in 1938, order was gradually restored in Nanjing and atrocities by Japanese troops lessened considerably.
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Of Nanjing's population, estimated to over one million before the Japanese invasion, half had fled Nanjing before the Japanese arrived.
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On December 5, Asaka left Tokyo by plane and arrived at the front three days later. He met with division commanders, lieutenant-generals
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for "deliberately and recklessly" ignoring his legal duty "to take adequate steps to secure the observance and prevent breaches" of the
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ideologies. The Japanese government's fascist doctrine further propagated the belief in Japanese superiority over all other peoples.
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Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (Summer 2000). "The Nanking 100-Man Killing Contest Debate: War Guilt Amid Fabricated Illusions, 1971–75".
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8025:"The Nanjing Massacre: Primary Source Records and Secondary Interpretations—A Textual Critique of Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi's Review"
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However, the most credible scholars in Japan, which include a large number of authoritative academics, support the validity of the
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Dockworkers in Australia were horrified by the massacre and refused to load pig iron onto ships heading for Japan, leading to the
1642:. Historical revisionists and nationalists as well as government officials in Japan have either denied or minimized the massacre.
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288:
14310:
13204:
8731:
8667:
14364:
14209:
14183:
10572:
10537:
6725:
6483:
4438:, resulted in approximately 250,000 Chinese civilian deaths due to Japanese war crimes including the use of biological weapons.
4001:
A faction of Japanese politicians who are unapologetic to the deaths in Nanjing have triggered a recurring point of tension in
3880:
3687:
3555:
2781:
killed in uncounted numbers throughout the city. Stories are heard of civilians being shot or bayoneted for no apparent reason.
1780:'Incredible Record' (in the Contest to Cut Down 100 People) – Mukai 106–105 Noda – Both 2nd Lieutenants Go into Extra Innings".
1683:, where they met strong resistance and suffered heavy casualties. The battle was bloody as both sides faced attrition in urban
259:
10509:
7089:
3912:, published a book in 1967 following his 1966 visit to China, devoting a third of the book to the massacre. During the 1970s,
3098:
2541:
by the Japanese soldiers as they went from door to door, searching for girls, with many women being captured and gang-raped.
14434:
14384:
14153:
12576:
12201:
11918:
9013:
8245:
7857:
6950:
6696:
6454:
6142:
6006:
John G. Gagee, Case 9, Film 4, Folder 7, Box 263, Record Group 8, Special Collection, Yale Divinity School Library, cited in
5724:
3659:
1274:
1133:
887:
798:
10524:
9732:
9019:
8809:
7072:
4228:" prior to the communist founding of a "New China". This orthodox victimhood narrative has become entwined with the Chinese
4062:, in 1998 which included the claim that survivor Xia Shuqin had not witnessed the massacre. Xia successfully sued Shūdō for
3086:
2597:
14404:
13981:
13742:
13618:
13518:
13503:
13414:
13374:
12074:
11480:
11360:
10495:
Kirk Denton, "Heroic Resistance and Victims of Atrocity: Negotiating the Memory of Japanese Imperialism in Chinese Museums"
10320:(My China Front), Nippon Kikanshi Syuppan Center, 1987 (revised 2005). (includes disturbing photos, 149 page photogravure)
9754:
9279:
9182:
7052:
4691:
4529:. None of the above dates is close to "six weeks", which should correspond to January 24, 1938. Bates testified before the
3163:
1341:
1297:
960:
654:
595:
6800:
5049:
2024:
as the one imperial kinsman whose attitude was "not good." He assigned Asaka to Nanjing as an opportunity to make amends.
1559:. Beginning on December 13, 1937, the massacre lasted six weeks. The perpetrators also committed other war crimes such as
14439:
14281:
14276:
13996:
13498:
10896:
10494:
10238:
8885:
8235:
6543:
6105:
5244:
3902:
3869:
John Rabe's former residence, now the "John Rabe and International Safety Zone Memorial Hall", in Nanjing, September 2010
2677:
and forced to perform "repulsive sex acts". There are also accounts of Japanese troops coercing families into committing
1281:
853:
600:
9845:
8831:
4787:
3666:
2585:
1582:
in November 1937. As the Japanese marched on Nanjing, they committed violent atrocities in a terror campaign, including
14444:
13853:
13848:
13747:
13687:
13478:
13468:
13159:
12657:
12508:
12492:
11430:
10934:
10924:
10686:
10499:
10272:
10160:
10079:
10060:
9490:
8789:
8123:
8095:
6415:
5345:
4889:
4835:
3466:
3286:
1049:
847:
268:
5370:
13169:
13164:
12804:
12028:
11984:
10753:
10565:
8391:
7960:
7558:
5836:
4365:
1722:
1210:
1196:
73:
10380:
Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi "The Nanking 100-Man Killing Contest Debate: War Guilt Amid Fabricated Illusions, 1971–75",
5468:
14188:
14173:
14168:
13883:
13642:
13575:
13364:
13184:
13179:
12814:
12774:
12685:
11989:
11913:
11693:
10803:
8052:
4254:
in Japan reflected on the extent of the massacre and the participation of ordinary soldiers. Notably, the novelist
4045:
3802:). As of December 2016, there is a total of 10,615 Nanjing Massacre victim names inscribed on a memorial wall.
2504:
1153:
1109:
9614:
8204:
7572:
6893:
6401:
4533:
on July 29, 1946, pioneering the use of "six weeks long" and describing the respective duration of random murder,
3673:
13876:
12873:
12466:
12228:
12216:
12067:
7398:
7348:
7309:
7275:
7229:
7179:
7156:
6748:
1880:
because the original article was more than 60 years old. The historicity of the event remains disputed in Japan.
312:
9814:
3480:, the aide to Prince Asaka, and whom some historians believe issued the "kill all captives" memo, had committed
14414:
14251:
13898:
13599:
13369:
13174:
13052:
12990:
12878:
12206:
11475:
11395:
10914:
10872:
10626:
10438:
10410:
10396:
10374:
10360:
10346:
10325:
10290:
10257:
10232:
10204:
10048:
10033:
9545:
8148:
7505:
7480:
6278:
5917:
4600:
4385:
3644:
3306:
2370:
In a diary entry from Minnie Vautrin on December 15, 1937, she wrote about her experiences in the Safety Zone:
2196:
1259:
1123:
1084:
757:
485:
413:
9506:
5767:
2718:
to search for former Chinese soldiers hidden among refugees. Many innocent men were misidentified and killed.
14374:
14178:
13608:
13523:
13513:
13129:
12888:
12841:
12784:
12669:
12582:
11928:
11632:
11587:
11400:
11380:
10981:
10546:
10473:
5497:
4592:
4420:
4012:
3839:
3819:
3655:
3277:. The diaries of other Japanese combatants and medics who fought in China have corroborated his conclusions.
2210:
1664:, and rapidly escalated into a full-scale war in northern China between the Chinese and Japanese armies. The
783:
722:
568:
507:
278:
9209:: History and Memory in Japan, China, and the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 5.
2940:, testified to the U.S. State Assembly Investigating Committee, that he was "forced to watch while the Japs
2582:
woman "had her five-months infant deliberately smothered by the brute to stop it crying while he raped her."
14379:
14158:
14029:
13488:
13429:
13419:
12846:
12769:
12701:
12675:
12362:
11897:
11770:
11713:
11683:
11536:
10954:
8698:
6688:
5716:
4441:
4221:
3830:
3328:
3042:
2989:
wrote a complaint to Kiyoshi Fukui, second secretary of the Japanese Embassy. The following is an excerpt:
2706:
A boy killed by a Japanese soldier with the butt of a rifle, reportedly because he did not take off his hat
952:
9784:"Japanese Textbook Controversies, Nationalism, and Historical Memory: Intra- and Inter-national Conflicts"
8955:
4933:
4924:, eds. Mark Peattie et al. (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2011), 169, 171–172, 175–177.
4293:
though approved by the government was shunned by nearly all school districts and only used by 13 schools.
3385:, estimated that between 50,000 and 60,000 (civilians) were killed. However, Erwin Wickert, the editor of
2097:
on December 9 and sent two telegrams, one to Chiang Kai-shek by way of the American ambassador in Hankow (
14419:
13838:
13657:
13528:
12995:
12836:
12789:
12754:
12723:
12132:
11602:
11405:
10881:
10862:
10852:
10515:
9131:[Reasons Why "Historical Revisionism" is Widespread on Japanese Knowledge and Solutions for It].
7202:"Bernhard Arp Sindberg: An Inventory of His Papers and Photography Collection at the Harry Ransom Center"
6444:
6161:(Wuhan ed.). 7 February 1938.; as quoted by Xingzu, Gao, Wu Shimin, Hu Yungong, and Cha Ruizhen. 1996. "
5904:
4551:
3754:
3425:
According to documents in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register, at least 300,000 Chinese were killed.
3371:
3265:
In early 1980s, after interviewing Chinese survivors and reviewing Japanese records, Japanese journalist
3222:
2790:
1928:
1838:
1832:
1665:
1590:
1583:
1548:
1526:
1346:
791:
585:
250:
240:
9932:
Jones, Paul. "2001 ASSLH conference – Chinese seamen and Australian labour: The mass desertion from the
7753:
1796:
was shelled by Japanese forces, then 8,000 of its civilian residents indiscriminately murdered. Half of
14409:
14394:
14389:
14120:
14089:
12831:
12695:
12690:
12663:
12553:
12497:
12444:
11582:
11435:
10711:
10671:
10024:
9388:
6356:
6134:
5273:
4718:
4430:
3983:
3413:
2512:, showing the body of a woman who was profaned in a way similar to the teenager described in case 5 of
1661:
1462:
1386:
1371:
1366:
1336:
563:
386:
20:
12275:
9983:
Berger, Gordon M. (1974). "Japan's Young Prince. Konoe Fumimaro's Early Political Career, 1916–1931".
7007:, Basic Books, A Subsidiary of Perseus Books, L.L.C., 1997 pp. 105–139, the chapter on the Safety Zone
5183:
Japan Advertiser, 7 December 1937 (an American-owned and edited English-language daily paper in Tokyo)
1631:(ritual suicide). Prince Asaka, as part of the Imperial Family, was granted immunity and never tried.
14349:
14079:
14074:
14001:
13961:
13752:
13439:
13000:
12799:
12749:
12120:
11657:
11516:
11440:
11425:
11385:
11252:
10964:
10939:
10641:
10631:
10192:
7201:
6492:
4733:
4435:
4107:
4082:
4002:
3473:
2472:
1852:
1772:
1457:
941:
881:
840:
736:
539:
529:
406:
195:
13941:
13231:
13010:
9899:"0.03% of junior high students to use disputed textbook Japan Policy & Politics - Find Articles"
6157:"A Debt of Blood: An Eyewitness Account of the Barbarous Acts of the Japanese Invaders in Nanjing."
2384:
The Nanjing Massacre's occurrence and nature were influenced by several factors. These included the
1586:
and massacring entire villages. By early December, their army had reached the outskirts of Nanjing.
14369:
14193:
13976:
13923:
13871:
13493:
13321:
13122:
12980:
12593:
12422:
12318:
11882:
11642:
11552:
10588:
8968:
8621:
7669:
7597:
5909:
5828:
4627:
4052:
2375:
Japanese broke the panel of the storeroom and took out some old fruit juice and a few other things.
1657:
1552:
1264:
1128:
808:
465:
12739:
8626:
4811:
Masahiro Yamamoto, Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), p. 193.
1116:
14429:
14016:
13893:
13823:
13632:
13384:
13311:
12914:
12909:
12794:
12367:
11780:
11577:
11490:
11390:
11267:
10959:
10949:
10770:
10146:
9478:
7717:
5241:"Jurist – Paper Chase: Japanese court rules newspaper didn't fabricate 1937 Chinese killing game"
4647:
4302:
4260:
4233:
4088:
3996:
3590:
3143:
2816:
2794:
2729:
2590:
2538:
2525:
2513:
1639:
1396:
1064:
1059:
1054:
972:
820:
803:
743:
707:
677:
379:
354:
273:
8930:
8330:
8301:
7883:
7600:[The Nanjing Massacre and the mechanisms of its negation by the political ruling class]
5435:
2842:
kept, estimates regarding the number of victims buried in the ditch range from 4,000 to 20,000.
14424:
13733:
13697:
13673:
13570:
13555:
13404:
13316:
12547:
12090:
11892:
11760:
11718:
11420:
10929:
10919:
10867:
10857:
10666:
10052:
8545:
Masahiro Yamamoto, Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 112.
8087:
5797:
4225:
4195:
4183:
4067:
2970:
2711:
2669:
2627:
2466:
2130:
1612:
The massacre officially began on December 13, the day Japanese troops entered the city after a
1556:
1540:
1391:
1351:
833:
763:
614:
319:
171:
135:
9482:
8781:
8773:
7918:
7620:
6007:
5978:
5551:
5324:
3680:
3472:
Other Japanese military leaders in charge at the time of the Nanjing Massacre were not tried.
13757:
13219:
13103:
13015:
12950:
12718:
12513:
12486:
12476:
12455:
12383:
12185:
12160:
11567:
11562:
11465:
11410:
10681:
10661:
10415:
Yang, Daqing. "Convergence or Divergence? Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing"
9455:
8272:
7794:
Yang Daqing, "Convergence or Divergence? Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing",
7383:
Yang Daqing, "Convergence or Divergence? Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing",
6682:
6276:
Yang Daqing, "Convergence or Divergence? Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing",
5868:
5710:
4825:
4375:
3931:
3767:
3574:
3159:
3078:
3038:
2865:
2017:
2009:
1974:
1957:
1606:
1321:
873:
814:
749:
647:
326:
140:
10040:
9470:
8273:"Biography of Lieutenant-General Moritake Tanabe - (田辺盛武) - (たなべ もりたけ) (1889 – 1949), Japan"
8077:
7532:
6726:"The Memorial Hall for the Victims of the Nanjing Massacre: Rhetoric in the Face of Tragedy"
6338:
Questions of How Many Chinese Were Killed by the Japanese Army in the Great Nanking Massacre
6230:
Eyewitness to Massacre: American Missionaries Bear Witness to Japanese Atrocities in Nanjing
5165:. "The Nanjing massacre: a Japanese journalist confronts Japan's national shame." pp. 39–41.
3753:, a lieutenant general for the 6th Division of the Imperial Japanese Army, was tried by the
3520:
997:
13888:
13712:
13702:
13214:
13072:
13045:
13020:
12970:
12759:
12503:
12449:
12388:
12127:
11622:
11526:
11485:
11455:
11355:
11109:
10971:
10808:
10676:
10169:
8983:
7598:"Le massacre de Nankin et les mécanismes de sa négation par la classe politique dirigeante"
6102:"Japanese Imperialism and the Massacre in Nanjing: Chapter X: Widespread Incidents of Rape"
5039:
4135:
3940:
3805:
In 1995, Daniel Kwan held a photo exhibit in Los Angeles titled, "The Forgotten Holocaust".
3392:
2811:
2434:
2302:
1894:
1444:
1316:
966:
918:
900:
690:
671:
11139:
11079:
10510:"Denying Genocide: The Evolution of the Denial of the Holocaust and the Nanjing Massacre,"
9642:
8516:
8472:
6162:
4922:
The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945
4174:
to stay relatively silent about Nanjing in order to keep a trade relationship with Japan.
4008:
In May 1994, Justice Minister Shigeto Nagano called the Nanjing Massacre a "fabrication".
3758:
high ranking authorities, which include higher level commanders, army leaders and emperor
3640:
3417:, also conclude that the death toll reached 300,000. In December 2007, newly declassified
8:
14115:
14062:
14035:
14025:
13971:
13966:
13951:
13828:
13652:
13331:
13326:
13209:
13098:
12779:
12635:
12623:
12611:
12587:
12481:
12438:
12280:
12233:
11755:
11592:
11557:
10823:
10706:
10636:
10210:
9762:
9318:
Monk, Paul (1997). "Book review. 'Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine' by Jasper Becker".
8581:
8446:
8009:
6615:
6567:
6509:
6072:
6042:
5012:
Askew, David (2003). "Defending Nanking: An Examination of the Capital Garrison Forces".
4920:
Hattori Satoshi and Edward J. Drea, "Japanese operations from July to December 1937," in
4526:
4139:
4128:
3890:
3808:
In 2005, John Rabe's former residence in Nanjing was renovated and now accommodates the "
3570:
3450:
2715:
2356:
1932:
1906:
1684:
1361:
1244:
1191:
1184:
1069:
524:
347:
305:
231:
217:
13903:
12565:
11114:
9128:
8419:
7443:
6766:"The Chinese Islamic "Goodwill Mission to the Middle East" During the Anti-Japanese War"
3535:
2721:
1828:
14084:
14021:
13843:
13813:
13354:
12945:
12893:
12712:
12649:
12629:
12605:
12410:
12313:
12243:
12155:
12115:
11790:
11723:
11688:
11667:
11662:
11612:
11531:
11521:
11415:
11375:
11340:
10557:
10097:
10008:
9695:
9598:
9423:
9335:
9071:
8864:
8188:
8044:
7564:
6620:
6592:
6584:
5396:
5222:
4522:
4390:
4370:
4314:
3959:
3777:
3598:
3586:
3274:
3151:
3062:
2965:
2921:
2912:
2860:
2763:
without orders by individual actors. On 13 December 1937, John Rabe wrote in his diary:
1700:
1680:
1579:
1449:
1376:
1234:
1079:
986:
946:
913:
826:
715:
695:
579:
502:
333:
12059:
11262:
10465:
10456:
10311:
They Were in Nanjing: The Nanjing Massacre Witnessed by American and British Nationals
9946:
9249:
7932:
7770:
6815:
6375:"Rape of Nanking: Iris Chang's death nine years ago silenced a voice against massacre"
6010:
They were in Nanjing: the Nanjing Massacre witnessed by American and British nationals
4134:
The Massacre is contentiously compared to other disasters in China, which include the
3310:
Dead Chinese civilians near Xiaguan, their corpses deliberately burned by the Japanese
2052:
massacre and the crimes committed during the invasion of China were issued in Emperor
14125:
13818:
13798:
13565:
13194:
12965:
12616:
12427:
12356:
12044:
12034:
11964:
11647:
11627:
11572:
11511:
11506:
11470:
11460:
11350:
11345:
10886:
10701:
10691:
10616:
10554:
by David Askew in the Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies, April 2002
10434:
10406:
10392:
10370:
10356:
10342:
10321:
10286:
10268:
10253:
10228:
10200:
10156:
10085:
10075:
10056:
10041:
10029:
10000:
9913:
9699:
9606:
9590:
9551:
9541:
9486:
9471:
9075:
9063:
9009:
8785:
8728:
8675:
8586:
8387:
8241:
8196:
8144:
8119:
8091:
8078:
8036:
7956:
7740:
7646:
7554:
7501:
7476:
7134:
6692:
6596:
6580:
6450:
6411:
6138:
5913:
5832:
5720:
4885:
4831:
4618:
4476:
4461:
4229:
4217:
4123:
4070:
rejected Shūdō’s appeal in February 2009 and ordered Higashinakano and the publisher
4027:
3963:
3947:
3909:
3781:
3487:
3434:
2903:
2069:
2057:
2048:
1793:
1651:
1613:
1544:
1439:
1432:
1254:
1249:
1179:
1174:
1099:
934:
926:
868:
858:
659:
627:
608:
517:
512:
212:
40:
13274:
11282:
11104:
10534:
9665:
Everything under the Heavens: How the past helps shape China's push for global power
7995:
6732:
6480:
4425:
3348:
and its findings, which estimate more than 100,000 (if broadly defined) casualties.
2891:, then doused with petrol and set on fire. The survivors were killed with bayonets.
2162:
poor. Those that remained were mainly the destitute lowest class such as the ethnic
14266:
13707:
13379:
13082:
12955:
12821:
12599:
12519:
12433:
12290:
12265:
11785:
11765:
11698:
11617:
11607:
11370:
11069:
10696:
10529:
10215:
9992:
9783:
9687:
9582:
9327:
9098:
9053:
8180:
7592:
7546:
6629:
6576:
5214:
4743:
4202:
3582:
3404:
3352:
3147:
2928:
2907:
2751:
2691:
2626:
In his diary kept during the aggression against the city and its occupation by the
2606:
2520:
2362:
2233:
2092:
2032:
1912:
December 16. Fifteen of the remaining 22 foreigners formed a committee, called the
1726:
1417:
1311:
863:
768:
728:
702:
641:
619:
573:
549:
340:
181:
14241:
10530:
Review of Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanjing: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II
7865:
6942:
6634:
2553:
The women were often killed immediately after being raped, often through explicit
2109:
1092:
14286:
13991:
13913:
13833:
13306:
13145:
12706:
12571:
12416:
12270:
12248:
12221:
12139:
11959:
11949:
11597:
11445:
11365:
11257:
11129:
11124:
11089:
11023:
11008:
10976:
10891:
10788:
10621:
10541:
10477:
10152:
9728:
9003:
8990:
8975:
8805:
8735:
7676:
7255:
7076:
7068:
7056:
6900:
6487:
6169:
6018:
5899:
5526:
5158:
5044:
4940:
4446:
4210:
4119:
3913:
3809:
3773:
3709:
3594:
3506:
was convened at "Ichigaya Court," formally Imperial Japanese Army HQ building in
3266:
3239:
3150:
and first-hand photographs of the Nanjing Massacre. Rabe and American missionary
2702:
2640:
2615:
2477:
2433:
Jennifer M. Dixon, Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at
2417:
2028:
1990:
1865:
1762:
1718:
1224:
1074:
1030:
684:
490:
13908:
12238:
10189:
Bergamini, David, "Japan's Imperial Conspiracy," William Morrow, New York; 1971.
7049:
6073:"HyperWar: International Military Tribunal for the Far East [Chapter 8]"
6043:"HyperWar: International Military Tribunal for the Far East [Chapter 8]"
2894:
A soldier from the IJA's 13th division described killing survivors in his diary:
2737:
John Rabe summarized the behavior of Japanese troops in Nanjing in his diaries:
2056:'s ratification of the Japanese army's proposition to remove the constraints of
14236:
14130:
13956:
13946:
13803:
13767:
13189:
13005:
12924:
12883:
12764:
12559:
12297:
12255:
11652:
11159:
11074:
10646:
10611:
9355:"Book review. 'Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine, 1958–1962' by Yang Jisheng"
6796:
5142:
4456:
4451:
4410:
4400:
3974:
3886:
3315:
2941:
2803:
2682:
2489:
2447:
2385:
2366:
Chinese children murdered by Japanese soldiers, their bodies dumped into a pond
2254:
1953:
1889:
1815:
According to one Japanese journalist embedded with Imperial forces at the time:
666:
544:
14271:
14246:
10483:
10451:
9571:"Convergence or Divergence? Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing"
8895:
8169:"Convergence or Divergence? Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing"
7534:"Convergence or Divergence? Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing"
6535:
6101:
5436:"Genocide in the 20th Century: The Rape of Nanking 1937–1938 (300,000 Deaths)"
3857:
A statue titled "Family Ruined" in front of the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall
3826:
On October 9, 2015, Documents of the Nanjing Massacre have been listed on the
3724:
1622:
14343:
14325:
14312:
13762:
13483:
13473:
13301:
13266:
12808:
12404:
12165:
11994:
11887:
11637:
11184:
11149:
11134:
11119:
11099:
11043:
11028:
10302:
Kajimoto, Masato "Mistranslations in Honda Katsuichi's the Nanjing Massacre"
10207:(Does not include the Rabe diaries but does include reprints of "Hsū Shuhsi,
10142:
10089:
10004:
9835:
9691:
9594:
9067:
9058:
9041:
8839:
8590:
8495:
8111:
8040:
7825:
7650:
7131:
The Way of Deliverance: Three Years with the Condemned Japanese War Criminals
6976:
6540:
Record of proceedings of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East
6361:
4784:
Record of proceedings of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East
4779:
4555:
4491:
4395:
4380:
4251:
4037:, a member of the board of governors of Japan's public broadcasting company,
4034:
3918:
3270:
2877:
2687:
2150:
1721:, Rabe, who was living in Nanjing and had been acting as the Chairman of the
1715:
1696:
1480:
495:
393:
176:
54:
13863:
10484:
English translation of a classified Chinese document on the Nanjing Massacre
10279:
The Nanjing Massacre: A Japanese Journalist Confronts Japan's National Shame
10260:. A novel focussing on the western residents of Nanking during the massacre.
9555:
7692:
Foreign relations of the United States diplomatic papers, 1937. The Far East
3327:
According to Yang Daqing, professor of History and International Affairs at
3162:, recorded the actions of the Japanese troops and filed complaints with the
2870:
1923:
was elected as its leader, in part because of his status as a member of the
13359:
13236:
13077:
12333:
12328:
12110:
12048:
12038:
11277:
11272:
11164:
11084:
10651:
10295:
Hsū Shuhsi, ed. (1939), Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone (reprinted in
10282:
10174:
9610:
8383:
Sources of Japanese Tradition, Abridged: 1600 to 2000; Part 2: 1868 to 2000
8200:
6233:
5162:
4356:
4342:
4255:
4205:, mentioning of the massacre was suppressed in China because ideologically
4179:
3926:(such as the Nanjing Massacre). In response, Shichihei Yamamoto, using the
3923:
3713:
3559:
3527:
3175:
2569:
2332:
2240:
2166:, and those with assets that could not be easily moved, like shopkeepers.
2163:
2146:
2113:
2044:
2005:
1986:
1673:
1043:
432:
151:
97:
13933:
13550:
10488:
8224:国防部审判战犯军事法庭对战犯向井敏明等人的判决书. 民国史档案资料丛书—侵华日军南京大屠杀档案. 1947年12月18日: pp. 616–621.
5683:] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Bungei Shunju. pp. 191, 194–195, 197–200.
5397:"The International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone: An Introduction"
4648:"International Memory of the World Register Documents of Nanjing Massacre"
3636:
3477:
2793:, wrote to his Foreign Ministry about a film made in December by Reverend
2496:
of December 13, they decided to begin another contest to kill 150 people.
2040:
157:
119:
200,000 civilians (consensus), estimates range from 40,000 to over 300,000
14006:
13560:
13057:
12985:
12919:
12170:
11954:
11236:
11221:
11189:
11169:
11094:
11048:
10117:
9168:"The Nanking Massacre, Justice and Reconciliation: A Chinese Perspective"
8740:
8380:
Bary, Wm Theodore De; Gluck, Carol; Tiedemann, Arthur (October 3, 2006).
7807:
7260:
6407:
4466:
3049:
It is said that Rabe rescued between 200,000 and 250,000 Chinese people.
2652:
2405:
1943:
1873:
1635:
1239:
1138:
93:
53:
A Japanese soldier pictured with the corpses of Chinese civilians by the
8048:
8024:
7138:
6588:
3225:
until the end of the war in August 1945. He was promoted to the rank of
1575:. The massacre is considered to be one of the worst wartime atrocities.
13808:
13424:
12929:
11923:
11297:
11287:
11231:
11226:
11194:
11179:
11154:
11038:
11033:
11013:
10758:
10535:
The Ghosts of Nanjing: Mogollon Connection Special Series by Jesse Horn
10019:
10012:
9820:
9602:
9570:
9339:
8835:
8192:
8168:
7568:
7533:
6684:
Terror in Minnie Vautrin's Nanjing: Diaries and Correspondence, 1937–38
6351:
5712:
Terror in Minnie Vautrin's Nanjing: Diaries and Correspondence, 1937–38
4713:
4471:
4175:
4171:
4159:
4063:
3978:
3780:
at the time of the massacre, was tried for unrelated war crimes in the
3750:
3542:
3408:
3397:
3357:
2937:
2846:
2827:
Bodies of Chinese massacred by Japanese troops along a river in Nanjing
2664:
2554:
2421:
2348:
1924:
1734:
1708:
1356:
1331:
13717:
10224:
American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking: The Courage of Minnie Vautrin
6873:
American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking: The Courage of Minnie Vautrin
6849:
Tower of Skulls: A History of the Asia-Pacific War, July 1937-May 1942
6206:
American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking: The Courage of Minnie Vautrin
5226:
3601:, and James McCallum filed affidavits with their diaries and letters.
3581:
The prosecution began the Nanjing phase of its case in July 1946. Dr.
3303:
Numerous factors complicate the estimation of an accurate death toll.
1804:, an event witnessed by Japanese First Lieutenant Nishizawa Benkichi.
48:
14135:
14110:
14105:
13918:
13789:
13722:
13394:
12960:
12524:
11053:
10798:
10793:
10519:
10138:
7847:, Leavenworth Papers Number 18, Combat Studies Institute, 1990, p. 47
7670:
U.S. Archives Reveal War Massacre of 500,000 Chinese by Japanese Army
5798:"Basic Facts on the Nanking Massacre and the Toyoko War Crimes Trial"
4738:
4495:
4415:
4187:
4106:
The memory of the Nanjing Massacre has been a point of contention in
3378:
3155:
2986:
2674:
2631:
2344:
1920:
1877:
1738:
1704:
1598:
1560:
9996:
9586:
9331:
8184:
7550:
4934:
1937 Japanese Field Commander's Map of the Battle of Shanghai, China
4909:
The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China
3618:
2861:
Extrajudicial killing of Chinese prisoners of war and male civilians
2327:
From December 13, 1937, the Japanese Army engaged in random murder,
1842:
A Japanese soldier poses with the severed head of one of his victims
14214:
13647:
13338:
13282:
13040:
9951:
9869:"History Education: The Source of Conflict Between China and Japan"
9840:
6820:
6765:
5218:
5174:
Tokyo Nichi Nichi, 13 December 1937 article on the killing contest.
4693:
American Missionary Eyewitnesses to the Nanking Massacre, 1937-1938
4486:
4481:
4167:
3966:
gave the first formal apology for Japanese actions during the war.
3930:"Isaiah Ben-Dasan", wrote an article that denied the massacre, and
3927:
3759:
3708:
Matsui asserted that he had never ordered the execution of Chinese
3507:
3446:
3251:
3104:
2944:
a Chinese soldier" and "roasted his heart and liver and ate them."
2888:
2786:
2755:
2481:
2053:
1994:
1883:
1669:
13114:
10470:
9452:
Negative exposures: knowing what not to know in contemporary China
5869:"A Japanese veteran attempts to make peace with haunting memories"
4224:, the massacre has become a national memory as an episode of the "
3948:
Apology and condolences by the Prime Minister and Emperor of Japan
1964:
13389:
12642:
12180:
12175:
11292:
11018:
9094:"Non-English Editions of Knowledge Have a Misinformation Problem"
8890:
8447:"The Nanjing Incident: An Examination of the Civilian Population"
7688:
4534:
3970:
3482:
3439:
3242:
diary, a commander at Nanjing, was published in the early 1980s.
3226:
3131:
Another photo from Itou Kaneo's album, displaying Chinese corpses
2998:
2974:
2883:
Japanese troops gathered 1,300 Chinese soldiers and civilians at
2869:
A Chinese POW about to be beheaded by a Japanese officer using a
2747:
2634:, wrote many comments about Japanese atrocities. For 17 December:
2619:
2558:
2485:
2336:
2328:
2021:
1989:, thus showing respect for their flags, Sindberg painted a large
1982:
1797:
1627:
1568:
1564:
1536:
105:
101:
69:
65:
11776:
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance
9507:"Special Report: How the Nanjing Massacre became a weapon | GRI"
8493:
Honda, Katsuich. "Chūgoku no Tabi" (中国の旅), "Travels in China"".
5768:"Special Report: How the Nanjing Massacre became a weapon | GRI"
5020:
2655:
spoke candidly about the process of rape and murder in Nanjing.
2136:
14067:
13241:
13067:
12105:
11979:
10460:
9250:"In Japan, denial over Nanjing still holds sway after 70 years"
7978:"George A. Witch Dies; Worked for Y.M.CA. In China for Decades"
4655:
4608:
4016:
3827:
2850:
2678:
2562:
2509:
2389:
2311:
2. Nankin Jiken (Nanjing Incident, name used in Japanese media)
2098:
1801:
12691:
Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome)
10355:(A novel) English Chinese Bilingual Edition (Paperback, 2009)
9643:"A SINO-JAPANESE CONTROVERSY: THE NANJING ATROCITY AS HISTORY"
8517:"A SINO-JAPANESE CONTROVERSY: THE NANJING ATROCITY AS HISTORY"
8473:"A SINO-JAPANESE CONTROVERSY: THE NANJING ATROCITY AS HISTORY"
7718:
https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/china_nanjing_en.pdf
6536:"25 July 1946. Prosecution's Witnesses. Wilson, Dr. Robert O."
6023:
5604:
5602:
3154:, secretary of the International Committee and a professor of
2963:
Stationed in Nanjing, an eyewitness, journalist F. Tillman of
1893:
villages—were completely burnt down, at an estimated value of
1757:
13434:
13062:
8778:
The Nanking atrocity, 1937–38 : complicating the picture
8141:
The other Nuremberg: the untold story of the Tokyo war trials
7695:. Vol. 3. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 806.
6565:
Campbell, Bradley (June 2009). "Genocide as social control".
4538:
4023:
3511:
3229:
in August 1939, though he held no further military commands.
2857:
buried over a hundred of their dead following Muslim ritual.
2340:
2277:
1970:
1572:
1027:
109:
10025:
The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II
9389:"China cites Japan wartime 'confessions' in propaganda push"
7908:, dai 8 kan, Nihon Tosho Centâ, 1993., Case 44, pp. 358–366.
7005:
The Rape of Nanking: The forgotten holocaust of World War II
6403:
The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II
5527:"Nanjing Massacre: Denmark honours hero who rescued Chinese"
4780:"29 July 1946. Prosecution's Witnesses. Bates, Miner Searle"
4696:. Connecticut: Yale Divinity Library Occasional Publications
4111:
unwillingness to admit to and apologize for the atrocities.
2408:, a former Japanese soldier, testified in a 1998 interview:
1714:
In an attempt to secure permission for this cease-fire from
11144:
10500:
Nanjing Massacre history site: History, Photos and Articles
8886:"Subcommittee on Nanjing Issues Press Conference (YouTube)"
8806:"Governor of Japan broadcaster NHK denies Nanjing massacre"
8331:"Religious Assembly Held to Mourn Nanjing Massacre Victims"
5599:
5552:"Statue honors Dane credited as Nanjing Massacre lifesaver"
5198:
3299:
that says there were 300,000 victims, in multiple languages
2854:
2101:), and one to the Japanese military authority in Shanghai.
1900:
10028:, Foreword by William C. Kirby; Penguin US (Paper), 1998;
6616:"Japanese Crimes in Nanjing, 1937–38 : A Reappraisal"
6475:
6473:
6446:
The good German of Nanking : the diaries of John Rabe
5988:
5824:
Dark Pasts: Changing the State's Story in Turkey and Japan
5643:
Akira Fujiwara, "Nitchū Sensō ni Okeru Horyo Gyakusatsu2,
4856:
2969:, sent an article to his newspaper where he described the
16:
1937 mass murder of Chinese civilians by the Japanese army
11975:
Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan
10389:
The Nanking Atrocity, 1937–1938: Complicating the Picture
9936:
at Newcastle, October 1937". Retrieved 26 September 2013.
5873:
4038:
3254:, an organization of retired Japanese military veterans.
3061:
Photo in the album taken in Nanjing by Itou Kaneo of the
2948:
rounding up groups of young men who "aroused suspicion."
2060:
on the treatment of Chinese prisoners on August 5, 1937.
1752:
1578:
The Japanese army had pushed quickly through China after
10587:
9901:. 7 July 2007. Archived from the original on 7 July 2007
6533:
4911:(Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press, 2009), 145–147
4777:
3716:
by shifting blame to lower-ranking division commanders.
3577:'s telegram of 17 January 1938 describing the atrocities
12089:
11704:
United Nations Conference on International Organization
10491:
by Gao Xingzu, Wu Shimin, Hu Yungong, & Cha Ruizhen
9755:"Examining the Japanese History Textbook Controversies"
9540:(1st American ed.). New York: Knopf. p. 207.
6470:
5926:
5850:
5848:
2758:, given the fact that residents were still slaughtered
2725:
The corpse of a Chinese man burned to death by kerosene
2016:
In a memorandum for the palace rolls, Hirohito singled
10480:
A master's degree thesis that delves into the atrocity
5943:
5941:
5346:"Chinese Fight Foe Outside Nanking; See Seeks's Stand"
5288:"The scars of Nanking: Memories of a Japanese outrage"
5001:(in Japanese). Tokyo: Asagumo Shinbunsha. p. 422.
4632:
4319:
Collection of Historical Materials of Nanjing Massacre
4145:
2307:
2000:
1690:
10199:, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1999.
9122:
9120:
8118:(Paperback ed.). New York: Norton. p. 459.
8010:"James Henry McCallum | Yale University Library"
5498:"Dane saved thousands of Chinese at Nanjing massacre"
4960:(in Japanese). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. pp. 50–52.
3810:
John Rabe and International Safety Zone Memorial Hall
2259:
2245:
2156:
1672:. In response, Japan deployed an army led by General
10452:
The Rape of Nanjing – Nanjing Massacre – documentary
9671:
8861:"Japan ruling MPs call Nanjing massacre fabrication"
7379:
7377:
5845:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4734:"New film has Japan vets confessing to Nanjing rape"
4332:
4101:
3958:
On August 15, 1995, the fiftieth anniversary of the
3922:
on war crimes committed by Japanese soldiers during
3549:
3169:
2133:fleets arrived on both sides of the Yangtze River.
1981:
Knowing that Imperial Japan was not hostile towards
9087:
9085:
8116:
Embracing defeat: Japan in the wake of World War II
7933:"Miner Searle Bates | Yale University Library"
7831:
Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II
5962:"Emperor Hirohito on Localized Aggression in China"
5938:
4250:Following the end of World War II, some circles of
3990:
3383:
International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone
3211:
International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone
3012:
International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone
2710:For about three weeks since December 13, 1937, the
2353:
International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone
1914:
International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone
1807:According to Kurosu Tadanobu of the 13th division:
1603:
International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone
223:
International Committee for the Nanjing Safety Zone
10424:Rape of Nanking: Undeniable history in photographs
10043:The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography
9117:
8696:
8420:"The Nanjing Incident: Recent Research and Trends"
8379:
8356:
7440:"The Nanjing Incident: Recent Research and Trends"
6965:
6324:For One Veteran, Emperor Visit Should Be Atonement
4807:
4805:
3784:. He was sentenced to death and executed in 1949.
2887:and murdered them. The victims were blown up with
2647:In a documentary film about the Nanjing Massacre,
1741:so that the Chinese could withdraw from the city.
10170:The Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe
10148:The Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe
10113:"War and reconciliation: a tale of two countries"
8577:"A (very) short history of Japan's war apologies"
8358:"China holds first Nanjing Massacre memorial day"
7682:
7374:
7090:"Denial of the Holocaust and the Rape of Nanking"
7069:"John Rabe's letter to Hitler, from Rabe's diary"
7037:The Good Man of Nanking, the Diaries of John Rabe
7019:The Good Man of Nanking, the Diaries of John Rabe
6991:The Good Man of Nanking, the Diaries of John Rabe
6982:
6668:The Good Man of Nanking, the Diaries of John Rabe
6249:The Good Man of Nanking, the Diaries of John Rabe
5243:. Jurist.law.pitt.edu. 2005-08-23. Archived from
5040:"War and reconciliation: a tale of two countries"
4987:(Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 43, 49–50
4974:(Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000), 43, 49–50
4762:
2849:, a minority Chinese group, the majority of them
2104:
1978:approximately 6,000 to 10,000 Chinese civilians.
14341:
14292:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
10552:The Nanjing Incident: Recent Research and Trends
10505:'No massacre in Nanjing,' Japanese lawmakers say
10489:Japanese Imperialism and the Massacre in Nanjing
9918:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
9082:
7223:
7221:
7030:
7028:
6345:
6285:
6174:Japanese Imperialism and the Massacre in Nanjing
4996:
4955:
4220:, only since the 1990s, through the revisionist
4060:Complete Investigation into the Nanjing Massacre
3901:David Askew, formerly an associate professor at
3504:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
3463:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
3365:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
3346:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
2534:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
1884:Retreating Chinese Troops' Scorched-Earth Policy
1733:on December 9. From this gunboat, Rabe sent two
1618:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
246:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
14262:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation
11970:Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War
10525:War and reconciliation: a tale of two countries
10365:Robert Sabella, Fei Fei Li and David Liu, eds.
10353:Purple Mountain: A Story of the Rape of Nanking
8824:
8697:Josh Chin & Yoree Koh (February 22, 2012).
8510:
8508:
8506:
7689:United States Department of State, ed. (1954).
6929:Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937-1945
6914:Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937-1945
6308:
5186:
4802:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4118:Many Japanese prime ministers have visited the
1965:Establishment of refugee camp at cement factory
1831:vividly describes how the 16th Division of the
13251:
12531:Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden
12462:Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885)
11837:Army groups of the National Revolutionary Army
10329:
10239:The Nanking Atrocity: An Interpretive Overview
9419:"The Chinese, Too, Have Much to Apologize For"
8755:"Tokyo governor backs Nanjing massacre denial"
8609:
8553:
8551:
8302:"More names on Nanjing Massacre memorial wall"
7663:
7521:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 60.
7433:
7431:
7429:
7427:
6943:"Internet History Sourcebooks: Modern History"
6481:"Why the Past Still Separates China and Japan"
4558:as "Nanking", and so the event was called the
4216:According to Guo-Qiang Liu and Fengqi Qian of
4086:
4051:According to Japanese historian and denialist
3954:List of war apology statements issued by Japan
2999:Nanking Safety Zone and the role of foreigners
2282:
1535:) was the mass murder of Chinese civilians in
13130:
12472:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885
12075:
11709:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
10573:
10512:college research paper by Joseph Chapel, 2004
9535:
9008:. Oxford University Press. pp. 123–124.
7218:
7025:
6749:Japan's Last Vets of Nanking Massacre Open Up
5671:
5321:"Five Western Journalists in the Doomed City"
3973:pronounced statements of mourning at Tokyo's
3216:
3077:A picture of a dead child. Probably taken by
2359:in order to safeguard civilians in the city.
2215:
2201:
1848:killing contest between two Japanese officers
1749:began to lob grenades into the refugee zone.
1498:
1013:
448:
414:
12000:Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists
11878:Anti-Japanese resistance volunteers in China
10466:BBC News: Nanjing remembers massacre victims
10426:Chicago: Innovative Publishing Group, 1997.
8774:"The Nanking 100-man killing contest debate"
8668:"Nagoya mayor won't budge on Nanjing remark"
8503:
7788:
7117:The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust
6266:(Documentary). New York: Filmmakers Library.
4678:
4406:Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform
4286:Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform
4058:Higashinakano published the denialist book,
3908:Hora Tomio, a Japanese history professor at
3645:introducing citations to additional sources
462:
13614:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
11451:Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
10137:
9939:
9636:
9634:
9632:
9449:
8931:"The Nanking Massacre: Fact Versus Fiction"
8699:"Japanese Official Denies Nanjing Massacre"
8548:
7424:
7123:
6029:
5994:
5959:
5294:. London. December 13, 2007. Archived from
5204:
5026:
4914:
4544:
3818:On December 13, 2014, China held its first
3146:stayed behind to provide a 16 mm film
3037:"Case 19 – January 30th, about 5 p.m.
1956:was a Christian missionary who established
1758:Japanese war crimes on the march to Nanjing
1676:, to fight the Chinese forces in Shanghai.
13137:
13123:
12082:
12068:
10580:
10566:
10471:Online Documentary: The Nanjing Atrocities
10102:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10074:(First Vintage Books ed.). New York.
9039:
8729:Nagoya mayor won't budge on Nanjing remark
7845:Japan's Battle of Okinawa, April–June 1945
7471:Iwanami Shinsho, Fujiwara Akira (editor).
6613:
6504:
6502:
4951:
4949:
4903:
4901:
4640:
4517:
4515:
4513:
3795:Memorial Hall for Nanjing Massacre victims
2309:1. Nankin Daigyakusatsu (Nanjing Massacre)
1846:Perhaps the most notorious atrocity was a
1505:
1491:
1020:
1006:
455:
441:
421:
407:
14355:Massacres of the Second Sino-Japanese War
14012:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
13627:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
12324:Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees
10277:Honda, Katsuichi, Sandness, Karen trans.
9836:"What Japanese history lessons leave out"
9057:
9001:
8665:
8162:
8160:
8079:"Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan"
7765:
7763:
7586:
7342:
7340:
7338:
7241:
7173:
7171:
7150:
7148:
7146:
6770:DÎVÂN DİSİPLİNLERARASI ÇALIŞMALAR DERGİSİ
6633:
6218:Documents on the Rape of Nanking, p. 254.
6130:America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915
5315:
5313:
5069:
3845:Yanziji Nanjing Massacre Memorial in 2004
3565:
2601:A girl who was raped by Japanese soldiers
2544:Japanese soldier Takokoro Kozo recalled:
1695:In a press release to foreign reporters,
1660:commenced on July 7, 1937, following the
13400:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement
10267:. Philadelphia: Oxford: Casemate, 2015.
10110:
9629:
9462:
8956:"Survivor of Nanking gets libel damages"
8771:
8757:. AFP. February 24, 2012. Archived from
8646:
8138:
7249:Japan's reactionaries waging culture war
7071:Population of Nanking, Jiyuu-shikan.org
6794:
6661:
6659:
6657:
6564:
5866:
5816:
5814:
5463:
5461:
5192:
5130:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze
5074:. Books for Libraries Press. p. 91.
4977:
4943:geographicus.com Retrieved 22 April 2020
4786:. pp. 2631, 2635, 2636, 2642–2645.
4498:, partly set during the Nanjing Massacre
4081:A number of scholars have said that the
4044:On June 19, 2007, a group of around 100
3635:Relevant discussion may be found on the
3569:
3391:
3305:
3290:
2927:
2864:
2822:
2810:
2733:Dead civilians by one of Nanjing's gates
2728:
2720:
2701:
2697:
2596:
2584:
2519:
2503:
2460:Contest to kill 100 people using a sword
2361:
2108:
2004:
1901:Establishment of the Nanking Safety Zone
1837:
1768:Contest to kill 100 people using a sword
1761:
1124:Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (1931–1936)
1065:Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (1894–1895)
10341:San Francisco: Long River Press, 2005.
10339:When the Purple Mountain Burns: A Novel
9712:
9677:
9468:
9386:
8237:The Rape of Nanking: A Historical Study
8071:
8069:
7813:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
6890:Rape of Nanking described by Missionary
6813:
6807:
6680:
6499:
6188:
5751:
5708:
5693:
5656:
5127:
5098:
4964:
4946:
4898:
4879:
4689:
4510:
4246:Japanese history textbook controversies
3456:
3280:
2082:
373:American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking
289:Japanese history textbook controversies
14342:
14210:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
10265:Nanjing 1937: Battle for a Doomed City
9982:
9729:"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan"
9662:
9416:
8812:from the original on November 15, 2018
8412:
8240:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
8157:
7760:
7618:
7511:
7335:
7196:
7194:
7168:
7143:
7087:
6911:
6705:from the original on 23 September 2023
6534:Library of Congress, ed. (1964–1974).
6424:from the original on 23 September 2023
6191:Nanjing 1937: Battle for a Doomed City
6126:
5898:
5867:Kamimura, Marina (16 September 1998).
5754:Nanjing 1937: Battle for a Doomed City
5733:from the original on 23 September 2023
5696:Nanjing 1937: Battle for a Doomed City
5659:Nanjing 1937: Battle for a Doomed City
5495:
5310:
5101:Nanjing 1937: Battle for a Doomed City
4882:Nanjing 1937: Battle for a Doomed City
4844:from the original on 23 September 2023
4778:Library of Congress, ed. (1964–1974).
4554:used at the time, the city's name was
4190:which also occurred in December 1937.
3881:Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre
3375:total of more than 300,000 victims."
3232:
3197:
2932:Japanese soldiers behead a Chinese man
2572:James M. McCallum wrote in his diary:
2557:, such as by penetrating vaginas with
1753:Approach of the Imperial Japanese Army
260:Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre
14400:Memory of the World Register in China
13118:
12577:Soviet deportations of Chinese people
12063:
11807:
11744:
11322:
10728:
10600:
10561:
10069:
10038:
9879:from the original on 11 November 2017
9788:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus
9735:from the original on 13 December 2014
9517:from the original on 13 February 2021
9431:from the original on 15 December 2021
9352:
8633:
8444:
8233:
8110:
7945:
7437:
7133:(New York: Scribner, 1950), 185–186.
7034:
7016:
6988:
6846:
6828:from the original on 14 December 2007
6814:Bristow, Michael (13 December 2007).
6803:from the original on 30 January 2021.
6665:
6654:
6642:from the original on 20 February 2023
6546:from the original on 14 December 2021
6399:
6246:
6227:
6184:
6182:
5947:
5932:
5854:
5820:
5811:
5778:from the original on 13 February 2021
5590:
5575:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5491:
5489:
5458:
5394:
5011:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4862:
4790:from the original on 14 December 2021
4209:would rather promote the "martyrs of
3428:
2047:, sent this order under the Prince's
1645:
1275:Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War
1001:
436:
83:From December 13, 1937, for six weeks
13619:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
13375:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
9959:from the original on 6 December 2007
9866:
9568:
9417:Mirsky, Jonathan (2 December 1998).
9317:
9230:from the original on August 16, 2017
9205:Yoshida, Takashi. The Making of the
9126:
9091:
8980:Author on Nanjing loses libel appeal
8654:The Making of the 'Rape of Nanking'.
8597:from the original on 20 October 2021
8166:
8066:
7975:
7530:
7456:
7396:
7346:
7307:
7273:
7227:
7177:
7154:
6816:"Nanjing remembers massacre victims"
6723:
6442:
6301:Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone
5266:"楽天が運営するポータルサイト : 【インフォシーク】Infoseek"
4819:
4817:
4750:from the original on 31 October 2022
3612:
2955:
2074:
2063:
1916:in the western quarter of the city.
14282:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
13529:East Asia Development Board (Kōain)
13144:
12681:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66
11847:Japanese armoured fighting vehicles
10897:Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army
10313:, Hong Kong University Press, 2004.
10306:, 13. 2 (March 2001) pp. 32–44
9802:
9715:The Making of the 'Rape of Nanking'
9562:
9536:Chang, Jung; Halliday, Jon (2005).
9473:The Making of the "Rape of Nanking"
9280:"Lessons from China's Great Famine"
9277:
9133:Yumiko Sato's Music Therapy Journal
9033:
8995:
8354:
8075:
7727:from the original on April 17, 2022
7619:Wudunn, Sheryl (13 December 1998).
7519:The Making of the "Rape of Nanking"
7191:
6763:
6496:states an estimate of 300,000 dead.
6479:Marquand, Robert (August 20, 2001)
6262:Choy, Christine (director) (1997).
5371:"Japan Lays Gain to Massing of Foe"
4731:
4146:As a component of national identity
3916:wrote a series of articles for the
3903:Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University
3608:
2453:
2351:headed by Rabe had formed a 15-man
2137:Pursuit and "mopping-up operations"
2091:John Rabe boarded the U.S. gunboat
2001:Prince Asaka appointed as commander
1942:On December 1, 1937, Nanjing Mayor
1691:Strategy for the defense of Nanjing
13:
12658:Legislation on Chinese Indonesians
12509:Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886
12493:1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka
11808:
10182:
9833:
9220:"Fury as Koizumi honours war dead"
9165:
8917:"Document - Gale Academic OneFile"
8709:from the original on July 19, 2017
8625:. December 1, 1998. Archived from
8400:from the original on June 27, 2023
8022:
7955:. New York: Routledge. p. x.
7906:Kokusai kensatsukyoku jinmonchôsho
6926:
6795:Van Ells, Mark D. (14 July 2009).
6776:from the original on 18 March 2014
6754:2017-01-16 at Wikiwix, Yahoo! News
6179:
6108:from the original on 7 August 2014
6053:from the original on 4 August 2018
6012:. Hong Kong University Press, 2004
5514:
5486:
4868:
4823:
4666:from the original on 17 April 2022
4494:, a novel by British crime writer
4166:asserted that the politics of the
3896:
3287:Death toll of the Nanjing Massacre
2651:, a former Japanese soldier named
2355:on November 22 and mapped out the
2157:Civilian population and evacuation
1679:In August 1937, the Japanese army
269:Death toll of the Nanjing Massacre
14:
14456:
11985:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
11323:
10445:
10369:(Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2002).
10111:Kingston, Jeff (10 August 2008).
9848:from the original on 16 June 2018
9617:from the original on 7 April 2022
9002:Schneider, Florian (2018-08-16).
8492:
8426:from the original on 5 April 2018
7114:
7096:from the original on 3 March 2016
6381:from the original on 21 June 2023
5960:Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (1991).
5446:from the original on 8 March 2017
4814:
4725:
4366:2005 anti-Japanese demonstrations
4201:According to American journalist
4102:Effect on international relations
3550:Grant of immunity to Prince Asaka
3174:On December 18, 1937, as General
3170:Matsui's reaction to the massacre
2919:Two days later, in his report to
2789:Secretary of the German Embassy,
2630:, the leader of the Safety Zone,
1723:Nanking International Safety Zone
13982:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
13250:
12815:Artificial Intelligence Cold War
12775:2014 Vietnam anti-China protests
12686:1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma
12043:
12033:
12024:
12023:
11990:Japanese occupation of Hong Kong
10804:East Hebei Autonomous Government
10729:
10367:Nanking 1937: Memory and Healing
10297:Documents on the Rape of Nanjing
10227:, Foreword by Paul Simon; 2000,
10197:Documents on the Rape of Nanjing
10072:Japan, 1941: Countdown to infamy
9947:"Nanjing massacre victims named"
9926:
9891:
9860:
9827:
9776:
9747:
9721:
9706:
9656:
9640:
9529:
9499:
9443:
9410:
9380:
9346:
9311:
9271:
9242:
9212:
9199:
9159:
9150:
9129:"日本語版ウィキペディアで「歴史修正主義」が広がる理由と解決策"
8962:
8948:
8923:
8909:
8878:
8853:
8798:
8765:
8747:
8721:
8690:
8659:
8641:The Unpredictability of the Past
8569:
8560:
8539:
8530:
8514:
8486:
8470:
8464:
8438:
8373:
8369:from the original on 2022-01-10.
8348:
8323:
8294:
8265:
8227:
8218:
8143:. New York: Quill. p. 395.
8132:
8104:
8016:
8002:
7988:
7969:
7939:
7925:
7911:
7898:
7872:
7850:
7837:
7819:
7801:
7710:
7631:
7612:
7524:
7498:Tennou no guntai to Nankin jiken
7486:
7465:
7450:
7390:
7301:
7267:
7247:Kingston, Jeff. March 1, 2014. "
7108:
7081:
7062:
7043:
7010:
6997:
6935:
6920:
6905:
6879:
6864:
6855:
6581:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2009.01341.x
5881:from the original on 22 May 2008
4827:The 1937–1938 Nanjing Atrocities
4349:
4335:
3991:Denials of the massacre in Japan
3885:According to Japanese historian
3862:
3850:
3838:
3628:relies largely or entirely on a
3617:
3534:
3519:
3495:
3370:According to the verdict of the
3314:According to American historian
3124:
3112:
3097:
3085:
3070:
3054:
1474:
1162:
1105:German Pacific possesions (1914)
47:
19:For the book by Iris Chang, see
14360:Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan
13997:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
12467:Chinese Immigration Act of 1885
11481:West Henan–North Hubei campaign
10403:Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity
10382:The Journal of Japanese Studies
10318:Watashino Jyugun Cyugoku-sensen
9399:from the original on 2023-09-23
9387:Martina, Michael (2014-07-03).
9369:from the original on 2021-12-15
9300:from the original on 2021-11-27
9260:from the original on 2018-06-30
9139:from the original on 2021-08-06
9106:from the original on 2022-03-14
9040:Gustafsson, Karl (2019-07-18).
9022:from the original on 2023-08-29
8937:from the original on 2008-04-20
8337:from the original on 2017-03-13
8312:from the original on 2016-12-11
8283:from the original on 2023-09-23
8254:from the original on 2023-09-23
8207:from the original on 2022-04-07
8173:The Journal of Japanese Studies
8055:from the original on 2022-10-07
7904:Awaya Kentarô, Yoshida Yutaka,
7777:from the original on 2022-12-13
7771:"Documents of Nanjing Massacre"
7699:from the original on 2016-03-04
7575:from the original on 2022-04-07
7459:Researching Japanese War Crimes
7413:from the original on 2016-03-03
7400:Researching Japanese War Crimes
7363:from the original on 2016-03-03
7350:Researching Japanese War Crimes
7324:from the original on 2016-03-03
7311:Researching Japanese War Crimes
7290:from the original on 2016-03-03
7277:Researching Japanese War Crimes
7231:Researching Japanese War Crimes
7181:Researching Japanese War Crimes
7158:Researching Japanese War Crimes
6953:from the original on 8 May 2023
6840:
6788:
6757:
6742:
6717:
6674:
6607:
6558:
6527:
6516:from the original on 2018-08-04
6436:
6393:
6367:
6270:
6255:
6240:
6221:
6212:
6197:
6151:
6120:
6094:
6083:from the original on 2018-08-04
6065:
6035:
6000:
5953:
5892:
5860:
5790:
5760:
5745:
5702:
5687:
5665:
5650:
5637:
5624:
5611:
5584:
5569:
5544:
5475:from the original on 2022-10-05
5428:
5417:from the original on 2019-08-19
5388:
5377:from the original on 2005-09-13
5363:
5352:from the original on 2017-07-03
5338:
5280:
5258:
5233:
5207:The Journal of Japanese Studies
5177:
5168:
5152:
5136:
5121:
5107:
5092:
5078:
5063:
5052:from the original on 2012-06-04
5032:
5005:
4990:
4985:Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity
4972:Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity
4927:
4525:, a humanitarian leader of the
3745:
3449:estimations were distorted by "
3250:diaries were also published by
3119:A pond filled with dead victims
1080:Manchuria and Korea (1904–1905)
313:Black Sun: The Nanking Massacre
14252:Japanese settlers in Manchuria
13370:Imperial Rescript on Education
13053:Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees
10915:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces
10814:Provisional Chinese Government
10687:Hebei–Chahar Political Council
10627:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
10601:
10049:University of California Press
9575:The American Historical Review
9450:Hillenbrand, Margaret (2020).
9226:. Melbourne. August 15, 2006.
8666:Jun Hongo (23 February 2012).
7976:Cook, Joan (23 January 1979).
7796:The American Historical Review
7385:The American Historical Review
6894:cbi-theater-1.home.comcast.net
6772:. cilt 15 (sayı 29): 139–141.
6279:The American Historical Review
5496:Møller, Gregers (2019-09-01).
4707:
4613:
4604:
4596:
4585:
4386:Changde chemical weapon attack
3962:, the Japanese prime minister
3874:
3762:, could have been implicated.
3297:Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall
2470:and its sister newspaper, the
2308:
2260:
2246:
2216:
2202:
2121:on the night of December 12.
2105:Assault and capture of Nanjing
480:1931–1937 (pre-war skirmishes)
284:Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall
1:
14365:Anti-Chinese violence in Asia
13703:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)
13609:Imperial General Headquarters
13200:Foreign commerce and shipping
12842:2024 Papua New Guinean unrest
12805:China–United States trade war
12670:Internment of Chinese-Indians
12583:Chinese Immigration Act, 1923
11929:Declaration by United Nations
11745:
11694:Yan'an Rectification Movement
11633:Kaimingjie germ weapon attack
10982:Collaborationist Chinese Army
10457:Documents of Nanjing Massacre
9867:Wang, Zheng (23 April 2014).
9254:The Christian Science Monitor
8386:. Columbia University Press.
6731:. p. 310. Archived from
6635:10.4000/chinaperspectives.571
6614:Jean-Louis, Margolin (2006).
6193:. Casemate. pp. 245–246.
5147:The World's Bloodiest History
4573:
4421:Kaimingjie germ weapon attack
3820:Nanjing Massacre Memorial Day
3770:together on 28 January 1948.
3136:
3065:of the Imperial Japanese Navy
2690:during this period of time,'
279:Nanjing Massacre Memorial Day
14435:Massacres committed by Japan
14385:Japanese war crimes in China
14030:Hirohito surrender broadcast
13430:Greater East Asia Conference
12847:Boycotts of Chinese products
12770:2013 Tiananmen Square attack
12702:1969 race riots of Singapore
12676:1964 race riots in Singapore
12363:2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639)
11898:Soviet invasion of Manchuria
11771:Chinese Communist Revolution
11714:Hirohito surrender broadcast
11684:Nine Power Treaty Conference
11421:Zhongtiao Mountains campaign
10419:104, 3 (June 1999). 842–865.
10405:, Praeger Publishers, 2000,
10384:, Vol. 26 No. 2 Summer 2000.
9834:Oi, Mariko (14 March 2013).
9813:[Nanjing massacre].
8894:. 2007-06-19. Archived from
8863:. 2007-06-19. Archived from
8838:. 2014-02-05. Archived from
8780:. Oxford: Berghahn. p.
8139:Brackman, Arnold C. (1988).
6689:University of Illinois Press
6163:Widespread Incidents of Rape
5717:University of Illinois Press
4578:
4442:Port Arthur massacre (China)
4296:
4222:Patriotic Education Campaign
3831:Memory of the World Register
3787:
3776:, the Chief of Staff of the
3486:(ritual suicide) during the
3329:George Washington University
3092:Prisoners being buried alive
3043:Nanjing Theological Seminary
1833:Shanghai Expeditionary Force
7:
14405:World War II sites in China
13415:Supreme Court of Judicature
12837:2021 Solomon Islands unrest
12827:COVID-19 pandemic incidents
12724:May 1998 riots of Indonesia
11603:Zhengding Missionary Murder
11431:1941-1942 Changsha campaign
11406:Hundred Regiments Offensive
10819:Reformed Chinese Government
10121:. p. 9. Archived from
9127:Sato, Yumiko (2021-01-09).
9092:Sato, Yumiko (2021-03-19).
9005:China's Digital Nationalism
8445:Askew, David (March 2001).
8234:Sheng, Zhang (2021-11-08).
7500:1998, Aoki shoten, p. 160;
7438:Askew, David (2002-04-04).
5905:The Search for Modern China
5619:Japan's imperial Conspiracy
5608:Chen, World War II Database
5593:Japan's Imperial Conspiracy
5578:Japan's Imperial Conspiracy
5395:Askew, David (April 2002).
4690:Smalley, Martha L. (1997).
4633:
4552:Chinese postal romanization
4328:
3889:, "When Japan accepted the
3755:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal
3736:
3445:To many Japanese scholars,
3372:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal
2797:to recommend its purchase.
2172:
1785:torture, arson and murder.
1549:National Revolutionary Army
1347:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
908:North Burma and West Yunnan
251:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal
241:Hundred man killing contest
10:
14461:
14440:Massacres of ethnic groups
14121:Second Philippine Republic
13899:Manchuria–Mongolia problem
12832:2021 Atlanta spa shootings
12696:13 May incident (Malaysia)
12664:Chinese Confession Program
12554:Vancouver anti-Asian riots
12498:Chinese head tax in Canada
12445:San Francisco riot of 1877
11658:Zhejiang-Jiangxi massacres
11638:Execution of Huang Yiguang
11583:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
11436:Japanese invasion of Burma
11396:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
11361:Northern and Eastern Henan
11246:Japanese and collaborators
11063:Japanese and collaborators
10908:Japanese and collaborators
10782:Japanese and collaborators
10712:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
10417:American Historical Review
9975:
9667:. Knopf. pp. 201–203.
9663:French, Howard W. (2017).
9353:Brown, Clayton D. (2014).
8969:english.peopledaily.com.cn
8772:Kasahara, Tokushi (2007).
8639:Gallicchio, Marc S. 2007.
8167:Yang, Daqing (June 1999).
8029:China Review International
7075:December 29, 2010, at the
6847:Frank, Richard B. (2020).
6764:Lei, Wan (February 2010).
6264:In the Name of the Emperor
6135:Cambridge University Press
5645:Kikan Sensō Sekinin Kenkyū
5070:Timberley, Harold (1969).
4997:Toshio Morimatsu (1975).
4956:Tokushi Kasahara (1997).
4732:Lee, Min (31 March 2010).
4431:List of massacres in China
4308:
4243:
3994:
3951:
3878:
3719:
3284:
3217:Recall of Matsui and Asaka
2649:In the Name of the Emperor
2457:
2067:
1904:
1666:Chinese Nationalist Forces
1662:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
1649:
1597:control of German citizen
1387:Sunflower Student Movement
1372:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis
1367:Wild Lily student movement
1337:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
1029:Military campaigns of the
18:
14445:Rape with foreign objects
14229:
14202:
14144:
14098:
14055:
14048:
14002:Japan during World War II
13962:Pacification of Manchukuo
13932:
13862:
13854:Invasion of Taiwan (1895)
13849:Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
13787:
13780:
13731:
13718:Control Faction (Tōseiha)
13671:
13597:
13590:
13537:
13455:
13448:
13440:Imperial Japanese Airways
13347:
13294:
13259:
13248:
13152:
13091:
13033:
12938:
12902:
12866:
12859:
12800:2015 Aksu colliery attack
12750:2008 Kunming bus bombings
12732:
12540:
12397:
12376:
12349:
12342:
12306:
12194:
12148:
12121:The Unparalleled Invasion
12098:
12019:
11937:
11906:
11870:
11857:Japanese infantry weapons
11824:
11820:
11803:
11751:
11740:
11676:
11545:
11499:
11441:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
11333:
11329:
11318:
11245:
11214:
11207:
11062:
11001:
10994:
10907:
10845:
10836:
10781:
10746:
10739:
10735:
10724:
10642:Defense of the Great Wall
10632:Pacification of Manchukuo
10607:
10596:
10387:Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi
10330:
10039:Fogel, Joshua A. (2000).
9713:Yoshida, Takashi (2006).
9469:Yoshida, Takashi (2006).
9166:Pu, Xiaoyu (2005-09-30).
8832:"百田氏が選挙応援演説 NHK経営委員、持論展開"
8808:. BBC. February 4, 2014.
8744:, 23 February 2012, p. 2.
8408:– via Google Books.
8355:AFP (December 13, 2014).
7639:"THE FORGOTTEN HOLOCAUST"
7494:Nankin jiken o dou miruka
7473:Nankin jiken O Dou Miruka
6493:Christian Science Monitor
4884:. Casemate. p. 145.
4622:
4436:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
4096:
4087:
3400:from the Nanjing Massacre
3209:On 18 February 1938, the
3107:of the massacre's victims
3010:By February 5, 1938, the
3004:greater by all accounts.
2985:On 17 December, chairman
2902:U.S. news correspondents
2568:On 19 December 1937, the
2494:Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun
2473:Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun
2379:
2321:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2283:
2276:
2271:
2253:
2239:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2209:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2179:
1927:and the existence of the
1856:and the English-language
1853:Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun
1773:Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun
1282:Constitutional government
1070:Liaodong Peninsula (1895)
1040:
530:Pacification of Manchukuo
476:
165:
131:
123:
115:
87:
79:
61:
46:
38:
33:
13977:Second Sino-Japanese War
13924:Racial Equality Proposal
13504:Agriculture and Commerce
12785:April 2014 Ürümqi attack
12594:Second Sino-Japanese War
12423:Chinese massacre of 1871
12319:Asiatic Exclusion League
11883:American Volunteer Group
11643:New Fourth Army incident
11628:Tientsin Incident (1939)
11553:Tientsin Incident (1931)
11537:Battle of Guilin–Liuzhou
11476:1944-1945 Burma campaign
11401:Zaoyang–Yichang campaign
11381:Suixian–Zaoyang campaign
10853:Nationalist Armed Forces
10589:Second Sino-Japanese War
10431:Eyewitnesses to Massacre
10422:Young, Shi; Yin, James.
10391:, Berghahn Books, 2007,
9810:
9809:"Nankin dai gyakusatsu"
9692:10.1177/0009445519834365
9059:10.1177/0047117819864410
8652:Yoshida, Takashi. 2006.
8622:NewsHour with Jim Lehrer
7949:Eyewitnesses to Massacre
6681:Vautrin, Minnie (2008).
6670:. pp. 67, 187, 281.
6176:, translated by R. Grey.
5910:W. W. Norton and Company
5829:Cornell University Press
5821:Dixon, Jennifer (2018).
5709:Vautrin, Minnie (2008).
5698:. Casemate. p. 243.
5676:
5132:. Casemate. p. 252.
5072:Japanese Terror in China
4998:
4957:
4830:. Springer. p. 33.
4503:
4239:
4154:
4085:version of the article (
4046:Liberal Democratic Party
3812:", which opened in 2006.
3387:The diaries of John Rabe
2197:Traditional Chinese
2153:' or 'handling' Jews."
1897:$ 20–30 million (1937).
1866:national fighting spirit
1707:, a German national and
1658:Second Sino-Japanese War
1553:Second Sino-Japanese War
1543:, immediately after the
1265:Second Sino-Japanese War
1139:Asia-Pacific (1941–1945)
467:Second Sino-Japanese War
213:Battle of Nanking (1937)
194:This article is part of
13894:Washington Naval Treaty
13839:Anglo–Japanese Alliance
13824:First Sino-Japanese War
13643:Nuclear weapons program
13385:Great Japan Youth Party
13312:National seals of Japan
12915:Ita Martadinata Haryono
12795:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot
12745:Abacus Bank prosecution
12368:Sangley Massacre (1662)
11914:Sino-German cooperation
11781:Treaty of San Francisco
11578:Murder of Pamela Werner
11517:1944 Battle of Changsha
11512:Battle of Central Henan
11491:Second Guangxi campaign
11268:Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu
10946:Manchukuo Armed Forces
10771:Chinese Communist Party
10657:Inner Mongolia Campaign
9479:Oxford University Press
9046:International Relations
8984:search.japantimes.co.jp
7946:Zhang, Kaiyuan (2015).
7088:Chapel, Joseph (2004).
7035:Woods, John E. (1998).
7017:Woods, John E. (1998).
6989:Woods, John E. (1998).
6947:sourcebooks.fordham.edu
6666:Woods, John E. (1998).
6449:. Abacus. p. 193.
6247:Woods, John E. (1998).
6228:Zhang, Kaiyuan (2001).
6189:Harmsen, Peter (2015).
6030:Rabe & Wickert 1998
5977:(1): 15. Archived from
5756:. Casemate. p. 54.
5752:Harmsen, Peter (2015).
5694:Harmsen, Peter (2015).
5657:Harmsen, Peter (2015).
5128:Harmsen, Peter (2013).
5103:. Casemate. p. 58.
5099:Harmsen, Peter (2015).
5027:Rabe & Wickert 1998
4880:Harmsen, Peter (2015).
4303:Dalfram Dispute of 1938
4234:Sino-Japanese relations
4108:Sino-Japanese relations
4003:Sino-Japanese relations
3997:Nanjing Massacre denial
3558:officials interrogated
2622:. I think he will live.
2499:
2211:Simplified Chinese
1950:government of Nanjing.
1725:Committee, boarded the
1640:Sino-Japanese relations
1634:The massacre remains a
1547:and the retreat of the
1397:2017 Summer Universiade
1134:French Indochina (1940)
380:The Good Man of Nanking
355:The Truth about Nanjing
274:Nanjing Massacre denial
13942:Shōwa financial crisis
13734:Imperial Japanese Navy
13674:Imperial Japanese Army
13405:Peace Preservation Law
12790:May 2014 Ürümqi attack
12755:July 2009 Ürümqi riots
12548:White Australia policy
12091:Anti-Chinese sentiment
11893:Soviet Volunteer Group
11761:Double Tenth Agreement
11719:Chongqing Negotiations
11426:1941 Changsha campaign
11391:First Guangxi campaign
11386:1939 Changsha campaign
11253:Prince Kan'in Kotohito
10882:Communist Armed Forces
10672:Chin–Doihara Agreement
10518:Original reports from
9816:Encyclopedia Nipponica
9759:spice.fsi.stanford.edu
9538:Mao: The Unknown Story
6899:July 23, 2011, at the
5672:Noboru Kojima (1984).
4226:Century of Humiliation
4068:Supreme Court of Japan
4022:On February 24, 2012,
4011:On February 20, 2012,
3734:
3578:
3566:Evidence and testimony
3474:Prince Kan'in Kotohito
3401:
3338:
3325:
3311:
3300:
3195:
3185:
2996:
2971:Imperial Japanese Army
2933:
2900:
2873:
2839:
2828:
2820:
2809:
2783:
2770:
2744:
2734:
2726:
2712:Imperial Japanese Army
2707:
2662:
2645:
2628:Imperial Japanese Army
2624:
2602:
2594:
2579:
2551:
2529:
2517:
2467:Osaka Mainichi Shimbun
2444:
2431:
2415:
2403:
2377:
2367:
2117:
2013:
1843:
1821:
1813:
1781:
1776:. The headline reads,
1601:, who had founded the
1557:Imperial Japanese Army
1352:Project National Glory
1312:Retrocession of Taiwan
1260:Nationalist Government
961:West Henan–North Hubei
320:City of Life and Death
136:Imperial Japanese Army
14415:1937 murders in China
13884:Siberian Intervention
13693:Railways and Shipping
13509:Commerce and Industry
13205:Industrial production
13104:Hong Kong nationalism
12740:2006 Nukuʻalofa riots
12719:1997 Banjarmasin riot
12514:Hells Canyon Massacre
12487:Rock Springs massacre
12477:Issaquah riot of 1885
12456:Chinese Exclusion Act
12384:1740 Batavia massacre
12186:Plaek Phibunsongkhram
12161:Andrew Jackson Bryant
11568:North Chahar incident
11563:Pingdingshan massacre
10682:December 9th Movement
10662:North Chahar incident
10304:Sino-Japanese Studies
9650:Sino-Japanese Studies
9569:Yang, Daqing (1999).
9456:Duke University Press
8761:on February 25, 2012.
8629:on February 22, 2008.
8524:Sino-Japanese Studies
8480:Sino-Japanese Studies
8454:Sino-Japanese Studies
8076:Bix, Herbert (2001).
7531:Yang, Daqing (2001).
7475:, 1998, Aoki shoten,
7457:Drea, Edward (2006).
7397:Drea, Edward (2006).
7347:Drea, Edward (2006).
7308:Drea, Edward (2006).
7274:Drea, Edward (2006).
7228:Drea, Edward (2006).
7206:norman.hrc.utexas.edu
7178:Drea, Edward (2006).
7155:Drea, Edward (2006).
6912:Mitter, Rana (2013).
5970:Sino-Japanese Studies
5681:Sino-Japanese war (3)
5404:Sino-Japanese Studies
5029:, pp. 56, 59–60.
5014:Sino-Japanese Studies
4376:Bernhard Arp Sindberg
4033:On February 3, 2014,
3879:Further information:
3729:
3575:Harold John Timperley
3573:
3395:
3333:
3320:
3309:
3294:
3190:
3180:
3160:University of Nanjing
2991:
2936:Ralph L. Phillips, a
2931:
2896:
2868:
2834:
2826:
2814:
2799:
2785:On 10 February 1938,
2774:
2765:
2739:
2732:
2724:
2705:
2698:Massacre of civilians
2667:, author of the book
2657:
2636:
2611:
2600:
2588:
2574:
2549:would also kill them.
2546:
2523:
2507:
2439:
2426:
2424:and historian, wrote:
2420:, a British-American
2410:
2398:
2372:
2365:
2112:
2018:Prince Yasuhiko Asaka
2010:Prince Yasuhiko Asaka
2008:
1975:Bernhard Arp Sindberg
1958:Ginling Girls College
1841:
1827:('Living Soldiers'),
1817:
1809:
1765:
1607:Prince Yasuhiko Asaka
1539:, the capital of the
141:Prince Yasuhiko Asaka
14375:December 1937 events
14297:Political dissidence
14146:Occupied territories
13889:General Election Law
13713:Taiwan Army of Japan
12760:2011 Kashgar attacks
12504:Seattle riot of 1886
12450:New Zealand head tax
12389:1782 Saigon massacre
12128:Japanese nationalism
11862:Military engagements
11623:1938 Dalfram dispute
11527:Battle of Mount Song
11411:South Henan campaign
11356:Bombing of Chongqing
11110:Naruhiko Higashikuni
10972:Inner Mongolian Army
10809:Great Way Government
10677:August 1 Declaration
10429:Zhang, Kaiyuan, ed.
10248:Galbraith, Douglas,
9511:Global Risk Insights
9359:Education About Asia
7886:on February 18, 2010
6888:, 16 December 1943,
6724:Yang, Celia (2006).
6400:Chang, Iris (2014).
6127:Winter, Jay (2009).
5772:Global Risk Insights
5674:Ni~Tsu Chū sensō (3)
5247:on February 25, 2011
4865:, p. backcover.
4634:Nankin Daigyakusatsu
4290:New History Textbook
4138:(1959–1961) and the
4136:Great Chinese famine
3768:executed by shooting
3641:improve this article
3457:War crimes tribunals
3281:Death toll estimates
2815:Original caption by
2589:Original caption by
2435:Villanova University
2261:Nan-ching Ta-t'u-sha
2149:were to talk about '
2083:Demand for surrender
1969:At the age of 26, a
1317:February 28 Incident
14380:January 1938 events
14322: /
14116:Wang Jingwei regime
14026:Potsdam Declaration
14017:Soviet–Japanese War
13972:Anti-Comintern Pact
13967:January 28 incident
13952:London Naval Treaty
13829:Triple Intervention
13658:Supreme War Council
13542:deliberative bodies
13099:Chinese imperialism
12780:2014 Kunming attack
12636:Home Office 213/926
12624:Sook Ching massacre
12612:Japanese war crimes
12588:Wanpaoshan Incident
12482:Tacoma riot of 1885
12439:Trout Creek Outrage
11945:Japanese propaganda
11756:Occupation of Japan
11593:Guanganmen incident
11558:January 28 incident
11466:1944 Burma campaign
11456:West Hubei campaign
10824:Wang Jingwei regime
10707:Second United Front
10637:January 28 incident
10401:Yamamoto, Masahiro
10211:Nanking Safety Zone
10070:Hotta, Eri (2013).
9985:Monumenta Nipponica
9955:. 4 December 2007.
9763:Stanford University
9513:. 27 October 2016.
9278:Mao, Yushi (2014).
9181:(3). Archived from
9102:. The Slate Group.
8842:on February 7, 2014
8703:Wall Street Journal
8582:The Washington Post
8023:Lu, Suping (2013).
7858:"「松井石根研究会」の必要性について"
7039:. pp. 275–278.
6973:The Rape of Nanking
6691:. pp. xi–xii.
6568:Sociological Theory
6443:Rabe, John (2000).
6377:. 4 December 2013.
6357:The Rape of Nanking
6316:The Rape of Nanking
6293:The Rape of Nanking
6104:. Museums.cnd.org.
6032:, pp. 281–282.
5900:Spence, Jonathan D.
5774:. 27 October 2016.
5632:The Rape of Nanking
5298:on January 28, 2012
4983:Masahiro Yamamoto,
4970:Masahiro Yamamoto,
4824:Lu, Suping (2019).
4719:The Rape of Nanking
4601:traditional Chinese
4527:Nanking Safety Zone
4140:Cultural Revolution
4129:Japanese militarism
4053:Shūdō Higashinakano
3984:The Rape of Nanjing
3891:Potsdam Declaration
3414:The Rape of Nanjing
3233:Evidence collection
3223:Supreme War Council
3198:End of the massacre
2716:Nanking Safety Zone
2357:Nanking Safety Zone
2303:Traditional Hepburn
1933:Anti-Comintern Pact
1919:German businessman
1907:Nanking Safety Zone
1850:as reported in the
1770:" published in the
1766:An article on the "
1685:hand-to-hand combat
1245:Northern Expedition
1110:Siberia (1918–1922)
888:Sichuan (cancelled)
387:The Rape of Nanking
306:The Battle of China
232:Japanese war crimes
218:Nanjing Safety Zone
172:Anti-Chinese racism
22:The Rape of Nanking
14420:Massacres of women
14326:32.050°N 118.767°E
13844:Russo-Japanese War
13814:Two Lords Incident
13469:Imperial Household
12713:Cambodian genocide
12650:Mergosono massacre
12630:Changkiao massacre
12606:Nanshitou Massacre
12411:Lambing Flat riots
12314:Anti-Chinese Union
12244:Racism in Malaysia
12156:Adriaan Valckenier
12116:Chinese emigration
11852:Japanese campaigns
11832:Aerial engagements
11791:Murayama Statement
11724:Surrender of Japan
11689:Konoe Declarations
11668:Gegenmiao massacre
11663:Changjiao massacre
11613:USS Panay incident
11532:Battle of Hengyang
11522:Siege of Myitkyina
10667:He–Umezu Agreement
10540:2019-04-15 at the
10476:2019-02-21 at the
9424:The New York Times
8989:2009-05-22 at the
8974:2009-05-21 at the
8734:2012-07-13 at the
7982:The New York Times
7919:"Robert O. Wilson"
7675:2007-12-13 at the
7625:The New York Times
7492:Yoshida, Hiroshi.
7254:2021-01-16 at the
7129:Shinsho Hanayama,
7055:2013-07-22 at the
6621:China Perspectives
6486:2016-03-03 at the
6322:Catherine Rosair,
6168:2012-03-24 at the
6017:2023-08-04 at the
5935:, pp. 31, 47.
5591:Bergamini, David.
5576:Bergamini, David.
4939:2020-05-17 at the
4593:simplified Chinese
4523:Miner Searle Bates
4391:Changjiao massacre
4371:Bataan Death March
4315:Xinhua News Agency
4083:Japanese Knowledge
3960:Surrender of Japan
3778:Japanese 10th Army
3656:"Nanjing Massacre"
3599:Lewis S. C. Smythe
3587:Miner Searle Bates
3579:
3429:Range and duration
3402:
3381:, Chairman of the
3312:
3301:
3295:A monument at the
3275:battle of Shanghai
3152:Lewis S. C. Smythe
2966:The New York Times
2934:
2922:The New York Times
2913:The New York Times
2874:
2829:
2821:
2735:
2727:
2708:
2605:On March 7, 1938,
2603:
2595:
2530:
2518:
2368:
2118:
2014:
1844:
1782:
1701:Battle of Shanghai
1646:Military situation
1580:capturing Shanghai
1392:2015 Ma–Xi meeting
1377:Anti-Secession Law
1235:Beiyang Government
678:Yellow River flood
592:Railway Operation
334:The Flowers of War
327:Don't Cry, Nanking
14410:Genocides in Asia
14395:Massacres in 1938
14390:Massacres in 1937
14305:
14304:
14277:Socialist thought
14225:
14224:
14164:Dutch East Indies
14126:Empire of Vietnam
14044:
14043:
13819:Satsuma Rebellion
13799:Meiji Restoration
13776:
13775:
13586:
13585:
13524:Greater East Asia
13410:Political parties
13365:Foreign relations
13112:
13111:
13046:Chinaman's chance
13029:
13028:
12996:Mi Gao Huang Chen
12966:Franklin Feng Tao
12855:
12854:
12617:Three Alls Policy
12428:Pigtail Ordinance
12357:Sangley Rebellion
12057:
12056:
12015:
12014:
12011:
12010:
11965:On Protracted War
11842:Japanese Aircraft
11799:
11798:
11736:
11735:
11732:
11731:
11648:Panjiayu massacre
11588:Langfang Incident
11507:Battle of Lanfeng
11486:Zhijiang campaign
11471:Operation Ichi-Go
11416:Shanggao campaign
11376:Nanchang campaign
11341:Shanghai campaign
11314:
11313:
11310:
11309:
11306:
11305:
11203:
11202:
11140:Shigetarō Shimada
11080:Kiichirō Hiranuma
10995:Political Leaders
10990:
10989:
10887:Eighth Route Army
10832:
10831:
10754:Republic of China
10720:
10719:
10692:Wayaobu Manifesto
10617:Chinese Civil War
10316:Murase, Moriyasu,
10250:A Winter in China
10245:October 23, 2007.
10237:Fujiwara, Akira "
10216:Kelly & Walsh
10209:Documents of the
10125:on 5 October 2016
9320:The China Journal
9015:978-0-19-087681-4
8247:978-3-11-065289-5
7868:on July 21, 2011.
7843:Thomas M. Huber,
7798:104 (1999), p. 4.
7748:Missing or empty
7517:Takashi Yoshida,
7119:. pp. 51–52.
6698:978-0-252-03332-2
6456:978-0-349-11141-4
6318:, p. 89, citing:
6282:104 (1999), p. 7.
6144:978-1-139-45018-8
5726:978-0-252-03332-2
5617:David Bergamini,
5088:. pp. 63–65.
4999:戦史叢書: 支那事変陸軍作戦(1)
4631:
4477:Three Alls Policy
4462:Panjiayu Massacre
4230:national identity
4218:Deakin University
4124:Junichiro Koizumi
4028:Shintaro Ishihara
3964:Tomiichi Murayama
3941:Nanjing City Wall
3910:Waseda University
3782:Dutch East Indies
3706:
3705:
3691:
3488:Battle of Okinawa
3435:Battle of Nanking
3363:According to the
3240:Kesago Nakajima's
3079:Bernhard Sindberg
3063:Kisarazu Air Unit
2956:Looting and arson
2904:F. Tillman Durdin
2561:, long sticks of
2325:
2324:
2317:
2316:
2267:
2266:
2234:Standard Mandarin
2164:Tanka boat people
2075:Siege of the city
2070:Battle of Nanking
2064:Battle of Nanjing
2058:international law
1652:Battle of Nanking
1605:. On December 5,
1545:Battle of Nanking
1541:Republic of China
1515:
1514:
1481:Taiwan portal
1382:100th anniversary
1255:Chinese Civil War
1250:Shanghai massacre
1230:Provisional Gov't
1156:Republic of China
1147:
1146:
1075:China (1899–1901)
995:
994:
854:Yunnan-Burma Road
792:Hundred Regiments
564:Marco Polo Bridge
431:
430:
189:
188:
74:Republic of China
41:Battle of Nanking
14452:
14350:Nanjing Massacre
14337:
14336:
14334:
14333:
14332:
14327:
14323:
14320:
14319:
14318:
14315:
14267:Shinmin no Michi
14257:Internment camps
14169:French Indochina
14053:
14052:
13904:Taishō Democracy
13785:
13784:
13708:Japanese holdout
13595:
13594:
13519:Colonial Affairs
13453:
13452:
13380:Yokusan Sonendan
13286:
13278:
13270:
13254:
13253:
13180:Economic history
13139:
13132:
13125:
13116:
13115:
13083:Sick man of Asia
13073:Locust/Wongchung
12991:Leung Chi-cheung
12864:
12863:
12822:China Initiative
12600:Nanking Massacre
12566:Torreón massacre
12520:Scott Act (1888)
12434:Page Act of 1875
12347:
12346:
12291:China Initiative
12084:
12077:
12070:
12061:
12060:
12047:
12037:
12027:
12026:
11822:
11821:
11805:
11804:
11786:Treaty of Taipei
11766:Retrocession Day
11742:
11741:
11699:Cairo Conference
11677:Political events
11653:Rape of Nancheng
11618:Kweilin incident
11608:Nanking Massacre
11461:Changde campaign
11351:Nanjing campaign
11346:Taiyuan campaign
11331:
11330:
11320:
11319:
11212:
11211:
11208:Military Leaders
11115:Seishirō Itagaki
11070:Emperor Hirohito
10999:
10998:
10935:Navy Air Service
10925:Army Air Service
10843:
10842:
10744:
10743:
10737:
10736:
10726:
10725:
10697:Suiyuan campaign
10598:
10597:
10582:
10575:
10568:
10559:
10558:
10333:
10332:
10263:Harmsen, Peter.
10252:, London, 2006.
10166:
10134:
10132:
10130:
10107:
10101:
10093:
10066:
10047:. Berkeley, CA:
10046:
10016:
9969:
9968:
9966:
9964:
9943:
9937:
9930:
9924:
9923:
9917:
9909:
9907:
9906:
9895:
9889:
9888:
9886:
9884:
9864:
9858:
9857:
9855:
9853:
9831:
9825:
9824:
9806:
9800:
9799:
9797:
9795:
9780:
9774:
9773:
9771:
9769:
9751:
9745:
9744:
9742:
9740:
9725:
9719:
9718:
9710:
9704:
9703:
9675:
9669:
9668:
9660:
9654:
9653:
9647:
9638:
9627:
9626:
9624:
9622:
9566:
9560:
9559:
9533:
9527:
9526:
9524:
9522:
9503:
9497:
9496:
9476:
9466:
9460:
9459:
9447:
9441:
9440:
9438:
9436:
9414:
9408:
9407:
9405:
9404:
9384:
9378:
9377:
9375:
9374:
9350:
9344:
9343:
9315:
9309:
9308:
9306:
9305:
9299:
9284:
9275:
9269:
9268:
9266:
9265:
9246:
9240:
9239:
9237:
9235:
9216:
9210:
9203:
9197:
9196:
9194:
9193:
9187:
9172:
9163:
9157:
9154:
9148:
9147:
9145:
9144:
9124:
9115:
9114:
9112:
9111:
9089:
9080:
9079:
9061:
9037:
9031:
9030:
9028:
9027:
8999:
8993:
8966:
8960:
8959:
8958:. 18 April 2009.
8952:
8946:
8945:
8943:
8942:
8927:
8921:
8920:
8913:
8907:
8906:
8904:
8903:
8898:on June 25, 2014
8882:
8876:
8875:
8873:
8872:
8857:
8851:
8850:
8848:
8847:
8828:
8822:
8821:
8819:
8817:
8802:
8796:
8795:
8769:
8763:
8762:
8751:
8745:
8725:
8719:
8718:
8716:
8714:
8694:
8688:
8687:
8685:
8683:
8674:. Archived from
8663:
8657:
8650:
8644:
8637:
8631:
8630:
8613:
8607:
8606:
8604:
8602:
8573:
8567:
8564:
8558:
8555:
8546:
8543:
8537:
8534:
8528:
8527:
8521:
8512:
8501:
8500:
8490:
8484:
8483:
8477:
8468:
8462:
8461:
8451:
8442:
8436:
8435:
8433:
8431:
8422:. 4 April 2002.
8416:
8410:
8409:
8407:
8405:
8377:
8371:
8370:
8360:
8352:
8346:
8345:
8343:
8342:
8327:
8321:
8320:
8318:
8317:
8306:www.china.org.cn
8298:
8292:
8291:
8289:
8288:
8269:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8259:
8231:
8225:
8222:
8216:
8215:
8213:
8212:
8164:
8155:
8154:
8136:
8130:
8129:
8108:
8102:
8101:
8081:
8073:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8060:
8035:(3/4): 259–282.
8020:
8014:
8013:
8006:
8000:
7999:
7992:
7986:
7985:
7973:
7967:
7966:
7954:
7943:
7937:
7936:
7929:
7923:
7922:
7915:
7909:
7902:
7896:
7895:
7893:
7891:
7882:. Archived from
7876:
7870:
7869:
7864:. Archived from
7854:
7848:
7841:
7835:
7823:
7817:
7805:
7799:
7792:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7782:
7767:
7758:
7757:
7751:
7746:
7744:
7736:
7734:
7732:
7726:
7714:
7708:
7707:
7705:
7704:
7686:
7680:
7667:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7657:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7616:
7610:
7609:
7603:
7593:Tokushi Kasahara
7590:
7584:
7583:
7581:
7580:
7536:
7528:
7522:
7515:
7509:
7490:
7484:
7469:
7463:
7462:
7454:
7448:
7447:
7442:. Archived from
7435:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7418:
7412:
7405:
7394:
7388:
7381:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7368:
7362:
7355:
7344:
7333:
7332:
7330:
7329:
7323:
7316:
7305:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7295:
7289:
7282:
7271:
7265:
7245:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7225:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7212:
7198:
7189:
7188:
7186:
7175:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7152:
7141:
7127:
7121:
7120:
7112:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7101:
7085:
7079:
7066:
7060:
7047:
7041:
7040:
7032:
7023:
7022:
7014:
7008:
7001:
6995:
6994:
6986:
6980:
6969:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6939:
6933:
6932:
6924:
6918:
6917:
6909:
6903:
6883:
6877:
6868:
6862:
6859:
6853:
6852:
6844:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6811:
6805:
6804:
6797:"Nanjing, China"
6792:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6781:
6761:
6755:
6746:
6740:
6739:
6738:on 12 June 2007.
6737:
6730:
6721:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6710:
6678:
6672:
6671:
6663:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6637:
6611:
6605:
6604:
6562:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6551:
6542:. p. 2538.
6531:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6506:
6497:
6477:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6386:
6371:
6365:
6349:
6343:
6331:Nanking Outrages
6312:
6306:
6295:, p. 95, citing:
6289:
6283:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6259:
6253:
6252:
6244:
6238:
6237:
6225:
6219:
6216:
6210:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6186:
6177:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6098:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6069:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6039:
6033:
6027:
6021:
6004:
5998:
5995:Wakabayashi 2000
5992:
5986:
5985:
5984:on 21 July 2011.
5983:
5966:
5957:
5951:
5945:
5936:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5896:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5886:
5864:
5858:
5852:
5843:
5842:
5818:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5764:
5758:
5757:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5654:
5648:
5641:
5635:
5628:
5622:
5615:
5609:
5606:
5597:
5596:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5523:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5493:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5469:"Minnie Vautrin"
5465:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5416:
5401:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5323:. Archived from
5317:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5276:on May 12, 2006.
5272:. Archived from
5262:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5202:
5196:
5190:
5184:
5181:
5175:
5172:
5166:
5159:Honda, Katsuichi
5156:
5150:
5140:
5134:
5133:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5036:
5030:
5024:
5018:
5017:
5009:
5003:
5002:
4994:
4988:
4981:
4975:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4953:
4944:
4931:
4925:
4918:
4912:
4905:
4896:
4895:
4877:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4821:
4812:
4809:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4775:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4744:Associated Press
4729:
4723:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4687:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4665:
4652:
4644:
4638:
4636:
4626:
4624:
4615:
4606:
4598:
4589:
4567:
4560:Nanking Massacre
4548:
4542:
4519:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4345:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4264:
4203:Howard W. French
4184:biography of Mao
4164:Rape of Nanjing,
4092:
4091:
4077:
4013:Takashi Kawamura
3866:
3854:
3842:
3701:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3649:
3621:
3613:
3609:Matsui's defense
3583:Robert O. Wilson
3554:On May 1, 1946,
3538:
3523:
3499:
3467:Hague Convention
3451:victor's justice
3405:Harold Timperley
3353:Tokushi Kasahara
3164:Japanese embassy
3128:
3116:
3101:
3089:
3074:
3058:
2908:Archibald Steele
2752:Robert O. Wilson
2692:Yoshimi Yoshiaki
2681:acts; sons were
2618:was outside the
2607:Robert O. Wilson
2486:Jiangsu Province
2454:Massacre contest
2313:
2312:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2263:
2262:
2249:
2248:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2205:
2204:
2181:Nanjing Massacre
2177:
2176:
2033:Heisuke Yanagawa
1858:Japan Advertiser
1829:Tatsuzō Ishikawa
1779:
1681:invaded Shanghai
1614:ferocious battle
1584:killing contests
1519:Nanjing Massacre
1507:
1500:
1493:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1463:the Taiwan issue
1327:Exodus to Taiwan
1300:
1269:Nanjing Massacre
1213:
1166:
1150:
1149:
1035:
1033:
1022:
1015:
1008:
999:
998:
882:Zhejiang–Jiangxi
758:Winter Offensive
655:North-East Henan
586:Sihang Warehouse
471:
470:
468:
457:
450:
443:
434:
433:
423:
416:
409:
204:Nanjing Massacre
191:
190:
182:Ultranationalism
145:granted immunity
51:
34:Nanjing Massacre
31:
30:
14460:
14459:
14455:
14454:
14453:
14451:
14450:
14449:
14370:History of Asia
14340:
14339:
14331:32.050; 118.767
14330:
14328:
14324:
14321:
14316:
14313:
14311:
14309:
14308:
14306:
14301:
14287:Yasukuni Shrine
14221:
14198:
14140:
14094:
14040:
13992:Tripartite Pact
13987:Rape of Nanking
13928:
13914:Tapani incident
13858:
13834:Boxer Rebellion
13792:
13772:
13736:
13727:
13676:
13667:
13602:
13582:
13576:Representatives
13544:
13541:
13540:Legislative and
13533:
13499:Foreign Affairs
13462:
13459:
13444:
13343:
13322:Government Seal
13307:Rising Sun Flag
13290:
13284:
13276:
13268:
13255:
13246:
13148:
13146:Empire of Japan
13143:
13113:
13108:
13087:
13025:
12934:
12898:
12851:
12728:
12707:Malari incident
12572:1918 Kudus riot
12536:
12417:Anti-Coolie Act
12393:
12372:
12338:
12302:
12249:Ketuanan Melayu
12222:Racism in Japan
12190:
12144:
12140:De-Sinicization
12094:
12088:
12058:
12053:
12007:
11950:Kumul Rebellion
11933:
11902:
11866:
11816:
11815:
11795:
11747:
11728:
11672:
11598:Tongzhou mutiny
11541:
11495:
11446:Linnan campaign
11371:Xuzhou campaign
11325:
11302:
11263:Yoshijirō Umezu
11258:Hajime Sugiyama
11241:
11199:
11130:Mitsumasa Yonai
11125:Korechika Anami
11090:Mitsumasa Yonai
11058:
11024:Kung Hsiang-hsi
11009:Chiang Kai-shek
10986:
10977:East Hebei Army
10903:
10892:New Fourth Army
10828:
10789:Empire of Japan
10777:
10766:Communist China
10731:
10716:
10622:Mukden Incident
10603:
10592:
10586:
10542:Wayback Machine
10516:Rape of Nanjing
10478:Wayback Machine
10448:
10443:
10299:Brook ed. 1999)
10185:
10183:Further reading
10180:
10163:
10128:
10126:
10095:
10094:
10082:
10063:
9997:10.2307/2383896
9978:
9973:
9972:
9962:
9960:
9945:
9944:
9940:
9931:
9927:
9911:
9910:
9904:
9902:
9897:
9896:
9892:
9882:
9880:
9865:
9861:
9851:
9849:
9832:
9828:
9819:(in Japanese).
9812:
9808:
9807:
9803:
9793:
9791:
9782:
9781:
9777:
9767:
9765:
9753:
9752:
9748:
9738:
9736:
9727:
9726:
9722:
9711:
9707:
9676:
9672:
9661:
9657:
9645:
9639:
9630:
9620:
9618:
9587:10.2307/2650991
9567:
9563:
9548:
9534:
9530:
9520:
9518:
9505:
9504:
9500:
9493:
9481:, USA. p.
9467:
9463:
9448:
9444:
9434:
9432:
9415:
9411:
9402:
9400:
9385:
9381:
9372:
9370:
9351:
9347:
9332:10.2307/2950355
9316:
9312:
9303:
9301:
9297:
9282:
9276:
9272:
9263:
9261:
9248:
9247:
9243:
9233:
9231:
9218:
9217:
9213:
9207:Rape of Nanking
9204:
9200:
9191:
9189:
9185:
9170:
9164:
9160:
9155:
9151:
9142:
9140:
9135:(in Japanese).
9125:
9118:
9109:
9107:
9090:
9083:
9038:
9034:
9025:
9023:
9016:
9000:
8996:
8991:Wayback Machine
8976:Wayback Machine
8967:
8963:
8954:
8953:
8949:
8940:
8938:
8929:
8928:
8924:
8915:
8914:
8910:
8901:
8899:
8884:
8883:
8879:
8870:
8868:
8867:on May 22, 2009
8859:
8858:
8854:
8845:
8843:
8830:
8829:
8825:
8815:
8813:
8804:
8803:
8799:
8792:
8770:
8766:
8753:
8752:
8748:
8736:Wayback Machine
8726:
8722:
8712:
8710:
8695:
8691:
8681:
8679:
8678:on 13 July 2012
8664:
8660:
8651:
8647:
8638:
8634:
8615:
8614:
8610:
8600:
8598:
8575:
8574:
8570:
8565:
8561:
8556:
8549:
8544:
8540:
8535:
8531:
8519:
8513:
8504:
8491:
8487:
8475:
8469:
8465:
8449:
8443:
8439:
8429:
8427:
8418:
8417:
8413:
8403:
8401:
8394:
8378:
8374:
8363:Telegraph.co.uk
8353:
8349:
8340:
8338:
8329:
8328:
8324:
8315:
8313:
8300:
8299:
8295:
8286:
8284:
8277:www.generals.dk
8271:
8270:
8266:
8257:
8255:
8248:
8232:
8228:
8223:
8219:
8210:
8208:
8185:10.2307/2650991
8165:
8158:
8151:
8137:
8133:
8126:
8109:
8105:
8098:
8074:
8067:
8058:
8056:
8021:
8017:
8008:
8007:
8003:
7994:
7993:
7989:
7974:
7970:
7963:
7952:
7944:
7940:
7931:
7930:
7926:
7917:
7916:
7912:
7903:
7899:
7889:
7887:
7878:
7877:
7873:
7856:
7855:
7851:
7842:
7838:
7834:, 1999, p. 326.
7824:
7820:
7806:
7802:
7793:
7789:
7780:
7778:
7769:
7768:
7761:
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7621:"The Good Nazi"
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4120:Yasukuni Shrine
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2670:Rape of Nanjing
2641:Ginling College
2508:Photo taken in
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2484:(two cities in
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2446:Prime Minister
2418:Jonathan Spence
2382:
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2247:Nánjīng Dàtúshā
2175:
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2116:enters Nanjing.
2107:
2085:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2029:Kesago Nakajima
2003:
1967:
1937:Red Cross Flags
1929:German-Japanese
1909:
1903:
1886:
1825:Ikiteiru Heitai
1777:
1760:
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1719:Chiang Kai-shek
1693:
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1523:Rape of Nanjing
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1100:Tsingtao (1914)
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1032:Empire of Japan
1031:
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996:
991:
784:Zaoyang–Yichang
723:Suixian–Zaoyang
569:Beiping–Tianjin
508:Nenjiang Bridge
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13006:Teoh Beng Hock
13003:
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12981:Jiansheng Chen
12978:
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12874:Chae Chan Ping
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12765:Wolf Amendment
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12574:
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12560:Beipu uprising
12557:
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12307:By institution
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11813:
11812:Related topics
11809:
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11773:
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11763:
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11575:
11573:Xi'an Incident
11570:
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11368:
11366:Wuhan campaign
11363:
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11295:
11290:
11285:
11283:Koshirō Oikawa
11280:
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11160:Demchugdongrub
11157:
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11132:
11127:
11122:
11117:
11112:
11107:
11105:Kantarō Suzuki
11102:
11097:
11092:
11087:
11082:
11077:
11075:Fumimaro Konoe
11072:
11066:
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10974:
10969:
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10942:
10940:Naval Infantry
10937:
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10714:
10709:
10704:
10702:Xi'an Incident
10699:
10694:
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10674:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10654:
10649:
10647:Battle of Rehe
10644:
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10446:External links
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10331:村瀬守保, 私の従軍中国戦線
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9991:(4): 451–475.
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9790:. 15 June 2009
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12768:
12766:
12763:
12761:
12758:
12756:
12753:
12751:
12748:
12746:
12743:
12741:
12738:
12737:
12735:
12731:
12725:
12722:
12720:
12717:
12714:
12711:
12708:
12705:
12703:
12700:
12697:
12694:
12692:
12689:
12687:
12684:
12682:
12679:
12677:
12674:
12671:
12668:
12665:
12662:
12659:
12656:
12651:
12648:
12647:
12645:
12644:
12640:
12637:
12634:
12631:
12628:
12625:
12622:
12618:
12615:
12613:
12610:
12607:
12604:
12601:
12598:
12597:
12595:
12592:
12589:
12586:
12584:
12581:
12579:(1920s–1930s)
12578:
12575:
12573:
12570:
12567:
12564:
12561:
12558:
12555:
12552:
12549:
12546:
12545:
12543:
12539:
12532:
12529:
12526:
12523:
12521:
12518:
12515:
12512:
12510:
12507:
12505:
12502:
12499:
12496:
12494:
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12488:
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12483:
12480:
12478:
12475:
12473:
12470:
12468:
12465:
12463:
12460:
12457:
12454:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12440:
12437:
12435:
12432:
12429:
12426:
12424:
12421:
12418:
12415:
12412:
12409:
12406:
12405:Buckland Riot
12403:
12402:
12400:
12396:
12390:
12387:
12385:
12382:
12381:
12379:
12375:
12369:
12366:
12364:
12361:
12358:
12355:
12354:
12352:
12348:
12345:
12341:
12335:
12332:
12330:
12327:
12325:
12322:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12311:
12309:
12305:
12299:
12296:
12292:
12289:
12288:
12287:
12286:United States
12284:
12282:
12279:
12277:
12274:
12272:
12269:
12267:
12264:
12262:
12259:
12257:
12254:
12250:
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12242:
12241:
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12235:
12232:
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12213:
12210:
12208:
12205:
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12200:
12199:
12197:
12193:
12187:
12184:
12182:
12179:
12177:
12174:
12172:
12169:
12167:
12166:Denis Kearney
12164:
12162:
12159:
12157:
12154:
12153:
12151:
12149:By persecutor
12147:
12141:
12138:
12134:
12131:
12130:
12129:
12126:
12122:
12119:
12117:
12114:
12113:
12112:
12109:
12107:
12104:
12103:
12101:
12097:
12092:
12085:
12080:
12078:
12073:
12071:
12066:
12065:
12062:
12050:
12046:
12042:
12040:
12036:
12032:
12030:
12022:
12021:
12018:
12004:Stubborn Army
12003:
12001:
11998:
11996:
11995:Dixie Mission
11993:
11991:
11988:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
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11948:
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11943:
11942:
11940:
11936:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11922:
11920:
11917:
11915:
11912:
11911:
11909:
11905:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11888:Flying Tigers
11886:
11884:
11881:
11879:
11876:
11875:
11873:
11869:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11843:
11840:
11838:
11835:
11833:
11830:
11829:
11827:
11823:
11819:
11811:
11810:
11806:
11802:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11777:
11774:
11772:
11769:
11767:
11764:
11762:
11759:
11757:
11754:
11753:
11750:
11743:
11739:
11725:
11722:
11720:
11717:
11715:
11712:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11700:
11697:
11695:
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11687:
11685:
11682:
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11675:
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11664:
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11636:
11634:
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11621:
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11616:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11601:
11599:
11596:
11594:
11591:
11589:
11586:
11584:
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11579:
11576:
11574:
11571:
11569:
11566:
11564:
11561:
11559:
11556:
11554:
11551:
11550:
11548:
11544:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11504:
11502:
11500:Major Battles
11498:
11492:
11489:
11487:
11484:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11472:
11469:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11452:
11449:
11447:
11444:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11338:
11336:
11332:
11328:
11324:Course of War
11321:
11317:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11284:
11281:
11279:
11276:
11274:
11271:
11269:
11266:
11264:
11261:
11259:
11256:
11254:
11251:
11250:
11248:
11244:
11238:
11235:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11220:
11219:
11217:
11213:
11210:
11206:
11196:
11193:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11185:Liang Hongzhi
11183:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11151:
11150:Zhang Jinghui
11148:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11135:Zengo Yoshida
11133:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11120:Shunroku Hata
11118:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11100:Kuniaki Koiso
11098:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11071:
11068:
11067:
11065:
11061:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11044:Zhang Wentian
11042:
11040:
11037:
11035:
11032:
11030:
11029:Soong Tse-ven
11027:
11025:
11022:
11020:
11017:
11015:
11012:
11010:
11007:
11006:
11004:
11000:
10997:
10993:
10983:
10980:
10978:
10975:
10973:
10970:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
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10945:
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10938:
10936:
10933:
10931:
10928:
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10923:
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10918:
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10916:
10913:
10912:
10910:
10906:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
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10883:
10880:
10874:
10871:
10870:
10869:
10866:
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10861:
10859:
10856:
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10851:
10850:
10848:
10844:
10841:
10839:
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10825:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10786:
10784:
10780:
10772:
10769:
10768:
10767:
10764:
10760:
10757:
10756:
10755:
10752:
10751:
10749:
10745:
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10723:
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10708:
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10703:
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10698:
10695:
10693:
10690:
10688:
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10683:
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10678:
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10673:
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10623:
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10613:
10610:
10609:
10606:
10599:
10595:
10590:
10583:
10578:
10576:
10571:
10569:
10564:
10563:
10560:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10539:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10517:
10514:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10479:
10475:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10449:
10440:
10436:
10432:
10428:
10425:
10421:
10418:
10414:
10412:
10408:
10404:
10400:
10398:
10394:
10390:
10386:
10383:
10379:
10376:
10372:
10368:
10364:
10362:
10358:
10354:
10351:Qi, Shouhua.
10350:
10348:
10344:
10340:
10337:Qi, Shouhua.
10336:
10327:
10323:
10319:
10315:
10312:
10308:
10305:
10301:
10298:
10294:
10292:
10288:
10284:
10280:
10276:
10274:
10270:
10266:
10262:
10259:
10255:
10251:
10247:
10244:
10240:
10236:
10234:
10230:
10226:
10225:
10221:Hua-ling Hu,
10220:
10217:
10213:
10212:
10206:
10202:
10198:
10194:
10191:
10188:
10187:
10176:
10172:
10171:
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10027:
10026:
10021:
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10014:
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10002:
9998:
9994:
9990:
9986:
9981:
9980:
9958:
9954:
9953:
9948:
9942:
9935:
9934:SS Silksworth
9929:
9921:
9915:
9900:
9894:
9878:
9874:
9870:
9863:
9847:
9843:
9842:
9837:
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9805:
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9508:
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9494:
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9457:
9453:
9446:
9430:
9426:
9425:
9420:
9413:
9398:
9394:
9390:
9383:
9368:
9364:
9360:
9356:
9349:
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9337:
9333:
9329:
9325:
9321:
9314:
9296:
9292:
9288:
9281:
9274:
9259:
9255:
9251:
9245:
9234:September 17,
9229:
9225:
9221:
9215:
9208:
9202:
9188:on 2009-03-25
9184:
9180:
9176:
9169:
9162:
9153:
9138:
9134:
9130:
9123:
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8951:
8936:
8932:
8926:
8918:
8912:
8897:
8893:
8892:
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8881:
8866:
8862:
8856:
8841:
8837:
8834:. 47news.jp.
8833:
8827:
8811:
8807:
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8793:
8787:
8783:
8779:
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8768:
8760:
8756:
8750:
8743:
8742:
8737:
8733:
8730:
8727:Hongo, Jun, "
8724:
8708:
8704:
8700:
8693:
8677:
8673:
8669:
8662:
8655:
8649:
8642:
8636:
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8572:
8563:
8554:
8552:
8542:
8533:
8525:
8518:
8511:
8509:
8507:
8498:
8497:
8496:Asahi Shimbun
8489:
8481:
8474:
8467:
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8448:
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8425:
8421:
8415:
8399:
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8393:9780231518154
8389:
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8026:
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8005:
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7991:
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7964:
7962:9780765606853
7958:
7951:
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7942:
7934:
7928:
7920:
7914:
7907:
7901:
7885:
7881:
7875:
7867:
7863:
7862:history.gr.jp
7859:
7853:
7846:
7840:
7833:
7832:
7827:
7826:John W. Dower
7822:
7815:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7797:
7791:
7776:
7772:
7766:
7764:
7755:
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7694:
7693:
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7678:
7674:
7671:
7666:
7652:
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7644:
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7634:
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7615:
7607:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7560:9780060931308
7556:
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7540:
7535:
7527:
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7514:
7507:
7503:
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7359:
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7351:
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7320:
7313:
7312:
7304:
7286:
7279:
7278:
7270:
7263:
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7257:
7253:
7250:
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7233:
7232:
7224:
7222:
7207:
7203:
7197:
7195:
7183:
7182:
7174:
7172:
7160:
7159:
7151:
7149:
7147:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7126:
7118:
7115:Chang, Iris.
7111:
7095:
7091:
7084:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7065:
7058:
7054:
7051:
7046:
7038:
7031:
7029:
7020:
7013:
7006:
7003:Chang, Iris,
7000:
6992:
6985:
6978:
6977:Penguin Books
6974:
6971:Chang, Iris.
6968:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6938:
6930:
6923:
6915:
6908:
6902:
6898:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6882:
6875:
6874:
6870:Hua-ling Hu,
6867:
6858:
6851:. p. 52.
6850:
6843:
6827:
6823:
6822:
6817:
6810:
6802:
6798:
6791:
6775:
6771:
6767:
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6704:
6700:
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6690:
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6677:
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6476:
6474:
6458:
6452:
6448:
6447:
6439:
6423:
6419:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6404:
6396:
6380:
6376:
6370:
6363:
6362:Penguin Books
6359:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6339:
6335:
6332:
6328:
6325:
6321:
6320:
6317:
6311:
6302:
6298:
6297:
6294:
6288:
6281:
6280:
6273:
6265:
6258:
6251:. p. 77.
6250:
6243:
6235:
6231:
6224:
6215:
6209:, 2000, p. 97
6208:
6207:
6203:Hua-ling Hu,
6200:
6192:
6185:
6183:
6175:
6172:." Ch. 10 in
6171:
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5595:. p. 24.
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5580:. p. 23.
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5440:History Place
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5327:on 2005-03-25
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5193:Kingston 2008
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4396:Comfort women
4394:
4392:
4389:
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4381:Burma Railway
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4252:civil society
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4035:Naoki Hyakuta
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3793:In 1985, the
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3658: –
3657:
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3652:Find sources:
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3630:single source
3626:This section
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3271:Yangtze River
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2878:Yangtze River
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2464:In 1937, the
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2272:Japanese name
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2165:
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2131:Japanese Navy
2126:
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2115:
2111:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2089:
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2071:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
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1917:
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1869:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1854:
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1840:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1823:In his novel
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1792:In addition,
1790:
1786:
1775:
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1769:
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1746:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1724:
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1717:
1716:Generalissimo
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1697:Tang Shengzhi
1688:
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1677:
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1223:
1222:
1216:
1215:Mainland rule
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1204:
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1189:
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1181:
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1120:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
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1096:
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1094:
1093:Taishō period
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1060:Ryukyu (1879)
1058:
1056:
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1050:Taiwan (1874)
1048:
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1045:
1039:
1034:
1023:
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831:
829:
828:
824:
822:
819:
817:
816:
812:
810:
807:
805:
804:Central Hubei
802:
800:
799:North Vietnam
797:
795:
794:
793:
788:
786:
785:
781:
780:
776:
775:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
760:
759:
755:
751:
748:
747:
746:
745:
744:South Guangxi
741:
739:
738:
734:
730:
727:
726:
725:
724:
720:
718:
717:
713:
709:
706:
705:
704:
701:
697:
694:
692:
689:
688:
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686:
682:
680:
679:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
661:
658:
657:
656:
653:
649:
646:
645:
644:
643:
639:
635:
632:
631:
630:
629:
625:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
611:
610:
606:
602:
601:Tianjin–Pukou
599:
597:
594:
593:
591:
587:
584:
583:
582:
581:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
557:
556:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
537:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
497:
496:Lytton Report
494:
493:
492:
489:
488:
487:
484:
483:
479:
478:
475:
469:
458:
453:
451:
446:
444:
439:
438:
435:
424:
419:
417:
412:
410:
405:
404:
402:
401:
396:
395:
391:
389:
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384:
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377:
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370:
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363:
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331:
329:
328:
324:
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321:
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302:
301:
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296:
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287:
285:
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270:
267:
266:
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264:
261:
258:
257:
252:
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239:
238:
237:
236:
233:
230:
229:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
210:
209:
208:
205:
202:
201:
197:
193:
192:
183:
180:
178:
177:Ethnic hatred
175:
173:
170:
169:
168:
164:
159:
155:
153:
149:
146:
142:
139:
138:
137:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
86:
82:
78:
75:
71:
67:
64:
60:
56:
55:Qinhuai River
50:
45:
42:
37:
32:
29:
25:
23:
14307:
14230:Other topics
14066:
13986:
13909:Taishō Roman
13663:Conscription
13633:
13625:
13600:Armed Forces
13460:(ministries)
13360:Charter Oath
13355:Constitution
13237:State Shinto
13220:Essentialism
13170:Demographics
12939:21st century
12910:Vincent Chin
12903:20th century
12889:Wong Kim Ark
12867:19th century
12733:21st century
12646:(1945–1947)
12641:
12596:(1937-1945)
12541:20th century
12398:19th century
12377:18th century
12350:17th century
12334:Uyoku dantai
12329:Tsagaan Khas
12261:Nazi Germany
12111:Yellow Peril
12093:(Sinophobia)
12049:Japan Portal
12039:China Portal
11960:People's war
11278:Soemu Toyoda
11273:Osami Nagano
11165:Wang Jingwei
11085:Nobuyuki Abe
10873:Marine Corps
10838:Armed Forces
10730:Participants
10652:Tanggu Truce
10430:
10423:
10416:
10402:
10388:
10381:
10366:
10352:
10338:
10317:
10310:
10309:Lu, Suping,
10303:
10296:
10283:M. E. Sharpe
10278:
10264:
10249:
10242:
10222:
10208:
10196:
10175:Google Books
10168:
10151:. New York:
10147:
10127:. Retrieved
10123:the original
10116:
10071:
10042:
10023:
9988:
9984:
9961:. Retrieved
9950:
9941:
9933:
9928:
9903:. Retrieved
9893:
9881:. Retrieved
9873:The Diplomat
9872:
9862:
9850:. Retrieved
9839:
9829:
9815:
9804:
9792:. Retrieved
9787:
9778:
9766:. Retrieved
9758:
9749:
9737:. Retrieved
9723:
9714:
9708:
9686:(2): 86–88.
9683:
9680:China Report
9679:
9673:
9664:
9658:
9649:
9619:. Retrieved
9578:
9574:
9564:
9537:
9531:
9519:. Retrieved
9510:
9501:
9472:
9464:
9451:
9445:
9433:. Retrieved
9422:
9412:
9401:. Retrieved
9392:
9382:
9371:. Retrieved
9362:
9358:
9348:
9323:
9319:
9313:
9302:. Retrieved
9290:
9287:Cato Journal
9286:
9273:
9262:. Retrieved
9253:
9244:
9232:. Retrieved
9223:
9214:
9206:
9201:
9190:. Retrieved
9183:the original
9178:
9175:Perspectives
9174:
9161:
9152:
9141:. Retrieved
9132:
9108:. Retrieved
9097:
9049:
9045:
9035:
9024:. Retrieved
9004:
8997:
8979:
8964:
8950:
8939:. Retrieved
8925:
8911:
8900:. Retrieved
8896:the original
8889:
8880:
8869:. Retrieved
8865:the original
8855:
8844:. Retrieved
8840:the original
8826:
8814:. Retrieved
8800:
8777:
8767:
8759:the original
8749:
8739:
8723:
8711:. Retrieved
8702:
8692:
8680:. Retrieved
8676:the original
8671:
8661:
8656:pp. 157–158.
8653:
8648:
8640:
8635:
8627:the original
8620:
8617:"I'm Sorry?"
8611:
8599:. Retrieved
8580:
8571:
8562:
8541:
8532:
8523:
8494:
8488:
8479:
8466:
8457:
8453:
8440:
8428:. Retrieved
8414:
8402:. Retrieved
8382:
8375:
8362:
8350:
8339:. Retrieved
8325:
8314:. Retrieved
8305:
8296:
8285:. Retrieved
8276:
8267:
8256:. Retrieved
8236:
8229:
8220:
8209:. Retrieved
8176:
8172:
8140:
8134:
8115:
8106:
8083:
8057:. Retrieved
8032:
8028:
8018:
8004:
7996:"Atrocities"
7990:
7981:
7971:
7948:
7941:
7927:
7913:
7905:
7900:
7888:. Retrieved
7884:the original
7880:"Hisao Tani"
7874:
7866:the original
7861:
7852:
7844:
7839:
7829:
7821:
7811:
7803:
7795:
7790:
7779:. Retrieved
7750:|title=
7729:. Retrieved
7712:
7701:. Retrieved
7691:
7684:
7665:
7654:. Retrieved
7642:
7633:
7624:
7614:
7608:(in French).
7606:ihtp.cnrs.fr
7605:
7588:
7577:. Retrieved
7542:
7538:
7526:
7518:
7513:
7497:
7493:
7488:
7472:
7467:
7458:
7452:
7444:the original
7415:. Retrieved
7399:
7392:
7384:
7365:. Retrieved
7349:
7326:. Retrieved
7310:
7303:
7292:. Retrieved
7276:
7269:
7259:
7243:
7230:
7209:. Retrieved
7205:
7180:
7157:
7130:
7125:
7116:
7110:
7098:. Retrieved
7083:
7064:
7059:, moreorless
7045:
7036:
7018:
7012:
7004:
6999:
6990:
6984:
6972:
6967:
6955:. Retrieved
6946:
6937:
6928:
6922:
6913:
6907:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6871:
6866:
6857:
6848:
6842:
6830:. Retrieved
6819:
6809:
6790:
6778:. Retrieved
6769:
6759:
6744:
6733:the original
6719:
6707:. Retrieved
6683:
6676:
6667:
6644:. Retrieved
6625:
6619:
6609:
6600:
6572:
6566:
6560:
6548:. Retrieved
6539:
6529:
6518:. Retrieved
6491:
6460:. Retrieved
6445:
6438:
6426:. Retrieved
6402:
6395:
6383:. Retrieved
6369:
6355:
6347:
6337:
6330:
6323:
6315:
6310:
6300:
6299:Shuhsi Hsu,
6292:
6287:
6277:
6272:
6263:
6257:
6248:
6242:
6234:M. E. Sharpe
6229:
6223:
6214:
6204:
6199:
6190:
6173:
6159:Dagong Daily
6158:
6153:
6129:
6122:
6110:. Retrieved
6096:
6085:. Retrieved
6076:
6067:
6055:. Retrieved
6046:
6037:
6025:
6009:
6002:
5990:
5979:the original
5974:
5968:
5955:
5928:
5903:
5894:
5883:. Retrieved
5872:
5862:
5823:
5801:. Retrieved
5792:
5780:. Retrieved
5771:
5762:
5753:
5747:
5735:. Retrieved
5711:
5704:
5695:
5689:
5680:
5673:
5667:
5658:
5652:
5644:
5639:
5631:
5630:Iris Chang,
5626:
5618:
5613:
5592:
5586:
5577:
5571:
5560:. Retrieved
5558:. 2019-08-31
5555:
5546:
5535:. Retrieved
5533:. 2019-08-30
5530:
5505:. Retrieved
5501:
5477:. Retrieved
5448:. Retrieved
5439:
5430:
5419:. Retrieved
5407:
5403:
5390:
5379:. Retrieved
5365:
5354:. Retrieved
5340:
5329:. Retrieved
5325:the original
5300:. Retrieved
5296:the original
5291:
5282:
5274:the original
5269:
5260:
5249:. Retrieved
5245:the original
5235:
5210:
5206:
5200:
5195:, p. 9.
5188:
5179:
5170:
5163:Frank Gibney
5154:
5146:
5138:
5129:
5123:
5114:
5109:
5100:
5094:
5085:
5080:
5071:
5065:
5054:. Retrieved
5043:
5034:
5022:
5013:
5007:
4992:
4984:
4979:
4971:
4966:
4929:
4921:
4916:
4908:
4907:Jay Taylor,
4881:
4858:
4846:. Retrieved
4826:
4792:. Retrieved
4783:
4752:. Retrieved
4737:
4727:
4717:
4709:
4698:. Retrieved
4692:
4668:. Retrieved
4654:
4642:
4612:
4587:
4563:
4559:
4546:
4357:China portal
4343:Japan portal
4318:
4312:
4300:
4289:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4266:
4256:Hotta Yoshie
4249:
4236:after 1982.
4215:
4200:
4192:
4180:Jon Halliday
4172:Chairman Mao
4163:
4158:
4149:
4133:
4117:
4113:
4105:
4080:
4071:
4059:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4032:
4021:
4010:
4007:
4000:
3982:
3981:, author of
3968:
3957:
3937:
3932:Akira Suzuki
3924:World War II
3917:
3907:
3900:
3884:
3825:
3800:wàn rén kēng
3799:
3772:
3764:
3749:
3746:Other trials
3740:
3730:
3723:
3714:Prince Asaka
3707:
3694:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3651:
3627:
3603:
3580:
3560:Prince Asaka
3553:
3528:Iwane Matsui
3481:
3471:
3460:
3444:
3432:
3424:
3412:
3403:
3386:
3377:
3369:
3362:
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3313:
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3264:
3259:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3220:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:Iwane Matsui
3173:
3140:
3048:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2950:
2946:
2942:disemboweled
2935:
2920:
2918:
2911:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2885:Taiping Gate
2882:
2875:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2800:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2759:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2714:entered the
2709:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2637:
2625:
2612:
2604:
2580:
2575:
2567:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2531:
2493:
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2465:
2463:
2445:
2440:
2432:
2427:
2416:
2411:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2383:
2373:
2369:
2343:, and other
2333:wartime rape
2326:
2241:Hanyu Pinyin
2191:Chinese name
2180:
2168:
2160:
2144:
2140:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:Iwane Matsui
2093:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2045:aide-de-camp
2037:
2026:
2015:
1987:Nazi Germany
1980:
1968:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1918:
1910:
1888:The Nanjing
1887:
1870:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1771:
1747:
1743:
1731: (PR-5)
1728:
1713:
1694:
1678:
1674:Iwane Matsui
1655:
1633:
1626:
1611:
1594:
1591:Chinese army
1588:
1577:
1533:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1322:White Terror
1299:1945–present
1268:
1117:Shōwa period
1115:
1114:
1091:
1090:
1085:Korea (1910)
1044:Meiji period
1042:
965:
951:
942:4th Changsha
933:
932:
925:
906:
899:
880:
848:3rd Changsha
846:
841:2nd Changsha
839:
834:South Shanxi
832:
825:
813:
790:
789:
782:
764:West Suiyuan
756:
742:
737:1st Changsha
735:
721:
714:
683:
676:
640:
633:
626:
615:Pingxingguan
607:
580:2nd Shanghai
578:
525:1st Shanghai
392:
385:
378:
371:
353:
346:
339:
332:
325:
318:
311:
304:
203:
152:Iwane Matsui
144:
132:Perpetrators
98:wartime rape
39:Part of the
28:
21:
14329: /
14272:Shōwa Modan
14247:Hakkō ichiu
14184:Philippines
14071:after 1943)
14049:Territories
14007:Pacific War
13872:World War I
13748:Air Service
13688:Air Service
13561:Gozen Kaigi
13277:(Yoshihito)
13269:(Mutsuhito)
13215:Nationalism
13160:Agriculture
13078:Shina/Zhina
13058:Ching chong
13021:Michelle Go
13011:Xiaoxing Xi
13001:Sherry Chen
12986:Jiayang Fan
12920:Qian Xuesen
12715:(1975–1979)
12666:(1956–1965)
12638:(1945–1946)
12608:(1942-1945)
12602:(1937–1938)
12550:(1901–1973)
12527:(1892–1943)
12500:(1885–1923)
12458:(1882–1943)
12452:(1881–1944)
12413:(1860–1861)
12343:By incident
12266:Philippines
12171:Hideki Tojo
11955:On Practice
11237:Ma Zhanshan
11222:Bai Chongxi
11190:Ren Yuandao
11170:Chen Gongbo
11095:Hideki Tojo
11049:Wang Ruofei
10740:Governments
10591:(1937–1945)
10243:Japan Focus
10153:A. A. Knopf
10118:Japan Times
10020:Chang, Iris
9883:12 November
9435:16 December
9326:: 201–202.
9052:(1): 3–24.
8741:Japan Times
8682:22 February
8672:Japan Times
8112:Dower, John
7808:Herbert Bix
7261:Japan Times
6886:CBI Roundup
6832:13 December
6646:27 December
6550:14 December
6408:Basic Books
6352:Chang, Iris
6336:Li En-han,
6057:13 December
6008:Suping Lu.
5661:. Casemate.
4848:23 February
4794:14 December
4754:25 February
4714:Chang, Iris
4531:Tokyo Trial
4467:Shiro Azuma
4259: [
4170:encouraged
4074:to pay Xia
4015:, mayor of
3875:Controversy
3725:Kōki Hirota
3148:documentary
2791:Georg Rosen
2653:Shiro Azuma
2406:Shiro Azuma
2349:expatriates
2049:sign-manual
1991:Danish flag
1944:Ma Chaochun
1874:civil claim
1636:wedge issue
1623:Kōki Hirota
1342:Vietnam War
1240:Warlord Era
874:Yenangyaung
815:South Henan
809:South Anhui
750:Kunlun Pass
648:Taierzhuang
94:Mass murder
89:Attack type
14344:Categories
14036:Occupation
13864:Taishō era
13809:Boshin War
13653:War crimes
13449:Government
13425:Tonarigumi
13332:Privy Seal
13327:State Seal
13285:(Hirohito)
13210:Militarism
13165:Censorship
13016:Yao Pan Ma
12976:Haoyang Yu
12951:Danny Chen
12930:Wen Ho Lee
12195:By country
12099:Background
11924:Lend-Lease
11919:Free China
11298:Yang Kuiyi
11288:Li Shouxin
11232:Sun Li-jen
11227:Yan Xishan
11195:Bao Wenyue
11180:Wang Kemin
11175:Chi Zongmo
11155:Yu Zhishan
11039:Chen Cheng
11034:He Yingqin
11014:Mao Zedong
10759:Kuomintang
10602:Background
10439:0765606844
10411:0275969045
10397:1845451805
10375:0765608170
10361:1448659655
10347:1592650414
10326:4889008365
10291:0765603357
10281:, London:
10258:0099465973
10233:0809323036
10205:0472111345
10139:Rabe, John
10051:. p.
10034:0140277447
9963:4 December
9905:2023-10-12
9821:Shogakukan
9794:12 October
9768:12 October
9621:12 January
9547:0679422714
9521:25 January
9403:2021-12-16
9373:2021-12-16
9304:2021-12-14
9293:(3): 486.
9264:2011-03-06
9192:2009-03-21
9143:2021-08-23
9110:2021-08-23
9026:2023-07-31
8941:2008-05-06
8902:2010-11-23
8871:2009-03-19
8846:2014-02-08
8430:20 October
8341:2017-03-12
8316:2017-03-31
8287:2022-09-19
8258:2022-09-24
8211:2022-01-12
8179:(3): 857.
8150:0688079571
8059:2022-10-07
7781:2022-12-13
7703:2014-11-13
7656:2024-05-29
7579:2022-01-12
7506:4250980197
7481:4250980162
7417:2022-07-22
7387:104 (1999)
7367:2022-07-22
7328:2022-07-22
7294:2022-07-22
7211:2024-05-29
6575:(2): 154.
6520:2007-12-13
6087:2007-12-13
5948:Hotta 2013
5933:Hotta 2013
5919:0393973514
5885:2008-05-13
5855:Fogel 2000
5827:. Ithaca:
5803:26 January
5562:2024-05-29
5537:2024-05-29
5507:2024-05-29
5479:2022-10-05
5421:2020-02-23
5381:2006-04-19
5356:2006-04-19
5331:2006-04-19
5302:August 22,
5251:2011-03-06
5056:2011-03-06
4863:Fogel 2000
4700:2024-04-03
4574:References
4472:Sook Ching
4176:Jung Chang
4160:Iris Chang
4076:¥4 million
3979:Iris Chang
3952:See also:
3751:Hisao Tani
3667:newspapers
3591:John Magee
3543:Hisao Tani
3409:Iris Chang
3398:mass grave
3358:Tomio Hora
3351:Historian
3273:since the
3144:John Magee
3137:Literature
2938:missionary
2871:shin-guntō
2847:Hui people
2817:John Magee
2804:Mohammedan
2795:John Magee
2679:incestuous
2665:Iris Chang
2591:John Magee
2555:mutilation
2526:John Magee
2524:Case 5 of
2514:John Magee
2422:sinologist
2345:war crimes
2255:Wade–Giles
2151:processing
2043:, Asaka's
1931:bilateral
1925:Nazi Party
1878:plaintiffs
1709:Nazi Party
1525:(formerly
1411:History of
1357:Three Noes
1332:Korean War
967:West Hunan
919:Mount Song
901:West Hubei
821:West Hubei
696:Wenxi fire
691:Wanjialing
540:Great Wall
196:the series
72:Province,
14237:Sonnō jōi
14189:Singapore
14174:Hong Kong
14136:Azad Hind
14111:Mengjiang
14106:Manchukuo
14080:Kantō-shū
14022:Surrender
13934:Shōwa era
13919:Truku War
13790:Meiji era
13758:Tokkeitai
13723:Kempeitai
13634:Senjinkun
13551:Daijō-kan
13514:Munitions
13395:Mokusatsu
13185:Education
12971:Gang Chen
12961:Eileen Gu
12946:Anming Hu
12884:Mary Tape
12860:By victim
12525:Geary Act
12271:Singapore
12212:Indonesia
12202:Hong Kong
11907:Political
11746:Aftermath
11546:Incidents
11334:Campaigns
11054:Ren Bishi
10955:Air Force
10863:Air Force
10799:Mengjiang
10794:Manchukuo
10520:The Times
10218:, 1939".)
10098:cite book
10090:863596251
10005:0027-0741
9700:159087909
9595:0002-8762
9365:(2): 92.
9156:Yuan 2004
9076:200020669
9068:0047-1178
8713:August 8,
8643:. p. 158.
8601:13 August
8591:0190-8286
8084:Perennial
8041:1069-5834
7890:March 26,
7651:0190-8286
7539:Perennial
7050:John Rabe
6597:143902886
5502:Scandasia
5149:. p. 149.
5115:Nishizawa
4739:Salon.com
4628:romanized
4579:Citations
4496:Mo Hayder
4416:John Rabe
4297:Australia
4196:denialism
4188:Wang Ming
4072:Tendensha
4026:governor
3788:Memorials
3697:June 2016
3637:talk page
3478:Isamu Chō
3379:John Rabe
3156:sociology
3105:Skeletons
2987:John Rabe
2889:landmines
2675:sodomized
2632:John Rabe
2437:, stated:
2284:1. 南京大虐殺
2041:Isamu Chō
1921:John Rabe
1739:ceasefire
1735:telegrams
1727:USS
1705:John Rabe
1599:John Rabe
1561:mass rape
1555:, by the
1527:romanized
1445:Kaohsiung
1212:1912–1949
1192:Geography
1185:Education
914:Myitkyina
894:1943–1945
777:1940–1942
672:Chongqing
558:1937–1939
503:Jiangqiao
486:Manchuria
341:John Rabe
158:Isamu Chō
156:Lt. Col.
14317:118°46′E
14215:Yen bloc
14203:Ideology
14194:Thailand
14063:Karafuto
14056:Colonies
13648:Kamikaze
13591:Military
13494:Treasury
13348:Policies
13339:Kimigayo
13260:Emperors
13227:Politics
13195:Eugenics
13153:Overview
13041:Chinaman
12660:(1950s-)
12281:Thailand
12239:Malaysia
12029:Category
11871:Military
10538:Archived
10474:Archived
10285:, 1999.
10145:(1998).
9957:Archived
9952:BBC News
9914:cite web
9877:Archived
9846:Archived
9841:BBC News
9733:Archived
9652:: 24–28.
9615:Archived
9611:19291890
9556:57357425
9515:Archived
9429:Archived
9397:Archived
9367:Archived
9295:Archived
9258:Archived
9228:Archived
9137:Archived
9104:Archived
9020:Archived
8987:Archived
8972:Archived
8935:Archived
8816:June 20,
8810:Archived
8732:Archived
8707:Archived
8595:Archived
8424:Archived
8398:Archived
8367:Archived
8335:Archived
8310:Archived
8281:Archived
8252:Archived
8205:Archived
8201:19291890
8114:(2000).
8053:Archived
8049:43818315
7775:Archived
7741:cite web
7722:Archived
7697:Archived
7673:Archived
7573:Archived
7496:p. 123,
7483:, p. 18.
7408:Archived
7358:Archived
7319:Archived
7285:Archived
7252:Archived
7094:Archived
7073:Archived
7053:Archived
6951:Archived
6897:Archived
6826:Archived
6821:BBC News
6801:Archived
6774:Archived
6752:Archived
6709:15 April
6703:Archived
6640:Archived
6589:40376129
6544:Archived
6514:Archived
6484:Archived
6422:Archived
6379:Archived
6364:. p. 95.
6354:. 1997.
6166:Archived
6106:Archived
6081:Archived
6051:Archived
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