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had been repelled by
Chinese defenders. Rana Mitter wrote, "Under General Xue Yue, some 100,000 Chinese troops pushed back Japanese forces at Huangmei. At the fortress of Tianjiazhen, thousands of men fought until the end of September, with Japanese victory assured only with the use of poison gas. Yet even now, top Chinese generals seemed unable to work with each other at Xinyang, Li Zongren's Guangxi troops were battered to exhaustion. They expected that the troops of Hu Zongnan, another general close to Chiang Kai-shek, would relieve them, but instead Hu led his troops away from the city." Japan also used poison gas against Chinese Muslim armies at the
3172:
fighters detected them. Over 30 A5Ms diving from 2000 feet above engaged the seven
Gladiators... three I-16s from the 1st Air Group (probably from the 26th PS)... were lagging behind the Gladiators. The attacking A5Ms immediately cut these off. Squadron vice-commander Louie Yim-Qun in Gladiator no. 5732... was relieved by Chin and Shen Mushiu in Gladiator no. 2804. Louie Yim-Qun claimed a shared enemy aircraft destroyed in this combat. An I-16 under attack from several A5Ms was helped by Chin's wingman, Fan Hsin-Min in Gladiator no. 2805, who dived to his rescue but he was soon himself under attack from other A5Ms.
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2057:, were captured. The Chinese 2nd Corps deployed the 6th, 56th, 75th and 98th Armies, along with the 30th Army Group, to strengthen the defense of the Jiangxi region. The battle continued until 22 October when the Chinese lost other towns in Yangxin County, Dazhi and Hubei Provinces. The Japanese 9th Division and Namita detachment were now approaching Wuchang.
2444:
in
Central China to move farther inland to the mountainous fortress of Chongqing and lay the foundation for an extended war of resistance. Wuhan and Hubei Province now provided the Japanese with new airbases and logistics to support the massive "joint-strike force" terror-bombing campaign against Chongqing and Chengdu under the codename
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replacement aircraft were also hard to come by as the supply routes by ship up the
Yangtze River to air bases around Wuhan had not been established.... After several weeks of preparation at the Hankow air base, the Army bomber force was ready to launch their first attack on Chungking on the 26th of December, 1938.
2008:. After the fall of Madang, there were some two hundred thousand Chinese troops under the dual command of Xue Yue and Zhang Fukui in the Jiujiang-Ruichang area. The Japanese first captured the city of Pengze, but were met with resistance at Hukou, for which they deployed poison gas again in a five-day battle.
2305:
Division. The 16th
Division was thus called in to reinforce the attack. On 16 September, the Japanese captured Shangcheng. The defenders retreated southwards out of the city and used their strategic strongholds in the Dabie Mountains to continue the resistance. On 24 October, the Japanese occupied Macheng.
2426:
Japan made heavy use of chemical weapons against China to make up for its lack of numbers in combat and because China did not have any poison gas stockpiles of its own to retaliate. Japan used poison gas at Hankou in the Battle of Wuhan to break
Chinese resistance after conventional Japanese assaults
3730:
The tri-city of Wuhan fell to the
Japanese invaders in October 1938... The invaders... were surprised to see Chiang Kai-Shek and the rest of the Kuomintang government withdraw to Chungking... it was left to the air forces of the Army and Navy to destroy the Chinese will to resist.... Spare parts and
2348:
The loss of the
Guangzhou area meant the loss of the main supply line of foreign aid to central China—the two railways linking Kowloon to Guangzhou and Guangzhou to Wuhan. Thus, the strategic value of Wuhan was greatly diminished. The Chinese Army, hoping to save its remaining forces, thus abandoned
2249:
The
Japanese attacked Tianjiazhen primarily by land, but suffered from poor supply lines and attacks by Chinese guerrillas. The resulting struggle was one of the bloodiest of the entire Wuhan campaign, lasting for over a month until the Japanese finally captured it on September 29th. To overcome the
2138:
In 2000, Japanese military historians admitted the heavy damages that the 9th, 27th, 101st, and 106th
Divisions and their subordinate units had suffered during the Battle of Wanjialing, which multiplied the number of war dead honoured in Japanese shrines. They also said that the damages had not been
2011:
The Japanese reached Jiujiang two weeks after the fall of Hukou. Chinese defenders tried to resist the Japanese advance, but were too disorganized and uncoordinated to repel the Japanese 106th Division. Jiujiang was captured on the 26th after a five day battle. The decision to retreat by the Chinese
1569:
With the fall of three major Chinese cities (Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai), there was a large number of refugees fleeing the fighting in addition to the government facilities and war supplies that needed to be transferred to Chongqing. Inadequacies in the transport systems prevented the government
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in 1944; between 1942 and 1944, limited Japanese offensives were mounted for the sole purpose of training recruits. The Chinese managed to preserve their strength to continue resisting the weakened IJA, which reduced its capability to respond to rising tensions between Japan and the Soviet Union at
2443:
After four months of fighting, both the Chinese Air Force and the Chinese Navy were decimated since the IJA had captured Wuhan. However, the main Chinese land force remained largely intact, and the IJA was significantly weakened. The Battle of Wuhan bought more time for Chinese forces and equipment
2312:
The 10th Division then continued to move westward but met a Chinese counterattack east of Xinyang and was forced to withdraw back to Lushan. The Japanese 2nd Army Group ordered the 3rd Division to assist the 10th Division in taking Xinyang. On 6 October, the 3rd Division circled back to Xintang and
2308:
The 10th Division was the main force in the northern route. It breached the Chinese 51st Army's defensive line and captured Liuan on 28 August. On 6 September, it captured Gushi and continued its advance westwards. The Chinese 27th Army Group and the 59th Army gathered in the Yellow River region to
2304:
by two different routes. The 13th Division, on the southern route, breached the Chinese 77th Army's defensive line and captured Huoshan, when it turned towards Yejiaji. The nearby Chinese 71st Army and the 2nd Army Group made use of their existing positions to resist, which halted the Japanese 13th
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Chin led the seven Gladiators in a wide orbit in the south-west corner of Hankou climbing to 12000 feet... the Chinese pilots groggy from hypoxia when they suddenly became aware that the sky to their left was speckled with A5Ms. Chin signalled the Gladiators to climb to 21000 feet but the Japanese
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Chin led the seven Gladiators in a wide orbit in the south-west corner of Hankou (Wuhan) climbing to 12000 feet. The height made the Chinese pilots groggy from hypoxia when they suddenly became aware that the sky to their left was speckled with A5Ms. Chin signalled the Gladiators to climb to 21000
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The Japanese 9th Division and the Namita detachment continued to move along the river, and the Japanese 27th Division invaded Ruoxi at the same time. The Chinese 30th and 18th Corps resisted along the Ruichang-Ruoxi Road and the surrounding area, which resulted in a stalemate for more than a month
1513:
Although the battle ended with the eventual capture of Wuhan by the Japanese forces, it resulted in heavy casualties, with China suffering as many as one million casualties, military and civilian. With Japan suffering its heaviest losses of the war, it decided to divert its attention to the north,
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The continuing stalemate around Wuhan and the continued influx of foreign aid to Chinese forces from ports in the south made the IJA decide to deploy three reserve divisions to pressure the naval shipping lines. It thus decided to occupy the Guangdong port by an amphibious landing. Because of the
2202:
While those factions were active, the Japanese 6th Division breached the defensive lines of Chinese 31st and 68th Army on 24 July and captured Taihu, Susong, and Huangmei Counties on 3 August. As the Japanese continued to move westward, the Chinese 4th Army of the Fifth War Zone deployed its main
3101:
Lee (Guidan) managed to regain control and headed back to Hankou Airfield. Witnesses on the ground saw him attempting to land his stricken I-15bis. Unfortunately, it would appear that Lee's fuel tanks had been hit and were leaking because, while on final approach, the I-15bis suddenly burst into
1805:
in May 1938, the Japanese planned an extensive invasion of Hankou and the takeover of Wuhan, and intended to destroy the main force of the National Revolutionary Army. The Chinese, on the other hand, were building up their defensive efforts by massing troops in the Wuhan area. They also set up a
1732:
After the Japanese occupied Xuzhou in May 1938, they sought actively to expand the scale of the invasion. The IJA decided to send a vanguard to occupy Anqing for use as a forward base for an attack on Wuhan, for its main force then to attack the area north of the Dabie Mountains moving along the
1692:
against the 200,000 Japanese in 20 divisions of the Imperial Japanese Army. Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi of the Fifth War Zone were assigned to defend the north of the Yangtze, and Chen Cheng of the Ninth War Zone was tasked with defending the south. The First War Zone, located in the west of the
1999:
attacked along the southern shore of the Yangtze River. The Chinese garrison of the Madang river fortress repelled four Japanese assaults, but suffered casualties due to intense bombardment from Japanese ships on the Yangtze, as well as poison gas attacks. Due to a ceremony at a local military
2134:
By 10 October, the Japanese 106th Division, as well as the 9th, 27th, and 101st Divisions, which had gone to reinforce it, had suffered heavy casualties. The Aoki, Ikeda, Kijima, and Tsuda Brigades were also destroyed in the encirclement. With Japanese forces in the area losing combat command
1786:
passed the National Mobilization Law, which authorized unlimited war funding. As part of the law, the National Service Draft Ordinance also allowed the conscription of civilians. On 29 April, the Japanese air force launched major air strikes on Wuhan to celebrate Emperor Shōwa's birthday. The
2044:
on 10 August, and mounted an assault on the city. The defending NRA 2nd Corps was reinforced by the 32nd Army Group and initially halted the Japanese attack. However, when the Japanese 9th Division entered the fray, the Chinese defenders were exhausted, and Ruichang was captured on the 24th.
1585:
On the Japanese side, the IJA forces were drained by the large number and the extent of military operations since the beginning of the invasion. Reinforcements were thus dispatched to boost forces in the area, which placed a strain on the Japanese peacetime economy, leading Prime Minister
2052:
In the meantime, other Japanese forces and their supporting river fleet continued their advance westwards along the Yangtze, encountering resistance from the defending Chinese 31st Army and 32nd Army Group west of Ruichang. When the town of Madang and Fujin Mountain, both in
1922:
in the battle. A largely-intact A5M fighter plane that was downed in the battle was recovered with a damaged engine, and it was the second intact A5M to be recovered, repaired, and flight-tested in the war, the first recovered-intact A5M having been one downed by Colonel
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in the Yangtze river, with the banks being only 600m wide at its narrowest. To capitalize on this natural defense, the Chinese had built massive battlements and fortifications since the end of 1937, with help provided by Soviet advisors and thousands of local laborers.
2203:
force in Guangji, Hubei and Tianjia Town to intercept the Japanese offensive. The 11th Army Group and the 68th Army were ordered to form a line of defense in Huangmei county, and the 21st and 29th Army Group, as well as the 26th Army, moved south to flank the Japanese.
1774:, and five divisions of Japanese forces from the Central China Area Army to guard the areas in and around Shanghai, Beijing, Hangzhou, and other important cities, which would protect the back of the Japanese forces and complete the preparation for the battle.
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who had failed to retreat in time, whilst women and children were raped en masse. In addition, many of the city's urban districts and suburban villages were deliberately razed, including the city's ceramics factories and maritime transportation system.
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capabilities, hundreds of officers were airdropped into the area. Of the four Japanese divisions which had gone into the battle, only around 1,500 men made it out of the encirclement. The event was later called the Victory of Wanjialing by the Chinese.
1918:. The 4th Group fighters would claim at least 4 of the A5Ms, and the Soviet group claimed no less than 3 of the A5Ms shot down. Both the Japanese fighter group commander, Lieutenant Kaneko, and the Chinese fighter group commander, Captain Li, were
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in Baisui Street, west of Wanjialing. On 7 October, the Chinese Army mounted a final large-scale assault to encircle the Japanese troops. The battle continued for three days, and all of the Japanese counterattacks were repelled by the Chinese.
2000:
school, most of the Chinese officers responsible for Madang's defense were absent. Reinforcements were thus dispatched too late, and Madang fell after a three day battle. Chiang Kai-Shek had Madang's overseeing general Xie Weiying executed.
2115:, the commander-in-chief of the Chinese First Corps, used the 4th, 29th, 66th, and 74th Armies to link with the 25th Army and engaged the Japanese in a fierce battle at Madang and north of De'an, which brought the battle to a stalemate.
1741:
forced the IJA to abandon its plan of attacking along the Huai, and it decided to attack along both banks of the Yangtze instead. On 4 May, the commander of the IJA forces, Shunroku Hata, organized approximately 350,000 men of the
2345:
fighting in Wuhan, a significant portion of Chinese forces in Guangzhou had been transferred elsewhere. As such, the pace of the occupation was much smoother than expected, and Guangzhou fell to the Japanese on 21 October.
2003:
The defeat at Madang opened up the route to Jiujiang. It took almost three weeks for the Japanese to clear the waterway around Madang of mines, costing them five minesweepers, two warships and a landing craft full of
1644:, the importance of Wuhan as a major transportation hub in the interior of China was further established. The city also served as an important transit point for foreign aid moving inland from the southern ports.
1903:
1659:
wartime capital at the onset of the engagements in Wuhan. The Chinese war effort was thus focused on protecting Wuhan from being occupied by the Japanese. The Japanese government and the headquarters of the
1942:
intercepted at least 29 A5M fighters and 18 G3M bombers over Hankou. The former Guangxi warlord air force pilot Zhu Jiaxun and his squadron-mate, He Jermin, along with the Chinese-American fighter pilots
2309:
resist. After ten days of fighting, the Japanese crossed the Yellow River on 19 September. On the 21st, the Japanese 10th Division defeated the Chinese 17th Group Army and 45th Army and captured Lushan.
1974:, which signaled the onset of the Battle of Wuhan. The capture Anqing's airbase enabled Japanese aircraft to assault Jiujiang, a major riverine port and railroad junction one hundred miles upstream.
2214:
to continue resisting the Japanese forces along with the Chinese 26th, 55th, and 86th Armies. The Chinese 4th Army Group ordered the 21st and 29th Army Groups to flank the Japanese from northeast of
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and killed spies and traitors. It lost more than 100 men during its operations. On 13 August, members of the force sneaked into the Japanese air base at Hongqiao and raised a Chinese flag.
2087:
moved along the Nanxun Railway, now known as Nanchang-Jiujiang, on the south side. The defending Chinese 4th Army, 8th Army Group, and 29th Army Group relied on the advantageous terrain of
2210:
on 28 August. However, with Japanese reinforcements arriving on 30 August, the Chinese 11th Army Group and the 68th Army were unsuccessful in their counteroffensives. They retreated to
1782:
The Battle of Wuhan was preceded by a Japanese air strike on 18 February 1938 that was known as the "2.18 Air Battle" and ended by Chinese forces repelling the attack. On 24 March, the
1806:
defensive line in Henan to delay the Japanese forces coming from Xuzhou. However, the disparity in Chinese and Japanese troop strength caused that line of defense to collapse quickly.
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until the Japanese 27th Division captured Ruoxi on 5 October. The Japanese forces then turned to strike northeast, captured Xintanpu in Hubei on the 18th, and moved towards Dazhi.
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Chinese, with prior intelligence, were well prepared. The battle was known as the "4.29 Air Battle" and was one of the most intense air battles of the Second Sino-Japanese War.
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Grunden, W.E. (2017). "No Retaliation in Kind: Japanese Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II". In Friedrich, B.; Hoffmann, D.; Renn, J.; Schmaltz, F.; Wolf, M. (eds.).
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commanded four-and-a-half divisions of the Second Army along the northern foot of the Dabie Mountains to assist the assault. The forces were augmented by 120 ships of the
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provinces over a period of four and a half months. It was the single largest, longest, and bloodiest battle of the entire Second Sino-Japanese War. More than one million
3635:
3510:"Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land. The Hague, 18 October 1907"
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1680:, approximately 1.1 million men or 120 divisions of the National Revolutionary Army were redeployed. The commission decided to organize the defense around the
1825:, forced the Japanese to delay their attack on Wuhan. However, it also caused around 500,000 to 900,000 civilian deaths by flooding many cities in northern China.
2250:
Chinese defenders, the Japanese resorted to deploying large amounts of poison gas, which proved to be their only their only decisive means of achieving victory.
2218:, but they were unable to stop the Japanese advance. Guangji was captured on 6 September. On 8 September, Guangji was recovered by the Chinese 4th Corps, but
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1705:, was given the task of stopping the Japanese forces coming from the North China Plain. Finally, Chinese troops in the Third War Zone, located between
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3701:日本陆、海军航空队各自对中国内地的攻击均遭到一定损伤之后，遂决定联合行动，代号为"100"号作战。参的日本陆军前空兵力为：重轰炸机第六十成队和战斗机独立第十中队，其中重轰炸机51架。海军航空兵力为：第一联合航空队和第二联合航空队，有中型攻击机63架。12月24日，日本陆、海军飞机在运城机场集结完毕。
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Following the fall of Tianjizhen, the Japanese continued to attack westwards by capturing Huangpo on 24 October and rapidly approaching Hankou.
1518:. The end of the battle signaled the beginning of a strategic stalemate in the war, shifting from large pitched battles to localised struggles.
1985:. To prevent a Japanese assault on Jiujiang, the Chinese had built defensive fortifications at Madang, including artillery emplacements, naval
1558:, which was the capital of China, was threatened directly by the Japanese forces. The Nationalists were thus forced to declare the capital an
1651:, the bulk of the Nationalist government agencies and the military command headquarters were in Wuhan although the capital had been moved to
493:
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Laws of War: Declaration on the Use of Projectiles the Object of Which is the Diffusion of Asphyxiating or Deleterious Gases; July 29, 1899
2317:. On the 12th, the Japanese 2nd Army captured Xinyang and moved south of the Pinghan Railway to attack Wuhan, together with the 11th Army.
1737:, and to occupy Wuhan eventually by the way of the Wusheng Pass. Later, another detachment would move west along the Yangtze. However, the
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1640:. Wuchang was the political center, Hankou was the commercial district, and Hanyang was the industrial area. After the completion of the
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Chinese troops crossing the Yellow River in June 1938, the river was deliberately flooded by Chinese forces to buy time to defend Wuhan.
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After its fall 1938 victory in the Battle of Wuhan, Japan advanced deep into Communist territory and redeployed 50,000 troops to the
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to reinforce the 106th Division, which breached the Chinese 25th Army's defensive line and captured Xinzhi. They attempted to occupy
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forces came too suddenly for the civilian population to be evacuated, leaving many behind at the mercy of the Japanese occupiers.
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bombers of the Kanoya Kokutai, led by Lieutenant Commander Sugahisa Tuneru, on a raid against Wuhan engaged in battle with 19
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commanded five-and-a-half divisions of the Eleventh Army along both banks of the Yangtze in the main assault on Wuhan, and
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and north of Nanxun Railway to resist. As a result, the Japanese offensive suffered a setback. On 20 August, the Japanese
1550:. The fighting lasted from 13 August to 12 November, with the Chinese suffering major casualties including "70 percent of
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soon attacked the advancing Japanese, inflicting between 3,000 and 5,000 casualties and resulting in a Japanese retreat.
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Manning Tianjiazhen were thousands of China's best troops from the Central Army, including experienced veterans from the
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Japanese figures indicate the 11th Army alone suffered 104,559 cases of illness, plus 1,386 cases of infectious disease
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IV, 2 - Declaration on the Use of Projectiles the Object of Which is the Diffusion of Asphyxiating or Deleterious Gases
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of the Japanese Army attempted to reinforce the position but was ambushed and repulsed by the Chinese 32nd Army led by
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feet but the Japanese fighters detected them. Over 30 A5Ms diving from 2000 feet above engaged the seven Gladiators.
2265:, the Chinese 3rd Army Group of the Fifth War Zone stationed the 19th and 51st Army Groups and the 77th Army in the
1809:
In an attempt to win more time for the preparation of the defense of Wuhan, the Chinese opened up the dikes of the
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The Japanese Army then lay siege to the river fortress of Tianjiazhen. Tianjiazhen was positioned at a natural
1546:. To disrupt the Japanese invasion plans, the Chinese Nationalists decided to engage the Japanese in Shanghai,
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region, west of De'an. Xue Yue commanded the Chinese 4th, 66th, and 77th Armies to flank the Japanese. The
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On the southern bank of the Yangtze River, the Chinese Ninth War Zone had one regiment stationed west of
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2024:" against the city's civilian population. Male civilians were indiscriminately executed alongside any
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2664:胡德坤. (2008). 武汉会战时期的日本对华政策研究. 武汉大学学报 (人文科学版), 61(2). citing 秦郁彦:《日中战争史》 , 东京:原书房 1979 年版， p. 295.
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1620:, was the second-largest city in China, with a population of 1.5 million in late 1938. The
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flames and crashed. Lee, the youngest Commanding Officer of the 4th PG at the time, was killed.
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On 24 June, the Japanese forces made a surprise landing in Madang, while the main force of the
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the city in October. The Japanese Army captured Wuchang and Hankou on 26 October and captured
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Literature Journals in the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in China (1931–1938)
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Towards the end of September, four regiments of the Japanese 106th Division circled into the
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1951:, all flying the Gladiators, would claim at least four of the A5Ms to be shot down that day.
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provided additional military and technical resources, including the Soviet Volunteer Group.
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fighters of the 21st PS, all under the overall command of the 4th Pursuit Group CO Captain
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The IJA advance in central China was slowed down significantly by multiple battles around
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2613:敖文蔚. (1999). 武汉抗战时期蒋介石的战略战术思想. 近代史研究, 6, 128–156. citing 《10月份长江敌舰受伤统计》，《经济动员》1938年第11期。
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As many as 90,000 civilians were massacred by the Japanese army in and around Jiujiang.
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3845:"The cult of geography: Chinese riverine defence during the Battle of Wuhan, 1937-1938"
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3285:"The cult of geography: Chinese riverine defence during the Battle of Wuhan, 1937-1938"
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admitted during the war to maintain public morale and confidence in the war effort.
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expected Wuhan to fall, along with the Chinese resistance, "within a month or two."
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The Japanese Namita detachment moved westward along the river, landed northeast of
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2777:"Wuhan, 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China. Stephen R. Mackinnon"
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The Japanese Empire: Grand Strategy from the Meiji Restoration to the Pacific War
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1482:
troops from the Fifth and Ninth War Zone were put under the direct command of
4036:
4018:
4005:
3861:
3844:
3688:
3616:
3301:
3284:
2800:
2753:
2622:
2570:
16 divisions of 25,200 men each 张振国. (2005). 抗战时期武汉会战等战役纪实. 湖北文史, (1), 24-59.
2289:, Hubei. The Chinese 27th Army Group and the 59th Army were stationed in the
2207:
2195:
2176:
1948:
1783:
1676:
was created to determine the battle plan for the defense of Wuhan. After the
1617:
1499:
548:
337:
293:
269:
1959:
2300:
The Japanese attacked in late August with the 2nd Army Group marching from
2290:
2278:
2100:
2020:
Following Jiujiang's capture, occupying Japanese forces engaged in a "mini-
1939:
1888:
1810:
1333:
1266:
1096:
485:
245:
3761:
3482:
Yoshimi and Matsuno, ibid. p.28, "Japan's poison gas used against China,"
2242:. The army commanders and division commanders were all graduates from the
3880:
Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937-1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism
3576:
One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences
2231:
2190:
2152:
2096:
1978:
1944:
1924:
1724:
1685:
1191:
233:
197:
1848:
2412:
2180:
2175:, who used guerrilla tactics in the suburbs of Shanghai and across the
2148:
2127:
2119:
1986:
1734:
281:
185:
2853:
The Sino-Japanese War, 1937-41: From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor
2761:
2729:
2382:
2184:
2164:
1818:
1694:
1652:
1594:
on 5 May that year, which moved Japan into a wartime economic state.
1563:
1559:
1542:
had fallen to the Japanese by 30 July, which exposed the rest of the
2465:
2415:
against the Chinese on 16 August 1938. A resolution adopted by the
2366:
2168:
2108:
2080:
2041:
1982:
1934:
On 3 August 1938, 52 Chinese fighters, with 20 I-15s, 13 I-16s, 11
1714:
1471:
221:
2816:
Defense of Jianghan: 1938 A Complete Record of the Battle of Wuhan
2277:. The 71st Army was tasked with the defense of Fujin Mountain and
2294:
2286:
2270:
2112:
2088:
2071:
1964:
1698:
1689:
1625:
1621:
1602:
1555:
1539:
1535:
1467:
257:
209:
3473:
Jūgonen sensō gokuhi shiryōshū, Funi Shuppankan, 1997, pp.25–29.
3360:
Wuhan 1938 : War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China
3216:
Forgotten Ally: Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937-1945
2329:
Japanese marine troops destroying a Chinese pillbox during the
2274:
2172:
2171:
was controlled by another non-government Chinese force, led by
2160:
1971:
1710:
1578:
for its strong industrial, economic, and cultural foundations.
3434:. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK:
3333:
Storm Clouds Over the Pacific, 1931–1941 (War in the Far East)
2403:. According to another memorandum discovered by the historian
3151:"Chinese biplane fighter aces - 'Arthur' 'Art' Chin Shui-Tin"
3116:"Chinese biplane fighter aces - 'Arthur' 'Art' Chin Shui-Tin"
2301:
2266:
2219:
2156:
1795:
1613:
1607:
1571:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1459:
1356:
1080:
80:
51:
1914:, as well as several more mix of Polikarpov fighters of the
118:
Capture of Wuhan by Japanese forces after Chinese withdrawal
3050:
3048:
3023:
3021:
2677:(in Chinese) citing 《战史丛书·中国事变陆军作战史》 Retrieved 30 July 2018
2655:(in Chinese) citing 《战史丛书·中国事变陆军作战史》 Retrieved 30 July 2018
2340:
Hankou City on fire following the retreat of Chinese forces
1970:
On 15 June, the Japanese made a naval landing and captured
1706:
3918:
Wuhan, 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China
3251:
Wuhan, 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China
3189:
Wuhan, 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
1794:
Japanese armoured vehicles and pioneer troops approaching
2179:. The force was made up of secret society members of the
2159:
and held it for a few days. Guerrillas also briefly held
71:
11 June – 27 October 1938 (4 months, 2 weeks, and 2 days)
3802:
3045:
3018:
2832:
2075:
Advancing Chinese troops during the Battle of Wanjialing
1530:(IJA) launched a full-scale invasion of China after the
3339:
3257:
3195:
3033:
3006:
2996:
2994:
2979:
2967:
2955:
2585:
1590:
to reassemble his Cabinet in 1938 and to introduce the
2869:
2687:"How many people did the Japanese army lose at Wuhan?"
2675:"How many people did the Japanese army lose at Wuhan?"
2653:"How many people did the Japanese army lose at Wuhan?"
2281:
in Henan. The Chinese 2nd Group Army was stationed in
1562:
while they began the process of moving the capital to
1384:
1338:
1271:
3452:
3411:
3375:
Zhongguo Kangtizhanzheng Zhengmian Zhanchang Zuozhan
3060:
2991:
2943:
2931:
2385:
375 times, from August to October 1938, despite the
2353:
on the 27th, which concluded the campaign in Wuhan.
3432:
The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History
2818:(in Chinese) (1st ed.). The Great Wall Press.
2547:"The Shattering of Japan's Imperial dream in China"
3978:
3955:
2698:
2542:
2540:
1839:
1628:divide the city into three regions, which include
1574:thus became the "de facto wartime capital" of the
3535:Emperor Hirohito on Localized Aggression in China
2377:against the Chinese. During the Battle of Wuhan,
1954:
4034:
2419:on 14 May condemned the use of toxic gas by the
1554:'s young officers." After the fall of Shanghai,
3637:Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937–1945
3405:Forgotten Ally, China's World War II, 1937-1945
2855:. New York: Macmillan Publishing. p. 221.
2537:
2480:. No more major offensives were launched until
2912:
2293:region, and the 17th Army was deployed in the
2206:The Chinese recaptured Taihu on 27 August and
2151:, who had defected multiple times to rivaling
2035:
1458:. Engagements took place across vast areas of
1361:
3614:
3362:. University of California Press. p. 40.
3253:. University of California Press. p. 39.
3191:. University of California Press. p. 38.
3081:"Chinese biplane fighter aces - Lee Kuei-Tan"
2887:
1883:(IJNAF) strike-force composed of at least 11
1308:
1294:
1241:
1227:
1066:
501:
3920:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2701:History of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)
2521:胡德坤. (2008). 武汉会战时期的日本对华政策研究. 武汉大学学报 (人文科学版)
1502:. Chinese forces were also supported by the
515:
3749:People's Wars in China, Malaya, and Vietnam
2495:Air warfare of the Second Sino-Japanese War
1891:, led by Lieutenant Takashi Kaneko, and 15
2356:
1667:
1570:from being able to complete the transfer.
1073:
1059:
508:
494:
3962:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3939:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3915:
3899:China at War: Regions of China, 1937-1945
3896:
3860:
3830:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3808:
3715:"Operation 100: The Bombing of Chungking"
3357:
3345:
3300:
3263:
3248:
3218:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 165.
3201:
3186:
3054:
3039:
3027:
3012:
2985:
2973:
2961:
2875:
2838:
2727:
2699:Long-hsuen, Hsu; Ming-kai, Chang (1971).
2667:
2637:
2142:
1750:to fight in and around Wuhan. Under him,
1430:), popularly known to the Chinese as the
479:435+ naval vessels destroyed and damaged
435:120 warships and 315+ other naval vessels
3514:International Committee of the Red Cross
3390:Storm Clouds over the Pacific, 1931-1941
3318:Storm Clouds over the Pacific, 1931-1941
3231:Storm Clouds over the Pacific, 1931-1941
2917:. Harvard University Press. p. 52.
2714:
2712:
2710:
2680:
2397:IV - The Laws and Customs of War on Land
2381:transmitted the emperor's orders to use
2335:
2324:
2320:
2297:region to organize the defensive works.
2225:
2189:
2070:
1958:
1789:
1723:
1601:
1177:Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (1931–1936)
1118:Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (1894–1895)
464:Contemporary: 256,000 killed and wounded
4048:Battles of the Second Sino-Japanese War
3985:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
3901:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
3828:The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949
3825:
3573:
3562:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
3471:Dokugasusen Kankei Shiryō II, Kaisetsu,
3330:
3315:
3228:
1821:on 9 June. The flood, now known as the
411:(1,100,000 participating in the battle)
4035:
3976:
3877:
3633:
3402:
3213:
3148:
3113:
3078:
3066:
2813:
2703:. Chung Wu Publishing Co. p. 245.
1597:
1514:which would prolong the war until the
16:Battle in the Second Sino-Japanese War
3953:
3934:
3882:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3745:
3741:
3739:
3458:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3182:
3180:
3000:
2949:
2937:
2774:
2707:
2598:
1717:, were given the task to protect the
1054:
489:
3712:
3578:. Springer, Cham. pp. 259–271.
3161:from the original on 10 January 2005
3126:from the original on 10 January 2005
3091:from the original on 6 December 2004
2850:
2609:
2607:
2517:
2515:
2015:
1843:
1828:
448:254,628 - 500,000 killed and wounded
3621:The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
3387:
2689:(in Chinese) Retrieved 30 July 2018
2155:and was then independent, occupied
1506:, a group of volunteer pilots from
13:
3842:
3736:
3533:Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (1991). "
3282:
3269:
3237:
3207:
3177:
2628:
2561:, weblio.jp retrieved 29 June 2018
2256:
2147:In Shandong, 1,000 soldiers under
1881:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
1835:Order of battle of Battle of Wuhan
1772:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
1616:, located halfway upstream of the
1454:, was a large-scale battle of the
14:
4079:
3372:
2604:
2512:
2455:Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region
2079:While the Japanese Army attacked
3678:
3407:. Houghton Mifflin. p. 166.
2718:张振国. (2005). 抗战时期武汉会战等战役纪实. 湖北文史
2634:爱澜，《武汉会战》台北市：知兵堂出版，2012年10月，p328
1847:
1580:Assistance from the Soviet Union
1158:German Pacific possesions (1914)
456:31,486–35,500 killed and wounded
367:
355:
343:
331:
319:
305:
287:
275:
263:
251:
239:
227:
215:
203:
191:
179:
167:
145:
133:
56:Chinese machine gun position at
50:
3818:
3706:
3672:
3654:
3627:
3608:
3567:
3554:
3527:
3502:
3491:
3476:
3464:
3396:
3381:
3366:
3351:
3324:
3309:
3222:
3142:
3107:
3072:
2906:
2881:
2844:
2807:
2768:
2721:
2692:
2658:
2646:
2369:authorized by specific orders (
2313:captured the Liulin station of
1904:22nd and 23rd Pursuit Squadrons
1840:Air war and pre-emptive strikes
1133:Manchuria and Korea (1904–1905)
3916:MacKinnon, Stephen R. (2008).
3897:MacKinnon, Stephen R. (2007).
2616:
2573:
2564:
2552:
2524:
1955:Battles of Madang and Jiujiang
1887:fighters of the 12th and 13th
1770:, more than 500 planes of the
1450:), and to the Japanese as the
1447:
1439:
1419:
1411:
1385:
1339:
1309:
1295:
1272:
1242:
1228:
533:1931–1937 (pre-war skirmishes)
397:30 divisions (approx. 256,000)
1:
3664:. 4 June 2018. Archived from
3662:"民国宁夏风云实录 第五卷杨少青 胡迅雷 著目录上篇下篇"
3335:. Casemate. pp. 150–151.
3233:. Casemate. pp. 146–148.
2775:Moore, Aaron William (2009).
2582:p. 31, Retrieved 26 July 2018
2500:
2194:Chinese defenders around the
2060:
1521:
3958:The Wars for Asia, 1911-1949
3754:University of Michigan Press
3584:10.1007/978-3-319-51664-6_14
3155:Biplane Fighter Aces - China
3120:Biplane Fighter Aces - China
3085:Biplane Fighter Aces - China
2730:"The Tragedy of Wuhan, 1938"
2623:"CombinedFleet: the Yangtze"
2505:
2457:. Elements of the Communist
2438:
477:Dozens of vehicles destroyed
473:200,000+ killed and wounded
7:
3713:Matt, P. E. (23 May 2015).
3358:Mackinnon, Stephen (2008).
3249:Mackinnon, Stephen (2008).
3187:Mackinnon, Stephen (2008).
2728:MacKinnon, Stephen (1996).
2488:
2365:and Seiya Matsuno, Emperor
2036:Southern Riverline Campaign
1756:Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni
1674:Military Affairs Commission
1548:which opened a second front
1480:National Revolutionary Army
961:North Burma and West Yunnan
83:and surrounding provinces (
10:
4084:
3826:Eastman, Lloyd E. (1986).
2485:the northeastern borders.
2198:during the Battle of Wuhan
2064:
1832:
1777:
1532:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
1082:Military campaigns of the
18:
4053:Military history of Wuhan
2892:. Springer. p. 187.
2793:10.1017/S0305741009000617
2746:10.1017/S0026749X0001684X
2399:, and Article 171 of the
1981:and another stationed in
1606:Location of Wuhan within
1592:National Mobilization Law
1427:
1396:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1350:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1302:
1288:
1283:
1265:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1235:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1123:Liaodong Peninsula (1895)
1093:
583:Pacification of Manchukuo
529:
458:105,945+ cases of illness
442:
382:
157:
126:
63:
49:
41:
36:
3954:Paine, S. C. M. (2012).
3935:Paine, S. C. M. (2017).
3878:Garver, John W. (1988).
3862:10.1177/0968344520961548
3685:www.flyingtiger-cacw.com
3564:, Perennial, 2001, p.739
3392:. Casemate. p. 125.
3320:. Casemate. p. 150.
3302:10.1177/0968344520961548
2625:. Retrieved 29 June 2018
2392:, Article 23 (a) of the
2244:Whampoa Military Academy
1879:On 18 February 1938, an
1662:China Expeditionary Army
1655:. Wuhan thus became the
1456:Second Sino-Japanese War
1290:Traditional Chinese
1223:Traditional Chinese
1192:Asia-Pacific (1941–1945)
520:Second Sino-Japanese War
44:Second Sino-Japanese War
19:Not to be confused with
3430:Crean, Jeffrey (2024).
3331:Harmsen, Peter (2018).
3316:Harmsen, Peter (2018).
3229:Harmsen, Peter (2018).
2913:Parks M. Coble (2015).
2401:Versailles Peace Treaty
2357:Use of chemical weapons
2222:was lost the same day.
1823:1938 Yellow River flood
1668:Preparations for battle
1492:Central China Area Army
1304:Simplified Chinese
1237:Simplified Chinese
1187:French Indochina (1940)
409:2,000,000 in the region
3615:Kent G. Budge (2007).
2888:Sunny Han Han (2017).
2814:Xiaode, Jiang (2015).
2549:Retrieved 26 June 2018
2433:Battle of West Suiyuan
2421:Imperial Japanese Army
2411:authorized the use of
2387:1899 Hague Declaration
2379:Prince Kan'in Kotohito
2341:
2333:
2199:
2143:North of Yangtze River
2076:
1997:Japanese Eleventh Army
1967:
1916:Soviet Volunteer Group
1798:
1764:Imperial Japanese Navy
1729:
1672:In December 1937, the
1610:
1528:Imperial Japanese Army
1516:attack on Pearl Harbor
1504:Soviet Volunteer Group
1496:Imperial Japanese Army
1014:West Henan–North Hubei
158:Commanders and leaders
3788:10.3998/mpub.11413902
3762:10.3998/mpub.11413902
3634:Mitter, Rana (2013).
3546:Sino-Japanese Studies
3403:Mitter, Rana (2013).
3214:Mitter, Rana (2013).
2915:China's War Reporters
2394:1907 Hague Convention
2339:
2328:
2321:Fighting in Guangzhou
2226:Battle of Tianjiazhen
2193:
2074:
1962:
1927:during an air battle
1833:Further information:
1793:
1727:
1605:
443:Casualties and losses
4019:30.5667°N 114.2670°E
3977:Taylor, Jay (2009).
3746:Opper, Marc (2020).
3640:. HMH. p. 166.
3540:21 July 2011 at the
3149:Gustavsson, Hakans.
3114:Gustavsson, Hakans.
3079:Gustavsson, Hakans.
2851:Dorn, Frank (1974).
2734:Modern Asian Studies
2409:Naruhiko Higashikuni
2261:In the north of the
2067:Battle of Wanjialing
1931:on 12 October 1937.
1526:On 7 July 1937, the
4015: /
3484:The Free Lance-Star
3436:Bloomsbury Academic
2781:The China Quarterly
2163:. The area east of
1991:bamboo river booms.
1963:Chinese mortars in
1647:After the Japanese
1598:Importance of Wuhan
1436:traditional Chinese
1408:traditional Chinese
1163:Siberia (1918–1922)
941:Sichuan (cancelled)
4068:Conflicts in Hubei
3770:20.500.12657/23824
2601:, p. 125–126.
2342:
2334:
2240:Battle of Shanghai
2200:
2077:
1968:
1936:Gloster Gladiators
1859:. You can help by
1799:
1739:Yellow River flood
1730:
1649:capture of Nanjing
1611:
1444:simplified Chinese
1416:simplified Chinese
731:Yellow River flood
645:Railway Operation
466:Academic: 200,000+
350:Prince Higashikuni
4043:Conflicts in 1938
4024:30.5667; 114.2670
3981:The Generalissimo
3779:978-0-472-90125-8
3593:978-3-319-51663-9
3486:, 6 Octobre 1984
3445:978-1-350-23394-2
2559:"Japan-China War"
2482:Operation Ichi-Go
2459:Eighth Route Army
2417:League of Nations
2016:Jiujiang Massacre
1897:Chinese Air Force
1877:
1876:
1829:Major engagements
1576:Republic of China
1544:North China Plain
1508:Soviet Air Forces
1400:
1399:
1392:
1391:
1346:
1345:
1327:Standard Mandarin
1279:
1278:
1260:Standard Mandarin
1200:
1199:
1128:China (1899–1901)
1048:
1047:
907:Yunnan-Burma Road
845:Hundred Regiments
617:Marco Polo Bridge
484:
483:
122:
121:
21:Battle of Wuchang
4075:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4008:
3996:
3984:
3973:
3961:
3950:
3931:
3912:
3893:
3874:
3864:
3841:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3743:
3734:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3696:
3691:on 15 April 2021
3687:. Archived from
3676:
3670:
3669:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3571:
3565:
3558:
3552:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3506:
3500:
3495:
3489:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3388:Harmsen, Peter.
3385:
3379:
3378:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3280:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3246:
3235:
3234:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2705:
2704:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2602:
2596:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2535:
2532:Tragedy of Wuhan
2528:
2522:
2519:
2429:Battle of Wuyuan
2405:Yoshiaki Yoshimi
2375:chemical weapons
2363:Yoshiaki Yoshimi
2331:Canton Operation
2022:Nanjing Massacre
1920:Killed in action
1902:fighters of the
1872:
1869:
1851:
1844:
1452:Capture of Wuhan
1449:
1441:
1432:Defence of Wuhan
1429:
1421:
1413:
1388:
1387:
1386:Bukan koryakūsen
1371:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1342:
1341:
1340:Wǔhàn Baǒwèizhàn
1318:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1298:
1297:
1284:Defense of Wuhan
1275:
1274:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1231:
1230:
1205:
1204:
1088:
1086:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1052:
1051:
935:Zhejiang–Jiangxi
811:Winter Offensive
708:North-East Henan
639:Sihang Warehouse
524:
523:
521:
510:
503:
496:
487:
486:
372:
371:
362:Shizuichi Tanaka
360:
359:
348:
347:
336:
335:
324:
323:
310:
309:
292:
291:
280:
279:
268:
267:
256:
255:
244:
243:
232:
231:
220:
219:
208:
207:
196:
195:
184:
183:
172:
171:
150:
149:
138:
137:
108:Japanese victory
65:
64:
54:
34:
33:
25:Wuchang Uprising
4083:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4033:
4032:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3993:
3970:
3947:
3928:
3909:
3890:
3843:Wu, Di (2022).
3838:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3807:
3803:
3780:
3756:. p. 122.
3744:
3737:
3723:
3721:
3711:
3707:
3694:
3692:
3677:
3673:
3668:on 4 June 2018.
3660:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3632:
3628:
3613:
3609:
3594:
3572:
3568:
3559:
3555:
3542:Wayback Machine
3532:
3528:
3518:
3516:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3492:
3481:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3428:
3424:
3416:
3412:
3401:
3397:
3386:
3382:
3371:
3367:
3356:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3329:
3325:
3314:
3310:
3283:Wu, Di (2022).
3281:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3247:
3238:
3227:
3223:
3212:
3208:
3200:
3196:
3185:
3178:
3164:
3162:
3147:
3143:
3129:
3127:
3112:
3108:
3094:
3092:
3077:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3053:
3046:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3019:
3011:
3007:
2999:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2849:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2812:
2808:
2773:
2769:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2708:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2643:Mackinnon p. 42
2642:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2538:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2491:
2441:
2359:
2323:
2315:Pinghan Railway
2263:Dabie Mountains
2259:
2257:Dabie Mountains
2228:
2167:all the way to
2153:warlord cliques
2145:
2069:
2063:
2038:
2018:
1957:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1857:needs expansion
1842:
1837:
1831:
1780:
1748:Eleventh Armies
1703:Pinghan Railway
1701:section of the
1682:Dabie Mountains
1670:
1600:
1552:Chiang Kai-shek
1524:
1484:Chiang Kai-shek
1404:Battle of Wuhan
1208:Battle of Wuhan
1203:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1182:China (1937–45)
1153:Tsingtao (1914)
1140:
1089:
1085:Empire of Japan
1084:
1081:
1079:
1049:
1044:
837:Zaoyang–Yichang
776:Suixian–Zaoyang
622:Beiping–Tianjin
561:Nenjiang Bridge
525:
519:
517:
516:
514:
480:
478:
476:
474:
472:
467:
465:
463:
459:
457:
455:
453:Japanese claim:
438:
429:350,000-403,200
423:
420:
410:
400:
378:
374:Kesago Nakajima
366:
354:
342:
330:
318:
304:
298:
286:
274:
262:
250:
238:
226:
214:
202:
190:
178:
174:Chiang Kai-shek
166:
144:
132:
114:
100:
55:
37:Battle of Wuhan
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4081:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
3998:
3997:
3992:978-0674054714
3991:
3974:
3969:978-0674033382
3968:
3951:
3946:978-1107011953
3945:
3932:
3927:978-0520254459
3926:
3913:
3908:978-0804755092
3907:
3894:
3888:
3875:
3849:War in History
3836:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:, p. 101.
3809:MacKinnon 2008
3801:
3778:
3735:
3719:Pacific Eagles
3705:
3679:Chai, George.
3671:
3653:
3647:978-0547840567
3646:
3626:
3607:
3592:
3566:
3553:
3526:
3501:
3490:
3475:
3463:
3461:, p. 141.
3451:
3444:
3438:. p. 72.
3422:
3420:, p. 142.
3410:
3395:
3380:
3377:. p. 829.
3365:
3350:
3346:MacKinnon 2008
3338:
3323:
3308:
3295:(1): 185–204.
3289:War in History
3268:
3264:MacKinnon 2008
3256:
3236:
3221:
3206:
3202:MacKinnon 2008
3194:
3176:
3141:
3106:
3071:
3059:
3057:, p. 121.
3055:MacKinnon 2008
3044:
3040:MacKinnon 2008
3032:
3030:, p. 120.
3028:MacKinnon 2008
3017:
3013:MacKinnon 2008
3005:
3003:, p. 140.
2990:
2986:MacKinnon 2008
2978:
2974:MacKinnon 2007
2966:
2962:MacKinnon 2008
2954:
2952:, p. 124.
2942:
2940:, p. 123.
2930:
2924:978-0674967670
2923:
2905:
2899:978-9811064487
2898:
2880:
2876:MacKinnon 2008
2868:
2861:
2843:
2841:, p. 102.
2839:MacKinnon 2008
2831:
2825:978-7548301035
2824:
2806:
2767:
2740:(4): 931–943.
2720:
2706:
2691:
2679:
2666:
2657:
2645:
2636:
2627:
2615:
2603:
2584:
2572:
2563:
2551:
2536:
2523:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2487:
2440:
2437:
2358:
2355:
2322:
2319:
2258:
2255:
2227:
2224:
2212:Guangji County
2144:
2141:
2093:101st Division
2085:106th Division
2065:Main article:
2062:
2059:
2055:Yangxin County
2037:
2034:
2017:
2014:
1956:
1953:
1875:
1874:
1854:
1852:
1841:
1838:
1830:
1827:
1803:fall of Xuzhou
1779:
1776:
1768:Koshirō Oikawa
1752:Yasuji Okamura
1719:Yuehan Railway
1678:loss of Xuzhou
1669:
1666:
1642:Yuehan Railway
1599:
1596:
1588:Fumimaro Konoe
1523:
1520:
1428:武漢作戦 (ぶかんさくせん)
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1374:Transcriptions
1367:
1366:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1321:Transcriptions
1314:
1313:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1254:Transcriptions
1247:
1246:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1108:Ganghwa (1875)
1105:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1055:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1006:Guilin–Liuzhou
1002:
997:
983:
976:
975:
974:
969:
957:
949:
948:
944:
943:
938:
931:
930:
929:
924:
919:
914:
904:
897:
890:
883:
876:
871:
864:
859:
854:
849:
840:
832:
831:
827:
826:
825:
824:
819:
807:
806:
805:
793:
786:
785:
784:
772:
765:
764:
763:
753:
752:
751:
746:
734:
727:
722:
717:
716:
715:
705:
704:
703:
691:
690:
689:
677:
676:
675:
670:
658:
657:
656:
651:
649:Beiping–Hankou
643:
642:
641:
629:
624:
619:
613:
612:
608:
607:
606:
605:
600:
595:
588:Inner Mongolia
585:
580:
575:
574:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
552:
551:
535:
534:
530:
527:
526:
513:
512:
505:
498:
490:
482:
481:
461:Chinese claim:
451:
449:
445:
444:
440:
439:
437:
436:
433:
430:
426:
424:
422:
421:
419:
418:
415:
412:
406:
401:
399:
398:
394:
388:
385:
384:
380:
379:
377:
376:
364:
352:
340:
328:
326:Yasuji Okamura
316:
301:
299:
297:
296:
284:
272:
260:
248:
236:
224:
212:
200:
188:
176:
163:
160:
159:
155:
154:
142:
129:
128:
124:
123:
120:
119:
116:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
79:
77:
73:
72:
69:
61:
60:
47:
46:
39:
38:
32:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4080:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4063:1938 in Japan
4061:
4059:
4058:1938 in China
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4031:
4028:
3994:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3960:
3959:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3823:
3810:
3805:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3752:. Ann Arbor:
3751:
3750:
3742:
3740:
3732:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3681:"抗击敌"100"号作战"
3675:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3649:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3560:Herbert Bix,
3557:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3530:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3479:
3472:
3467:
3460:
3455:
3447:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3414:
3406:
3399:
3391:
3384:
3376:
3369:
3361:
3354:
3348:, p. 40.
3347:
3342:
3334:
3327:
3319:
3312:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3266:, p. 39.
3265:
3260:
3252:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3232:
3225:
3217:
3210:
3204:, p. 38.
3203:
3198:
3190:
3183:
3181:
3173:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3069:, p. 41.
3068:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3042:, p. 25.
3041:
3036:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3015:, p. 98.
3014:
3009:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2988:, p. 50.
2987:
2982:
2976:, p. 45.
2975:
2970:
2964:, p. 66.
2963:
2958:
2951:
2946:
2939:
2934:
2926:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2901:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2872:
2864:
2862:0-02-532200-1
2858:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2835:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2661:
2654:
2649:
2640:
2631:
2624:
2619:
2610:
2608:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2581:
2576:
2567:
2560:
2555:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2533:
2527:
2518:
2516:
2511:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2447:Operation 100
2436:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2373:) the use of
2372:
2368:
2364:
2361:According to
2354:
2352:
2346:
2338:
2332:
2327:
2318:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2196:Yangtze River
2192:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2177:Huangpu River
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2124:27th Division
2121:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1952:
1950:
1949:Louie Yim-qun
1946:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1871:
1862:
1858:
1855:This section
1853:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1784:Diet of Japan
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1690:Yangtze River
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:Hanshui River
1623:
1622:Yangtze River
1619:
1618:Yangtze River
1615:
1609:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:Shunroku Hata
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1351:Japanese name
1349:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1273:Wǔhàn Huìzhàn
1270:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1146:Taishō period
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1113:Ryukyu (1879)
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:Taiwan (1874)
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1087:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1041:
1038:
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1027:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1017:
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869:
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857:Central Hubei
855:
853:
852:North Vietnam
850:
848:
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797:South Guangxi
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654:Tianjin–Pukou
652:
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623:
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549:Lytton Report
547:
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432:500+ aircraft
431:
428:
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416:
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346:
341:
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338:Shunroku Hata
334:
329:
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317:
315:
314:
313:Prince Kan'in
308:
303:
302:
300:
295:
294:Sun Lianzhong
290:
285:
283:
278:
273:
271:
270:Zhang Zizhong
266:
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59:
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48:
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35:
30:
26:
22:
4000:
3980:
3957:
3936:
3917:
3898:
3879:
3852:
3848:
3827:
3819:Bibliography
3804:
3748:
3729:
3722:. Retrieved
3718:
3708:
3700:
3693:. Retrieved
3689:the original
3684:
3674:
3666:the original
3656:
3636:
3629:
3620:
3610:
3575:
3569:
3561:
3556:
3548:
3545:
3529:
3517:. Retrieved
3504:
3493:
3483:
3478:
3470:
3466:
3454:
3431:
3425:
3413:
3404:
3398:
3389:
3383:
3374:
3373:Rugui, Guo.
3368:
3359:
3353:
3341:
3332:
3326:
3317:
3311:
3292:
3288:
3259:
3250:
3230:
3224:
3215:
3209:
3197:
3188:
3170:
3163:. Retrieved
3154:
3144:
3135:
3128:. Retrieved
3119:
3109:
3100:
3093:. Retrieved
3084:
3074:
3062:
3035:
3008:
2981:
2969:
2957:
2945:
2933:
2914:
2908:
2889:
2883:
2878:, p. 2.
2871:
2852:
2846:
2834:
2815:
2809:
2784:
2780:
2770:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2700:
2694:
2682:
2669:
2660:
2648:
2639:
2630:
2618:
2575:
2566:
2554:
2531:
2526:
2463:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2425:
2396:
2389:
2370:
2360:
2347:
2343:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2291:Yellow River
2285:, Henan and
2279:Gushi County
2260:
2252:
2248:
2237:
2229:
2205:
2201:
2146:
2137:
2133:
2117:
2105:De'an County
2101:Hukou County
2095:crossed the
2078:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2019:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1976:
1969:
1933:
1929:over Nanjing
1878:
1868:January 2021
1865:
1861:adding to it
1856:
1811:Yellow River
1808:
1800:
1781:
1731:
1671:
1656:
1646:
1612:
1584:
1568:
1525:
1512:
1486:, defending
1451:
1431:
1403:
1401:
1380:Romanization
1334:Hanyu Pinyin
1267:Hanyu Pinyin
1217:Chinese name
1170:Shōwa period
1168:
1167:
1144:
1143:
1138:Korea (1910)
1097:Meiji period
1095:
1018:
1004:
995:4th Changsha
986:
985:
978:
959:
952:
933:
901:3rd Changsha
899:
894:2nd Changsha
892:
887:South Shanxi
885:
878:
866:
843:
842:
835:
817:West Suiyuan
809:
795:
790:1st Changsha
788:
774:
767:
737:
736:
729:
693:
679:
668:Pingxingguan
660:
633:2nd Shanghai
631:
578:1st Shanghai
475:100 aircraft
468:
460:
452:
414:200 aircraft
403:
391:
311:
246:Wang Jingjiu
127:Belligerents
42:Part of the
29:
4022: /
4010:114°16′01″E
3855:: 185–204.
3724:17 December
3695:17 December
3067:Garver 1988
2787:: 489–490.
2530:Mackinnon,
2273:regions in
2232:choke point
2097:Poyang Lake
1979:Poyang Lake
1945:Arthur Chin
1925:Gao Zhihang
1760:Third Fleet
1686:Poyang Lake
927:Yenangyaung
868:South Henan
862:South Anhui
803:Kunlun Pass
701:Taierzhuang
417:30 gunboats
234:Zhang Fakui
198:Bai Chongxi
113:Territorial
4037:Categories
4007:30°34′00″N
3889:0195363744
3837:0521385911
3459:Paine 2012
3418:Paine 2012
3001:Paine 2012
2950:Paine 2017
2938:Paine 2017
2599:Paine 2017
2501:References
2413:poison gas
2283:Shangcheng
2181:Green Gang
2149:Shi Yousan
2128:Shang Zhen
2120:Wanjialing
2061:Wanjialing
1815:Huayuankou
1801:After the
1735:Huai River
1688:, and the
1522:Background
1020:West Hunan
972:Mount Song
954:West Hubei
874:West Hubei
749:Wenxi fire
744:Wanjialing
593:Great Wall
392:Initially:
282:Li Zongren
186:Chen Cheng
58:Wanjialing
3871:245804180
3796:211359950
3602:158528688
3551:(1), p.7.
3165:5 January
3130:5 January
3095:5 January
2801:1468-2648
2754:0026-749X
2506:Citations
2439:Aftermath
2407:, Prince
2383:toxic gas
2371:rinsanmei
2185:Tiandihui
2165:Changzhou
1940:Hawk IIIs
1912:Li Guidan
1819:Zhengzhou
1695:Zhengzhou
1653:Chongqing
1564:Chongqing
1560:open city
1490:from the
967:Myitkyina
947:1943–1945
830:1940–1942
725:Chongqing
611:1937–1939
556:Jiangqiao
539:Manchuria
3538:Archived
3159:Archived
3124:Archived
3089:Archived
2534:, p. 932
2489:See also
2466:Changsha
2431:and the
2216:Huangmei
2183:and the
2169:Shanghai
2109:Nanchang
2081:Ruichang
2042:Ruichang
1983:Jiujiang
1938:, and 7
1889:Kōkūtais
1715:Nanchang
1657:de facto
1624:and the
1472:Zhejiang
1424:Japanese
1000:Hengyang
880:Shanggao
769:Nanchang
687:Massacre
383:Strength
222:Wu Qiwei
76:Location
3617:"Wuhan"
2351:Hanyang
2295:Xinyang
2287:Macheng
2271:Huoshan
2113:Xue Yue
2006:marines
1965:Xinyang
1906:and 10
1778:Prelude
1762:of the
1699:Xinyang
1638:Hanyang
1630:Wuchang
1556:Nanjing
1540:Tianjin
1536:Beijing
1534:. Both
1498:led by
1494:of the
1468:Jiangxi
1040:Taihoku
1033:Air War
1026:Guangxi
988:Ichi-Go
980:Changde
922:Toungoo
912:Tachiao
713:Lanfeng
681:Nanking
662:Taiyuan
603:Suiyuan
566:Jinzhou
258:Ou Zhen
210:Xue Yue
115:changes
93:Jiangxi
3989:
3966:
3943:
3924:
3905:
3886:
3869:
3834:
3794:
3786:
3776:
3644:
3600:
3590:
3519:4 July
3442:
2921:
2896:
2859:
2822:
2799:
2762:312954
2760:
2752:
2476:, and
2275:Anqing
2208:Susong
2173:Dai Li
2161:Yantai
2089:Lushan
2083:, the
1972:Anqing
1766:under
1744:Second
1711:Anqing
1634:Hankou
1474:, and
1446::
1438::
1418::
1410::
917:Oktwin
822:Wuyuan
782:Swatow
761:Hainan
756:Canton
695:Xuzhou
673:Xinkou
627:Chahar
571:Harbin
544:Mukden
404:Later:
105:Result
3867:S2CID
3792:S2CID
3784:JSTOR
3598:S2CID
2758:JSTOR
2580:JM-70
2367:Shōwa
2302:Hefei
2267:Liuan
2220:Wuxue
2157:Jinan
2099:from
1987:mines
1796:Wuhan
1614:Wuhan
1608:China
1572:Wuhan
1488:Wuhan
1476:Hubei
1464:Henan
1460:Anhui
1448:武汉保卫战
1440:武漢保衛戰
1363:武漢攻略戦
1357:Kanji
1310:武汉保卫战
1296:武漢保衛戰
738:Wuhan
469:Zhang
152:Japan
140:China
97:Hubei
89:Henan
85:Anhui
81:Wuhan
3987:ISBN
3964:ISBN
3941:ISBN
3922:ISBN
3903:ISBN
3884:ISBN
3832:ISBN
3774:ISBN
3726:2020
3697:2020
3642:ISBN
3588:ISBN
3521:2013
3440:ISBN
3167:2021
3132:2021
3097:2021
2919:ISBN
2894:ISBN
2857:ISBN
2820:ISBN
2797:ISSN
2750:ISSN
2478:1942
2474:1941
2470:1939
2269:and
2107:and
2026:POWs
1989:and
1947:and
1908:I-16
1900:I-15
1746:and
1713:and
1707:Wuhu
1636:and
1538:and
1420:武汉会战
1412:武漢會戰
1402:The
1243:武汉会战
1229:武漢會戰
720:Amoy
598:Rehe
68:Date
3857:doi
3766:hdl
3758:doi
3580:doi
3544:".
3297:doi
2789:doi
2785:198
2742:doi
2468:in
2450:.
2246:.
1893:G3M
1885:A5M
1863:.
1813:in
23:or
4039::
3865:.
3853:29
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2587:^
2539:^
2514:^
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2435:.
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