41:
91:
73:
433:
382:
497:
against the
Japanese Army. Y Force was composed of two Army Groups from the National Army; 11th Army Group(Commander Song Xilian, Deputy Commander Huang Jie, Chief of Staff Cheng Gang) and 20th Army Group (Commander Huo Kuizhang, Deputy Commander Fang Tian). By January 1945, the Y Force had
361:
held for twelve days against overpowering
Japanese forces before retreating. The setbacks against the Japanese Army escalated the tension between Stilwell and Chiang, as many Chinese commanders refused to carry out orders from Stilwell without approval from Chiang first. The Japanese soon
405:
in
Northern Burma. The units were decimated by Japanese ambush along with malaria and dysentery, suffering major losses. The failure of the first expedition led to the closure of the Burma Road, and future Chinese war efforts had to rely on
457:
in their field operations. For most of 1943, the
Chinese Army engaged in several conflicts with the Japanese Army while defending the construction of the Ledo Road. In October 1943, the New First Army managed to defeat the Japanese veteran
466:. To secure the opening of the Ledo Road, the Chinese Army in India was retitled the "Northern Combat Area Command" (NCAC), and re-entered Burma in the spring of 1944. The Chinese Army engaged and defeated the Japanese forces during
440:
Between 1942 and 1943, many
Chinese soldiers were airlifted from Chongqing to India and joined the ones who had followed the British retreat there earlier, they were trained under American advisors and became the
1022:
1012:
1027:
1037:
1032:
291:. The Second Sino-Japanese War consequently merged with the Second World War, and the China-Burma-India theatre was established with increasing American support. The
303:. To secure Chinese participation in Burma against the Japanese, Britain and China signed a joint agreement in December 1941 concerning the mutual defense of the
846:
502:
on the China-Burma border and regained control of the land route from Burma to China. The first convoy via the newly opened Ledo-Burma Road reached
1007:
467:
342:
888:
268:, which reopened in October 1940. The United States was shipping materials to support Chinese resistance by late 1941 as part of the
393:
fell to the
Japanese on April 29. In response, Stilwell ordered a general retreat to India. The majority of the Fifth Army, led by
233:
474:
in August. Allied success in these campaigns enabled the opening of the Ledo Road. However, by the time
Myitkyina was captured,
276:. From 1942 to 1944, 98 percent of all US lend lease to China went directly to US Army units in China, not the Chinese military.
867:
459:
982:
961:
940:
919:
898:
856:
442:
423:
1002:
326:
877:
256:
of China, and soon isolated the country from the rest of the world. The
Chinese resistance led by Nationalist leader
78:
972:
475:
296:
530:, and ceased to exist. A memorial for fallen Chinese soldiers from the Chinese Expeditionary Force was built in
189:
341:
was located. To relieve Allied positions in Burma, the
Chinese Expeditionary Force (CEF) was formed from the
205:
197:
485:
Intending to coordinate with the X Force, Wei
Lihuang's Chinese Expeditionary Force in Yunnan, known as the
229:
951:
519:
209:
322:
316:
307:. This agreement led to the creation of the Sino-British alliance and the Chinese Expeditionary Force.
273:
909:
479:
816:
610:
Jay Taylor, Stilwell's The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China, pp. 271
514:
After returning to China, the American-equipped New First Army and the New Sixth Army fought in the
930:
253:
17:
299:, and was unable to divert any resources to protect their colonial interests, in particular over
1017:
454:
280:
225:
221:
96:
45:
Reunion of the Chinese Expeditionary Force and the Chinese Army in India (X Force and Y Force).
25:
371:
213:
124:
116:
106:
353:. The CEF entered Burma in February 1942 and engaged with the Imperial Japanese Army at the
494:
40:
8:
338:
272:
policy. To cut off the Chinese supply line, the Imperial Japanese Army began to plan the
471:
367:
283:
by the Empire of Japan was immediately followed by the invasion of British colonies of
978:
957:
936:
915:
894:
873:
852:
523:
515:
354:
370:
of the British Indian Army were encircled by the Japanese at the oil fields in the
284:
237:
136:
128:
527:
350:
257:
249:
169:
140:
463:
446:
363:
358:
292:
288:
132:
996:
490:
300:
144:
120:
499:
450:
402:
346:
848:
Military Economics, Culture and Logistics in the Burma Campaign, 1942–1945
389:
The Allied forces led by the British decided to evacuate from Burma after
334:
217:
173:
381:
375:
304:
269:
265:
161:
21:
1023:
Military units and formations of the Republic of China in World War II
531:
411:
394:
261:
165:
407:
432:
503:
486:
427:
330:
398:
390:
417:
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on April 18, and the 38th Division led by Lieutenant General
357:. Stilwell arrived at the front on March 22, and the Chinese
784:
649:
637:
310:
935:. Washington, DC: U.S. Army Center of Military History.
914:. Washington, DC: U.S. Army Center of Military History.
890:
Shadow States: India, China and the Himalayas, 1910–1962
760:
712:
1013:
Units and formations of the National Revolutionary Army
678:
676:
553:
551:
1028:
Military units and formations in Burma in World War II
977:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
796:
570:
568:
566:
772:
736:
724:
700:
688:
661:
613:
580:
264:
was heavily dependent on the supply line through the
1038:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
673:
548:
748:
563:
349:, under the command of American Lieutenant General
592:
385:Stilwell retreating from Burma to India, May 1942.
1033:Military units and formations established in 1942
366:in March and advanced toward the Burma Road. The
994:
625:
295:, however, was preoccupied with the war in the
886:
655:
643:
907:
790:
766:
718:
418:Second expedition (Early 1943 – March 1945)
325:began in January 1942, and Japan conducted
39:
893:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
872:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
815:Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (October 19, 2011).
470:in Northern Burma and Western Yunnan and
453:was incorporated, which was supported by
230:Japanese invasion and occupation of Burma
817:"China Honors Its War Dead, but Quietly"
431:
380:
956:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
869:The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949
865:
802:
619:
586:
995:
949:
928:
844:
814:
778:
754:
742:
730:
706:
694:
682:
667:
598:
574:
557:
311:First expedition (March – August 1942)
478:was reducing the significance of the
476:Allied success in the Pacific theatre
424:X Force (Chinese Expeditionary Force)
970:
808:
631:
13:
1008:Expeditionary units and formations
397:, however attempted to retreat to
14:
1049:
887:Guyot-Réchard, Bérénice (2017).
333:, where the headquarters of the
89:
71:
908:MacGarrigle, George L. (1996).
837:
279:In December 1941, the surprise
204:) was an expeditionary unit of
604:
201:
193:
1:
537:
518:. Both were decimated by the
243:
974:Born in the Jungles of Burma
542:
509:
410:and the construction of the
16:Not to be confused with the
7:
1003:Chinese Expeditionary Force
378:attempted to relieve them.
210:National Revolutionary Army
186:Chinese Expeditionary Force
34:Chinese Expeditionary Force
10:
1054:
866:Eastman, Lloyd E. (1986).
421:
323:Japanese invasion of Burma
317:Japanese conquest of Burma
314:
15:
480:China-Burma-India theatre
155:
150:
112:
102:
84:
66:
58:
50:
38:
33:
414:for logistical support.
234:South-East Asian theatre
18:China Expeditionary Army
851:. New York: Routledge.
845:Dunlop, Graham (2015).
455:American Special Forces
212:that was dispatched to
929:Newell, C. R. (1995).
437:
386:
281:attack on Pearl Harbor
226:Imperial Japanese Army
97:Republic of China Army
26:Imperial Japanese Army
498:captured the town of
495:launched an offensive
435:
422:Further information:
384:
372:Battle of Yenangyaung
327:a series of air raids
315:Further information:
125:Expeditionary warfare
117:Close-quarters combat
971:Wax, Andrew (2010).
950:Taylor, Jay (2009).
472:recaptured Myitkyina
436:Chinese M4A4 Sherman
224:efforts against the
339:British Indian Army
254:full-scale invasion
190:traditional Chinese
107:Expeditionary Force
821:The New York Times
656:Guyot-Réchard 2017
644:Guyot-Réchard 2017
506:in February 1945.
438:
387:
368:1st Burma Division
248:In July 1937, the
220:in support of the
198:simplified Chinese
984:978-1-4438-2455-2
963:978-0-674-03338-2
953:The Generalissimo
942:978-0-16-088260-9
921:978-0-16-088279-1
900:978-1-316-79689-4
858:978-1-317-31623-7
524:Liaoshen Campaign
516:Chinese Civil War
468:various campaigns
403:primitive forests
274:invasion of Burma
179:
178:
1045:
988:
967:
946:
925:
904:
883:
862:
832:
831:
829:
827:
812:
806:
800:
794:
793:, pp. 8–10.
791:MacGarrigle 1996
788:
782:
776:
770:
767:MacGarrigle 1996
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
719:MacGarrigle 1996
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623:
617:
611:
608:
602:
596:
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584:
578:
572:
561:
555:
520:Communist forces
364:captured Rangoon
297:European theatre
238:Second World War
203:
195:
137:Mountain warfare
129:Forward observer
95:
93:
92:
77:
75:
74:
43:
31:
30:
1053:
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609:
605:
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585:
581:
573:
564:
556:
549:
545:
540:
528:Northeast China
512:
445:into which the
430:
420:
351:Joseph Stilwell
319:
313:
258:Chiang Kai-shek
250:Empire of Japan
246:
182:
172:
170:Joseph Stilwell
168:
164:
157:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
90:
88:
72:
70:
46:
29:
12:
11:
5:
1051:
1041:
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1010:
1005:
990:
989:
983:
968:
962:
947:
941:
926:
920:
905:
899:
884:
878:
863:
857:
841:
839:
836:
834:
833:
807:
805:, p. 296.
795:
783:
781:, p. 268.
771:
759:
747:
745:, p. 254.
735:
733:, p. 253.
723:
711:
709:, p. 205.
699:
697:, p. 203.
687:
672:
670:, p. 200.
660:
648:
636:
624:
622:, p. 280.
612:
603:
591:
589:, p. 145.
579:
562:
560:, p. 202.
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
511:
508:
489:, crossed the
464:Hukawng Valley
419:
416:
359:200th Division
347:New Sixth Army
312:
309:
293:British Empire
245:
242:
180:
177:
176:
159:
153:
152:
148:
147:
133:Jungle warfare
114:
110:
109:
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100:
99:
86:
82:
81:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
52:
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44:
36:
35:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1050:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1018:1942 in Burma
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
998:
986:
980:
976:
975:
969:
965:
959:
955:
954:
948:
944:
938:
934:
933:
927:
923:
917:
913:
912:
911:Central Burma
906:
902:
896:
892:
891:
885:
881:
879:0-521-38591-1
875:
871:
870:
864:
860:
854:
850:
849:
843:
842:
822:
818:
811:
804:
799:
792:
787:
780:
775:
768:
763:
756:
751:
744:
739:
732:
727:
720:
715:
708:
703:
696:
691:
685:, p. 18.
684:
679:
677:
669:
664:
658:, p. 61.
657:
652:
646:, p. 64.
645:
640:
634:, p. 17.
633:
628:
621:
616:
607:
600:
595:
588:
583:
577:, p. 16.
576:
571:
569:
567:
559:
554:
552:
547:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
507:
505:
501:
496:
493:in April and
492:
491:Salween River
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:18th Division
456:
452:
448:
444:
434:
429:
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415:
413:
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301:British India
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207:
199:
191:
187:
181:Military unit
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:
154:
149:
146:
145:Urban warfare
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
121:Combined arms
118:
115:
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108:
105:
101:
98:
87:
83:
80:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
42:
37:
32:
27:
23:
19:
973:
952:
931:
910:
889:
868:
847:
838:Bibliography
824:. Retrieved
820:
810:
803:Eastman 1986
798:
786:
774:
769:, p. 8.
762:
757:, p. 3.
750:
738:
726:
721:, p. 4.
714:
702:
690:
663:
651:
639:
627:
620:Eastman 1986
615:
606:
601:, p. 3.
594:
587:Eastman 1986
582:
513:
484:
451:New 6th Army
447:New 1st Army
439:
388:
320:
278:
247:
185:
183:
932:Burma, 1942
779:Taylor 2009
755:Dunlop 2015
743:Taylor 2009
731:Taylor 2009
707:Taylor 2009
695:Taylor 2009
683:Newell 1995
668:Taylor 2009
599:Newell 1995
575:Newell 1995
558:Taylor 2009
522:during the
335:Burma Corps
252:launched a
228:during the
174:Wei Lihuang
997:Categories
538:References
534:, Yunnan.
376:Sun Li-jen
343:Fifth Army
305:Burma Road
270:Lend-Lease
266:Burma Road
244:Background
162:Sun Li-jen
158:commanders
151:Commanders
22:army group
543:Citations
532:Tengchong
510:Aftermath
412:Ledo Road
395:Du Yuming
262:Chongqing
166:Du Yuming
59:Disbanded
54:1942–1945
632:Wax 2010
408:the Hump
401:through
345:and the
826:10 July
504:Kunming
500:Wanting
487:Y Force
443:X Force
428:Y Force
355:Toungoo
337:of the
331:Rangoon
236:of the
232:in the
156:Notable
141:Raiding
67:Country
24:of the
981:
960:
939:
918:
897:
876:
855:
399:Yunnan
391:Lashio
285:Malaya
222:Allied
200::
192::
94:
85:Branch
76:
51:Active
329:over
289:Burma
218:India
214:Burma
206:China
202:中国远征军
194:中國遠征軍
79:China
20:, an
979:ISBN
958:ISBN
937:ISBN
916:ISBN
895:ISBN
874:ISBN
853:ISBN
828:2017
449:and
426:and
321:The
287:and
216:and
184:The
113:Role
103:Type
62:1945
526:in
462:at
260:in
208:'s
999::
819:.
675:^
565:^
550:^
482:.
240:.
196:;
987:.
966:.
945:.
924:.
903:.
882:.
861:.
830:.
188:(
28:.
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