3047:
2615:
2906:
68:
2714:
2386:
3901:
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22:
2738:
2209:
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3153:
3201:
2512:
2336:
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2999:
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3589:"In spite of the severe fighting ... great crowds of (Dutch) civilians thronged the streets (of Groningen) — apparently more excited than frightened by the sound of nearby rifle and machine-gun fire. Out of regard for these civilians, the Canadians did not shell or bomb the city, thereby accepting the possibility of delay and additional casualties" (
3143:
Armies that often engage in urban warfare operations may train most of their infantry in CQB doctrine. While training will vary, it generally will focus on what proficiencies each unit possess. This is in opposition to what units may lack in either strength or weapons capabilities. The fundamentals
2798:
and sprayed every doorway and window, but this meant the tank could not traverse its turret quickly. The other solution was to rely on heavy howitzers (152 mm and 203 mm) firing over open sights to blast defended buildings and to use anti-aircraft guns against defenders posted on the higher
2757:
Much of the housing stock consisted of apartment blocks built in the second half of the 19th century. Most of those, thanks to housing regulations and few elevators, were five stories high, built around a courtyard which could be reached from the street through a corridor large enough to take a horse
2698:
The
Soviets used the great amount of destruction to their advantage by adding man-made defenses such as barbed wire, minefields, trenches, and bunkers to the rubble, while large factories even housed tanks and large-caliber guns within. In addition, Soviet urban warfare relied on 20-to-50-man-assault
2689:
is largely seen as the defining battle of urban warfare, with the battle commonly studied and referenced in studies of urban warfare. The battle was the single largest and costliest urban battle ever, with it being seen as the worst and most extreme case of urban warfare. The Battle of
Stalingrad saw
2889:
In the long term, the
Russians brought in more infantry and began a systematic advance through the city, house by house and block by block, with dismounted Russian infantry moving in support of armour. In proactive moves, the Russians started to set up ambush points of their own and then move armour
2758:
and cart or small trucks used to deliver coal. In many places these apartment blocks were built around several courtyards, one behind the other, each one reached through the outer courtyards by a ground-level tunnel similar to that between the first courtyard and the road. The larger, more expensive
2676:
Worth's men used pick axes to chip holes in the adobe walls of the homes, in the roof of the house from where the soldiers could drop in, or used ladders to climb to the top of a rooftop and assault the
Mexican defenders in hand-to-hand combat. The typical assault on a home would include one man who
2694:
combat techniques. Historian Iain MacGregor states that the "evolution of urban, house-to-house fighting and defending these buildings and built-up areas was seemingly born in
Stalingrad in the winter of 1942". The battle "occupies a famous, notorious place in the history of war, particularly urban
2657:
graduates, marched down the city's streets and were cut down by the
Mexican defenders. They could not see the men hidden behind walls, loopholes, or rooftops. They tried to march straight down the street until the intense fire drove them to hide in adjacent buildings. Taylor tried to move artillery
3187:
was evacuated compulsorily to provide an urban training area for United States forces. The facility has been retained, despite efforts by the displaced people to recover their homes, and was used for
British Army training for counter-insurgency operations in Northern Ireland. A newer purpose-built
2771:
did not use the makeshift barricades erected close to street corners, because these could be raked by artillery fire from guns firing over open sights further along the straight streets. Instead, they put snipers and machine guns on the upper floors and the roofs – a safer deployment as the Soviet
2449:
Analysts debate the scope and size of urban battles in the modern day, as they are unlikely to match the scale of battles in the Second World War. For example, professor
Michael C. Desch states that while "enormous forces engaged on both sides in those battles may never be seen in high-intensity
3037:
to a heavy use of armoured bulldozers. The heavily armoured bulldozers began by clearing booby traps and ended with razing many houses, mainly in the center of the refugee camp. The armoured bulldozers were unstoppable and impervious to
Palestinian attacks and by razing booby-trapped houses and
2590:
2863:, five or six hunter-killer fire teams deployed at ground level, in second and third stories, and in basements. The snipers and machine gunners would pin down the supporting infantry while the antitank gunners would engage the armoured vehicle aiming at the top, rear and sides of vehicles.
2677:
would run to the door of the house and chip the door away with a pick axe under covering fire. Once the door showed signs of weakening, 3–4 other soldiers would run to the door and barge in with revolvers blazing. Worth lost few men on the 23rd using these new urban warfare techniques.
2588:
2055:. Urban combat operations may be conducted to capitalize on strategic or tactical advantages associated with the possession or the control of a particular urban area or to deny these advantages to the enemy. It is considered to be arguably the most difficult form of warfare.
2058:
Fighting in urban areas negates the advantages that one side may have over the other in armor, heavy artillery, or air support. Ambushes laid down by small groups of soldiers with handheld anti-tank weapons can destroy entire columns of modern armor (as in the
2589:
3164:
Armed forces seek to train their units for those circumstances in which they are to fight: built up, urban areas are no exception. Several countries have created simulated urban training zones. The
British Army has established an "Afghan village" within its
2379:
You are surrounded, all roads to Grozny are blocked...Persons who stay in the city will be considered terrorists and bandits and will be destroyed by artillery and aviation. There will be no further negotiations. Everyone who does not leave the city will be
2555:
Meanwhile, the attackers tend to become more exposed than the defender as they must use the open streets more often, unfamiliar with the defenders' secret and hidden routes. During a house to house search the attacker is often also exposed on the streets.
2070:
Some civilians may be difficult to distinguish from such combatants as armed militias and gangs, and particularly individuals who are simply trying to protect their homes from attackers. Tactics are complicated by a three-dimensional environment, limited
2454:
states that while lessons may be taken from Stalingrad, ultimately "Stalingrad took place in a theater with a large number of army groups with a total of a million soldiers involved on each side; modern armies are unlikely to fight with these numbers."
2886:) to engage the Chechen combat groups, as their tank's main gun did not have the elevation and depression to engage the fire teams and an armoured vehicle's machine gun could not suppress the fire of half a dozen different fire teams simultaneously.
2749:
Most of the central districts of Berlin consisted of city blocks with straight wide roads, intersected by several waterways, parks and large railway marshalling yards. The terrain was predominantly flat but there were some low hills like that of
2645:
invaded the town. The U.S. Army had no prior training in urban warfare and the Mexican defenders hid on rooftops, shot through loopholes, and stationed cannons in the middle of the city's streets. The houses at Monterrey were made of thick
2614:
2745:
The German tactics in the battle of Berlin were dictated by three considerations: the experience that the Germans had gained during five years of war; the physical characteristics of Berlin; and the tactics used by the Soviets.
2404:
fighters through ambush-induced attrition losses. The attacking army must account for three dimensions more often, and consequently expend greater amounts of manpower to secure a myriad of structures, and mountains of rubble.
2144:(fighting in fortified objectives) refers to clearing enemy personnel from narrow and entrenched places like bunkers, trenches and strongholds; the dismantling of mines and wires; and the securing of footholds in enemy areas.
4046:"A Prussian law of 1875, enacted to cover the streets of Berlin, prescribed that the main streets should be 95 feet or more in width, secondary thoroughfares from 65 to 95 feet and the local streets from 40 to 65 feet." (
2470:
have predicted urban warfare to become the norm in wars. Spencer confirmed this to be true in an article in 2024, providing a list of numerous urban battles in the recent decades of the 21st century alone, those being
2729:
of six to eight men, closely supported by field artillery. These were tactical units which were able to apply the tactics of house to house fighting that the Soviets had been forced to develop and refine at each
2695:
warfare. It seems to encapsulate and personify it, to provide an instinctive yardstick by which urban warfare can be examined, understood, defined, and assessed" according to military historian Stephen Walsh.
2274:
noted the lethality of urban warfare in the Second World War, "When civilian met soldier in the confined landscapes, the death toll spiked, and it was no surprise that the greatest carnage of World War II—at
2658:
into the city but it could not hit the well-hidden defenders any better than the U.S. soldiers could. Two days later the US again assaulted the city from two sides and this time they fought differently.
2450:
urban battles again", that "the large numbers of killed and wounded underline the basic fact that such conflict is extremely lethal", referencing the battles of Stalingrad and Berlin. An article by the
2985:, entered to Nablus, killing 70 militants and arresting hundreds, while sustaining only one fatality. The forces deployed many small teams, advancing in non-linear manner from many directions, using
2063:), while artillery and air support can be severely reduced if the "superior" party wants to limit civilian casualties as much as possible, but the defending party does not (or even uses civilians as
3046:
2587:
3021:
the city and the refugee camp with thousands of explosive charges, some were very large and most were concealed in houses and on the streets. After 13 Israeli soldiers were killed in an
4158:"EU strongly condemns indiscriminate Hamas rockets on Israel and use of Palestinian population as human shields, 'terrorist groups in Gaza must disarm', calls for 'immediate ceasefire
2897:, some of the Russian armour was fitted quickly with a cage of wire mesh mounted some 25–30 centimetres away from the hull armour to defeat the shaped charges of the Chechen RPGs.
2650:, with strong double doors and few windows. The rooftops were lined with a two-foot-tall wall that acted as a parapet for the defending soldiers. Each home was a fort unto itself.
2847:
most of the Chechen fighters had been trained in the Soviet armed forces. They were divided into combat groups consisting of 15 to 20 personnel, subdivided into three or four-man
3144:
of muzzle awareness and weapons safety are of the utmost importance given the propensity for fratricide due to the confined spaces, as well as the limited avenues of approach.
3140:
Military CQB doctrine is different from police CQB doctrine, mainly because the military usually operates in hostile areas while the police operates within docile populations.
2178:
training for fighting forces (how a small team of infantry soldiers should fight in close and built-up spaces). IDF's LASHAB was developed mainly in recent decades, after the
2562:
3038:
buildings which used as gun posts they forced the militants in Jenin to surrender. In total, 56 Palestinians and 23 Israeli soldiers were killed in the battle of Jenin.
3090:
factor—namely: how a small squad of infantry troops should fight in urban environments and/or inside buildings in order to achieve its goals with minimal casualties.
3067:
The term close-quarter battle refers to fighting methods within buildings, streets, narrow alleys and other places where visibility and manoeuvrability are limited.
2531:
system. Defenders may have the advantage of detailed local knowledge of the area, right down to the layout inside of buildings and means of travel not shown on maps.
2661:
Not wanting to repeat the mistakes of the 21st, General William Jenkins Worth listened to his Texan advisers. These men had fought in Mexican cities before at the
4174:
4059:"The Berlin streets are for the most part very broad and straight. They are surprisingly even; there is not a hill worthy of the name in the whole of the city" (
2283:
3488:
2377:
handled the issue of civilian casualties by issuing an ultimatum urging citizens to leave or be destroyed without mercy. Leaflets dropped on the city read: '
4165:
3838:
3471:
3415:
2866:
Initially, the Russians were taken by surprise. Their armoured columns that were supposed to take the city without difficulty as Soviet forces had taken
4073:
2939:
3572:
3768:
2313:
to the amount of force which can be applied when attacking an area where there are known to be civilians. Until the 1970s, this was covered by the
2859:, a machine gunner and a sniper. The team would be supported by ammunition runners and assistant gunners. To destroy Russian armoured vehicles in
3864:
2503:
in the 2020s. In 2023, analyst Mikael Weissmann claimed that it is widely agreed upon that urban warfare will be the "battlefields of tomorrow".
2817:
and grenades were very effective, but as the Berlin civilian population had not been evacuated these tactics inevitably killed many civilians.
3017:
the battle was much harder and fierce. Unlike in Nablus, the forces who fought in Jenin were mainly reserve forces. The Palestinian militants
4191:
2893:
As with the Soviet tank crews in Berlin in 1945, who attached bedsprings to the outside of their turrets to reduce the damage done by German
2802:
Soviet combat groups started to move from house to house instead of directly down the streets. They moved through the apartments and cellars
3654:
2459:
3619:
4315:
2905:
2194:
cities, villages and refugee camps. The IDF has a special large and advanced facility for training soldiers and units in urban warfare.
2620:
2411:
structures will be ruined by heavy bombardment, but it is very difficult to demolish such a building totally when it is well defended.
991:
2699:
groups, armed with machine guns, grenades and satchel charges, and buildings fortified as strongpoints with clear fields of fire.
1418:
4509:
3892:
2358:, causes the attacking force to restrain from using all the force they could when attacking a city. In other cases, such as the
3783:
3655:"Urban Warfare Considerations; Understanding and Combating Irregular and Guerrilla Forces During A "Conventional War" In Iraq"
2373:
in 1999, they conducted a massive artillery and air bombardment campaign in an attempt to smash the city into submission. The
2079:
because of buildings, enhanced concealment and cover for defenders, below-ground infrastructure, and the ease of placement of
4448:
4425:
4352:
4304:
4215:
4007:
3982:
3454:
3371:
3366:
War in the Streets. The Story of Urban Combat from Calais to Khafji. by Colonel Michael. Dewar Hardcover – January 1, 1992 (
2282:
However, when liberating occupied territory some restraint was often applied, particularly in urban settings. For example,
2931:
1774:
67:
3556:
1969:
1747:
362:
4276:
3743:
2641:
was the U.S. Army's first major encounter with urban warfare. It occurred in September 1846 when the U.S. Army under
1423:
4072:"The highest hill in the ridge was the Kreuzberg, which stood at 217 feet (66 m). It became the site of a from the
2875:
2370:
2256:
1501:
33:
2480:
2467:
1846:
1484:
1271:
116:
4157:
2420:
2322:
Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of
2935:
2826:
2654:
2259:, roughly 40% of battles took place in urban areas. In some particularly vicious urban warfare battles such as
2118:
2060:
1610:
29:
3998:
Walsh, Stephen (2020). "The Battle of Stalingrad, September–November 1942". In Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (ed.).
3468:
2751:
2027:
1474:
2778:
in cellar windows to ambush tanks as they moved down the streets. These tactics were quickly adopted by the
4515:
3812:
2867:
1964:
668:
428:
2051:
levels. Complicating factors in urban warfare include the presence of civilians and the complexity of the
3576:
2836:
2432:
2098:
soldiers practice MOUT tactics in the Ojojibara Maneuver Area of Sendai, Japan during an exercise in 2004
2043:
is warfare in urban areas such as towns and cities. Urban combat differs from combat in the open at both
1974:
1161:
963:
834:
372:
4495:
4384:
2713:
2446:
in 1944 fighting broke out in the sewers, as both Axis and Soviet troops used them for troop movements.
4371:
2918:
2224:
war at the time, measured by the number of troops involved. The picture shows the ruins of the city of
2163:
2103:
1438:
2466:, and retired military officer and chairman of the urban warfare studies at the Modern War Institute,
2428:
4266:
3593:, Chapter XX: The Rhine Crossing and the 2nd Corps' Advance to the North Sea March 23-April 22, 1945)
3237:
3083:
2472:
2416:
1548:
1056:
405:
279:
133:
4140:"Then, they went in again for festooning their vehicles with bedsprings and other metal to make the
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2975:
2340:
2314:
2076:
1999:
1866:
1413:
1106:
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772:
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which claimed the lives of hundreds of Israeli civilians. It was in part characterized by alleged
4546:
3658:
3313:
3247:
3232:
3217:
2295:
1952:
1934:
1690:
1249:
1171:
1116:
714:
377:
4512:, Marine Corps Warfighting Publication (MCWP) 3–35.3 – US Marine Corps guidance on urban warfare
4541:
3839:"Defending the City: An Overview of Defensive Tactics from the Modern History of Urban Warfare"
3506:
YLE: Suomalaiset kuvaavat sotien jälkiä kaupungeissa – katso kuvat ja tarinat tutuilta kulmilta
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1819:
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200:
99:
3627:
3443:
Eight Lives Down: The Most Dangerous Job in the World in the Most Dangerous Place in the World
2762:
faced the street and the smaller, less expensive ones were found around the inner courtyards.
2548:. Defenders can move from one part of the city to another undetected using tunnels and spring
4482:
4417:
4344:
4323:
3692:
3157:
3062:
2927:
2374:
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948:
911:
874:
792:
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628:
438:
246:
155:
4520:
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4320:
Russian-Manufactured Armoured Vehicle Vulnerability in Urban Combat: The Chechnya Experience
3180:
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3114:
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2359:
2260:
1799:
1701:
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1371:
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891:
749:
685:
539:
509:
106:
3386:
Storming the City: U.S. Military Performance in Urban Warfare from World War II to Vietnam
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in late 1944. As in the Soviet assault on Berlin, as a short term measure, they deployed
2385:
8:
3544:
3051:
2638:
2605:
2500:
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avoided the use of artillery altogether to spare civilians and buildings, and during the
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1511:
1398:
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936:
886:
653:
643:
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400:
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160:
84:
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3125:
Routines and drills for engaging the enemy, securing a perimeter, clearing a room, etc.
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3003:
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were very effective), while others fought across the roof tops and through the attics.
2476:
2310:
2276:
2191:
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2044:
1984:
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209:
128:
26:
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3975:
The Lighthouse of Stalingrad: The Hidden Truth at the Centre of WWII's Greatest Battle
2653:
On September 21, 1846, the U.S. Army which included some of its best soldiers, recent
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2020:
1929:
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It is also difficult to destroy underground or heavily fortified structures such as
2366:, both military forces considered evacuating civilians only to find it impractical.
2320:
which specifically includes articles 25–27. This has since been supplemented by the
1989:
3132:
3110:
2957:
2831:
2765:
Just as the Soviets had learned a lot about urban warfare, so had the Germans. The
2708:
2363:
2287:
2221:
2203:
2179:
2137:(fighting in someone's house and causing havoc in people's streets/public spaces).
2048:
1994:
1959:
1891:
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165:
94:
77:
4527:
Urban warfare in Sub-Saharan Africa in 1970–1981: inventing the rules of the game.
3954:
McLaurin, R. D.; Jureidini, Paul A.; McDonald, David S.; Sellers, Kurt J. (1987).
21:
4195:
4169:
3896:
3719:
3634:
3475:
3087:
3079:
2851:. A fire team consisted of an antitank gunner, usually armed with a Russian made
2783:
2737:
2662:
2576:
2488:
2264:
2208:
2187:
1804:
1789:
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566:
489:
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261:
241:
89:
3955:
3936:
2392:, the capital of the Philippines, devastated during the Battle of Manila in 1945
4461:
Volume III: The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North West Europe 1944–1945
3152:
3026:
2967:
2642:
2535:
2424:
1979:
1727:
1151:
1111:
1089:
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953:
906:
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700:
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524:
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484:
451:
339:
296:
251:
123:
56:
2725:
A Soviet combat group was a mixed arms unit of about eighty men, divided into
2523:
The characteristics of an average city include tall buildings, narrow alleys,
4535:
4262:
4076:
erected in 1821 and gave its name to the most famous of Berlin's districts" (
3252:
3242:
3189:
2528:
2516:
2412:
2408:
2252:
2072:
2052:
1826:
1814:
1670:
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1489:
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705:
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519:
494:
334:
256:
219:
214:
111:
3865:"Monterrey, 1846: Still Offering Urban Combat Lessons after all these Years"
3343:"Urban Warfare: Challenges of Military Operations on Tomorrow's Battlefield"
2302:
initially placed a ban on artillery and air strikes to save civilian lives.
3446:
3227:
3058:
2989:
and air support. The battle ended quickly with a decisive Israeli victory.
2910:
2814:
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tanks could not elevate their guns that high. They also put men armed with
2670:
2431:, despite heavy bombardment with artillery at point blank range (including
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2013:
1939:
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1914:
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and Stalingrad—was the result of efforts to storm municipal fortresses".
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1924:
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1479:
1166:
1131:
844:
787:
690:
474:
195:
190:
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These tactics took the Germans lying in ambush for tanks in the flanks.
2335:
4414:
The spaces of the modern city: imaginaries, politics, and everyday life
4341:
The Ghosts of Berlin: Confronting German History in the Urban Landscape
3549:
The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won
3210:
3103:
3018:
2787:
2545:
2323:
2162:. LASHAB in the IDF includes large-scale tactics (such as use of heavy
2080:
1881:
1851:
1573:
942:
3078:(UO) are related to urban warfare, but while UO refers mainly to the
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2759:
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3489:"Urban Warfare Training Center – Simulating the Modern Battle-Field"
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of adjacent buildings (for which the Soviets found abandoned German
2544:
posts while alleys and rubble-filled streets are ideal for planting
3505:
3030:
2879:
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1886:
1861:
1494:
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and the French Army has built several urban training areas in its
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during an exercise simulating the takeover of a hostile urban area
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3099:
2673:" through each house and root out the defenders in close combat.
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2541:
2225:
2110:(urban operations), but this term has been largely replaced with
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185:
4464:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War.
3953:
2734:(fortress city) they had encountered from Stalingrad to Berlin.
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4516:
FM 90-10-1 AN INFANTRYMAN 'S GUIDE TO COMBAT IN BUILT-UP AREAS
2890:
towards them to lure the Chechen combat groups into ambushes.
4416:(illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. pp.
4343:(illustrated ed.). University of Chicago Press. p.
4188:"European Union: Hamas, other Gaza terror groups must disarm"
4028:
3184:
3014:
2998:
2950:
2883:
2852:
2647:
2095:
879:
415:
410:
4271:. London; New York: Viking-Penguin Books. pp. 316–319.
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
2400:
can offer some advantages to a weaker defending force or to
2267:, all weapons were used irrespective of their consequences.
2186:
and Lebanese villages, and was further developed during the
4286:
Dishman, Chris (August 2009). "Street Fight in Monterrey".
3744:"Urban Warfare Project Case Study #1: Battle of Stalingrad"
3657:. Emergency Response and Research Institute. Archived from
2971:
2741:
A devastated street in Berlin's city centre on July 3, 1945
175:
170:
3720:"Soldiers in Cities: Military Operations on Urban Terrain"
2129:(fighting in built-up areas), or sometimes (colloquially)
4239:
FM 90-10 Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain (MOUT)
4095:
3673:
2175:
2171:
48:
3551:(Reprint ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 210.
3416:"The final battle for Basra is near, says Iraqi general"
2458:
Many analysts, such as former American army general and
2190:(2000–2005) in which IDF soldiers entered and fought in
3314:"The City Is Not Neutral: Why Urban Warfare Is So Hard"
4083:
2515:
Urban warfare is fought within the constraints of the
4394:"Military Operations on Urban Terrain [MOUT]"
4297:
A Perfect Gibraltar: The Battle for Monterrey, Mexico
4016:
3596:
4468:
4077:
2794:
To counter these tactics, Soviet submachine gunners
2339:
Japanese troops in the ruins of Shanghai during the
4366:. Vol. 6. Americana Corporationn. p. 720.
4181:
3837:Spencer, John; Geroux, Jayson (February 14, 2022).
2870:were decimated in fighting more reminiscent of the
3029:, the IDF changed its tactics from slow advancing
2669:in 1835. They understood that the army needed to "
3403:(3 ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 162.
3204:A Brazilian soldier moves down an escape corridor
2754:that is 66 metres (217 ft) above sea level.
4533:
3813:"War Books: The Urban Battlefield of the Future"
4510:Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain (MOUT)
3293:
2571:soldiers assault a fortified house in downtown
3742:Geroux, John Spencer, Jayson (June 28, 2021).
3388:. University of North Texas Press. p. 99.
2632:
2415:had to fight room by room while defending the
3918:
3916:
3836:
3724:Monographs, Collaborative Studies, & IRPs
3082:factor (i.e. sending troops, using of heavy
2900:
2021:
4412:Prakash, Gyan; Kruse, Kevin Michael (2008).
4411:
4034:
3767:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3176:During World War II, as preparation for the
3093:As a doctrine, CQB concerns topics such as:
2460:Commandant of the United States Marine Corps
4151:
3784:"The City Is the Battlefield of the Future"
3613:
3611:
3183:, the population of the English village of
4362:McDonnald, Alexander Hopkins, ed. (1951).
3934:
3913:
3271:The poorer tenement blocks were known as "
2028:
2014:
4361:
4252:
4047:
3972:
3640:
3340:
3147:
2930:in April 2002 as a response to a wave of
4213:
3608:
3517:
3413:
3199:
3151:
3086:, battle management), CQB refers to the
3045:
3041:
2997:
2904:
2830:
2736:
2712:
2510:
2506:
2384:
2334:
2318:IV – The Laws and Customs of War on Land
2207:
2114:(military operations in urban terrain).
2090:
992:List of military strategies and concepts
20:
4294:
4285:
3922:
3907:
3810:
3781:
3518:Kitfield, James C. (December 1, 1998).
3383:
3311:
3025:combined with booby traps, snipers and
2942:by both IDF and Palestinian militants.
2680:
2086:
4534:
4457:
4434:
4261:
4216:"Navy SEAL Close Quarter Battle (CQB)"
4145:
4110:
4060:
4022:
3741:
3679:
3652:
3602:
3590:
3575:. canadiansoldiers.com. Archived from
3543:
3440:
3398:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
3997:
3937:"Weapons Effects in Cities. Volume 1"
3862:
3806:
3804:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3717:
2354:, as in the case of the Canadians in
2220:was the largest urban warfare in the
2150:calls urban warfare לש"ב (pronounced
4391:
4338:
4313:
4129:
4089:
4000:A History of Modern Urban Operations
3947:
3620:"Russia Warns Civilians in Chechnya"
3336:
3334:
3299:
3050:Simulated city used for training on
2926:military operation conducted by the
2820:
2540:The buildings can provide excellent
2236:often relied on large quantities of
3991:
3977:. New York: Scribner. p. 173.
3863:Glenn, Russell W. (March 6, 2023).
2945:The two major battles were held in
2702:
2197:
13:
4523:– Urban operations, reading guide.
4116:
4002:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 55.
3966:
3956:"Modern Experience in City Combat"
3811:Spencer, John (February 9, 2024).
3801:
3730:
3718:Desch, Michael (October 1, 2001).
3617:
3445:(Delta Trade Paperback ed.),
3188:training area has been created at
2133:(fighting in someone's house), or
14:
4558:
4503:
4477:(9–12). Urban Land Institute: 88.
4439:. BoD – Books on Demand. p.
4392:Pike, John (September 16, 2002).
4322:. Red Thrust Star. Archived from
3693:"World War II: Siege of Budapest"
3331:
2876:self-propelled anti-aircraft guns
2604:shot by the French Resistance of
2305:Military forces are bound by the
2106:has referred to urban warfare as
4314:Grau, Lester W. (January 1997).
4299:. University of Oklahoma Press.
3414:Sengupta, Kim (March 24, 2008).
3156:Zambraniyah Training Village in
2804:blasting holes through the walls
2613:
2584:
2561:
2442:and utility tunnels; during the
2125:(operations in built-up areas),
66:
34:United States invasion of Panama
4316:"Chechen Anti-armor Techniques"
4233:
4207:
4134:
4066:
4053:
4040:
3928:
3882:
3856:
3830:
3782:Spencer, John (July 19, 2017).
3775:
3711:
3685:
3653:Staten, C.L. (March 29, 2003).
3646:
3643:, Russia will pay for Chechnya.
3583:
3565:
3537:
3524:Air & Space Forces Magazine
3511:
3499:
3481:
3312:Spencer, John (March 4, 2020).
3265:
4437:Peeps at Great Cities – Berlin
4255:"Russia will pay for Chechnya"
4253:BBC staff (December 7, 1999).
3462:
3434:
3407:
3392:
3377:
3360:
3305:
2835:A Chechen separatist near the
30:M113 armored personnel carrier
1:
4469:Urban Land Institute (2006).
4295:Dishman, Christopher (2010).
4246:
3106:most suitable for the mission
2837:Presidential Palace in Grozny
2232:Urban military operations in
3726:. US Army War College Press.
3401:Dictionary of Military Terms
3286:
7:
3478:Retrieved December 7, 2007.
3195:
3192:, some 3 miles from Imber.
2633:Battle of Monterrey, Mexico
2164:armoured personnel carriers
1485:Military–industrial complex
964:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
4563:
4364:The Encyclopedia Americana
4288:Military Heritage Magazine
4168:December 31, 2014, at the
4074:Schinkel-designed monument
3520:"War in the Urban Jungles"
3341:Weissmann, Mikael (2023).
3084:armoured fighting vehicles
3056:
2991:
2955:
2919:Operation Defensive Shield
2901:Operation Defensive Shield
2827:Battle of Grozny (1994–95)
2824:
2706:
2533:
2423:, and in 1945, during the
2201:
2182:included urban warfare in
2104:United States Armed Forces
4268:Berlin: The Downfall 1945
4078:Urban Land Institute 2006
3474:February 7, 2016, at the
3238:Second Battle of Fallujah
2721:after its capture in 1945
2417:Red October Steel Factory
2174:for intelligence, etc.),
1549:Loss-of-strength gradient
406:Combat information center
4035:Prakash & Kruse 2008
3973:MacGregor, Iain (2022).
3399:Bowyer, Richard (2004).
3258:
2909:Israeli soldiers of the
2606:street fighting in Paris
2341:Second Sino-Japanese War
2160:warfare on urban terrain
1867:Military science fiction
1352:Technology and equipment
773:List of military tactics
3890:Battle of Monterrey.com
3441:Hunter, Chris (2009) ,
3248:Urban guerrilla warfare
3233:Operation Urban Warrior
3218:Civilian casualty ratio
3214:(documentary TV series)
2980:armoured Caterpillar D9
2527:tunnels and possibly a
2257:European theatre of war
1935:Wartime sexual violence
1691:Full-spectrum dominance
1502:Supply-chain management
4435:Siepen, Edith (2011).
4194:April 5, 2015, at the
4144:explode prematurely" (
3384:Wahlman, Alec (2015).
3205:
3161:
3148:Urban warfare training
3054:
3010:
2994:Battle of Jenin (2002)
2970:, backed by reservist
2940:usage of human shields
2914:
2840:
2742:
2722:
2600:La Libération de Paris
2520:
2393:
2343:
2249:ground attack fighters
2229:
2099:
2061:First Battle of Grozny
1847:Awards and decorations
1820:Peace through strength
1795:Low-intensity conflict
1429:Conscientious objector
1302:Area of responsibility
36:
16:Warfare in urban areas
4458:Stacey, C.P. (1966).
4175:European Jewish Press
3895:July 7, 2011, at the
3203:
3158:Orogrande, New Mexico
3155:
3072:close-quarters-battle
3063:Close-quarters combat
3049:
3042:Close-quarters battle
3001:
2928:Israel Defense Forces
2908:
2834:
2740:
2716:
2514:
2507:Urban warfare tactics
2429:capture the Reichstag
2388:
2338:
2315:1907 Hague Convention
2211:
2202:Further information:
2148:Israel Defense Forces
2094:
439:Torpedo data computer
429:Ship gun fire-control
24:
4339:Ladd, Brian (1998).
3960:Technical Memorandum
3869:smallwarsjournal.com
3843:Modern War Institute
3817:Modern War Institute
3748:Modern War Institute
3545:Hanson, Victor Davis
3318:Modern War Institute
3181:invasion of Normandy
3167:Stanford Battle Area
3115:night vision devices
3109:Extra gear, such as
2964:Paratroopers Brigade
2936:Palestinian factions
2687:Battle of Stalingrad
2681:Battle of Stalingrad
2452:Modern War Institute
2421:Battle of Stalingrad
2369:When Russian forces
2360:Battle of Stalingrad
2119:British armed forces
2087:Military terminology
1965:Military occupations
1800:Military engineering
1702:Unrestricted Warfare
1559:Force multiplication
457:Military manoeuvrers
4113:, pp. 316–319.
3935:Intrec Inc (1974).
3579:on January 9, 2008.
3495:. October 26, 2011.
3052:San Clemente Island
3033:soldiers backed by
2639:Battle of Monterrey
2623:street fighting in
2284:Canadian operations
2272:Victor Davis Hanson
2270:Military historian
2168:armoured bulldozers
1651:Penal military unit
1636:Rules of engagement
1312:Command and control
937:Operations research
401:Director (military)
391:Fire-control system
161:Command and control
42:Part of a series on
4521:Small Wars Journal
4398:GlobalSecurity.org
4092:, pp. 99–102.
3682:, p. 354,355.
3206:
3162:
3055:
3035:attack helicopters
3011:
3008:armoured bulldozer
3004:IDF Caterpillar D9
2915:
2872:Battle of Budapest
2841:
2743:
2723:
2521:
2394:
2344:
2311:military necessity
2230:
2102:Historically, the
2100:
1760:Counter-insurgency
1681:Command of the sea
1626:Jewish laws on war
1601:Geneva Conventions
1137:Divide and conquer
932:Military operation
897:Tactical objective
396:Fire-control radar
373:Electronic-warfare
37:
27:United States Army
4490:Missing or empty
4450:978-3-86403-134-2
4427:978-0-691-13343-0
4379:Missing or empty
4372:cite encyclopedia
4354:978-0-226-46762-7
4326:on April 30, 2010
4306:978-0-8061-4140-4
4037:, pp. 44–46.
4009:978-3-030-27088-9
3984:978-1-9821-6358-7
3962:– via DTIC.
3943:– via DTIC.
3630:on March 2, 2022.
3456:978-0-553-38528-1
3372:978-0-7153-9477-9
3223:Military urbanism
3111:bulletproof vests
2924:counter-terrorism
2845:First Chechen War
2821:First Chechen War
2591:
2464:Charles C. Krulak
2444:Siege of Budapest
2398:urban environment
2328:Non-International
2300:General MacArthur
2228:after the battle.
2218:Finnish Civil War
2214:Battle of Tampere
2038:
2037:
1930:Horses in warfare
1877:Anti-war movement
1780:Gunboat diplomacy
1770:Disaster response
1718:Philosophy of war
1713:Principles of war
1686:Deterrence theory
1631:Right of conquest
1554:Lanchester's laws
1322:Principles of war
1012:Counter-offensive
997:Military campaign
902:Target saturation
825:Counterinsurgency
434:Gun data computer
368:Close air support
330:Aircraft carriers
4554:
4499:
4493:
4488:
4486:
4478:
4465:
4454:
4431:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4388:
4382:
4377:
4375:
4367:
4358:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4310:
4291:
4282:
4258:
4240:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4211:
4205:
4204:, July 22, 2014.
4185:
4179:
4178:, July 22, 2014.
4161:
4155:
4149:
4138:
4132:
4127:
4114:
4108:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4070:
4064:
4057:
4051:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4013:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3941:Technical Report
3932:
3926:
3920:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3888:Urban Warfare –
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3808:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3766:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3739:
3728:
3727:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3661:on June 13, 2006
3650:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3626:. Archived from
3624:Associated Press
3615:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3485:
3479:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3381:
3375:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3347:academic.oup.com
3338:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3280:
3269:
3076:urban operations
2976:combat engineers
2958:Battle of Nablus
2932:suicide bombings
2868:Budapest in 1956
2709:Battle in Berlin
2703:Battle of Berlin
2665:in 1842 and the
2621:Italian soldiers
2617:
2593:
2592:
2565:
2433:203 mm howitzers
2364:Battle of Berlin
2296:Battle of Manila
2216:during the 1918
2204:Urban camouflage
2198:Urban operations
2180:1982 Lebanon War
2030:
2023:
2016:
1785:Humanitarian aid
1723:Security dilemma
1544:Power projection
1327:Economy of force
1307:Chain of command
1022:Defence in depth
1007:Commerce raiding
830:Defeat in detail
166:Defense ministry
70:
61:
60:
51:
39:
38:
32:during the 1989
4562:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4532:
4531:
4506:
4491:
4489:
4480:
4479:
4451:
4428:
4402:
4400:
4380:
4378:
4369:
4368:
4355:
4329:
4327:
4307:
4279:
4249:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4224:
4222:
4212:
4208:
4196:Wayback Machine
4186:
4182:
4170:Wayback Machine
4159:
4156:
4152:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4117:
4109:
4096:
4088:
4084:
4071:
4067:
4058:
4054:
4045:
4041:
4033:
4029:
4021:
4017:
4010:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3971:
3967:
3952:
3948:
3933:
3929:
3921:
3914:
3906:
3902:
3897:Wayback Machine
3887:
3883:
3873:
3871:
3861:
3857:
3847:
3845:
3835:
3831:
3821:
3819:
3809:
3802:
3792:
3790:
3780:
3776:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3750:
3740:
3731:
3716:
3712:
3702:
3700:
3699:. June 12, 2006
3691:
3690:
3686:
3678:
3674:
3664:
3662:
3651:
3647:
3639:
3635:
3616:
3609:
3601:
3597:
3588:
3584:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3542:
3538:
3528:
3526:
3516:
3512:
3504:
3500:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3476:Wayback Machine
3467:
3463:
3457:
3449:, p. 204,
3439:
3435:
3425:
3423:
3420:The Independent
3412:
3408:
3397:
3393:
3382:
3378:
3365:
3361:
3351:
3349:
3339:
3332:
3322:
3320:
3310:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3198:
3160:, United States
3150:
3088:micromanagement
3080:macromanagement
3065:
3057:Main articles:
3044:
3027:suicide bombers
2996:
2962:In Nablus, the
2960:
2903:
2829:
2823:
2784:First World War
2711:
2705:
2683:
2667:Battle of Bexar
2635:
2628:
2618:
2609:
2594:
2585:
2580:
2577:Warsaw Uprising
2566:
2538:
2509:
2396:Fighting in an
2371:attacked Grozny
2352:proportionality
2330:Armed Conflicts
2206:
2200:
2188:Second Intifada
2089:
2034:
2005:
2004:
1955:
1945:
1944:
1910:
1902:
1901:
1842:
1832:
1831:
1805:Multilateralism
1790:Law enforcement
1750:
1740:
1739:
1708:Just war theory
1666:
1656:
1655:
1606:Geneva Protocol
1576:
1566:
1565:
1539:
1529:
1528:
1470:
1460:
1459:
1367:
1357:
1356:
1297:
1287:
1286:
1252:
1242:
1241:
1172:Network-centric
1092:
1082:
1081:
989:
979:
978:
927:
917:
916:
865:Rapid dominance
770:
760:
759:
715:Electromagnetic
624:
614:
613:
600:
553:
501:
477:
467:
466:
462:Combat training
443:
420:
386:Combat systems:
382:
344:
340:Auxiliary ships
306:
266:
262:Military police
228:
151:
141:
140:
80:
54:
53:
52:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4560:
4550:
4549:
4547:Sniper warfare
4544:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4518:
4513:
4505:
4504:External links
4502:
4501:
4500:
4466:
4455:
4449:
4432:
4426:
4409:
4389:
4359:
4353:
4336:
4311:
4305:
4292:
4283:
4277:
4263:Beevor, Antony
4259:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4232:
4214:Military.com.
4206:
4180:
4150:
4148:, p. 317)
4133:
4115:
4094:
4082:
4080:, p. 88).
4065:
4052:
4050:, p. 720)
4048:McDonnald 1951
4039:
4027:
4025:, p. 317.
4015:
4008:
3990:
3983:
3965:
3946:
3927:
3912:
3900:
3881:
3855:
3829:
3800:
3774:
3729:
3710:
3684:
3672:
3645:
3641:BBC staff 1999
3633:
3618:Bagrov, Yuri.
3607:
3605:, p. 318.
3595:
3582:
3564:
3558:978-1541674103
3557:
3536:
3510:
3498:
3480:
3461:
3455:
3433:
3406:
3391:
3376:
3359:
3330:
3304:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3197:
3194:
3149:
3146:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3129:
3128:Team maneuvers
3126:
3123:
3117:
3107:
3043:
3040:
2968:Golani Brigade
2902:
2899:
2839:, January 1995
2822:
2819:
2796:rode the tanks
2727:assault groups
2707:Main article:
2704:
2701:
2682:
2679:
2663:Battle of Mier
2643:Zachary Taylor
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2627:, October 1941
2619:
2612:
2610:
2595:
2583:
2581:
2567:
2560:
2536:Tunnel warfare
2508:
2505:
2199:
2196:
2135:FISH and CHIPS
2088:
2085:
2073:fields of view
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1970:Military terms
1967:
1962:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1728:Tripwire force
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1250:Administrative
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1177:New generation
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1152:Fleet in being
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1090:Grand strategy
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1077:Scorched earth
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
990:
985:
984:
981:
980:
977:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
954:Deep operation
951:
946:
939:
934:
928:
923:
922:
919:
918:
915:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
883:
882:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
801:
800:
795:
790:
780:
771:
766:
765:
762:
761:
758:
757:
755:Unconventional
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
703:
701:Disinformation
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
672:
671:
666:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
625:
620:
619:
616:
615:
612:
611:
606:
599:
598:
597:
596:
595:
594:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
552:
551:
550:
549:
548:
547:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
500:
499:
498:
497:
492:
487:
478:
473:
472:
469:
468:
465:
464:
459:
454:
452:Basic training
449:
442:
441:
436:
431:
426:
419:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
381:
380:
378:Reconnaissance
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
343:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
305:
304:
299:
297:Special forces
294:
289:
288:
287:
277:
272:
265:
264:
259:
254:
252:Reconnaissance
249:
244:
239:
234:
227:
226:
217:
212:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
152:
147:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:
137:
136:
131:
121:
120:
119:
114:
104:
103:
102:
95:Post-classical
92:
87:
81:
76:
75:
72:
71:
63:
62:
44:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4559:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4542:Urban warfare
4540:
4539:
4537:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4497:
4484:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4456:
4452:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4429:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4373:
4365:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4337:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4278:0-670-03041-4
4274:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4236:
4225:September 28,
4221:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4154:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4112:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4091:
4086:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4063:, p. 7).
4062:
4056:
4049:
4043:
4036:
4031:
4024:
4019:
4011:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3986:
3980:
3976:
3969:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3919:
3917:
3909:
3904:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3885:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3805:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3770:
3764:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3681:
3676:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3637:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3612:
3604:
3599:
3592:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3560:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3502:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3458:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3402:
3395:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3335:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3278:
3277:Mietskasernen
3274:
3273:Rent-barracks
3268:
3264:
3254:
3253:Urban terrain
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3243:Siege warfare
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3193:
3191:
3190:Copehill Down
3186:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3159:
3154:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3048:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3019:booby-trapped
3016:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2912:
2907:
2898:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2818:
2816:
2815:Flamethrowers
2811:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2732:Festungsstadt
2728:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2690:all types of
2688:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2611:
2608:, August 1944
2607:
2603:
2601:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2517:urban terrain
2513:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2413:Soviet forces
2410:
2409:Ferroconcrete
2406:
2403:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2324:International
2319:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2253:heavy bombers
2250:
2247:varying from
2246:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2084:
2083:and snipers.
2082:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2065:human shields
2062:
2056:
2054:
2053:urban terrain
2050:
2046:
2042:
2041:Urban warfare
2031:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1857:Warrior caste
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1827:Show of force
1825:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1815:Peacebuilding
1813:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1671:Air supremacy
1669:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1611:Islamic rules
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1591:Court-martial
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1490:Arms industry
1488:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1107:Broken-backed
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
993:
988:
983:
982:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
949:Expeditionary
947:
945:
944:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
929:
926:
921:
920:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
881:
878:
877:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
820:Counterattack
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
774:
769:
764:
763:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
745:Psychological
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
681:Combined arms
679:
677:
674:
670:
667:
665:
662:
661:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
626:
623:
618:
617:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
593:
590:
589:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
558:
555:
554:
546:
543:
542:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
520:Fortification
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
507:
506:
503:
502:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
480:
479:
476:
471:
470:
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4492:|title=
4483:cite journal
4474:
4470:
4460:
4436:
4413:
4401:. Retrieved
4397:
4381:|title=
4363:
4340:
4328:. Retrieved
4324:the original
4319:
4296:
4287:
4267:
4235:
4223:. Retrieved
4220:Military.com
4219:
4209:
4199:
4183:
4173:
4153:
4142:panzerfausts
4141:
4136:
4085:
4068:
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4030:
4018:
3999:
3993:
3974:
3968:
3959:
3949:
3940:
3930:
3923:Dishman 2010
3908:Dishman 2009
3903:
3884:
3872:. Retrieved
3868:
3858:
3846:. Retrieved
3842:
3832:
3822:February 21,
3820:. Retrieved
3816:
3793:February 28,
3791:. Retrieved
3787:
3777:
3753:February 27,
3751:. Retrieved
3747:
3723:
3713:
3701:. Retrieved
3696:
3687:
3675:
3663:. Retrieved
3659:the original
3648:
3636:
3628:the original
3623:
3598:
3585:
3577:the original
3567:
3548:
3539:
3529:February 24,
3527:. Retrieved
3523:
3513:
3508:(in Finnish)
3501:
3492:
3483:
3464:
3447:Random House
3442:
3436:
3424:. Retrieved
3419:
3409:
3400:
3394:
3385:
3379:
3362:
3352:February 21,
3350:. Retrieved
3346:
3323:February 24,
3321:. Retrieved
3317:
3307:
3295:
3276:
3267:
3228:Mouse-holing
3209:
3175:
3163:
3142:
3139:
3131:Methods and
3092:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3059:Close combat
3012:
2972:armour force
2961:
2944:
2917:
2916:
2911:Kfir Brigade
2895:panzerfausts
2894:
2892:
2888:
2865:
2842:
2812:
2808:panzerfausts
2807:
2801:
2793:
2786:
2780:Hitler Youth
2775:panzerfausts
2773:
2766:
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2724:
2697:
2691:
2684:
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2597:
2554:
2539:
2522:
2468:John Spencer
2457:
2448:
2437:
2407:
2395:
2378:
2375:Russian Army
2368:
2345:
2321:
2317:
2304:
2281:
2269:
2234:World War II
2231:
2159:
2158:acronym for
2151:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2069:
2057:
2040:
2039:
1940:Fifth column
1920:War resister
1915:Women in war
1810:Peacekeeping
1755:Arms control
1700:
1389:Mobilization
1384:Conscription
1342:Intelligence
1295:Organization
941:
870:Encirclement
750:Radiological
686:Conventional
540:Subterranean
534:
447:Development:
446:
423:
385:
347:
310:Naval units:
309:
302:Signal corps
269:
247:Intelligence
232:Specialties:
231:
156:Organization
107:Early modern
18:
4146:Beevor 2002
4111:Beevor 2002
4061:Siepen 2011
4023:Beevor 2002
3910:, p. .
3680:Beevor 2002
3603:Beevor 2002
3591:Stacey 1966
2843:During the
2575:during the
2546:booby traps
2419:during the
2348:distinction
2307:laws of war
2245:air support
2241:bombardment
2192:Palestinian
2081:booby traps
2045:operational
1925:War studies
1748:Non-warfare
1676:Appeasement
1641:Martial law
1480:War economy
1419:Transgender
1372:Recruitment
1132:Containment
1017:Culminating
925:Operational
845:Envelopment
788:Air assault
669:Air cavalry
629:Air defence
609:Information
510:Cold-region
475:Battlespace
424:Historical:
270:Land units:
196:Space force
191:Coast guard
124:Late modern
85:Prehistoric
4536:Categories
4471:Urban Land
4247:References
3925:, p.
3697:HistoryNet
3211:Battleplan
3173:facility.
3121:explosives
3104:ammunition
3074:(CQB) and
2992:See also:
2983:bulldozers
2956:See also:
2849:fire teams
2825:See also:
2791:veterans.
2788:Volkssturm
2671:mouse hole
2655:West Point
2534:See also:
2501:Khan Yunis
2491:, and now
2346:Sometimes
2309:governing
2261:Stalingrad
2121:terms are
1985:War crimes
1975:Operations
1882:Foot drill
1852:Battle cry
1765:deterrence
1424:Harassment
1399:Specialism
1222:Technology
1217:Succession
1162:Liberation
1097:Asymmetric
1032:Empty fort
943:Blitzkrieg
912:Withdrawal
875:Investment
654:Camouflage
649:Biological
587:Underwater
562:Amphibious
481:Aerospace
348:Air units:
325:Submarines
134:fourth-gen
129:industrial
117:napoleonic
4130:Grau 1997
4090:Ladd 1998
3426:April 11,
3300:Pike 2002
3287:Citations
3119:Accurate
2768:Waffen-SS
2752:Kreuzberg
2719:Reichstag
2569:Home Army
2477:Sadr City
2402:guerrilla
2380:destroyed
2298:in 1945,
2292:Groningen
2277:Leningrad
2255:. In the
2238:artillery
2140:The term
1872:War novel
1775:Grey-zone
1735:War games
1696:Overmatch
1646:War crime
1596:Desertion
1586:Ceasefire
1581:Armistice
1468:Logistics
1446:Mercenary
1434:Volunteer
1365:Personnel
1337:Engineers
1282:Sociology
1237:World war
1232:Total war
1212:Strategic
1202:Religious
1187:Political
1182:Perpetual
1157:Irregular
1072:Offensive
1047:Defensive
1042:Deception
1002:Attrition
855:Guerrilla
850:Formation
793:Airbridge
725:Loitering
639:Artillery
292:Artillery
242:Engineers
210:Irregular
181:Air force
4403:July 14,
4330:June 16,
4265:(2002).
4192:Archived
4166:Archived
3893:Archived
3874:April 1,
3848:April 1,
3763:cite web
3703:April 4,
3665:July 22,
3573:"Ortona"
3547:(2020).
3472:Archived
3422:. London
3196:See also
3031:infantry
2966:and the
2880:ZSU-23-4
2799:floors.
2782:and the
2550:ambushes
2497:Mariupol
2473:Fallujah
2362:and the
2286:in both
2049:tactical
2047:and the
1887:War song
1862:War film
1495:Materiel
1414:Children
1394:Training
1332:Medicine
1317:Doctrine
1272:Training
1207:Resource
1192:Princely
1142:Economic
1127:Conquest
1122:Colonial
1117:Cold war
1102:Blockade
987:Strategy
959:Maneuver
720:Infantry
676:Chemical
530:Mountain
490:Airborne
353:Fighters
320:Warships
275:Infantry
201:Reserves
149:Military
4201:Haaretz
3133:tactics
3100:Weapons
2987:snipers
2857:RPG-18s
2625:Stalino
2579:of 1944
2542:sniping
2493:Bakhmut
2440:bunkers
2226:Tampere
2000:Writers
1995:Weapons
1960:Battles
1909:Related
1897:Wargame
1892:Uniform
1840:Culture
1621:Perfidy
1616:Justice
1537:Science
1522:Outpost
1475:History
1455:Warrior
1451:Soldier
1439:foreign
1377:counter
1277:Service
1227:Theater
1167:Limited
1147:Endemic
1062:Nuclear
835:Foxhole
810:Cavalry
798:Airdrop
783:Airlift
768:Tactics
740:Nuclear
730:Missile
659:Cavalry
644:Barrage
622:Weapons
582:Surface
363:Command
358:Bombers
315:Frogman
285:Cavalry
257:Medical
224:Militia
206:Regular
186:Marines
100:castles
90:Ancient
78:History
57:outline
4447:
4424:
4351:
4347:–102.
4303:
4275:
4257:. BBC.
4006:
3981:
3555:
3493:idf.il
3453:
3370:
3178:Allied
3171:CENZUB
3023:ambush
2947:Nablus
2922:was a
2861:Grozny
2853:RPG-7s
2573:Warsaw
2529:subway
2525:sewage
2499:, and
2489:Marawi
2390:Manila
2356:Ortona
2288:Ortona
2265:Warsaw
2222:Nordic
2184:Beirut
2156:Hebrew
2152:LASHAB
1980:Sieges
1664:Theory
1404:Morale
1262:Policy
1257:Branch
1037:Mosaic
1027:Fabian
974:Covert
907:Trench
892:Screen
815:Charge
805:Battle
778:Aerial
696:Denial
664:Horses
592:Seabed
545:Tunnel
525:Jungle
515:Desert
485:Aerial
4420:–46.
3469:FOFO.
3259:Notes
3185:Imber
3070:Both
3015:Jenin
2978:with
2951:Jenin
2884:2K22M
2760:flats
2648:adobe
2596:Film
2485:Raqqa
2481:Mosul
2154:), a
2127:FIBUA
2096:JGSDF
1953:Lists
1409:Women
1347:Ranks
1267:Staff
1197:Proxy
1112:Class
1067:Naval
1052:Depth
887:Swarm
880:Siege
860:Naval
840:Drone
735:Music
710:Robot
706:Drone
691:Cyber
634:Armor
604:Cyber
577:Green
572:Brown
535:Urban
495:Space
416:Radar
411:Sonar
280:Armor
237:Staff
215:Ranks
4496:help
4445:ISBN
4422:ISBN
4405:2017
4385:help
4349:ISBN
4332:2010
4301:ISBN
4273:ISBN
4227:2016
4004:ISBN
3979:ISBN
3876:2024
3850:2024
3824:2024
3795:2024
3769:link
3755:2024
3705:2024
3667:2006
3553:ISBN
3531:2024
3451:ISBN
3428:2008
3368:ISBN
3354:2024
3325:2024
3113:and
3102:and
3061:and
2974:and
2949:and
2882:and
2717:The
2692:MOUT
2685:The
2637:The
2425:race
2350:and
2326:and
2290:and
2263:and
2243:and
2212:The
2172:UAVs
2142:FOFO
2131:FISH
2123:OBUA
2117:The
2112:MOUT
2077:fire
2075:and
1990:Wars
1507:Base
1057:Goal
969:Raid
567:Blue
505:Land
176:Navy
171:Army
3788:WSJ
3275:" (
3013:In
3002:An
2934:by
2855:or
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2427:to
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2251:to
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