National Revolutionary Army

703: 1683:

created the field army as a fixed unit, abolished divisional artillery (often a paper force due to the chronic shortage of field artillery) and coordinated artillery support at the army level; although the division remained at roughly 11,000 men strong this template was not followed with few divisions being re-organised on this pattern due to the constant campaigning of the Central Army and the refusal of the warlords to adopt the new organisation. Nonetheless, the division still proved too large and they were reformed into triangular divisions (a division with a divisional HQ and 3 infantry regiments rather than the previous square division with 2 brigades each with 2 regiments); this 1938 organisation remained the most common formation until the end of the war although it was modified with 16 divisions receiving Anti-tank companies and 20 receiving anti-aircraft companies. Artillery remained in a chronic shortage only partially remedied by the production of 82mm mortars, but these mortars were far from universal even by the end of the war. Further changes were made in the 1942 re-organisation with the 1938 division losing all of its non-combat formations. These formations were moved to the field army level, and with the universal adoption of the triangular division formation the 1942 division had a strength of 6,794 officers and enlisted 60% of the strength of the 1938 division.

1805: 2875:

a reduced force the remainder of the Chinese army would be gradually demobilised or used to fill out the new forces and act as replacements to save resources and supplies. In July 1943 the US War Department agreed to equip the first 30 divisions and 10% of the second batch to facilitate its training which was to be named Z-Force. Stilwell wished to consolidate the existing forces in east China into 30 divisions per the plan but was rebuffed by the Chinese who wanted the lend lease to be used by existing forces. Stilwell persisted and proposed again his 90 division plan with an additional 1-2 armoured divisions with all forces to be ready assuming the opening of the Burma road by January 1945. However, after the Cairo conference the British and Americans did not agree to an amphibious landing in Burma to support an offensive by Y-Force so the plan was dropped as the Burma road would not be opened anytime soon as long as the Japanese remained there.

835:. Chiang was faced with two options one was to immediately centralise the other to gradually do so, in the spirit of the expedition itself which was to eradicate warlordism and regionalism Chiang chose to immediately centralise the branch councils under the guise of demobilisation systematically reducing the regional troop strength whilst centralising them and building up his own strength. This was done in July 1928 with financial conferences calling for demobilisation and military commanders and political officials echoing the call for demobilisation. Chiang called for the reduction of the army to 65 divisions and gathered political support to begin actively reducing troops counts and centralising the army as well as abolishing the branch councils, this threatened the regional leaders and Li Zongren noted that it was intentionally designed to force the regional leaders into action so Chiang could eliminate them. 386: 7125: 41: 711: 3584: 335: 302: 1014:

end of the war, US influence over the political, economic, and military affairs of China were greater than any foreign power in the last century, with American personnel appointed in every field, such as the Chief of Staff of the Chinese military, management of the Chinese War Production Board and Board of Transport, trainers of the secret police, and Chiang's personal advisor. Sir George Sansom, British envoy to the US, reported that many US military officers saw US monopoly on Far Eastern trade as a rightful reward for fighting the Pacific war, a sentiment echoed by US elected officials.

4183: 7173: 7116: 3908: 2862: 348: 7160: 5804: 93: 7141: 7065: 7096: 7078: 7055: 4197: 74: 866:

stopped due to the defeat of the southern forces did the north stabilise. Chiang began negotiations for peace with Zhang as an intermediary however Feng and Yan believing themselves to be on the verge of victory refused. Chiang had utilised the lull in action to gather strength and begin counteroffensives along the railways north aided by the closure of fighting in Bengbu by September Chiang was again closing in on Luoyang and this along with bribes spurred Zhang Xueliang to side with Chiang ending the war.

2131: 2124: 2068: 2495: 2488: 2481: 2474: 2467: 2460: 2117: 2110: 2103: 2096: 2089: 2082: 2075: 289: 6546: 2401: 2394: 2387: 2380: 2373: 2366: 1972: 1965: 1958: 1951: 1944: 1937: 1930: 1923: 1916: 314: 2138: 7045: 2448: 2441: 2434: 2427: 2420: 2413: 2049: 2042: 2035: 2028: 2021: 2014: 2007: 2000: 1993: 373: 7107: 1979: 2056: 754: 1046: 9001: 964: 1171: 360: 9021: 9011: 1038: 3892: 2625: 896: 4027: 1831:, where a Chinese suicide bomber stopped a Japanese tank column by exploding himself beneath the lead tank, and at the Battle of Taierzhuang where dynamite and grenades were strapped on by Chinese troops who rushed at Japanese tanks and blew themselves up. In one incident at Taierzhuang, Chinese suicide bombers obliterated four Japanese tanks with grenade bundles. 1459:

divisions to disrupt regional affiliations. The 24th Year New Type division was almost the equivalent of western style divisions with the notable difference being the absence of radios in the Chinese division. Planning began in December 1934 and in January 1935 a classified meeting of over 80 of the highest NRA officers was called with a timetable published:

2854:

divisions additionally receiving Anti-tank companies with guns ranging from 20-47mm. The army troops of a Y-force army contained over 3,000 horses and mules and 16 trucks with 8,404 officers and men with 21 additional machine guns and an artillery battalion with 12 guns and an anti-tank battalion with 4 guns though due to supply limitations over

5829: 1865:

collected, they would be roped or chained together and marched, with little food or water, long distances to camp. They often died or were killed along the way, sometimes less than 50 percent reaching camp alive. Then recruit camp was no better, with hospitals resembling Nazi concentration camps like Buchenwald.

1119:

been equipped with European-manufactured weapons and trained by foreign, particularly German and Soviet, advisers. The rest of the units were under strength and generally untrained. Overall, the Nationalist Army impressed most Western military observers as more reminiscent of a 19th- than a 20th-century army.

2621:

being grouped together was never realised. General Chen Cheng commanded the largest contingent of 15 divisions, Long Yun commanded 5 and 9 under Chiang himself. Prior to the Salween offensive each division was allotted 36 bazookas though actual numbers ran below requirements and rockets were in short supply.

702: 5293: 2874:

General Stilwell envisioned a 90 division strong regular army the first 30 divisions being the aforementioned Y-Force which would re-open the Burma road which would allow for the formation of the next 30 divisions via direct supply delivery. The remaining 30 divisions would be garrison divisions with

1672:

However, as the war progressed and masses of equipment was lost the 60 division plan was abandoned as were larger divisions in general as the Military Affairs Commission switched to a smaller more mobile division suited to the reality of the situation. This was after an initial reorganisation in 1937

1118:

in 1942 reducing the armoured units due to losses and mechanical breakdown of the vehicles. On paper China had 3.8 million men under arms in 1941. They were organized into 246 "front-line" divisions, with another 70 divisions assigned to rear areas. Perhaps as many as forty Chinese divisions had

1013:

The US government repeatedly threatened to cut off aid to China during World War 2 unless they handed over total command of all Chinese military forces to the US. After considerable stalling, the arrangement only fell through due to a particularly insulting letter from the Americans to Chiang. By the

861:

The anti-Chiang coalition had forces totalling 700,000 against Chiang's 300,000. Their plan was to seize Shandong and contain Chiang south of the Long-hai railway and the Beijing-wuhan railway then they would advance along the railway lines seizing Xuzhou and Wuhan whilst southern forces did the same

3840:

Established in 1874, in 1917 production was 600 rifles, 500,000 cartridges and 6 machine guns. However the production quality of the arsenal deteriorated and following a 1935 inspection only 10% of the cartridges were found to have passed inspection. The arsenal came under the control of the Central

1682:

at the behest of Chiang Kai-shek. He's report called for an integrated numbering and designation of units from the regimental level up and a standardised financial and supply system and the appointment of loyal commanders. A new division table was also organised: the 27th Year (1938) division, which

2849:

The Chinese army due to sustained combat was grossly under-strength and whilst Chiang promised over 110,000 additional reinforcements. Further reinforcements after this were not forthcoming due to ongoing combat. Nonetheless, Y-Force grew to over 300,000 men with rifles, mortars and machine guns in

1073:

Also, New Divisions were created to replace Standard Divisions lost early in the war and were issued the old division's number. Therefore, the number of divisions in active service at any given time is much smaller than this. The average NRA division had 5,000–6,000 troops; an average army division

2853:

A Y-force division contained 10,790 officers and men with 4,174 rifles, 270 submachine guns, 270 light machine guns, 54 medium machine guns. 27 AT rifles, 36 bazookas, 81 60mm mortars and 30 82mm mortars this was a large improvement over the 1942 division especially in terms of equipment with some

2620:

with the number of mortars raised form 36 to 54 to accommodate the lack of heavy artillery. The demands of the Chinese Military Affairs Commission to add additional support staff and divisional artillery were all rejected by the Americans and the idea of a centralised Y-force with the 30 divisions

1458:

A new Plan was devised in 1935 to raise 60 new divisions in 6 month batches with divisions to be raised from divisional districts tied to them, in an aim to enhance cohesion and communication as well as simplifying recruitment, officers however were to be recruited nationally and placed into these

1134:

Muslim generals, frightened the European observers with their appearance and fighting skills in battle. Europeans like Sven Hedin and Georg Vasel were in awe of the appearance Chinese Muslim NRA divisions made and their ferocious combat abilities. They were trained in harsh, brutal conditions. The

915:

could not agree upon which divisions were to be merged and disbanded. Furthermore, since embezzlement and fraud were commonplace, especially in understrength divisions (the state of most of the divisions), reforming the military structure would threaten divisional commanders' "take". Therefore, by

807:

1,502,000 men under arms, of which only 224,000 came under Chiang's direct control; these, however, were the official figures as Chiang stated later he possessed over 500,000 and Feng Yuxiang who officially possessed 269,000 in reality had 600,000 thus the true figure would likely reach 2,000,000.

3823:. Production in 1930 was 500 pistols, 1,500 rifles, 50 machine guns, 300 mortars a month as well as a theoretical 30 mountain guns a month though none were in actual production. The arsenal however deteriorated and by 1937, the Central Government took the machinery and used it for other arsenals. 1864:

This was a deadly affair in which men were kidnapped for the army, rounded up indiscriminately by press-gangs or army units among those on the roads or in the towns and villages, or otherwise gathered together. Many men, some the very young and old, were killed resisting or trying to escape. Once

1278:

and supporting units. The Chinese Republic had 133 Corps during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After losses in the early part of the war, under the 1938 reforms, the remaining scarce artillery and the other support formations were withdrawn from the Division and was held at Corps, or Army level or

865:

The war involved over 1,000,000 of which 300,000 became casualties. Chiang's forces proved themselves capable even when outnumbered routing the southern forces by July, however in the north Chiang's forces were defeated and he himself narrowly avoided capture in June only when the northern forces

3794:

Established in 1865 in Shanghai, the arsenal was captured by the Central Government in 1927. Its production in 1931 was 8 75mm mountain guns, 31 Type Triple-Ten machine guns, three million cartridges and 600lbs of smokeless powder each month. However, following the demilitarization of Shanghai

1843:

the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) was known to have used penal battalions from 1945 to 1949. A unit made up of deserters and those accused of cowardice, the penal battalion was giving such tasks as scouting ahead of the main forces to check for ambushes, crossing rivers and torrents to see

848:

The Guangxi clique rebelled in February 1929 when it fired Lu Diping the governor of Hunan who switched sides and joined Chiang, the Guangxi forces invaded Hunan, however Chiang bribed elements of the army in Wuhan to defect and within 2 months the Guangxi clique was routed, in March the party

852:

Also in May Feng Yuxiang entered the war he was too expelled from the party, once again Chiang bribed his enemy's allies and subordinates Han Fuju and Shi Yousan. Feng's armies were defeated and he fled to Shanxi and announced his retirement from politics, by July Chiang's forces had occupied

806:

Immediately following the Northern Expedition, the National Revolutionary Army was bloated and required downsizing and demobilisation: Chiang himself stating that soldiers are like water, capable of both carrying the state, and sinking it. This was reflected in the enormous troop figures with

1677:

launcher which impressed the Chinese. It must be noted, however, that even though this 1937 reorganisation maintained division strength at slightly under 11,000 men, less than 4,000 (the frontline personnel) were issued small arms such as rifles. In 1938 a further reform was brought about by

1153:

When the leaders of many of the warlord and provincial armies joined with the KMT and were appointed as officers and generals, their troops joined the NRA. These armies were renamed as NRA divisions. The entire Ma Clique armies were absorbed into the NRA. When the Muslim Ma Clique General

1486:

were not forthcoming. Mortars were introduced as substitutes for the infantry guns and later as a substitute for artillery. Horses were also lacking as the new division required many of them and Chinese divisions often used mules oxen or even buffalos as substitutes for the many horses.

1057:

The NRA throughout its lifespan recruited approximately 4,300,000 regulars, in 370 Standard Divisions (正式師), 46 New Divisions (新編師), 12 Cavalry Divisions (騎兵師), eight New Cavalry Divisions (新編騎兵師), 66 Temporary Divisions (暫編師), and 13 Reserve Divisions (預備師), for a grand total of 515

3785:

Established in 1915 in Henan, the Central Government took over the arsenal in 1930 and full production resumed in 1931. Employing 2,400 workers it was producing 1,800 rifles, 12 Maxim guns and 20,000 grenades each month. In 1934 production of rifles had risen to 3,200 per month.

1085:

The NRA only had small number of armoured vehicles and mechanised troops. At the beginning of the war in 1937 the armour were organized in three Armoured Battalions, equipped with tanks and armoured cars from various countries. After these battalions were mostly destroyed in the

810:

During the Northern expedition the KMT formed also formed branch political councils: in theory, subordinate political organs that were under the Central Political councils in Nanjing; in reality these were autonomous political bodies with their own military forces.

3853:

Established in 1878, the arsenal's production in 1913 was 15,000 rifles, 7,500,000 cartridges and 45,000lbs of smokeless powder annually. However, due to warfare in Sichuan the arsenal was closed, then finally moved to Chongqing in 1932. In 1933 it produced 6,000

3831:

Established in 1865 in Nanjing, the Central Government captured the arsenal in 1927. In 1936 after investment from the government, the arsenal was producing 610 machine guns, 3,600,000 cartridges, 480 mortars, 204,000 mortar shells and 34,000 gas masks annually.

2615:

which was the Chinese army in Burma. The divisions of Y-Force were similar to the 1942 divisions’ organisation. With the addition of extra staff especially in communications as well as an anti-tank rifle squad with 2 anti-tank rifles, radios were issued as were

853:

Luoyang. Having defeated two of his largest enemies Chiang pushed further for demobilisation and announced it would be done by March 1930. This move spurred Feng, Yan and the Guangxi clique to ally to face Chiang as Chiang had taken revenue sources from Yan.

1346:

The NRA used multiple divisional organisations as different threats emerged as well as other factors necessitated a new organisation. The Years below relate to the Minguo calendar which starts in 1911. Therefore, the 22nd year division is the 1933 division.

8822: 1186:

The unit organisation of the NRA is as follows: (Note that a unit is not necessarily subordinate to one immediately above it; several army regiments can be found under an army group, for example.) The commander-in-chief of the NRA from 1925 to 1947 was

4159:. Other equipment included straw shoes for soldiers (cloth shoes for Central Army), leather shoes for officers and leather boots for high-ranking officers. Every soldier was issued ammunition for his weapon, along with ammunition pouches or harness, a 4138:

were standard for soldiers and officers alike, since the primary mode of movement for NRA troops was by foot. Troops were also issued sewn field caps. The helmets were the most distinguishing characteristic of these divisions. From the moment German

793:

as advisers; the Weimar Republic government turned him down, however, fearing that they were too famous, would invite the ire of the Allies and that it would result in the loss of national prestige for such renowned figures to work, essentially, as

849:

expelled Bai Chongxi, Li Jishen and Li Zongren and promoted their juniors who sided with Chiang in order to sow dissent within the clique, they later re-grouped and attempted to retake Hunan and Guangdong but were repelled in both provinces.

1065:

At the apex of the NRA was the National Military Council, also translated as Military Affairs Commission. Chaired by Chiang Kai-Shek, it directed the staffs and commands. It included from 1937 the Chief of the General Staff, General

929: 925: 921: 917: 673:

were nominally incorporated into the National Revolutionary Army (while retaining separate commands), but broke away to form the People's Liberation Army shortly after the end of the war. With the promulgation of the

945: 1736:

This gave a total of 8,251 men per division it is important to note the complete absence of any Anti-air, Anti-tank or artillery at a divisional level a sign of the dire state of equipment shortage in China.

4871:

Hsu Long-hsuen and Chang Ming-kai, History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) 2nd Ed., 1971. Translated by Wen Ha-hsiung, Chung Wu Publishing; 33, 140th Lane, Tung-hwa Street, Taipei, Taiwan Republic of

6870: 8920: 1070:, the General Staff, the War Ministry, the military regions, air and naval forces, air defence and garrison commanders, and support services Around 14 Million were conscripted from 1937 to 1945. 1476:

This new army being significantly better armed and trained than the warlord armies would give Chiang a large advantage over his domestic opponents as well as being personally answerable to the

1130:

Despite the poor reviews given by European observers to the European-trained Divisions, the Muslim Divisions of the National Revolutionary Army, trained in China (not by Westerners) and led by

8832: 911:

for reforming the entire Chinese army into 80 divisions of highly trained, well-equipped troops organised along German lines. The plan was never fully realised, as the eternally bickering

8817: 2611:

at the behest of Chiang negotiated US sponsorship of 30 Chinese divisions which were to be designated assault divisions due to the fall of Burma. This plan was adopted concurrently with

6442: 4215: 9060: 1150:

were reported by Western observers to be tough and disciplined. Despite having diabetes Ma Hongkui personally drilled with his troops and engaged in sword fencing during training.

1106:. This Division eventually ceased to be a mechanized unit after the June 1938 reorganization of Divisions. The armoured and artillery Regiments were placed under direct command of 8751: 7490: 1804: 7789: 1206:

Army Corps ×4(兵團) – the Army Corps, 兵團, was one of the largest military formations in the NRA during the Second Sino-Japanese War. These Army Corps were composed of a number of

5617:(Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Zurich For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy). University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts. p. 518. Archived from 773:

between the Nationalists and the Communists, the ruling KMT purged its leftist members and largely eliminated Soviet influence from its ranks. Chiang Kai-shek then turned to

750:. The end of the Northern Expedition in 1928 is often taken as the date when China's Warlord era ended, though smaller-scale warlord activity continued for years afterwards. 8837: 7090: 6384: 3886: 687: 6447: 3993:

contained a machine gun company with 5-6 heavy machine guns. They were allotted a monthly supply of 20,000 rounds. The most common sidearm for NCOs and officers was the

9070: 8827: 2865:

Chinese troops operating Stuart tanks in Burma a feat only possible due to the commitment of troops and material to the Burma theatre by the Western Allies and China.

8950: 4011:

or locally produced. They were generally carried by the guards of divisional or corps commanders or special service platoon/companies. Some elite units, such as the

7486: 4147:

emblem of the ROC on the sides. These helmets were worn by both the German-trained divisions and regular Central Army divisions. Other helmets included the French

8679: 6437: 1875: 1257: 1139:, trained entirely in China without any European help, was composed of Chinese Muslims and fought and severely mauled an invading Soviet Russian army during the 6790: 955:, came to China in 1934 to help reform the army. However, because of Nazi Germany's later cooperation with the Empire of Japan, he was later recalled in 1937. 6412: 4034:

Generally speaking, the regular provincial army divisions did not possess any artillery. However, some Central Army divisions were equipped with 37 mm

1664:

For a total of 10,012 men and 3,219 horses with the field artillery regiment. With the Mountain artillery regiment the total is 10,632 men and 3,237 horses

3882: 937: 1107: 8807: 7555: 3875: 7167: 6785: 6530: 5926: 5712: 3970:. In general, there were 6-9 LMG's in an infantry company, with the monthly ammunition supply being around 5,000 rounds (for 5 days consumption). 8945: 9065: 8812: 6432: 6267: 6218: 6169: 6117: 5214: 5162: 5113: 5064: 5015: 4966: 4917: 3807:

First began production in 1895 in Hubei, it was captured by the Central government in 1926. Between 1895 and 1938 the arsenal produced 876,316

1245: 888:. With Germany training Chinese troops and expanding Chinese infrastructure, while China opened its markets and natural resources to Germany. 8684: 5492:. Vol. 25 of Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras (illustrated ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 350. 1482:

However, Chinese industry was incapable of producing the artillery or infantry guns in large quantities needed for the 60 division plan and

8975: 8853: 8150: 7794: 7346: 1103: 975:

For a time, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, Communist forces fought as a nominal part of the National Revolutionary Army, forming the

1794:

used one to put down an insurrection in Canton. Many women joined them in addition to men to achieve martyrdom against China's opponents.

8426: 7017: 1136: 941: 933: 742:, became commander-in-chief of the Army in 1925 before launching the successful Northern Expedition. Other prominent commanders included 5609: 9050: 7813: 7741: 7292: 7135: 6535: 5555: 3967: 7632: 6510: 6405: 6351: 5487: 4225: 1494:

but equipment was again lacking meaning these divisions were not to be the modern equivalent of Western style or Japanese divisions.

5644: 1808:

Chinese suicide bomber putting on an explosive vest made out of Model 24 hand grenades to use in an attack on Japanese tanks at the

6926: 6916: 6911: 6896: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 5771: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 4778: 4745: 1483: 5385: 4694: 4665: 4511: 7548: 7038: 6968: 5678: 3609:

An alternative figure and breakdown is given by Field a US analyst in July 1937 (brackets indicate numbers given by Bin Shih):

3799:, the arsenal became dormant with its light machinery moved to other arsenals whilst the heavy machinery remained until 1937. 9075: 8894: 7195: 7072: 6931: 6921: 6906: 6901: 6891: 6886: 6243: 6194: 6145: 6093: 6013: 5985: 5909: 5862: 5722: 5592: 5565: 5521: 5351: 5190: 5138: 5089: 5040: 4991: 4942: 4893: 4576: 4521: 4467: 4442: 4417: 4392: 4367: 4342: 4317: 4292: 4264: 4012: 1179: 1018: 831:, who was related to the Guangxi clique, loosely controlled the Guangzhou council; and a sixth council in Shenyang was under 675: 620: 50: 4712: 9045: 8456: 8336: 7124: 6973: 6607: 6480: 6398: 4107:(bought in 1936). At the start of the war, the NRA and the Tax Police Regiment had three tank battalions armed with German 4143:

rolled off the production lines in 1935, and until 1936, the NRA imported 315,000 of these helmets, usually seen with the

734:, the distinction among party, state and army was often blurred. A large number of the Army's officers passed through the 7872: 7082: 3765:*not all formations are assigned a loyalty therefore this list does not constitute an exhaustive list of NRA formations. 999: 968: 762: 5453: 777:, historically a great military power, for the reorganization and modernization of the National Revolutionary Army. The 8406: 7910: 7900: 7662: 5781: 5654: 5531: 5497: 5429: 5395: 4555: 4484: 4220: 3866:

Located in Shandong, by the mid-1930s this arsenal was producing 3,000,000 cartridges and 60,000 grenades every month.

1239: 885: 5582: 5266: 9004: 8960: 7729: 7541: 6302: 6066: 6038: 5326: 5303: 4821: 4788: 4755: 4722: 4675: 4623: 4537: 4494: 1490:

10 divisions were organised in 1935 on the new model but equipment was lacking. A further 20 were reorganised by the

1282: 1279:

higher. The Corps became the basic tactical unit of the NRA having strength nearly equivalent to an allied Division.

1267: 604: 79: 1820: 8965: 8889: 8669: 7779: 3182: 3179: 624: 1819:

was also used against the Japanese. A Chinese soldier detonated a grenade vest and killed 20 Japanese soldiers at

7475: 7010: 5419: 4843: 1110:

and the 200th Division became a motorized Infantry Division within the same Corps. This Corps fought battles in

983:

units, but this co-operation later fell apart. Women were also part of the army's corps during the war. In 1937

8451: 8371: 7890: 7848: 7602: 7086: 6612: 5688: 5463: 5361: 5239: 4598: 1754: 1022: 731: 679: 616: 421: 268: 25: 1394:

Machine gun company 5 officers 121 enlisted (divided into 3 platoons each with 2 16 man squads with Maxim MGs)

1062:. However, many divisions were formed from two or more other divisions, and were not active at the same time. 8904: 8608: 8563: 8376: 8356: 7957: 7515: 7312: 6952: 3606:

The above categorisations are not the sole indicator of loyalty it is how they were categorised at the time.

1779:) were frequently used by Chinese armies. China deployed these suicide units against the Japanese during the 1762: 435: 1399:

Mortar Company 6 officers 138 enlisted (divided into 3 platoons each with 2 19 man squads with 82mm mortars)

1391:

3 rifle companies 6 officers 145 enlisted (divided into 3 platoons with each platoon having 3 14 man squads)

710: 8873: 8746: 8689: 8659: 8512: 7930: 7504: 7240: 7155: 6363: 992: 263: 1450:

The above template was only applied to divisions serving in Guangxi during the 5th encirclement campaign.

8578: 8381: 7857: 7838: 7163: 5934: 3948: 1194: 1140: 1115: 663: 153: 17: 5728: 4811: 8558: 8411: 7687: 7647: 7003: 6627: 6602: 3986: 1674: 1491: 952: 770: 8633: 8492: 8416: 8401: 8361: 8228: 7940: 7915: 7617: 7607: 6525: 6505: 4144: 4079: 1143:. The division was lacking in technology and manpower, but badly damaged the superior Russian force. 5756: 4312:. RoutledgeCurzon studies in the modern history of Asia. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 134–137. 4259:. RoutledgeCurzon studies in the modern history of Asia. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 132–133. 3583: 2858:

artillery and anti-tank weaponry did not arrive in large quantities until late 1943 and early 1944.

2628:

Long Yun the Warlord and Governor of Yunnan inspects the members of the Chinese expeditionary Force.

8858: 8618: 8528: 7564: 7254: 7250: 6473: 4210: 3912: 3774: 2337: 1780: 1604:

OR Mountain Artillery Regiment (in substitute of a Field Artillery Regiment) (2,565 men and 1,163)

1075: 988: 735: 678:

in 1947 and the formal end of the KMT party-state, the National Revolutionary Army was renamed the

651: 163: 4813:

Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949

4747:

Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949

4714:

Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949

3811:

rifles. In 1934 the arsenal also produced 240 Type Triple-Ten machine guns and 4 75mm field guns.

1234:. Only four were ever formed to command the large forces defending the Chinese capital during the 916:

July 1937 only eight infantry divisions had completed reorganization and training. These were the

9090: 9085: 9080: 8756: 8553: 8466: 8366: 8243: 7935: 7925: 7746: 7500: 7302: 7278: 7262: 7210: 7119: 7110: 4072: 4068: 1300: 1111: 670: 785:

they could not serve in military capacities. Chiang initially requested famous generals such as

8868: 8736: 8694: 8396: 7905: 7895: 7843: 7833: 7642: 7379: 7375: 7059: 5611:

Angry Monk: Reflections on Tibet: Literary, Historical, and Oral Sources for a Documentary Film

4462:. RoutledgeCurzon studies in the modern history of Asia. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 139. 4437:. RoutledgeCurzon studies in the modern history of Asia. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 138. 4337:. RoutledgeCurzon studies in the modern history of Asia. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 137. 4287:. RoutledgeCurzon studies in the modern history of Asia. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 133. 2617: 1026: 1021:

in 1947, the National Revolutionary Army was transformed into the ground service branch of the

683: 655: 46: 8543: 8538: 8441: 8386: 7657: 7637: 7389: 5618: 5229: 4042: 4026: 4000: 3932: 1809: 1798: 1370:

Signal company 6 officers 168 enlisted (subdivided into 3 platoons with 3 squads per platoon)

1078:

were on par in terms of manpower with a German or Japanese division, having only 10,000 men.

1003: 874: 158: 3907: 1430:

Three engineer companies each 6 officers 179 enlisted (3 platoons each with 3 17 man squads)

1081:

The United States Army's campaign brochure on the China Defensive campaign of 1942–45 said:

819:

the Taiyuan council; whilst the Guangxi clique controlled two: the Wuhan and Beiping; under

722:

The NRA was founded by the KMT in 1925 as the military force destined to unite China in the

8598: 8502: 8461: 8431: 8331: 8085: 7947: 7784: 7652: 7115: 2861: 1886: 1827:

and threw themselves under Japanese tanks to blow them up. This tactic was used during the

1444:

Two Transport Companies each 6 officers 148 enlisted (3 platoons each with 3 14 man squads)

790: 782: 706:

The opening ceremony of the Whampoa Military Academy, with Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek.

8115: 8055: 4486:

The Sino-German Connection: Alexander Von Falkenhausen Between China and Germany 1900-1941

1419:

Three batteries each containing 5 officers 203 enlisted (2 platoons each with 2 75mm guns)

8: 9055: 8731: 8568: 8533: 7799: 7682: 7612: 7413: 7342: 7159: 7132: 6587: 6520: 6466: 4639: 3796: 1219: 1200: 1059: 723: 643: 391: 138: 8090: 6374: 4691: 1041:

Elite German-trained divisions of National Revolutionary Army before the Battle of Wuhan

8766: 8699: 8664: 8643: 8638: 8588: 8507: 8497: 8391: 8351: 8316: 7533: 7282: 7220: 6947: 6261: 6212: 6163: 6111: 5744: 5208: 5156: 5107: 5058: 5009: 4960: 4911: 4553: 4116: 4050: 4046: 1828: 1087: 148: 8238: 9020: 9010: 8940: 8623: 8603: 8548: 8487: 8482: 8446: 8436: 8326: 8321: 7862: 7677: 7667: 7592: 7479: 7468: 7444: 7426: 7332: 7274: 7270: 7258: 7144: 7140: 7064: 7026: 6379: 6347: 6298: 6249: 6239: 6200: 6190: 6151: 6141: 6099: 6089: 6062: 6034: 6009: 5981: 5905: 5858: 5777: 5718: 5684: 5650: 5588: 5561: 5527: 5493: 5459: 5425: 5391: 5357: 5299: 5235: 5196: 5186: 5144: 5134: 5095: 5085: 5046: 5036: 4997: 4987: 4948: 4938: 4899: 4889: 4817: 4784: 4751: 4718: 4671: 4619: 4594: 4572: 4517: 4490: 4463: 4438: 4413: 4388: 4363: 4338: 4313: 4288: 4260: 4230: 3971: 3952: 3701: 3600: 3596: 3592: 1840: 1746: 1091: 976: 659: 549: 541: 143: 40: 8258: 8080: 5879: 1435:

Special service Battalion 27 officers 569 enlisted (identical to infantry battalion)

8761: 8741: 8674: 8593: 8583: 8346: 8045: 7672: 7458: 7454: 7403: 7266: 7128: 6669: 4054: 3966:. There were machine guns from other sources, such as Belgian, French and from the 786: 476: 339: 276: 21: 8935: 8925: 8573: 8421: 8341: 8233: 8105: 8100: 8065: 7999: 7984: 7952: 7867: 7764: 7597: 7393: 7152: 7148: 6695: 6654: 6337: 5262: 4698: 4004: 1816: 1477: 1235: 980: 904: 778: 758: 739: 527: 353: 198: 6375:

Information and pictures of Nationalist Revolutionary Army weapons and equipment

8628: 8135: 8050: 7622: 7587: 6617: 5776:(reprint ed.). Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. p. 79. 4131: 4127:

tanks acquired from the Soviet Union were reorganised into the 200th Division.

4058: 4016: 1857: 1824: 1787: 1124: 984: 963: 878: 832: 511: 319: 272: 203: 117: 6390: 6369: 3773:

These arsenals listed below are those established before the beginning of the

1402:

Special Service Company 6 officers 145 enlisted (indendtical to rifle company)

1074:

had 10,000–15,000 troops, the equivalent of a Japanese division. Not even the

9039: 8970: 8863: 8613: 8160: 8125: 8110: 8095: 8075: 8019: 8004: 7357: 6744: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6253: 6204: 6155: 6103: 5200: 5148: 5099: 5050: 5001: 4952: 4903: 4202: 4168: 4152: 4148: 4082: 4038: 2341: 1188: 1050: 757:

National Revolutionary Army soldiers marched into the British concessions in

715: 307: 6008:. Solihull, West Midlands, England: Helion & Company. pp. 165–170. 5980:. Solihull, West Midlands, England: Helion & Company. pp. 160–165. 3989:

chambered for the standard 8mm Mauser round. On average, every Central Army

9024: 9014: 8253: 8248: 8140: 8060: 7627: 7044: 6689: 6684: 6674: 6664: 6649: 6643: 6560: 6545: 6286: 4188: 4140: 4101: 4090: 3994: 3975: 3940: 2216: 2201: 2186: 2171: 2156: 1853: 1159: 1095: 870: 812: 647: 631: 608: 483: 453: 294: 218: 168: 6233: 6184: 6135: 6083: 5180: 5128: 5079: 5030: 4981: 4932: 4883: 2130: 2123: 2067: 1127:

the NRA Army there had an armoured battalion equipped with Sherman tanks.

8930: 8212: 8197: 8165: 8145: 8070: 8024: 7230: 6738: 6637: 6565: 4086: 4008: 3963: 3595:

troops are included in the Central Government Column given the arrest of

2608: 2588: 2573: 2558: 2494: 2487: 2480: 2473: 2466: 2459: 2400: 2393: 2386: 2379: 2372: 2365: 2261: 2246: 2231: 2116: 2109: 2102: 2095: 2088: 2081: 2074: 1971: 1964: 1957: 1950: 1943: 1936: 1929: 1922: 1915: 1797:

A "dare to die corps" was effectively used against Japanese units at the

1750: 1102:

made it possible to create the only mechanized division in the army, the

824: 753: 639: 233: 173: 4591:

Recasting the Imperial Far East: Britain and America in China, 1945-1950

2447: 2440: 2433: 2426: 2419: 2412: 2048: 2041: 2034: 2027: 2020: 2013: 2006: 1999: 1992: 1790:. "Dare to Die" corps continued to be used in the Chinese military. The 1045: 8899: 8273: 8263: 8207: 8202: 8170: 8155: 8130: 8014: 8009: 7989: 7734: 7436: 7322: 7048: 6732: 6702: 6570: 6489: 6291:

The Armed Forces of World War II: Uniforms, Insignia & Organisation

5291: 5234:. Vol. 306 (illustrated ed.). Osprey Publishing. p. 14. 4064:. Some independent brigades and artillery regiments were equipped with 4061: 4053:, and Solothurn. Each of these infantry divisions ideally had 6 French 4020: 3997: 3924: 3820: 3808: 3587:

Chiang and Soong reviewing the troops during the 2nd Sino-Japanese war.

2543: 2528: 2513: 2321: 2306: 2291: 2276: 2137: 1791: 1679: 1251: 1231: 1207: 1175: 1147: 1067: 881: 820: 816: 781:

sent advisers to China, but because of the restrictions imposed by the

747: 635: 596: 228: 223: 213: 208: 97: 4571:. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 3923:

For regular provincial Chinese divisions the standard rifles were the

1978: 1786:"Dare to Die" troops were used by warlords in their armies to conduct 1170: 8029: 7774: 7769: 7106: 6679: 6659: 6592: 6294: 5584:

Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 to the Present

5421:

Modern China: the fall and rise of a great power, 1850 to the present

5295:

Women in modern China: transition, revolution, and contemporary times

4160: 4156: 4104: 4035: 3990: 3978: 3959: 3928: 3900: 3896: 3842: 2055: 1131: 889: 828: 795: 743: 727: 378: 365: 255: 6995: 4783:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 109. 4569:

The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China

1844:

whether they were fordable, and walking across unmapped minefields.

1037: 6708: 6597: 6344:

The Chinese Civil War 1945–49: Modern Warfare (Guide To... Book 61)

4216:

List of German-trained divisions of the National Revolutionary Army

4108: 4093: 4007:

were not part of any TO&E, but many were inherited from former

2855: 1275: 1227: 612: 497: 1825:

strapped explosives like grenade packs or dynamite to their bodies

1006:

called X Force, and Chinese Expeditionary Force in Yunnan, called

642:, the National Revolutionary Army fought major engagements in the 8268: 7994: 4164: 3944: 3916: 3855: 2612: 1306: 1288: 1271: 1223: 1007: 912: 774: 250: 8752:

Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance

6189:. Bin Shih. Solihull, West Midlands, England. pp. 742–755. 5185:. Bin Shih. Solihull, West Midlands, England. pp. 154–155. 5133:. Bin Shih. Solihull, West Midlands, England. pp. 151–154. 5084:. Bin Shih. Solihull, West Midlands, England. pp. 149–151. 4640:"National Revolutionary Army Summary – China's Military in WWII" 2624: 1408:

Stretcher-bearer Platoon 1 officer 43 enlisted (3 13 man squads)

599:(KMT, or the Chinese Nationalist Party) from 1925 until 1947 in 8955: 7100: 7095: 7077: 7054: 4135: 4076: 3936: 1770: 1211: 1094:. The newly provided tanks, armoured cars, and trucks from the 691: 4667:

Victorious Insurgencies: Four Rebellions that Shaped Our World

7178: 6458: 5557:

Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost

5387:

Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost

4836: 4112: 4097: 4065: 1312: 1263: 1215: 1155: 1099: 669:

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the armed forces of the

600: 8120: 4616:

Race and U.S. Foreign Policy from 1900 Through World War II

4513:

Chinese Women in Christian Ministry: An Intercultural Study

4124: 4120: 3982: 3956: 3931:). Central army divisions were typically equipped with the 3891: 3819:

Established in 1898 in Shanxi, the arsenal was expanded by

1162:

was renamed the National Revolutionary Army 26th Division.

1146:

The Muslim divisions of the army controlled by Muslim Gen.

998:

Troops in India and Burma during World War II included the

107: 3981:(which were based on the commercial version of the German 3148: 895: 8951:

Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan

4552:

See for example Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sunderland,

3911:

German-equipped Chinese troops practicing a march at the

1405:

Transport platoon 1 officer 42 enlisted (3 14 man squads)

1266:×133 (軍團 ) – usually exercised command over two to three 1230:. In numbers of divisions, they were larger than Western 1049:

A platoon of the National Revolutionary Army marching in

7563: 5857:. Osprey Publishing. pp. Kindle Locations 878–880. 5683:(illustrated ed.). Marshall Cavendish. p. 94. 5267:"PART ONE CHIANG VERSUS COMMUNISM: HIS PERSONAL ACCOUNT" 3887:

Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)

1534:

Two Infantry Brigades Each (6,114 men and 1,216 horses)

8680:

United Nations Conference on International Organization

5954: 5952: 3848: 1178:

soldier, age 10, member of a Chinese division from the

6235: