829:
executed in front of the assembled guests at a dinner party in
January 1929. It was a hard decision for him to make. The two had powers over the heads of others. In May 1929, relations between the Kuomintang Nanjing and the excessively strengthened Feng Yuxiang worsened. In addition, the Japanese government, dissatisfied with the pro-Kuomintang policy of Zhang Zuolin, and now his son, threatened to "take the most decisive measures to ensure that the Kuomintang flag never flies over Manchuria". The "Young Marshal" supported Nanjing, and Feng's troops were pushed back to the outlying provinces of Chahar and Suiyuan, and in July 1929, Japan officially recognized Kuomintang China. At the same time, Zhang Xueliang and Chiang Kai-shek held a personal meeting in Beiping, at which a decision was made on the armed seizure of the Chinese Eastern Railway or CER. By pushing Zhang Xueliang to take this step, Chiang Kai-shek sought to make the Young Marshal completely dependent on Nanjing and at the same time raise his prestige and get most of the profits from the operation of the CER at the disposal of Nanjing. Zhang Xueliang, in turn, believed that the capture of the CER would strengthen his position in the Northeast, allow him to personally manage the profits of the CER, and ensure his independence from Nanjing. As a result, on July 10, 1929, the Conflict on the CER began. However, the Red Army showed a higher combat capability, and the conflict ended with the signing of the Khabarovsk Protocol of December 22, 1929.
959:
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to his bank account, but was (according to custom) expected to pay for most of the expenses related to his detention. In 1940 Yu
Fengzhi became sick with breast cancer and was granted permission to seek treatment in the United States. Although they remained affectionate in their letters to one another, the couple would never see each other again. In 1964, Yu agreed to divorce Zhang so that he could marry Zhao.
59:
1030:. In 1964, he formally married Edith Chao, daughter of a senior official, who left her family in her teens to become his companion and later followed him into exile. His first wife, Yu, said she was so moved by Ms. Chao's devotion that she released her husband from his vows. Zhang and his wife, Edith, became devout Christians who also regularly attended Sunday services at
1517:
991:
then presided over a show trial which convicted Zhang of abducting the
Generalissimo and attempting to change government policy, sentencing him to ten years in prison. Chiang had him pardoned just a few days later, on 4 January 1937, but with the stipulation that he not be given his civil rights back
986:
As soon as Zhang landed in
Nanjing, Chiang had him placed under arrest by military police. Zhang wrote Chiang an obsequious letter of apology. Although he never disavowed his role in the Xi'an incident, he admitted that what he had done was a crime, and asked to be punished. He intended the letter to
931:
at the time took a passive position against Japan and considered the communists to be a greater danger to the
Republic of China than the Japanese, and his overall strategy was to annihilate the communists before focusing his efforts on the Japanese. He believed that "communism was a cancer while the
1000:
During the first few years of Zhang's imprisonment, he was regularly moved from location to location under the close supervision of Chiang Kai-shek. He was soon joined by his first wife, Yu
Fengzhi. The couple began living with the family of one of his wardens, Liu Yiguang. Zhang was allowed access
900:
of Zhang's former northeastern domain. There has been speculation that Chiang Kai-Shek wrote a letter to Zhang asking him to pull his forces back, but Zhang later stated that he himself issued the orders. Apparently, Zhang was aware of how weak his forces were compared to the
Japanese and wished to
736:, and appointed the commander of his father's bodyguards in 1919. In 1921 he was sent to Japan to observe military maneuvers, where he developed a special interest in aircraft. Later, he developed an air corps for the Fengtian Army, which was widely used in the battles that took place within the
828:
because of his desire to reunite China and rid it of
Japanese invaders; and was willing to pay the price and become "vice" leader of China (not because it was good that he was supporting the Kuomintang). In order to rid his command of Japanese influence, he had two prominent pro-Tokyo officials
740:
during the 1920s. In 1922, he was promoted to major general and commanded an army-sized force. Two years later, he was also made commander of the air units. Upon the death of his father in 1928, he succeeded him as the leader of the
Northeast Peace Preservation Forces (popularly
1629:
Kristof, Nicholas D. (October 19, 2001). Baquet, Dean; Louttit, Meghan; Corbett, Philip; Chang, Lian; Drake, Monica; Kahn, Joseph; Kingsbury, Kathleen; Sulzberger, A.G.; Levien, Meredith Kopit; Caputo, Roland A.; Bardeen, William; Dunbar-Johnson, Stephen; Brayton, Diane (eds.).
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against Japan. Chiang eventually agreed, but upon his release he had Zhang arrested and sentenced to 50 years of house arrest, first in mainland China and then in Taiwan. Although never personally a communist, Zhang is regarded by the
Chinese Communist Party and the
895:
in order to provoke a full-on war with China, which Chiang did not want to face until his forces were stronger. In accordance with this strategy, Zhang's armies withdrew from the front lines without significant engagements, leading to the effective
2324:
Cao, Junbing (2018). "Deviation and Restoration of Mundaneness and Mythological Nature in Chinese Cinema—Evolution of Chinese Directors of Different Generations over the Past Forty Years after the Reform and Opening-up Policy".
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preserve his position by retaining a sizeable army. Nonetheless, this would still be in line with Chiang's overall strategic standings. Zhang later traveled in Europe before returning to China to take command of the
729:
3458:
2235:"Opposing the Japanese in Manchuria . General Chang Hsueh Liang . He is Chinese Military Governor and is popularly known as Young Chang . 3 February 1932 Stock Photo - Alamy"
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and collecting Chinese fan paintings, calligraphy, and other works of art by illustrious artists (a collection of more than 200 works using his studio's name "Dingyuanzhai" (
932:
Japanese represented a superficial wound." Growing nationalist anger against Japan made this position very unpopular, and led to Zhang's action against Chiang, known as the
1657:
1061:
In 1991, Zhang made his first trip abroad after being released from house arrest, visiting San Francisco to see friends and family who had moved there. Zhang emigrated to
797:
while it crossed under a railroad bridge. Surprisingly, the younger Zhang proved to be more independent and skilled than anyone had expected and declared his support for
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1461:
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1285:) (c. 1899–1990), first wife of Zhang (m. 1916; div. 1964). She immigrated to the U.S. in 1940, where she was known as Feng Tze Chang. She died in Los Angeles, CA.
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3129:
962:
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1295:; Edith Chao Chang) (1912–2000), mistress and later second wife of Zhang (m. 1964), immigrated with him to the U.S. in 1995, died in Honolulu, HI
947:
against the Japanese invasion. After two weeks of negotiations, Chiang agreed to unite with the communists and drive the Japanese out of China.
1823:
3413:
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in 1995. There he lived with his younger brother Chang Hsueh-sen, who was working as a hotelier. There were numerous pleas for him to visit
2496:
Jin, Yilin (2005). "Yan Xishan's Activities Opposing Chiang Kai-shek and Zhang Xueliang before and after the Nanjing-Guangdong Conflict".
2414:
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Zhang was eventually taken to Taiwan, where he remained under house arrest until Chiang's 1975 death. Much of his time was spent studying
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Rainer Kloubert, Warlords. Ein Bilderbogen aus dem chinesischen Bürgerkrieg, Elfenbeinverlag, Berlin 2023,ISBN 978-3-96-160-077-9.
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1038:, a Taipei suburb, with Chiang Kai-shek's family. On March 26, 1988, two months after the death of Chiang Kai-shek's son
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A 2007 TV series on the Xi'an Incident was produced and aired in mainland China, with Zhang Xueliang being portrayed by
2827:
1916:
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785:, would be much more subject to Japanese influence than was his father. On this premise, an officer of the Japanese
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be a private assurance of loyalty to Chiang, but the latter had the letter published so as to discredit Zhang.
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in 1993, where he served as President between 1928 and 1937. Zhang was also named as the honorary chairman of
958:
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After Chiang negotiated with the Communists, Zhang flew back to Nanjing as a demonstration of good faith.
802:
330:
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2390:"35. Peter H. L. Chang (Zhang Xueliang), (1901-2001). "Recollections of Xian Incident [Review]""
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In June 2000, Edith Chao passed away at the age of 88. On October 14 of the following year, Zhang died of
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1953:
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675:'s policy of "first internal pacification, then external resistance" and helped plan and lead the 1936
645:
2590:
The House Arrest of Zhang Xueliang: A Memoir of Growing Up with China's Most Famous Political Prisoner
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in Honolulu. Representatives from both China and Taiwan attended his funeral in Honolulu, along with
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province on June 3, 1901. Zhang was educated by private tutors and, unlike his father, the warlord
697:
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3325:
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1162:
825:
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2372:"The Peter H.L. Chang and Edith Chao Chang Papers Open at The Rare Book and Manuscript Library"
879:-based government against the Northern warlords in exchange for control of the key railroads in
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679:. Northeastern soldiers under Zhang's command arrested Chiang to force him to negotiate a
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2415:"Interview: Great Leap Brewery Founder Taps into China's Thirst for a Good Microbrew"
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2137:
Fong, Tak-ho (October 23, 2001). "Political heavyweights for warlord's funeral".
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1262:(1875–1928), father of Chang, Warlord of Manchuria, assassinated by the Japanese
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1945:
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The Japanese believed that Zhang Xueliang, who was known as a womanizer and an
561:
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3287:
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2306:
2189:"General Chang Hsueh Liang , son of Chang Tso Lin . 1927 Stock Photo - Alamy"
1950:
The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War
1835:
1645:
1509:
1468:
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1027:
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311:
1856:
Li, Xiaobing, ed. (2012). "Zhang Xueliang (Chang Hsueh-liang) (1901-2001)".
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1023:) was auctioned with tremendous success by Sotheby's on April 10, 1994).
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and his frail health. However, he was named as the honorary President of
844:
814:
649:
2557:
East Asia and the United States: an encyclopedia of relations since 1784
3317:
2536:
2122:
Kwan, Daniel (September 28, 2000). "Deng's son visits former warlord".
1443:
is named after Zhang. The library hosts a collection of Zhang's papers.
1097:
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920:
864:
758:
737:
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3272:
1421:, directed by Cheng Yin. The film won three awards at the 2nd annual
1288:
Gu Ruiyu (谷瑞玉) (1904–1946), second wife of Zhang (m. 1924; div. 1931)
1089:
988:
625:
74:
2528:
2509:
Iriye, Akira (November 1960). "Chang Hsueh-Liang and the Japanese".
1903:
The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China
813:, he overcame his opium addiction in 1933 with the administering of
2480:
The Making of China’s War with Japan: Zhou Enlai and Zhang Xueliang
1403:
1062:
892:
757:. In December of the same year he proclaimed his allegiance to the
713:
139:
2648:"Chang Hsueh-liang, 101; General Abducted Chiang Kai-shek in 1936"
1050:
58:
884:
876:
657:
1824:"Young Chang an Uneasy War Lord of Manchuria; Chang Hsueh-Liang"
1323:) (c. 1919–1981), second son born to Yu, died in Los Angeles, CA
2716:
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1429:
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165:
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1337:) (1930–), illegitimate son born to Chao, resides in the U.S.
1309:) (c. 1916–), eldest daughter born to Yu, resides in the U.S.
880:
836:
Zhang and Chiang with their respective wives, Yu Fengzhi and
782:
754:
689:
2104:"Manchurian warlord of yore is 94 and has moved to Hawaii".
1073:, but Zhang declined, citing his political closeness to the
943:
kidnapped Chiang, imprisoning him until he agreed to form a
1907:(illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. p.
3459:
Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 2nd class
905:, first in Hebei-Henan-Anhui and later in the Northwest.
2578:
Peter H.L. Chang (Zhang Xueliang) Oral History Materials
1364:) (1916–1970), defected to the Communists, died in China
1350:(1908–1983), defected to the Communists, died in Beijing
2018:
1316:) (c. 1918–1986), eldest son born to Yu, died in Taipei
745:"), which controlled China's northeastern provinces of
1982:
1632:"Zhang Xueliang, 100, Dies; Warlord and Hero of China"
1415:
Zhang was centrally featured in the 1981 Chinese film
2441:"A look at the Xi'an Incident hero's formative years"
2089:"Chiang Kai-shek's kidnapper makes a visit to U.S.".
1481:
992:
and that he would remain under protective detention.
580:
566:
552:
2285:"Wife of legendary Chinese warlord dies in US at 88"
1406:
in a cameo appearance in the 1994 martial arts film
628:
from 1928 to 1936 and the commander-in-chief of the
2042:
2030:
2006:
1994:
3399:National Revolutionary Army generals from Liaoning
2469:Mitter, Rana (February 2004). "The Last Warlord".
1970:
1900:
3444:Recipients of the Order of Blue Sky and White Sun
720:, he felt at ease in the company of westerners.
3355:
764:
2603:
883:and the customs revenues from the port city of
805:. With the assistance of Australian journalist
692:as a patriotic hero for his role in ending the
2406:
919:On April 6, 1936, Zhang met with CPC delegate
2700:
1371:) (1920–1995), died in Beijing while visiting
1018:
891:, Japanese troops attacked Zhang's forces in
820:He was given the nickname "Hero of History" (
522:
508:
2559:(Volume 2 ed.). Greenwood. p. 700.
2508:
2489:Zhang Xueliang: The General Who Never Fought
2156:. Kyodo News. October 26, 2001. p. A16.
2152:"Two sides of Taiwan Strait honor warlord".
1265:Zhao Chungui (趙春桂) (?–1912), mother of Chang
2473:. Vol. 54, no. 2. pp. 28–33.
1640:. Vol. CL, no. 210. p. C13.
3144:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong
2707:
2693:
2569:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2117:
2115:
1822:Matthews, Herbert L. (December 29, 1929).
953:
57:
3454:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
2412:
1875:"Chiang Kai-shek | Biography & Facts"
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1586:According to other accounts, 1898 or 1900
671:the region in 1931. He was frustrated by
612:; June 3, 1901 – October 15, 2001), also
87:June 4, 1928 – December 26, 1936
3404:Republic of China warlords from Liaoning
2672:Newspaper clippings about Zhang Xueliang
1821:
1049:
957:
843:
831:
768:
2327:Comparative Literature: East & West
2112:
1628:
1281:
1045:
1042:, his freedom was officially restored.
272: 1964; died 2000)
16:Chinese general and warlord (1901–2001)
3394:Converts to Christianity from Buddhism
3356:
3130:Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong
2554:
2468:
2301:: The Liberty Times Group. p. 2.
2060:
1940:
1938:
1898:
1613:
1435:The Peter H. L. Chang reading room at
1392:) (1925–1992 or 1996), died in Tianjin
1330:) (c. 1920–1929), third son born to Yu
660:. He nonetheless retained Manchuria's
582:
3414:Children of national leaders of China
2688:
2604:Heller, Richard (December 18, 2001).
2165:
2163:
1944:
1869:
1867:
1660:from the original on October 24, 2009
1396:
1305:Pauline Tao, born Chang Lu-ying (張閭瑛
1104:and the son of Zhang's close friend,
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2136:
2121:
2048:
2036:
2024:
2012:
2000:
1988:
1976:
939:In December 1936, Zhang and General
640:. A reformer who was sympathetic to
2587:
2495:
2413:McDonnell, Justin (July 23, 2013).
2323:
2232:
2186:
1935:
1550:Sino-German cooperation (1911–1941)
1056:Valley of the Temples Memorial Park
795:by exploding a bomb above his train
624:, was a Chinese warlord who ruled
445:Northeast Peace Preservation Forces
177:Valley of the Temples Memorial Park
13:
3449:Commanders of the Legion of Honour
2828:Constitutional Protection Movement
2462:
2438:
2160:
1864:
1855:
1774:. October 16, 2001. Archived from
1767:伟大的爱国者张学良先生病逝 江泽民发唁电高度评价张学良先生的历史功绩
963:Former residence of Zhang Xueliang
875:, Zhang stepped in to support the
761:(KMT; Chinese Nationalist Party).
14:
3470:
3434:People of the Northern Expedition
2665:
1545:Politics of the Republic of China
1540:Military of the Republic of China
1357:) (1911–2004), died in Novato, CA
995:
908:
3439:People of the Central Plains War
3116:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum
2976:Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising
2727:
2715:
2176:. The China Weekly Review. 1925.
1599:, his age is often given as 101.
1535:History of the Republic of China
1515:
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1234:
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1215:
1201:
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945:united front with the communists
414:
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3409:Deaths from pneumonia in Hawaii
3047:Nationalist-Communist Civil War
2432:
2364:
2337:
2317:
2272:
2226:
2180:
2173:Who's Who in China, 3rd edition
2145:
2130:
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2068:. Leiden ; Boston: Brill.
2054:
1892:
1849:
1815:
1589:
1186:, 1st class, twice (1919, 1921)
1173:Order of Blue Sky and White Sun
698:war of resistance against Japan
646:official reunification of China
634:the assassination of his father
335:Order of Blue Sky and White Sun
269:
244:
219:
3424:Taiwanese people from Liaoning
2555:Matray, James I., ed. (2002).
2293:. Vol. II, no. 270.
1790:
1758:
1730:
1698:
1672:
1580:
1577:Also known as Edith Chao Chang
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1083:Harbin Institute of Technology
1019:
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803:reunification of China in 1928
609:
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523:
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1:
3345:Republic of China (1912–1949)
2794:Empire of China (Yuan Shikai)
2521:Association for Asian Studies
2279:Chao, Edith (June 25, 2000).
2108:. July 14, 1995. p. A17.
2093:. March 11, 1991. p. A2.
1858:China at War: An Encyclopedia
1606:
1378:) (1922–1984), died in Taiwan
1100:, the former head of China's
849:
848:Autograph of Zhang Xueliang (
789:therefore killed his father,
765:Warlord to republican general
703:
48:
2878:Occupation of Outer Mongolia
2512:The Journal of Asian Studies
1240:Order of the Sacred Treasure
1102:United Front Work Department
889:September 18 Mukden Incident
732:, was made a colonel in the
331:Order of the Sacred Treasure
7:
3193:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
2928:Washington Naval Conference
2676:20th Century Press Archives
1477:
1460:A Chinese TV series titled
1367:Henry Chang Hsueh-sen (張學森
927:. KMT leader Generalissimo
708:Zhang Xueliang was born in
652:by pledging loyalty to the
620:and known later in life as
422:National Revolutionary Army
10:
3475:
3429:Chinese Civil War refugees
3255:National Pacification Army
3120:Northeast Flag Replacement
3026:Zhongshan Warship Incident
2723:and warlordism during the
2584: (archived 2002-10-27)
1954:Cambridge University Press
1952:. Cambridge New York, NY:
1680:"Tribute for Chinese hero"
1568:Also known as Yu Feng-chih
1312:Martin Chang Lu-hsun (張閭珣
912:
690:People's Republic of China
20:
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2918:1st National CPC Congress
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2908:Spirit Soldier rebellions
2903:
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2823:
2813:
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2789:
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1473:is based on Zhang's life.
1453:named its Little General
1333:Robert Chang Lu-lin (張閭琳
1319:Raymond Chang Lu-yu (張閭玗
1292:
1276:
1275:Yu Fengzhi (Chinese:
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1004:
730:Fengtian Military Academy
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40:
3098:Muslim conflict in Gansu
3068:Shanghai Commune of 1927
3058:Nanking incident of 1927
2938:First Zhili–Fengtian War
2439:Xu, Fan (Jan 21, 2016).
2139:South China Morning Post
2124:South China Morning Post
1860:. ABC-CLIO. p. 531.
1766:
1738:
1706:
1555:
1291:Zhao Yidi (Chinese:
981:
504:Traditional Chinese
3374:Politicians from Anshan
3016:Canton–Hong Kong strike
2798:National Protection War
1879:Encyclopedia Britannica
1597:Chinese way of counting
1402:Zhang was portrayed by
1353:Hsueh Tseng Chang (張學曾
1230:Order of the Rising Sun
1163:Order of National Glory
1140:Order of Rank and Merit
1079:Northeastern University
954:Life under house arrest
923:to plan the end of the
887:. A year later, in the
859:In 1930, when warlords
685:Chinese Communist Party
518:Simplified Chinese
323:Order of Rank and Merit
3419:Children of presidents
3002:May Thirtieth Movement
2858:Paris Peace Conference
2498:Modern Chinese Studies
2491:. Palmgrave MacMillan.
1092:at the age of 100. at
1058:
978:
903:Encirclement Campaigns
856:
841:
778:
694:encirclement campaigns
654:Nationalist government
2898:Guangdong–Guangxi War
2848:Siberian intervention
2588:Liu, Bernard (2022).
2478:Itoh, Mayumi (2016).
2170:"Chang Hsueh-liang".
1423:Golden Rooster Awards
1054:Zhang's gravesite in
1053:
961:
873:Kuomintang government
847:
835:
772:
728:Zhang graduated from
3384:Chinese centenarians
3153:Sino-Soviet conflict
2808:Death of Yuan Shikai
2154:The Washington Times
2106:The Washington Times
2066:Democratizing Taiwan
1899:Taylor, Jay (2009).
1739:张学良先生今逝世 江泽民向其亲属发去唁电
1046:Later life and death
1032:the Methodist chapel
817:auto-serum therapy.
807:William Henry Donald
669:invaded and occupied
457:Sino-Soviet conflict
247: 1924;
222: 1916;
3112:Huanggutun incident
3042:Nanjing–Wuhan Split
3037:Northern Expedition
2867:May Fourth Movement
2660:. October 16, 2001.
2642:. October 25, 2001.
2634:"Chang Hsueh-liang"
2628:. October 16, 2001.
2625:The Daily Telegraph
2620:"Chang Hsueh-liang"
2606:"Chang Hsueh-liang"
2487:Shai, Aron (2012).
2394:Columbia University
2376:Columbia University
2027:, pp. 106–107.
1778:on October 27, 2018
1437:Columbia University
1388:Zhang Xuequan (張學銓
1381:Zhang Xueying (張學英
1013:literature and the
898:Japanese occupation
811:Harry Willis Miller
681:Second United Front
664:autonomy until the
644:, he completed the
436:General of the Army
3379:Chinese Christians
3164:Central Plains War
2998:Yunnan–Guangxi War
2949:First United Front
2818:Manchu Restoration
2784:Twenty-One Demands
2764:Bai Lang Rebellion
2264:has generic name (
2218:has generic name (
1991:, pp. 99–100.
1828:The New York Times
1746:. October 15, 2001
1718:on August 16, 2012
1686:. October 16, 2001
1637:The New York Times
1451:Great Leap Brewing
1418:The Xi'an Incident
1397:In popular culture
1374:Zhang Xuejun (張學浚
1326:Chang Lu-chi (張閭琪
1279:; Wade–Giles:
1206:Commandeur of the
1059:
1026:Zhang studied the
979:
871:Chiang Kai-shek's
857:
842:
779:
696:and beginning the
648:at the end of the
462:Central Plains War
3351:
3350:
3337:
3336:
3228:
3227:
3179:Qinghai–Tibet War
3078:Shanghai massacre
3012:Anti-Fengtian War
2985:
2984:
2774:Second Revolution
2653:Los Angeles Times
2592:. Caruachi Press.
2313:on June 24, 2021.
2287:. Local edition.
2075:978-90-04-22154-3
1963:978-1-009-29761-5
1634:. National news.
1409:Drunken Master II
1390:Chang Hsueh-chuan
1360:Zhang Xuesi (張學思
1175:with Grand Cordon
925:Chinese Civil War
801:, leading to the
777:in November 1930.
743:Northeastern Army
642:nationalist ideas
630:Northeastern Army
622:Peter H. L. Chang
618:Chang Hsueh-liang
599:
598:
591:
590:
568:Chang Hsüeh-liang
541:Standard Mandarin
489:
488:
383:Nationalist China
3466:
3389:Men centenarians
3329:
3326:Communist Party
3321:
3175:Sino-Tibetan War
3088:July 15 Incident
2991:
2990:
2960:Lincheng Outrage
2862:Shandong Problem
2838:Golok rebellions
2757:
2756:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2719:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2661:
2658:Associated Press
2643:
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2368:
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2314:
2309:. Archived from
2276:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2257:
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2247:
2245:
2233:Limited, Alamy.
2230:
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2187:Limited, Alamy.
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2080:
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2062:Jacobs, J. Bruce
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2016:
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1998:
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1783:
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1723:
1714:. Archived from
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1383:Chang Hsueh-ying
1376:Chang Hsueh-chun
1294:
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1040:Chiang Ching-kuo
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349:Military service
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159:
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154:October 15, 2001
132:
130:
118:Personal details
109:Office abolished
106:
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3189:Kumul Rebellion
3151:
3142:
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3114:
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2888:Zhili–Anhui War
2864:
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2582:Wayback Machine
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2529:10.2307/2050070
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1184:Order of Wen-Hu
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1094:Straub Hospital
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1015:Manchu language
1007:
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2639:The Economist
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2471:History Today
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2345:"西安事变 - 搜狗百科"
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2239:www.alamy.com
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2038:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1979:, p. 98.
1978:
1973:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1939:
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1772:people.com.cn
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1463:Young Marshal
1459:
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1400:
1391:
1387:
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1377:
1373:
1370:
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1359:
1356:
1355:Zhang Xuezeng
1352:
1349:
1348:Zhang Xueming
1346:
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1028:New Testament
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839:
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827:
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796:
792:
788:
787:Kwantung Army
784:
776:
771:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
735:
734:Fengtian Army
731:
721:
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715:
711:
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344:Young Marshal
343:
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313:
312:Zhang Xueming
310:
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173:Resting place
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136:Tai'an County
125:
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108:
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96:
90:
84:
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76:
71:
67:
63:Zhang in 1928
60:
55:
46:
39:
34:
33:
28:
24:
19:
3162:
3045:
3035:
2980:Beijing Coup
2969:
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2865:
2651:
2637:
2623:
2611:The Guardian
2609:
2589:
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2516:
2510:
2501:
2497:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2448:. Retrieved
2444:
2434:
2422:. Retrieved
2419:Asia Society
2408:
2397:. Retrieved
2380:. Retrieved
2378:. 2002-06-03
2366:
2356:November 27,
2354:. Retrieved
2348:
2339:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2311:the original
2290:Taipei Times
2288:
2274:
2244:November 27,
2242:. Retrieved
2238:
2228:
2198:November 27,
2196:. Retrieved
2192:
2182:
2172:
2153:
2147:
2138:
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2123:
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2091:Daily Breeze
2090:
2084:
2065:
2056:
2044:
2032:
2020:
2008:
1996:
1984:
1972:
1949:
1929:
1922:. Retrieved
1902:
1894:
1882:. Retrieved
1878:
1857:
1851:
1839:. Retrieved
1827:
1817:
1805:. Retrieved
1802:www.cctv.com
1801:
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1776:the original
1771:
1760:
1748:. Retrieved
1743:
1732:
1720:. Retrieved
1716:the original
1711:
1700:
1688:. Retrieved
1683:
1674:
1662:. Retrieved
1635:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1462:
1457:after Zhang.
1448:microbrewery
1416:
1407:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1369:Zhang Xuesen
1368:
1361:
1354:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1307:Zhang Lüying
1306:
1280:
1260:Zhang Zuolin
1087:
1060:
1025:
1011:Ming dynasty
1008:
999:
985:
949:
941:Yang Hucheng
938:
918:
861:Feng Yuxiang
858:
853: 1930s
819:
791:Zhang Zuolin
783:opium addict
780:
747:Heilongjiang
727:
718:Zhang Zuolin
707:
661:
638:Zhang Zuolin
621:
617:
601:
600:
548:Hanyu Pinyin
450:Battles/wars
371:(until 1928)
298:Zhang Zuolin
156:(2001-10-15)
133:June 3, 1901
105:Succeeded by
98:Zhang Zuolin
82:
30:
23:Chinese name
18:
3369:2001 deaths
3364:1901 births
3318:Kuomintang
3303:New Guangxi
3298:Old Guangxi
3213:Two-Liu war
3203:Han–Liu War
2721:Warlord Era
2482:. Springer.
2445:China Daily
2262:|last=
2216:|last=
1930:ma fuxiang.
1884:December 5,
1841:October 12,
1782:October 17,
1750:October 16,
1530:Warlord era
1467: [
1335:Zhang Lülin
1314:Zhang Lüxun
1282:Yu Feng Tze
1109: [
1106:Yan Baohang
815:Cantharidin
773:Zhang with
650:Warlord Era
385:(1928–1937)
191:Nationality
144:Qing Empire
93:Preceded by
73:Warlord of
27:family name
3358:Categories
3261:Zhili Army
2598:Obituaries
2399:2024-06-12
2382:2024-06-12
1722:August 15,
1712:neu.edu.cn
1607:References
1385:) (1924–?)
1328:Zhang Lüqi
1321:Zhang Lüyu
1098:Yan Mingfu
921:Zhou Enlai
865:Yan Xishan
759:Kuomintang
738:Great Wall
704:Early life
562:Wade–Giles
354:Allegiance
209:Yu Fengzhi
129:1901-06-03
3308:Guangdong
3273:Guominjun
3185:1931–1935
3171:1930–1932
3126:1928–1929
3094:1927–1930
3032:1926–1928
3008:1925–1926
2944:1923–1927
2924:1921–1922
2904:1920–1926
2894:1920–1921
2874:1919–1921
2844:1918–1920
2834:1917–1929
2824:1917–1922
2790:1915–1916
2760:1911–1914
2745:1925–1934
2742:1915–1924
2565:cite book
2545:155052191
2523:: 33–43.
2333:(2): 137.
2307:1563-9525
2049:Shai 2012
2037:Shai 2012
2025:Shai 2012
2013:Shai 2012
2001:Shai 2012
1989:Shai 2012
1977:Shai 2012
1924:April 24,
1836:0362-4331
1807:March 10,
1646:0362-4331
1522:Biography
1090:pneumonia
1085:in 1993.
989:Li Liejun
869:overthrow
683:with the
626:Manchuria
614:romanized
314:(brother)
308:Relatives
259:Zhao Yidi
83:In office
75:Manchuria
3283:Xinjiang
3251:Fengtian
2749:Factions
2254:cite web
2208:cite web
2064:(2012).
1948:(2023).
1690:July 21,
1684:BBC News
1664:July 25,
1658:Archived
1478:See also
1446:Beijing
1404:Andy Lau
1342:Siblings
1300:Children
1063:Honolulu
893:Shenyang
809:and Dr.
751:Fengtian
714:Liaoning
710:Haicheng
662:de facto
442:Commands
341:Nickname
300:(father)
283:Children
234:Gu Ruiyu
140:Fengtian
21:In this
3313:Guizhou
3293:Sichuan
3236:Beiyang
3146:(incl.
2678:of the
2674:in the
2580:at the
2537:2050070
2450:13 June
2424:May 13,
2283:(ed.).
1798:"张学良小传"
1654:1645522
1484:Portals
1270:Spouses
1254:Parents
885:Tianjin
877:Nanjing
658:Nanjing
606:Chinese
274:
266:
262:
253:
241:
237:
228:
216:
212:
201:Spouses
195:Chinese
3288:Yunnan
3268:Shanxi
2543:
2535:
2305:
2299:Taiwan
2295:Taipei
2072:
1960:
1915:
1834:
1707:张学良老校长
1652:
1644:
1510:Taiwan
1430:Hu Jun
1249:Family
1142:(1920)
1119:Awards
1067:Hawaii
1036:Shilin
1005:Taiwan
975:Taiwan
967:Wufeng
753:, and
724:Career
632:after
608::
419:
406:
381:
367:
319:Awards
291:Parent
185:Hawaii
168:, U.S.
166:Hawaii
25:, the
3328:(CCP)
3320:(KMT)
3246:Zhili
3241:Anhui
2541:S2CID
2533:JSTOR
2519:(1).
2350:Sogou
1556:Notes
1498:China
1471:]
1113:]
982:Trial
881:Hebei
824:) by
755:Jilin
268:(
264:
243:(
239:
218:(
214:
32:Zhang
3219:1934
3209:1932
3199:1932
3159:1930
3136:1929
3104:1928
3084:1927
3074:1927
3064:1927
3054:1927
3022:1926
2994:1925
2966:1924
2956:1923
2934:1922
2914:1921
2884:1920
2854:1919
2814:1917
2804:1916
2780:1915
2770:1913
2571:link
2504:(2).
2452:2024
2426:2015
2358:2021
2303:ISSN
2266:help
2246:2021
2220:help
2200:2021
2070:ISBN
1958:ISBN
1926:2014
1913:ISBN
1886:2018
1843:2019
1832:ISSN
1809:2023
1784:2001
1752:2001
1724:2012
1692:2002
1666:2021
1650:OCLC
1642:ISSN
863:and
822:千古功臣
432:Rank
249:div.
224:div.
150:Died
123:Born
2680:ZBW
2525:doi
1455:IPA
1439:'s
1293:趙一荻
1277:于鳳至
1075:KMT
1034:in
1020:定遠齋
965:in
656:in
616:as
610:張學良
576:IPA
524:张学良
510:張學良
50:張學良
29:is
3360::
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3257:)
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3177:/
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