163:
825:
807:
89:
105:
1623:
82:
2346:
1544:
154:
1647:
894:
948:
2625:
2437:
1575:
2556:
1094:
2427:βForeign landlordism and the operations of foreign moneylenders had led to increasing exportation of a considerable proportion of the countryβs resources and to the progressive impoverishment of the agriculturist and of the country as a wholeβ¦. The peasant had grown factually poorer and unemployment had increasedβ¦.The collapse of the Burmese social system led to a decay of the social conscience which, in the circumstances of poverty and unemployment caused a great increase in crime.β
843:
6418:
4557:
912:
861:
1961:
6428:
4581:
930:
2767:
1397:
1493:
1484:, the centre of government, was divided into three branchesβfiscal, executive, and judicial. In theory, the king was in charge of all of the Hluttaw, but none of his orders got put into place until the Hluttaw approved them, thus checking his power. Further dividing the country, provinces were ruled by governors, who were appointed by the Hluttaw, and villages were ruled by hereditary headmen approved by the king.
4569:
136:
2405:) and, because of their willingness to work for less money, quickly displaced Burmese farmers. As the Encyclopædia Britannica states: "Burmese villagers, unemployed and lost in a disintegrating society, sometimes took to petty theft and robbery and were soon characterized by the British as lazy and undisciplined. The level of dysfunction in Burmese society was revealed by the dramatic rise in homicides."
2362:
3586:
3567:
1884:, and the British commander had to coerce the High Court of Justice to continue to function. Though war officially ended after only a couple of weeks, resistance to colonial conquest continued in northern Burma until 1890, with the British choosing to systematically destroy villages and appoint new officials to quash the liberation movement.
2472:
early 1920s led to a legislature with limited powers, a university and more autonomy for Burma within the administration of India. Efforts were undertaken to increase the representation of
Burmese in the civil service. Some people began to feel that the rate of change was not fast enough and the reforms not extensive enough.
1587:
2412:
The civil service was largely staffed by Anglo-Burmese and
Indians, and the ethnic Burmese were excluded almost entirely from military service, which was staffed primarily with Indians, Anglo-Burmese, Karens and other Burmese minority groups. A British General Hospital Burmah was set up in Rangoon in
1912:
in the
Burmese heartland, making many changes to the previous governmental structure. For example, Burmans lived under a British-style legal code and were governed by a British-style civil service. Areas outside the central plains were governed indirectly through their traditional structures. In this
2696:
as the new governor, and the
Rangoon police went on strike. The strike, starting in September 1946, then spread from the police to government employees and came close to becoming a general strike. Rance calmed the situation by meeting with Aung San and convincing him to join the governor's Executive
2587:
A wave of strikes and protests that started from the oilfields of central Burma in 1938 became a general strike with far-reaching consequences. In
Rangoon student protesters, after successfully picketing the Secretariat, the seat of the colonial government, were charged by the British mounted police
2475:
In 1920 a student strike broke out in protest against the new
University Act which the students believed would only benefit the elite and perpetuate colonial rule. 'National Schools' sprang up across the country in protest against the colonial education system, and the strike came to be commemorated
1951:
stated that the slaves in Assam Bawi in Lushai Hills were now secured the right to buy their freedom; that chattel slavery still existed in parts of Assam with weak
British control; that the British negotiated with Hukawng Valley in Upper Burma to end slavery there, where the British provided loans
2716:
on 12 February, celebrated since as 'Union Day'. Shortly after, rebellion broke out in the Arakan led by the veteran monk U Seinda, and it began to spread to other districts. The popularity of the AFPFL, dominated by Aung San and the socialists, was eventually confirmed when it won an overwhelming
2408:
With this quickly growing economy came industrialisation to a certain degree, with a railway being built throughout the valley of the
Irrawaddy, and hundreds of steamboats travelled along the river. All of these modes of transportation were owned by the British. Thus, although the balance of trade
1939:
The
Christian missionaries had success in converting some of the minority ethnic groups to Christianity, particularly the Chin, Kachin, Karen and Karenni. Furthermore, missionaries built hospitals and schools which, in the minority ethnic areas, spurred the development of writing systems for their
2471:
A new generation of
Burmese leaders arose in the early twentieth century from amongst the educated classes, some of whom were permitted to go to London to study law. They returned with the belief that the Burmese situation could be improved through reform. Progressive constitutional reform in the
2575:
The British separated Burma Province from British India on 1 April 1937 and granted the colony a new constitution calling for a fully elected assembly, with many powers given to the Burmese, but this proved to be a divisive issue as some Burmese felt that this was a ploy to exclude them from any
2546:
Students Union, for refusing to reveal the name of the author who had written an article in their university magazine, making a scathing attack on one of the senior university officials. It spread to Mandalay leading to the formation of the All Burma Students Union. Aung San and Nu subsequently
2357:
with the prices of the most important commodities set by the state. For the majority of the population, trade was not as important as self-sufficient agriculture, but the country's position on major trade routes from India to China meant that it did gain a significant amount of money from
1899:
to avoid offending them, but this unknowingly lowered the status they held in Chinese minds. It was agreed at the Burma convention in 1886 that China would recognise Britain's occupation of Upper Burma while Britain continued the Burmese payment of tribute every ten years to Peking.
3290:. London and New Jersey: Zed Books. pp. 49, 91, 50, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58β59, 60, 61, 60, 66, 65, 68, 69, 77, 78, 64, 70, 103, 92, 120, 176, 168β169, 177, 178, 180, 186, 195β197, 193, 202, 204, 199, 200, 270, 269, 275β276, 292β3, 318β320, 25, 24, 1, 4β16, 365, 375β377, 414.
135:
134:
2507:
i.e. the British β emblazoned on the pennants the rebels carried, required thousands of British troops to suppress along with promises of further political reform. The eventual trial of Saya San, who was executed, allowed several future national leaders, including Dr
2533:
means "master" in the Burmese language β rather like the Indian 'sahib' β proclaiming that they were the true masters of the country entitled to the term usurped by the colonial masters). The second university student strike in 1936 was triggered by the expulsion of
2488:), such as U Ottama and U Seinda in the Arakan who subsequently led an armed rebellion against the British and later the nationalist government after independence, and U Wisara, the first martyr of the movement to die after a protracted hunger strike in prison.
2652:
who escaped from prison in April 1942. Japan never succeeded in fully conquering all of the colony, however, and insurgent activity was pervasive, though not as much of an issue as it was in other former colonies. By 1945, British-led troops, mainly from the
1921:, were strongly dependent on the sponsorship of the monarchy. At the same time, the monarchy was given legitimacy by the Sangha, and monks as representatives of Buddhism gave the public the opportunity to understand national politics to a greater degree.
2111:
within Burma today. They were administered separately by the British with a Burma Frontier Service and later united with Burma proper to form Myanmar's geographic composition today. The Frontier Areas were inhabited by ethnic minorities such as the
2749:
upon independence. This was in contrast to the independence of India and Pakistan which both resulted in the attainment of dominion status. This may have been on account of anti-British popular sentiment being strong in Burma at the time.
1913:
way, ethnic differences between the majority Burmans of the central plain and the ethnic minorities in the hills were exacerbated. This was part of the British colonial practice of "divide and rule". The monarchy was abolished, King
1536:. Fifteen thousand European and Indian soldiers died, together with an unknown number of Burmese army and civilian casualties. The campaign cost the British between 5 and 13 million pounds sterling (between 18 and 48 billion in 2020
1475:
practised a tightly centralised form of government. The king was the chief executive with the final say on all matters, but he could not make new laws and could only issue administrative edicts. The country had two codes of law, the
2697:
Council along with other members of the AFPFL. The new executive council, which now had increased credibility in the country, began negotiations for Burmese independence, which were concluded successfully in London as the Aung San-
2377:
Burma's annexation ushered in a new period of economic growth. The economic nature of society also changed dramatically. The British began exploiting the rich soil of the land around the Irrawaddy delta and cleared away the dense
1887:
Traditional Burmese society was drastically altered by the demise of the monarchy and the separation of religion and state. Intermarriage between Europeans and Burmese gave birth to an indigenous Eurasian community known as the
1079:. It was also known for the important role played by Indian elites in managing and administering the colony, especially while it was still a part of the British Raj; some historians have called this a case of co-colonialism.
2720:
Then a momentous event stunned the nation on 19 July 1947. U Saw, a conservative pre-war prime minister of Burma, engineered the assassination of Aung San and several members of his cabinet including his eldest brother
2665:
The surrender of the Japanese brought a military administration to Burma. The British administration sought to try Aung San and other members of the British Indian Army for treason and collaboration with the Japanese.
2386:
in 1869, was the main export. To increase the production of rice, many Burmese migrated from the northern heartland to the delta, shifting the population concentration and changing the basis of wealth and power.
2820:
1567:. After 25 years of peace, British and Burmese fighting started afresh and continued until the British occupied all of Lower Burma. The British were victorious in this war and as a result obtained access to the
1455:
passed through the country, keeping Burma wealthy through trade, although self-sufficient agriculture was still the basis of the economy. Indian merchants travelled along the coasts and rivers (especially the
1618:
on 28 November 1885. Thus, after three wars gaining various parts of the country, the British occupied all the area of present-day Myanmar, making the territory a province of British India on 1 January 1886.
2685:
and Aung San together with the socialists over strategy, which led to Than Tun being forced to resign as general secretary in July 1946 and the expulsion of the CPB from the AFPFL the following October.
162:
2423:
for a fictional account of the British in Burma.) An account by a British official describing the conditions of the Burmese people's livelihoods in 1941 describes the Burmese hardships:
6405:
2588:
wielding batons and killing a Rangoon University student. In Mandalay, the police shot into a crowd of protesters led by Buddhist monks killing 17 people. The movement became known as
2358:
facilitating foreign trade. With the arrival of the British, the Burmese economy became tied to global market forces and was forced to become a part of the colonial export economy.
2870:
1460:) throughout the regions where the majority of Burmese lived, bringing Indian cultural influences into the country that still exist there today. As Burma had been one of the first
2677:, returned. The restored government established a political programme that focused on the physical reconstruction of the country and delayed discussion of independence. The
6216:
1936:, while also encouraging Christian missionaries to visit and found schools. In both of these types of schools, Buddhism and traditional Burmese culture was frowned upon.
2816:
6462:
1611:
1602:
had tried to adjust to the thrust of imperialism. He enacted administrative reforms and made Burma more receptive to foreign interests. But the British initiated the
6492:
4624:
1606:, which lasted less than two weeks during November 1885. The British government justified their actions by claiming that the last independent king of Burma,
5075:
1952:
for slaves to buy their freedom; that all slave trade had been banned, and that slavery in Upper Burma was expected to be effectively phased out by 1926.
3623:
Memoirs of the Anglo-Irish-Burmese daughter of a Burma Frontier Service officer, including her stay in an Italian convent during the Japanese occupation.
2712:
underground and the conservatives into opposition. Aung San also succeeded in concluding an agreement with ethnic minorities for a unified Burma at the
2592:(the '1300 Revolution' named after the Burmese calendar year), and 20 December, the day the first martyr Aung Kyaw fell, commemorated by students as '
5789:
3500:
1250:
2667:
6383:
Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the
3553:"Myanmar (Burma) β Charles' George Orwell Links." Charles' George Orwell Links β Biographies, Essays, Novels, Reviews, Images. Web. 4 March 2010.
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in 1939, who served as prime minister from 1940 until he was arrested on 19 January 1942 by the British for communicating with the Japanese.
6457:
6376:
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6237:
1425:
3412:
6477:
5828:
2445:
2409:
was in favour of British Burma, the society was changed so fundamentally that many people did not gain from the rapidly growing economy.
1759:
987:
2349:
Vegetable stall on the roadside at the Madras Lancer Lines, Mandalay, January 1886. Photographer: Hooper, Willoughby Wallace (1837β1912)
1917:
sent into exile, and religion and state separated. This was particularly harmful, because the Buddhist monks, collectively known as the
1049:
province (a lieutenant-governorship) in 1897. This arrangement lasted until 1937, when Burma began to be administered separately by the
104:
5518:
5512:
4617:
1943:
The British abolished chattel slavery in Burma. This was however a gradual process. In the report of slavery in Burma and India to the
2495:
in Tharrawaddy quickly grew into first a regional and then a national insurrection against the government. Lasting for two years, the
990:
to the establishment of an independently administered colony, and finally independence. The region under British control was known as
5574:
3554:
3484:
3153:
3390:
6502:
6497:
4016:
3867:
2681:(AFPFL) opposed the government leading to political instability in the country. A rift had also developed in the AFPFL between the
1868:
4036:
2678:
2453:
1881:
1338:
1288:
5422:
4496:
4223:
3550:
Marshall, Andrew. The Trouser People: A Story of Burma in the Shadow of the Empire. Washington D.C.: Counterpoint, 2002. Print.
2730:
3714:
5783:
4610:
3703:
3171:
Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 152
3054:
3029:
2670:
realised that a trial was an impossibility considering Aung San's popular appeal. After the war ended, the British governor,
1626:"Proclamation" of the annexation of Burma into British Empire in English and Burmese, published in Mandalay on 4 January 1886
2741:, the Socialist leader, was now asked to form a new cabinet, and he presided over Burmese independence instituted under the
695:
6121:
5731:
4957:
4242:
4051:
1075:
Colony" owing to the outsized role played by Scotsmen in colonising and running the country, one of the most notable being
937:
6467:
6061:
4843:
4731:
4161:
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4026:
2108:
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or National Associations that sprang up in villages throughout Burma Proper. Between 1900 and 1911 the "Irish Buddhist"
5779:
4264:
4115:
3189:
5941:
5134:
3677:
3644:
3370:
3004:
2370:
1504:
Conflict began between Burma and the British when the Konbaung dynasty decided to expand into Arakan in the state of
536:
2842:
6487:
5814:
5801:
4373:
3651:
1797:
1418:
1326:
1320:
1468:
on a large scale, it continued under the British as the officially patronised religion of most of the population.
6030:
5761:
4602:
4368:
3501:
https://web.archive.org/web/20110726001100/http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/35/4035-004-4ECC016C.gif%3E
2759:
1568:
228:
6482:
6452:
6324:
5852:
5466:
5360:
5177:
4861:
4130:
4011:
3620:
2690:
410:
4041:
6134:
5898:
5649:
5090:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
4987:
4919:
4307:
4252:
4095:
2726:
1744:
2398:. The Indian moneylenders offered mortgage loans but foreclosed on them quickly if the borrowers defaulted.
5934:
5384:
5308:
5284:
5278:
4638:
4383:
4327:
4235:
4196:
4181:
4135:
4110:
4006:
3981:
3860:
2704:
The agreement left parts of the communist and conservative branches of the AFPFL dissatisfied, sending the
2605:
1944:
1861:
1344:
1300:
1258:
1058:
1054:
883:
722:
581:
146:
1622:
6351:
6017:
4867:
4516:
4441:
4341:
4302:
4100:
4075:
2742:
1411:
1378:
1363:
1358:
1314:
623:
81:
3751:
3313:
2452:, as religious associations were allowed by the colonial authorities. They were later superseded by the
1528:
was killed and his armies routed. Burma was forced to cede Assam and other northern provinces. The 1826
1481:
6089:
5866:
5840:
5737:
5506:
4521:
4408:
2611:
2477:
1671:
88:
3757:
3327:
2390:
To prepare the new land for cultivation, farmers borrowed money from Indian Tamil moneylenders called
1177:
6472:
6380:; Ascension Island (1922β) and Tristan da Cunha (1938β) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
6023:
5979:
5701:
5412:
5087:
5057:
4815:
4259:
4120:
4105:
4080:
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1532:
formally ended the First Anglo-Burmese War, the longest and the most expensive war in the history of
6204:
5912:
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5258:
4907:
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2671:
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2354:
1932:, which was given control of the new colony, founded secular schools, teaching in both English and
1892:
who would come to dominate the colonial society, hovering above the Burmese but below the British.
1552:
1383:
1023:
662:
510:
3555:
https://web.archive.org/web/20110923185216/http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/articles/col-burma.htm
3093:
2843:
Proclamation of annexation of Burma into British Empire in published in Mandalay on 4 January 1886
6421:
6253:
6128:
6096:
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5695:
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invaded Burma in December 1941 and by the end of 1942 controlled much of the colony. In 1943 the
2280:
2276:
1854:
1603:
1579:
1513:
1368:
1034:
1015:
675:
636:
2894:"Partners in Empire? Co-colonialism and the Rise of Anti-Indian Nationalism in Burma, 1930β1938"
2413:
1887. Though the country prospered, the Burmese people largely failed to reap the rewards. (See
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3803:
Chew, Ernest (1969). "The Withdrawal of the Last British Residency from Upper Burma in 1879".
3447:
Chew, Ernest (1969). "The Withdrawal of the Last British Residency from Upper Burma in 1879".
3220:
Chew, Ernest (1969). "The Withdrawal of the Last British Residency from Upper Burma in 1879".
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1578:
Photograph of the arrival of British forces in Mandalay on 28 November 1885 at the end of the
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5270:
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2039:
1889:
1543:
1537:
1244:
830:
586:
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2657:, had regained control over most of the colony with Rangoon being recaptured in May 1945.
2444:
By the turn of the century, a nationalist movement began to take shape in the form of the
8:
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5479:
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5234:
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4125:
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2943:
2817:"Original Burmese version of Government of Burma Act, 1935, National Archieve of Myanmar"
2713:
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2190:
1979:
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1218:
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268:
3210:
Service record held in Army Medical Service Museum, Aldershot, page 145, return no 5155.
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forests. Rice, which was in high demand in Europe, especially after the building of the
1646:
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District Courts and Public Offices, Strand Road, Rangoon, 1868. Photographer J. Jackson
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languages, which allowed for the promotion of social progress, education and culture.
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2989:
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2250:
2184:
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2017:
1925:
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284:
177:
153:
127:
122:
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6309:
6301:
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6108:
5995:
5795:
5707:
5492:
5018:
5011:
4913:
4798:
4746:
4561:
4511:
4506:
4481:
4466:
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4398:
4353:
4203:
3986:
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2905:
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2593:
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2194:
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2147:
2065:
2053:
2021:
1983:
1933:
1716:
1521:
1472:
1264:
999:
812:
316:
292:
280:
256:
246:
41:
4632:
3711:
2909:
2480:'. There were further strikes and anti-tax protests in the later 1920s led by the
1909:
1734:
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6114:
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5773:
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5198:
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3919:
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on 4 January 1948. Burma chose to become a fully independent republic, and not a
2733:, while meeting in the Secretariat. Since then, 19 July has been commemorated as
2637:
2521:
2496:
2402:
2262:
2214:
2198:
2162:
2154:
2139:
2104:
2079:
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2013:
2003:
1987:
1457:
1238:
1198:
1123:
1109:
300:
296:
276:
264:
94:
6222:
6210:
6055:
5671:
5600:
5589:
5378:
5340:
5246:
5210:
5204:
5170:
4711:
4634:
4585:
4451:
4426:
3996:
3949:
3924:
3750:
2942:
For the history of all major religious groups in Burma and modern Myanmar, see
2771:
2698:
2641:
2615:
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publicly challenged Christianity and imperial power, leading to two trials for
2296:
2284:
2272:
2210:
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2100:
1999:
1965:
1827:
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1638:
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866:
766:
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709:
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399:
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272:
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3460:
3233:
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3939:
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3562:
Tucker, Shelby. Burma: The Curse of Independence. London: Pluto, 2001. Print.
3161:. Culture Profile 21. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics. 2007.
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1533:
1210:
1192:
1182:
1163:
1038:
1019:
1007:
778:
758:
288:
3686:
Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV : The Indian Empire, Administrative
1594:
onto a steamship en route to exile in India. He would never see Burma again.
6293:
6001:
5562:
5556:
5537:
5302:
5037:
4944:
4883:
4877:
4431:
4312:
3181:
2693:
2645:
2629:
2461:
2419:
2310:
2125:
2093:
1948:
1701:
1691:
1525:
1477:
1448:
1132:
1062:
1050:
762:
525:
403:
387:
375:
347:
187:
3140:(Colonial period Korea; WWC-5)(Original from the University of California)
2660:
2547:
joined the Thakin movement progressing from student to national politics.
6410:
5906:
5807:
5618:
5222:
5122:
4837:
4831:
3991:
2117:
2113:
1929:
1807:
1681:
1444:
1224:
848:
688:
609:
596:
465:
320:
308:
232:
182:
3824:
3468:
3241:
3047:
Gentlemen Capitalists: British Imperialism in South East Asia, 1770β1890
1895:
After Britain took over all of Burma, they continued to send tribute to
1516:(1824β26). The British dispatched a large seaborne expedition that took
5683:
5664:
5407:
5186:
4805:
4725:
3787:
3528:
2709:
2383:
2317:
2085:
1914:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1509:
441:
367:
202:
3595:, by William Woodville Rockhill, a publication from 1905, now in the
2580:
served as the first prime minister of Burma, but he was forced out by
2525:(We Burmans Association) was founded, whose members called themselves
1960:
6329:
5182:
4931:
4718:
2738:
2539:
2391:
2202:
1991:
1564:
477:
3779:
3520:
3105:
burma was a tributary state of china british forward tribute peking.
1492:
6257:
6172:
5451:
5403:
5152:
5079:
5065:
5061:
5031:
4819:
4213:
3845:
3840:
1914β1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
3683:
2856:
2535:
2492:
2465:
2401:
At the same time, thousands of Indian labourers migrated to Burma (
2379:
1615:
1465:
1072:
1065:. Burma achieved independence from British rule on 4 January 1948.
773:
453:
351:
338:
3696:
State of Vaccination: The Fight Against Smallpox in Colonial Burma
2131:
By 1931, Burma had 9 divisions, split into a number of districts.
6166:
5499:
5459:
5052:
4809:
4768:
3876:
2560:
2321:
2206:
1995:
1882:
Burmese armed resistance continued sporadically for several years
1560:
1497:
966:
394:
363:
359:
304:
2504:
2484:
s. Prominent among the political activists were Buddhist monks (
1006:) from 1886. Various portions of Burmese territories, including
6176:
5551:
5316:
5094:
4699:
2722:
2649:
2577:
2509:
2500:
2329:
2224:
2031:
1918:
1598:
In Upper Burma, the still unoccupied part of the country, King
1517:
555:
371:
260:
224:
210:
3155:
Refugees from Burma: Their Backgrounds and Refugee Experiences
1972:
The province of Burma after 1885 was administered as follows:
1030:
province (a chief commissionership) of British Burma in 1862.
5677:
5399:
4871:
3689:, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1908 – via archive.org
2581:
2513:
1505:
1068:
975:
355:
3593:
China's intercourse with Korea from the XVth century to 1895
3121:
China's intercourse with Korea from the XVth century to 1895
1540:) which led to an economic crisis in British India in 1833.
5228:
2449:
2361:
1896:
1556:
567:
3655:
3117:
2717:
victory in the April 1947 constituent assembly elections.
2516:, who participated in his defence, to rise to prominence.
3559:"Myanmar." Encyclopædia Britannica. 15th ed. 2005. Print.
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2394:
at high interest rates, as British banks would not grant
1014:, were annexed by the British after their victory in the
3736:
The River of Lost Footsteps: a Personal History of Burma
3576:, by Alfred Stead, a publication from 1901, now in the
3413:"Who Killed Aung San? β an interview with Gen. Kyaw Zaw"
2644:
was proclaimed in Rangoon, with the government run as a
2661:
From the Japanese surrender to Aung San's assassination
3761:. Vol. IV (9th ed.). 1878. pp. 559β562.
3357:
The Political Theory of Tyranny in Singapore and Burma
2971:
2949:
1614:
more influence in the country. British troops entered
1582:. Photographer: Hooper, Willoughby Wallace (1837β1912)
6282:
5415:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the
3547:; Vol. 13. Chicago: World Book, 2004. 970-70e. Print.
1041:
was annexed, and the following year, the province of
3766:
Furnivall, J. S. (1953). "Burma, Past and Present".
3507:
Furnivall, J. S. (1953). "Burma, Past and Present".
3328:"The Statement on the Commemoration of Bo Aung Kyaw"
3075:. Ardent Media. 1906. p. 82. GGKEY:BDL52T227UN.
3024:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 113, 125β127.
978:
lasted from 1824 to 1948, from the successive three
3892:
3724:
1908:The British controlled their new province through
1610:, was a tyrant and that he was conspiring to give
6463:Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia
1559:forests in Lower Burma as well as a port between
6444:
3626:
3352:
3288:Burma β Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity
2898:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
2559:Photograph of the Royal lake in Dalhousie Park,
3712:http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/4729301/Cite
3613:A World Overturned: a Burmese Childhood 1933β47
3330:. All Burma Students League. 19 December 1999.
3092:. LONDON: Hood, Douglas, & Howard. p.
2871:"Scots in Burma: Golden Times in a Golden Land"
3733:
3022:The River of Lost FootstepsβHistories of Burma
2103:", also known as the "Excluded Areas" or the "
1438:
1026:. The annexed territories were designated the
6493:States and territories disestablished in 1948
5942:
4618:
3861:
3693:
3182:"Myanmar - The initial impact of colonialism"
3019:
2986:
2648:under Japanese control, led by head of state
1862:
1524:, at the Ayeyarwadddy Delta, Burmese General
1496:British naval forces entering the harbour of
1419:
6377:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
6360:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
6238:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
3698:. Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan. p. 238.
3499:Encyclopædia Britannica. Web. 1 March 2010.
3285:
3108:(Original from the University of California)
3085:
2852:
2850:
1555:was provoked by the British, who sought the
2353:The traditional Burmese economy was one of
1955:
5949:
5935:
4625:
4611:
3868:
3854:
1869:
1855:
1426:
1412:
161:
3765:
3637:History of the British Residency in Burma
3506:
2847:
2491:In December 1930, a local tax protest by
2016:, Northern Arakan or Arakan Hill Tracts,
1590:In this rendering, British officers take
1487:
1294:
1045:in British India was created, becoming a
5421:Legitimacy of territorial establishment
3727:Disease and Demography in Colonial Burma
3664:. London: John Murray. pp. 716β727.
3631:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2857:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1908
2623:
2554:
2550:
2435:
2360:
2344:
1959:
1621:
1585:
1573:
1542:
1491:
1057:. British rule was disrupted during the
3044:
3038:
3013:
2995:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
2454:General Council of Burmese Associations
2431:
167:A Japanese Map of British Burma in 1943
6445:
6406:Historical flags of the British Empire
6390:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
2891:
1571:of their newly conquered territories.
1055:Secretary of State for India and Burma
6281:
6193:
5930:
5439:
5111:
4786:
4682:
4606:
3849:
3650:
3487:from the original on 10 February 2021
3393:from the original on 20 February 2007
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3148:
3146:
2868:
2309:(Northern, Eastern, Central, Myelat,
1630:
183:Province of the British Indian Empire
4568:
3875:
3802:
3738:. London: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
3729:. Singapore: NUS Press. p. 238.
3591:This article incorporates text from
3572:This article incorporates text from
3446:
3334:from the original on 25 October 2012
3219:
2679:Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League
6458:Former countries in Burmese history
6217:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands
5060:. British Cameroons is now part of
4027:State Peace and Development Council
3118:William Woodville Rockhill (1905).
3063:
2892:Bowser, Matthew J. (22 June 2020).
13:
6478:Former countries in Southeast Asia
5076:unilaterally declared independence
4771:1708β1757, 1763β1782 and 1798β1802
3805:Journal of Southeast Asian History
3605:
3449:Journal of Southeast Asian History
3248:
3222:Journal of Southeast Asian History
3143:
3124:. LONDON: Luzac & Co. p.
2875:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
14:
6514:
6283:Antarctica and the South Atlantic
6262:Occupied by Argentina during the
6194:
5440:
3743:
3652:Fryer, Frederick William Richards
2823:from the original on 9 March 2023
2371:Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation
1903:
1071:is sometimes referred to as "the
97:Bottom: National Flag (1939β1948)
6426:
6417:
6416:
5829:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4579:
4567:
4556:
4555:
3584:
3565:
3389:. Online Burma/Myanmar Library.
3049:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 142β145.
2765:
2499:, named after the mythical bird
2446:Young Men's Buddhist Association
2440:Map of Rangoon and Environ, 1911
1976:Ministerial Burma (Burma proper)
1798:British rule in Portuguese India
1645:
1395:
1092:
946:
928:
910:
892:
859:
841:
823:
805:
152:
132:
103:
87:
80:
16:British colony from 1824 to 1948
6503:Scotland and the British Empire
6498:1948 disestablishments in Burma
3670:British Rule in Burma 1824β1942
3639:. London: Gregg International.
3483:. Central Intelligence Agency.
3405:
3379:
3346:
3320:
3312:. 12 April 1937. Archived from
3294:
3213:
3204:
3192:from the original on 4 May 2021
3174:
3165:
3111:
3079:
2980:
2924:from the original on 9 May 2022
2760:List of colonial heads of Burma
2599:
2590:Htaung thoun ya byei ayeidawbon
1924:The British also implemented a
6325:Australian Antarctic Territory
5181:since 1965 (before as part of
5178:British Indian Ocean Territory
5064:, while Tanganyika is part of
4698:since 1960 (before as part of
3387:"The Panglong Agreement, 1947"
3072:Dictionary of Indian Biography
2936:
2885:
2862:
2835:
2809:
2784:
2701:Agreement on 27 January 1947.
1061:of much of the country during
1022:was annexed in 1852 after the
1:
3635:Desai, Walter Sadgun (1968).
3419:. August 1997. Archived from
2910:10.1080/03086534.2020.1783113
2797:
2727:National League for Democracy
2689:Dorman-Smith was replaced by
2568:
2456:(GCBA) which was linked with
1745:Portuguese East India Company
742:β’ Independence declared
4639:British Overseas Territories
4236:State Administration Council
3982:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
2802:
2606:Japanese occupation of Burma
1945:Temporary Slavery Commission
1520:without a fight in 1824. In
582:Legislative Council of Burma
7:
6352:British Antarctic Territory
6062:Western Pacific Territories
5956:
4037:2011β2015 political reforms
3725:Richell, Judith L. (2006).
3545:The World Book Encyclopedia
3543:Guyot, James F. "Myanmar."
2869:Becka, Jan (1 March 1993).
2753:
2743:Burma Independence Act 1947
2729:exile-government leader Dr
2448:(YMBA), modelled after the
2107:", compose the majority of
1439:Before the British conquest
10:
6519:
6468:Provinces of British India
6090:Gilbert and Ellice Islands
5507:British Arctic Territories
4787:
4683:
3662:The Empire and the century
3439:
2991:The Making of Modern Burma
2612:Japanese invasion of Burma
2609:
2603:
2340:
1964:Administrative map of the
1947:in the 1920s, the British
1651:Imperial entities of India
1512:in India. This led to the
994:, and officially known as
18:
6401:
6370:
6330:Commonwealth of Australia
6288:
6277:
6248:
6200:
6189:
6155:
5962:
5926:
5732:Newfoundland and Labrador
5446:
5435:
5413:League of Nations mandate
5394:
5118:
5107:
5088:Lancaster House Agreement
5058:League of Nations mandate
5047:
4793:
4782:
4689:
4678:
4645:
4551:
4417:
4349:
4340:
4288:
4279:
4157:
4148:
4071:
4062:
3905:
3893:Myanmar is also known as
3891:
3887:
3817:10.1017/S0217781100004403
3629:A History of Modern Burma
3627:Charney, Michael (2009).
3461:10.1017/S0217781100004403
3353:Stephen Mccarthy (2006).
3234:10.1017/S0217781100004403
3045:Webster, Anthony (1998).
2675:Sir Reginald Dorman-Smith
1443:Because of its location,
1003:
988:province of British India
974:British colonial rule in
962:
817:Konbaung (Burmese) Empire
784:
772:
754:
750:
740:
719:
702:
685:
672:
659:
646:
633:
629:
619:
606:
593:
577:
573:
561:
549:
545:
535:
531:
516:
501:
497:
487:
483:
471:
459:
447:
435:
423:
419:
409:
393:
334:
252:
242:
220:
198:
172:
160:
144:
117:
76:
71:
29:
5860:Turks and Caicos Islands
5167:(protectorate) 1907β1949
5112:
4742:(integrated into the UK)
4162:Administrative divisions
3668:Harvey, Godfrey (1992).
3611:Baird-Murray, Maureen .
2777:
2725:, the father of today's
2576:further Indian reforms.
2313:, Kengtung and Yawnghwe)
1956:Administrative divisions
1553:Second Anglo-Burmese War
1508:, close to British-held
1024:Second Anglo-Burmese War
982:through the creation of
704:β’ Attained partial
663:Second Anglo-Burmese War
615:House of Representatives
511:Sir Arthur Purves Phayre
6488:20th century in Myanmar
6143:1919β1942 and 1945β1968
5968:18th and 19th centuries
5784:Queen Charlotte Islands
5744:North-Western Territory
5716:1665β1674 and 1702β1776
5319:1781β1784 and 1795β1819
4984:1923β1965 and 1979β1980
4670:Commonwealth of Nations
4532:Twelve Auspicious Rites
4313:Myanmar kyat (currency)
3758:Encyclopædia Britannica
3734:Myint-U, Thant (2008).
3574:China and her mysteries
3186:Encyclopædia Britannica
3089:China and her mysteries
2977:World Book Encyclopedia
2968:Encyclopædia Britannica
1604:Third Anglo-Burmese War
1580:Third Anglo-Burmese War
1514:First Anglo-Burmese War
1277:British colonial period
1035:Third Anglo-Burmese War
1016:First Anglo-Burmese War
696:Government of Burma Act
687:β’ Separation from
676:Third Anglo-Burmese War
637:First Anglo-Burmese War
243:Official languages
5893:West Indies Federation
5082:) and continued as an
4668:Current member of the
3752:"British Burmah"
3694:Naono, Atsuko (2009).
3020:Thant Myint-U (2006).
2987:Thant Myint-U (2001).
2633:
2572:
2441:
2429:
2374:
2350:
1969:
1627:
1595:
1583:
1548:
1501:
1488:Arrival of the British
215:(1853β1942; 1945β1948)
125:(1824β1837; 1901β1948)
6483:19th century in Burma
6453:British rule in Burma
5815:Saint Kitts and Nevis
5086:state until the 1979
4695:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
3615:. London: Constable.
3599:in the United States.
3580:in the United States.
3361:. Routledge. p.
3286:Martin Smith (1991).
3086:Alfred Stead (1901).
2790:as Chief Commissioner
2627:
2563:, 1895. Photographer
2558:
2551:Separation from India
2439:
2425:
2364:
2348:
2316:Pakokku Hill Tracts (
2307:Federated Shan States
1963:
1928:system. The colonial
1818:British rule in Burma
1788:Company rule in India
1625:
1589:
1577:
1569:teak, oil, and rubies
1546:
1495:
1251:Nyaungyan Restoration
1178:Warring states period
1104:Prehistory of Myanmar
729:and establishment of
380:Chinese folk religion
344:Burmese folk religion
253:Common languages
110:Official Coat of Arms
6343:Realm of New Zealand
6341:(transferred to the
6328:(transferred to the
6161:Realm of New Zealand
5762:Prince Edward Island
5640:1671β1816, 1833β1960
4755:Malta (Protectorate)
4369:Environmental issues
4328:Units of measurement
3975:First Toungoo Empire
3717:30 July 2020 at the
2841:Burmese part of the
2565:Philip Adolphe Klier
2432:Nationalist movement
2369:in Burma taken by a
1295:Nationalist movement
1259:Restored Hanthawaddy
1245:First Toungoo Empire
1221:1287β1539, 1550β1552
587:Legislature of Burma
6374:Since 2009 part of
6266:of AprilβJune 1982.
5853:Trinidad and Tobago
5467:Antigua and Barbuda
5367:Straits Settlements
4007:Japanese occupation
3960:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
3316:on 17 January 2008.
2944:Religion in Myanmar
2714:Panglong Conference
2706:Red Flag Communists
2655:British Indian Army
2529:(an ironic name as
2191:Tenasserim Division
2163:Thayetmyo Districts
1980:Tenasserim Division
1930:Government of India
1464:countries to adopt
1327:Ne Win dictatorship
1301:Japanese occupation
1289:Resistance movement
1219:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
1170:Early Pagan Kingdom
1059:Japanese occupation
888:Japanese occupation
95:Top: Official Flag
5526:Cape Breton Island
5417:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
5259:Unfederated States
5074:Southern Rhodesia
4664:Commonwealth realm
4592:Outline of Myanmar
4308:Telecommunications
4224:commander-in-chief
4017:Socialist Republic
3965:Kingdom of Mrauk U
3832:Michael W. Charney
3768:Far Eastern Survey
3672:. London: AMS Pr.
3509:Far Eastern Survey
3481:The World Factbook
2772:Myanmar portal
2634:
2573:
2544:Rangoon University
2442:
2375:
2351:
2243:Irrawaddy Division
2185:Myingyan Districts
2148:Sandoway Districts
2090:Pakokku Chin Hills
2050:Irrawaddy Division
2022:Sandoway Districts
1970:
1838:Partition of India
1631:Early British rule
1628:
1596:
1584:
1549:
1502:
1402:Myanmar portal
1333:SLORC / SPDC junta
1283:Anglo-Burmese Wars
1231:Kingdom of Mrauk U
1152:Arakanese kingdoms
1120:Sri Ksetra Kingdom
1086:History of Myanmar
980:Anglo-Burmese wars
708:status within the
301:Yunnanese Mandarin
128:God Save the Queen
48:byaitish bharrmarr
21:History of Myanmar
6440:
6439:
6397:
6396:
6273:
6272:
6205:Providence Island
6185:
6184:
6150:
6149:
6018:Western Australia
5986:Van Diemen's Land
5922:
5921:
5899:Associated States
5597:Columbia District
5431:
5430:
5285:Manila and Cavite
5103:
5102:
4982:Southern Rhodesia
4976:South-West Africa
4926:Northern Rhodesia
4838:Cape of Good Hope
4778:
4777:
4658:Current territory
4600:
4599:
4547:
4546:
4384:Human trafficking
4336:
4335:
4275:
4274:
4243:Political parties
4182:Foreign relations
4144:
4143:
3935:Myinsaing Kingdom
3901:
3900:
3705:978-81-250-3546-6
3423:on 19 August 2006
3056:978-1-86064-171-8
3031:978-0-374-16342-6
2620:Saharat Thai Doem
2542:, leaders of the
2519:In May 1930, the
2299:and The Triangle
2293:Sagaing Districts
2169:Mandalay Division
2153:Minbu Division (
1926:secular education
1879:
1878:
1846:
1845:
1753:
1752:
1710:
1709:
1530:Treaty of Yandabo
1436:
1435:
1339:Political reforms
1112:200 BCE β 1050 CE
1004:ααΌααΊαα¬ααα―ααΊααΆαα±α¬αΊ
972:
971:
958:
957:
954:
953:
876:
875:
650:Treaty of Yandabo
563:β’ 1947β1948
551:β’ 1937β1939
521:
518:β’ 1946β1948
506:
503:β’ 1862β1867
473:β’ 1936β1948
449:β’ 1910β1936
437:β’ 1901β1910
425:β’ 1862β1901
384:Tai folk religion
238:
216:
208:
178:Bengal Presidency
137:
123:God Save the King
50:
6510:
6473:Burmese monarchy
6430:
6420:
6419:
6385:Antarctic Treaty
6346:
6333:
6318:Falkland Islands
6310:Tristan da Cunha
6302:Ascension Island
6279:
6278:
6230:Falkland Islands
6191:
6190:
6159:Now part of the
6031:Pitcairn Islands
5996:Auckland Islands
5965:
5964:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5928:
5927:
5913:Windward Islands
5867:Vancouver Island
5644:MassachusettsBay
5513:British Columbia
5437:
5436:
5253:Federated States
5109:
5108:
5019:Tristan da Cunha
4988:Southern Nigeria
4920:Northern Nigeria
4799:Ascension Island
4784:
4783:
4743:
4680:
4679:
4654:Former territory
4651:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4604:
4603:
4583:
4571:
4570:
4559:
4558:
4517:National symbols
4347:
4346:
4303:Opium production
4286:
4285:
4155:
4154:
4069:
4068:
3987:Konbaung dynasty
3889:
3888:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3847:
3846:
3828:
3799:
3762:
3754:
3739:
3730:
3709:
3690:
3665:
3659:
3632:
3588:
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3569:
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3496:
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3324:
3318:
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3298:
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3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
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3178:
3172:
3169:
3163:
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3141:
3139:
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3083:
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3042:
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3017:
3011:
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2994:
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2889:
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2866:
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2854:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2813:
2791:
2788:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2747:British Dominion
2694:Sir Hubert Rance
2668:Lord Mountbatten
2594:Bo Aung Kyaw Day
2570:
2326:Pakokku District
2269:Sagaing Division
2263:Pyapon Districts
2215:Mergui Districts
2082:(Frontier Areas)
2074:Pyapon Districts
2004:Mergui Districts
1871:
1864:
1857:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1717:Portuguese India
1658:
1657:
1649:
1635:
1634:
1473:Konbaung dynasty
1428:
1421:
1414:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1379:Military history
1374:Royal chronicles
1364:List of capitals
1321:AFPFL government
1265:Konbaung dynasty
1146:
1127:
1096:
1082:
1081:
1005:
950:
949:
932:
931:
914:
913:
896:
895:
880:
879:
863:
862:
845:
844:
827:
826:
809:
808:
802:
801:
786:
785:
655:24 February 1826
526:Sir Hubert Rance
519:
504:
317:Standard Chinese
236:
221:Capital-in-exile
214:
206:
176:Division of the
165:
156:
139:
138:
107:
91:
84:
59:
58:
51:
46:
40:ααΌααααα»αΎαα¬αΈαα¬αΈ (
37:
36:
27:
26:
6518:
6517:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6436:
6393:
6366:
6340:
6338:Ross Dependency
6327:
6284:
6269:
6244:
6196:
6181:
6151:
6146:
6102:
6097:Solomon Islands
6044:North Australia
6024:South Australia
5980:New South Wales
5958:
5955:
5918:
5638:Leeward Islands
5442:
5427:
5390:
5297:Muscat and Oman
5114:
5099:
5043:
4789:
4774:
4741:
4685:
4674:
4649:
4641:
4631:
4601:
4596:
4543:
4522:Public holidays
4413:
4409:Sex trafficking
4332:
4271:
4209:Law enforcement
4140:
4116:Protected areas
4058:
3970:Toungoo dynasty
3945:Sagaing Kingdom
3920:Pyu city-states
3897:
3883:
3874:
3780:10.2307/3024126
3749:
3746:
3719:Wayback Machine
3706:
3608:
3606:Further reading
3603:
3585:
3566:
3521:10.2307/3024126
3490:
3488:
3475:
3442:
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3436:
3426:
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3385:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3302:"Sword For Pen"
3300:
3299:
3295:
3284:
3249:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3193:
3180:
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3112:
3098:
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3043:
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3032:
3018:
3014:
3007:
2985:
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2976:
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2967:
2950:
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2937:
2927:
2925:
2890:
2886:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2848:
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2836:
2826:
2824:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2766:
2764:
2756:
2663:
2638:Empire of Japan
2622:
2608:
2602:
2553:
2522:Dobama Asiayone
2503:β enemy of the
2497:Galon Rebellion
2434:
2403:Burmese Indians
2343:
2237:Prome Districts
2227:, Hanthawaddy,
2142:, Arakan Hill,
2136:Arakan Division
2105:Scheduled Areas
2080:Scheduled Areas
2044:Prome Districts
2034:, Hanthawaddy,
2010:Arakan Division
1958:
1906:
1875:
1828:Princely states
1768:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1652:
1633:
1490:
1462:Southeast Asian
1458:Irrawaddy River
1441:
1432:
1396:
1394:
1239:Toungoo dynasty
1199:Sagaing Kingdom
1140:
1124:Tagaung Kingdom
1117:
1110:Pyu city-states
1077:Sir James Scott
947:
941:
929:
924:Thai occupation
923:
911:
905:
893:
887:
870:
860:
852:
842:
834:
824:
816:
806:
743:
733:
712:
691:
678:
665:
652:
639:
612:
599:
585:
564:
552:
522:
507:
474:
462:
450:
438:
426:
402:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
235:
229:Punjab Province
213:
209:
205:
186:
181:
168:
151:
140:
133:
126:
113:
112:
111:
108:
100:
99:
96:
92:
85:
67:
63:
60:
56:
55:
54:
52:
45:
39:
38:
34:
33:
32:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6516:
6506:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6434:
6424:
6414:
6408:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6388:
6381:
6371:
6368:
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6365:
6364:
6356:
6348:
6335:
6322:
6314:
6306:
6298:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6275:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6267:
6260:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6242:
6234:
6226:
6220:
6214:
6211:Willoughbyland
6208:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6187:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6179:
6169:
6163:
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6132:
6125:
6118:
6112:
6105:
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6100:
6093:
6087:
6081:
6071:
6065:
6059:
6053:
6047:
6041:
6035:
6027:
6021:
6011:
6005:
5999:
5993:
5983:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5969:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5953:
5946:
5939:
5931:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5890:
5884:
5878:
5874:Virgin Islands
5870:
5864:
5856:
5850:
5844:
5841:South Carolina
5838:
5832:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5805:
5799:
5793:
5787:
5777:
5771:
5765:
5759:
5753:
5747:
5741:
5738:North Carolina
5735:
5729:
5723:
5717:
5711:
5705:
5699:
5693:
5687:
5681:
5675:
5672:Mosquito Coast
5669:
5661:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5641:
5635:
5628:
5622:
5616:
5610:
5604:
5601:Oregon Country
5594:
5590:Cayman Islands
5586:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5572:
5566:
5560:
5548:
5541:
5535:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5510:
5504:
5496:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5470:
5463:
5456:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5433:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5419:
5410:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5382:
5379:Trucial States
5376:
5370:
5364:
5358:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5338:
5332:
5326:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5268:
5262:
5256:
5244:
5238:
5232:
5226:
5220:
5214:
5208:
5202:
5196:
5190:
5174:
5168:
5162:
5156:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5126:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5091:
5072:Self-governing
5069:
5055:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5035:
5029:
5023:
5015:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4979:
4973:
4967:
4961:
4955:
4949:
4941:
4935:
4929:
4923:
4917:
4911:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4865:
4859:
4853:
4847:
4844:Central Africa
4841:
4835:
4829:
4823:
4813:
4803:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4735:
4732:Ionian Islands
4729:
4723:
4715:
4709:
4703:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4666:
4660:
4655:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4635:British Empire
4630:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4607:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4577:
4565:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4423:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4323:Transportation
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4260:Prime Minister
4257:
4256:
4255:
4245:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4197:Women's rights
4194:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4012:Union of Burma
4009:
4004:
3999:
3997:Karenni States
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3950:Kingdom of Ava
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3925:Thaton Kingdom
3922:
3917:
3911:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3885:
3884:
3873:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3829:
3811:(2): 253β278.
3800:
3763:
3745:
3744:External links
3742:
3741:
3740:
3731:
3722:
3704:
3691:
3681:
3666:
3648:
3633:
3624:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3582:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3541:
3504:
3497:
3473:
3455:(2): 253β278.
3443:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3404:
3378:
3371:
3345:
3319:
3293:
3247:
3228:(2): 253β278.
3212:
3203:
3173:
3164:
3142:
3137:tribute china.
3110:
3078:
3062:
3055:
3037:
3030:
3012:
3005:
2979:
2970:
2948:
2935:
2904:(1): 118β147.
2884:
2861:
2846:
2834:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2762:
2755:
2752:
2662:
2659:
2642:State of Burma
2616:Burma Campaign
2604:Main article:
2601:
2598:
2552:
2549:
2482:Wunthanu athin
2458:Wunthanu athin
2433:
2430:
2355:redistribution
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2314:
2304:
2297:Hukawng Valley
2281:Upper Chindwin
2277:Lower Chindwin
2266:
2240:
2218:
2188:
2166:
2151:
2101:Frontier Areas
2097:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2047:
2025:
2007:
1977:
1966:Burma Province
1957:
1954:
1905:
1904:Administration
1902:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1784:
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1770:
1769:
1758:
1755:
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1697:
1694:
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1684:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1662:Austrian India
1654:
1653:
1650:
1642:
1641:
1639:Colonial India
1632:
1629:
1489:
1486:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1408:
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1371:
1366:
1361:
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1286:
1271:
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1262:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1205:Kingdom of Ava
1202:
1196:
1193:Pinya Kingdoms
1175:
1174:
1173:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1147:
1143:Thaton Kingdom
1137:
1136:
1129:
1128:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1106:11,000β200 BCE
1098:
1097:
1089:
1088:
970:
969:
964:
960:
959:
956:
955:
952:
951:
944:
942:Union of Burma
934:
933:
926:
916:
915:
908:
906:State of Burma
898:
897:
890:
877:
874:
873:
871:State of Burma
864:
856:
855:
846:
838:
837:
828:
820:
819:
810:
798:
797:
792:
782:
781:
776:
770:
769:
767:Pound sterling
756:
752:
751:
748:
747:
746:4 January 1948
744:
741:
738:
737:
734:
731:State of Burma
720:
717:
716:
713:
710:British Empire
706:self-governing
703:
700:
699:
692:
686:
683:
682:
679:
673:
670:
669:
666:
660:
657:
656:
653:
647:
644:
643:
640:
634:
631:
630:
627:
626:
621:
620:Historical era
617:
616:
613:
607:
604:
603:
600:
594:
591:
590:
579:
575:
574:
571:
570:
565:
562:
559:
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547:
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508:
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433:
432:
427:
424:
421:
420:
417:
416:
413:
407:
406:
397:
391:
390:
348:Rungtu Animism
336:
332:
331:
254:
250:
249:
244:
240:
239:
222:
218:
217:
200:
196:
195:
192:United Kingdom
174:
170:
169:
166:
158:
157:
147:National Badge
142:
141:
131:
115:
114:
109:
102:
101:
93:
86:
79:
78:
77:
74:
73:
69:
68:
61:
31:British Burma
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6515:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6423:
6415:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6400:
6389:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6373:
6372:
6369:
6362:
6361:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6291:
6290:
6287:
6280:
6276:
6265:
6264:Falklands War
6261:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6240:
6239:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6199:
6195:South America
6192:
6188:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6168:
6164:
6162:
6158:
6157:
6154:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6133:
6130:
6126:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6098:
6094:
6091:
6088:
6085:
6084:Union Islands
6082:
6079:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6025:
6022:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6006:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5987:
5984:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5952:
5947:
5945:
5940:
5938:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5925:
5914:
5911:
5908:
5905:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5888:
5885:
5882:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5826:
5823:
5819:
5816:
5812:
5809:
5806:
5803:
5800:
5797:
5796:Rupert's Land
5794:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5781:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5756:Paulet affair
5754:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5712:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5702:New Hampshire
5700:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5690:New Brunswick
5688:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5611:
5608:
5605:
5602:
5598:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5584:
5581:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5464:
5461:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5441:North America
5438:
5434:
5424:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5393:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5361:South Vietnam
5359:
5356:
5353:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5242:
5239:
5236:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5110:
5106:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4785:
4781:
4770:
4767:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4628:
4623:
4621:
4616:
4614:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4374:Ethnic groups
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4219:military rule
4217:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4091:Deforestation
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4032:2007 protests
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4022:8888 Uprising
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3955:Prome Kingdom
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3940:Pinya Kingdom
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3930:Pagan Kingdom
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3896:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3866:
3864:
3859:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3679:
3678:0-404-54834-2
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3657:"Burma"
3653:
3649:
3646:
3645:0-576-03152-6
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3600:
3598:
3597:public domain
3592:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3578:public domain
3573:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3422:
3418:
3417:The Irrawaddy
3414:
3408:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3374:
3372:0-415-70186-4
3368:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3349:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3289:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3207:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3168:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3147:
3138:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3073:
3066:
3058:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3008:
3006:0-521-79914-7
3002:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2983:
2974:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2945:
2939:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2881:(1): 169β172.
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2853:
2851:
2844:
2838:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2691:Major-General
2687:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2658:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:in Burma 1944
2631:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2438:
2428:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2415:George Orwell
2410:
2406:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2372:
2368:
2367:deforestation
2363:
2359:
2356:
2347:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2221:Pegu Division
2219:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2094:Kachin tracts
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2028:Pegu Division
2026:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1962:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1890:Anglo-Burmese
1885:
1883:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1760:British India
1757:
1756:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1735:Casa da Γndia
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1672:Swedish India
1670:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1551:In 1852, the
1545:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1534:British India
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1494:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1384:Military rule
1382:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:1948βpresent
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1211:Prome Kingdom
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:Upper Myanmar
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:Pagan Kingdom
1162:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1135:825?β1057? CE
1134:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1001:
997:
993:
992:British Burma
989:
985:
981:
977:
968:
965:
963:Today part of
961:
945:
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936:
935:
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922:
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811:
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788:
787:
783:
780:
777:
775:
774:ISO 3166 code
771:
768:
764:
760:
759:Burmese rupee
757:
753:
749:
745:
739:
735:
732:
728:
727:Thai invasion
724:
718:
715:April 1, 1937
714:
711:
707:
701:
697:
693:
690:
689:British India
684:
680:
677:
671:
667:
664:
658:
654:
651:
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632:
628:
625:
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349:
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333:
330:
329:Northern Thai
326:
325:Southern Thai
322:
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286:
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278:
274:
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230:
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49:
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28:
25:
22:
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6358:
6350:
6316:
6308:
6300:
6294:Saint Helena
6292:
6236:
6228:
6078:Cook Islands
6029:
6002:New Hebrides
5971:20th century
5887:West Florida
5872:
5858:
5790:Rhode Island
5768:Pennsylvania
5726:Newfoundland
5663:
5588:
5538:East Florida
5509:16th c.β1880
5498:
5450:
5347:Crown Colony
5335:Pulo Condore
5309:Crown Colony
5303:North Borneo
5192:
5176:
5135:Protectorate
5084:unrecognised
5078:in 1965 (as
5017:
4970:South Africa
4958:Sierra Leone
4945:Saint Helena
4943:
4938:Orange River
4816:Bechuanaland
4797:
4717:
4693:
4657:
4637:and Current
4584:
4572:
4560:
4404:Prostitution
4359:Demographics
4298:Central bank
4187:Human rights
4167:Constitution
4002:British rule
4001:
3894:
3808:
3804:
3774:(3): 21β26.
3771:
3767:
3756:
3735:
3726:
3695:
3685:
3669:
3661:
3636:
3628:
3612:
3594:
3590:
3575:
3571:
3544:
3515:(3): 21β26.
3512:
3508:
3489:. Retrieved
3480:
3452:
3448:
3425:. Retrieved
3421:the original
3416:
3407:
3395:. Retrieved
3381:
3356:
3348:
3336:. Retrieved
3322:
3314:the original
3305:
3296:
3287:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3206:
3194:. Retrieved
3185:
3176:
3167:
3154:
3136:
3129:. Retrieved
3120:
3113:
3104:
3097:. Retrieved
3088:
3081:
3071:
3065:
3046:
3040:
3021:
3015:
2990:
2982:
2973:
2938:
2926:. Retrieved
2901:
2897:
2887:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2859:, p. 29
2837:
2825:. Retrieved
2811:
2786:
2735:Martyrs' Day
2719:
2703:
2688:
2664:
2646:puppet state
2635:
2630:British Army
2600:World War II
2589:
2586:
2574:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2478:National Day
2474:
2470:
2462:U Dhammaloka
2457:
2443:
2426:
2420:Burmese Days
2418:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2389:
2376:
2365:An image of
2352:
2301:Native areas
2225:Rangoon City
2130:
2098:
2032:Rangoon City
1971:
1949:India Office
1942:
1938:
1923:
1907:
1894:
1886:
1880:
1817:
1778:EIC in India
1702:French India
1692:Danish India
1597:
1550:
1538:U.S. dollars
1526:Maha Bandula
1503:
1470:
1445:trade routes
1442:
1347:2021βpresent
1276:
1133:Mon kingdoms
1067:
1063:World War II
1051:Burma Office
1046:
1042:
1032:
1027:
995:
991:
983:
973:
938:
920:
902:
884:
867:
849:
831:
813:
795:Succeeded by
794:
789:
763:Indian rupee
642:5 March 1824
624:Colonial era
461:β’ 1936
388:Christianity
376:Confucianism
188:Crown colony
145:
118:
64:
47:
24:
6411:Anglosphere
6129:New Zealand
6038:New Zealand
5907:West Jersey
5822:Saint Lucia
5808:Saint Kitts
5802:Saint Croix
5782:1763β1791*
5750:Nova Scotia
5696:New England
5652:, 1691β1776
5619:East Jersey
5607:Connecticut
5486:Bay Islands
5373:Transjordan
5291:Mesopotamia
5129:Afghanistan
5123:Aden Colony
4908:Niger Coast
4874:) 1874β1957
4850:East Africa
4832:Cape Colony
4822:) 1884β1966
4812:) 1868β1966
4293:Agriculture
4131:Earthquakes
3992:Shan States
3491:17 February
3397:22 December
3196:17 December
3131:19 February
3099:19 February
2827:16 February
2233:Tharrawaddy
2086:Shan States
2040:Tharrawaddy
1910:direct rule
1808:British Raj
1765:(1600β1947)
1722:(1505β1961)
1682:Dutch India
1592:King Thibaw
1500:in May 1824
1471:The ruling
1225:Shan States
1039:Upper Burma
1020:Lower Burma
853:British Raj
835:Upper Burma
790:Preceded by
610:Lower house
597:Upper house
589:(1936β1947)
584:(1897β1936)
578:Legislature
466:Edward VIII
321:Kedah Malay
237:(1942β1945)
207:(1826β1852)
194:(1937β1948)
185:(1862β1937)
180:(1826β1862)
149:(1939β1948)
130:(1837β1901)
57:(1886β1948)
35:(1824β1886)
6447:Categories
6363:since 1908
6355:since 1908
6321:since 1833
6313:since 1816
6305:since 1815
6297:since 1658
6254:department
6241:since 1908
6233:since 1833
6034:since 1838
6014:Swan River
6008:Queensland
5895:1958β1962
5877:since 1666
5863:since 1799
5714:New Jersey
5684:New Albion
5668:since 1632
5665:Montserrat
5646:1629β1691
5593:since 1670
5515:1858β1866
5503:since 1619
5455:since 1650
5408:Bangladesh
5343:1841β1946
5305:1882β1963
5271:Federation
5249:1819β1826
5187:Seychelles
5131:1839β1842
5022:since 1816
5006:Tanganyika
4964:Somaliland
4952:Seychelles
4948:since 1658
4868:Gold Coast
4862:The Gambia
4806:Basutoland
4802:since 1815
4757:1800β1813
4747:Free State
4740:1542β1800
4726:Heligoland
4722:since 1713
4502:Literature
4457:Censorship
4437:State Seal
4231:Parliament
4172:Corruption
4096:Ecoregions
3915:Prehistory
3621:0094789207
3427:30 October
3338:23 October
2798:References
2737:in Burma.
2710:Thakin Soe
2683:communists
2610:See also:
2571:1845β1911)
2384:Suez Canal
2318:Chin Hills
1608:Thibaw Min
1510:Chittagong
1478:Dhammathat
1315:Modern era
1279:1824β1948
1241:1510β1752
1185:1297β1555
1053:under the
1033:After the
1012:Tenasserim
442:Edward VII
395:Demonym(s)
368:Sanamahism
341:(majority)
269:Hindustani
65:myanmarpyi
62:ααΌααΊαα¬ααΌααΊ
19:See also:
6347:1841β1947
6334:1841β1933
6225:1831β1966
6219:1670β1688
6213:1651β1667
6207:1631β1641
6137:1914β1962
6131:1907β1947
6124:1901β1942
6122:Australia
6117:1900β1974
6111:1900β1970
6099:1893β1978
6092:1892β1979
6086:1889β1948
6080:1888β1901
6074:Rarotonga
6070:1884β1902
6064:1877β1976
6058:1874β1970
6052:1851β1901
6046:1846β1847
6040:1841β1907
6026:1836β1901
6020:1829β1901
6010:1824β1901
6004:1824β1980
5998:1807β1863
5992:1803β1901
5982:1788β1901
5915:1833β1960
5909:1674β1702
5901:1967β1983
5889:1763β1783
5883:1607β1776
5869:1849β1866
5855:1889β1962
5849:1862β1863
5843:1712β1776
5837:1635β1644
5831:1627β1979
5824:1605β1979
5817:1882β1983
5810:1623β1983
5804:1625β1650
5798:1670β1870
5792:1636β1776
5786:1853β1863
5776:1620β1691
5770:1681β1776
5764:1763β1873
5752:1713β1867
5746:1859β1870
5740:1712β1776
5734:1583β1907
5728:1907β1949
5722:1664β1776
5710:1637β1662
5708:New Haven
5704:1680β1776
5698:1686β1689
5692:1784β1867
5680:1628β1983
5674:1655β1860
5660:1632β1776
5634:1655β1962
5627:1733β1776
5621:1674β1702
5615:1701β1776
5609:1636β1776
5603:1818β1846
5585:1663β1712
5577:1867β1931
5571:1841β1867
5565:1791β1841
5559:1791β1841
5547:1762β1974
5540:1763β1783
5534:1763β1978
5528:1754β1820
5519:1866β1871
5495:1871β1981
5488:1643β1860
5482:1624β1966
5476:1670β1973
5469:1860β1981
5462:1632β1860
5387:1898β1930
5381:1892β1971
5375:1921β1946
5369:1826β1946
5363:1945β1946
5357:1946β1963
5355:Singapore
5349:1946β1963
5337:1702β1705
5331:1786β1946
5325:1923β1948
5323:Palestine
5311:1946β1963
5299:1891β1971
5293:1920β1932
5287:1762β1764
5281:1796β1965
5273:1948β1957
5267:1946β1948
5261:1885β1946
5255:1895β1946
5243:1848β1946
5237:1918β1961
5231:1811β1816
5225:1858β1947
5219:1841β1997
5217:Hong Kong
5213:1878β1960
5207:1795β1948
5201:1888β1984
5195:1824β1948
5183:Mauritius
5173:1874β1963
5161:1757β1947
5155:1812β1824
5145:1685β1824
5143:Bencoolen
5137:1879β1919
5125:1839β1967
5040:1887β1897
5034:1890β1963
5028:1890β1962
5014:1900β1910
5012:Transvaal
5008:1922β1961
5002:1899β1956
4996:1893β1968
4994:Swaziland
4990:1900β1914
4978:1915β1931
4972:1910β1931
4966:1884β1960
4960:1792β1961
4954:1903β1976
4940:1900β1910
4934:1891β1964
4932:Nyasaland
4928:1924β1964
4922:1900β1914
4916:1914β1960
4910:1884β1900
4904:1856β1910
4898:1810β1968
4896:Mauritius
4892:1807β1808
4886:1862β1906
4880:1920β1963
4864:1816β1965
4858:1882β1922
4852:1895β1920
4846:1891β1907
4840:1806β1910
4834:1795β1803
4828:1919β1961
4826:Cameroons
4763:1813β1964
4749:1921β1931
4734:1809β1864
4728:1807β1890
4719:Gibraltar
4714:1878β1960
4708:1794β1796
4662:*Current
4527:Tattooing
4487:Festivals
4482:Etymology
4389:Languages
4364:Education
4248:President
4177:Elections
4136:Volcanoes
4111:Mountains
4064:Geography
4052:Civil war
4042:2021 coup
3796:155018749
3537:155018749
2918:225748025
2803:Citations
2739:Thakin Nu
2417:'s novel
2396:mortgages
2392:Chettiars
2373:official.
2289:Myitkyina
2259:Myaungmya
2070:Myaungmya
2062:Thayetmyo
1832:1721β1949
1822:1824β1948
1812:1858β1947
1802:1797β1813
1792:1757β1858
1782:1600β1757
1749:1628β1633
1739:1434β1833
1706:1668β1954
1696:1620β1869
1686:1605β1825
1676:1731β1813
1666:1778β1785
1565:Singapore
1345:SAC junta
1341:2011β2015
1335:1988β2010
1329:1962β1988
1323:1948β1962
1303:1942β1945
1297:1900β1948
1291:1885β1895
1285:1824β1885
1267:1752β1885
1261:1740β1757
1253:1599β1752
1247:1510β1599
1233:1429β1785
1227:1215β1563
1213:1482β1542
1207:1365β1555
1201:1315β1365
1195:1297β1365
1189:Myinsaing
1166:849β1297
1154:788?β1406
1037:in 1885,
736:1942β1945
668:1852β1853
478:George VI
335:Religion
309:Cantonese
72:1824β1948
6422:Category
6258:Colombia
6173:Kiribati
6050:Victoria
5990:Tasmania
5881:Virginia
5847:Stickeen
5835:Saybrook
5774:Plymouth
5720:New York
5658:Maryland
5650:Province
5613:Delaware
5583:Carolina
5575:Dominion
5569:Province
5532:Dominica
5480:Barbados
5452:Anguilla
5423:disputed
5404:Pakistan
5279:Maldives
5153:Billiton
5080:Rhodesia
5066:Tanzania
5062:Cameroon
5038:Zululand
5032:Zanzibar
4820:Botswana
4562:Category
4537:Weddings
4497:Folklore
4467:Clothing
4447:Calendar
4442:Capitals
4394:Religion
4214:Military
4204:Conflict
4150:Politics
4126:Wildlife
4047:Protests
3881:articles
3825:20067745
3715:Archived
3654:(1905).
3485:Archived
3469:20067745
3391:Archived
3332:Archived
3306:time.com
3242:20067745
3190:Archived
2922:Archived
2821:Archived
2754:See also
2731:Sein Win
2536:Aung San
2493:Saya San
2466:sedition
2380:mangrove
2181:Meiktila
2177:Mandalay
2144:Kyaukpyu
2124:and the
2018:Kyaukpyu
1616:Mandalay
1561:Calcutta
1522:Danuphyu
1480:and the
1466:Buddhism
1447:between
1359:Timeline
1172:849β1044
1073:Scottish
755:Currency
723:Japanese
489:Governor
454:George V
430:Victoria
352:Hinduism
339:Buddhism
297:Nepalese
285:Gujarati
203:Moulmein
6413:culture
6167:Vanuatu
5957:Oceania
5632:Jamaica
5625:Georgia
5545:Grenada
5500:Bermuda
5474:Bahamas
5460:Antigua
5341:Sarawak
5053:Namibia
4914:Nigeria
4890:Madeira
4810:Lesotho
4769:Minorca
4738:Ireland
4706:Corsica
4633:Former
4574:Commons
4472:Cuisine
4419:Culture
4342:Society
4318:Tourism
4281:Economy
4101:Islands
4086:Climate
4076:Borders
3907:History
3877:Myanmar
3788:3024126
3529:3024126
3477:"Burma"
3440:Sources
2708:led by
2672:Colonel
2561:Rangoon
2486:hpongyi
2341:Economy
2334:Jaintia
2322:Manipur
2311:Karenni
2251:Henzada
2247:Bassein
2207:Salween
2203:Amherst
2195:Toungoo
2173:Kyaukse
2126:Karenni
2058:Henzada
2054:Bassein
1996:Salween
1992:Amherst
1984:Toungoo
1934:Burmese
1518:Rangoon
1498:Rangoon
1482:Hluttaw
1369:Leaders
1000:Burmese
967:Myanmar
721:β’
674:β’
661:β’
648:β’
635:β’
608:β’
595:β’
537:Premier
505:(first)
411:Monarch
404:Burmese
400:British
364:Jainism
360:Sikhism
305:Hokkien
293:Punjabi
281:Bengali
257:Burmese
247:English
211:Rangoon
199:Capital
190:of the
119:Anthem:
42:Burmese
6432:Portal
6252:Now a
6223:Guiana
6177:Tuvalu
5780:Quebec
5552:Canada
5493:Belize
5385:Weihai
5329:Penang
5317:Padang
5247:Malaya
5241:Labuan
5235:Kuwait
5211:Cyprus
5205:Ceylon
5199:Brunei
5171:Borneo
5165:Bhutan
5159:Bengal
5095:Zambia
5026:Uganda
4788:Africa
4761:Colony
4712:Cyprus
4700:Cyprus
4684:Europe
4650:Legend
4586:Portal
4462:Cinema
4452:Zodiac
4432:Anthem
4379:Health
4121:Rivers
4081:Cities
3879:
3838:, in:
3823:
3794:
3786:
3702:
3676:
3643:
3619:
3589:
3570:
3535:
3527:
3467:
3369:
3240:
3053:
3028:
3003:
2916:
2723:Ba Win
2699:Attlee
2650:Ba Maw
2618:, and
2578:Ba Maw
2531:thakin
2527:thakin
2510:Ba Maw
2501:Garuda
2330:Cachar
2295:, the
2255:Maubin
2213:, and
2199:Thaton
2155:Magway
2122:Kachin
2120:, the
2116:, the
2109:states
2066:Maubin
2002:, and
1988:Thaton
1968:, 1931
1919:Sangha
1915:Thibaw
1612:France
1600:Mindon
1008:Arakan
694:1937 (
602:Senate
556:Ba Maw
541:
520:(last)
493:
415:
372:Taoism
277:Telugu
265:Meitei
261:Rungtu
173:Status
121:
6175:and *
6141:Nauru
6135:Samoa
6109:Tonga
6068:Papua
5678:Nevis
5563:Upper
5557:Lower
5400:India
5265:Union
5223:India
5193:Burma
5149:Banka
5000:Sudan
4902:Natal
4884:Lagos
4878:Kenya
4872:Ghana
4856:Egypt
4512:Music
4507:Media
4477:Dance
4399:Women
4354:Crime
4106:Lakes
3895:Burma
3836:Burma
3821:JSTOR
3792:S2CID
3784:JSTOR
3533:S2CID
3525:JSTOR
3465:JSTOR
3238:JSTOR
3159:(PDF)
2928:8 May
2914:S2CID
2778:Notes
2582:U Saw
2540:Ko Nu
2514:U Saw
2505:Nagas
2285:Katha
2273:Bhamo
2211:Tavoy
2159:Minbu
2140:Akyab
2099:The "
2014:Akyab
2000:Tavoy
1897:China
1506:Assam
1453:India
1449:China
1069:Burma
1047:major
1043:Burma
1028:minor
996:Burma
986:as a
984:Burma
976:Burma
939:1948:
921:1943:
903:1943:
885:1942:
868:1945:
850:1937:
832:1885:
814:1824:
356:Islam
313:Hakka
273:Tamil
225:Simla
53:Burma
6171:Now
6165:Now
6115:Niue
6056:Fiji
5758:1843
5686:1579
5406:and
5398:Now
5229:Java
5185:and
5151:and
5113:Asia
5093:Now
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