Battle of Shanghai

3130:"閘北進撃戦" - "Assault on Zhabei" covers the Japanese capture of Zhabei on October 27 and the occupation of Sihang Warehouse completed on October 31. The second page lists the following casualties for the entire operation from Oct 27-31: "3 heavily wounded, 24 lightly wounded, and 14 barely wounded." "支那事変尽忠録第三卷" - "China Incident Loyalty Record: Volume 3," a catalog of all Imperial Japanese Navy personnel killed in action or fatally wounded from the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War until December 11, 1937 has only a single entry relating to fatal casualties around Sihang Warehouse. Page 231 titled "同年十月三十日上海閘北四行倉庫附近ニ於ケル戰傷後死者" - "Same Year October 30: Those who died of their battle wounds while fighting around the Shanghai Sihang Warehouse" lists Naval Special Duty Ensign Tanaka Shiroku (田中士陸). Page 231-232 further states "Warrant Officer Tanaka was a platoon leader in the Haji Corps, Sunouchi Company, landing at Shanghai on the evening of August 19 and being placed under the Shanghai Special Naval Landing Force Commander's authority." Page 233 continues "Tanaka was heavily wounded by an enemy machine gun round passing through his lower left leg at 6:25 PM . He was bandaged at his position and immediately transferred to the hospital for treatment. He temporarily improved in health but by November 2 his condition suddenly worsened and on the same day at 3:30 PM he honorably died of his battle wounds." 1449:, which greatly disrupted foreign economic activities in Shanghai. On the other hand, Chinese citizens feverishly welcomed the presence of Chinese troops in the city. In Nanjing, Chinese and Japanese representatives met for the last time for final efforts at negotiation. The Japanese demanded that the Chinese withdraw all Peace Preservation Corps from Shanghai and all regular troops from the vicinities of the city. The Chinese insisted that the Japanese demand of a unilateral Chinese withdrawal was unacceptable since the two countries were already fighting a war in North China. At last Mayor Yu made it clear that at most the Chinese government would concede that the Chinese troops would not fire unless fired upon. Japan on the other hand placed all responsibility on China because of Chinese deployment of troops around Shanghai. Negotiation was impossible and there was no alternative other than the spread of war into Central China. 2695: 1313: 2632:, China suffered 187,200 killed and wounded defending the city per an official Chinese report on November 5, although Benjamin Lai claims this number is just the dead, with the estimated injured being 83,500 for a total of 270,700. Contemporary Japanese estimates for Chinese military casualties were roughly 250,000 including some 67,000 killed. Hsi-Sheng Chi stated that China suffered some 300,000 casualties during the battle. The high Chinese casualties were due to a combination of factors, including tactical reliance on costly frontal assaults, Japanese superiorities in airpower and naval artillery, poor medical services, and the near-fanatical resistance of Chinese defenders who were willing to fight to the death on numerous occasions. 273: 261: 319: 50: 1988:

task. The situation in Baoshan was grim, as the Japanese had surrounded the town by September 5. However, Yao ordered his men to defend to the death, pledging to die at his post. Several Japanese assaults on September 4 were repulsed with heavy casualties, but a Japanese tank assault with air support broke through the gate the next day. The Chinese defenders were gradually pushed into a shrinking perimeter, and only had 100 troops by sunset. Yao ordered a single soldier to escape the city and deliver news of the unit's impeding fate. The soldier succeeded in delivering his message, which was simply: "We are determined to continue fighting the enemy until each and every one of us is killed."

2202:. The Japanese, aided by their tanks and aircraft, seized two bridges across the Zoumatang Creek and pushed the remaining Chinese forces back to Dachang. The Japanese then utilized some 700 artillery pieces and 400 aircraft including 150 bombers for the assault on Dachang and reduced the town to rubble. They then followed up with an armored spearhead of some 40 tanks. The Chinese defenders, having withdrawn their artillery to safer positions beforehand, were outgunned and overwhelmed. The fighting continued until October 26, when Dachang finally fell. By then, Chinese troops had no option but to withdraw from downtown Shanghai, which they had held for almost three months. 2662: 1980: 2520: 2306: 2617: 3021: 1971:

almost nonexistent Chinese navy. They paid heavily for the defense. An entire regiment could be reduced to just a few men in action. In addition, Chinese coastal defense works were hastily constructed and did not offer much protection against enemy attacks, as many trenches were newly constructed during lulls in fighting. Moreover, the sandy soil of the coastal region meant that it was difficult to construct sturdy fortifications. Many trenches would collapse due to rain. The Chinese raced against time to construct and repair these defense works despite constant Japanese bombardment.

243: 231: 219: 207: 2067: 285: 184: 331: 2298: 307: 1315: 1316: 1538: 1871: 1640: 171: 2881: 1317: 1739:

from various countries. It was not able to produce any planes of its own to replace those lost in combat and was always running low on replacement parts and supplies. Japan, in contrast, had a robust aviation industry able to design and manufacture technologically advanced planes and could easily make good their losses. Thus, it was impossible for China to sustain an air war with Japan, however, the Chinese Air Force were given a much-needed lifeline with many new replacement fighter aircraft under the new

2216: 1631:

from metropolitan Shanghai along the Huangpu River to the northeast coastal districts. The Chinese offensive in the urban center had ground to a halt, and the fighting in downtown Shanghai essentially became a stalemate with both sides suffering heavy losses and making minimal changes in the front line. The Chinese divisions were able to hold on to Zhabei, Jiangwan, and other downtown positions for three months, until situations in other areas made it strategically impossible to continue defending them.

2346: 1475: 2190: 1944: 2035: 1936: 2247: 1819: 2765:

local warlords. In effect, Chiang Kai-shek was effectively only the head of a loose coalition, rather than the commander-in-chief of a united fighting force. The sapping of China's best fighting men also made the planning and execution of subsequent military operations difficult. In essence, Chiang Kai-shek's concerted pre-war effort to build a truly effective, modernized, national army was greatly devastated by the sacrifices made in the Battle of Shanghai.

2127: 1530: 1366:

dismantle their defense works around the city. He also made it clear that the Imperial Japanese Army regarded the shooting of a Japanese officer as humiliating, and that any further incident would escalate the situation. In response to the incident, the Japanese began sending in reinforcements to Shanghai. Facing the increasing Japanese military presence in Shanghai, Chinese troops were also being deployed to the Shanghai area beginning on 11 August.

2712: 2779: 2388: 1758: 1380: 2987:, Chiang wrote that China was capable of withstanding six months of combat before changes in the international situation would have to end the war. This may have also caused Chiang to devote all of his best troops in the first battle of what would eventually become a prolonged war. However, while Chiang's initial assessment was overly optimistic, China continued to fight for eight more years until Japan finally surrendered after the 1336: 3007: 2851:. Again, the League was not able to formulate any effective sanctions against Japan other than an October 4 statement that gave China "spiritual support". The United States was not a member of the League and Great Britain and France were reluctant to challenge Japan. Of all the major Western powers, only the United States seemed able to act more since it was not embroiled in the volatile European affairs. 1959:, landed in Liuhe, Wusong (吳淞), and Chuanshakou. Chiang Kai-shek had expected these coastal towns to be vulnerable to Japanese landings and ordered Chen Cheng to reinforce the area with the 18th Army. However, the Chinese were no match for Japanese firepower. The Japanese almost always began their amphibious assaults with heavy naval and air bombardment of the Chinese coastal defense works and 1597:

onto the Hueishan docks along with the 36th Division. On August 22, the tanks of the 36th Division reached the docks, but were unable to hold the position for long. The Chinese troops were insufficiently trained in coordinating infantry-tank tactics, and the troops were unable to keep up with the tanks. Without sufficient infantry to protect them, the tanks were vulnerable to Japanese

1652: 2840:

situation in Europe. In addition, most Western nations had little prospect that their intervention would help China in the long run because they believed that China would eventually lose. If China was deemed militarily weak, economically backward, and politically disunited by Western powers, it would not make sense for them to help China when it seemed bound for defeat by Japan.

2262: 1292:, while failing to elicit any international intervention. However, the resistance of Chinese forces over three months of battle shocked the Japanese, who had been indoctrinated with notions of cultural and martial superiority, and largely demoralized the Imperial Japanese Army, who believed they could take Shanghai within days and China within months. 1862:, began taking over command duties from Zhang. Chiang Kai-shek himself would eventually become the commander of the third war zone which covers the entirety of Shanghai. Regardless, the Chinese offensives against the Japanese garrison failed despite outnumbering the Japanese troops, due to the lack of heavy weaponry and artillery support. 1247:. The Japanese eventually prevailed after over three months of extensive fighting on land, in the air and at sea. Both sides accused each other of using chemical weapons during the battle, with Japanese forces confirmed to have illegally deployed poison gas at least thirteen times. Historian Peter Harmsen stated that the battle "presaged 2278:

fatal casualty around Sihang Warehouse among some forty wounded during the takeover of Zhabei. Colonel Xie initially told newspaper Zhongyang Ribao that his men had killed an excess of 100 Japanese troops before retreating. Historian Stephen Robinson has claimed the Japanese lost some 200 men in their effort to take the warehouse.

2186:, and quickly bogged down despite some initial success. The Japanese would counterattack with artillery, tanks and poison gas on October 23, with Japanese aircraft wreaking havoc on Chinese divisions throughout daytime. The operation was halted, and had cost the Guangxi divisions over 2,000 casualties including dozens of officers. 1510:(ROCAF) began bombing various Japanese targets and Chinese ground forces attacked at 3 pm. On the same day, August 14, the Chinese government issued the Proclamation of Self-Defense and War of Resistance (自衛抗戰聲明書), explaining the government's resolution against Japanese aggression. The Battle of Shanghai had officially begun. 1314: 2083:

the decision was made to defend the entire town to the death, a tactic which greatly accelerated the attrition rate within the Chinese ranks. The casualty rate of General Chen Cheng's army group was more than fifty percent. By the end of September, the Chinese had been almost bled dry and were forced to give up Luodian.

1697:. In what became known as "Black Saturday", bombs from ROCAF aircraft fell in the Shanghai International Settlement. While the Chinese pilots were instructed not to fly over the Shanghai International Settlement, the Japanese flagship was berthed right in front of it in what may amount to using the civilian enclave as a 2720:

1.75 million troops, but the combat strength was significantly lower as the majority of the Chinese troops were poorly trained and poorly equipped. Only about 300,000 were comparatively better trained. These troops were reorganized into some 20 newly formed divisions. Of these, around 80,000 had belonged to the

2650:

almost 19,000 deaths, with another 35,000–40,000 wounded and 40,000 sick, for a combined total of 363,700 to 369,700 casualties. According to research done by James Paulose, the Japanese suffered 92,640 casualties and the Chinese suffered over 333,500 casualties, for a combined total of at least 426,140 casualties.

2151: 2258:, the 1st battalion of the 524th regiment rallied some 411 men and officers to make a stand in the five-story "Four Banks" Warehouse (Sihang Warehouse). The building was situated on the Suzhou Creek across from the International Settlement, and was reinforced with rifle slots, machine gun nests and sandbags. 1854:

sufficient preparations, especially the procurement of weapons capable of penetrating Japanese bunkers, before sending the troops in massive waves, which resulted in unsustainable casualties in many divisions right from the start. Zhang was also criticized for his overconfidence and his penchant for holding

2888:

American entry into the international response brought new hope to the Chinese, and Chiang Kai-shek again reiterated the need for his troops to hold on to Shanghai to prove that China was indeed worth fighting for. By mid-October, the Chinese situation in Shanghai had become increasingly dire and the

2534:

The Japanese advance to Nanjing can be characterized as a "forced march". Almost all units covered the distance of almost 400 kilometers in about a month. Assuming that capture of the Chinese capital would be the decisive turning point in the war, there was an eagerness to be among the first to claim

2336:

and other commanders insisted that the Chinese troops should enter the Wufu and Xicheng defense lines to protect Nanjing, but Chiang wanted the Chinese troops to continue fighting on the southern bank of Suzhou Creek. On October 28, Chiang arrived in the battlefield to boost the morale of his troops.

2158:

Despite heavy casualties, the Japanese would eventually breach the Wusong Creek line, seizing the Tangqiaozhan bridge from the Chinese Tax Police Division after two days of intense fighting. However, even though the Japanese penetrated the Wusong Creek line, they were confronted with further belts of

2110:

of their German advisors, had fortified the southern bank with a dense network of defenses, including barbed wire, machine gun nests, artillery emplacements, pillboxes and trenches. The local buildings and farmhouses were reinforced with sandbags and barbed wire, and trees had been cut down to ensure

1853:

At the beginning of the battle, Zhang Zhizhong, as the commander of the 5th Army and the Nanjing-Shanghai war zone, was responsible for conducting Chinese operations. The failure of the initial Chinese offensive greatly dismayed Chiang Kai-shek and his staff. Chiang criticized Zhang's failure to make

1738:

to raise the morale of the Chinese populace.) From August 15 to 18, the Chinese fought the numerically superior Japanese air force in intense air battles that saw two Japanese squadrons destroyed. China was fighting the air war with every airplane in its possession, some of them purchased second-hand

4081:

the air battles between the Chinese and Japanese pilots above the sky of China was considered by Westerners a forgotten war, it was too important for the people to deny. For the Japanese pilots, those were their first chance to earn experiences about fighting other pilots in the air ... for the

2951:

Many factories were destroyed during the fighting and ceased to be functional. Of the nearly twelve hundred factories and workshops of all sizes, only slightly more than ten percent were moved out of Shanghai. However, as insignificant as they were, these factories formed the core of China's wartime

2843:

Thus, Chiang Kai-shek had to devote everything China had to offer to make sure the Western powers knew that the present conflict between China and Japan was a major war, not a collection of inconsequential "incidents" as had been the case previously. Based on this political strategy, Chiang Kai-shek

2839:

A major reason that the Chinese army held onto the city as long as it did, even though it was on the brink of collapse, was that China was hoping for Western intervention in the Sino-Japanese War. Western nations had been paying little attention to China's plight since they were preoccupied with the

2733:

between 1929 and 1937, in addition to some tens of thousands of potential military officers. Chiang Kai-shek's Central Army was never to recover from these devastating losses. By the time the 88th Division, arguably the best of these elite divisions, began its defense of Nanjing, it had been reduced

2724:

that composed the elite units of Chiang Kai-shek's Central Army. However, even these divisions were not sufficiently supported by combined arms or modern logistics. Thus, out of a grand total of almost two million men-in-arms, less than one hundred thousand Chinese troops were able to fight Japan on

2078:

the roads connecting the coastal towns to Luodian and engaged in night combat to cut off Japanese advance troops. At daybreak, the Chinese would garrison the foremost defensive lines with comparatively few troops in order to reduce casualties resulting from intense Japanese bombardments. The Chinese

1991:

On the next day, September 6, Baoshan fell. By that point, Japanese artillery strikes had reduced the town to rubble, and Yao had been killed in house-to-house fighting. The entire battalion, except for the single soldier sent outside, was killed in action. The Chinese would continue to sustain this

1987:

Such attacks and counterattacks continued well into late August, when the fall of Baoshan, a vital coastal town, seemed imminent. Chiang Kai-shek ordered the remaining troops of the 98th Division to defend the walled town. One battalion, under lieutenant colonel Yao Ziqing (姚子青), was assigned to the

1970:

In the two weeks that followed, the Chinese and Japanese troops fought bitter battles in the numerous towns and villages along the coast. The Chinese troops fending off the amphibious assaults had only their small-caliber weapons to depend on, and were not sufficiently supported by the ROCAF and the

1926:

of the Japanese 3rd Fleet ordered aerial bombings of the forces at Jiangyin with carrier and ground-based aircraft, which led to the sinking of ten Chinese ships by 23 October. However, despite these losses, the Chinese navy recovered some of the naval guns from the sunken ships and deployed them on

1849:

announced that the Sino-Japanese conflict could only be resolved through war, regardless of any attempts at negotiation by third party nations. Konoe said that the initial plan of localized "containment" around the Shanghai region had now escalated to total war, with the ultimate goal of forcing the

1525:

were fought in Harlem, while the rest of Manhattan remained a non-belligerent observer." An eyewitness at the battle stated that it was "no longer a war between armies, but between races. With mounting fury the two giants, like two men who have started a boxing match and who suddenly find themselves

1361:

on Monument Road. Several accounts allege Ōyama and his driver were stopped by the Peace Preservation Corps Guard before Ōyama opened fire and killed them. The Sub-Lieutenant and his driver were then subsequently killed in returning fire from other guards at airport. Ōyama was however unarmed at the

1251:

as it was to be waged not just during the Second World War, but throughout the remainder of the twentieth century" and that it "signalled the totality of modern urban warfare". It has also been called "one of the most incredible defensive battles ever waged on this planet". It was the single largest

2669:

Japanese troops rarely took prisoners, if ever. Captives, including civilians accused of spying, were interrogated and disposed of once they had no more information to offer. According to Iwane Matsui's diary, every single one of the 500 Chinese POWs captured around Wusong was shot. Executions were

2564:

In the chaos that ensued many Chinese units were broken up and lost contact with their communications officers who had the maps and layouts to the fortifications. In addition, once they arrived at Wufu Line, the Chinese troops discovered that some of the civilian officials were not there to receive

2560:

By then, the Chinese army was utterly exhausted, and with a severe shortage of ammunition and supplies, the defense was faltering. Kunshan was lost in only two days, and the remaining troops began moving toward the Wufu Line fortifications on November 13. The Chinese army was fighting with the last

2269:

Between October 27th and November 1st, the 524th battalion defended Sihang Warehouse against multiple attacks from the Japanese. The warehouse's ten-foot thick walls and proximity to the International Settlement nullified Japanese advantages in firepower, as the Japanese feared accidentally hitting

1975:

difficulty also meant it was hard to transport the necessary construction materials to the front line. The Chinese often had to turn to bombed-out houses to obtain bricks, beams, and other such materials. However, the Chinese fought against great odds and tried to hold on to the coastal villages as

1630:

some fifty kilometers (31 miles) away from downtown Shanghai. Japanese landings in northeast Shanghai suburban areas meant that many Chinese troops, who were deployed in Shanghai's urban center, had to be redeployed to the coastal regions to counter the landings. Thus, the front line was lengthened

1606:

and intense machine gun fire. While the Chinese almost succeeded in pushing the Japanese down the Huangpu River, the casualty rate was exceedingly high. During the night of August 22 alone, the 36th Division lost more than ninety officers and a thousand troops. 36th staff officer Xiong Xinmin saw a

4052:

Seven Boeing 281s, led by Cmdr. Huang Pan-yang, 17th SQ, 3rd PG, took off from Jurong to escort airborne Curtiss Hawks. While approaching Wusongkou, these Boeing 281s encountered hostile aircraft, and knocked down 2 of them and damaged one. On the other hand, #1704 was seriously damaged, while Qin

2764:

The heavy casualties inflicted on Chiang's own military strength forced him to rely more on non-Whampoa generals, who commanded the provincial armies and many of whom had questionable loyalty to Chiang. Because of the reduction in his military power, Chiang lost some of his political leverage over

2360:

Chiang Kai-shek was aware of the Japanese plan to encircle his army in Shanghai from the north and the south, and had already ordered his commanders to take precautions of the possible Japanese landings at Jinshanwei. However, the impending fall of Dachang in late October forced Chiang to redeploy

2277:

Eventually, Chiang ordered the battalion to retreat into the nearby International Settlement, where they were interned by British authorities. Most of the 1st battalion survived intact: 34 Chinese defenders had been killed in action. The attacking Japanese Special Naval Landing Forces suffered one

2082:

Despite their numerical superiority, the defense of Luodian would prove impossible for the Chinese. The Japanese superiority of firepower forced the Chinese into a passive position, from which they could not mount counter-attacks until the Japanese were practically on top of them. Because of this,

2023:

The Japanese had also recognized Luodian's importance, and had sent troops to attack the town on August 23. Two large assaults were repelled by the Chinese 11th Division, who overcame Japanese advantages in armor and artillery by harassing Japanese columns with small scale ambushes and engaging in

1584:

Lacking the heavy weapons to destroy the Japanese bunkers directly, Zhang Zhizhong decided to encircle them instead. On August 16, he ordered his men to take the streets surrounding the Japanese strongholds. Every time a street was successfully cleared, the Chinese would set up a sandbag blockade,

1300:

coast and the two armies fought a house-to-house battle in the creek country north of Shanghai, with the Japanese attempting to gain control of the city and the surrounding regions. The last stage, ranging from October 27 to the end of November 1937, involved the retreat of the Chinese army in the

1275:

was China's largest and most cosmopolitan city, with it being the world's fifth largest city at the time. Shanghai was known as the "Pearl of the Orient" and "Paris of the East", with it being China's main commercial hub and largest port. Dogged Chinese resistance at Shanghai was aimed at stalling

3427:

When did World War II begin? Americans might say December 7, 1941 ... The day the Japanese Imperial Navy attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. For Europeans, it was September 1, 1939 ... When Nazi Germany invaded Poland. But in China, people will tell you a different

2979:

pointed out that Chiang's staff had proposed that the Chinese army reserve around ten divisions along the Wufu Line to protect Nanjing and felt it made no difference if Shanghai could be held for a few months longer at the expense of huge casualties. However, as China was not able to defeat Japan

2568:

The Wufu Line was penetrated on November 19, and the Chinese troops then moved toward Xicheng Line, which they were forced to give up on November 26 in the midst of the onslaught. The "Chinese Hindenburg Line", which the government had spent millions to construct and was the final line of defense

2483:

Nanjing is the capital of China and the capture thereof is an international affair; therefore, careful study should be made so as to exhibit the honor and glory of Japan and augment the trust of the Chinese people, and that the battle in the vicinity of Shanghai is aimed at the subjugation of the

2146:

From September 11 to October 20, the Japanese army was able to advance only five kilometers. It was in this fighting where the Japanese suffered their heaviest losses of the entire campaign, estimated at 25,000 casualties with some 8,000 killed in action over a 20-day period between October 5 and

2118:

On October 5, the Japanese forces smashed into the Chinese defenses across the Wusong Creek, but were immediately met by fierce resistance. The Chinese resisted the assault fiercely, pummeling the Japanese bridgeheads with concentrated and coordinated artillery fire from six artillery battalions,

2092:

Creek and take the walled town of Dachang (大場), which was the communications link between Chinese troops in downtown Shanghai and the northwest outlying towns. If Dachang fell, Chinese troops would have to forfeit their positions in downtown Shanghai and regions east of the Huangpu River to avoid

1596:

reached the front lines to discuss the situation with Zhang Zhizhong. They decided to send the newly arrived 36th Division into the fray, attacking the Hueishan (匯山) docks on the northern side of the Huangpu River. Meanwhile, the 87th Division broke through Japanese lines at Yangshupu, and pushed

1295:

The battle can be divided into three stages, and eventually involved around one million troops. The first stage lasted from August 13 to August 22, 1937, during which the NRA attempted to eradicate Japanese troop presence in downtown Shanghai in bloody urban fighting. The second stage lasted from

4023:

In 1934 the Chinese Air Force ordered 10 Boeing P-26 Model 281 'Peashooters'. Due to funding problems the Model "248s", as the Chinese knew them, weren't delivered until 1936. The aircraft were delivered to 17th Pursuit Squadron (5th PG), which was commanded by Chinese-American Captain John Wong

2673:

Civilians and non-combatants were also targeted. For example, the Japanese machine gunned crowds of refugees by the Jessfield Railway Bridge, and deliberately strafed refugee columns near Brenan road. To compensate for supply shortages, Japanese troops often looted from local towns and villages,

2649:

provides a similar number, claiming the Japanese suffered some 70,000 casualties in the battle. Benjamin Lai provides higher figures, estimating the Japanese suffered a total of 93,000 to 99,000 casualties, including 17,000 combat deaths plus about 1,800 illness-induced deaths, making a total of

2091:

By October 1, the Japanese had increased troop strength in the Shanghai region to more than two hundred thousand. Japanese troops also invaded the town of Liuhang (劉行), south of Luodian. Thus, the frontline moved further south onto the banks of the Wusong River. The Japanese aim was to cross the

1440:

On 12 August, representatives from the United Kingdom, France, United States and Italy along with Japan and China participated in the joint conference held in Shanghai to discuss the ceasefire terms. Japan demanded the withdrawal of Chinese troops from Shanghai, while the Chinese representative

2223:

Starting the night of October 26, the Chinese began withdrawing from Shanghai's urban center. Because Dachang and other vital suburban towns had been lost already, Chiang Kai-shek ordered the Chinese troops to retreat from Zhabei, Jiangwan (江灣), and other positions that the troops had held for

1365:

It is still unknown whether Ōyama attempted to enter the military airport under higher orders. The incident heightened the tensions between the Chinese and Japanese forces in Shanghai. On 10 August, the Japanese Consul General demanded that the Chinese withdraw the Peace Preservation Corps and

1878:

As the Chinese forces began to withdraw from the Shanghai area, more Japanese troops began to land near Shanghai, inflicting heavy casualties on the Chinese side. The fighting spread across from Shanghai metropolis all the way to the township of Liuhe, near the coast where the majority of the

2971:

The Battle of Shanghai was a military defeat but a high point for Chinese nationalism. The beginning of full-scale war meant that China would no longer stand idly and allow Japan to conquer its territories piece by piece as it had done in the past. It also demonstrated China's resolve not to

2719:

Even though the Battle of Shanghai was only the first of the twenty-two major battles fought between China and Japan, Chiang Kai-shek's decision to send his best troops into the battle had significant repercussions. At the outbreak of the war, the Chinese NRA boasted a standing army of some

2134:

The two armies would engage in seesaw battles, with little changes in the frontline. House to house fighting was common, and in the most intense moments these positions would change hands up to five times a day. In this brutal combat, Chinese soldiers regularly fought to the death even when

1565:, and the 87th Division was to attack the reinforced Kung-ta Textile Mill, where the Japanese naval command was located. Zhang estimated it would take one week to achieve these objectives; however, the operation ran into trouble when his troops were fought to a standstill just outside the 1743:

as the initial inventory of American-made aircraft were gradually lost through attrition. In the Shanghai campaign, the ROCAF is said to have shot down 85 Japanese airplanes and sunk 51 ships, while losing 91 of its own airplanes, just under half of its entire air force at the time.

2728:

Chiang Kai-shek's decision to commit his elite divisions to fight in Shanghai caused his elite units to suffer some sixty percent disproportionate casualties in the three-month bloodbath. In one single blow, Chiang also lost some 10,000 of the 25,000 junior officers trained by the

1656: 2948:. The difficulty in dismantling and relocating thousands of tons of machinery and factory equipment, especially in the heat of Japanese bombing campaigns, meant that the Chinese government fell short of its goal of moving the entire industrial base from the Shanghai region. 2904:

Because Shanghai was the most important Chinese city in Western eyes, the troops had to fight and hold on to the city as long as possible, rather than moving toward the defense lines along nameless towns en route to Nanjing. On November 3, the Conference finally convened in

2484:

Chinese Army, therefore protect and patronize Chinese officials and people, as far as possible; the Army should always bear in mind not to involve foreign residents and armies in trouble and maintain close liaison with foreign authorities in order to avoid misunderstandings.

1362:

time of the shooting, having left his sidearm at the headquarters. Historian Peter Harmsen purported the so-called shootout to in fact be a staged scene to coverup the murder of the two Japanese naval personnel by Chinese soldiers masquerading as Peace Preservation Corps.

2865:, calling for the United States to help nations fight against aggressor nations. This speech had a tremendous effect on raising China's morale. Because America seemed willing to confront Japan, the British representative suggested to close the League case and convene the 1653: 423:: 61,000+ (42,202+ including at least 11,072 killed in action before November 8. After that, there is additional 18,761 casualties for the 9th division alone before December 1); this figure does not include the sick, the repatriated and those who died because of injuries 4082:

Americans, it was their only chance to observe and learn about the planes and tactics used by their future enemy in the Pacific Theater ... the Battle of Shanghai marked the first time Chinese Central Army enjoyed close air support from the Chinese Air Force.

2967:

was delayed for almost a year, and the time bought gave the Chinese government breathing space to recuperate and relocate more resources to Chongqing. Overall, even though Chinese losses were irreparable, the strategy of trading "space for time" proved its worth.

2357:, south of the Shanghai region. The Jinshanwei landings would facilitate a northward push into Shanghai, to complement the landings in northeastern towns, such as the ones around Baoshan between late August and mid-September, which brought about a southward push. 2317:

and inflict as many Japanese casualties as possible. However, through three months of intense fighting, Chinese troop strength had been greatly reduced. Most units had their strength halved, and as a result a division had the fighting capability of less than two

4233:

Although the pilots were ordered not to fly over Shanghai's international settlement, Idzumo was berthed right in front of it. Two 1,100-pound bombs fell on Nanking Road, in a crowded shopping area. One failed to explode, but the other killed 950 Chinese and

2674:

frequently massacring their civilian inhabitants in the process. Japanese aircraft deliberately targeted anything that bore the Red Cross, frequently strafing or bombing ambulances transporting wounded Chinese soldiers, civilians and medical personnel.

1850:

Chinese government to fully cooperate with the economic and political demands of Japan. On August 23, the Japanese began the bombing campaign over Nanjing, and various cities in Central China. The Shanghai Expeditionary Army also arrived on the same day.

2565:

them as they had already fled and had taken the keys with them. The battered Chinese troops, who had just emerged from the bloodbath in Shanghai and were hoping to enter the defense lines, found that they were not able to utilize these fortifications.

2143:, clutching weapons as though "their ghosts had returned to continue resistance." In one case, the village of Tangbeizhai was defended against a Japanese column by a single Chinese soldier, as the rest of his battalion had already been destroyed. 2972:

surrender even in the face of overwhelming firepower. However, Chiang Kai-shek's order to have his troops make one death stand after another greatly sapped his strength and directly caused his army's inability to defend Nanjing for even two weeks.

2892:

However, because the Nine Power Treaty Conference was to begin in early November, Chiang Kai-shek ordered his troops to stay in the Shanghai battlefield, instead of retreating to the Wufu and Xicheng Lines to protect Nanjing. He also left one lone

2475:, was appointed as the commander of the SEF, while Matsui stayed as the commander of CCAA overseeing both the SEF and the 10th Army. The real nature of Matsui's authority is however difficult to establish as he was confronted with a member of the 1655: 2042:

The carnage and intensity of the resulting battle earned the fight for Luodian the nickname "grinding mill of flesh and blood" (血肉磨坊). Japanese assaults typically began at daybreak with concentrated aerial bombing, followed by the release of

1585:

gradually surrounding each stronghold and closing off all possible routes of escape. The tactic was successful at first and the Chinese were able to destroy many emplacements and outposts in a single day. However, the Japanese then deployed

2608:

The battle saw both sides suffer an enormous amount of casualties, especially the Chinese forces, who had inferior armaments as compared to the Japanese. A Chinese historian at the time stated that it was "the bloodiest battle . . . since

1485:

Around 9 am on August 13, the Chinese Peace Preservation Corps exchanged small arms fire with Japanese troops in the Zhabei, Wusong, and Jiangwan districts of Shanghai. At about 3 pm the Japanese army crossed over the Bazi Bridge (八字橋) in

2538:

The Japanese army was engaged by Chinese soldiers on a number of occasions on the way to Nanjing. As a general rule, they were heavily outnumbered. As the Japanese came closer to Nanjing, the fighting grew in both frequency and severity.

2552:

against Japan by Western powers. It was not until November 8 that the Chinese central command issued a general retreat to withdraw from the entire Shanghai front. All Chinese units were ordered to move toward western towns such as

3580: 2635:

According to Japanese military records, the five divisions most involved in combat (3rd, 9th, 11th, 13th, 101st) suffered 42,202 casualties including 11,072 killed in action, although this number doesn't include losses from the

1705:

entertainment centre, where civilian refugees had gathered after fleeing from the fighting. The bombing was not an intended attack on the International Settlement: the four errant bombs were intended for the Japanese cruiser

1601:

and artillery in close quarters and became useless when they entered the city center. The few troops who did manage to keep up with the tanks through the city blocks were then trapped by Japanese blockades and annihilated by

2640:

or any of the divisions deployed in October. Richard Frank also states these figures fail to convey the extent of Japanese losses sustained during the campaign, especially the four most heavily engaged divisions such as the

2197:

Following the failed counteroffensive, Matsui ordered his divisions to push to Zoumatang Creek. The Chinese, having been exhausted by the combat through October, had begun withdrawing their troops to a defensive line behind

2591:

system. Japan moved into these areas after its 1941 declaration of war against the United States and the United Kingdom. It seized most of the banks in these areas of Shanghai and declared that the Nationalist currency

2322:. By now, the Chinese army needed between eight and twelve divisions to match the fighting strength of just one Japanese division. Thus, Chinese commanders were pessimistic about the outcome of the Suzhou Creek combat. 1287:

Chinese forces were equipped primarily with small-caliber weapons against much greater Japanese air, naval, and armor power. In the end, Shanghai fell, and China lost a significant portion of its best troops, the elite

2670:

typically conducted by decapitation with swords, but it was not uncommon for more gruesome methods to be used: injured Chinese prisoners were often tied together face-down, doused in gasoline, and then burned alive.

2569:

between Shanghai and Nanjing, collapsed in only two weeks. The Battle of Shanghai was over. However, fighting continued without a pause on the road to China's capital and the ensuing combat immediately led into the

2547:

Japanese landings at Jinshanwei meant that the Chinese army had to retire from the Shanghai front and attempt a breakout. However, Chiang Kai-shek still placed some hope that the Nine-Power Treaty would result in a

2368:

in the North China Theater, to land easily in Jinshanwei on November 5. Jinshanwei was only forty kilometers away from the banks of Suzhou River where the Chinese troops had just retreated from the fall of Dachang.

2270:

the foreign concessions. As a result, the Chinese managed to beat back several Japanese attacks, which were witnessed by crowds of tens of thousands Westerners and Chinese across the creek. At one point, girl guide

2909:. While the Western powers were in session to mediate the situation, the Chinese troops were making their final stand in Shanghai and had all hopes for a Western intervention that would save China from collapse. 2677:

Chinese forces also committed atrocities. Several hundred civilians were also killed on August 14 when stray bombs dropped by the ROCAF exploded in densely packed areas during an attack on the Japanese cruiser

2460:(CCAA) was organized by combining the SEF and the 10th Army, with Matsui appointed as its commander-in-chief concurrently with that of the SEF. After winning the battles around Shanghai, the SEF suggested the 1701:; 700-950 Chinese and foreign civilians were killed outright, with a total of 3,000 of civilian deaths and injuries resulting from the accidental release of the bombs, with most of the death occurring at the 2096:

by the Japanese. The defense of Dachang was vital to how long the Chinese army could continue fighting in the Shanghai war zone; for this, Chiang Kai-shek mobilized whatever remaining troops he could find.

5418: 1688:. The Chinese pilots in particular used the Hawk IIIs in various multi-role combat operations against Imperial Japanese positions in and around Shanghai, while the P-26 primarily provided escort cover. 2963:

Chiang Kai-shek's strategy of bringing the fight to Shanghai to force Japan to adopt an east-to-west direction of attack also prevented Japan from cutting right into Central China. As a result, the

2103:

The Chinese focused their defensive line on the Wusong Creek, a natural defensive position with a six-foot tall embankment and a width of up to three hundred feet across. The Chinese, learning from

1220:. It lasted from August 13, 1937, to November 26, 1937, and was arguably the single largest and longest battle of the entire war, with it even regarded by some historians as the first battle of 2737:

Losses to the Nationalist army's very small stock of armor were also significant. The Chinese deployed three tank battalions in the battle and its immediate aftermath. The 1st Battalion had 32

2665:

Captured Chinese soldiers on August 23, 1937. The seal on the left, placed by the Japanese Censorship Bureau, reads "not permitted." There is a dead prisoner in the lower right hand corner.

2844:

had to order his troops to fight to the death in an attempt to arouse international sympathy and cause the international community to adopt measures that would help China and sanction Japan.

1654: 1976:

long as they could. It was commonplace for the Japanese to successfully occupy the towns in the day under heavy naval support, only to lose them during the night to Chinese counterattacks.

2147:

October 25. The 101st Division alone suffered 3,000 casualties in four days of combat around Wusong Creek, and the 9th division suffered some 9,556 casualties for an advance of 2.5 miles.

2686:

to deny Japanese forces local resources. This meant burning buildings and fields, destroying harvests, killing animals and poisoning wells, causing massive property damage to Shanghai.

1922:

ordered a blockade at Jiangyin with a force of five light cruisers and one training cruiser along with several mines to prevent Japanese warships from entering the Yangtze River. Admiral

2337:

However, the situation was bleak. On October 30, the Japanese crossed Suzhou River and the Chinese troops were in danger of encirclement. The Chinese army was at its limit of endurance.

3598: 1289: 1280:

to China's side. During the fierce three-month battle, the forces of China and Japan fought in downtown Shanghai, in the outlying towns, and on the beaches of the Yangtze River and

1041: 4654: 5088: 2980:

single-handedly, Chiang believed the best option was to bring the western powers into the war by eliciting international sympathy being committed to the resistance in Shanghai.

2100:

To compensate for artillery shortages, Matsui massed four Japanese divisions, some 60,000 men, in a 6 mile front to break through the Chinese lines via brute frontal assaults.

1506:

to open fire on Chinese positions in the city. Late that night, Chiang Kai-shek ordered Zhang Zhizhong to begin Chinese offensive operations the next day. The next morning the

2182:

in an attempt to fully consolidate Chinese positions around Dachang and retake the banks of the Wusong Creek. However, the counteroffensive was poorly coordinated with little

2031:

To defend Luodian, the Chinese concentrated some 300,000 soldiers there, while the Japanese amassed more than 100,000 troops, supported by naval gunfire, tanks, and aircraft.

476: 4738: 4736: 1276:

the Japanese advance, giving much needed time for the Chinese government to move vital industries to the interior, while at the same time attempting to bring sympathetic

4733: 1267:

in 1932, there had been ongoing armed conflicts between China and Japan without an official declaration of war. These conflicts finally escalated in July 1937, when the

2928:

In terms of its long-term effects on the war of attrition, the Battle of Shanghai bought enough time for the Chinese government to move some of its vital industries to

2645:, which suffered a 94% casualty rate. Chinese wartime records indicate that the Japanese suffered over 60,000 casualties in the three months of combat around Shanghai. 94: 2289:, with the hopes for possible intervention from Western powers. The rest of the Chinese troops crossed the Suzhou Creek and regrouped to engage the Japanese troops. 1357:

stationed in Shanghai and his driver, First-Class Seaman Saito Yozo, along with a guard from the Chinese Peace Preservation Corps were found dead around the gate to

2353:

As early as October 12, the Japanese chiefs of staff had already formulated plans to force a landing in Jinshanwei (金山衛), a town located on the northern bank of

1927:

land as coastal batteries, thus maintaining a defensive position at Jiangyin. In early November, Jiangyin was eventually captured as Chinese forces retreated.

2516:

After securing control of Shanghai, the Japanese army began its advance towards Nanjing on November 11, 1937, approaching the city from different directions.

2500:, who was officially the commander in chief, but it is clear that, as the top-ranking officer, he had authority over division commanders, lieutenant-generals 1545:

Zhang Zhizhong's initial plan was to have the numerically superior Chinese forces attack the Japanese by surprise and push them into the Huangpu River, then

1034: 1626:

made an amphibious assault under the cover of naval bombardment and proceeded to land in Chuanshakou (川沙口), Shizilin (獅子林), and Baoshan (寶山), towns on the

2063:

Chinese reinforcements. The battle for Luodian was marked by bloody street fighting, with the close combat making the Chinese the equals of the Japanese.

1589:

in the broad streets, enabling them to easily repel Chinese attacks and defeat the encircling strategy. On August 18 the Chinese attack was called off.

1126: 1001: 469: 4024:

Pan-Yang, to be used against Japanese aircraft over Nanking in 1937. In August 1937 the 17th PS was based at the Jurong (Chuyung) Airfield at Nanking.

4112: 2178:

finally arrived to join Chiang Kai-shek's Central Army in the battle for Shanghai. These Guangxi units, four divisions in total, then staged a final

1445:

dismissed the Japanese demand, stating that the terms of ceasefire have already been violated by Japan. The major powers did not wish to see another

5461: 3657: 1027: 2079:

would then emerge from rear positions to engage the enemy when the Japanese land offensive started after naval and artillery strikes had ceased.

3139:

The original Zhongyang Ribao (Central Daily) newspaper article quotes Xie Jinyuan as stating "殲敵百餘" - "an excess of 100 of the enemy destroyed."

1967:. However, the Chinese would reinforce almost immediately to counter the Japanese troops who had just made their landing after the bombardment. 5384: 1498:

attacks. Sporadic shooting continued through the day until 4 pm, when Japanese headquarters ordered ships of the Third Fleet stationed in the

462: 2496:, as commander of the invasion. It is difficult to establish if, as a member of the imperial family, Asaka had a superior status to general 1858:

for both foreign and Chinese reporters in the cosmopolitan city. Chiang Kai-shek and his staff, the most prominent including Chen Cheng and

4132: 5096: 1491: 929: 2889:

Japanese had made significant gains. The vital town of Dachang fell on October 26 and the Chinese withdrew from metropolitan Shanghai.

3620: 4247: 4181: 2988: 2738: 1458: 556: 4745:"Analyzing the "Photographic Evidence" of the Nanking Massacre (originally published as Nankin Jiken: "Shokoshashin" wo Kenshosuru)" 4704:"Standing firm in isolation and hardship for four days, the 800 heroes followed orders and made their retreat (CN:堅守孤壘苦鬥四日八百壮士遵命撤退)" 3974: 2694: 5146: 2281:

Chiang wanted the Chinese military presence to remain in Shanghai as long as possible to have a positive reflection on the ongoing

1951:, showing a burned and terrified baby in Shanghai's South Station following an IJN aerial attack against civilians, August 28, 1937 3899: 1895: 1358: 4037: 2877:

of 1922, the opening of the Conference automatically brought the United States into the effort to rein in Japanese aggression.

2224:

seventy-five days without faltering. However, Chiang ordered one battalion of the 88th Division remain in Zhabei to defend the

1891: 1677: 1623: 439:

combat deaths plus about 1,800 illness-induced deaths), 35,000–40,000 wounded, and 40,000 sick, KIA figure seconded by General

5171: 5119: 4806: 4343: 3957: 3932: 3867: 3807: 3690: 3506: 3202: 3175: 3034: 2642: 1887: 1619: 1615: 1354: 1155: 909: 820: 4873: 4358: 4317: 2479:

directly appointed by the Emperor. In anticipation of the attack on Nanking, Matsui issued orders to his armies that read:

982: 676: 617: 4584: 3095: 2800: 2409: 1779: 1401: 875: 622: 24: 2012:

and several other towns with highways. The successful defense of Luodian was strategically paramount to the security of

1734:(高志航), shot down six Japanese planes, while suffering zero losses. (In 1940 the government announced August 14 would be 5346: 5315: 5292: 5273: 4424: 3984: 3840: 3715: 3449: 1071: 869: 5481: 5368: 5200: 4910: 4294: 4257: 4195: 3564: 3395: 3367: 2826: 2580: 2435: 1805: 1566: 1427: 1232: 1209: 242: 230: 218: 206: 176: 147: 88: 2847:

On September 12, one month after the Battle of Shanghai began, China formally brought the case against Japan to the

2808: 2417: 2364:

As a result, the lack of Chinese defenses allowed the Japanese 10th Army Corps, composed of units diverted from the

2000:

On September 11, with the fall of Baoshan, the Chinese Army moved into defensive positions around the small town of

1787: 1409: 5427: 2457: 2159:

similar defenses built around a series of creeks anchored by Zoumatang Creek. The two armies became bogged down in

2020:

had advised Chiang Kai-shek that the town must be held at all costs, as it was "the most crucial strategic point."

1131: 49: 2274:

smuggled a Chinese Nationalist flag into the warehouse, which the defenders then raised as a symbol of defiance.

1979: 1740: 1569:. Japanese strongholds were fortified with thick concrete, barbed wire, machine guns and were resistant to 150mm 5405: 5250: 5227: 4187: 3062: 2855: 2804: 2413: 1783: 1405: 1260: 1179: 1145: 1106: 779: 507: 1898:, the 5th Heavy Artillery Brigade, and a brigade-strength mixture of smaller units were ordered from Japan to 2461: 1903: 1187: 805: 744: 590: 529: 2074:

Chinese defense was stubborn even in the face of overwhelming firepower. During the night, Chinese soldiers

2992: 2918: 2866: 2637: 1948: 974: 58: 5425:

National Archives (USA) film, "On the Japanese bombing and occupation of Shanghai". total run time = 10:20

4703: 3760: 5471: 5466: 3581:"Articles published during wartime by former Domei News Agency released online in free-to-access archive" 3112: 2874: 2241: 1827: 1665: 1507: 1228: 813: 607: 311: 2758: 1301:

face of Japanese flanking maneuvers, and the ensuing combat on the road to China's capital at the time,

5446: 5219: 4798: 3087: 2952:

industry, especially in the bleak days of the blockade of the entire Chinese coast, the closure of the

2584: 2017: 1923: 1886:

The perceived strength of the Chinese response resulted in major reinforcement for Japanese units. The

1627: 1268: 585: 289: 151: 2658:

Numerous atrocities were committed during the Shanghai Campaign, especially by the Japanese forces.

2163:

around a mostly stagnant frontline, with heavy rains transforming the terrain into a muddy landscape.

1573:, the only heavy weapons the Chinese possessed. Chinese troops could only advance, under the cover of 5451: 5265: 3081: 1681: 963: 903: 862: 758: 561: 551: 2761:

armored cars. Almost all of these were lost during the battles in Shanghai and later on in Nanjing.

2661: 5338: 3057: 2789: 2730: 2519: 2476: 2398: 2140: 1768: 1526:

convulsed with hate, sprang at each other’s throat in a tussle in which the only prize was death."

1390: 1244: 1217: 1150: 830: 487: 41: 4157: 2616: 1918:

began. Military preparations for the battle began on 7 August, when Chinese Secretary of the Navy

1517:

described the scenes of the battle while observing from the international zone, "It was as though

1138: 5242: 4140: 3782: 2793: 2721: 2549: 2468: 2402: 2305: 1843: 1772: 1722:, killing an estimated 2,000 shoppers and passers-by. Japanese planes responded to the attack on 1710:, which was moored nearby in the Whangpoo (Huangpu) river, adjacent to the Bund. Two exploded in 1394: 1086: 1081: 1076: 994: 842: 825: 765: 729: 699: 4900: 4641:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015

3732: 2557:, and then from there enter the final defense lines to stop the Japanese from reaching Nanjing. 5476: 5456: 5400: 2679: 1693: 1685: 1236: 855: 785: 636: 336: 324: 55: 5161: 4742: 3922: 3857: 3192: 3165: 4286: 4280: 2858: 2613:." There are differing estimates and reports of the number of casualties each side suffered. 2120: 1296:

August 23 to October 26, 1937, during which the Japanese launched amphibious landings on the

895: 836: 771: 669: 2139:. In overrun positions, Japanese soldiers frequently found dead Chinese soldiers, some with 2066: 1521:

had happened on the Seine, in full view of a Right Bank Paris that was neutral; as though a

1019: 5363:. London, England; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press: Profile Books. pp. 75–01. 3101: 2746: 1673: 1669: 1522: 1253: 988: 940: 922: 712: 693: 4507:

The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945

8: 4094: 4053:

Jia-zhu perished along with his #1702, which involved in a tense dogfight over Wusongkou.

3075: 3045: 2597: 2107: 2044: 1880: 1446: 1264: 1091: 546: 20: 2297: 5138: 4117: 4113:"Japanese Cruiser Sails.; Idzumo Leaves San Francisco and Will Clear for Action at Sea" 3557:

Japan's Holocaust: History of Imperial Japan's Mass Murder and Rape During World War II

2745:

tanks. The 2nd Battalion also in Shanghai had 20 Vickers Mark E tanks, 4 VCL Tanks and

2734:

to seven thousand men, of whom three thousand were new recruits to replace the losses.

2449: 1101: 1008: 968: 935: 848: 737: 717: 524: 4218: 2901:

in metropolitan Shanghai. Chiang also visited the frontlines to encourage his troops.

1914:

On 16 August, one-hundred kilometers (62 miles) northwest of Shanghai, the battle for

5364: 5342: 5327: 5311: 5304: 5288: 5269: 5246: 5223: 5196: 5167: 4906: 4802: 4420: 4339: 4290: 4253: 4191: 3980: 3953: 3928: 3863: 3836: 3711: 3686: 3590: 3560: 3502: 3445: 3391: 3363: 3198: 3171: 2941: 2870: 2862: 2848: 2570: 2365: 2361:

the Chinese divisions originally stationed along the northern coast of Hangzhou Bay.

2282: 2001: 1835: 1719: 1549:

the coast to deny the Japanese the opportunity to land reinforcements at the Huangpu

1537: 1121: 956: 948: 890: 880: 681: 649: 630: 539: 534: 427: 19:

This article is about the 1937 battle. For the 1932 Japanese attack on Shanghai, see

3494: 3383: 2898: 2629: 2610: 2505: 2453: 2225: 2179: 2104: 2005: 1870: 1855: 1831: 1639: 1598: 1518: 885: 790: 750: 724: 663: 655: 641: 595: 571: 265: 2880: 2579:

After its success in the Battle of Shanghai, Japan did not immediately occupy the

1114: 5431: 5389: 5358: 5285:

The Japanese Empire: Grand Strategy from the Meiji Restoration to the Pacific War

4008: 3585: 3552: 3107: 3067: 2964: 2945: 2501: 1577:

fire, by getting close enough to the emplacements to kill those within with hand

1541:

Chinese troops of the Peace Preservation Corps manning fortifications in Shanghai

1495: 1240: 1224:. It resulted in Japanese capture of the city and heavy destruction to the city. 1205: 1096: 1052: 706: 512: 284: 272: 260: 211: 189: 3658:"Asia's Stalingrad: World War II's Battle For Shanghai Was A Hell Like No Other" 3528: 3498: 3309: 2215: 4790: 4761: 3039: 2742: 2683: 2646: 2345: 2183: 2160: 2086: 2009: 1846: 1608: 1581:. The Chinese advance was greatly slowed and the element of surprise was lost. 1533:

Troops of the elite 88th Division guarding an intersection in downtown Shanghai

1529: 1474: 1306: 1277: 688: 566: 235: 5360:

China at War: Triumph and Tragedy in the Emergence of the New China, 1937-1952

3761:"Three Months Of Bloodshed: Strategy And Combat During The Battle Of Shanghai" 3486: 2189: 5440: 5334: 4795:

The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War

3594: 2489: 2052: 2025: 1919: 1503: 1248: 517: 109: 96: 5044:

The Nanjing Massacre: A Japanese Journalist Confronts Japan's National Shame

1943: 4744: 4066: 3049: 3026: 3012: 2711: 2588: 2523: 2497: 2493: 2354: 2314: 2229: 2199: 2167: 2093: 1963:. It was not unheard of for the Chinese to lose an entire garrison to such 1956: 1839: 1711: 1698: 1644: 1603: 1442: 1281: 1221: 1065: 454: 440: 277: 247: 4902:

Nationalist China at War: Military Defeats and Political Collapse, 1937-45

3530:

A Military Analysis of the Battle of Shanghai, 13 August - 8 November 1937

2034: 1935: 5239:

Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937-1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism

3359: 2699: 2625: 2576:

By early December, Japanese troops had reached the outskirts of Nanking.

2333: 2329: 2271: 2255: 2246: 2219:

Japanese troops reaching the destroyed North Station in downtown Shanghai

2175: 2150: 1964: 1731: 1715: 1702: 1574: 1160: 5424: 2126: 1879:

Japanese landings occurred. A manoeuvre Japan had also performed in the

1818: 1611:

stop a Japanese tank column by exploding himself beneath the lead tank.

1227:

It was the first of the twenty-two major engagements fought between the

4874:"A Quarter Million Casualties: Chinese Losses Estimated at High Figure" 4743:

Higashinakano Shudo, Kobayashi Susumu & Fukunaga Shainjiro (2005).

4336:

War in the Far East. Volume 1: Storm clouds over the Pacific, 1931-1941

3950:

War in the Far East. Volume 1: Storm clouds over the Pacific, 1931-1941

2976: 2953: 2325: 2171: 2136: 2004:(羅店), the transportation center connecting Baoshan, downtown Shanghai, 1859: 1593: 1514: 223: 4679: 4522:

Tower of Skulls: A History of the Asia-Pacific War: July 1937-May 1942

4445:

Tower of Skulls: A History of the Asia-Pacific War: July 1937-May 1942

1995: 5215: 4727:

Eight Hundred Heroes: China's lost battalion and the fall of Shanghai

4611:

Eight Hundred Heroes: China's Lost Battalion and the Fall of Shanghai

4359:

Reinforcements Sent to Japanese Expeditionary Army, 11 September 1937

4162: 2937: 2894: 2301:

A Japanese casualty is evacuated during fighting at the Suzhou Creek.

2112: 2075: 2048: 1972: 1570: 1554: 3487:"Armageddon Rehearsed: The Battle of Shanghai, August–November 1937" 2778: 2387: 1757: 1379: 3708:

Margin of Victory: Five Battles that Changed the Face of Modern War

3621:"The story of the Royal Ulster Riflemen and the battle of Shanghai" 3388:

The Shanghai Badlands: Wartime Terrorism and Urban Crime, 1937–1941

3048:(Japanese assassination of the Chinese head of state Generalissimo 2957: 2933: 2906: 2750: 2715:

China's officer corps took a particularly strong hit in the battle.

2472: 2319: 2286: 1915: 1899: 1546: 1272: 1213: 84: 4509:(1st ed.). Stanford University Press. 2010. pp. 174–175. 3390:(1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 6. 2047:

to pinpoint the exact location of remaining Chinese positions for

1909: 1668:

at the beginning of full-scale hostilities consisted primarily of

1561:. The 88th Division was to attack Japanese army headquarters near 1335: 5089:"The Fall Of Shanghai: Prelude To The Rape Of Nanking & WWII" 2984: 2554: 2527: 1578: 1558: 1550: 1499: 1302: 1297: 5163:

When Tigers Fight: The Story of the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945

3924:

When Tigers Fight: The Story of the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945

3194:

When Tigers Fight: The Story of the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945

3167:

When Tigers Fight: The Story of the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945

2561:

of its strength and the frontline was on the verge of collapse.

2060: 2059:

support. Japanese planes would also accompany the infantry and

2013: 1960: 1930: 1562: 1487: 1478: 1195: 61:

in gas masks prepare for an advance in the streets of Shanghai.

3412: 2261: 2051:

and naval strikes. Japanese infantry would then advance under

4973:

Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost

2929: 2754: 2056: 1727: 1049: 5355:

Van de Ven, Hans, "The Battle of Shanghai". Chapter five in

5143:

Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942

2087:

Battle for Wusong Creek and Dachang (1 October – 26 October)

3493:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 33–54, 3313:] (in Japanese). Vol. 2. Asagumo Shimbunsha. 1966. 2593: 1586: 3293:(in Japanese). Asagumo Shimbunsha. 1966. pp. 306–307. 2698:

Japanese soldiers pose next to a toppled bronze statue of

2313:

Chiang's original plan was to fight in areas south of the

1691:

On August 14, the ROCAF bombed the Japanese Navy flagship

409:

Chinese Report dated November 5, 1937, to the War Council:

2706: 2587:, areas which were outside of China's control due to the 2205: 2349:

Japanese rear guard units landing supplies in Jinshanwei

2210: 2135:

surrounded, a byproduct of the Japanese Army's habit of

1865: 3485:

Harmsen, Peter (2020), Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (ed.),

2070:

Chinese soldiers near Luodian, equipped with gas masks

1992:

level of casualties throughout the Shanghai campaign.

1464: 5120:"Shanghai 1937: This Is China's Forgotten Stalingrad" 4643:(4th ed.). McFarland & Company. p. 392. 4158:"1,000 Dead In Shanghai/Devastation By Chinese Bombs" 4009:"Chinese biplane fighter aces - 'John' Wong Pan-Yang" 3808:"Shanghai 1937: This Is China's Forgotten Stalingrad" 3417:

Shanghai, August 13, 1937: Where World War II Started

2620:

Chinese treating casualties from Japanese gas attacks

4979: 3002: 2193:

Japanese troops attacking near Dachang, October 26th

2016:

and Shanghai; as early as August 29, German adviser

1321:

Documentary film on Japanese Shanghai invasion. 淞滬會戰

5287:. Cambridge, England: Camrbridge University Press. 4338:. Philadelphia Oxford: Casemate. pp. 111–113. 4179: 3952:. Philadelphia Oxford: Casemate. pp. 105–109. 3273: 3271: 2989:

atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

1996:

Combat around Luodian (11 September – 30 September)

1284:, where the Japanese had made amphibious landings. 5326: 5310:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 5303: 5193:Shanghai and Nanjing 1937: Massacre on the Yangtze 4860:Tower of Skulls: A History of the Asia-Pacific War 3765:Report: West Point Undergraduate Historical Review 2511: 2340: 1290:Chinese forces trained and equipped by the Germans 3855: 2235: 5438: 4152: 4150: 3637: 3341:Forgotten Ally: China's World War Two: 1937-1945 3268: 3241: 3235:Forgotten Ally: China's World War Two: 1937-1945 2542: 1726:and the 4th Flying Group of the ROCAF, based in 1660:German newsreel about the attack, September 1937 4842:Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937-1945 4696: 4585:"Chinese Alamo: Last Stand at Sihang Warehouse" 4252:. University of California Press. p. 281. 3979:(illustrated ed.). Casemate. p. 112. 2912: 2467:The CCAA was rearranged and Lieutenant General 2292: 1910:Combat around Jiangyin (16 August – 30 October) 1647:after an ROC NRA bombing run on August 14, 1937 1369: 2884:Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek on the frontline 1490:and attacked various centers in the city. The 1346: 1309:was also fought in the outskirts of the city. 1204:) was a major urban battle fought between the 5136: 4272: 4175: 4173: 4147: 3734:A Military History of Modern China, 1924-1949 2956:, and the low tonnage of supplies flown over 2265:The Chinese flag flying over Sihang Warehouse 1035: 470: 5139:"Chinese Nationalist Armour in World War II" 4958:History of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) 4905:. University of Michigan Press. p. 43. 4647: 3444:(1st ed.). Casemate. pp. 178–179. 3382: 1931:Japanese landings (23 August – 10 September) 1343:On 9 August, Naval Sub-Lieutenant Isao Ōyama 484: 146:Japanese capture of Shanghai (excluding the 75:(3 months, 1 week and 6 days) 5046:. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. pp. 32–36. 4672: 4278: 4067:"Chinese Air Force vs. the Empire of Japan" 3907:. The World Publishing Company. p. 45. 3862:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 152–. 2807:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2416:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2377: 2250:Sihang Warehouse burning from Japanese fire 2130:Chinese soldiers near a bombed-out building 1786:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1408:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 16:1937 battle of the Second Sino-Japanese War 5419:40 rare pictures of the Battle of Shanghai 5356: 4638: 4239: 4170: 4035: 3737:. Princeton University Press. p. 199. 3469:. Cambridge University Press. p. 132. 3413:"Shanghai 1937 – Where World War II Began" 2596:had to be exchanged for bank notes of the 2448:In October, the SEF was reinforced by the 2309:Japanese troops crawling through the ruins 2154:Chinese soldiers engaged in trench warfare 1983:Japanese soldiers scaling Baoshan's walls 1042: 1028: 477: 463: 5262:China at War: Regions of China, 1937-1945 5259: 5041: 4862:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 35. 4844:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 106. 4659:Japan Center for Asian Historical Records 4447:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 33. 3705: 3343:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 126. 3237:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 106. 2827:Learn how and when to remove this message 2768: 2436:Learn how and when to remove this message 2119:which were reinforced with 2cm and 3.7cm 2038:Chinese troops making a charge in Luodian 1883:and therefore should have been expected. 1806:Learn how and when to remove this message 1459:Order of battle of the Battle of Shanghai 1428:Learn how and when to remove this message 5086: 5074:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze 5059:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze 5029:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze 5014:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze 4928:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze 4827:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze 4724: 4626:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze 4608: 4582: 4567:Shanghai 1937, Stalingrad on the Yangtze 4552:Shanghai 1937, Stalingrad on the Yangtze 4537:Shanghai 1937, Stalingrad on the Yangtze 4524:. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 34. 4493:Shanghai 1937, Stalingrad on the Yangtze 4475:Shanghai 1937, Stalingrad on the Yangtze 4460:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze 4417:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze 4402:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze 4387:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze 4372:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze 3976:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze 3885:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze 3849: 3833:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze 3442:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze 3262:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze 3220:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze 2879: 2710: 2693: 2660: 2615: 2518: 2344: 2304: 2296: 2260: 2254:Under the leadership of Whampoa Colonel 2245: 2214: 2188: 2149: 2125: 2065: 2033: 1978: 1942: 1934: 1869: 1822:Japanese troops in the ruins of Shanghai 1817: 1650: 1638: 1536: 1528: 1473: 1353:, head of the Western Detachment of the 1334: 1311: 1146:Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (1931–1936) 1087:Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (1894–1895) 5462:Battles of the Second Sino-Japanese War 5212:The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949 5209: 5071: 5056: 5026: 5011: 4940: 4925: 4824: 4623: 4564: 4549: 4534: 4490: 4472: 4457: 4414: 4399: 4384: 4369: 4333: 4246:Wakeman, Frederic E. (September 1996). 4245: 3972: 3947: 3882: 3859:Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict 3835:(1st ed.). Casemate. p. 136. 3830: 3758: 3526: 3484: 3439: 3362:: Zhibingtang Publishing. p. 194. 3353: 3323: 3259: 3217: 2682:. In addition, the Chinese implemented 2624:According to historians Peter Harmsen, 1271:triggered the full advance from Japan. 1256:, which occurred almost 5 years later. 5439: 5324: 5236: 5159: 5130: 4853: 4851: 4839: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4419:(1st ed.). Casemate. p. 99. 4216: 4180:Frederic E. Wakeman (September 1996). 4006: 3920: 3680: 3338: 3232: 3190: 3163: 2707:Loss of Central Army military strength 2206:Third Phase (27 October – 26 November) 2123:to protect against Japanese aircraft. 1826:On August 15, the Japanese formed the 1664:The frontline fighter aircraft of the 5301: 5282: 4970: 4857: 4820: 4818: 4789: 4578: 4576: 4519: 4486: 4484: 4442: 4438: 4436: 4329: 4327: 4318:"Soviet Fighters in the Sky of China" 3916: 3914: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3710:. Naval Institute Press. p. 92. 3533:(Master's thesis). Cornell University 3480: 3478: 3476: 3464: 3035:Events preceding World War II in Asia 2211:Chinese withdrawal from Shanghai city 1866:Second phase (23 August – 26 October) 1747: 1355:Japanese Special Naval Landing Forces 1023: 458: 5117: 4285:. Houghton Mifflin, NY, NY. p. 3897: 3805: 3685:. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe. p. 143. 3655: 3618: 3551: 3491:A History of Modern Urban Operations 2940:, China's wartime capital after the 2805:adding citations to reliable sources 2772: 2414:adding citations to reliable sources 2381: 1784:adding citations to reliable sources 1751: 1406:adding citations to reliable sources 1373: 5190: 5153: 4985: 4898: 4848: 4778: 4706:. Zhongyang Ribao. November 1, 1937 3730: 3643: 3277: 3247: 3096:Assassination of Tomomitsu Taminato 1874:Chinese machine gunners in Shanghai 1465:First phase (13 August – 22 August) 1457:For a more comprehensive list, see 1305:. In addition to the urban combat, 73:August 13, 1937 – November 26, 1937 25:Battle of Shanghai (disambiguation) 13: 4955: 4815: 4573: 4481: 4433: 4324: 3911: 3856:Edwin Palmer Hoyt (January 2001). 3799: 3741: 3649: 3473: 2372: 2285:conference that was in session in 1452: 14: 5493: 5378: 5087:Niderost, Eric (17 August 2015). 5001:(8th ed.). 2005. p. 46. 4729:. Exisle Publishing. p. 117. 4315: 4133:"Missiles Hit in Crowded Streets" 2581:Shanghai International Settlement 1634: 1567:Shanghai International Settlement 1469: 1330: 148:Shanghai International Settlement 5166:. Viking Press. pp. 46–47. 5149:from the original on 2011-03-21. 4613:. Exisle Publishing. p. 66. 3019: 3005: 2777: 2458:Japanese Central China Area Army 2452:commanded by Lieutenant General 2386: 1756: 1686:Boeing P-26 Model 281 Peashooter 1378: 1339:Ōyama Incident on August 9, 1937 1127:German Pacific possesions (1914) 329: 317: 305: 283: 271: 259: 241: 229: 217: 205: 182: 169: 48: 5111: 5080: 5065: 5050: 5035: 5020: 5005: 4991: 4964: 4949: 4934: 4919: 4892: 4880:. November 3, 1937. p. 175 4866: 4833: 4754: 4718: 4632: 4617: 4602: 4558: 4543: 4528: 4513: 4499: 4466: 4451: 4408: 4393: 4378: 4363: 4352: 4309: 4210: 4143:. 14 August 1937. pp. 1–2. 4125: 4105: 4087: 4064: 4058: 4029: 4000: 3966: 3941: 3891: 3876: 3824: 3775: 3724: 3699: 3674: 3612: 3573: 3545: 3520: 3458: 3433: 3410: 3404: 3376: 3354:Dai, Feng; Zhou, Ming (2013). 3347: 3332: 3317: 3133: 3124: 2512:Japanese advance toward Nanjing 2341:Japanese landings at Jinshanwei 1838:, under the command of General 1730:, under the command of Captain 1102:Manchuria and Korea (1904–1905) 5260:MacKinnon, Stephen R. (2007). 4188:University of California Press 3297: 3283: 3253: 3226: 3211: 3184: 3157: 3063:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 2873:was signed as a result of the 2236:Battle of the Sihang Warehouse 1955:On August 23, the SEF, led by 1261:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1200: 1191: 1183: 502:1931–1937 (pre-war skirmishes) 1: 5385:"Japan-China: Sailors Ashore" 5137:Takizawa, Akira (1999–2000). 5118:Peck, Michael (30 May 2016). 5061:. Casemate. pp. 206–207. 5031:. Casemate. pp. 200–201. 5016:. Casemate. pp. 166–167. 4975:. Da Capo Press. p. 301. 4628:. Casemate. pp. 187–206. 4569:. Casemate. pp. 192–193. 4554:. Casemate. pp. 182–185. 4477:. Casemate. pp. 160–165. 4462:. Casemate. pp. 161–162. 4374:. Casemate. pp. 120–121. 4279:Wasserstein, Bernard (1998). 3145: 2653: 2603: 2543:Chinese retreat from Shanghai 2492:nominated one of his uncles, 2462:Imperial General Headquarters 1904:Imperial General Headquarters 433: 421:Official Japanese war records 5306:The Wars for Asia, 1911-1949 4945:. Chūō kōronsha. p. 93. 4639:Clodfelter, Michael (2017). 4249:Policing Shanghai, 1927–1937 4183:Policing Shanghai, 1927–1937 4013:Biplane Fighter Aces - China 3927:. Viking Press. p. 37. 3806:Peck, Michael (2016-05-30). 3787:Pacific Atrocities Education 3656:Peck, Michael (2020-07-30). 3527:Whitney, Matthew D. (2000). 3467:The Wars for Asia, 1911-1949 3328:. Chuo koronsha. p. 93. 3197:. Viking Books. p. 36. 3170:. Viking Books. p. 36. 3150: 3118: 2993:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 2919:Nine Power Treaty Conference 2913:Nine-Power Treaty Conference 2867:Nine Power Treaty Conference 2689: 2638:Special Naval Landing Forces 2464:in Tokyo to attack Nanking. 2293:Fighting around Suzhou Creek 2228:on the northern bank of the 1939:Japanese amphibious landings 1370:Final efforts at negotiation 449:: 98,417+ killed and wounded 59:Special Naval Landing Forces 7: 4404:. Casemate. pp. 98–99. 3706:Macgregor, Douglas (2016). 3499:10.1007/978-3-030-27088-9_2 3113:Defense of Sihang Warehouse 2998: 2983:In his correspondence with 2875:Washington Naval Conference 2854:In addition, on October 5, 2749:. The 3rd Battalion had 10 2242:Defense of Sihang Warehouse 1828:Shanghai Expeditionary Army 1676:(many license-built at the 1614:On August 22, the Japanese 1508:Republic of China Air Force 1265:Japanese attack of Shanghai 1229:National Revolutionary Army 930:North Burma and West Yunnan 312:National Revolutionary Army 10: 5498: 5220:Cambridge University Press 5210:Eastman, Lloyd E. (1986). 5184: 4799:Cambridge University Press 4797:. Cambridge New York, NY: 4725:Robinson, Stephen (2022). 4684:. 海軍省教育局. pp. 231–234 4609:Robinson, Stephen (2022). 4217:Bergin, Bob (2017-08-22). 4099:Battleships-Cruisers.co.uk 3887:. Casemate. p. 61-63. 3731:Liu, Frederick Fu (1956). 3559:. Knox Press. p. 71. 3358:(in Traditional Chinese). 3088:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 2923: 2916: 2725:more or less equal terms. 2585:Shanghai French Concession 2239: 2018:Alexander von Falkenhausen 1456: 1325: 1269:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 1252:urban battle prior to the 1051:Military campaigns of the 152:Shanghai French Concession 18: 5357:Van de Ven, Hans (2017). 5266:Stanford University Press 5042:Katsuichi, Honda (1999). 4999:Nanjing Datusha Shiliaoji 4750:. Tokyo, Japan: Soshisha. 3783:"Battle of Shanghai 1937" 3082:Defense of the Great Wall 2702:after capturing Shanghai. 1347: 1092:Liaodong Peninsula (1895) 1062: 552:Pacification of Manchukuo 498: 402: 342: 298: 195: 162: 65: 47: 39: 34: 5482:Shanghai in World War II 5411:, anchored in the harbor 5401:Pictures of the fighting 5339:Harvard University Press 5302:Paine, S. C. M. (2012). 5283:Paine, S. C. M. (2017). 5237:Garver, John W. (1988). 5076:. Casemate. p. 229. 4971:Fenby, Jonathan (2005). 4960:. Chung Wu. p. 176. 4930:. Casemate. p. 248. 4829:. Casemate. p. 247. 4539:. Casemate. p. 180. 4495:. Casemate. p. 163. 3465:Paine, S. C. M. (2014). 3355: 3304: 3290: 3264:. Casemate. p. 247. 3222:. Casemate. p. 247. 3058:Second Sino-Japanese War 2759:Leichter Panzerspähwagen 2731:Whampoa Military Academy 2722:German-trained divisions 2378:Decision to take Nanjing 1947:A famous photo entitled 1714:and two in front of the 1263:in 1931 followed by the 1245:Second Sino-Japanese War 1243:at the beginning of the 1218:Second Sino-Japanese War 1161:Asia-Pacific (1941–1945) 489:Second Sino-Japanese War 416:250,000 dead and wounded 411:187,200 dead and wounded 134:Shanghai heavily damaged 42:Second Sino-Japanese War 5243:Oxford University Press 5093:Warfare History Archive 5072:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 5057:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 5027:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 5012:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 4926:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 4899:Chi, Hsi-sheng (1982). 4858:Frank, Richard (2020). 4825:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 4624:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 4589:Warfare History Netowrk 4583:Niderost, Eric (2007). 4565:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 4550:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 4535:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 4520:Frank, Richard (2020). 4491:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 4473:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 4458:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 4443:Frank, Richard (2020). 4415:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 4400:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 4389:. Casemate. p. 99. 4385:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 4370:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 4334:Harmsen, Peter (2018). 4141:St. Petersburg, Florida 4137:The Evening Independent 3973:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 3948:Harmsen, Peter (2018). 3883:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 3831:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 3759:Paulose, James (2013). 3440:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 3260:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 3218:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 2975:In his memoir, General 2469:Prince Asaka (Yasuhiko) 1844:Japanese Prime Minister 1830:(SEF), composed of the 1643:Exterior of Shanghai's 1513:American correspondent 1212:in the Chinese city of 1156:French Indochina (1940) 5191:Lai, Benjamin (2017). 4956:Wu, Ha-Hsiung (1972). 4941:Ikuhiko, Hata (1986). 4878:The North China Herald 4282:Secret War in Shanghai 4219:"High Aviation Ideals" 3683:China's Bitter Victory 3681:Hsiung, James (1992). 3625:Sky HISTORY TV channel 3428:date. August 13, 1937. 3384:Wakeman, Jr., Frederic 3324:Ikuhiko, Hata (1986). 2885: 2769:International response 2716: 2703: 2684:scorched earth tactics 2666: 2621: 2535:the honor of victory. 2531: 2486: 2471:, an uncle of Emperor 2350: 2310: 2302: 2266: 2251: 2220: 2194: 2155: 2131: 2071: 2039: 1984: 1952: 1940: 1906:on 11 September 1937. 1875: 1823: 1661: 1648: 1542: 1534: 1482: 1340: 1322: 1237:Imperial Japanese Army 983:West Henan–North Hubei 337:Imperial Japanese Navy 325:Imperial Japanese Army 196:Commanders and leaders 56:Imperial Japanese Navy 23:. For other uses, see 5195:. Osprey Publishing. 5160:Wilson, Dick (1982). 5124:The National Interest 4840:Mitter, Rana (2013). 4166:. London. 1937-08-16. 3921:Wilson, Dick (1982). 3812:The National Interest 3662:The National Interest 3356:《淞滬會戰：1937年中日813戰役始末》 3339:Mitter, Rana (2013). 3233:Mitter, Rana (2013). 3191:Wilson, Dick (1982). 3164:Wilson, Dick (1982). 3104:(Shanghai, 1937–1938) 2883: 2859:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2747:Carden Loyd tankettes 2714: 2697: 2664: 2619: 2522: 2481: 2348: 2308: 2300: 2264: 2249: 2218: 2192: 2153: 2129: 2069: 2037: 1982: 1946: 1938: 1873: 1821: 1659: 1642: 1540: 1532: 1477: 1338: 1320: 403:Casualties and losses 5325:Taylor, Jay (2009). 4071:www.warbirdforum.com 4038:"Martyr Qin Jia-zhu" 4007:Gustavsson, Hakans. 3898:Snow, Edgar (1941). 3102:Great Way Government 2936:, and from there to 2801:improve this section 2757:tankettes, and some 2739:VCL Amphibious Tanks 2530:on December 17, 1937 2410:improve this section 2045:observation balloons 1780:improve this section 1718:Amusement Centre on 1402:improve this section 1254:Battle of Stalingrad 110:31.2323°N 121.4690°E 3901:The Battle for Asia 3076:January 28 Incident 3070:(18 September 1931) 3046:Huanggutun incident 2598:Wang Jingwei regime 2166:On October 21, the 2137:taking no prisoners 1447:January 28 Incident 1180:traditional Chinese 1132:Siberia (1918–1922) 910:Sichuan (cancelled) 106: / 21:January 28 incident 5472:Invasions by Japan 5467:Invasions of China 5430:2020-09-14 at the 5393:. August 30, 1937. 4655:"１１．閘北進撃戦（１０月２７日）" 4121:. August 23, 1914. 4118:The New York Times 2886: 2717: 2704: 2667: 2622: 2532: 2450:Japanese 10th Army 2351: 2311: 2303: 2267: 2252: 2221: 2195: 2156: 2141:childlike features 2132: 2121:anti-aircraft guns 2072: 2040: 1985: 1953: 1941: 1876: 1824: 1748:Other developments 1741:Sino-Soviet Treaty 1662: 1649: 1543: 1535: 1483: 1341: 1323: 1188:simplified Chinese 1176:Battle of Shanghai 700:Yellow River flood 614:Railway Operation 414:Japanese Estimate: 35:Battle of Shanghai 5447:Conflicts in 1937 5329:The Generalissimo 5173:978-0-670-76003-9 5099:on 7 October 2018 4988:, pp. 87–88. 4808:978-1-009-29761-5 4345:978-1-61200-480-8 4316:Demin, Anatolii. 3959:978-1-61200-480-8 3934:978-0-670-76003-9 3869:978-0-8154-1118-5 3692:978-0-87332-708-4 3619:Davidson, Jason. 3508:978-3-030-27088-9 3204:978-0-670-76003-9 3177:978-0-670-76003-9 2871:Nine-Power Treaty 2863:Quarantine Speech 2849:League of Nations 2837: 2836: 2829: 2571:Battle of Nanjing 2456:. On 7 November, 2446: 2445: 2438: 2366:Battle of Taiyuan 2283:Nine-Power Treaty 2028:within Luodian. 1949:"Bloody Saturday" 1856:press conferences 1816: 1815: 1808: 1720:Avenue Edward VII 1666:Chinese Air Force 1657: 1599:anti-tank weapons 1438: 1437: 1430: 1318: 1233:Republic of China 1210:Republic of China 1169: 1168: 1097:China (1899–1901) 1017: 1016: 876:Yunnan-Burma Road 814:Hundred Regiments 586:Marco Polo Bridge 453: 452: 443:'s Speech in 1938 428:Osprey Publishing 158: 157: 130:Japanese victory 115:31.2323; 121.4690 89:Republic of China 5489: 5452:1937 in Shanghai 5421: 5416: 5403: 5398: 5374: 5352: 5332: 5321: 5309: 5298: 5279: 5264:. Stanford, CA: 5256: 5241:. New York, NY: 5233: 5206: 5178: 5177: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5095:. Archived from 5084: 5078: 5077: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5009: 5003: 5002: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4855: 4846: 4845: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4822: 4813: 4812: 4787: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4766:web.stanford.edu 4758: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4740: 4731: 4730: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4580: 4571: 4570: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4488: 4479: 4478: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4440: 4431: 4430: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4367: 4361: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4331: 4322: 4321: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4177: 4168: 4167: 4154: 4145: 4144: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4036:RoCAF Official. 4033: 4027: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3918: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3818: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3756: 3739: 3738: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3631: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3606: 3597:. Archived from 3577: 3571: 3570: 3553:Rigg, Bryan Mark 3549: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3516: 3515: 3482: 3471: 3470: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3411:Sun, Lianggang. 3408: 3402: 3401: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3266: 3265: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3161: 3140: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3078:(Shanghai, 1932) 3029: 3024: 3023: 3022: 3015: 3010: 3009: 3008: 2899:Sihang Warehouse 2832: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2812: 2781: 2773: 2753:light tanks, 20 2506:Heisuke Yanagawa 2454:Heisuke Yanagawa 2441: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2421: 2390: 2382: 2226:Sihang Warehouse 2180:counteroffensive 1924:Kiyoshi Hasegawa 1842:. On August 19, 1811: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1791: 1760: 1752: 1682:Jianqiao Airbase 1670:Curtiss Hawk IIs 1658: 1494:retaliated with 1433: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1413: 1382: 1374: 1359:Hongqiao Airport 1352: 1350: 1349: 1319: 1202: 1193: 1185: 1057: 1055: 1044: 1037: 1030: 1021: 1020: 904:Zhejiang–Jiangxi 780:Winter Offensive 677:North-East Henan 608:Sihang Warehouse 493: 492: 490: 479: 472: 465: 456: 455: 438: 435: 335: 333: 332: 323: 321: 320: 310: 309: 308: 290:Kiyoshi Hasegawa 288: 287: 276: 275: 266:Heisuke Yanagawa 264: 263: 246: 245: 234: 233: 222: 221: 210: 209: 188: 186: 185: 175: 173: 172: 121: 120: 118: 117: 116: 111: 107: 104: 103: 102: 99: 67: 66: 52: 32: 31: 5497: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5486: 5437: 5436: 5432:Wayback Machine 5417: 5414: 5408:Lamotte-Picquet 5406:French cruiser 5404:taken from the 5399: 5396: 5381: 5371: 5349: 5318: 5295: 5276: 5253: 5230: 5203: 5187: 5182: 5181: 5174: 5158: 5154: 5135: 5131: 5116: 5112: 5102: 5100: 5085: 5081: 5070: 5066: 5055: 5051: 5040: 5036: 5025: 5021: 5010: 5006: 4997: 4996: 4992: 4984: 4980: 4969: 4965: 4954: 4950: 4939: 4935: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4897: 4893: 4883: 4881: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4856: 4849: 4838: 4834: 4823: 4816: 4809: 4791:Coble, Parks M. 4788: 4779: 4770: 4768: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4741: 4734: 4723: 4719: 4709: 4707: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4685: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4637: 4633: 4622: 4618: 4607: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4581: 4574: 4563: 4559: 4548: 4544: 4533: 4529: 4518: 4514: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4489: 4482: 4471: 4467: 4456: 4452: 4441: 4434: 4427: 4413: 4409: 4398: 4394: 4383: 4379: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4332: 4325: 4314: 4310: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4277: 4273: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4244: 4240: 4227: 4225: 4215: 4211: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4190:. p. 280. 4178: 4171: 4156: 4155: 4148: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4075: 4073: 4063: 4059: 4046: 4044: 4034: 4030: 4017: 4015: 4005: 4001: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3971: 3967: 3960: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3919: 3912: 3904: 3896: 3892: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3829: 3825: 3816: 3814: 3804: 3800: 3791: 3789: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3757: 3742: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3679: 3675: 3666: 3664: 3654: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3629: 3627: 3617: 3613: 3604: 3602: 3586:The Japan Times 3579: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3550: 3546: 3536: 3534: 3525: 3521: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3483: 3474: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3438: 3434: 3421: 3419: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3381: 3377: 3370: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3337: 3333: 3322: 3318: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3269: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3231: 3227: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3189: 3185: 3178: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3108:Shanghai Ghetto 3068:Mukden Incident 3052:on 4 June 1928) 3025: 3020: 3018: 3011: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2965:Battle of Wuhan 2942:fall of Nanjing 2926: 2921: 2915: 2833: 2822: 2816: 2813: 2798: 2782: 2771: 2741:and some 6-ton 2709: 2692: 2656: 2606: 2545: 2514: 2502:Kesago Nakajima 2488:On December 2, 2477:imperial family 2442: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2407: 2391: 2380: 2375: 2373:Road to Nanjing 2343: 2295: 2244: 2238: 2213: 2208: 2089: 2026:street fighting 2024:close-quarters 1998: 1933: 1912: 1896:101st Divisions 1868: 1812: 1801: 1795: 1792: 1777: 1761: 1750: 1651: 1637: 1628:northeast coast 1472: 1467: 1462: 1455: 1453:Order of battle 1434: 1423: 1417: 1414: 1399: 1383: 1372: 1344: 1333: 1328: 1312: 1241:Empire of Japan 1206:Empire of Japan 1201:Sōng hù huìzhàn 1172: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1151:China (1937–45) 1122:Tsingtao (1914) 1109: 1058: 1054:Empire of Japan 1053: 1050: 1048: 1018: 1013: 806:Zaoyang–Yichang 745:Suixian–Zaoyang 591:Beiping–Tianjin 530:Nenjiang Bridge 494: 488: 486: 485: 483: 444: 436: 432:: 18,800 dead ( 425: 424: 412: 398: 393:130 naval ships 370: 330: 328: 327: 318: 316: 306: 304: 294: 282: 270: 258: 252: 240: 228: 216: 212:Chiang Kai-shek 204: 183: 181: 170: 168: 142: 114: 112: 108: 105: 100: 97: 95: 93: 92: 91: 74: 53: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5495: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5435: 5434: 5422: 5412: 5394: 5380: 5379:External links 5377: 5376: 5375: 5369: 5353: 5348:978-0674054714 5347: 5322: 5317:978-0674033382 5316: 5299: 5294:978-1107011953 5293: 5280: 5275:978-0804755092 5274: 5257: 5251: 5234: 5228: 5207: 5201: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5172: 5152: 5129: 5110: 5079: 5064: 5049: 5034: 5019: 5004: 4990: 4978: 4963: 4948: 4933: 4918: 4911: 4891: 4865: 4847: 4832: 4814: 4807: 4777: 4753: 4732: 4717: 4695: 4671: 4646: 4631: 4616: 4601: 4572: 4557: 4542: 4527: 4512: 4498: 4480: 4465: 4450: 4432: 4426:978-1612001678 4425: 4407: 4392: 4377: 4362: 4351: 4344: 4323: 4308: 4295: 4271: 4258: 4238: 4209: 4196: 4169: 4146: 4124: 4104: 4095:"Idzumo Class" 4086: 4057: 4042:air.mnd.gov.tw 4028: 3999: 3986:978-1612001678 3985: 3965: 3958: 3940: 3933: 3910: 3890: 3875: 3868: 3848: 3842:978-1612001678 3841: 3823: 3798: 3774: 3740: 3723: 3717:978-1612519968 3716: 3698: 3691: 3673: 3648: 3636: 3611: 3589:. 2018-11-02. 3572: 3565: 3544: 3519: 3507: 3472: 3457: 3451:978-1612001678 3450: 3432: 3403: 3396: 3375: 3368: 3346: 3331: 3316: 3296: 3282: 3267: 3252: 3240: 3225: 3210: 3203: 3183: 3176: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3132: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3043: 3040:Jinan incident 3031: 3030: 3016: 3000: 2997: 2925: 2922: 2917:Main article: 2914: 2911: 2897:to defend the 2835: 2834: 2785: 2783: 2776: 2770: 2767: 2743:Vickers Mark E 2708: 2705: 2691: 2688: 2655: 2652: 2647:Jonathan Fenby 2605: 2602: 2544: 2541: 2513: 2510: 2444: 2443: 2394: 2392: 2385: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2342: 2339: 2294: 2291: 2237: 2234: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2184:reconnaissance 2161:trench warfare 2113:fields of fire 2088: 2085: 1997: 1994: 1932: 1929: 1911: 1908: 1867: 1864: 1847:Fumimaro Konoe 1836:11th Divisions 1814: 1813: 1764: 1762: 1755: 1749: 1746: 1636: 1635:Air operations 1633: 1624:11th Divisions 1609:suicide bomber 1592:On August 18, 1471: 1470:Urban fighting 1468: 1466: 1463: 1454: 1451: 1436: 1435: 1386: 1384: 1377: 1371: 1368: 1332: 1331:Ōyama Incident 1329: 1327: 1324: 1307:trench warfare 1278:Western powers 1235:(ROC) and the 1167: 1166: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1111: 1110: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1077:Ganghwa (1875) 1074: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1047: 1046: 1039: 1032: 1024: 1015: 1014: 1012: 1011: 1005: 1004: 998: 997: 992: 985: 980: 979: 978: 975:Guilin–Liuzhou 971: 966: 952: 945: 944: 943: 938: 926: 918: 917: 913: 912: 907: 900: 899: 898: 893: 888: 883: 873: 866: 859: 852: 845: 840: 833: 828: 823: 818: 809: 801: 800: 796: 795: 794: 793: 788: 776: 775: 774: 762: 755: 754: 753: 741: 734: 733: 732: 722: 721: 720: 715: 703: 696: 691: 686: 685: 684: 674: 673: 672: 660: 659: 658: 646: 645: 644: 639: 627: 626: 625: 620: 618:Beiping–Hankou 612: 611: 610: 598: 593: 588: 582: 581: 577: 576: 575: 574: 569: 564: 557:Inner Mongolia 554: 549: 544: 543: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 521: 520: 504: 503: 499: 496: 495: 482: 481: 474: 467: 459: 451: 450: 447:Chinese record 417: 405: 404: 400: 399: 397: 396: 395: 394: 391: 388: 385: 382: 379: 378:300,000 troops 373: 371: 369: 368: 367: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 353:700,000 troops 348: 345: 344: 340: 339: 314: 301: 300: 299:Units involved 296: 295: 293: 292: 280: 268: 255: 253: 251: 250: 238: 236:Zhang Zhizhong 226: 214: 201: 198: 197: 193: 192: 179: 165: 164: 160: 159: 156: 155: 144: 138: 137: 136: 135: 127: 123: 122: 83: 81: 77: 76: 71: 63: 62: 54:Troops of the 45: 44: 37: 36: 30: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5494: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5477:Urban warfare 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5457:1937 in Japan 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5433: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5402: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5372: 5370:9781781251942 5366: 5362: 5361: 5354: 5350: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5335:Cambridge, MA 5331: 5330: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5308: 5307: 5300: 5296: 5290: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5204: 5202:9781472817495 5198: 5194: 5189: 5188: 5175: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5133: 5125: 5121: 5114: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5083: 5075: 5068: 5060: 5053: 5045: 5038: 5030: 5023: 5015: 5008: 5000: 4994: 4987: 4982: 4974: 4967: 4959: 4952: 4944: 4937: 4929: 4922: 4914: 4912:9780472100187 4908: 4904: 4903: 4895: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4861: 4854: 4852: 4843: 4836: 4828: 4821: 4819: 4810: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4746: 4739: 4737: 4728: 4721: 4705: 4699: 4683: 4682: 4675: 4660: 4656: 4650: 4642: 4635: 4627: 4620: 4612: 4605: 4590: 4586: 4579: 4577: 4568: 4561: 4553: 4546: 4538: 4531: 4523: 4516: 4508: 4502: 4494: 4487: 4485: 4476: 4469: 4461: 4454: 4446: 4439: 4437: 4428: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4403: 4396: 4388: 4381: 4373: 4366: 4360: 4355: 4347: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4328: 4319: 4312: 4298: 4296:0-395-98537-4 4292: 4288: 4284: 4283: 4275: 4261: 4259:0-520-20761-0 4255: 4251: 4250: 4242: 4235: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4199: 4197:0-520-20761-0 4193: 4189: 4185: 4184: 4176: 4174: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4153: 4151: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4083: 4072: 4068: 4065:Hui, Samuel. 4061: 4054: 4043: 4039: 4032: 4025: 4014: 4010: 4003: 3988: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3969: 3961: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3936: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3917: 3915: 3903: 3902: 3894: 3886: 3879: 3871: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3852: 3844: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3736: 3735: 3727: 3719: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3694: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3645: 3640: 3626: 3622: 3615: 3601:on 2019-06-04 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3582: 3576: 3568: 3566:9781637586884 3562: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3532: 3531: 3523: 3510: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3468: 3461: 3453: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3429: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3399: 3397:0-521-49744-2 3393: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3371: 3369:9789868950924 3365: 3361: 3350: 3342: 3335: 3327: 3320: 3312: 3311: 3300: 3286: 3280:, p. 88. 3279: 3274: 3272: 3263: 3256: 3250:, p. 87. 3249: 3244: 3236: 3229: 3221: 3214: 3206: 3200: 3196: 3195: 3187: 3179: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3136: 3127: 3123: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3090:(7 July 1937) 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3059: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3017: 3014: 3003: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2966: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2920: 2910: 2908: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2857: 2852: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2831: 2828: 2820: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2786:This section 2784: 2780: 2775: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2732: 2726: 2723: 2713: 2701: 2696: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2633: 2631: 2630:Richard Frank 2627: 2618: 2614: 2612: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2556: 2551: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2490:Emperor Showa 2485: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2440: 2437: 2429: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2395:This section 2393: 2389: 2384: 2383: 2370: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2356: 2347: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2321: 2316: 2307: 2299: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2273: 2263: 2259: 2257: 2248: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2217: 2203: 2201: 2191: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2128: 2124: 2122: 2116: 2114: 2109: 2106: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2068: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2053:smoke screens 2050: 2046: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1993: 1989: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1950: 1945: 1937: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1920:Chen Shaokuan 1917: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1872: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1820: 1810: 1807: 1799: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1765:This section 1763: 1759: 1754: 1753: 1745: 1742: 1737: 1736:Air Force Day 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1680:plant at the 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1646: 1641: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1605: 1604:flamethrowers 1600: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1539: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1504:Huangpu River 1501: 1497: 1493: 1492:88th Division 1489: 1480: 1476: 1460: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1432: 1429: 1421: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1387:This section 1385: 1381: 1376: 1375: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1337: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1293: 1291: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1239:(IJA) of the 1238: 1234: 1231:(NRA) of the 1230: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1197: 1189: 1181: 1177: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1115:Taishō period 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1082:Ryukyu (1879) 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1072:Taiwan (1874) 1070: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1061: 1056: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1000: 999: 996: 993: 991: 990: 986: 984: 981: 977: 976: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 961: 960: 959: 958: 953: 951: 950: 946: 942: 939: 937: 934: 933: 932: 931: 927: 925: 924: 920: 919: 915: 914: 911: 908: 906: 905: 901: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 878: 877: 874: 872: 871: 867: 865: 864: 860: 858: 857: 853: 851: 850: 846: 844: 841: 839: 838: 834: 832: 829: 827: 826:Central Hubei 824: 822: 821:North Vietnam 819: 817: 816: 815: 810: 808: 807: 803: 802: 798: 797: 792: 789: 787: 784: 783: 782: 781: 777: 773: 770: 769: 768: 767: 766:South Guangxi 763: 761: 760: 756: 752: 749: 748: 747: 746: 742: 740: 739: 735: 731: 728: 727: 726: 723: 719: 716: 714: 711: 710: 709: 708: 704: 702: 701: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 683: 680: 679: 678: 675: 671: 668: 667: 666: 665: 661: 657: 654: 653: 652: 651: 647: 643: 640: 638: 635: 634: 633: 632: 628: 624: 623:Tianjin–Pukou 621: 619: 616: 615: 613: 609: 606: 605: 604: 603: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 583: 579: 578: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 559: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 519: 518:Lytton Report 516: 515: 514: 511: 510: 509: 506: 505: 501: 500: 497: 491: 480: 475: 473: 468: 466: 461: 460: 457: 448: 445: 442: 437: 17,000 431: 429: 422: 418: 415: 410: 407: 406: 401: 392: 389: 386: 383: 380: 377: 376: 375: 374: 372: 364: 361: 358: 355: 352: 351: 350: 349: 347: 346: 341: 338: 326: 315: 313: 303: 302: 297: 291: 286: 281: 279: 274: 269: 267: 262: 257: 256: 254: 249: 244: 239: 237: 232: 227: 225: 220: 215: 213: 208: 203: 202: 200: 199: 194: 191: 180: 178: 167: 166: 161: 153: 149: 145: 140: 139: 133: 132: 131: 128: 125: 124: 119: 90: 86: 82: 79: 78: 72: 69: 68: 64: 60: 57: 51: 46: 43: 38: 33: 26: 22: 5415:(in Italian) 5407: 5388: 5359: 5328: 5305: 5284: 5261: 5238: 5211: 5192: 5162: 5155: 5142: 5132: 5123: 5113: 5101:. Retrieved 5097:the original 5092: 5082: 5073: 5067: 5058: 5052: 5043: 5037: 5028: 5022: 5013: 5007: 4998: 4993: 4981: 4972: 4966: 4957: 4951: 4943:Nankyō Jihen 4942: 4936: 4927: 4921: 4901: 4894: 4882:. Retrieved 4877: 4868: 4859: 4841: 4835: 4826: 4794: 4769:. Retrieved 4765: 4756: 4726: 4720: 4708:. Retrieved 4698: 4686:. Retrieved 4680: 4674: 4662:. Retrieved 4658: 4649: 4640: 4634: 4625: 4619: 4610: 4604: 4592:. Retrieved 4588: 4566: 4560: 4551: 4545: 4536: 4530: 4521: 4515: 4506: 4501: 4492: 4474: 4468: 4459: 4453: 4444: 4416: 4410: 4401: 4395: 4386: 4380: 4371: 4365: 4354: 4335: 4311: 4300:. Retrieved 4281: 4274: 4263:. Retrieved 4248: 4241: 4232: 4226:. Retrieved 4222: 4212: 4201:. Retrieved 4182: 4161: 4136: 4127: 4116: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4080: 4074:. Retrieved 4070: 4060: 4051: 4045:. Retrieved 4041: 4031: 4022: 4016:. Retrieved 4012: 4002: 3990:. Retrieved 3975: 3968: 3949: 3943: 3923: 3900: 3893: 3884: 3878: 3858: 3851: 3832: 3826: 3815:. Retrieved 3811: 3801: 3790:. Retrieved 3786: 3777: 3768: 3764: 3733: 3726: 3707: 3701: 3682: 3676: 3665:. Retrieved 3661: 3651: 3646:, p. 7. 3639: 3628:. Retrieved 3624: 3614: 3603:. Retrieved 3599:the original 3584: 3575: 3556: 3547: 3535:. Retrieved 3529: 3522: 3512:, retrieved 3490: 3466: 3460: 3441: 3435: 3426: 3420:. Retrieved 3416: 3406: 3387: 3378: 3349: 3340: 3334: 3326:Nankyo jihen 3325: 3319: 3310:Senshi Sōsho 3308: 3299: 3285: 3261: 3255: 3243: 3234: 3228: 3219: 3213: 3193: 3186: 3166: 3159: 3135: 3126: 3050:Zhang Zuolin 3027:China portal 3013:Japan portal 2982: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2950: 2927: 2903: 2891: 2887: 2869:. Since the 2853: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2823: 2817:October 2018 2814: 2799:Please help 2787: 2763: 2736: 2727: 2718: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2657: 2643:9th division 2634: 2623: 2607: 2578: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2546: 2537: 2533: 2526:riding into 2524:Iwane Matsui 2515: 2498:Iwane Matsui 2494:Prince Asaka 2487: 2482: 2466: 2447: 2432: 2426:October 2018 2423: 2408:Please help 2396: 2363: 2359: 2355:Hangzhou Bay 2352: 2324: 2315:Suzhou Creek 2312: 2280: 2276: 2268: 2253: 2230:Suzhou Creek 2222: 2200:Suzhou Creek 2196: 2168:Guangxi Army 2165: 2157: 2145: 2133: 2117: 2102: 2099: 2094:encirclement 2090: 2081: 2073: 2041: 2030: 2022: 1999: 1990: 1986: 1969: 1965:bombardments 1957:Iwane Matsui 1954: 1913: 1885: 1877: 1852: 1840:Iwane Matsui 1825: 1802: 1796:October 2018 1793: 1778:Please help 1766: 1735: 1723: 1712:Nanking Road 1707: 1699:human shield 1692: 1690: 1663: 1645:Cathay Hotel 1613: 1591: 1583: 1544: 1512: 1484: 1443:Yu Hung-chun 1439: 1424: 1418:October 2018 1415: 1400:Please help 1388: 1364: 1342: 1294: 1286: 1282:Hangzhou Bay 1258: 1249:urban combat 1226: 1222:World War II 1199: 1175: 1173: 1139:Shōwa period 1137: 1136: 1113: 1112: 1107:Korea (1910) 1066:Meiji period 1064: 987: 973: 964:4th Changsha 955: 954: 947: 928: 921: 902: 870:3rd Changsha 868: 863:2nd Changsha 861: 856:South Shanxi 854: 847: 835: 812: 811: 804: 786:West Suiyuan 778: 764: 759:1st Changsha 757: 743: 736: 705: 698: 662: 648: 637:Pingxingguan 629: 602:2nd Shanghai 601: 600: 547:1st Shanghai 446: 441:Iwane Matsui 426: 420: 419: 413: 408: 387:500 aircraft 362:180 aircraft 356:70 divisions 278:Iwane Matsui 248:Feng Yuxiang 163:Belligerents 129: 40:Part of the 5397:(in French) 5218:, England: 4681:支那事変尽忠録第三卷 3537:23 February 3360:Taipei City 2700:Sun Yat-sen 2626:Rana Mitter 2589:treaty port 2334:Zhang Fakui 2330:Bai Chongxi 2272:Yang Huimin 2256:Xie Jinyuan 2176:Bai Chongxi 1881:1932 battle 1732:Gao Zhihang 1716:Great World 1703:Great World 1575:machine gun 1216:during the 896:Yenangyaung 837:South Henan 831:South Anhui 772:Kunlun Pass 670:Taierzhuang 381:9 divisions 141:Territorial 113: / 101:121°28′08″E 5441:Categories 5252:0195363744 5229:0521385911 5103:4 November 4884:August 24, 4771:2023-08-17 4302:2010-08-29 4265:2010-06-14 4234:foreigners 4228:2021-01-14 4223:HistoryNet 4203:2010-06-14 4076:2020-12-20 4047:2020-12-20 4018:2020-12-20 3817:2022-12-30 3792:2022-12-30 3667:2024-02-21 3630:2024-02-24 3605:2019-06-04 3514:2024-02-24 3422:2020-11-14 3146:References 3042:(May 1928) 2977:Li Zongren 2954:Burma Road 2654:Atrocities 2604:Casualties 2326:Li Zongren 2240:See also: 2172:Li Zongren 1860:Gu Zhutong 1684:) and the 1594:Chen Cheng 1523:Gettysburg 1515:Edgar Snow 1259:Since the 989:West Hunan 941:Mount Song 923:West Hubei 843:West Hubei 718:Wenxi fire 713:Wanjialing 562:Great Wall 359:7 brigades 224:Chen Cheng 98:31°13′56″N 5216:Cambridge 4762:"Nanking" 4710:23 August 4163:The Times 3595:0447-5763 3151:Citations 3119:Footnotes 2938:Chongqing 2895:battalion 2861:gave the 2856:President 2788:does not 2690:Aftermath 2397:does not 2320:regiments 2049:artillery 2010:Songjiang 1973:Logistics 1767:does not 1674:Hawk IIIs 1571:howitzers 1555:Yangshupu 1389:does not 936:Myitkyina 916:1943–1945 799:1940–1942 694:Chongqing 580:1937–1939 525:Jiangqiao 508:Manchuria 430:2017 data 390:300 tanks 384:1 brigade 5428:Archived 5147:Archived 4986:Lai 2017 4793:(2023). 4688:24 March 4664:24 March 3992:24 April 3644:Lai 2017 3555:(2024). 3386:(1996). 3278:Lai 2017 3248:Lai 2017 2999:See also 2991:and the 2958:the Hump 2907:Brussels 2751:Panzer I 2550:sanction 2473:Hirohito 2287:Brussels 1961:trenches 1916:Jiangyin 1900:Shanghai 1607:Chinese 1579:grenades 1553:between 1547:blockade 1502:and the 1273:Shanghai 1214:Shanghai 1208:and the 969:Hengyang 849:Shanggao 738:Nanchang 656:Massacre 365:70 tanks 343:Strength 150:and the 85:Shanghai 80:Location 5185:Sources 2985:Hu Shih 2924:Effects 2809:removed 2794:sources 2583:or the 2555:Kunshan 2528:Nanjing 2418:removed 2403:sources 2108:lessons 2057:armored 2055:, with 2006:Jiading 2002:Luodian 1788:removed 1773:sources 1559:Hongkou 1551:wharves 1500:Yangtze 1481:on fire 1410:removed 1395:sources 1326:Prelude 1303:Nanjing 1298:Jiangsu 1009:Taihoku 1002:Air War 995:Guangxi 957:Ichi-Go 949:Changde 891:Toungoo 881:Tachiao 682:Lanfeng 650:Nanking 631:Taiyuan 572:Suiyuan 535:Jinzhou 143:changes 5367: 5345: 5314: 5291: 5272: 5249: 5226: 5199: 5170: 4909: 4805: 4594:May 7, 4423: 4342: 4293: 4256: 4194: 3983: 3956: 3931: 3866: 3839: 3714: 3689: 3593: 3563: 3505: 3448: 3394: 3366: 3201: 3174: 3098:(1936) 3084:(1933) 2611:Verdun 2170:under 2061:strafe 2014:Suzhou 1894:, and 1622:, and 1563:Zhabei 1519:Verdun 1496:mortar 1488:Zhabei 1479:Zhabei 1198:: 1196:pinyin 1190:: 1182:: 886:Oktwin 791:Wuyuan 751:Swatow 730:Hainan 725:Canton 664:Xuzhou 642:Xinkou 596:Chahar 540:Harbin 513:Mukden 334: 322: 187: 174: 126:Result 4748:(PDF) 3905:(PDF) 3307:[ 2946:Wuhan 2934:Xi'an 2930:Wuhan 2680:Izumo 2115:. 2111:open 2076:mined 1728:Henan 1724:Izumo 1708:Izumo 1694:Izumo 1678:CAMCO 1587:tanks 707:Wuhan 190:Japan 177:China 5390:Time 5365:ISBN 5343:ISBN 5312:ISBN 5289:ISBN 5270:ISBN 5247:ISBN 5224:ISBN 5197:ISBN 5168:ISBN 5105:2018 4907:ISBN 4886:2024 4803:ISBN 4712:2023 4690:2023 4666:2023 4596:2024 4421:ISBN 4340:ISBN 4291:ISBN 4254:ISBN 4192:ISBN 3994:2014 3981:ISBN 3954:ISBN 3929:ISBN 3864:ISBN 3837:ISBN 3771:(2). 3712:ISBN 3687:ISBN 3591:ISSN 3561:ISBN 3539:2024 3503:ISBN 3446:ISBN 3392:ISBN 3364:ISBN 3305:戦史叢書 3291:南京戦史 3199:ISBN 3172:ISBN 2944:and 2932:and 2792:any 2790:cite 2755:CV35 2628:and 2594:fabi 2504:and 2401:any 2399:cite 2174:and 1892:13th 1834:and 1771:any 1769:cite 1672:and 1557:and 1393:any 1391:cite 1348:大山勇夫 1192:淞沪会战 1184:淞滬會戰 1174:The 689:Amoy 567:Rehe 70:Date 3495:doi 2803:by 2412:by 2105:the 1902:by 1888:9th 1832:3rd 1782:by 1620:8th 1616:3rd 1404:by 5443:: 5387:. 5341:. 5337:: 5333:. 5268:. 5245:. 5222:. 5214:. 5145:. 5141:. 5122:. 5091:. 4876:. 4850:^ 4817:^ 4801:. 4780:^ 4764:. 4735:^ 4657:. 4587:. 4575:^ 4483:^ 4435:^ 4326:^ 4289:. 4287:16 4231:. 4221:. 4186:. 4172:^ 4160:. 4149:^ 4139:. 4135:. 4115:. 4097:. 4079:. 4069:. 4050:. 4040:. 4021:. 4011:. 3913:^ 3810:. 3785:. 3767:. 3763:. 3743:^ 3660:. 3623:. 3583:. 3501:, 3489:, 3475:^ 3425:. 3415:. 3270:^ 2995:. 2960:. 2600:. 2573:. 2508:. 2332:, 2328:, 2232:. 2008:, 1890:, 1618:, 1194:; 1186:; 434:c. 87:, 5373:. 5351:. 5320:. 5297:. 5278:. 5255:. 5232:. 5205:. 5176:. 5126:. 5107:. 4915:. 4888:. 4811:. 4774:. 4714:. 4692:. 4668:. 4598:. 4429:. 4348:. 4320:. 4305:. 4268:. 4206:. 4101:. 3996:. 3962:. 3937:. 3872:. 3845:. 3820:. 3795:. 3769:3 3720:. 3695:. 3670:. 3633:. 3608:. 3569:. 3541:. 3497:: 3454:. 3400:. 3372:. 3207:. 3180:. 2830:) 2824:( 2819:) 2815:( 2811:. 2797:. 2439:) 2433:( 2428:) 2424:( 2420:. 2406:. 1809:) 1803:( 1798:) 1794:( 1790:. 1776:. 1461:. 1431:) 1425:( 1420:) 1416:( 1412:. 1398:. 1351:) 1345:( 1178:( 1043:e 1036:t 1029:v 478:e 471:t 464:v 154:) 27:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Battle of Shanghai

Index