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1017:. Moreover, Mutsu had already noticed its importance in order to expand Japanese military power towards South China and Southeast Asia. It was also the age of imperialism, so Japan wished to mimic what the Western nations were doing. Imperial Japan was seeking colonies and resources in the Korean Peninsula and Mainland China to compete with the presence of Western powers at that time. This was the way the Japanese leadership chose to illustrate how fast Imperial Japan had advanced compared to the West since the 1867
959:
1510:, Japanese popular resentment at Russia's deviousness and the perceived weakness of its own government caving in to foreign pressure led to riots in Tokyo. The disturbance almost brought down the government, as well as a strengthening of imperial and expansionist factions within Japan. The Russian spear into the sphere also brought about the ensuing struggle with Russia for dominance in Korea and Manchuria. These events eventually led to the
1326:
25:
801:
1058:. Li Hongzhang refused on the grounds that Taiwan had never been a battlefield during the first Sino-Japanese War between 1894 and 1895. By the final stage of the conference, while Li Hongzhang agreed to the transfer of full sovereignty of the Penghu islands and the portion of Liaodong to Imperial Japan, he still refused to hand over Taiwan. As Taiwan had been a province since 1885, Li stated, "Taiwan is
1284:
1040:, the ambassadors at the negotiation desk of the Qing dynasty, originally did not plan to cede Taiwan because they also realized Taiwan's great location for trading with the West. Therefore, even though the Qing had lost wars against Britain and France in the 19th century, the Qing emperor was serious about keeping Taiwan under its rule, which began in 1683. On March 20, 1895, at Shunpanrō (
637:
1144:. Before the treaty was signed, Li Hongzhang was attacked by a right-wing Japanese extremist on 24 March: he was fired at and wounded on his way back to his lodgings at Injoji temple. The public outcry aroused by the assassination attempt caused the Japanese to temper their demands and agree to a temporary armistice. The conference was temporarily adjourned and resumed on 10 April.
1242:), each taking control of significant local regions. Japan also took note of how the international community allowed the great powers to treat weaker nation states, and continued its remarkable measures to bootstrap itself into a modern industrial state and military power, with great success as it would demonstrate in the
1215:. At that time, the European powers were not concerned with any of the other conditions, or the free hand Japan had been granted in Korea under the other terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki. This would prove to be a mistake, as Japan would end up occupying Korea by 1905 and expand into Russia's sphere of influence with the
2753:
1490:
However, the omission of the geopolitical reality in ignoring the free hand Japan had been granted by the Treaty (of
Shimonoseki) with respect to Korea and Taiwan was short-sighted of Russia with respect to its strategic goals; to get to and maintain a strong point in Port Arthur Russia would have to
1049:
At the first half of the conference, Ito and Li talked mainly about a cease-fire agreement, and during the second half of the conference, the contents of the peace treaty were discussed. Ito and Mutsu claimed that yielding the full sovereignty of Taiwan was an absolute condition and requested Li to
2095:
1271:
is regarded by many
Japanese historians as being a crucial historic turning point in Japanese foreign affairs – from this point on, the nationalist, expansionist, and militant elements began to join ranks and steer Japan from a foreign policy based mainly on economic hegemony toward outright
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argues that the terms subject to nullification should be limited to those not entirely fulfilled yet, to the exclusion of the cession provision. The People's
Republic of China does not recognize the Treaty of Taipei.
1071:
However, Imperial Japan had the military advantage, and eventually Li gave Taiwan up. On April 17, 1895, the peace treaty between
Imperial Japan and the Qing dynasty had been signed and was followed by the successful
903:(the kingdom of Korea) and formally renounced China's traditional claims of imperial overlordship. The ceremonies in which Joseon acknowledged subordination to China were permanently abolished. In the next year, the
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823:, and, in consequence, the payment of tribute and the performance of ceremonies and formalities by Korea to China, that are in derogation of such independence and autonomy, shall wholly cease for the future.
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Under threat of war from three
Western political powers, in November 1895, Japan — a weaker emerging nation not yet perceived as even a regional power — returned control of the territory and withdrew its
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outright, which was its effect. Within two years, Germany, France, and Great
Britain had similarly taken advantage of the economic and political opportunities in the weak Chinese Empire (See
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of Russia, France, and
Germany, western powers all active in China, with established enclaves and ports, just six days after its signing. They demanded that Japan withdraw its claim on the
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When the de facto governance of Port Arthur and the
Liaodong peninsula was granted de jure to Russia by China along with an increase in other rights she had obtained in
947:
China opened various ports and rivers to
Japanese trade, and granted Japan the same status regarding trade as various western powers had gained in the aftermath of the
1428:
Russia wasted little time after the Triple
Intervention to move men and materials down into the Liaodong to start building a railroad from both ends — Port Arthur and
1264:
in 1898. When the latter movement failed due to resistance from the Manchu nobility, a series of uprisings culminated in the fall of the Qing dynasty itself in 1911.
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1436:, a port closed by ice four months of each year. Russia also improved the port facilities at Port Arthur and founded a commercial town nearby at Dalniy (modern-day
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of 1904–1905 by a renewed and modernized Japanese military, which led to a major defeat for Russia that marked the beginning of the end for the Romanov dynasty.
1495:
of Imperial China, modern Jilin and Heilongjiang) up to Harbin. Japan had long considered the lands paralleling the whole Korean border as part of its strategic
2727:
1973:
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1993:
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In China, the Treaty was considered a national humiliation by the bureaucracy and greatly weakened support for the Qing dynasty. The previous decades of the
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1553:
1432:, as it already had railway construction in progress across northern Manchuria to shorten the rail route to Russia's principal Pacific Ocean naval base at
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979:, they paid another 30 million taels for a total of over 276,000,000 troy ounces (8,600 t) silver, worth about $ 5 billion US dollars in 2015.
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This acted as a further goad to emerging Japanese anger at their disrespectful treatment by all the West. In the immediate fallout of the
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Within months after Japan returned the Liaodong peninsula, Russia started construction on the peninsula and a railway to Harbin from
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1076:. This had a huge and lasting impact on Taiwan, the turning over of the island to Imperial Japan marking the end of 200 years of
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were considered to be a failure, and support grew for more radical changes in China's political and social systems which led to
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Cooperative Culture and the Birth of Modern Enterprises in China: Evidence from the Signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki
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was signed. The original building was destroyed due to bombings in WWII. The Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty Memorial Hall (
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Ch'ing Dynasty Treaties and Agreements Preserved by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan)
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to Japan; agreed to pay substantial war indemnities to Japan; and opened China to Japanese foreign trade.
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politics in Europe (The Ottoman Empire and its allies had repeatedly frustrated Russian power fruition).
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788:
The peace conference took place from March 20 to April 17, 1895. This treaty followed and superseded the
1299:, now controlling mainland China, consider the transfer of Taiwan to Japan to have been reversed by the
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3600:
2525:
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1885:
1153:
1085:
996:
260:
1684:"Imperialism in a Nutshell: Conflict and the "Concert of Powers" in the Tripartite Intervention, 1895"
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2411:
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1234:) to the Chinese Empire, and agreed to a token lease of the region to save face, instead of annexing
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1001:
During the summit between Japanese and Qing representatives in March and April 1895, Prime Minister
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575:
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82:
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Ikle, Frank W. (1967). "The Triple Intervention. Japan's Lesson in the Diplomacy of Imperialism".
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2018:
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893:
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35:
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2008:
1924:
1187:, had designs on Port Arthur, which could serve as Russia's long sought-after 'ice-free' port.
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South Korean-Japanese Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection (1993)
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4136:
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Article 1: China recognizes definitively the full and complete independence and autonomy of
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status for foreign trade (which is equal to, not above, the trade relations granted to the
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663:
1230:, despite Chinese protests. Eventually, Russia agreed to offer a diplomatic solution (See
8:
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Article 4: China agrees to pay to Japan as a war indemnity the sum of 200,000,000 Kuping
621:
130:
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1475:. This ice-free natural harbor of Port Arthur/Lüshun would serve to make Russia a great
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US-Japanese Convention Revising Certain Portions of Existing Commercial Treaties (1878)
2013:
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1610:
1511:
1503:
and railway concessions, Russia crashed its Sphere of Influence squarely into Japan's.
1464:
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1239:
1216:
1208:
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1172:
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930:
923:
911:, where those ceremonies were performed, was demolished leaving its two stone pillars.
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1934:
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1709:
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944:
China paid Japan a war indemnity of 200 million Kuping taels, paid over seven years.
712:
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Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan (1960)
1647:
941:, which forced Japan to back down and withdraw from the peninsula in the same year.
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Articles 2 & 3: China cedes to Japan in perpetuity and full sovereignty of the
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dominate and control many additional hundreds of miles of Eastern Manchuria (the
1179:, then called Port Arthur by Westerners, would fall under Japanese control. Tsar
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853:
755:
243:
234:
202:
197:
2217:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Argentina and Japan (1898)
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Reconstructed Shunpanrō interior in the Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty Memorial Hall
239:
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2758:
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1523:
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1231:
1113:
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Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Austria-Hungary and Japan (1869)
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4159:
4125:
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3696:
3512:
2903:
2509:
Japan-Manchukuo-Soviet Protocol for Cession of North Manchuria Railway (1935)
1736:
1480:
1308:
877:
2212:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Japan (1897)
2056:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Spain and Japan (1868)
1742:
Historical and Legal Aspects of the International Status of Taiwan (Formosa)
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3818:
3507:
3489:
3345:
2815:
2498:
2284:
Additional Agreement of the Japan-China Treaty relating to Manchuria (1905)
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Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Peru and Japan (1873)
1460:
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1117:
1033:
846:
759:
732:
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491:
351:
337:
223:
218:
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1834:
1471:
had been wanting in its quest to become a global power since the reign of
1249:
In Taiwan, pro-Qing officials and elements of the local gentry declared a
645:
A symbol of the end of Korea's tributary relationship with the Qing Empire
4115:
3836:
3557:
3552:
1543:
1433:
1137:
1037:
975:
Kuping taels, or about 240,000,000 troy ounces (7,500 t). After the
904:
814:) next to it was built in 1937 to commemorate the signing of this treaty.
805:
751:
227:
190:
162:
2693:
Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea (1965)
1303:. Additionally, the Treaty of Shimonoseki is allegedly nullified by the
800:
538:
3783:
3627:
3577:
3547:
3390:
1614:
770:
2784:
1483:
to achieve world power status as it was tired of being blocked by the
958:
937:). However, Liaodong was subsequently returned to Qing dynasty due to
899:
China recognized the "full and complete independence and autonomy" of
3572:
3562:
2045:
1999:
Treaty of Peace, Amity and Commerce between Portugal and Japan (1860)
1989:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan (1858)
1914:
1476:
1463:
provinces) the construction of the 550 mile Southern spurline of the
1452:
1235:
1032:
At the peace conference between Imperial Japan and the Qing dynasty,
857:
552:
1877:
1606:
1325:
1176:
1046:) in Shimonoseki in Japan, a one month long peace conference began.
24:
4057:
3802:
3749:
3691:
3567:
3542:
2738:
2620:
2121:
Declaration of Amity and Commerce between Thailand and Japan (1887)
1220:
1026:
927:
865:
2338:
Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1911)
2136:
Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1894)
1211:
in return for an increased war indemnity from China of 30 million
4042:
2232:
Japan-Greece Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (1899)
2126:
Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Mexico and Japan (1888)
512:
358:
2227:
Japan-Thailand Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty (1898)
1750:
1745:(2nd ed.). Tokyo: World United Formosans for Independence.
1183:(an ally of France) and his imperial advisors, including Kaiser
838:
together with all fortifications, arsenals, and public property.
2763:
2247:
Japan-China Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1903)
1825:(trans. Gordon Mark Berger). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
1437:
1429:
1307:
with the Republic of China. However, pro-independence activist
1010:
1009:
wanted to reduce the power of the Qing dynasty on not only the
972:
934:
900:
881:
861:
827:
774:
687:
2321:
Japan-China Agreement relating to Manchuria and Jiandao (1909)
1054:
and the eastern portion of the bay at the southern tip of the
135:
Japanese version of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, April 17, 1895.
3766:
3325:
2728:
Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China (1978)
2598:
Japan-Thailand Offensive and Defensive Alliance Treaty (1941)
2081:
Engagement between Japan and China respecting Formosa of 1874
2026:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Belgium and Japan (1866)
2004:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan (1861)
1671:(Kindle ed.). Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 15–16.
1467:
was redoubled. Russia finally seemed to have gotten what the
1456:
1296:
1283:
1212:
908:
820:
520:
384:
366:
2151:
Japan-Brazil Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation (1895)
2071:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Hawaii and Japan (1871)
1994:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan (1858)
1979:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan (1859)
1772:
The Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspective: World War Zero
1631:. Rand McNally College Publishing Company. pp 17–29, 66–77.
636:
3936:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
3425:
2036:
Russo-Japanese Provisional Treaty of Karafuto Island (1867)
2031:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Italy and Japan (1866)
842:
2631:
Security Treaty between the United States and Japan (1951)
2207:
Japan–Netherlands Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
1974:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan) (1859)
2469:
German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1927)
2202:
Franco–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
2175:
German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
1084:, which was quashed swiftly by the Japanese. Therefore,
620: Annexed by Japan, but temporarily sold due to the
2343:
Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1911)
2141:
Italo–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)
2131:
Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)
868:(Hangchow) to Japan. Moreover, China is to grant Japan
1806:
The Search for Modern China: A Documentary Collection.
1479:
as well as the largest land power. Russia needed this
1253:
in 1895, but failed to win international recognition.
939:
diplomatic intervention of Russia, Germany, and France
580:
412:
1668:
Rising Sun And Tumbling Bear: Russia's War with Japan
496:
342:
2437:
Treaty concerning solution of Shandong issues (1922)
2190:
Japan–China Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
1554:
Taiwanese Resistance to the Japanese Invasion (1895)
1167:
The conditions imposed by Japan on China led to the
3941:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
1350:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1116:, former American secretary of state, advising the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2666:Treaty of Peace between Japan and Indonesia (1958)
1984:Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1858)
1424:Convention for the Lease of the Liaotung Peninsula
2723:Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation (1976)
1082:local resistance in Taiwan against the annexation
4197:
2671:Japan–South Vietnam Reparations Agreement (1959)
2066:Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty (1871)
2774:American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact (2023)
971:Qing China's indemnity to Japan of 200 million
724:
667:
3341:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
2656:Japan–Philippines Reparations Agreement (1956)
2651:Treaty of Peace between Japan and Burma (1954)
2646:Treaty of Peace between Japan and India (1952)
2576:Japan-Manchukuo-China Joint Declaration (1940)
2163:Treaty for returning Fengtian Peninsula (1895)
1592:
1162:
1041:
809:
557:
543:
389:
16:1895 treaty ending the First Sino-Japanese War
3761:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
3732:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
2800:
1893:
1629:Japan and China: From War to Peace, 1894–1972
1063:
466:
452:
312:
298:
2382:Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement (1918)
2106:Japan-Hawaii Labor Immigration Treaty (1884)
1940:Dutch-Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854)
1099:
2713:Japan-North Vietnam Joint Communiqué (1973)
2536:Japan-Netherlands Shipping Agreement (1936)
1664:
1440:, which now encompasses Port Arthur as its
1219:, and then encroach upon Germany's port in
896:of 1894–1895 as a clear victory for Japan.
2807:
2793:
2769:Australian-Japanese Security Treaty (2022)
2311:Japan–Russia Secret Agreements (1907–1916)
1957:Japan-Netherlands Additional Treaty (1856)
1900:
1886:
1804:Cheng, Pei-Kai and Michael Lestz. (1999).
769:Under the terms of the treaty, China lost
3421:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
2661:Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956
2571:Japan-China Basic Relations Treaty (1940)
2348:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
1925:Japan-US Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854)
1846:Warner, Dennis and Peggy Warner. (1974).
1699:
1641:
1410:Learn how and when to remove this message
966:
790:Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3270:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
2588:Treaty between Thailand and Japan (1940)
2392:Covenant of the League of Nations (1919)
1681:
1282:
1189:
1103:
1021:, and the extent it wanted to amend the
957:
799:
635:
597:
3877:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
2814:
2610:Japanese Instrument of Surrender (1945)
2531:Canada-Japan New Trade Agreement (1935)
2464:Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention (1925)
1930:Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty (1854)
1770:Steinberg, John W. et al., eds. (2005)
804:The Shunpanrō hall where the Treaty of
754:, Japan on April 17, 1895, between the
4198:
2593:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact (1941)
2397:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)
1062:, and therefore not to be given away (
4175:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
3416:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
2788:
2681:U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement
1969:Japan-Russia Additional Treaty (1858)
1907:
1881:
1808:New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
773:over Korea; ceded sovereignty of the
3396:Ministry of Posts and Communications
2749:US-Japanese Fishery Agreement (1991)
2698:Ogasawara Reversion Agreement (1968)
2479:Japan-China Customs Agreement (1930)
2264:Japan–Korea Agreement of August 1904
1801:Boston:, Little, Brown, and Company.
1797:Chamberlain, William Henry. (1937).
1348:adding citations to reliable sources
1319:
982:
926:in the southern part of present-day
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
4144:History of Qing (People's Republic)
2708:Japan–China Joint Communiqué (1972)
2489:Shanghai Ceasefire Agreement (1932)
1724:A History of Sino-Russian Relations
13:
3861:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
3230:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
3223:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
3103:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
2927:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
2718:Japan–China Trade Agreement (1974)
2703:Okinawa Reversion Agreement (1971)
2402:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (1919)
1781:
1735:
1295:, now controlling Taiwan, and the
1194:Convention of retrocession of the
1050:hand over full sovereignty of the
993:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)
606: Japanese sphere of influence
14:
4282:
4150:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
3991:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
3866:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
3018:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
2185:Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement (1896)
2086:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)
1952:Japan-US Additional Treaty (1855)
1854:
1815:New York: P.F. Collier & Son.
1726:. Public Affairs Press. pp. 55–78
1315:
845:( 7,500,000 kilograms/16,534,500
3961:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
3277:Articles of Favourable Treatment
3033:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
2556:Van Mook-Kotani Agreement (1938)
1324:
1301:Instrument of Surrender of Japan
1108:Signing of Treaty of Shimonoseki
731:in the period before and during
233:
217:
196:
184:
129:
23:
4211:Treaties of the Empire of Japan
3008:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
2894:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
2494:Japan-Manchukuo Protocol (1932)
1787:Cai, Yang; Zhu, Jiong (2024). "
1682:Zachmann, Urs Matthias (2006).
1335:needs additional citations for
795:
702:
628:was later re-annexed after the
521:
367:
34:needs additional citations for
3662:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
2952:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
2636:Treaty of San Francisco (1951)
2561:Arita-Craigie Agreement (1939)
2546:Hart-Ishizawa Agreement (1937)
2449:Washington Naval Treaty (1922)
2377:Lansing–Ishii Agreement (1917)
2316:Root–Takahira Agreement (1908)
2301:Franco-Japanese Treaty of 1907
2242:Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902)
2180:Komura-Weber Memorandum (1896)
1764:
1729:
1716:
1701:10.1080/09386491.2006.11826924
1675:
1658:
1621:
1586:
1566:
1086:Taiwan was under Japanese rule
1064:
692:
683:
581:
497:
467:
453:
413:
343:
313:
299:
1:
4096:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
3871:Islam during the Qing dynasty
3727:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
3411:Provincial military commander
3401:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
3386:Imperial Household Department
3213:Preparative Constitutionalism
2917:Sino-Russian border conflicts
2551:India-Japan Agreement of 1937
2526:Chin-Doihara Agreement (1935)
2504:India-Japan Agreement of 1934
2296:Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907
2274:Taft–Katsura agreement (1905)
2116:Convention of Tientsin (1885)
1841:The Russo-Japanese War, 1909.
1579:
1088:from 1895 to 1945, until the
4206:Treaties of the Qing dynasty
3855:Researches on Manchu Origins
3260:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
2870:Transition from Ming to Qing
2860:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
2222:Nishi–Rosen Agreement (1898)
2146:Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)
1843:New York: Macmillan Company.
1147:
1112:The treaty was drafted with
7:
3755:Changzhou School of Thought
3265:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
3240:Railway Protection Movement
3218:1909 Parliamentary election
3203:British expedition to Tibet
3113:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
3073:Self-Strengthening Movement
3048:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
2387:Treaty of Versailles (1919)
2269:Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
1665:Connaughton, R. M. (2020).
1517:
1258:Self-Strengthening Movement
1163:Entry of the Western powers
1074:Japanese invasion of Taiwan
725:
668:
643:(front), Seoul, South Korea
10:
4287:
4221:Taiwan under Japanese rule
4155:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
3043:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
2982:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
2972:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
2942:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
2541:Anti-Comintern Pact (1936)
2484:London Naval Treaty (1930)
2474:Kellogg–Briand Pact (1928)
2459:Klaipėda Convention (1924)
2372:Japan-China Treaty of 1915
2333:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910
2306:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907
2279:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
2259:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1904
2111:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1885
2101:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882
2091:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876
1572:Assuming $ 18/oz, in 2015.
1421:
1297:People's Republic of China
1246:less than a decade later.
1154:Foreign relations of China
1151:
997:Taiwan under Japanese rule
986:
261:National Archives of Japan
4165:Names of the Qing dynasty
4108:
4076:
4033:
4026:
3895:
3813:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
3740:
3672:
3593:
3498:
3294:
3185:
3143:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
3138:Gongche Shangshu movement
3083:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
2995:
2932:Chinese Rites controversy
2902:
2832:
2823:
2764:Japan-Korea GSOMIA (2016)
2736:
2618:
2521:He–Umezu Agreement (1935)
2454:Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
2412:Gongota Agreement of 1920
2356:
2044:
2014:Agreement of Paris (1864)
1913:
1627:Jansen, Marius B. (1975)
1529:Kwantung Leased Territory
1120:. It was signed by Count
1100:Signatories and diplomats
1042:
914:China ceded to Japan the
810:
716:
659:
592:
574:
569:
565:
558:
551:
544:
537:
532:
511:
504:
490:
483:
478:
474:
460:
446:
441:
437:
432:
424:
406:
401:
397:
390:
383:
378:
357:
350:
336:
329:
324:
320:
306:
292:
287:
283:
278:
266:
251:
210:
177:
169:
158:
150:
140:
128:
4086:Great Qing Treasure Note
3906:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
3616:Administrative divisions
3433:Administrative divisions
3361:Flag of the Qing dynasty
2432:Nine-Power Treaty (1922)
2427:Four-Power Treaty (1921)
2422:Treaty of Trianon (1921)
1935:Treaty of Shimoda (1855)
1793:European Economic Review
1722:Cheng, Tien-fong (1957)
1559:
1272:imperialism — a case of
448:Traditional Chinese
294:Traditional Chinese
4256:Peace treaties of Japan
4251:Peace treaties of China
3682:Chengde Mountain Resort
3483:Three Eastern Provinces
3133:First Sino-Japanese War
3108:Northern Chinese Famine
2967:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
2865:Qing invasion of Joseon
2688:Tokyo Convention (1963)
2641:Treaty of Taipei (1952)
2417:Treaty of Sèvres (1920)
1871:August 4, 2015, at the
1850:New York: Charterhouse.
1839:Sedwick, F. R. (1909).
1813:The Russo-Japanese War.
1653:Encyclopædia Britannica
1539:South Manchuria Railway
1534:Chinese Eastern Railway
1359:"Treaty of Shimonoseki"
1158:First Sino-Japanese War
1029:by the Western powers.
933:(including the city of
894:First Sino-Japanese War
852:Article 5: China opens
764:First Sino-Japanese War
462:Simplified Chinese
308:Simplified Chinese
58:"Treaty of Shimonoseki"
4226:Taiwan under Qing rule
4063:Great Qing Copper Coin
3951:Convention of Tientsin
3884:Annotated Bibliography
3832:Qing official headwear
2875:Battle of Shanhai Pass
2566:Tripartite Pact (1940)
2407:Svalbard Treaty (1920)
2009:London Protocol (1862)
1446:lease of the territory
1288:
1199:
1109:
1025:that were held in the
967:Value of the indemnity
963:
830:(Pescadores) Islands,
815:
777:(Pescadores) Islands,
646:
633:
613: Annexed by Japan
256:National Palace Museum
4266:Japan–Korea relations
4137:Draft History of Qing
3996:Treaty of Shimonoseki
3777:performance criticism
3381:Imperial Commissioner
3371:Great Qing Legal Code
3170:Eight-Nation Alliance
3153:Third plague pandemic
3063:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
2987:White Lotus Rebellion
2759:Kyoto Protocol (1997)
2237:Boxer Protocol (1901)
1648:Treaty of Shimonoseki
1455:(especially those in
1444:), before inking the
1287:The Shunpanrō in 2004
1286:
1276:turning increasingly
1193:
1185:Wilhelm II of Germany
1181:Nicholas II of Russia
1107:
1005:and Foreign Minister
961:
892:The treaty ended the
803:
651:Treaty of Shimonoseki
639:
601:
279:Treaty of Shimonoseki
124:Treaty of Shimonoseki
4261:China–Japan treaties
4068:Great Qing Gold Coin
4001:Treaty of Tarbagatai
3946:Convention of Peking
3826:Pentaglot Dictionary
3808:Literary inquisition
3518:Ever Victorious Army
3351:Deliberative Council
3255:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
3208:1905 Batang uprising
3148:Hundred Days' Reform
3038:Small Swords Society
1848:The Tide At Sunrise.
1344:improve this article
1262:Hundred Days' Reform
1223:during World War I.
870:most favoured nation
674:, also known as the
270:Chinese and Japanese
43:improve this article
4121:Anti-Qing sentiment
3971:Treaty of the Bogue
3911:Treaty of Nerchinsk
3843:Complete Tang Poems
3523:Green Standard Army
3406:Provincial governor
3376:Imperial Clan Court
3356:Diplomatic missions
3331:Consultative Bureau
3078:Tongzhi Restoration
2957:Afaqi Khoja revolts
2937:Ten Great Campaigns
2845:Jurchen unification
2499:Tanggu Truce (1933)
1737:Ng, Yuzin Chiautong
1595:Monumenta Nipponica
1508:Triple Intervention
1497:sphere of influence
1269:Triple Intervention
1251:Republic of Formosa
1169:Triple Intervention
1090:end of World War II
989:Republic of Formosa
977:Triple intervention
622:Triple Intervention
125:
4006:Treaty of Tientsin
3717:Western Qing tombs
3712:Eastern Qing tombs
3538:Peking Field Force
3282:Manchu Restoration
3175:Declaration of war
3128:Jindandao incident
2947:Lhasa riot of 1750
1861:Text of the treaty
1811:Colliers. (1904).
1512:Russo-Japanese War
1465:Manchurian Railway
1442:Lüshunkou District
1289:
1244:Russo-Japanese War
1240:Scramble for China
1217:Russo-Japanese war
1209:Liaodong Peninsula
1200:
1196:Liaodong peninsula
1173:Liaodong peninsula
1110:
1094:surrender of Japan
1060:already a province
1056:Liaodong Peninsula
964:
924:Liaodong Peninsula
884:in 1843–44 and to
836:Liaodong Peninsula
834:(Formosa) and the
816:
783:Liaodong Peninsula
781:(Formosa) and the
669:Shimonoseki Jōyaku
647:
634:
630:Russo-Japanese War
414:Shimonoseki Jōyaku
123:
4271:April 1895 events
4193:
4192:
4104:
4103:
4016:Treaty of Whampoa
4011:Treaty of Wanghia
3986:Treaty of Nanking
3956:Li–Lobanov Treaty
3931:Chefoo Convention
3926:Burlingame Treaty
3797:Kangxi Dictionary
3702:Old Summer Palace
3533:Firearm Battalion
3336:Cup of Solid Gold
3290:
3289:
3235:Manchurian plague
3198:Late Qing reforms
3189:(1901–1912)
3123:Sikkim expedition
3053:Panthay Rebellion
3023:Taiping Rebellion
2999:(1801–1900)
2977:Sino-Nepalese War
2922:Dzungar–Qing Wars
2908:(1683–1799)
2836:(1616–1683)
2782:
2781:
1908:Treaties of Japan
1549:Independence Gate
1493:Fengtian province
1420:
1419:
1412:
1394:
1293:Republic of China
1198:, 8 November 1895
1175:, concerned that
1140:on behalf of the
1019:Meiji Restoration
983:Treaty and Taiwan
953:Second Opium Wars
735:in Japan, was an
641:Independence Gate
596:
595:
588:
587:
528:
527:
485:Standard Mandarin
428:
427:
420:
419:
374:
373:
331:Standard Mandarin
274:
273:
119:
118:
111:
93:
4278:
4231:Unequal treaties
4170:New Qing History
4053:Qianlong Tongbao
4031:
4030:
3976:Treaty of Canton
3916:Unequal treaties
3722:Fuling Mausoleum
3321:Advisory Council
3250:Wuchang Uprising
3190:
3093:Tianjin Massacre
3058:Second Opium War
3000:
2962:Sino-Burmese War
2909:
2887:Battle of Penghu
2855:Seven Grievances
2837:
2830:
2829:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2606:
2584:
2517:
2445:
2329:
2292:
2255:
2198:
2171:
2159:
2022:
1965:
1948:
1915:Bakumatsu period
1902:
1895:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1819:Mutsu, Munemitsu
1799:Japan Over Asia.
1775:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1733:
1727:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1703:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1662:
1656:
1645:
1639:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1601:(1/2): 122–130.
1590:
1573:
1570:
1485:balance of power
1415:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1352:
1328:
1320:
1305:Treaty of Taipei
1142:emperor of China
1130:emperor of Japan
1067:
1066:
1045:
1044:
1023:unequal treaties
1011:Korean Peninsula
916:Island of Taiwan
813:
812:
749:
730:
728:
718:
704:
703:Má-koan Tiâu-iok
694:
685:
676:Treaty of Maguan
673:
671:
661:
619:
614:
612:
607:
605:
584:
583:
567:
566:
561:
560:
547:
546:
524:
523:
522:Má-koan Tiâu-iok
500:
499:
476:
475:
470:
469:
456:
455:
430:
429:
416:
415:
399:
398:
393:
392:
370:
369:
368:Hā-koan Tiâu-iok
346:
345:
322:
321:
316:
315:
302:
301:
276:
275:
238:
237:
222:
221:
201:
200:
189:
188:
133:
126:
122:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4185:Willow Palisade
4131:Chuang Guandong
4100:
4072:
4022:
3981:Treaty of Kulja
3966:Treaty of Aigun
3899:
3891:
3790:History of Ming
3742:
3736:
3674:
3668:
3594:Special regions
3589:
3528:Imperial Guards
3494:
3286:
3245:1911 Revolution
3191:
3188:
3181:
3158:Boxer Rebellion
3118:Sino-French War
3068:Amur Annexation
3013:First Opium War
3001:
2998:
2991:
2910:
2907:
2898:
2882:Great Clearance
2838:
2835:
2819:
2813:
2783:
2778:
2741:
2732:
2623:
2614:
2600:
2578:
2511:
2439:
2364:
2352:
2323:
2286:
2249:
2192:
2165:
2153:
2048:
2040:
2016:
1959:
1942:
1917:
1909:
1906:
1873:Wayback Machine
1857:
1784:
1782:Further reading
1779:
1778:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1734:
1730:
1721:
1717:
1680:
1676:
1663:
1659:
1646:
1642:
1626:
1622:
1607:10.2307/2383226
1591:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1520:
1473:Peter the Great
1426:
1416:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1353:
1351:
1341:
1329:
1318:
1165:
1160:
1152:Main articles:
1150:
1126:Mutsu Munemitsu
1102:
1007:Mutsu Munemitsu
999:
985:
969:
798:
756:Empire of Japan
743:
710:
708:Treaty of Bakan
706:) in China and
653:
644:
632:
617:
615:
610:
609:
608:
603:
602:
433:Treaty of Bakan
344:Xiàguān tiáoyuē
259:
244:Mutsu Munemitsu
232:
216:
195:
183:
136:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4284:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4246:1895 in Taiwan
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4082:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4048:Kangxi Tongbao
4045:
4039:
4037:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3921:Boxer Protocol
3913:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3851:
3846:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3769:
3764:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3687:Forbidden City
3684:
3678:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3650:General of Ili
3647:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3633:List of ambans
3630:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3608:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3300:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3098:Margary Affair
3095:
3090:
3088:Mudan incident
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3028:Nian Rebellion
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2992:
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1309:Ng Chiau-tong
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4116:Aisin Gioro
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2619:During the
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2365:(1913–1945)
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1278:to coercion
1274:the coerced
1228:Port Arthur
1138:Li Jingfang
1118:Qing Empire
1038:Li Jingfang
905:Yeongeunmun
856:(Shashih),
849:of silver).
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3675:mausoleums
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3601:Inner Asia
3578:Xiang Army
3548:Hushenying
3473:Liangguang
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3296:Government
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1580:References
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2850:Later Jin
2046:Meiji era
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1453:Manchuria
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1236:Manchuria
1148:Aftermath
1078:Qing rule
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741:Shunpanrō
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170:Effective
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4027:Currency
3897:Treaties
3803:Kaozheng
3750:Booi Aha
3692:Hetu Ala
3645:Timeline
3640:Xinjiang
3611:Mongolia
3568:Chu Army
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3500:Military
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713:Japanese
656:Japanese
539:Kyūjitai
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3743:culture
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3463:Sichuan
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