Battle of the Atlantic

3358:), which started to be fitted to escorts from February 1942. These sets were common items of equipment by the spring of 1943. HF/DF let an operator determine the direction of a radio signal, regardless of whether the content could be read. Since the wolf pack relied on U-boats reporting convoy positions by radio, there was a steady stream of messages to intercept. An escort could then run in the direction of the signal and attack the U-boat, or at least force it to submerge (causing it to lose contact), which might prevent an attack on the convoy. When two ships fitted with HF/DF accompanied a convoy, a fix on the transmitter's position, not just direction, could be determined. However, the standard approach of anti-submarine warships was immediately to "run-down" the bearing of a detected signal, hoping to spot the U-boat on the surface and make an immediate attack. Range could be estimated by an experienced operator from the signal strength. Usually the target was found visually. If the submarine was slow to dive, the guns were used; otherwise an ASDIC (Sonar) search was started where the swirl of water of a crash-diving submarine was observed. In good visibility a U-boat might try and outrun an escort on the surface whilst out of gun range. 4181: 2842:. The Italian submarines had been designed to operate in a different way than U-boats, and they had a number of flaws that needed to be corrected (for example huge conning towers, slow speed when surfaced, lack of modern torpedo fire control), which meant that they were ill-suited for convoy attacks, and performed better when hunting down isolated merchantmen on distant seas, taking advantage of their superior range and living standards. While initial operation met with little success (only 65343 GRT sunk between August and December 1940), the situation improved gradually over time, and up to August 1943 the 32 Italian submarines that operated there sank 109 ships of 593,864 tons, for 17 subs lost in return, giving them a subs-lost-to-tonnage sunk ratio similar to Germany's in the same period, and higher overall. The Italians were also successful with their use of " 2611: 4417:

wolfpack operations in the beginning of August until U-boats could be upgraded with better weapons and measures. At the same time the British were allowed to access the harbors at the Portuguese Azores Islands and to operate Allied military aircraft based in the Azores Islands, which closed the air gap in the Mid-Atlantic and made operations there equally hazardous. During this period (June - September 1943) coastal command kept up its Bay Offensive with operations Musketry, Seaslug and Percusion. By the first week of August 41 U-boats were sunk in the Bay of Biscay. The Bay offensive was intensified by sending escort and support groups into the Bay but these ships were finally driven off by German

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the anti-submarine vessel that was using it: there was no downward-looking capability. So there was a time lag between the last fix obtained on the submarine and the warship reaching a point above that position. Then the depth charges had to sink to the depth at which they were set to explode. During those two delays, a capable submarine commander would manoeuvre rapidly to a different position and avoid the attack. The depth charges then left an area of disturbed water, through which it was difficult to regain ASDIC/Sonar contact. In response to this problem, one of the solutions developed by the Royal Navy was the ahead-throwing anti-submarine weapon—the first of which was Hedgehog.

3438: 3938:, Admiral Dönitz's son-in-law and first staff officer at U-boat Command, said: "We had reached a stage when it took one or two days to decrypt the British radio messages. On occasions only a few hours were required. We could sometimes deduce when and how they would take advantage of the gaps in our U-boat dispositions. Our function was to close those gaps just before the convoys were due." The code breakers of Bletchley Park assigned only two people to evaluate whether the Germans broke the code. After five months, they finally determined that the codes were broken. In August, 1942, the UK Admiralty was informed. However, the Admiralty did not change the codes until June, 1943. 6330:, which could reveal submarine conning towers above the surface of the water and even detect periscopes. Obviously this subdivision of the data ignores many other defensive measures the Allies developed during the war, so interpretation must be constrained. Codebreaking by itself did not decrease the losses, which continued to rise ominously. More U-boats were sunk, but the number operational had more than tripled. After the improved radar came into action shipping losses plummeted, reaching a level significantly (p=0.99) below the early months of the war. The development of the improved radar by the Allies began in 1940, before the United States entered the war, when 262: 2100: 691: 609: 596: 583: 571: 559: 547: 535: 523: 511: 4384: 2747:, shadowing and continuing to report as needed until other boats arrived, typically at night. Instead of being faced by single submarines, the convoy escorts then had to cope with groups of up to half a dozen U-boats attacking simultaneously. The most daring commanders, such as Kretschmer, penetrated the escort screen and attacked from within the columns of merchantmen. The escort vessels, which were too few in number and often lacking in endurance, had no answer to multiple submarines attacking on the surface at night, as their ASDIC worked well only against underwater targets. Early British marine radar, working in the 3294: 481: 469: 155: 3892: 3198: 707: 645: 633: 621: 3648:, as well as fighting the Japanese in the Pacific. King could not require coastal black-outs—the Army had legal authority over all civil defence—and did not follow advice the Royal Navy (or Royal Canadian Navy) provided that even unescorted convoys would be safer than merchants sailing individually. No troop transports were lost, but merchant ships sailing in US waters were left exposed and suffered accordingly. Britain eventually had to build coastal escorts and provide them to the US in a "reverse Lend Lease", since King was unable (or unwilling) to make any provision himself. 329: 226: 168: 182: 3821:, which fired contact-fused bombs ahead of the firing ship while the target was still within the ASDIC beam. These started to be installed on anti-submarine ships from late 1942. The warship could approach slowly (as it did not have to clear the area of exploding depth charges to avoid damage) and so its position was less obvious to the submarine commander as it was making less noise. Because hedgehog only exploded if it hit the submarine, if the target was missed, there was no disturbed water to make tracking difficult—and contact had not been lost in the first place. 344: 3737:. Horton used the growing number of escorts becoming available to organise "support groups", to reinforce convoys that came under attack. Unlike the regular escort groups, support groups were not directly responsible for the safety of any particular convoy. This gave them much greater tactical flexibility, allowing them to detach ships to hunt submarines spotted by reconnaissance or picked up by HF/DF. Where regular escorts would have to break off and stay with their convoy, the support group ships could keep hunting a U-boat for many hours. One tactic introduced by 457: 445: 433: 421: 409: 396: 383: 371: 493: 3107: 275: 3365:

since it only revealed the line along which the transmission originated a single set could not determine if the transmission was from the true direction or its reciprocal 180 degrees in the opposite direction. Two sets were required to fix the position. Believing this to still be the case, German U-boat radio operators considered themselves fairly safe if they kept messages short. The British, however, developed an oscilloscope-based indicator which instantly fixed the direction and its reciprocal the moment a radio operator touched his

4542: 6302: 6116:, including some 25% from India and China, and 5% from the West Indies, Middle East and Africa. The British officers wore uniforms very similar to those of the Royal Navy. The ordinary sailors, however, had no uniform and when on leave in Britain they sometimes suffered taunts and abuse from civilians who mistakenly thought the crewmen were shirking their patriotic duty to enlist in the armed forces. To counter this, the crewmen were issued with an 'MN' lapel badge to indicate they were serving in the Merchant Navy. 15234: 4458: 3792: 4053: 14085: 250: 2538: 3640:, Commander-in-Chief United States Fleet (Cominch), who disliked the British, initially rejected Royal Navy calls for a coastal black-out or convoy system. King has been criticised for this decision, but his defenders argue the United States destroyer fleet was limited (partly because of the sale of 50 old destroyers to Britain earlier in the war), and King claimed it was far more important that destroyers protect Allied troop transports than merchant shipping. His ships were also busy convoying 142: 238: 305: 2054:

with the UK was very unlikely and hence the fleet was designed for commerce raiding against the French rather than to try to challenge command of the sea. The commander of the German U-boats, Karl Dönitz, had his own opinions. In contrast with Hitler and Raeder, the chief of the German Navy, he judged that war with the UK was inevitable and that not a large surface fleet was needed, but that U-boats could defeat the British. According to his calculations, a fleet of 300 medium

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suppressed the ellipse in the 'wrong' direction leaving only the correct bearing. With this there was hardly any need to triangulate—the escort could just run down the precise bearing provided, estimating range from the signal strength, and use either efficient look-outs or radar for final positioning. Many U-boat attacks were suppressed and submarines sunk in this way—a good example of the great difference apparently minor aspects of technology could make to the battle.

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that these ships would be used in fleet actions rather than anti-submarine warfare, so they were not extensively trained in their use. Trials with ASDIC were usually conducted in ideal conditions and the British admiralty failed to appreciate the limitations of ASDIC: range was limited, ASDIC worked only well if the speed of the operating vessel was below eight knots, ASDIC was hampered by rough weather and it took a very skilled operator to distinguish echoes from

4122: 48: 290: 3341: 15188: 2381:, commander of the U-boat fleet, had planned a maximum submarine effort for the first month of the war, with almost all the available U-boats out on patrol in September. That level of deployment could not be sustained; the boats needed to return to harbour to refuel, re-arm, re-stock supplies, and refit. The harsh winter of 1939–40, which froze over many of the Baltic ports, seriously hampered the German offensive by trapping several new U-boats in the ice. 3605: 6356: 204: 2324: 4690: 216: 6310: 3234:, under the overall authority of the Commander-in-Chief, Western Approaches, at Liverpool. Six Canadian destroyers and 17 corvettes, reinforced by seven destroyers, three sloops, and five corvettes of the Royal Navy, were assembled for duty in the force, which escorted the convoys from Canadian ports to Newfoundland and then on to a meeting point south of Iceland, where the British escort groups took over. 2079:; aircraft could not operate at night and, during the day, an alert U-boat could dive before the aircraft attacked. Dönitz could not convince Raeder of his ideas, so each time the U-boat fleet was expanded, Raeder opted to build a mixture of coastal, medium and large submarines, even minelayers and U-cruisers. Even when in 1938 Hitler realised he would sooner or later have to oppose the UK and launched his 2021:", which demanded they surface, search and place ship crews in "a place of safety" (for which lifeboats did not qualify, except under particular circumstances) before sinking them, unless the ship in question showed "persistent refusal to stop...or active resistance to visit or search". These regulations did not prohibit arming merchantmen, but doing so, or having them report contact with submarines (or 3848: 2806:—contributed small numbers of aircraft to the Battle of the Atlantic from 1941 onwards. These were primarily Fw 200 Condors. The Condors also bombed convoys that were beyond land-based fighter cover and thus defenceless. Initially, the Condors were very successful, claiming 365,000 tons of shipping in early 1941. These aircraft were few in number, however, and directly under 3151:, where much closer contact with, and control of, the Atlantic convoys was possible. Greater cooperation with supporting aircraft was also achieved. In April, the Admiralty took over operational control of Coastal Command aircraft. Tactically, new short-wave radar sets that could detect surfaced U-boats and were suitable for both small ships and aircraft began to arrive during 1941. 4044:(April–May 1943). Made up of 43 merchantmen escorted by 16 warships, it was attacked by a pack of 30 U-boats. Although 13 merchant ships were lost, six U-boats were sunk by the escorts or Allied aircraft. Despite a storm which scattered the convoy, the merchantmen reached the protection of land-based air cover, causing Dönitz to call off the attack. Two weeks later, 2888: 1925:. The defeat of the U-boat threat was a prerequisite for pushing back the Axis in Western Europe. The outcome of the battle was a strategic victory for the Allies—the German tonnage war failed—but at great cost: 3,500 merchant ships and 175 warships were sunk in the Atlantic for the loss of 783 U-boats and 47 German surface warships, including 4 battleships ( 3558:, and three destroyers from Gibraltar. The convoy was immediately intercepted by the waiting U-boat pack, resulting in a brutal five-day battle. Walker was a tactical innovator and his ships' crews were highly trained. The presence of an escort carrier meant U-boats were frequently sighted and forced to dive before they could get close to the convoy, at least until 2108:

rolling depth charges from chutes at the stern, while throwers fired further charges to either side, laying a pattern of depth charges. To effectively disable a submarine, a depth charge had to explode within about 20 ft (6.1 m). Since early ASDIC equipment was poor at determining depth, it was usual to vary the depth settings on part of the pattern.

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was as difficult to locate as a small one. Moreover, reduced frequency also reduced the chances of detection, as fewer large convoys could carry the same amount of cargo, while large convoys take longer to assemble. Therefore, a few large convoys with apparently few escorts were safer than many small convoys with a higher ratio of escorts to merchantmen.

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engaged them with his aircraft's guns. The crewmen returned to the conning tower while under fire. A few moments later, a white flag and a similarly coloured board were displayed. Thompson called for assistance and circled the German vessel. A Catalina from 209 Squadron took over watching the damaged U-boat until the arrival of the armed trawler

3966:. This new key could not be read by codebreakers; the Allies no longer knew where the U-boat patrol lines were. This made it far more difficult to evade contact, and the wolf packs ravaged many convoys. This state persisted for ten months. To obtain information on submarine movements the Allies had to make do with HF/DF fixes and decrypts of 3883:

aircraft could not be seen at night, and the noise of an approaching aircraft was inaudible above the din of the sub's engines. Subsequently, the common practice of surfacing at night to recharge batteries and refresh air was mostly abandoned as it was safer to perform these tasks during daylight hours when enemy planes could be spotted.

3656:"Milk Cow" tankers which provided refuelling at sea. They sank 397 ships totalling over 2 million tons. (As mentioned previously, not a single troop transport was lost.) In 1943, the United States launched over 11 million tons of merchant shipping; that number declined in the later war years, as priorities moved elsewhere. 3478:" computer which, when presented with an intercepted German Enigma message, suggested possible settings with which the Enigma cipher machine had been programmed. A reverse-engineered Enigma machine in British hands could then be programmed with each set of suggested settings in turn until the message was successfully deciphered. 4506:

evacuated but remained in German hands until the end of the war. No operations could be mounted from these bases however, the remaining 30 U-boats were evacuated to Norway. Between 16 May and 1 November 72 U-boats were lost, whilst they could only sink twelve small warships and fourteen merchant ships for 60,000 tons.

2592:, a financially advantageous bargain for the United States but militarily beneficial for Britain, since it effectively freed up British military assets to return to Europe. A significant percentage of the US population opposed entering the war, and some American politicians (including the US Ambassador to Britain, 6197:

It is maintained by G. H. Persall that "the Germans were close" to economically starving England, but they "failed to capitalize" on their early war successes. Others, including Blair and Alan Levine, disagree; Levine states this is "a misperception", and that "it is doubtful they ever came close" to

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Information obtained by British agents regarding German shipping movements led Canada to conscript all its merchant vessels two weeks before actually declaring war, with the Royal Canadian Navy taking control of all shipping August 26, 1939. At the outbreak of the war, Canada possessed 38 ocean-going

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could pick up the offensive on the convoy lanes again in 1944 but the construction of these boats got delayed by shortages of skilled workers and Allied bombing on shipyards and U-boat engine factories. Only in April 1944 was the first type XXI launched and its submerged speed and diving depth proved

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From January 1944 onwards, Dönitz tried to preserve his U-Boat strength in order to be able to repel an expected invasion in Both Norway and France. The number of patrols by his Atlantic U-boats fell from 41 in January to just 10 in May. However, since U-boats were still diverted to the Mediterranean

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By fall 1943, the decreasing number of Allied shipping losses in the South Atlantic coincided with the increasing elimination of Axis submarines operating there. From then on, the battle in the region was lost by Germany, even though most of the remaining submarines in the region received an official

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to send a squadron of ASW-configured B-24s to Newfoundland to strengthen the air escort of North Atlantic convoys. General Arnold ordered his squadron commander to engage only in "offensive" search and attack missions and not in the escort of convoys. In June, General Arnold suggested the Navy assume

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with known concentrations (through enigma decrypts) of U-boats in transit. The German metox radar detector operated only in the metric band and did not detect the new centrimetric radar emissions. As a result, many U-boats were surprised and attacked. In response Dönitz ordered his U-boats to stay on

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At the start of World War II, the depth charge was the only weapon available to a vessel for destroying a submerged submarine. Depth charges were dropped over the stern and thrown to the side of a warship travelling at speed. Early models of ASDIC/Sonar searched only ahead, astern and to the sides of

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to the problem and came up with some counter-intuitive solutions for protecting convoys. They realised that the area of a convoy increased by the square of its perimeter, meaning the same number of ships, using the same number of escorts, was better protected in one convoy than in two. A large convoy

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and France imposed a heavy strain on the Royal Navy's destroyer flotillas. Many older destroyers were withdrawn from convoy routes to support the Norwegian campaign in April and May and then diverted to the English Channel to support the withdrawal from Dunkirk. By the summer of 1940, Britain faced a

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In only four out of the first 27 months of the war did Germany achieve this target, while after December 1941, when Britain was joined by the US merchant marine and ship yards the target effectively doubled. As a result, the Axis needed to sink 700,000 GRT per month; as the massive expansion of

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Before the war, Norway's Merchant Navy was the fourth largest in the world and its ships were the most modern. The Germans and the Allies both recognised the great importance of Norway's merchant fleet, and following Germany's invasion of Norway in April 1940, both sides sought control of the ships.

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and sloops whose warship-standards construction and sophisticated armaments made them too expensive for mass production. Destroyer escorts and frigates were also better designed for mid-ocean anti-submarine warfare than corvettes, which, although maneuverable and seaworthy, were too short, slow, and

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messages encoded on earlier Enigma machines. These messages included signals from coastal forces about U-boat arrivals and departures at their bases in France, and the reports from the U-boat training command. From these clues, Commander Rodger Winn's Admiralty Submarine Tracking Room supplied their

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The Leigh Light enabled the British to attack enemy subs on the surface at night, forcing German and Italian commanders to remain underwater especially when coming into port at sub bases in the Bay of Biscay. U-boat commanders who survived such attacks reported a particular fear of this weapon since

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With the US finally arranging convoys in their sector of the Atlantic, ship losses to the U-boats quickly dropped, and Dönitz realised his U-boats were better used elsewhere. On July 19, 1942, he ordered the last boats to withdraw from the United States Atlantic coast; by the end of July 1942 he had

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on 27 August 1941 about 80 miles (130 km) south of Iceland. Squadron Leader J. Thompson sighted the U-boat on the surface, immediately dived at his target, and released four depth charges as the submarine crash dived. The U-boat surfaced again, a number of crewmen appeared on deck, and Thompson

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In June 1941, the British decided to provide convoy escort for the full length of the North Atlantic crossing. To this end, the Admiralty asked the Royal Canadian Navy on May 23, to assume the responsibility for protecting convoys in the western zone and to establish the base for its escort force at

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and hunt for German U-boats. This strategy was deeply flawed because a U-boat, with its tiny silhouette, was always likely to spot the surface warships and submerge long before it was sighted. The carrier aircraft were little help; although they could spot submarines on the surface, at this stage of

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Nortraship's modern ships, especially its tankers, were extremely important to the Allies. Norwegian tankers carried nearly one-third of the oil transported to Britain during the war. Records show that 694 Norwegian ships were sunk during this period, representing 47% of the total fleet. At the end

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U-boats sank 175 Allied warships in total, in all theatres of operations. Many of these warships were sunk in the Mediterranean or the Arctic. The adversaries of U-boats were mostly small anti-submarine ships like destroyers, destroyer escorts, frigates and corvettes, but on a few occasions U-boats

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acoustic torpedoes, better anti-aircraft guns, a new "Wanze" radar detector and "Afrodite" radar decoys. In an adaptation of their wolfpack tactics, they were ordered first to attack convoy escorts with their acoustic torpedoes before attacking the merchants. The group achieved surprise and success

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to the region. These escort carriers protected the convoys, but were not part of its close escort and were allowed to search and destroy U-boats and their supporting U-boat tankers on HF/DF bearings. Only 1 ship was lost, but the escort carriers sank 17 U-boats. After this defeat, Dönitz halted all

3875:. Then, about 1 mile (1.6 km) from the target, the Leigh Light would be switched on. It immediately and accurately illuminated the enemy, giving U-boat commanders less than 25 seconds to react before they were attacked with depth charges. The first confirmed kill using this technology was 3127:

Initially, the new escort groups consisted of two or three destroyers and half a dozen corvettes. Since two or three of the group would usually be in dock repairing weather or battle damage, the groups typically sailed with about six ships. The training of the escorts also improved as the realities

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in the following days was in many ways worse for the escorts than for SC 7. The loss of a quarter of the convoy without any loss to the U-boats, despite a very strong escort (two destroyers, four corvettes, three trawlers, and a minesweeper) demonstrated the effectiveness of the German tactics

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When in spring 1939 the threat of war became more clear it was realised that Britain could not rely on the London Naval Treaty that outlawed unrestricted submarine warfare. The organisational infrastructure for convoys had been maintained since World War I, with a thorough and systematic upgrade in

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An escort swept its ASDIC beam in an arc from one side of its course to the other, stopping the transducer every few degrees to send out a signal. On detection of a submarine, the escort would close in at moderate speed and increase its speed to attack. The intention was to pass over the submarine,

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With the introduction of ASDIC, the British Admiralty believed to have effectively neutralized the submarine threat. Hence the number of destroyers and convoy escorts was reduced and the anti-submarine branch was seen as third rate. Although destroyers were also equipped with ASDIC, it was expected

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was an improvement on 'Hedgehog' introduced in late 1943. A three-barrelled mortar, it projected 100 lb (45 kg) charges ahead or abeam; the charges' firing pistols were automatically set just before launch. The more advanced installations linked Squid to the latest ASDIC sets so that the

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The radio technology behind direction finding was simple and well understood by both sides, but the technology commonly used before the war used a manually-rotated aerial to fix the direction of the transmitter. This was delicate work, took quite a time to accomplish to any degree of accuracy, and

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At the same time, the British were working on a number of technical developments which would address the German submarine superiority. Though these were British inventions, the critical technologies were provided freely to the US, which then renamed and manufactured them. Likewise, the US provided

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were now coming into service in numbers. Many of these ships became part of the huge expansion of the Royal Canadian Navy, which grew from a handful of destroyers at the outbreak of war to take an increasing share of convoy escort duty. Others of the new ships were crewed by Free French, Norwegian

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The disastrous convoy battles of October 1940 forced a change in British tactics. The most important of these was the introduction of permanent escort groups to improve the coordination and effectiveness of ships and men in battle. British efforts were helped by a gradual increase in the number of

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At the end of the year 1940, the Admiralty viewed the number of ships sunk with growing alarm. Damaged ships might survive but could be out of commission for long periods. Two million gross tons of merchant shipping—13% of the fleet available to the British—were under repair and unavailable, which

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of 1935 allowed Hitler to renounce the treaty of Versailles, and to build a fleet 35% the size of Britain's fleet. A building program for four battleships, two aircraft carriers, five heavy cruisers, destroyers and U-boats was immediately initiated. With the agreement, Hitler thought that conflict

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states that "In 1941 alone, Ultra saved between 1.5 and two million tons of Allied ships from destruction." This would be a 40 per cent to 53 per cent reduction. A history based on the German archives written for the British Admiralty after the war by a former U-boat commander and son-in-law of

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that had previously been unreachable by aircraft was closed by long-range B-24 Liberators. On 18 March 1943, Roosevelt ordered King to transfer 60 Liberators from the Pacific theatre to the Atlantic to combat German U-boats; one of only two direct orders he gave to his military commanders in WWII

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crisis, convoys sailed as usual (although with heavier escorts). In all, during the Atlantic campaign only 10% of transatlantic convoys that sailed were attacked, and of those attacked only 10% on average of the ships were lost. Overall, more than 99% of all ships sailing to and from the British

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Metox provided the U-boat commander with an advantage that had not been anticipated by the British. The Metox set beeped at the pulse rate of the hunting aircraft's radar, about once per second. When the radar operator came within 9 miles (14 km) of the U-boat, he changed the range of his

3245:. British forces occupied Iceland when Denmark fell to the Germans in 1940; the US was persuaded to provide forces to relieve British troops on the island. American warships began escorting Allied convoys in the western Atlantic as far as Iceland, and had several hostile encounters with U-boats. 2146:

to support the Royal Navy, but it possessed insufficient aircraft, had no long range aircraft nor were aircraft crew trained in anti-submarine warfare. The only weapon against submarines was inadequate bombs. Finally, it was not forgotten that in World War I, mines had sunk more U-boats than any

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U-boats mounted 113 patrols to British waters from Norway and Germany. Sixty-five U-boats were lost by the end of the war. Another nineteen type IX U-boats sailed for the Americas; these U-boats sank three small warships and three merchants for the loss of nine of their own. Of the much awaited

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were formed and kept the new campaign going but could achieve little for heavy losses. Only eight ships of 56,000 tons and six warships had been sunk for the loss of 39 U-boats, a catastrophic loss ratio. In November Dönitz finally recognized wolfpack attacks were not viable

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key. It worked simply with a crossed pair of conventional and fixed directional aerials, the oscilloscope display showing the relative received strength from each aerial as an elongated ellipse showing the line relative to the ship. The innovation was a 'sense' aerial, which, when switched in,

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Despite these successes, the Italian intervention was not favourably regarded by Dönitz, who characterised Italians as "inadequately disciplined" and "unable to remain calm in the face of the enemy". They were unable to co-operate in wolf pack tactics or even reliably report contacts or weather

2553:

The completion of Hitler's campaign in Western Europe meant U-boats withdrawn from the Atlantic for the Norwegian campaign now returned to the war on trade. So at the very time the number of U-boats on patrol in the Atlantic began to increase, the number of escorts available for the convoys was

6241:

Despite their efforts, the Axis powers were unable to prevent the build-up of Allied invasion forces for the liberation of Europe. In November 1942, at the height of the Atlantic campaign, the US Navy escorted the Operation Torch invasion fleet 3,000 mi (4,800 km) across the Atlantic

3325:

Although CAM ships and their Hurricanes did not down a great number of enemy aircraft, such aircraft were mostly Fw 200 Condors that would often shadow the convoy out of range of the convoy's guns, reporting back the convoy's course and position so that U-boats could then be directed on to the

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1940 , "Until the outcome of the battle of the Atlantic can be more clearly foreseen, there would be high risks both to Japan and ourselves in becoming engaged in war." and Sargint, H.J.J., "Mighty Nazi effort to invade England now in the making: Observers see amphibious attack as Hitler's

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U-boats arrived from Norway in the second week of the invasion, but they sank only two ships for the loss of seven U-boats. With the Allied advance in France, the U-boat bases in Brest and Bordeaux were lost in August-September. The other three bases in Lorient, St-Nazaire and La Pallice were

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that the UK naval codes could be broken. In March 1942, the Germans broke Naval Cipher 3, the code for Anglo-American communication. Eighty per cent of the Admiralty messages from March 1942 to June 1943 were read by the Germans. The sinking of Allied merchant ships increased dramatically.

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and recovered her cryptologic material, including bigram tables and current Enigma keys. The captured material allowed all U-boat traffic to be read for several weeks, until the keys ran out; the familiarity codebreakers gained with the usual content of messages helped in breaking new keys.

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in May 1945. It involved thousands of ships in a theatre covering millions of square miles of ocean. The situation changed constantly, with one side or the other gaining advantage, as participating countries surrendered, joined and even changed sides in the war, and as new weapons, tactics,

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Detection by radar-equipped aircraft could suppress U-boat activity over a wide area, but an aircraft attack could only be successful with good visibility. U-boats were relatively safe from aircraft at night for two reasons: 1) radar then in use could not detect them at less than 1 mile

2096:, whales, shoals of fish and wrecks. Also, early versions could not look directly down, so contact was lost during the final stages of a depth charge attack. The basic set could detect range and bearing, but target depth could only be estimated from the range at which contact was lost. 6277:

suggests that, unlike the US, or Canada and Britain's other dominions, which were protected by oceanic distances, Britain was at the end of the transatlantic supply route closest to German bases; for Britain it was a lifeline. It is this which led to Churchill's concerns. Coupled with

2596:) believed that Britain and its allies might actually lose. The first of these destroyers were only taken over by their British and Canadian crews in September, and all needed to be rearmed and fitted with ASDIC. It was to be many months before these ships contributed to the campaign. 4355:

system, but this program faced many technical setbacks and these U-boats would not become available in time. Instead it was decided to modify these designs where the new propulsion system was replaced with much larger battery capacity for a conventional U-boat propulsion system, the

3481:

Throughout the summer and autumn of 1941, Enigma intercepts (combined with HF/DF) enabled the British to plot the positions of U-boat patrol lines and route convoys around them. Merchant ship losses dropped by over two-thirds in July 1941, and the losses remained low until November.

4021:

The supply situation in Britain was such that there was talk of being unable to continue the war, with supplies of fuel being particularly low. The situation was so bad that the British considered abandoning convoys entirely. The next two months saw a complete reversal of fortunes.

1961:

counter-measures and equipment were developed by both sides. The Allies gradually gained the upper hand, overcoming German surface-raiders by the end of 1942 and defeating the U-boats by mid-1943, though losses due to U-boats continued until the war's end. British Prime Minister

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within hours of the declaration of war—in breach of her orders not to sink passenger ships. The U-boat fleet, which was to dominate so much of the Battle of the Atlantic, was small at the beginning of the war; many of the 57 available U-boats were the small and short-range

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in mid-1942 resulted in an immediate drop in attacks in those areas. As a result of the increased coastal convoy escort system, the U-boats' attention was shifted back to the Atlantic convoys. For the Allies, the situation was serious but not critical throughout much of 1942.

3941:

Captain Raymond Dreyer, deputy staff signals officer at Western Approaches, the British HQ for the Battle of the Atlantic in Liverpool, said, "Some of their most successful U-boat pack attacks on our convoys were based on information obtained by breaking our ciphers."

3269:

magazine noted in June 1941, "if such sinkings continue, U.S. ships bound for other places remote from fighting fronts, will be in danger. Henceforth the U.S. would either have to recall its ships from the ocean or enforce its right to the free use of the seas."<

3910:

after its French manufacturer, could pick up the metric radar bands used by the early radars. This enabled U-boats to avoid detection by Canadian escorts, which were equipped with obsolete radar sets, and allowed them to track convoys where these sets were in use.

3914:

However, it also caused problems for the Germans, as it sometimes detected stray radar emissions from distant ships or planes, leading U-boats to submerge when they were not in actual danger, preventing them from recharging batteries or using their surfaced speed.

3538:

In October 1941, Hitler ordered Dönitz to move U-boats into the Mediterranean Sea to support German operations in that theatre. The resulting concentration near Gibraltar produced a series of battles around the Gibraltar and Sierra Leone convoys. In December 1941,

4203:) beginning autumn 1940, only in the following year did these start to raise serious concern in Washington. This perceived threat caused the US to decide that the introduction of US forces along Brazil's coast would be valuable. After negotiations with Brazilian 1920:

was also used with the aim of reducing demand, by reducing wastage and increasing domestic production and equality of distribution. From 1942 onward, the Axis also sought to prevent the build-up of Allied supplies and equipment in the UK in preparation for the

5556:. When the battle of the Atlantic is considered as the tonnage war against British merchant shipping, then it is debatable whether the losses sustained during Arctic convoys, the Norwegian invasion,... should be included as part of the battle of the Atlantic. 3725:

U-boat losses also climbed. In the first six months of 1942, 21 were lost, less than one for every 40 merchant ships sunk. In the last six months of 1942, 66 were sunk, one for every 10 merchant ships, almost as many as in the previous two years together.

6253:, the Germans were never able to mount a comprehensive blockade of Britain. Nor were they able to focus their effort by targeting the most valuable cargoes, the eastbound traffic carrying war materiel. Instead they were reduced to the slow attrition of a 2487:. This greatly improved the situation for U-boats in the Atlantic, enabling them to attack convoys further west and letting them spend longer time on patrol, doubling the effective size of the U-boat force. The Germans later built huge fortified concrete 2262:

the war they had no adequate weapons to attack them, and any submarine found by an aircraft was long gone by the time surface warships arrived. The hunting group strategy proved a disaster within days. On 14 September 1939, Britain's most modern carrier,

2046:(armoured ships) or "pocket battleships" as they were nicknamed by foreign navies. These ships were designed for commerce raiding on distant seas, to operate as a raider hunting for independently sailing ships, and to avoid combat with superior forces. 6342:, which generates the needed high-frequency radio waves. All sides will agree with Hastings that "... mobilization of the best civilian brains, and their integration into the war effort at the highest levels, was an outstanding British success story." 6180:

ordered all Norwegian ships to sail to German, Italian or neutral ports. He was ignored. All Norwegian ships decided to serve at the disposal of the Allies. The vessels of the Norwegian Merchant Navy were placed under the control of the government-run

4025:

In April, losses of U-boats increased while their kills fell significantly. Only 39 ships of 235,000 tons were sunk in the Atlantic, and 15 U-boats were destroyed. By May, wolf packs no longer had the advantage and that month became known as

2404:(detonation mechanism) were defective, and the torpedoes did not run at the proper depth, often undershooting targets. Only one British warship was sunk by U-boats in more than 38 attacks. As the news spread through the U-boat fleet, it began to 2058:

U-boats could sink a million tons of ships a month and within a year sink enough of the about 3,000 British merchant ships (comprising 17,5 million tons) to strangle the British economy. In the first world war, U-boats had been defeated mainly by the

4527:

Type VII U-boats could be used as Allied air superiority excluded continuous cruising on surface. Sixteen U-boats were lost. In the same period, seventeen of the longer range type IX U-boats were sent to Canada and the Azores. These U-boats had also

4217:

Germany and Italy subsequently extended their submarine attacks to include Brazilian ships wherever they were, and from April 1942 were found in Brazilian waters. On 22 May 1942, the first Brazilian attack (although unsuccessful) was carried out by

6322:

Dönitz reports that several detailed investigations to discover whether their operations were compromised by broken code were negative and that their defeat ".. was due firstly to outstanding developments in enemy radar ..." The graphs of the

3756:

in February 1943, but in the spring, convoy battles started up again with the same ferocity. There were so many U-boats on patrol in the North Atlantic, it was difficult for convoys to evade detection, resulting in a succession of vicious battles.

3124:

and Dutch, but these were a tiny minority of the total number, and directly under British command. By 1941 American public opinion had begun to swing against Germany, but the war was still essentially Great Britain and the Empire against Germany.

2910:

Despite their success, U-boats were still not recognised as the foremost threat to the North Atlantic convoys. With the exception of men like Dönitz, most naval officers on both sides regarded surface warships as the ultimate commerce destroyers.

3651:

The first U-boats reached US waters on January 13, 1942. By the time they withdrew on February 6, they had sunk 156,939 tonnes of shipping without loss. The first batch of Type IXs was followed by more Type IXs and Type VIIs supported by

2466:

was relatively shallow, and was partially blocked with minefields by mid-1940, U-boats were ordered not to negotiate it and instead travel around the British Isles to reach the most profitable spot to hunt ships. The German bases in France at

4677:(known to the Allies as German Naval Acoustic Torpedo, GNAT), which homed on the propeller noise of a target. This was initially very effective, but the Allies quickly developed counter-measures, both tactical ("Step-Aside") and technical (" 3003:. With so many German raiders at large in the Atlantic, the British were forced to provide battleship escorts to as many convoys as possible. This twice saved convoys from slaughter by the German battleships. In February, the old battleship 4088:

In all, 43 U-boats were destroyed in May, 34 in the Atlantic. This was 25% of German U-boat Arm's total operational strength. The Allies lost 58 ships in the same period, 34 of these (totalling 134,000 tons) in the Atlantic.

3671:(where they effectively closed several US ports) until July, when the British-loaned escorts began arriving. These included 24 anti-submarine armed trawlers. The institution of an interlocking convoy system on the American coast and in the 1949:), 9 cruisers, 7 raiders, and 27 destroyers. This front ended up being highly significant for the German war effort: Germany spent more money on producing naval vessels than it did every type of ground vehicle combined, including tanks. 3919:

radar. With the change of range, the radar doubled its pulse frequency and as a result, the Metox beeping frequency also doubled, warning the commander that he had been detected and that the approaching aircraft was nine miles away.

3569:

Through dogged effort, the Allies slowly gained the upper hand until the end of 1941. Although Allied warships failed to sink U-boats in large numbers, most convoys evaded attack completely. Shipping losses were high, but manageable.

1911:

As an island country, the United Kingdom was highly dependent on imported goods. Britain required more than a million tons of imported material per week in order to survive and fight. In essence, the Battle of the Atlantic involved a

6873:

was seriously damaged by a bomb on 1 July 1941 and was under repair for the rest of the year. The resulting demands on the dockyard at Brest caused delays in the servicing of U-boats as there was a shortage of workers with the right

6261:

the US shipbuilding industry took effect this target increased still further. The 700,000 ton target was achieved in only one month, November 1942, while after May 1943 average sinkings dropped to less than one tenth of that figure.

4250:

and civilian passengers were lost aboard the 32 Brazilian merchant vessels attacked by enemy submarines. American and Brazilian air and naval forces worked closely together until the end of the Battle. One example was the sinking of

4246:. During its three years of war, mainly in Caribbean and South Atlantic, alone and in conjunction with the US, Brazil escorted 3,167 ships in 614 convoys, totalling 16,500,000 tons, with losses of 0.1%. Nine hundred and seventy-two 2554:

greatly reduced. The only consolation for the British was that the large merchant fleets of occupied countries like Norway and the Netherlands came under British control. After the German occupation of Denmark and Norway, Britain

10819:

European Axis Signal Intelligence in World War II as Revealed by "TICOM" Investigations and by other Prisoner of War Interrogations and Captured Material, Principally German: Volume 2 – Notes on German High Level Cryptography and

4168:

During May 1943, the US Navy began using a high-speed bombe of its own design which could deduce the settings of the new four-rotor German Enigma cipher machines. By September 1944, 121 of the new high-speed bombes were at work.

4165:

inadequately armed to match the DEs. Not only would there be sufficient numbers of escorts to securely protect convoys, they could also form hunter-killer groups (often centred on escort carriers) to aggressively hunt U-boats.

4118:

responsibility for ASW operations. Admiral King requested the Army's ASW-configured B-24s in exchange for an equal number of unmodified Navy B-24s. Agreement was reached in July and the exchange was completed in September 1943.

6282:

in the space of a month, it undermined confidence in the convoy system in March 1943, to the point Britain considered abandoning it, not realising the U-boat had already effectively been defeated. These were "over-pessimistic

15819: 3663:) finally scraped together enough ships to institute a convoy system. This quickly led to the loss of seven U-boats. The US did not have enough ships to cover all the gaps; the U-boats continued to operate freely during the 3301:

Aircraft ranges were constantly improving, but the Atlantic was far too large to be covered completely by land-based types. A stop-gap measure was instituted by fitting ramps to the front of some of the cargo ships known as

2234:, although this had little immediate effect on German industry. The Royal Navy quickly introduced a convoy system for the protection of trade that gradually extended out from the British Isles, eventually reaching as far as 6167:, Commander-in-Chief Canadian North Atlantic, remarked, "...the Battle of the Atlantic was not won by any Navy or Air Force, it was won by the courage, fortitude and determination of the British and Allied Merchant Navy." 6160:

merchant vessels. By the end of hostilities, in excess of 400 cargo ships had been built in Canada. More than 70 Canadian merchant vessels were lost. An estimated 1,500 merchant sailors were killed, including eight women.

3693:

marked the return of the U-boats to the convoys from Canada to Britain. The command centre for the submarines operating in the West, including the Atlantic also changed, moving to a newly constructed command bunker at the

6807:

anticipated thrust against British Isles", Miami News, 1941. "This country is fighting a battle which may well be called the battle of the Atlantic, though it is not more than an extension of the battle of Britain."

3493:. Although the Allies could protect their convoys in late 1941, they were not sinking many U-boats. The Flower-class corvette escorts could detect and defend, but they were not fast enough to attack effectively. 4103:

The Battle of the Atlantic was won by the Allies in two months. There was no single reason for this; what had changed was a sudden convergence of technologies, combined with an increase in Allied resources. The

4149:

Larger numbers of escorts became available, both as a result of American building programmes and the release of escorts committed to the North African landings during November and December 1942. In particular,

3709:

There were enough U-boats spread across the Atlantic to allow several wolf packs to attack many different convoy routes. Often as many as 10 to 15 boats would attack in one or two waves, following convoys like

1888:, were protected for the most part by the British and Canadian navies and air forces. These forces were aided by ships and aircraft of the United States beginning September 13, 1941. The Germans were joined by 4048:

saw at least three U-boats destroyed and at least one U-boat damaged for no losses. Faced with disaster, Dönitz called off operations in the North Atlantic, saying, "We had lost the Battle of the Atlantic".

2246:. Convoys allowed the Royal Navy to concentrate its escorts near the one place the U-boats were guaranteed to be found, the convoys. Each convoy consisted of between 30 and 70 mostly unarmed merchant ships. 3518:

under Lt Henry Owen L'Estrange. The following day the U-boat was beached in an Icelandic cove. Although no codes or secret papers were recovered, the British now possessed a complete U-boat. After a refit,

3384:

The way Dönitz conducted the U-boat campaign required relatively large volumes of radio traffic between U-boats and headquarters. This was thought to be safe, as the radio messages were encrypted using the

2147:

other weapon. Plans were drafted for mine fields in the Channel and along the east coast in defence of shipping lanes, and also offensive mine barrages on the German U-boat lanes toward the Atlantic Ocean.

3635:

The US, having no direct experience of modern naval war on its own shores, did not employ a black-out. U-boats simply stood off shore at night and picked out ships silhouetted against city lights. Admiral

1997:"Battle of the Atlantic Committee" was on March 19. Churchill claimed to have coined the phrase "Battle of the Atlantic" shortly before Alexander's speech, but there are several examples of earlier usage. 14282: 6271:

attributes the distortion to "propagandists" who "glorified and exaggerated the successes of German submariners", while he believes Allied writers "had their own reasons for exaggerating the peril".

3783:

in a wargame. Janet Okell and Jean Laidlaw played the role of the escorts. Five times in a row Okell and Laidlaw sank the submarine of Admiral Horton, the commander-in chief of Western Approaches.

6242:

without hindrance, or even being detected. In 1943 and 1944 the Allies transported some 3 million American and Allied servicemen across the Atlantic without significant loss. By 1945 the USN was

3180:

Dönitz now moved his wolf packs further west, in order to catch the convoys before the anti-submarine escort joined. This new strategy was rewarded at the beginning of April when the pack found

1952:

The Battle of the Atlantic has been called the "longest, largest, and most complex" naval battle in history. The campaign started immediately after the European war began, during the so-called "

4257:

in July 1943, by a coordinated action of Brazilian and American aircraft. In Brazilian waters, eleven other Axis submarines were known to be sunk between January and September 1943—the Italian

2914:

For the first half of 1940, there were no German surface raiders in the Atlantic because the German Fleet had been concentrated for the invasion of Norway. The sole pocket battleship raider,

2036:

forbade the Germans to operate U-boats and reduced the German surface fleet to a few obsolete ships. When three of these obsolete ships had to be replaced, the Germans opted to construct the

1965:

later wrote "The only thing that really frightened me during the war was the U-boat peril. I was even more anxious about this battle than I had been about the glorious air fight called the '

4718:

Between 1939 and 1945, some 72,200 Allied naval and merchant seamen died. The Germans lost approximately 30,000 U-boat sailors killed, three-quarters of Germany's 40,000-man U-boat fleet.

4579:

embarked upon a patrol before the end of the war but it did not see action. In the last month of the war, many U-boats fled the Baltic ports as they were overrun by the Russian army. Eight

4172:

Dönitz's aim in this tonnage war was to sink Allied ships faster than they could be replaced; as losses fell and production rose, particularly in the United States, this became impossible.

4372:

would become operational in the summer of 1944. In the meantime, as a stopgap measure until these elektroboote became available, the existing U-Boat designs were gradually equipped with a

2128:

against surfaced submarine attacks, thus forcing an attacking U-boat to spend its precious torpedoes. This, however, removed these ships from the protection of the cruiser rules under the

8583:

Documentos relativos aos acordos entre Portugal, Inglaterra e Estados Unidos da América para a concessão de facilidades nos Ac̦ores durante a guerra de 1939–1945, Imprensa Nacional, 1946

4180: 4471:

or kept in reserve in Norway and since operational losses were high, the number of available U-boats in the Atlantic force sank in the same period from 121 to 89. Dönitz had hoped the

15854: 8247: 3994:. This allowed the codebreakers to break TRITON. By December 1942, Enigma decrypts were again disclosing U-boat patrol positions, and shipping losses declined dramatically once more. 4002:

On March 10, 1943, the Germans added a refinement to the U-boat Enigma key, which blinded the Allied codebreakers at Bletchley Park for 9 days. That month saw the battles of convoys

2419:. The depth setting mechanism was improved but only in January 1942 were the last complications with that mechanism discovered and fixed, making the torpedo a more reliable weapon. 7159:

Saigaint "Mighty Nazi effort to invade England now in the making: Observers see amphibious attack as Hitler's anticipated thrust against British Isles", Miami News, Jan. 18, 1941.

5544:

The British and Allied fleet fought battles all over the world and lost many ships, but only three ships were lost in battle against German surface ships : the battlecruiser

3094:, the destruction of the network of supply ships that supported surface raiders, the repeated damage to the three ships by air raids, the entry of the United States into the war, 2533:

and a further 10 in the Channel and North Sea between May and July, many to air attack because they lacked an adequate anti-aircraft armament. Dozens of others were damaged.

2186:, submarines and aircraft. Many German warships were already at sea when war was declared in September 1939, including most of the available U-boats and the "pocket battleships" 3067:, and then sunk by the Home Fleet the next day. Her sinking marked the end of the warship raids. The advent of long-range search aircraft, notably the unglamorous but versatile 7909:"Appendix II: U. S. Army Cryptanalytic Bombe", Solving the Enigma: History of the Cryptanalytic Bombe. National Archives and Records Administration Record Group 457, File 35701 2739:) coordinated by radio. The boats spread out into a long patrol line that bisected the path of the Allied convoy routes. Once in position, the crew studied the horizon through 2711:, the primary source of convoy sightings was the U-boats themselves. Since a submarine's bridge was very close to the water, their range of visual detection was quite limited. 4341:

After the defeat on the North Atlantic convoy lanes, it became clear to Dönitz and Hitler that a new generation of U-boats was urgently needed. There was a program to develop

2435:

in May and June, and the Italian entry into the war on the Axis side in June transformed the war at sea in general and the Atlantic campaign in particular in three main ways:

8581: 3419: 3741:

was the "hold-down", where a group of ships would patrol over a submerged U-boat until its air ran out and it was forced to the surface; this might take two or three days.

2135:

Nevertheless, despite this lack of readiness, in 1939 the Royal Navy probably had as many ASDIC equipped warships in service as all the other navies of the world combined.

3322:

in the water and—in the best case—recovered by ship. Nine combat launches were made, resulting in the destruction of eight Axis aircraft for the loss of one Allied pilot.

2672:). U-boat crews became heroes in Germany. From June until October 1940, over 270 Allied ships were sunk; this period was referred to by U-boat crews as "the Happy Time" (" 2385:

plans to invade Norway and Denmark in the spring of 1940 led to the withdrawal of the fleet's surface warships and most of the ocean-going U-boats for fleet operations in

3410:(Air Force). The machine's three rotors were chosen from a set of eight (rather than the other services' five). The rotors were changed every other day using a system of 12656: 4398:

in the Central Atlantic. The Allies learned from this move through intelligence and anticipated by ordering three US Navy task Groups centred around the escort carriers

3458:

in February 1940 provided this information. In early 1941, the Royal Navy made a concerted effort to assist the codebreakers, and on May 9 crew members of the destroyer

12401: 15879: 15286: 15281: 12009: 2342: (GRT) in the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean during the first three months of war. The British and French formed a series of hunting groups including three 10818: 6212:

manifold failures. In particular, this was because most of the ships sunk by U-boats were not in convoys, but sailing alone, or having become separated from convoys.

2447:. With the French fleet removed from the campaign, the Royal Navy was stretched even further. Italy's declaration of war meant that Britain also had to reinforce the 15323: 14007: 12025: 2918:, had been stopped at the Battle of the River Plate by an inferior and outgunned British squadron. From the summer of 1940 a small but steady stream of warships and 6257:. To win this, the U-boat arm had to sink 300,000 GRT per month in order to overwhelm Britain's shipbuilding capacity and reduce its merchant marine strength. 3906:

By August 1942, U-boats were being fitted with radar detectors to enable them to avoid ambushes by radar-equipped aircraft or ships. The first such receiver, named

15834: 12345: 10221:. US Government Printing Office; Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of US Congress, Volume 96, Part 8.Senate and Military Review, Volume XXX, Number X. 15859: 15849: 15844: 15829: 15824: 15604: 15430: 11948: 11920: 11064: 6287:", Blair concludes: "At no time did the German U-boat force ever come close to winning the Battle of the Atlantic or bringing on the collapse of Great Britain". 4649:

At the war's end, 222 U-boats were scuttled by their crews. The remaining 174 U-boats, at sea or in port, were surrendered to the Allies. Most were destroyed in

4597: 744: 15839: 13986: 12665: 12352: 11486: 387: 3616:

and the subsequent German declaration of war on the United States had an immediate effect on the campaign. Dönitz promptly planned to attack shipping off the

12968: 12331: 11640: 11265: 1622: 3718:

by day and attacking at night. Convoy losses quickly increased and in October 1942, 56 ships of over 258,000 tonnes were sunk in the "air gap" between

3361:

The British also made extensive use of shore HF/DF stations, to keep convoys updated with positions of U-boats. HF/DF was also installed on American ships.

15404: 11981: 11927: 11113: 9693: 2766:

of 42 merchantmen was attacked by a pack of four U-boats, which sank eleven ships and damaged two over the course of two nights. In October, the slow

1841:, announced the day after the declaration of war, and Germany's subsequent counter-blockade. The campaign peaked from mid-1940 through to the end of 1943. 10196: 6869:

was hit by a torpedo on 6 April 1941 then bombed again whilst in dry dock, necessitating lengthy repairs, then received minor bomb damage on 18 December.

5511:

The German surface fleet commissioned 16 capital ships before or during the war: 4 battleships, 6 heavy cruisers and 6 light cruisers. Of these, only the

2071:: a patrol line of U-boats searched for a convoy and when one was found all U-boats converged and attacked together at night on the surface. Aircraft nor 12438: 11934: 11550: 3863:

by the British in January 1942 solved the second problem, thereby becoming a significant factor in the Battle for the Atlantic. Developed by RAF officer

1982: 15460: 15369: 14621: 10960: 1424: 7755: 6267:

The reason for the misperception that the German blockade came close to success may be found in post-war writings by both German and British authors.

2513:

serious threat of invasion. Many destroyers were held in the Channel, ready to repel a German invasion. They suffered heavily under air attack by the

15814: 12324: 11771: 11647: 6326:

are colour coded to divide the battle into three epochs— before the breaking of the Enigma code, after it was broken, and after the introduction of

6218: 3775:. Many game graduates believed that the battle they fought on the linoleum floor was essential to their subsequent victory at sea. In November 1942, 800: 3237:

By 1941, the United States was taking an increasing part in the war, despite its nominal neutrality. In April 1941 President Roosevelt extended the

2618:

The early U-boat operations from the French bases were spectacularly successful. This was the heyday of the great U-boat aces like Günther Prien of

15698: 15543: 15354: 15306: 11624: 11004: 4625: 4711:

The Germans failed to stop the flow of strategic supplies to Britain. This failure resulted in the build-up of troops and supplies needed for the

3445:

The British codebreakers needed to know the wiring of the special naval Enigma rotors. The capture of several Enigma rotors during the sinking of

3277:

of British, Canadian, and American destroyers and corvettes was organised following the declaration of war by the United States in December 1941.

15874: 15864: 15783: 15409: 15349: 15165: 14606: 12061: 11373: 10332: 4242:

was small, it had modern minelayers suitable for coastal convoy escort and aircraft which needed only small modifications to become suitable for

2984: 2580:" (effectively a sale but portrayed as a loan for political reasons), which operated in exchange for 99-year leases on certain British bases in 14611: 14601: 11880: 11182: 10315: 9409: 3015: 2762:

Pack tactics were first used successfully in September and October 1940 to devastating effect, in a series of convoy battles. On September 21,

2103:

A lookout of a convoy escort, posing his binoculars on a depth charge thrower with which depth charges were launched to the sides of the escort

15533: 13879: 4235:, Brazil officially entered the war on 22 August 1942, offering an important addition to the Allied strategic position in the South Atlantic. 4018:. One hundred and twenty ships were sunk worldwide, 82 ships of 476,000 tons in the Atlantic, while 12 U-boats were destroyed. 3354:

One of the more important developments was ship-borne direction-finding radio equipment, known as HF/DF (high-frequency direction-finding, or

1794: 15242: 15223: 14596: 14173: 12672: 12635: 12612: 12133: 11055: 11025: 10385: 6781: 3590: 2743:

looking for masts or smoke, or used hydrophones to pick up propeller noises. When one boat sighted a convoy, it would report the sighting to

2412:

of Allied ships, Dönitz decided to use new contact pistols, which were copied from British torpedoes found in the captured British submarine

12387: 6816:

The Q attachment was a later addition to ASDIC, providing an extra beam that looked directly down. This gave an accurate depth of the target

2722:

who had succeeded in deciphering the British Naval Cypher No. 3, allowing the Germans to estimate where and when convoys could be expected.

15208: 14168: 12765: 12621: 12605: 12577: 11825: 11032: 1916:; the Allied struggle to supply Britain, and the Axis attempt to stem the flow of merchant shipping that enabled Britain to keep fighting. 773: 4655:

after the war, but some served in Allied navies. Six were in Japan at the time of the German surrender and were captured by the Japanese.

13522: 12589: 12501: 12445: 12408: 11690: 7545: 6717: 4130:, under attack by a US Navy Consolidated PBY-5A Catalina of Patrol Squadron VP-83 off the northern coast of Brazil in the South Atlantic. 3951: 2681:

The biggest challenge for the U-boats was to find the convoys in the vastness of the ocean. The Germans had a handful of very long-range

2610: 737: 9688:"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: Murray [née Clarke], Joan Elisabeth Lowther (1917–1996): cryptanalyst and numismatist" 15563: 15558: 15296: 12494: 11226: 10813: 8990:

Kennedy, Greg (July 10, 2014). "American and British Merchant Shipping: Competition and Preparation, 1933–39". In Kennedy, Greg (ed.).

2939:

quickly sank five ships and damaged several others as the convoy scattered. Only the sacrifice of the escorting armed merchant cruiser

2874: 2439:

Britain lost its biggest ally. In 1940, the French Navy was the fourth largest in the world. Only a handful of French ships joined the

1576: 1504: 3248:

In June 1941, the US realised the tropical Atlantic had become dangerous for unescorted American as well as British ships. On May 21,

15809: 15445: 15425: 15399: 15359: 15250: 14000: 12628: 11018: 10976: 10361: 8154: 6420: 6119:

The British merchant fleet was made up of vessels from the many and varied private shipping lines, examples being the tankers of the

6189:

of the war in 1945, the Norwegian merchant fleet was estimated at 1,378 ships. More than 3,700 Norwegian merchant seamen died.

3379: 2790:

Nor were the U-boats the only threat. Following some early experience in support of the war at sea during Operation Weserübung, the

15476: 15344: 15270: 13849: 11668: 11442: 11205: 11071: 10882: 6392: 6323: 6296: 6151:

totalling 38.5 million tons, vastly exceeding the 14 million tons of shipping the German U-boats were able to sink during the war.

4078: 1877: 1615: 1588: 15869: 15435: 14158: 12744: 12541: 11578: 11078: 10990: 10926: 6702: 6580: 6373: 4098: 3859:(1.6 km); 2) flares deployed to illuminate any attack gave adequate warning for evasive manoeuvres. The introduction of the 3562:

was sunk after two days. The five-day battle cost the Germans five U-boats (four sunk by Walker's group), while the British lost

3223: 2858: 2559: 2495:

became available. From early July, U-boats returned to the new French bases when they had completed their Atlantic patrols, with

2075:

were considered a serious threat at the time: ASDIC could not detect a surfaced submarine and its range was less than that of an

1718: 20: 4715:. The defeat of the U-boat was a necessary precursor for accumulation of Allied troops and supplies to ensure Germany's defeat. 15301: 15116: 14568: 14277: 14217: 12947: 12459: 11309: 10847: 7076: 6722: 4586: 2156: 1417: 730: 9197: 9039: 7739: 6399: 4085:

with extra and new anti-aircraft guns, but to no avail: In May five U-boats were sunk and another seven were forced to abort.

15523: 14272: 13543: 13448: 12975: 12721: 12596: 11682: 11656: 11513: 11219: 11136: 10808: 10657: 10557: 10299: 10280: 10235: 10166: 10131: 10076: 9983: 9949: 9930: 9891: 9872: 9853: 9766: 9743: 9675: 9627: 9588: 9569: 9550: 9531: 9488: 9469: 9450: 9393: 9141: 9136:. New perspectives on the Second World War. Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America: The University Press of Kentucky. 9009: 8028: 7993: 7852: 4485:

Atlantic operations were suspended, all available 36 U-boats, later reinforced with another seven, were sent out to confront

4064:

started its second Bay Offensive with operation Derange. Seventy-five long range aircraft equipped with the new centrimetric

3415: 3090:". While this was an embarrassment for the British, it was the end of the German surface threat in the Atlantic. The loss of 1728: 1571: 7908: 15496: 15379: 14877: 13776: 13183: 13069: 12234: 11701: 11697: 11675: 11279: 10026: 9797: 2566: 2279:

was forced to surface and scuttle by the escorting destroyers, becoming the first U-boat loss of the war. Another carrier,

2112:

the second half of the 1930s, but not enough escorts were available for convoy escorting, and a crash program for building

1637: 1608: 10532:

A última guerra romântica: Memórias de um piloto de patrulha (The last romantic war: Memoirs of a maritime patrol aviator)

2812:

control; in addition, the pilots had little specialised training for anti-shipping warfare, limiting their effectiveness.

1344: 15548: 15328: 15158: 13691: 13155: 12487: 12473: 11686: 10197:"Pierfrancesco Favino to Play Humanitarian World War II Hero in 'Comandante,' Production Builds 70-Ton Submarine Replica" 7174: 6250: 1838: 1774: 795: 15528: 10814:

Navy Department Library, Convoys in World War II: World War II Commemorative Bibliography No. 4, April 1993, AD-A266 529

6406: 6112:

died between 1939 and 1945. More than 2,400 British ships were sunk. The ships were crewed by sailors from all over the

15773: 15218: 15191: 13900: 13769: 13647: 13225: 12940: 12891: 12649: 12204: 11456: 11295: 11143: 10997: 10344: 4258: 2954:) and failing light allowed the other merchantmen to escape. The British now suspended North Atlantic convoys, and the 2868: 2779:

against the inadequate British anti-submarine methods. On 1 December, seven German and three Italian submarines caught

2125: 1735: 10674:

Operation Drumbeat: The Dramatic True Story of Germany's First U-Boat Attacks Along the American Coast in World War II

4364:

types. Since the design was ready, it was hoped that by massproducing the U-boat in prefabricated sections, these new

3154:

The impact of these changes first began to be felt in the battles during the spring of 1941. In early March, Prien in

15658: 15568: 15491: 15364: 15265: 15255: 14310: 14016: 12898: 12870: 12687: 12269: 11988: 11955: 10779: 10758: 10743: 10695: 10681: 10493: 10460: 10446: 10254: 10185: 10112: 10009: 9816: 9646: 9616:

The Essential Turing: Seminal Writings in Computing, Logic, Philosophy, Artificial Intelligence, and Artificial Life

9426: 6727: 6439: 5334: 5162: 3177:

was also caught and sunk, its crew captured. Dönitz had lost his three leading aces: Kretschmer, Prien, and Schepke.

2826:

The Germans received help from their allies. From August 1940, a flotilla of 27 Italian submarines operated from the

2231: 1649: 1410: 11171: 9107: 6108:

During the Second World War nearly one third of the world's merchant shipping was British. Over 30,000 men from the

15501: 15440: 15394: 15384: 15291: 15275: 14239: 14053: 13211: 13148: 12283: 12119: 11242: 6388: 6220:

Poseidon's tribute: Maritime vulnerability, industrial mobilization and the Allied defeat of the U-boats, 1939–1945

5246: 3766: 3335: 2448: 2193: 1986: 1446: 1139: 413: 11796: 10047:. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I (4th impr. ed.). London: HMSO. 3136:

to prepare the new escort ships and their crews for the demands of battle under the strict regime of Vice-Admiral

2678:"). Churchill would later write: "...the only thing that ever frightened me during the war was the U-boat peril". 1784: 15804: 15703: 14244: 14138: 13577: 13418: 13407: 13243: 13002: 12961: 12854: 12792: 12179: 11449: 11318: 11286: 10616: 10453:

A Blue Water Navy: The Official Operational History of the Royal Canadian Navy in the Second World War, 1943–1945

10439:

No Higher Purpose: The Official Operational History of the Royal Canadian Navy in the Second World War, 1939–1943

5523:

were sunk in battle on the Atlantic Ocean. Three cruisers were sunk during the April 1940 invasion in Norway and

5425: 5204: 4489:. For the loss of thirteen of their own, these U-boats sank only eight of the 5,339 vessels participating in the 3963: 3617: 2223:

and operations in British coastal waters. Much of the early German anti-shipping activity involved minelaying by

1917: 1759: 1696: 1545: 1528: 768: 11966: 11534: 9971:

History of United States Naval Operations in World War II: The Battle of the Atlantic; September 1939 – May 1943

1779: 15538: 15389: 15311: 15151: 15061: 14227: 13963: 13935: 13813: 13606: 12843: 12294: 12220: 12016: 11387: 11106: 11011: 10896: 10542: 8098: 6712: 6707: 6626: 6377: 6128: 6109: 5446: 5267: 5183: 4146:, they sailed with the convoys and provided much-needed air cover and patrols all the way across the Atlantic. 2577: 2570: 2006: 1989:

for "many more ships and great numbers of men" to fight "the Battle of the Atlantic", which he compared to the

1957: 1708: 3437: 2491:

for the U-boats in the French Atlantic bases, which were impervious to Allied bombing until mid-1944 when the

15609: 15213: 14178: 14023: 13956: 13907: 13838: 13663: 13169: 13120: 12884: 12877: 12480: 12241: 12032: 11085: 10786:

The Battle of the Atlantic: Hitler's Gray Wolves of the Sea and the Allies' Desperate Struggle to Defeat Them

10247:

The Battle of the Atlantic: Hitler's Gray Wolves of the Sea and the Allies' Desperate Struggle to Defeat Them

6496: 5225: 4643: 4380:(snorkels), which allowed U-boats to run their diesel engines whilst submerged and recharge their batteries. 4276: 4270: 4264: 3465: 3427: 2988: 2974: 2930: 2864: 2637: 2198:

which had sortied into the Atlantic in August. These ships immediately attacked British and French shipping.

1994: 1932: 1830: 1672: 1654: 15455: 10767:, (London 1987) Wordsworth Military Library. The best single-volume study of the U-boat Campaigns, 1917–1945 9025: 4534:, and were equipped with new technology : they had new 'Fliege' and 'Mücke' radar detectors and a new ' 2124:

was initiated. Merchant ships that were either too fast or too slow for convoys, were to be equipped with a

1357: 449: 15506: 15099: 14097: 13993: 13368: 13329: 12248: 12083: 12068: 11995: 11974: 11792: 11470: 11256: 11249: 11233: 10944: 10903: 10875: 6467: 4466:, a Type XIV supply submarine (known as a "milch cow") sinking after being attacked by a Vickers Wellington 3595: 3446: 3256: 3045: 2899: 2693:, which were used for reconnaissance. The Condor was a converted civilian airliner—a stop-gap solution for 2667: 2657: 2647: 2627: 2496: 2366:

by an inferior British force. After suffering damage in the subsequent action, she took shelter in neutral

2304: 2287: 2270: 2199: 2050: 1740: 1540: 1489: 950: 1769: 14861: 14232: 14060: 13384: 13336: 12954: 12926: 12779: 12394: 12373: 11894: 11557: 11463: 10953: 10038: 4704: 4615: 4593: 4223: 3872: 3685:

shifted his attention back to the North Atlantic, where allied aircraft could not provide cover—i.e. the

3282: 3000: 2994: 1978: 1938: 1723: 1701: 1644: 1391: 1386: 1320: 899: 254: 14267: 10022:

The Effects of World War II Submarine Campaigns of Germany and the United States; A Comparative Analysis

8156:'Real life battleships': the secret game that countered German U-boat attacks during WW2 | History Extra 2830:

base in Bordeaux to attack Allied shipping in the Atlantic, initially under the command of Rear Admiral

15668: 14553: 13858: 13354: 13273: 13218: 13106: 13062: 12712: 12338: 12262: 12164: 12041: 11913: 11906: 11866: 11839: 11571: 11504: 11099: 10910: 10840: 10498: 10264: 4349: 3730: 3238: 3039: 3033: 2973:

Other German surface raiders now began to make their presence felt. On Christmas Day 1940, the cruiser

2751:, lacked target discrimination and range. Moreover, corvettes were too slow to catch a surfaced U-boat. 2187: 1926: 1667: 1533: 1511: 783: 230: 52:

Officers on the bridge of an escorting British destroyer stand watch for enemy submarines, October 1941

6495:, 1943 film based on the true story a tanker salvaged by some of her crew after being attacked by the 1764: 15663: 15174: 14893: 14854: 14616: 13760: 13677: 13462: 13322: 13294: 13127: 13032: 12822: 12255: 11329: 10983: 6513: 6505: 6132: 5577: 4135: 3660: 3486: 3231: 2405: 2355: 2099: 2037: 1944: 1550: 1516: 813: 539: 266: 242: 208: 11527: 8061:

At All Costs: How a Crippled Ship and Two American Merchant Mariners Turned the Tide of World War II

7587: 7493: 6413: 4521:, 68 patrols were organised from Norway towards British waters between July and December 1944. Only 4056:

A Vickers Wellington equipped with an ASV III radar under the chin and a Leigh light under the belly

3314:

fighter aircraft. When a German bomber approached, the fighter was launched off the end of the ramp

3098:, and the perceived invasion threat to Norway had persuaded Hitler and the naval staff to withdraw. 2524: 15743: 15688: 15673: 15638: 15374: 15260: 14838: 14581: 14262: 13499: 13476: 12728: 12529: 12522: 12186: 11846: 11818: 11811: 11198: 6777: 3293: 3162:, the newly formed 3rd Escort Group of four destroyers and two corvettes held off the U-boat pack. 2744: 2682: 2581: 2253:, sought a more 'offensive' strategy. The Royal Navy formed anti-submarine hunting groups based on 1566: 11543: 11520: 10395: 3695: 3566:, a destroyer, and only two merchant ships. The battle was the first clear Allied convoy victory. 15109: 14631: 14302: 13921: 13865: 13735: 13595: 13280: 12933: 12829: 12735: 12303: 12171: 12141: 12105: 12090: 11962: 11854: 11832: 11778: 11764: 11746: 11410: 11191: 10919: 10868: 8010: 6840:

Between April and July 1940, the Royal Navy lost 24 destroyers, the Royal Canadian Navy one.

6366: 4069: 3664: 3326:

convoy. The CAM ships and their Hurricanes thus justified the cost in fewer ship losses overall.

2066: 1603: 1462: 1339: 1045: 955: 778: 295: 14441: 8194: 4352: 3029: 2386: 1484: 943: 15758: 15517: 15094: 14647: 14371: 14207: 13613: 13506: 13308: 13259: 13162: 13055: 13025: 12696: 12422: 12213: 11804: 11785: 11755: 11272: 10420: 10352: 6571: 6120: 4734: 4698: 4619: 4609: 4603: 4545: 4461: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4252: 4230: 4138:(MAC ships), and later the growing numbers of American-built escort carriers. Primarily flying 4125: 3984: 3864: 3613: 3274: 3265:. When news of the sinking reached the US, few shipping companies felt truly safe anywhere. As 3262: 3184:

before its anti-submarine escort had joined. Ten ships were sunk, but another U-boat was lost.

2854: 2339: 2183: 1834: 1826: 1632: 1381: 928: 10718:. (London 1961). Excellent single volume history by one of the British Escort Group commanders 9442:

America: The Last Best Hope, Volume 2: From a World at War to the Triumph of Freedom 1914–1989

9440: 7542: 6865:

was successfully attacked by the RAF at La Pallice on 24 July 1941 and repairs took 4 months.

6338:

won permission to share British secret research with the Americans, including bringing them a

4538:' search radar. They sank six warships and nine merchants ships for the loss of seven U-boats. 4441:, but all subsequent attacks were beaten off with heavy loss for the Germans. Other wolfpacks 4383: 3891: 1288: 15748: 15723: 15648: 14846: 14830: 14104: 13827: 13670: 13566: 13536: 13492: 13232: 13197: 13190: 13113: 13011: 12452: 12429: 12276: 11887: 11424: 11164: 11150: 10833: 10592: 10150: 9026:"The Merchant Navy - Historical Sheet - Second World War - History - Veterans Affairs Canada" 7009: 6773: 6555: 4624:

was the last U-boat sunk in action, by an RAF Catalina; while the Norwegian minesweeper

4438: 4015: 3137: 3120: 2733:

Instead of attacking the Allied convoys singly, U-boats were directed to work in wolf packs (

2117: 1789: 1283: 1273: 1231: 1107: 1067: 1055: 870: 400: 15683: 11722: 10268: 8248:"Revealed: the careless mistake by Bletchley's Enigma code-crackers that cost Allied lives;" 6459: 6301: 3703: 3485:

This Allied advantage was offset by the growing numbers of U-boats coming into service. The

563: 15678: 15511: 15010: 14822: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14752: 14747: 14742: 14737: 14732: 14727: 14722: 14717: 14712: 14707: 14702: 14697: 14476: 14212: 13928: 13783: 13434: 13391: 13361: 13287: 13097: 13076: 12002: 11479: 11157: 10425:. History of the Second World War: United Kingdom Civil Series. London: HMSO and Longmans. 10042: 9044: 7986:

U-boat attack logs: a complete record of warship sinkings from original sources 1939 - 1945

6861:

were all out of service whilst bomb damage was being repaired in the Brest naval dockyard.

3738: 3608:

An Allied convoy heads eastward across the Atlantic, bound for Casablanca, in November 1942

3544: 3506: 3197: 3116: 2853:

Amongst the more successful Italian submarine commanders who operated in the Atlantic were

2797: 2121: 2033: 1745: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1011: 600: 95: 14504: 10369: 4573:

made seven patrols in 1945 which sank five small freighters. Only one of the big type XXI

3143:

In February 1941, the Admiralty moved the headquarters of Western Approaches Command from

3044:

put to sea to attack convoys. A British fleet intercepted the raiders off Iceland. In the

2178:) for command of the sea. Instead, German naval strategy relied on commerce raiding using 8: 15653: 15318: 14936: 14869: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14462: 14413: 14392: 14329: 14186: 14131: 14046: 13820: 13698: 13654: 13176: 12310: 12076: 11603: 11433: 11417: 11366: 7184: 6491: 6279: 6246:

a wolf-pack suspected of carrying V-weapons in the mid-Atlantic, with little difficulty.

4651: 4446: 4411: 4219: 4143: 4139: 4061: 2726: 2663: 2576:

to request the loan of fifty obsolescent US Navy destroyers. This eventually led to the "

2555: 2280: 2143: 2014: 1884:, coming mainly from North America and predominantly going to the United Kingdom and the 1869: 1799: 1679: 1313: 14497: 14336: 14315: 4509:

Norway was too far away from the convoy lanes in order to organise group attacks by the

3543:

sailed, escorted by the 36th Escort Group of two sloops and six corvettes under Captain

15753: 15728: 15643: 15633: 15450: 15015: 14990: 14952: 14920: 14901: 14885: 14490: 14483: 14350: 14039: 13872: 13797: 13751: 13721: 13629: 13469: 13134: 13018: 12912: 12863: 12801: 12557: 12508: 12317: 11941: 11596: 11394: 10512: 10333:"The Battle of the Atlantic: The Gruesome Tale the Numbers Tell of Triumph and Tragedy" 10309: 10201: 10155: 9436: 9403: 9178: 8137: 7646: 7588:"THE ORIGINS OF THE ROYAL NAVY'S VULNERABILITY TO SURFACED NIGHT U-BOAT ATTACK 1939–40" 6689: 6529: 6509:, 1944 British colour film dramatising the experience of merchant sailors in a lifeboat 6476: 6243: 4535: 4490: 4450: 4065: 3928: 3896: 3868: 3799: 3734: 3490: 3489:

began reaching the Atlantic in large numbers in 1941; by the end of 1945, 568 had been

3411: 3004: 2573: 2505: 2440: 2393: 2350:, which was operating in the North Atlantic. These hunting groups had no success until 2346:, three aircraft carriers, and 15 cruisers to seek the raider and her sister 2314: 2263: 2258: 2113: 1922: 1873: 1452: 1374: 473: 14343: 9759:

Men on the bottom: the history of Italian submarines from the beginning to the present

6525:, 1956 film about an American destroyer captain who matches wits with a U-boat captain 3748:, winter weather provided a brief respite from the fighting in January before convoys 3106: 2983:

had more success two months later, on 12 February 1941, when she found the unescorted

79: 15573: 15056: 15040: 15030: 14995: 14511: 14448: 14434: 14385: 14030: 13914: 13804: 13744: 13705: 13638: 13620: 13586: 13529: 13483: 13427: 13252: 12990: 12982: 12919: 12772: 12366: 11898: 11359: 11338: 11048: 10775: 10754: 10739: 10691: 10677: 10653: 10650:

Churchill's Greatest Fear: The Battle of the Atlantic, 3 September 1939 to 7 May 1945

10538: 10489: 10456: 10442: 10426: 10295: 10276: 10269: 10250: 10231: 10181: 10162: 10127: 10108: 10091: 10072: 10048: 10005: 9979: 9945: 9926: 9922: 9887: 9882:

Levine, Alan J. (1991). "Was World War II a near-run thing?". In Lee, Loyd E. (ed.).

9868: 9849: 9812: 9793: 9762: 9739: 9671: 9652: 9642: 9623: 9584: 9565: 9546: 9527: 9507: 9484: 9465: 9446: 9422: 9389: 9170: 9137: 9134:

Decision in the Atlantic: the Allies and the longest campaign of the Second World War

9005: 8129: 8024: 7989: 7848: 7761: 7638: 7607: 7513: 7284:. (Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv, Freiburg, Germany, Case 378, PG 32419a. Seekrieg 1939) 6674: 6662: 6284: 6205:

and their scores, the convoys attacked, and the ships sunk, serves to camouflage the

6164: 5573: 5549: 4486: 4442: 4375: 4369: 4346: 3795: 3625: 3579: 3459: 3452: 3414:

sheets and the message settings were different for every message and determined from

3227: 3214: 2835: 2643: 2593: 2530: 2250: 2208: 1966: 1962: 1818: 1684: 1523: 1499: 1144: 1033: 1018: 637: 575: 497: 437: 10002:

Das waren Die Deutschen Hilfskreuzer 1939-1945. Bewaffnete Handelsschiffe im Einsatz

9543:

The Fighting Captain: Captain Frederic John Walker RN and the Battle of the Atlantic

8991: 6135:(MoWT), also had new ships built during the course of the war, these being known as 4211: 3935: 3771:

Between February 1942 and July 1945, about 5,000 naval officers played war games at

2979:

attacked the troop convoy WS 5A, but was driven off by the escorting cruisers.

2377:

After this initial burst of activity, the Atlantic campaign quietened down. Admiral

15486: 14944: 14563: 14469: 14399: 14357: 14199: 13949: 13942: 13886: 13550: 13315: 13301: 13204: 13141: 13092: 12905: 12758: 12705: 12515: 12466: 12380: 11610: 11587: 11120: 10486:

Far Distant Ships: An Official Account of Canadian Naval Operations in World War II

9918: 9698: 9244: 8997: 8016: 7736: 7603: 7599: 7509: 7505: 6654: 6646: 6563: 6339: 4637: 4429: 4204: 4192: 4151: 4105: 4027: 3977: 3311: 2605: 2483:), were about 450 miles (720 km) closer to the Atlantic than the bases on the 2254: 2022: 1990: 1905: 1494: 1472: 1241: 1122: 835: 790: 39: 11129: 10751:

The Battle of the Atlantic: The Royal Canadian Navy's Greatest Campaign, 1939–1945

10731: 10488:, King's Printer, Ottawa, 1952 – reprinted by Stoddart Publishing, Toronto, 1987, 9717: 9238: 4394:

The U-boats left the North Atlantic convoy lanes and shifted their attacks to the

4161: 3426:

that naval Enigma could not be broken. Only the head of the German Naval Section,

3063:

nearly reached her destination, but was disabled by an airstrike from the carrier

2850:

conditions, and their area of operation was moved away from those of the Germans.

2300: 2013:, countries tried to limit or abolish submarines. The effort failed. Instead, the 1196: 15617: 15481: 14928: 14455: 14322: 14222: 13972: 13684: 13599: 13557: 13455: 13398: 13266: 13048: 13039: 12568: 12150: 12126: 11380: 10688:

Black May: The Epic Story of the Allies' Defeat of the German U-Boats in May 1943

10644:

Doherty, Richard, 'Key to Victory: The Maiden City in the Battle of the Atlantic'

10603:: The account of a surviving U-boat captain with historical and technical details 10582: 10390: 10034: 9969: 9665: 9248: 9240:

Conflict Over Convoys: Anglo-American Logistics Diplomacy in the Second World War

7912: 7743: 7549: 6682: 6610: 6521: 6274: 6264:

By the end of the war the Allies had built over 38 million tons of new shipping.

6177: 4457: 4422: 4365: 4342: 4247: 4243: 4114: 4110: 4052: 3997: 3791: 3679: 3653: 3502: 3418:

that were issued to operators. In 1939, it was generally believed at the British

3202: 3129: 2919: 2633: 2623: 2463: 2401: 2139: 2055: 2010: 1662: 1583: 587: 485: 14084: 10020: 9755:

Uomini sul fondo : storia del sommergibilismo italiano dalle origini a oggi

6147:

In addition to its existing merchant fleet, United States shipyards built 2,710

4541: 2758:

A U-boat shells a merchant ship which has remained afloat after being torpedoed.

2537: 14427: 14420: 14378: 14124: 13979: 13515: 13441: 11493: 11352: 9702: 6483: 6335: 6317:

Historians disagree about the relative importance of the anti-U-boat measures.

6202: 6124: 6113: 4712: 4418: 4239: 4207: 4184: 4077:

the surface and fight it out with the aircraft. Some U-boats were converted to

3829: 3668: 3621: 3548: 3423: 3386: 3345: 3095: 2951: 2940: 2492: 2216: 1598: 1593: 1334: 613: 456: 444: 432: 420: 408: 395: 382: 370: 147: 103: 75: 15820:

Campaigns, operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

14292: 10292:

The Real Cruel Sea: The Merchant Navy in the Battle of the Atlantic, 1939–1943

9687: 9667:

Britain's War Machine: Weapons, Resources, and Experts in the Second World War

6551:, 2000 film about a U-boat boarded by disguised United States Navy submariners 2378: 527: 15798: 15768: 15076: 15066: 14975: 14626: 14525: 14518: 14406: 13790: 11715: 11564: 11403: 10547: 10430: 10416: 10095: 10052: 9901: 9656: 9611: 9607: 9511: 9174: 8133: 7840: 7642: 7611: 7517: 7060: 6732: 6327: 4670: 4073: 4045: 4011: 4007: 3818: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3715: 3711: 3672: 3389: 3319: 3249: 3213:, November 27, 1941. The convoy was one of many escorted by the US Navy on " 3159: 3011: 2843: 2831: 2542: 2488: 2468: 2443:

and fought against Germany, though these were later joined by a few Canadian

2428: 2343: 1352: 1293: 1278: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1236: 1221: 1216: 1206: 1201: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1134: 1117: 1102: 1092: 1087: 1023: 994: 964: 938: 933: 923: 918: 906: 706: 644: 632: 625: 620: 551: 480: 468: 349: 160: 99: 15143: 4673:), which ran a pre-programmed course criss-crossing the convoy path and the 3973:

best estimates of submarine movements, but this information was not enough.

2774:

and two corvettes, was overwhelmed, losing 59% of its ships. The battle for

2408:. Since the effectiviness of the magnetic pistol was already reduced by the 2249:

Some British naval officials, particularly the First Lord of the Admiralty,

1402: 15713: 15020: 15005: 14980: 14806: 14558: 14548: 14364: 14287: 14089: 13893: 12193: 12098: 11729: 11092: 10856: 10599: 10567: 10161:(Cassell Military Paperbacks ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 9776: 7150:

Ernest Lindley, "The Grand Alliance", St. Joseph News-Press, Sept 30, 1940.

6736: 6545: 6331: 6318: 6148: 4694: 4674: 4631: 4433: 4229:. After a series of attacks on merchant vessels off the Brazilian coast by 4041: 3690: 3645: 3552: 3540: 3181: 3087: 3068: 2967: 2947: 2926: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2653: 2529:. Seven destroyers were lost in the Norwegian campaign, another six in the 2382: 2179: 1895: 1885: 1851: 1822: 1435: 1268: 1246: 1129: 1112: 1097: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1062: 1050: 1028: 999: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 913: 894: 889: 877: 865: 860: 850: 840: 830: 825: 690: 608: 595: 582: 570: 558: 546: 534: 522: 515: 510: 461: 375: 334: 111: 91: 10721:

Milner, Marc. "The Atlantic War, 1939–1945: The Case for a New Paradigm."

10620: 9001: 8020: 4733:

British Allied and neutral shipping losses by worldwide Axis Operations (

4432:

back to the North Atlantic convoy lanes. These U-boats were equipped with

3729:

On November 19, 1942, Admiral Noble was replaced as Commander-in-Chief of

3584: 2987:

of 19 ships and sank seven of them. In January 1941, the battleships

2754: 15738: 15693: 15599: 15000: 14985: 14543: 13728: 13714: 13376: 12052: 11873: 11858: 11212: 10521: 9519: 8099:"Pignerolle dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale - PDF Téléchargement Gratuit" 6600: 6254: 6136: 5581: 4585:

and nine other U-boats were sunk by Allied aircraft as they fled towards

4359: 4200: 4121: 3871:

and B-24 Liberators. These aircraft first located enemy submarines using

3860: 3851: 3842: 3637: 3431: 2839: 2767: 2589: 2480: 2427:

The German occupation of Norway in April 1940, the rapid conquest of the

2205: 2169: 2129: 2093: 2076: 2018: 1913: 1901: 1559: 1477: 1191: 855: 845: 649: 310: 107: 47: 10591:(London 1955). Biography of the leading British escort group commander, 10564:(London). Autobiography of another former escort group commander (1956) 9790:

Hitler's Gateway to the Atlantic. German naval bases in France 1940-1945

9498:

Bowling, R. A. (December 1969). "Escort of Convoy: Still the Only Way".

9182: 9158: 8141: 8117: 7650: 7626: 6215:

At no time during the campaign were supply lines to Britain interrupted;

4550:

under attack by a US Navy Consolidated PB4Y-1 Liberator in November 1943

3854:

fitted to a Royal Air Force Coastal Command Liberator, February 26, 1944

3340: 15733: 15708: 15625: 15553: 13083: 12836: 12815: 11708: 11041: 10969: 9792:(Kindle, English Translation ed.). Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. 6667: 6567:, 2020 film about an American Commander defending a convoy from U-boats 6268: 6182: 4454:

anymore in the face of heavy convoy escort and dispersed his U-boats.

4395: 4031: 4003: 3776: 3641: 3366: 3344:

The distinctive HF/DF "birdcage" aerial can be seen at the masthead of

3019: 2955: 2925:

The power of a raider against a convoy was demonstrated by the fate of

2740: 2476: 2409: 2367: 2310: 2220: 1953: 1865: 1467: 1457: 1362: 1226: 1211: 425: 187: 8118:"The Unraveling and Revitalization of U.s. Navy Antisubmarine Warfare" 7935: 7627:"The Unraveling and Revitalization of U.s. Navy Antisubmarine Warfare" 6309: 4515:

U-Boats. In order to keep up the offensive pending the arrival of the

4113:). At the May 1943 Trident conference, Admiral King requested General 3867:, it was a powerful and controllable searchlight mounted primarily to 2334:

In the South Atlantic, British forces were stretched by the cruise of

15594: 13346: 12751: 12548: 12359: 12157: 12112: 4428:

In September 1943 Dönitz hoped to surprise the Allies by sending the

4405: 3991: 3719: 3686: 3524: 3355: 3210: 3167: 3148: 2690: 2565:

It was in these circumstances that Winston Churchill, who had become

2509: 2484: 2452: 2444: 2371: 2359: 2323: 2243: 2230:

With the outbreak of war, the British and French immediately began a

2224: 2168:

lacked the strength to challenge the combined British Royal Navy and

1889: 1859: 280: 87: 83: 16:

Attempt by Germany during World War II to cut supply lines to Britain

11633: 10702:

Britain, Germany and the Battle of the Atlantic: A Comparative Study

9959:"Admiralty pleads for ships, men to wage 'Battle of the Atlantic'". 9159:"FORTUITOUS ENDEAVOR: Intelligence and Deception in Operation Torch" 8473: 6355: 4663:

The development of torpedoes also improved with the pattern-running

4325:

order of withdrawal only in August of the following year, and with (

3962:

switched the U-boats to a new Enigma network (TRITON) that used the

3604: 722: 15778: 15763: 11617: 11345: 10728:

O'Connor, Jerome M, "FDR's Undeclared War", WWW.Historyarticles.com

7494:"FORCE H AND BRITISH STRATEGY IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN 1939–42" 6537: 6472: 4399: 4345:

U-boats which achieved high underwater speeds with a revolutionary

3307: 3144: 3133: 3049: 2892: 2717: 2686: 2614:

Grand Admiral Erich Raeder with Otto Kretschmer (left), August 1940

2413: 2029:

naval auxiliaries and removed the protection of the cruiser rules.

8658: 8634: 8551: 7821: 7785: 7340: 7338: 4689: 4596:

took place on May 5–6, 1945, which saw the sinking of the steamer

3952:

Cryptanalysis of the Enigma § M4 (German Navy 4-rotor Enigma)

3902:. She participated in the sinking of 14 U-boats throughout the war 3187: 2083:, only a minority of the planned 239 U-boats were medium U-boats. 15126: 10803: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8781: 6826: 4156: 3798:

anti-submarine mortar mounted on the forecastle of the destroyer

3242: 2827: 2821: 2585: 2546: 2472: 2456: 2397: 2363: 9727:

The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare

8009:

Zeiler, Thomas W.; DuBois, Daniel M., eds. (December 10, 2012).

7911:(Report). United States National Security Agency. Archived from 7847:(Kindle ed.). New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 7012:. National Museum of the Royal Navy. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 3255:, an American vessel carrying no military supplies, was sunk by 3230:, Royal Canadian Navy, assumed his post as Commodore Commanding 3158:

failed to return from patrol. Two weeks later, in the battle of

15121: 15025: 14147: 12227: 10825: 10652:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire England: Pen & Sword Military. 9975: 8961: 8959: 7401: 7335: 7139:

The Churchill War Papers: The Ever Widening War, Volume 3: 1941

5560:

could sink capital ships in the Atlantic : the battleship

4196: 3699: 3318:

to shoot down or drive off the German aircraft, the pilot then

2599: 2432: 2239: 2235: 2150: 2080: 2060: 1881: 1845: 679:

741 RAF Coastal Command aircraft lost in anti-submarine sorties

492: 173: 9261: 8886: 8884: 8778: 8586: 8319: 8307: 8265: 7885: 7845:

The War for the Seas : a maritime history of World War II

7773: 5568:

was sunk whilst on anti-submarine patrol, the escort carriers

4493:. Air patrols made operations for U-boats not equipped with a 3847: 3680:

Battle returns to the mid-Atlantic (July 1942 – February 1943)

15578: 15035: 12415: 8171: 8079: 8067: 7965: 7953: 7670: 4678: 4482: 4175: 3907: 3475: 3392:, which the Germans considered unbreakable. In addition, the 3285:

bombers that were important contributions to the war effort.

2787:

had the same effect in slowing down cross-Atlantic supplies.

2562:, establishing bases there and preventing a German takeover. 2072: 1040: 10746:. A thorough and lucid analysis of the defeat of the U-boats 10178:

The defeat of the German U-boats: the Battle of the Atlantic

9297: 8971: 8956: 8932: 8503: 7299: 7282:

Gedanken über den Aufbau der U-Bootswaffe, 1. September 1939

7020: 7018: 6559:, 2004 film about American sailors taken captive on a U-boat 6517:, 1953 film about a Royal Navy escort crew during the Battle 6487:, 1943 American film about Royal Canadian Navy convoy escort 4642:

were torpedoed in separate incidents, just hours before the

3632:), sometimes called by the Germans the "Second happy time." 3028:

In May, the Germans mounted the most ambitious raid of all:

2462:

The U-boats gained direct access to the Atlantic. Since the

8908: 8896: 8881: 8869: 8857: 8845: 8766: 8622: 8441: 7567: 7350: 3315: 3209:

flies anti-submarine patrol over Convoy WS-12, en route to

2966:

disappeared into the South Atlantic. She reappeared in the

2459:, to replace the French fleet in the Western Mediterranean. 2063:

system, but Dönitz thought this could be overcome with the

14116: 10798: 10554:(London). Autobiography of a former escort group commander 9913:

Maximiano, Cesar Campiani; Neto, Ricardo Bonalume (2011).

8754: 8742: 8718: 8706: 8694: 8682: 8670: 8646: 8610: 8563: 8539: 8527: 8331: 8159: 7797: 7706: 7367: 7365: 6290: 4554:

In 1945 Dönitz continued with the same approach: type VII

4499:

impossible and these had to be recalled. A further eleven

3501:

An extraordinary incident occurred when a Coastal Command

2887: 2846:" chariots, disabling several British ships in Gibraltar. 15855:

Naval battles of World War II involving the United States

9736:

Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II

9077: 9075: 7694: 7449: 7437: 7015: 6969: 6967: 6965: 5580:

were sunk whilst escorting convoys and the light cruiser

3573: 3110:

Losses of merchant ships (blue) and u-boats (red) in 1941

2748: 10622:

Cryptographic History of Work on the German Naval Enigma

10471:

History of United States Naval Operation in World War II

9321: 8944: 7682: 7524: 7461: 7110: 4658: 4191:

Despite U-boat operations in the region (centred in the

2504:

British destroyers were diverted from the Atlantic. The

2269:, narrowly avoided being sunk when three torpedoes from 1993:, fought the previous summer. The first meeting of the 10499:

Aircraft against U-Boats (New Zealand official history)

10451:

Douglas, William A.B., Roger Sarty and Michael Whitby,

10437:

Douglas, William A.B., Roger Sarty and Michael Whitby,

9545:(Kindle 2006 ed.). Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. 9345: 9273: 8993:

The Merchant Marine in International Affairs, 1850-1950

8833: 8420: 8408: 8227: 7873: 7362: 7323: 7262: 7250: 7238: 7226: 7098: 3128:

of the battle became obvious. A new base was set up at

2138:

Similarly the role of aircraft had been neglected; the

11487:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

10809:

Battle of the Atlantic 70th Anniversary Commemorations

10639:

The Battle of the Atlantic: How the Allies Won the War

9357: 9333: 9309: 9285: 9087: 9072: 9060: 8821: 8809: 8797: 8730: 8598: 8396: 8355: 7718: 7162: 7081:

Effects of Strategic Bombing on the German War Economy

7030: 7010:"British Losses & Losses Inflicted on Axis Navies" 6991: 6962: 6223:(Masters thesis). University of Maryland, College Park 4425:

guided glide bomb, which claimed a number of victims.

4187:

on anti-submarine warfare in the South Atlantic, 1944.

4160:) were designed to be built economically, compared to 4134:

Further air cover was provided by the introduction of

3702:

on the Loire river. The headquarters was commanded by

2999:

put to sea from Germany to raid the shipping lanes in

2898:(in the distance) steaming into battle minutes before 9562:

The U-Boat War in the Atlantic: Volume III: 1944–1945

9132:

Faulkner, Marcus; Bell, Christopher M., eds. (2019).

8920: 8515: 8491: 8386: 8384: 8382: 8367: 8343: 7473: 7190: 6979: 6931: 6907: 6686:, 2010 U-boat simulator video game, fifth of a series 6678:, 2005 U-boat simulator video game, third of a series 6541:, 1981 German film about a German U-boat and its crew 5529:

was sunk in the Arctic. Apart from the heavy cruiser

4336: 3927:

In 1941, American intelligence informed Rear Admiral

3166:

was detected by the primitive radar on the destroyer

2815: 10180:. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. 7425: 7413: 7389: 7377: 7311: 7287: 7214: 7202: 7086: 7042: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6533:, 1960 film about the hunt for the German battleship 4040:). The turning point was the battle centred on slow 3998:

Climax of the campaign (March–May 1943, "Black May")

3398:

used much more secure operating procedures than the

19:

For the Atlantic naval campaign of World War I, see

10668:

Bitter Ocean: The Battle of the Atlantic, 1939–1945

10228:

Bitter Ocean: The Battle of the Atlantic, 1939–1945

7861: 6895: 6380:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5541:all other ships were destroyed in port by bombers. 3760: 3329: 2783:, sinking 10 ships and damaging three others. 2725:In response, the British applied the techniques of 2320:at anchor, immediately becoming a hero in Germany. 10581:(London). Biography of the top German U-boat ace, 10345:"Australian Sailors in the Battle of the Atlantic" 10154: 9781:All hell let loose : the world at war 1939-45 9686: 8379: 6575:, 2023 film about the sinking of the Belgian ship 4329:) the last Allied merchant ship sunk by a U-boat ( 15880:World War II merchant ships of the United Kingdom 10230:. New York, United States: Simon & Schuster. 9421:(in German). Oldenburg: Gerhard Stalling Verlag. 6943: 4214:), these were introduced in second half of 1941. 3496: 3297:Sea Hurricane Mk IA on the catapult of a CAM ship 3101: 2714:The best source proved to be the codebreakers of 15796: 15544:United States Coast Guard Ceremonial Honor Guard 10149: 9884:World War II: crucible of the contemporary world 7891: 3922: 3474:In August 1940, the British began use of their " 3288: 2338:, which sank nine merchant ships of 50,000 15835:Naval battles of World War II involving Germany 7555: 6238:Isles during World War II did so successfully. 3188:The field of battle widens (June–December 1941) 15860:Military history of Canada during World War II 15850:Naval battles of World War II involving Poland 15845:Naval battles of World War II involving Norway 15830:Naval battles of World War II involving France 15825:Naval battles of World War II involving Canada 10625:. CCR 239. Kew: The National Archives. HW 25/1 9636: 9382:1942: O Brasil e sua guerra quase desconhecida 9267: 8791: 8664: 8640: 8592: 8557: 8325: 8313: 8271: 8177: 8085: 8073: 7971: 7959: 7827: 7573: 7407: 7344: 7305: 6919: 5584:was sunk whilst searching for German raiders. 4092: 1956:", and lasted more than five years, until the 15840:Naval battles of World War II involving Italy 15224:Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard 15173: 15159: 14132: 10841: 10105:U-boat warfare: The evolution of the wolfpack 9915:Brazilian Expeditionary Force in World War II 9912: 9863:Koop, Gerhard; Schmolke, Klaus-Peter (2014). 9734:Garzke, William H.; Dulin, Robert O. (1985). 8447: 7906: 7902: 7900: 7833: 6782:Provisional Government of the French Republic 3420:Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) 1893: 1432: 1418: 738: 286: 66:(5 years, 8 months and 5 days) 10455:, Volume 2 Part 2, Vanwell Publishing 2007, 10441:, Volume 2 Part 1, Vanwell Publishing 2002, 9999: 9958: 9862: 9697:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 9131: 8977: 8965: 8938: 8914: 8902: 8890: 8875: 8863: 8851: 8467: 8465: 8008: 7983: 7809: 7791: 7116: 6185:, with headquarters in London and New York. 5536: 5530: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5384: 5361: 5355: 5311: 5288: 5139: 5116: 4664: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4555: 4529: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4500: 4494: 4478:to be inferior to the designed performance. 4472: 4373: 4357: 4035: 3967: 3957: 3659:In May, King (by this time both Cominch and 3405: 3399: 3393: 3226:, Newfoundland. On June 13, 1941, Commodore 3217:", before the US officially entered the war. 3192: 2807: 2801: 2791: 2734: 2715: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2673: 2600:'The Happy Time' (June 1940 – February 1941) 2522: 2514: 2396:revealed serious flaws in the German U-boat 2173: 2163: 2151:Early skirmishes (September 1939 – May 1940) 2064: 2041: 1857: 1849: 15084: 10025:. Naval War College Newport, Rhode Island. 9733: 7779: 7054: 6883:Includes ships sunk by submarine laid mines 6718:Irish Mercantile Marine during World War II 4154:(DEs) (similar British ships were known as 3895:Depth charges detonate astern of the sloop 3281:the British with Catalina flying boats and 3261:750 nautical miles (1,390 km) west of 271: 15166: 15152: 14139: 14125: 10848: 10834: 10343: 10314:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 10263: 9830:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 9787: 9752: 9724: 9559: 9462:Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters 1939–1942 9408:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8772: 8533: 8438:Votaw, 1950, pp. 10579ff, and 1951, p. 93. 7897: 7767: 7700: 7676: 7530: 7467: 7024: 6913: 5564:was sunk in harbour, the aircraft carrier 4616:last actions of the Battle of the Atlantic 4176:South Atlantic (May 1942 – September 1943) 3533: 2227:, aircraft and U-boats off British ports. 1425: 1411: 745: 731: 10736:The Critical Convoy Battles of March 1943 10353:"Turning point in Battle of the Atlantic" 10194: 9828:The U-Boat war in the Atlantic, 1939–1945 9811:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 9526:. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Ltd. 9500:United States Naval Institute Proceedings 9481:Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunted 1942–1945 9386:1942: Brazil and its almost Forgotten War 9363: 9224:Hitler's U-Boat War The Hunted, 1942-1945 8462: 7065:United States Naval Institute Proceedings 7063:, Admiral, USN. "Comment and Discussion" 6440:Learn how and when to remove this message 3786: 3086:moved from Brest back to Germany in the " 2086: 325: 15815:Battles of World War II involving Canada 10422:Merchant Shipping and the Demands of War 10331:Billinis, Alexander (January 18, 2019). 10330: 10244: 10216: 10018: 9900: 9775: 9663: 9606: 9351: 9327: 9303: 9066: 8233: 8115: 7988:(1. publ ed.). Barnsley: Seaforth. 7879: 7839: 7624: 7585: 7183:, p. 92: quoting Article 22 of the 7104: 6901: 6308: 6300: 6297:Losses during the Battle of the Atlantic 4688: 4540: 4456: 4382: 4179: 4120: 4051: 3890: 3846: 3790: 3603: 3583: 3523:was commissioned into the Royal Navy as 3436: 3339: 3292: 3196: 3119:and the new British- and Canadian-built 3105: 2922:set sail from Germany for the Atlantic. 2886: 2882: 2838:and finally of Ship-of-the-Line Captain 2796:began to take a toll of merchant ships. 2753: 2609: 2536: 2501:docking at Lorient as the first arrival. 2322: 2098: 178: 14159:Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I 10647: 10415: 10289: 10102: 10090:. Vol. III. Part 2. London: HMSO. 10085: 10044:The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Defensive 10033: 10029:from the original on November 27, 2020. 9967: 9848:. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Books. 9843: 9834: 9825: 9761:] (in Italian). Milano: Mondadori. 9694:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9684: 9597: 9581:Galloping Ghosts of the Brazilian Coast 9497: 9435: 9388:] (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro. 9315: 9279: 9198:"The U.S. Navy Comes Ashore in the Med" 8989: 8628: 8426: 8414: 8361: 8283:Erskine, Ralph; Smith, Michael (2011). 8192: 8165: 7867: 7803: 7724: 7712: 7688: 7491: 7208: 7196: 7180: 7168: 7048: 6997: 6973: 6937: 6703:British merchant seamen of World War II 6291:Shipping and U-boat sinkings each month 6216: 6131:Lines. The British government, via the 5506: 4099:RAF Coastal Command during World War II 3071:, largely neutralised surface raiders. 2356:caught off the mouth of the River Plate 340: 301: 21:Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I 15875:North Atlantic convoys of World War II 15865:Military history of the Atlantic Ocean 15797: 12695: 12673:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 10175: 10069:Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945 10066: 9963:. The Associated Press. March 6, 1941. 9939: 9881: 9839:(Ph.D. thesis). Ohio State University. 9809:Germany and the Battle of the Atlantic 9806: 9637:Costello, John; Hughes, Terry (1977). 9518: 9478: 9459: 9416: 9379: 9291: 9195: 9105: 9093: 9081: 8950: 8926: 8839: 8827: 8815: 8803: 8760: 8748: 8736: 8724: 8712: 8700: 8688: 8676: 8652: 8616: 8604: 8569: 8545: 8509: 8337: 8245: 8091: 7984:Morgan, Daniel; Taylor, Bruce (2011). 7479: 7455: 7443: 7431: 7419: 7395: 7383: 7371: 7329: 7317: 7293: 7268: 7256: 7244: 7232: 7220: 7092: 7077:United States Strategic Bombing Survey 7036: 6985: 6723:List of German U-boats in World War II 3574:Operation Drumbeat (January–June 1942) 3173:, rammed and sunk. Shortly afterwards 3059:was damaged and had to run to France. 2900:she was sunk by the German battleship 2699:. Due to ongoing friction between the 2157:Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic 1829:in 1945, covering a major part of the 15147: 14164:Battle of the Atlantic (World War II) 14120: 13544:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 12976:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 12622:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 12578:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 11683:Rape during the occupation of Germany 10829: 10225: 10195:Vivarelli, Nick (November 10, 2022). 10121: 9583:. Lincoln, Nebraska: iUniverse, Inc. 9578: 9236: 9221: 9156: 8521: 8497: 8402: 8390: 8373: 8349: 8188: 8186: 8058: 8043: 6956: 6757: 6345: 4659:German tactical and technical changes 3547:, reinforced by the first of the new 2800:and his recently established command— 1406: 752: 726: 12666:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 11698:Rape during the liberation of France 10481:deal with the Battle of the Atlantic 10140: 9865:Battleships of the Scharnhorst Class 9738:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 9540: 9339: 8471: 8287:. London: Biteback Publishing, 2011. 7933: 7356: 7003: 6849:For a significant part of 1941, the 6787: 6735:, the German U-boat campaign in the 6378:adding citations to reliable sources 6349: 6163:At the end of the war, Rear Admiral 3115:escort vessels available as the old 2929:, attacked by the pocket battleship 2510:German invasion of the Low Countries 2422: 2257:to patrol the shipping lanes in the 15549:United States Coast Guard Pipe Band 10366:"Canonesa", Convoy HX72 & U-100 10359: 10351: 10324: 7907:Wenger, J. N. (February 12, 1945). 7561: 6925: 6201:The focus on U-boat successes, the 3310:), equipped with a lone expendable 13: 15605:West Indies anti-piracy operations 15219:Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard 15192:Category:United States Coast Guard 12892:German invasion of the Netherlands 11172:Weather events during World War II 10572:Escort: The Battle of the Atlantic 10403: 10219:The Brazilian Navy in World War II 8478:German U-boats of WWII – uboat.net 8183: 7940:German U-boats of WWII – uboat.net 7770:, Kindle location 731–738 of 4855. 6692:, 2024 U-boat simulator video game 6650:, 1994 U-boat simulator video game 4721: 4337:Final years (June 1943 – May 1945) 3624:boats able to reach US waters for 2816:Italian submarines in the Atlantic 1908:entered the war on June 10, 1940. 1844:The Battle of the Atlantic pitted 14: 15891: 15569:United States Coast Guard Cutters 14311:List of wolfpacks of World War II 13523:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 10799:U-Boat histories & Fates 1945 10792: 10609:General histories of the campaign 9906:World War II : A new history 9867:. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. 9445:. United States: Nelson Current. 9196:Allard, Dean (January 19, 2023). 6748: 6728:List of wolfpacks of World War II 6639: 6635:, 1975 Avalon Hill strategy game. 6619:, 1959 Avalon Hill strategy game. 6590: 6103: 4072:display patrolled regions in the 3976:Then on October 30, crewmen from 3945: 3886: 3873:air-to-surface-vessel (ASV) radar 2400:: both the impact pistol and the 2299:was surpassed a month later when 2017:required submarines to abide by " 1848:and other warships of the German 15810:American Theater of World War II 15385:Maritime Law Enforcement Academy 15232: 15187: 15186: 14083: 10855: 10384: 10000:Muggenthaler, August K. (1981). 9600:The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945 9230: 9215: 9189: 9150: 9125: 9099: 9032: 9018: 8983: 8575: 8453: 8432: 8290: 8277: 8239: 8223:The Great Naval Battle of Ottawa 8059:Moses, Sam (September 4, 2007). 7815: 6877: 6825:He repeated a Great War feat by 6354: 6280:a series of major convoy battles 6142: 6098: 5587: 5092:German surface raider successes 4697:over the captured German U-boat 3964:new, four-rotor, Enigma machines 3833:weapon was fired automatically. 3773:Western Approaches Tactical Unit 3767:Western Approaches Tactical Unit 3761:Western Approaches Tactical Unit 3373: 3336:High-frequency direction finding 3330:High-frequency direction-finding 705: 689: 643: 631: 619: 607: 594: 581: 569: 557: 545: 533: 521: 509: 491: 479: 467: 455: 443: 431: 419: 407: 394: 381: 369: 342: 327: 303: 288: 273: 260: 248: 236: 224: 214: 202: 180: 166: 153: 140: 46: 15324:Research and Development Center 10394:. June 23, 1941. Archived from 10360:Purnell, Tom (April 11, 2003). 10157:Enigma: The Battle for the Code 10004:(in German). Motorbuch Verlag. 9968:Morison, Samuel Eliot. (1947). 9372: 9108:"The Battle That Had to Be Won" 8285:The Bletchley Park Codebreakers 8212: 8148: 8109: 8052: 8037: 8002: 7977: 7927: 7749: 7730: 7657: 7618: 7579: 7536: 7485: 7274: 7153: 7144: 7131: 7122: 7070: 6843: 6834: 6819: 6810: 6796: 6365:needs additional citations for 4594:last actions in American waters 4567:, only five Type XXIII coastal 4437:in its first attack on convoys 2958:put to sea to try to intercept 2569:on 10 May 1940, first wrote to 2309:penetrated the British base at 2286:, was sunk three days later by 2155:For a chronological guide, see 1918:Rationing in the United Kingdom 64:September 3, 1939 – May 8, 1945 15870:Naval battles involving Poland 15784:Operation Enduring Freedom HOA 15539:United States Coast Guard Band 15390:Joint Maritime Training Center 15209:Secretary of Homeland Security 15062:Unrestricted submarine warfare 13770:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 11480:Territorial changes of Germany 11388:Indonesian National Revolution 10804:The Royal Naval Patrol Service 10537:Incaer, Rio de Janeiro (1993) 10271:U-boat Tactics in World War II 10103:Showell, Jak Mallmann (2002). 9908:. Cambridge: University Press. 9243:, Cambridge University Press, 9237:Smith, Kevin (March 7, 1996), 8459:Gastaldoni, 1993. From p. 153. 7604:10.1080/00253359.2004.10656886 7510:10.1080/00253359.1997.10656629 6766: 6713:Convoy battles of World War II 6708:British Security Co-ordination 6627:Simulations Publications, Inc. 6217:Francis, Timothy Lang (2001). 4740:shipping losses by German and 4396:American-Mediterranean convoys 3983:salvaged Enigma material from 3836: 3497:U-boat captured by an aircraft 3102:Escort groups (March–May 1941) 2578:Destroyers for Bases Agreement 2007:unrestricted submarine warfare 1: 15214:Commandant of the Coast Guard 13170:Japanese invasion of Thailand 13121:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 12885:German invasion of Luxembourg 11266:Mediterranean and Middle East 10574:(London: William Kimber 1955) 9944:. Stroud: The History Press. 9106:Milner, Marc (June 1, 2008). 6889: 6192: 6176:Norwegian Nazi puppet leader 3923:Germans break Admiralty codes 3304:catapult aircraft merchantmen 3289:Catapult aircraft merchantmen 3018:was saved by the presence of 2865:Gianfranco Gazzana-Priaroggia 2857:, commander of the submarine 2451:and establish a new group at 2000: 1900:(Royal Navy) after Germany's 1831:naval history of World War II 1623:Mediterranean and Middle East 695:≈30,000 U-boat sailors killed 670:36,000 killed (merchant navy) 15507:Steamboat Inspection Service 14174:Mediterranean (World War II) 13077:Invasion of the Soviet Union 12766:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 12084:Independent State of Croatia 9753:Giorgerini, Giorgio (2002). 9725:Fitzsimons, Bernard (1978). 9718:UK public library membership 9249:10.1017/cbo9780511523755.001 6468:Action in the North Atlantic 3046:Battle of the Denmark Strait 2313:and sank the old battleship 2051:Anglo-German Naval Agreement 1604:Manchuria and Northern Korea 7: 15559:Coast Guard service numbers 15400:Chaplain of the Coast Guard 14169:Mediterranean (World War I) 14146: 14061:End of World War II in Asia 13901:Western invasion of Germany 13408:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 13385:Second Battle of El Alamein 12955:Hundred Regiments Offensive 12927:Battle of the Mediterranean 12780:Italian invasion of Albania 10954:Air warfare of World War II 10822:; see footnote 3 p. 2. 10217:Votaw, Homer C. (1950–51). 10124:Eisenhower in War and Peace 10122:Smith, Jean Edward (2012). 9670:. Oxford University Press. 8996:(1st ed.). Routledge. 8193:Rickard, J (June 1, 2007). 8012:A Companion to World War II 7128:Churchill, Gilbert, p. 367. 6780:from 1940 to 1944; and the 6696: 4684: 4614:in separate incidents. The 4333:) there, on 10 March 1945. 4093:Convergence of technologies 3812: 3055:was blown up and sunk, but 2950:, was awarded a posthumous 2330:shortly after her scuttling 1979:First Lord of the Admiralty 1923:invasion of occupied Europe 1856:(Navy) and aircraft of the 673:3,500 merchant vessels lost 10: 15896: 15719:2nd Battle of the Atlantic 15699:1st Battle of the Atlantic 15669:Overland Relief Expedition 15659:Battle of Galveston Harbor 14554:Battle of the St. Lawrence 13987:Naval bombardment of Japan 13355:First Battle of El Alamein 13274:Battle of Christmas Island 13219:Japanese invasion of Burma 12983:Italian invasion of Greece 12899:German invasion of Belgium 12871:German invasion of Denmark 12844:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 12713:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 10977:Comparative military ranks 10753:, CEF Books, Ottawa, 2001 10738:(London: Ian Allan 1977). 10716:The Battle of the Atlantic 10475:The Battle of the Atlantic 10126:. New York: Random House. 9807:Herwig, Holger H. (2004). 9639:The Battle of the Atlantic 9598:Collins, D. J. E. (1964). 9268:Costello & Hughes 1977 8792:Costello & Hughes 1977 8665:Costello & Hughes 1977 8641:Costello & Hughes 1977 8593:Costello & Hughes 1977 8558:Costello & Hughes 1977 8326:Costello & Hughes 1977 8314:Costello & Hughes 1977 8272:Costello & Hughes 1977 8178:Costello & Hughes 1977 8116:Benedict, John R. (2005). 8086:Costello & Hughes 1977 8074:Costello & Hughes 1977 7972:Costello & Hughes 1977 7960:Costello & Hughes 1977 7828:Costello & Hughes 1977 7742:December 18, 2008, at the 7625:Benedict, John R. (2005). 7574:Costello & Hughes 1977 7408:Costello & Hughes 1977 7345:Costello & Hughes 1977 7306:Costello & Hughes 1977 6294: 4136:merchant aircraft carriers 4096: 3949: 3840: 3764: 3731:Western Approaches Command 3577: 3380:German Navy 3-rotor Enigma 3377: 3333: 3239:Pan-American Security Zone 2819: 2603: 2295:German success in sinking 2154: 18: 15664:Battle of Portland Harbor 15587: 15469: 15418: 15337: 15241: 15230: 15201: 15181: 15175:United States Coast Guard 15075: 15049: 14968: 14913: 14815: 14805: 14640: 14589: 14580: 14536: 14301: 14283:Knight's Cross recipients 14255: 14198: 14154: 14076: 13908:Bratislava–Brno offensive 13848: 13839:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 13576: 13463:Allied invasion of Sicily 13417: 13323:Aleutian Islands campaign 13295:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 13242: 13233:Greek famine of 1941–1944 13128:Second Battle of Changsha 13033:German invasion of Greece 13001: 12878:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 12853: 12791: 12686: 12567: 12293: 12203: 12051: 11754: 11745: 11503: 11328: 11220:North and Central Pacific 11181: 10943: 10936: 10863: 10648:Doherty, Richard (2015). 10526:Ten Years And Twenty Days 10290:Woodman, Richard (2004). 10249:. New York: Basic Books. 10245:Williams, Andrew (2003). 10107:. Naval Institute Press. 10071:. Naval Institute Press. 9844:Ireland, Bernard (2003). 9835:Holwitt, Joel I. (2005). 9826:Hessler, Günther (1989). 9788:Hellwinkel, Lars (2014). 9483:. Vol. II. Cassell. 9479:Blair, Clay Jr. (1996b). 9460:Blair, Clay Jr. (1996a). 8448:Maximiano & Neto 2011 7758:, Naval Historical Center 7492:Simpson, Michael (1997). 6613:miniatures strategy game. 6170: 6154: 6133:Ministry of War Transport 5601: 5598: 5596: 5483: 5466:auxiliary cruiser Michel 5091: 4739: 4732: 4109:(the other was regarding 3956:On February 1, 1942, the 3441:Enigma rotors and spindle 3232:Newfoundland Escort Force 3193:Growing American activity 2402:magnetic influence pistol 1817:, the longest continuous 1443: 764: 658: 359: 130: 56: 45: 37: 32: 15744:Coast Guard Squadron One 15610:Capture of the schooner 15380:Training Center Yorktown 15375:Training Center Petaluma 15370:Training Center Cape May 14878:Italian battleship 14862:Russian battleship 13500:Allied invasion of Italy 13477:Solomon Islands campaign 13226:Third Battle of Changsha 12823:First Battle of Changsha 12729:Second Sino-Japanese War 11669:German military brothels 11535:United States war crimes 10765:Business in Great Waters 10473:in 15 Volumes. Volume I 10019:Pearsall, G. H. (1994). 9664:Edgerton, David (2011). 9560:Carruthers, Bob (2011). 9464:. Vol. I. Cassell. 9163:Naval War College Review 8246:Joseph, Claudia (2002). 8122:Naval War College Review 8048:. Pen & Sword Books. 7792:Koop & Schmolke 2014 7631:Naval War College Review 7586:Franklin, G. D. (2004). 7552:from History Television. 6778:Free French Naval Forces 6742: 6629:solitaire strategy game. 6452: 6389:"Battle of the Atlantic" 4705:St. John's, Newfoundland 3824: 3817:Hedgehog was a multiple 3430:, and the mathematician 2962:. The search failed and 2770:, with an escort of two 2683:Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor 1864:(Air Force) against the 1609:pre-war border conflicts 15704:Great Mississippi Flood 15564:Coast Guardsman's Creed 14894:French battleship 14839:French battleship 14278:World War II commanders 13922:Second Guangxi campaign 13777:Philippines (1944–1945) 13281:Battle of the Coral Sea 13184:Fall of the Philippines 12830:Battle of South Guangxi 12736:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 12142:Italian Social Republic 10686:Gannon, Michael. 1998. 10672:Gannon, Michael. 1990. 10617:Alexander, C. Hugh O'D. 10552:Convoy Escort Commander 10479:The Atlantic Battle Won 10086:Roskill, S. W. (1961). 9685:Erskine, Ralph (2004). 9579:Carey, Alan C. (2004). 7780:Garzke & Dulin 1985 7359:, pp. 20, 326–328. 7137:Gilbert, Martin (ed.), 6776:from 1939 to 1940; the 5548:and the light cruisers 5406:auxiliary cruiser Thor 4602:and the destruction of 4387:The escort carrier USS 4368:oceangoing and coastal 4224:Italian submarine 4210:(on behalf of dictator 3665:Battle of the Caribbean 3534:Mediterranean diversion 2834:, then of Rear Admiral 2219:, useful primarily for 2184:armed merchant cruisers 1972: 1825:, ran from 1939 to the 15805:Battle of the Atlantic 15759:Action of 1 March 1968 15588:Battles and operations 15497:Revenue Cutter Service 15470:History and traditions 15419:Uniforms and equipment 15338:Personnel and training 14273:World War I commanders 13507:Armistice of Cassibile 13309:Battle of Dutch Harbor 13260:Battle of the Java Sea 13163:Attack on Pearl Harbor 13063:Syria–Lebanon campaign 13056:Battle of South Shanxi 13026:Invasion of Yugoslavia 12809:Battle of the Atlantic 12423:Korean Liberation Army 12136:(until September 1943) 12093:(until September 1944) 12071:(until September 1944) 10176:Syrett, David (1994). 10151:Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh 10143:Science and Government 9942:Battle of the Atlantic 9846:Battle of the Atlantic 9783:. London: HarperPress. 9703:10.1093/ref:odnb/71791 9524:Coastal Command at War 9417:Bekker, Cajus (1971). 7794:, pp. 52–53, 111. 7548:July 19, 2011, at the 6463:, 1941 propaganda film 6314: 6306: 6123:and the freighters of 6121:British Tanker Company 5599:daily average numbers 5537: 5531: 5525: 5519: 5513: 5385: 5362: 5356: 5312: 5289: 5140: 5117: 4708: 4665: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4556: 4551: 4530: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4501: 4495: 4473: 4467: 4391: 4374: 4358: 4263:and ten German boats: 4188: 4131: 4057: 4036: 3985:German submarine 3968: 3958: 3903: 3855: 3805: 3787:Ahead-throwing weapons 3614:attack on Pearl Harbor 3609: 3601: 3442: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3351: 3298: 3275:Mid-Ocean Escort Force 3263:Freetown, Sierra Leone 3241:east almost as far as 3218: 3205:scout bomber from USS 3121:Flower-class corvettes 3117:ex-American destroyers 3111: 3010:deterred an attack on 2920:armed merchant raiders 2907: 2855:Carlo Fecia di Cossato 2808: 2803:Fliegerführer Atlantik 2802: 2792: 2759: 2735: 2716: 2707: 2701: 2696:Fliegerführer Atlantik 2695: 2674: 2615: 2550: 2525:Fliegerführer Atlantik 2523: 2515: 2331: 2275:exploded prematurely. 2174: 2164: 2118:Flower-class corvettes 2104: 2087:Anti-submarine warfare 2065: 2042: 1894: 1858: 1850: 1833:. At its core was the 1827:defeat of Nazi Germany 1815:Battle of the Atlantic 701:47 other warships lost 360:Commanders and leaders 33:Battle of the Atlantic 15749:Operation Market Time 15649:Battle of Fort Sumter 15639:Mexican–American War 15329:Coast Guard Auxiliary 15266:Investigative Service 13671:Second Battle of Guam 13567:Bengal famine of 1943 13537:Second Battle of Kiev 13493:Battle of the Dnieper 13198:Battle of Wake Island 13070:East African campaign 13012:Battle of South Henan 12657:atrocities by Germans 12430:Korean Volunteer Army 11411:Occupation of Germany 11165:Music in World War II 10772:The Atlantic Campaign 10709:Atlas of World War II 10704:(A&C Black, 2013) 10593:Frederick John Walker 10226:White, David (2008). 9940:Milner, Marc (2011). 9837:Execute Against Japan 9620:The Secrets of Enigma 9610:(2004). "Enigma". In 9380:Barone, João (2013). 9002:10.4324/9781315038117 8472:Helgason, Guðmundur. 8302:The Atlantic Campaign 8044:Wragg, David (2009). 8021:10.1002/9781118325018 8015:(1 ed.). Wiley. 7934:Helgason, Guðmundur. 7892:Sebag-Montefiore 2004 7665:The U-boats 1916–1945 6804:St. Joseph News-Press 6774:French Third Republic 6583:Comandante Cappellini 6475:about sailors of the 6312: 6304: 6295:Further information: 6110:British Merchant Navy 4692: 4675:G7es acoustic torpedo 4544: 4460: 4386: 4183: 4124: 4055: 3990:as she foundered off 3894: 3850: 3794: 3696:Château de Pignerolle 3607: 3587: 3440: 3343: 3296: 3200: 3138:Gilbert O. Stephenson 3109: 3032:. The new battleship 2970:the following month. 2890: 2883:Great surface raiders 2757: 2613: 2540: 2374:on 17 December 1939. 2326: 2122:Hunt-class destroyers 2102: 2005:Following the use of 1977:On 5 March 1941, the 1534:Yugoslavian Partisans 667:36,200 killed (naval) 659:Casualties and losses 401:Martin Dunbar-Nasmith 15679:Battle of Manila Bay 15674:Spanish–American War 15512:Bureau of Navigation 15456:Ship decommissioning 15395:Aviation Association 15011:Metox radar detector 14233:Uncompleted projects 13957:Surrender of Germany 13435:Battle of West Hubei 13392:Guadalcanal campaign 13362:Battle of Stalingrad 13288:Battle of Madagascar 12062:Albania protectorate 11849:(formerly Swaziland) 11558:Wehrmacht war crimes 11374:Expulsion of Germans 11158:Art and World War II 11056:British contribution 11005:Governments in exile 10637:Dimbleby, Jonathan, 10587:Robertson, Terence. 10579:The Golden Horseshoe 10577:Robertson, Terence. 10398:on January 14, 2009. 10141:Snow, C. P. (1961). 9961:The Montreal Gazette 9222:Blair, Clay (2000). 9202:U.S. Naval Institute 9157:Patch, John (2008). 9112:U.S. Naval Institute 9045:Government of Canada 7830:, pp. 131, 180. 7756:Bismarck (1940–1941) 7592:The Mariner's Mirror 7498:The Mariner's Mirror 6658:, second of a series 6374:improve this article 6305:Merchant ship losses 5507:Surface fleet losses 4491:invasion of Normandy 4421:aircraft armed with 4144:Grumman TBF Avengers 4140:Grumman F4F Wildcats 3545:Frederic John Walker 3507:No. 209 Squadron RAF 3434:believed otherwise. 3048:, the battlecruiser 3030:Operation Rheinübung 2935:on 5 November 1940. 2798:Martin Harlinghausen 2387:Operation Weserübung 2034:Treaty of Versailles 601:Martin Harlinghausen 96:Gulf of St. Lawrence 15654:Battle of Pig Point 15492:Life-Saving Service 15410:Three-star admirals 15365:Coast Guard Academy 15319:National Ice Center 14047:Potsdam Declaration 13936:Italy (Spring 1945) 13699:Liberation of Paris 13156:Siege of Sevastopol 12174:(until August 1944) 12077:Wang Jingwei regime 11899:from September 1943 11859:from September 1944 11797:from September 1944 11657:Romanian war crimes 11648:Persecution of Jews 11634:Croatian war crimes 11604:Japanese war crimes 11418:Occupation of Japan 11367:First Indochina War 11079:Military production 10991:Declarations of war 10725:14.1 (2017): 45–60. 10714:Macintyre, Donald. 10597:Werner, Herbert A. 10067:Rohwer, J. (2005). 9641:. London: Collins. 9622:. Clarendon Press. 9541:Burn, Alan (1993). 9306:, pp. 275–276. 9048:. December 14, 2021 9040:"The Merchant Navy" 8763:, pp. 818–819. 8751:, pp. 815–817. 8727:, pp. 662–690. 8715:, pp. 642–654. 8703:, pp. 627–629. 8691:, pp. 607–619. 8679:, pp. 579–592. 8667:, pp. 295–296. 8655:, pp. 478–482. 8643:, pp. 291–293. 8619:, pp. 420–441. 8572:, pp. 341–346. 8560:, pp. 289–290. 8548:, pp. 311–314. 8340:, pp. 318–321. 8168:, pp. 211–212. 7806:, pp. 358–359. 7782:, pp. 145–146. 7715:, pp. 291–292. 7679:, pp. 415–563. 7458:, pp. 158–160. 7185:London Naval Treaty 7067:January 1976, p. 74 6492:San Demetrio London 5593: 5088: 4742:Italian submarines 4727: 4652:Operation Deadlight 4630:and the freighters 4220:Brazilian Air Force 4062:RAF Coastal Command 3739:Captain John Walker 3667:and throughout the 3620:. He had only five 3618:American East Coast 3316:with a large rocket 2745:U-boat headquarters 2727:operations research 2675:Die Glückliche Zeit 2664:Heinrich Bleichrodt 2449:Mediterranean Fleet 2340:gross register tons 2232:blockade of Germany 2114:Tree-class trawlers 2015:London Naval Treaty 1870:Royal Canadian Navy 1839:blockade of Germany 796:Blockade of Germany 714:17 submarines lost 698:783 submarines lost 540:H.G. von Friedeburg 196:Other participants: 15754:Operation Sealords 15729:Operation Overlord 15684:Battle of Cárdenas 15644:American Civil War 15634:Great Lakes Patrol 15502:Lighthouse Service 15451:Ship commissioning 15405:Four-star admirals 14991:FuG 200 Hohentwiel 14040:Surrender of Japan 13873:Battle of Iwo Jima 13722:Belgrade offensive 13135:Siege of Leningrad 13019:Battle of Shanggao 12948:British Somaliland 12913:Dunkirk evacuation 12864:Norwegian campaign 12802:Invasion of Poland 12629:Japanese prisoners 11597:Italian war crimes 11528:British war crimes 11443:Soviet occupations 11227:South-West Pacific 11114:Allied cooperation 11072:Military equipment 10784:Williams, Andrew, 10770:van der Vat, Dan. 10732:Rohwer, Dr. Jürgen 10723:Global War Studies 10676:. Harper and Row. 10409:Official histories 10386:"On the High Seas" 10372:on October 1, 2007 10362:"The "Happy Time"" 10275:. Oxford: Osprey. 10265:Williamson, Gordon 9729:. London: Phoebus. 9437:Bennett, William J 8631:, p. 132-134. 8298:North Atlantic Run 8219:North Atlantic Run 7915:on October 2, 2014 7446:, p. 116-130. 6772:This included the 6581:Italian submarine 6530:Sink the Bismarck! 6506:Western Approaches 6479:battling a U-boat. 6477:US Merchant Marine 6460:U-Boote westwärts! 6346:In popular culture 6315: 6307: 6285:threat assessments 5592: 5535:and light cruiser 5445:auxiliary cruiser 5424:auxiliary cruiser 5333:auxiliary cruiser 5266:auxiliary cruiser 5245:auxiliary cruiser 5224:auxiliary cruiser 5203:auxiliary cruiser 5182:auxiliary cruiser 5161:auxiliary cruiser 5087: 4726: 4709: 4552: 4468: 4392: 4189: 4132: 4066:ASV Mark III radar 4058: 3929:John Henry Godfrey 3904: 3869:Wellington bombers 3856: 3806: 3704:Hans-Rudolf Rösing 3626:Operation Drumbeat 3610: 3602: 3443: 3352: 3299: 3219: 3112: 3074:In February 1942, 2946:(whose commander, 2908: 2891:The battlecruiser 2760: 2685:aircraft based at 2616: 2574:Franklin Roosevelt 2551: 2506:Norwegian campaign 2441:Free French Forces 2394:Norwegian campaign 2332: 2259:Western Approaches 2105: 2009:by Germany in the 1874:United States Navy 1736:French West Africa 1577:South West Pacific 1485:Denmark and Norway 564:Alfred Saalwächter 474:Royal E. Ingersoll 450:Philip de la Ferté 15792: 15791: 15574:Coast Guard Bears 15312:Shipbuilding Yard 15141: 15140: 15137: 15136: 15057:Submarine warfare 15031:Sieglinde (decoy) 14964: 14963: 14880:Regina Margherita 14801: 14800: 14537:Major engagements 14114: 14113: 14072: 14071: 13915:Battle of Okinawa 13814:Burma (1944–1945) 13648:Mariana and Palau 13428:Tunisian campaign 13253:Fall of Singapore 13177:Fall of Hong Kong 12920:Battle of Britain 12773:Operation Himmler 12682: 12681: 12346:Dutch East Indies 11989:Southern Rhodesia 11741: 11740: 11641:Genocide of Serbs 11544:German war crimes 11521:Soviet war crimes 11514:Allied war crimes 11360:Division of Korea 11339:Chinese Civil War 11137:Strategic bombing 11049:Manhattan Project 10666:Fairbank, David. 10659:978-1-47383-400-2 10558:Macintyre, Donald 10530:Gastaldoni, Ivo. 10467:The Two Ocean War 10417:Behrens, C. B. A. 10301:978-0-7195-6403-1 10282:978-1-84908-173-3 10237:978-0-7432-2930-2 10168:978-0-297-84251-4 10145:. London: Oxford. 10133:978-0-679-64429-3 10078:978-1-59114-119-8 9985:978-0-252-06963-5 9951:978-0-7524-6646-0 9932:978-1-84908-483-3 9923:Osprey Publishing 9893:978-0-87332-731-2 9874:978-1-84832-192-2 9855:978-1-84415-001-4 9768:978-88-04-50537-2 9745:978-0-87021-101-0 9716:(Subscription or 9677:978-0-19-983267-5 9629:978-0-19-825080-7 9612:Copeland, B. Jack 9590:978-0-595-31527-7 9571:978-1-78159-161-1 9552:978-1-84415-439-5 9533:978-0-7110-0980-6 9490:978-0-304-35261-6 9471:978-0-304-35260-9 9452:978-1-59555-057-6 9395:978-85-209-3394-7 9342:, pp. 41–46. 9143:978-1-949668-00-1 9011:978-1-135-25886-3 8978:Muggenthaler 1981 8966:Muggenthaler 1981 8953:, pp. 58–59. 8939:Muggenthaler 1981 8915:Muggenthaler 1981 8903:Muggenthaler 1981 8891:Muggenthaler 1981 8876:Muggenthaler 1981 8864:Muggenthaler 1981 8852:Muggenthaler 1981 8030:978-1-4051-9681-9 7995:978-1-84832-118-2 7854:978-0-300-19019-9 7691:, pp. 51–52. 7410:, pp. 33–34. 7374:, pp. 73–74. 7347:, pp. 31–33. 7332:, pp. 45–49. 7271:, pp. 37–39. 7259:, pp. 19–22. 7247:, pp. 33–35. 7235:, pp. 22–32. 7061:Carney, Robert B. 6802:Ernest Lindley, 6784:from 1944 to 1945 6675:Silent Hunter III 6663:Destroyer Command 6450: 6449: 6442: 6424: 6328:centimetric radar 6251:unlike the Allies 6096: 6095: 5514:Admiral Graf Spee 5504: 5503: 5141:Admiral Graf Spee 5085: 5084: 4693:Seamen raise the 4618:were on May 7–8. 4487:Operation Neptune 4439:ONS 18 and ON 202 4347:hydrogen peroxide 4152:destroyer escorts 4016:SC 122 and HX 229 3879:on July 5, 1942. 3580:Second Happy Time 3215:Neutrality Patrol 3014:. A month later, 2916:Admiral Graf Spee 2876:Leonardo da Vinci 2836:Romolo Polacchini 2644:Engelbert Endrass 2594:Joseph P. Kennedy 2531:Battle of Dunkirk 2423:British situation 2352:Admiral Graf Spee 2336:Admiral Graf Spee 2328:Admiral Graf Spee 2255:aircraft carriers 2251:Winston Churchill 2195:Admiral Graf Spee 2038:Deutschland-class 1967:Battle of Britain 1963:Winston Churchill 1819:military campaign 1808: 1807: 1729:Strategic bombing 1645:Mediterranean Sea 1400: 1399: 756:Atlantic campaign 721: 720: 676:175 warships lost 638:Romolo Polacchini 576:Wilhelm Marschall 498:Leonard W. Murray 438:Frederick Bowhill 388:Andrew Cunningham 126: 125: 15887: 15764:Persian Gulf War 15487:Coast Guard City 15236: 15235: 15190: 15189: 15168: 15161: 15154: 15145: 15144: 15082: 15081: 14813: 14812: 14587: 14586: 14582:U-boat flotillas 14240:Austro-Hungarian 14223:Foreign captured 14141: 14134: 14127: 14118: 14117: 14107: 14100: 14093: 14090:World portal 14088: 14087: 14063: 14056: 14049: 14042: 14033: 14026: 14019: 14010: 14003: 13996: 13989: 13982: 13975: 13966: 13959: 13952: 13950:Prague offensive 13945: 13943:Battle of Berlin 13938: 13931: 13924: 13917: 13910: 13903: 13896: 13889: 13887:Vienna offensive 13882: 13875: 13868: 13866:Battle of Manila 13861: 13841: 13832: 13823: 13816: 13807: 13800: 13793: 13786: 13779: 13772: 13765: 13756: 13747: 13740: 13731: 13724: 13717: 13710: 13701: 13694: 13687: 13680: 13673: 13666: 13659: 13650: 13643: 13634: 13625: 13616: 13609: 13607:Korsun–Cherkassy 13602: 13591: 13569: 13560: 13553: 13546: 13539: 13532: 13525: 13518: 13509: 13502: 13495: 13488: 13479: 13472: 13465: 13458: 13451: 13449:Bombing of Gorky 13444: 13437: 13430: 13410: 13403: 13394: 13387: 13380: 13371: 13364: 13357: 13350: 13339: 13332: 13325: 13318: 13316:Battle of Midway 13311: 13304: 13302:Battle of Gazala 13297: 13290: 13283: 13276: 13269: 13262: 13255: 13235: 13228: 13221: 13214: 13212:Battle of Borneo 13207: 13205:Malayan campaign 13200: 13193: 13186: 13179: 13172: 13165: 13158: 13151: 13149:Bombing of Gorky 13144: 13142:Battle of Moscow 13137: 13130: 13123: 13116: 13109: 13102: 13086: 13079: 13072: 13065: 13058: 13051: 13042: 13035: 13028: 13021: 13014: 12994: 12985: 12978: 12971: 12964: 12957: 12950: 12943: 12936: 12929: 12922: 12915: 12908: 12906:Battle of France 12901: 12894: 12887: 12880: 12873: 12866: 12846: 12839: 12832: 12825: 12818: 12811: 12804: 12782: 12775: 12768: 12761: 12759:Munich Agreement 12754: 12747: 12738: 12731: 12724: 12715: 12708: 12693: 12692: 12675: 12668: 12659: 12652: 12645: 12644:Soviet prisoners 12638: 12631: 12624: 12615: 12608: 12599: 12592: 12585: 12584:German prisoners 12580: 12560: 12551: 12544: 12537: 12532: 12525: 12518: 12511: 12504: 12497: 12490: 12483: 12476: 12469: 12462: 12455: 12448: 12441: 12432: 12425: 12418: 12411: 12404: 12397: 12390: 12383: 12376: 12369: 12362: 12355: 12348: 12341: 12334: 12327: 12320: 12313: 12306: 12286: 12279: 12272: 12265: 12258: 12251: 12244: 12237: 12230: 12223: 12216: 12196: 12189: 12182: 12175: 12167: 12160: 12153: 12144: 12137: 12129: 12122: 12120:French Indochina 12115: 12108: 12101: 12094: 12086: 12079: 12072: 12064: 12044: 12035: 12028: 12019: 12012: 12005: 11998: 11991: 11984: 11977: 11970: 11967:from August 1944 11958: 11951: 11944: 11937: 11930: 11923: 11916: 11909: 11902: 11890: 11883: 11876: 11869: 11862: 11850: 11842: 11835: 11828: 11821: 11814: 11807: 11800: 11788: 11781: 11774: 11767: 11752: 11751: 11732: 11725: 11718: 11711: 11704: 11693: 11678: 11671: 11664: 11659: 11650: 11643: 11636: 11627: 11620: 11613: 11611:Nanjing Massacre 11606: 11599: 11590: 11588:Nuremberg trials 11581: 11574: 11567: 11560: 11553: 11546: 11537: 11530: 11523: 11516: 11496: 11489: 11482: 11473: 11466: 11459: 11452: 11445: 11438: 11429: 11420: 11413: 11406: 11399: 11390: 11383: 11376: 11369: 11362: 11355: 11348: 11341: 11321: 11312: 11305: 11298: 11289: 11282: 11275: 11268: 11259: 11252: 11245: 11236: 11229: 11222: 11215: 11208: 11201: 11194: 11192:Asia and Pacific 11174: 11167: 11160: 11153: 11146: 11139: 11132: 11123: 11121:Mulberry harbour 11116: 11109: 11102: 11095: 11088: 11081: 11074: 11067: 11058: 11051: 11044: 11035: 11028: 11021: 11014: 11007: 11000: 10993: 10986: 10979: 10972: 10963: 10956: 10941: 10940: 10929: 10922: 10913: 10906: 10899: 10892: 10885: 10878: 10871: 10850: 10843: 10836: 10827: 10826: 10763:Terraine, John, 10700:Haslop, Dennis. 10663: 10634: 10632: 10630: 10536: 10484:Schull, Joseph, 10434: 10399: 10381: 10379: 10377: 10368:. Archived from 10356: 10348: 10340: 10325:Online resources 10319: 10313: 10305: 10286: 10274: 10260: 10241: 10222: 10213: 10211: 10209: 10191: 10172: 10160: 10146: 10137: 10118: 10099: 10082: 10063: 10061: 10059: 10039:Butler, J. R. M. 10030: 10015: 9996: 9994: 9992: 9978:: Little Brown. 9964: 9955: 9936: 9919:Long Island City 9909: 9897: 9886:. M. E. Sharpe. 9878: 9859: 9840: 9831: 9822: 9803: 9799:978-184832-199-1 9784: 9772: 9749: 9730: 9721: 9713: 9711: 9709: 9690: 9681: 9660: 9633: 9603: 9594: 9575: 9556: 9537: 9515: 9494: 9475: 9456: 9432: 9413: 9407: 9399: 9367: 9361: 9355: 9349: 9343: 9337: 9331: 9325: 9319: 9313: 9307: 9301: 9295: 9289: 9283: 9277: 9271: 9265: 9259: 9258: 9257: 9255: 9234: 9228: 9227: 9219: 9213: 9212: 9210: 9208: 9193: 9187: 9186: 9154: 9148: 9147: 9129: 9123: 9122: 9120: 9118: 9103: 9097: 9091: 9085: 9079: 9070: 9064: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9036: 9030: 9029: 9022: 9016: 9015: 8987: 8981: 8975: 8969: 8963: 8954: 8948: 8942: 8936: 8930: 8924: 8918: 8912: 8906: 8900: 8894: 8888: 8879: 8873: 8867: 8861: 8855: 8849: 8843: 8842:, pp. 5–10. 8837: 8831: 8825: 8819: 8813: 8807: 8801: 8795: 8789: 8776: 8770: 8764: 8758: 8752: 8746: 8740: 8734: 8728: 8722: 8716: 8710: 8704: 8698: 8692: 8686: 8680: 8674: 8668: 8662: 8656: 8650: 8644: 8638: 8632: 8626: 8620: 8614: 8608: 8602: 8596: 8590: 8584: 8579: 8573: 8567: 8561: 8555: 8549: 8543: 8537: 8531: 8525: 8519: 8513: 8507: 8501: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8469: 8460: 8457: 8451: 8445: 8439: 8436: 8430: 8424: 8418: 8412: 8406: 8405:, pp. 9–10. 8400: 8394: 8388: 8377: 8371: 8365: 8359: 8353: 8347: 8341: 8335: 8329: 8323: 8317: 8311: 8305: 8294: 8288: 8281: 8275: 8269: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8258: 8243: 8237: 8231: 8225: 8216: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8205: 8190: 8181: 8175: 8169: 8163: 8157: 8152: 8146: 8145: 8113: 8107: 8106: 8095: 8089: 8083: 8077: 8071: 8065: 8064: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8041: 8035: 8034: 8006: 8000: 7999: 7981: 7975: 7969: 7963: 7957: 7951: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7931: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7904: 7895: 7889: 7883: 7877: 7871: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7837: 7831: 7825: 7819: 7813: 7807: 7801: 7795: 7789: 7783: 7777: 7771: 7765: 7759: 7753: 7747: 7734: 7728: 7722: 7716: 7710: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7680: 7674: 7668: 7661: 7655: 7654: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7583: 7577: 7571: 7565: 7559: 7553: 7540: 7534: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7489: 7483: 7477: 7471: 7465: 7459: 7453: 7447: 7441: 7435: 7429: 7423: 7417: 7411: 7405: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7375: 7369: 7360: 7354: 7348: 7342: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7309: 7303: 7297: 7291: 7285: 7278: 7272: 7266: 7260: 7254: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7206: 7200: 7194: 7188: 7178: 7172: 7166: 7160: 7157: 7151: 7148: 7142: 7135: 7129: 7126: 7120: 7117:Montreal Gazette 7114: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7074: 7068: 7058: 7052: 7046: 7040: 7034: 7028: 7022: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6960: 6954: 6941: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6899: 6884: 6881: 6875: 6847: 6841: 6838: 6832: 6823: 6817: 6814: 6808: 6800: 6794: 6791: 6785: 6770: 6764: 6761: 6755: 6752: 6655:Silent Hunter II 6647:Aces of the Deep 6471:, 1943 American 6445: 6438: 6434: 6431: 6425: 6423: 6382: 6358: 6350: 6340:cavity magnetron 6244:able to wipe out 6233:even during the 6232: 6230: 6228: 6211: 6198:achieving this. 5634: 5594: 5591: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5469:May 43 - Oct 43 5451:May 42 - Sep 42 5430:Mar 42 - Mar 43 5409:Nov 41 - Oct 42 5388: 5368:Jan 41 - Mar 41 5365: 5359: 5339:Dec 40 - Nov 41 5318:Nov 40 - Dec 40 5315: 5295:Oct 40 - Mar 41 5292: 5272:Jul 40 - Nov 41 5251:Jun 40 - May 41 5230:Jun 40 - Apr 41 5188:Apr 40 - Aug 41 5167:Mar 40 - Nov 41 5146:Sep 39 - Dec 39 5143: 5123:Sep 39 - Nov 39 5120: 5089: 5086: 5019: 4983: 4947: 4911: 4875: 4839: 4803: 4728: 4725: 4668: 4644:German surrender 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4559: 4533: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4504: 4498: 4476: 4430:Wolfpack Leuthen 4379: 4363: 4222:aircraft on the 4205:Foreign Minister 4193:Atlantic Narrows 4162:fleet destroyers 4106:mid-Atlantic gap 4039: 3971: 3961: 3644:material to the 3409: 3403: 3397: 3038:and the cruiser 3001:Operation Berlin 2811: 2805: 2795: 2738: 2721: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2677: 2606:First Happy Time 2556:occupied Iceland 2528: 2521: 2518: 2406:undermine morale 2370:harbour and was 2177: 2175:Marine Nationale 2167: 2142:had organised a 2126:self-defence gun 2077:electric torpedo 2070: 2045: 1991:Battle of France 1958:German surrender 1899: 1863: 1855: 1795:French Indochina 1438: 1427: 1420: 1413: 1404: 1403: 791:Northern Barrage 759: 757: 747: 740: 733: 724: 723: 710: 709: 694: 693: 648: 647: 636: 635: 624: 623: 612: 611: 603: 599: 598: 586: 585: 574: 573: 562: 561: 550: 549: 538: 537: 526: 525: 514: 513: 496: 495: 484: 483: 472: 471: 460: 459: 448: 447: 436: 435: 424: 423: 412: 411: 403: 399: 398: 386: 385: 374: 373: 352: 348: 346: 345: 337: 333: 331: 330: 313: 309: 307: 306: 298: 294: 292: 291: 283: 279: 277: 276: 265: 264: 263: 253: 252: 251: 241: 240: 239: 229: 228: 227: 219: 218: 217: 207: 206: 205: 190: 186: 184: 183: 172: 170: 169: 159: 157: 156: 146: 144: 143: 58: 57: 50: 40:Second World War 30: 29: 15895: 15894: 15890: 15889: 15888: 15886: 15885: 15884: 15795: 15794: 15793: 15788: 15774:Afghanistan War 15583: 15482:Coast Guard Act 15465: 15446:List of cutters 15414: 15333: 15280: 15237: 15233: 15228: 15197: 15177: 15172: 15142: 15133: 15071: 15045: 14960: 14909: 14797: 14636: 14576: 14532: 14297: 14251: 14218:Most successful 14194: 14150: 14145: 14115: 14110: 14103: 14096: 14082: 14080: 14068: 14059: 14052: 14045: 14038: 14029: 14022: 14015: 14006: 14001:Atomic bombings 13999: 13992: 13985: 13978: 13971: 13962: 13955: 13948: 13941: 13934: 13927: 13920: 13913: 13906: 13899: 13892: 13885: 13878: 13871: 13864: 13857: 13844: 13837: 13826: 13819: 13812: 13803: 13796: 13789: 13782: 13775: 13768: 13759: 13750: 13743: 13734: 13727: 13720: 13713: 13704: 13697: 13692:Eastern Romania 13690: 13685:Warsaw Uprising 13683: 13678:Tannenberg Line 13676: 13669: 13664:Western Ukraine 13662: 13653: 13646: 13637: 13628: 13619: 13612: 13605: 13594: 13585: 13572: 13565: 13556: 13549: 13542: 13535: 13528: 13521: 13514: 13505: 13498: 13491: 13482: 13475: 13468: 13461: 13456:Battle of Kursk 13454: 13447: 13440: 13433: 13426: 13413: 13406: 13397: 13390: 13383: 13374: 13367: 13360: 13353: 13344: 13335: 13328: 13321: 13314: 13307: 13300: 13293: 13286: 13279: 13272: 13267:St Nazaire Raid 13265: 13258: 13251: 13238: 13231: 13224: 13217: 13210: 13203: 13196: 13189: 13182: 13175: 13168: 13161: 13154: 13147: 13140: 13133: 13126: 13119: 13112: 13105: 13091: 13082: 13075: 13068: 13061: 13054: 13049:Anglo-Iraqi War 13047: 13040:Battle of Crete 13038: 13031: 13024: 13017: 13010: 12997: 12988: 12981: 12974: 12969:Eastern Romania 12967: 12960: 12953: 12946: 12939: 12932: 12925: 12918: 12911: 12904: 12897: 12890: 12883: 12876: 12869: 12862: 12849: 12842: 12835: 12828: 12821: 12814: 12807: 12800: 12787: 12778: 12771: 12764: 12757: 12750: 12743: 12734: 12727: 12720: 12711: 12704: 12678: 12671: 12664: 12655: 12648: 12643: 12634: 12627: 12620: 12611: 12604: 12595: 12588: 12583: 12576: 12563: 12556: 12547: 12540: 12535: 12530:Western Ukraine 12528: 12521: 12514: 12507: 12500: 12493: 12486: 12479: 12474:Northeast China 12472: 12465: 12458: 12451: 12444: 12437: 12428: 12421: 12414: 12407: 12400: 12393: 12386: 12379: 12372: 12365: 12358: 12351: 12344: 12337: 12330: 12323: 12316: 12309: 12302: 12289: 12282: 12275: 12268: 12261: 12254: 12247: 12240: 12233: 12226: 12219: 12212: 12199: 12192: 12185: 12180:Slovak Republic 12178: 12170: 12163: 12156: 12151:Empire of Japan 12149: 12140: 12132: 12125: 12118: 12111: 12104: 12097: 12089: 12082: 12075: 12067: 12060: 12047: 12040: 12031: 12024: 12015: 12008: 12001: 11994: 11987: 11980: 11973: 11961: 11954: 11947: 11940: 11933: 11926: 11919: 11912: 11905: 11893: 11886: 11879: 11872: 11865: 11853: 11845: 11838: 11831: 11824: 11817: 11810: 11803: 11791: 11784: 11777: 11770: 11763: 11737: 11728: 11721: 11714: 11707: 11696: 11681: 11674: 11667: 11663:Sexual violence 11662: 11655: 11646: 11639: 11632: 11623: 11616: 11609: 11602: 11595: 11586: 11577: 11570: 11563: 11556: 11549: 11542: 11533: 11526: 11519: 11512: 11499: 11492: 11485: 11478: 11469: 11462: 11455: 11448: 11441: 11432: 11423: 11416: 11409: 11402: 11393: 11386: 11381:Greek Civil War 11379: 11372: 11365: 11358: 11351: 11344: 11337: 11324: 11317: 11308: 11301: 11294: 11285: 11278: 11271: 11264: 11255: 11248: 11241: 11232: 11225: 11218: 11211: 11206:South-East Asia 11204: 11197: 11190: 11177: 11170: 11163: 11156: 11149: 11142: 11135: 11128: 11119: 11112: 11105: 11098: 11091: 11084: 11077: 11070: 11065:Military awards 11063: 11054: 11047: 11040: 11031: 11024: 11017: 11010: 11003: 10996: 10989: 10982: 10975: 10968: 10959: 10952: 10932: 10925: 10918: 10909: 10902: 10895: 10890: 10881: 10874: 10867: 10859: 10854: 10795: 10790: 10660: 10628: 10626: 10615: 10606: 10583:Otto Kretschmer 10535:(in Portuguese) 10534: 10503: 10406: 10404:Further reading 10375: 10373: 10327: 10322: 10307: 10306: 10302: 10283: 10257: 10238: 10207: 10205: 10188: 10169: 10134: 10115: 10079: 10057: 10055: 10012: 9990: 9988: 9986: 9952: 9933: 9894: 9875: 9856: 9819: 9800: 9769: 9746: 9715: 9707: 9705: 9678: 9649: 9630: 9591: 9572: 9553: 9534: 9491: 9472: 9453: 9429: 9401: 9400: 9396: 9375: 9370: 9362: 9358: 9350: 9346: 9338: 9334: 9326: 9322: 9314: 9310: 9302: 9298: 9290: 9286: 9278: 9274: 9266: 9262: 9253: 9251: 9235: 9231: 9226:. Random House. 9220: 9216: 9206: 9204: 9194: 9190: 9155: 9151: 9144: 9130: 9126: 9116: 9114: 9104: 9100: 9092: 9088: 9080: 9073: 9065: 9061: 9051: 9049: 9038: 9037: 9033: 9028:. June 7, 2021. 9024: 9023: 9019: 9012: 8988: 8984: 8976: 8972: 8964: 8957: 8949: 8945: 8937: 8933: 8925: 8921: 8913: 8909: 8901: 8897: 8889: 8882: 8874: 8870: 8862: 8858: 8850: 8846: 8838: 8834: 8830:, pp. 5–6. 8826: 8822: 8814: 8810: 8802: 8798: 8790: 8779: 8775:, p. 2615. 8773:Fitzsimons 1978 8771: 8767: 8759: 8755: 8747: 8743: 8735: 8731: 8723: 8719: 8711: 8707: 8699: 8695: 8687: 8683: 8675: 8671: 8663: 8659: 8651: 8647: 8639: 8635: 8627: 8623: 8615: 8611: 8607:, pp. 377. 8603: 8599: 8591: 8587: 8580: 8576: 8568: 8564: 8556: 8552: 8544: 8540: 8534:Carruthers 2011 8532: 8528: 8520: 8516: 8508: 8504: 8496: 8492: 8482: 8480: 8474:"Loss listings" 8470: 8463: 8458: 8454: 8446: 8442: 8437: 8433: 8425: 8421: 8413: 8409: 8401: 8397: 8389: 8380: 8376:, pp. 5–6. 8372: 8368: 8360: 8356: 8348: 8344: 8336: 8332: 8328:, pp. 287. 8324: 8320: 8312: 8308: 8300:? van der Vat, 8295: 8291: 8282: 8278: 8270: 8266: 8256: 8254: 8252:The Independent 8244: 8240: 8232: 8228: 8217: 8213: 8203: 8201: 8191: 8184: 8176: 8172: 8164: 8160: 8153: 8149: 8114: 8110: 8097: 8096: 8092: 8084: 8080: 8072: 8068: 8063:. Random House. 8057: 8053: 8042: 8038: 8031: 8007: 8003: 7996: 7982: 7978: 7970: 7966: 7958: 7954: 7944: 7942: 7932: 7928: 7918: 7916: 7905: 7898: 7890: 7886: 7878: 7874: 7866: 7862: 7855: 7838: 7834: 7826: 7822: 7814: 7810: 7802: 7798: 7790: 7786: 7778: 7774: 7768:Hellwinkel 2014 7766: 7762: 7754: 7750: 7744:Wayback Machine 7735: 7731: 7723: 7719: 7711: 7707: 7701:Giorgerini 2002 7699: 7695: 7687: 7683: 7677:Giorgerini 2002 7675: 7671: 7662: 7658: 7623: 7619: 7584: 7580: 7572: 7568: 7560: 7556: 7550:Wayback Machine 7541: 7537: 7531:Hellwinkel 2014 7529: 7525: 7490: 7486: 7478: 7474: 7468:Williamson 2010 7466: 7462: 7454: 7450: 7442: 7438: 7430: 7426: 7418: 7414: 7406: 7402: 7394: 7390: 7382: 7378: 7370: 7363: 7355: 7351: 7343: 7336: 7328: 7324: 7316: 7312: 7304: 7300: 7292: 7288: 7279: 7275: 7267: 7263: 7255: 7251: 7243: 7239: 7231: 7227: 7219: 7215: 7207: 7203: 7195: 7191: 7179: 7175: 7171:, pp. 5–6. 7167: 7163: 7158: 7154: 7149: 7145: 7136: 7132: 7127: 7123: 7115: 7111: 7103: 7099: 7091: 7087: 7083:, 1945, p. 144. 7075: 7071: 7059: 7055: 7047: 7043: 7039:, p. xiii. 7035: 7031: 7025:Giorgerini 2002 7023: 7016: 7008: 7004: 6996: 6992: 6984: 6980: 6972: 6963: 6955: 6944: 6936: 6932: 6924: 6920: 6912: 6908: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6878: 6848: 6844: 6839: 6835: 6824: 6820: 6815: 6811: 6801: 6797: 6792: 6788: 6771: 6767: 6762: 6758: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6699: 6683:Silent Hunter 5 6642: 6611:Heritage Models 6593: 6522:The Enemy Below 6497:German cruiser 6455: 6446: 6435: 6429: 6426: 6383: 6381: 6371: 6359: 6348: 6299: 6293: 6275:Dan van der Vat 6226: 6224: 6209: 6195: 6178:Vidkun Quisling 6173: 6157: 6145: 6106: 6101: 5632: 5590: 5509: 5500: 5493: 5479: 5474: 5461: 5456: 5440: 5435: 5419: 5414: 5401: 5396: 5378: 5373: 5349: 5344: 5328: 5323: 5305: 5300: 5282: 5277: 5261: 5256: 5240: 5235: 5219: 5214: 5209:May 40- Oct 40 5198: 5193: 5177: 5172: 5156: 5151: 5133: 5128: 5109: 5104: 5017: 4981: 4945: 4909: 4873: 4837: 4801: 4773: 4724: 4722:Merchant Losses 4687: 4661: 4587:bases in Norway 4423:Henschel Hs 293 4350:air-independent 4339: 4244:maritime patrol 4178: 4115:Henry H. Arnold 4111:Operation Torch 4101: 4095: 4000: 3954: 3948: 3925: 3889: 3845: 3839: 3827: 3815: 3789: 3769: 3763: 3682: 3594:, torpedoed by 3582: 3576: 3549:escort carriers 3536: 3499: 3416:"bigram tables" 3382: 3376: 3338: 3332: 3291: 3203:SB2U Vindicator 3195: 3190: 3104: 2904:on May 24, 1941 2885: 2867:, commander of 2824: 2818: 2634:Joachim Schepke 2624:Otto Kretschmer 2608: 2602: 2519: 2464:English Channel 2425: 2160: 2153: 2144:Coastal Command 2140:Royal Air Force 2089: 2011:First World War 2003: 1983:A. V. Alexander 1975: 1892:of the Italian 1878:Allied merchant 1811: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1691:Other campaigns 1685:Southern France 1594:Burma and India 1589:South-East Asia 1584:Franco-Thai War 1439: 1433: 1431: 1401: 1396: 803: 760: 755: 753: 751: 717: 704: 688: 682: 654: 642: 630: 618: 606: 593: 592: 588:Theodor Krancke 580: 568: 556: 544: 532: 520: 508: 502: 490: 486:Jonas H. Ingram 478: 466: 454: 442: 430: 418: 406: 393: 392: 380: 368: 355: 343: 341: 328: 326: 319: 316: 304: 302: 289: 287: 274: 272: 261: 259: 249: 247: 237: 235: 225: 223: 215: 213: 203: 201: 198: 197: 181: 179: 167: 165: 154: 152: 141: 139: 114: 80:Río de la Plata 65: 51: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15893: 15883: 15882: 15877: 15872: 15867: 15862: 15857: 15852: 15847: 15842: 15837: 15832: 15827: 15822: 15817: 15812: 15807: 15790: 15789: 15787: 15786: 15781: 15776: 15771: 15766: 15761: 15756: 15751: 15746: 15741: 15736: 15731: 15726: 15724:Battle of Guam 15721: 15716: 15711: 15706: 15701: 15696: 15691: 15686: 15681: 15676: 15671: 15666: 15661: 15656: 15651: 15646: 15641: 15636: 15631: 15623: 15615: 15607: 15602: 15597: 15591: 15589: 15585: 15584: 15582: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15566: 15561: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15536: 15531: 15526: 15521: 15518:Semper Paratus 15514: 15509: 15504: 15499: 15494: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15473: 15471: 15467: 15466: 15464: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15443: 15438: 15433: 15428: 15422: 15420: 15416: 15415: 15413: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15397: 15392: 15387: 15382: 15377: 15372: 15367: 15362: 15357: 15355:Enlisted ranks 15352: 15347: 15341: 15339: 15335: 15334: 15332: 15331: 15326: 15321: 15316: 15315: 15314: 15309: 15307:Radio stations 15304: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15278: 15273: 15271:Legal Division 15268: 15263: 15258: 15253: 15247: 15245: 15239: 15238: 15231: 15229: 15227: 15226: 15221: 15216: 15211: 15205: 15203: 15199: 15198: 15196: 15195: 15182: 15179: 15178: 15171: 15170: 15163: 15156: 15148: 15139: 15138: 15135: 15134: 15132: 15131: 15130: 15129: 15124: 15114: 15113: 15112: 15104: 15103: 15102: 15097: 15088: 15086: 15079: 15073: 15072: 15070: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15053: 15051: 15047: 15046: 15044: 15043: 15038: 15033: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15013: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14983: 14978: 14972: 14970: 14966: 14965: 14962: 14961: 14959: 14958: 14950: 14942: 14934: 14926: 14917: 14915: 14911: 14910: 14908: 14907: 14899: 14891: 14883: 14875: 14867: 14859: 14852: 14844: 14836: 14828: 14819: 14817: 14810: 14803: 14802: 14799: 14798: 14796: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14644: 14642: 14638: 14637: 14635: 14634: 14632:Constantinople 14629: 14624: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14593: 14591: 14584: 14578: 14577: 14575: 14574: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14551: 14546: 14540: 14538: 14534: 14533: 14531: 14530: 14523: 14516: 14509: 14502: 14495: 14488: 14481: 14474: 14467: 14460: 14453: 14446: 14439: 14432: 14425: 14418: 14411: 14404: 14397: 14390: 14383: 14376: 14369: 14362: 14355: 14348: 14341: 14334: 14327: 14320: 14313: 14307: 14305: 14299: 14298: 14296: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14259: 14257: 14253: 14252: 14250: 14249: 14248: 14247: 14237: 14236: 14235: 14230: 14228:Never deployed 14225: 14220: 14215: 14204: 14202: 14196: 14195: 14193: 14192: 14184: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14155: 14152: 14151: 14144: 14143: 14136: 14129: 14121: 14112: 14111: 14109: 14108: 14101: 14094: 14077: 14074: 14073: 14070: 14069: 14067: 14066: 14065: 14064: 14057: 14050: 14036: 14035: 14034: 14020: 14017:South Sakhalin 14013: 14012: 14011: 13997: 13990: 13983: 13976: 13969: 13968: 13967: 13953: 13946: 13939: 13932: 13925: 13918: 13911: 13904: 13897: 13890: 13883: 13876: 13869: 13862: 13854: 13852: 13846: 13845: 13843: 13842: 13835: 13834: 13833: 13817: 13810: 13809: 13808: 13794: 13787: 13780: 13773: 13766: 13757: 13748: 13741: 13732: 13725: 13718: 13711: 13702: 13695: 13688: 13681: 13674: 13667: 13660: 13651: 13644: 13635: 13626: 13617: 13610: 13603: 13592: 13582: 13580: 13574: 13573: 13571: 13570: 13563: 13562: 13561: 13554: 13540: 13533: 13526: 13519: 13512: 13511: 13510: 13496: 13489: 13480: 13473: 13466: 13459: 13452: 13445: 13442:Battle of Attu 13438: 13431: 13423: 13421: 13415: 13414: 13412: 13411: 13404: 13395: 13388: 13381: 13372: 13365: 13358: 13351: 13342: 13341: 13340: 13333: 13319: 13312: 13305: 13298: 13291: 13284: 13277: 13270: 13263: 13256: 13248: 13246: 13240: 13239: 13237: 13236: 13229: 13222: 13215: 13208: 13201: 13194: 13191:Battle of Guam 13187: 13180: 13173: 13166: 13159: 13152: 13145: 13138: 13131: 13124: 13117: 13114:Battle of Kiev 13110: 13103: 13089: 13088: 13087: 13073: 13066: 13059: 13052: 13045: 13044: 13043: 13029: 13022: 13015: 13007: 13005: 12999: 12998: 12996: 12995: 12986: 12979: 12972: 12965: 12958: 12951: 12944: 12937: 12930: 12923: 12916: 12909: 12902: 12895: 12888: 12881: 12874: 12867: 12859: 12857: 12851: 12850: 12848: 12847: 12840: 12833: 12826: 12819: 12812: 12805: 12797: 12795: 12789: 12788: 12786: 12785: 12784: 12783: 12776: 12769: 12762: 12755: 12741: 12740: 12739: 12732: 12718: 12717: 12716: 12701: 12699: 12690: 12684: 12683: 12680: 12679: 12677: 12676: 12669: 12662: 12661: 12660: 12653: 12641: 12640: 12639: 12625: 12618: 12617: 12616: 12613:United Kingdom 12609: 12602: 12601: 12600: 12581: 12573: 12571: 12565: 12564: 12562: 12561: 12554: 12553: 12552: 12545: 12533: 12526: 12519: 12512: 12505: 12498: 12491: 12484: 12477: 12470: 12463: 12456: 12449: 12442: 12435: 12434: 12433: 12426: 12412: 12405: 12398: 12391: 12384: 12377: 12370: 12363: 12356: 12349: 12342: 12335: 12328: 12321: 12314: 12307: 12299: 12297: 12291: 12290: 12288: 12287: 12280: 12273: 12266: 12259: 12252: 12245: 12238: 12231: 12224: 12217: 12209: 12207: 12201: 12200: 12198: 12197: 12190: 12183: 12176: 12168: 12161: 12154: 12147: 12146: 12145: 12130: 12123: 12116: 12109: 12102: 12095: 12087: 12080: 12073: 12065: 12057: 12055: 12049: 12048: 12046: 12045: 12038: 12037: 12036: 12022: 12021: 12020: 12017:British Empire 12010:United Kingdom 12006: 11999: 11992: 11985: 11978: 11971: 11959: 11952: 11945: 11938: 11931: 11924: 11917: 11910: 11903: 11891: 11884: 11877: 11870: 11863: 11851: 11843: 11836: 11829: 11826:Czechoslovakia 11822: 11815: 11808: 11801: 11789: 11782: 11775: 11768: 11760: 11758: 11749: 11743: 11742: 11739: 11738: 11736: 11735: 11734: 11733: 11726: 11723:Rape of Manila 11719: 11712: 11705: 11694: 11679: 11672: 11660: 11653: 11652: 11651: 11644: 11630: 11629: 11628: 11621: 11614: 11600: 11593: 11592: 11591: 11584: 11583: 11582: 11575: 11561: 11554: 11540: 11539: 11538: 11531: 11524: 11509: 11507: 11501: 11500: 11498: 11497: 11494:United Nations 11490: 11483: 11476: 11475: 11474: 11467: 11460: 11453: 11439: 11430: 11421: 11414: 11407: 11400: 11391: 11384: 11377: 11370: 11363: 11356: 11353:Decolonization 11349: 11342: 11334: 11332: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11322: 11315: 11314: 11313: 11299: 11292: 11291: 11290: 11283: 11276: 11262: 11261: 11260: 11253: 11239: 11238: 11237: 11230: 11223: 11216: 11209: 11202: 11187: 11185: 11179: 11178: 11176: 11175: 11168: 11161: 11154: 11147: 11140: 11133: 11126: 11125: 11124: 11117: 11103: 11096: 11089: 11082: 11075: 11068: 11061: 11060: 11059: 11045: 11038: 11037: 11036: 11029: 11026:United Kingdom 11022: 11008: 11001: 10994: 10987: 10980: 10973: 10966: 10965: 10964: 10949: 10947: 10938: 10934: 10933: 10931: 10930: 10923: 10916: 10915: 10914: 10907: 10900: 10888: 10887: 10886: 10872: 10864: 10861: 10860: 10853: 10852: 10845: 10838: 10830: 10824: 10823: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10794: 10793:External links 10791: 10789: 10788: 10782: 10768: 10761: 10749:Sarty, Roger, 10747: 10729: 10726: 10719: 10712: 10707:Keegan, John. 10705: 10698: 10684: 10670: 10664: 10658: 10645: 10642: 10641:(Viking, 2016) 10635: 10612: 10611: 10610: 10605: 10604: 10595: 10585: 10575: 10565: 10555: 10548:Gretton, Peter 10545: 10528: 10519: 10509: 10508: 10507: 10502: 10501: 10496: 10482: 10465:Morison, S.E. 10463: 10449: 10435: 10412: 10411: 10410: 10405: 10402: 10401: 10400: 10382: 10357: 10349: 10341: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10320: 10300: 10287: 10281: 10261: 10255: 10242: 10236: 10223: 10214: 10192: 10186: 10173: 10167: 10147: 10138: 10132: 10119: 10113: 10100: 10088:The War at Sea 10083: 10077: 10064: 10035:Roskill, S. W. 10031: 10016: 10010: 9997: 9984: 9965: 9956: 9950: 9937: 9931: 9910: 9902:Mawdsley, Evan 9898: 9892: 9879: 9873: 9860: 9854: 9841: 9832: 9823: 9817: 9804: 9798: 9785: 9773: 9767: 9750: 9744: 9731: 9722: 9682: 9676: 9661: 9647: 9634: 9628: 9608:Copeland, Jack 9604: 9595: 9589: 9576: 9570: 9564:. Coda Books. 9557: 9551: 9538: 9532: 9516: 9495: 9489: 9476: 9470: 9457: 9451: 9433: 9427: 9414: 9394: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9368: 9364:Vivarelli 2022 9356: 9344: 9332: 9330:, p. 260. 9320: 9308: 9296: 9294:, p. xii. 9284: 9282:, p. 375. 9272: 9270:, p. 210. 9260: 9229: 9214: 9188: 9149: 9142: 9124: 9098: 9096:, p. 375. 9086: 9084:, p. xii. 9071: 9059: 9031: 9017: 9010: 8982: 8980:, p. 211. 8970: 8968:, p. 203. 8955: 8943: 8941:, p. 135. 8931: 8919: 8907: 8895: 8880: 8868: 8856: 8844: 8832: 8820: 8818:, p. 820. 8808: 8806:, p. 771. 8796: 8794:, p. 305. 8777: 8765: 8753: 8741: 8739:, p. 761. 8729: 8717: 8705: 8693: 8681: 8669: 8657: 8645: 8633: 8621: 8609: 8597: 8595:, p. 288. 8585: 8574: 8562: 8550: 8538: 8536:, p. 190. 8526: 8524:, p. 100. 8514: 8502: 8500:, p. 119. 8490: 8461: 8452: 8440: 8431: 8429:, p. 386. 8419: 8417:, p. 376. 8407: 8395: 8378: 8366: 8354: 8352:, p. 213. 8342: 8330: 8318: 8316:, p. 281. 8306: 8289: 8276: 8274:, p. 155. 8264: 8238: 8236:, p. 244. 8226: 8211: 8199:History of War 8182: 8180:, p. 308. 8170: 8158: 8147: 8108: 8090: 8088:, p. 203. 8078: 8076:, p. 196. 8066: 8051: 8036: 8029: 8001: 7994: 7976: 7974:, p. 183. 7964: 7962:, p. 168. 7952: 7926: 7896: 7884: 7882:, p. 257. 7872: 7860: 7853: 7841:Mawdsley, Evan 7832: 7820: 7808: 7796: 7784: 7772: 7760: 7748: 7729: 7727:, p. 372. 7717: 7705: 7703:, p. 691. 7693: 7681: 7669: 7656: 7617: 7578: 7566: 7554: 7535: 7523: 7484: 7482:, p. 485. 7472: 7460: 7448: 7436: 7434:, pp. 71. 7424: 7422:, pp. 72. 7412: 7400: 7388: 7376: 7361: 7349: 7334: 7322: 7310: 7298: 7286: 7273: 7261: 7249: 7237: 7225: 7213: 7201: 7189: 7173: 7161: 7152: 7143: 7130: 7121: 7109: 7107:, p. 158. 7097: 7085: 7069: 7053: 7041: 7029: 7027:, p. 424. 7014: 7002: 7000:, p. 302. 6990: 6988:, p. 158. 6978: 6976:, p. 301. 6961: 6942: 6940:, p. 248. 6930: 6918: 6914:Australia Navy 6906: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6885: 6876: 6842: 6833: 6818: 6809: 6795: 6786: 6765: 6756: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6687: 6679: 6671: 6659: 6651: 6641: 6640:Computer games 6638: 6637: 6636: 6630: 6620: 6614: 6604: 6603:strategy game. 6592: 6591:Tabletop games 6589: 6588: 6587: 6568: 6560: 6556:In Enemy Hands 6552: 6542: 6534: 6526: 6518: 6510: 6502: 6499:Admiral Scheer 6488: 6484:Corvette K-225 6480: 6464: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6362: 6360: 6353: 6347: 6344: 6292: 6289: 6194: 6191: 6172: 6169: 6165:Leonard Murray 6156: 6153: 6144: 6141: 6114:British Empire 6105: 6104:United Kingdom 6102: 6100: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6051: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6010: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5991: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5931: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5910: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5787: 5784: 5781: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5751: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5671: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5622: 5619: 5613: 5610: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5589: 5586: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5494: 5489: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5442: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5421: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5386:Admiral Hipper 5383:heavy cruiser 5380: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5351: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5330: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5313:Admiral Hipper 5310:heavy cruiser 5307: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5290:Admiral Scheer 5287:heavy cruiser 5284: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5263: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5242: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5221: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5200: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5138:heavy cruiser 5135: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5115:heavy cruiser 5112: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4923: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4815: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4779: 4778: 4775: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4760:surface ships 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4738: 4731: 4723: 4720: 4713:D-Day landings 4686: 4683: 4666:Flächen-Absuch 4660: 4657: 4434:T5 "Zaunkönig" 4419:Dornier Do 217 4338: 4335: 4327:Baron Jedburgh 4240:Brazilian Navy 4212:Getúlio Vargas 4208:Osvaldo Aranha 4185:Brazilian Navy 4177: 4174: 4094: 4091: 3999: 3996: 3947: 3946:Enigma in 1942 3944: 3936:Günter Hessler 3924: 3921: 3888: 3887:Metox receiver 3885: 3841:Main article: 3838: 3835: 3826: 3823: 3814: 3811: 3788: 3785: 3777:Admiral Horton 3765:Main article: 3762: 3759: 3735:Sir Max Horton 3681: 3678: 3669:Gulf of Mexico 3588:Allied tanker 3578:Main article: 3575: 3572: 3535: 3532: 3516:Kingston Agate 3498: 3495: 3424:Bletchley Park 3390:cipher machine 3375: 3372: 3334:Main article: 3331: 3328: 3290: 3287: 3228:Leonard Murray 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3103: 3100: 3096:Arctic convoys 2981:Admiral Hipper 2976:Admiral Hipper 2964:Admiral Scheer 2960:Admiral Scheer 2952:Victoria Cross 2937:Admiral Scheer 2932:Admiral Scheer 2884: 2881: 2860:Enrico Tazzoli 2817: 2814: 2604:Main article: 2601: 2598: 2567:Prime Minister 2543:submarine pens 2535: 2534: 2502: 2489:submarine pens 2460: 2424: 2421: 2392:The resulting 2344:battlecruisers 2152: 2149: 2088: 2085: 2002: 1999: 1974: 1971: 1806: 1805: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1760:Baltic Nations 1751: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1738: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1688: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1619: 1618: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1569: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1543: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1526: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1487: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1460: 1455: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1430: 1429: 1422: 1415: 1407: 1398: 1397: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1342: 1337: 1326: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1019:2nd Happy Time 1016: 1003: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 961: 960: 953: 951:Denmark Strait 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 910: 909: 897: 892: 881: 880: 875: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 836:1st Happy Time 833: 828: 817: 816: 805: 804: 798: 793: 788: 787: 786: 781: 776: 765: 762: 761: 750: 749: 742: 735: 727: 719: 718: 716: 715: 712: 702: 699: 696: 685: 683: 681: 680: 677: 674: 671: 668: 664: 661: 660: 656: 655: 653: 652: 640: 628: 616: 614:Ulrich Kessler 604: 590: 578: 566: 554: 542: 530: 518: 505: 503: 501: 500: 488: 476: 464: 452: 440: 428: 416: 404: 390: 378: 365: 362: 361: 357: 356: 354: 353: 338: 322: 320: 318: 317: 315: 314: 299: 284: 269: 257: 245: 233: 221: 211: 195: 194: 193: 191: 176: 163: 150: 148:United Kingdom 136: 133: 132: 128: 127: 124: 123: 122:Allied victory 120: 116: 115: 104:Gulf of Mexico 76:Atlantic Ocean 74: 72: 68: 67: 62: 54: 53: 43: 42: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15892: 15881: 15878: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15868: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15853: 15851: 15848: 15846: 15843: 15841: 15838: 15836: 15833: 15831: 15828: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15808: 15806: 15803: 15802: 15800: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15769:War on terror 15767: 15765: 15762: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15750: 15747: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15737: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15727: 15725: 15722: 15720: 15717: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15670: 15667: 15665: 15662: 15660: 15657: 15655: 15652: 15650: 15647: 15645: 15642: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15628: 15624: 15622: 15620: 15616: 15614: 15613: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15592: 15590: 15586: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15534:Racing Stripe 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15519: 15515: 15513: 15510: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15500: 15498: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15474: 15472: 15468: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15423: 15421: 15417: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15350:Officer ranks 15348: 15346: 15343: 15342: 15340: 15336: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15320: 15317: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15299: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15279: 15277: 15274: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15249: 15248: 15246: 15244: 15240: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15206: 15204: 15200: 15194: 15193: 15184: 15183: 15180: 15176: 15169: 15164: 15162: 15157: 15155: 15150: 15149: 15146: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15119: 15118: 15115: 15111: 15108: 15107: 15105: 15101: 15100:Saint-Nazaire 15098: 15096: 15093: 15092: 15090: 15089: 15087: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15074: 15068: 15067:Rocket U-boat 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15054: 15052: 15048: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15034: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14976:Anechoic tile 14974: 14973: 14971: 14967: 14957: 14956: 14951: 14949: 14948: 14943: 14941: 14940: 14935: 14933: 14932: 14927: 14925: 14924: 14919: 14918: 14916: 14912: 14906: 14905: 14900: 14898: 14897: 14892: 14890: 14889: 14884: 14882: 14881: 14876: 14874: 14873: 14868: 14866: 14865: 14860: 14858: 14857: 14853: 14851: 14850: 14845: 14843: 14842: 14837: 14835: 14834: 14829: 14827: 14826: 14821: 14820: 14818: 14814: 14811: 14808: 14807:Capital ships 14804: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14645: 14643: 14639: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14594: 14592: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14579: 14573: 14571: 14567: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14541: 14539: 14535: 14529: 14528: 14524: 14522: 14521: 14517: 14515: 14514: 14510: 14508: 14507: 14503: 14501: 14500: 14496: 14494: 14493: 14489: 14487: 14486: 14482: 14480: 14479: 14475: 14473: 14472: 14468: 14466: 14465: 14461: 14459: 14458: 14454: 14452: 14451: 14447: 14445: 14444: 14440: 14438: 14437: 14433: 14431: 14430: 14426: 14424: 14423: 14419: 14417: 14416: 14412: 14410: 14409: 14405: 14403: 14402: 14398: 14396: 14395: 14391: 14389: 14388: 14384: 14382: 14381: 14377: 14375: 14374: 14370: 14368: 14367: 14363: 14361: 14360: 14356: 14354: 14353: 14349: 14347: 14346: 14342: 14340: 14339: 14335: 14333: 14332: 14328: 14326: 14325: 14321: 14319: 14318: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14308: 14306: 14304: 14300: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14260: 14258: 14254: 14246: 14243: 14242: 14241: 14238: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14210: 14209: 14206: 14205: 14203: 14201: 14197: 14191: 14190: 14185: 14183: 14182: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14156: 14153: 14149: 14142: 14137: 14135: 14130: 14128: 14123: 14122: 14119: 14106: 14102: 14099: 14095: 14092: 14091: 14086: 14079: 14078: 14075: 14062: 14058: 14055: 14051: 14048: 14044: 14043: 14041: 14037: 14032: 14028: 14027: 14025: 14024:Kuril Islands 14021: 14018: 14014: 14009: 14005: 14004: 14002: 13998: 13995: 13991: 13988: 13984: 13981: 13977: 13974: 13970: 13965: 13961: 13960: 13958: 13954: 13951: 13947: 13944: 13940: 13937: 13933: 13930: 13926: 13923: 13919: 13916: 13912: 13909: 13905: 13902: 13898: 13895: 13891: 13888: 13884: 13881: 13877: 13874: 13870: 13867: 13863: 13860: 13856: 13855: 13853: 13851: 13847: 13840: 13836: 13831: 13830: 13825: 13824: 13822: 13818: 13815: 13811: 13806: 13802: 13801: 13799: 13795: 13792: 13791:Syrmian Front 13788: 13785: 13781: 13778: 13774: 13771: 13767: 13764: 13763: 13758: 13755: 13754: 13749: 13746: 13742: 13739: 13738: 13737:Market Garden 13733: 13730: 13726: 13723: 13719: 13716: 13712: 13709: 13708: 13703: 13700: 13696: 13693: 13689: 13686: 13682: 13679: 13675: 13672: 13668: 13665: 13661: 13658: 13657: 13652: 13649: 13645: 13642: 13641: 13636: 13633: 13632: 13627: 13624: 13623: 13618: 13615: 13611: 13608: 13604: 13601: 13597: 13596:Monte Cassino 13593: 13590: 13589: 13584: 13583: 13581: 13579: 13575: 13568: 13564: 13559: 13555: 13552: 13548: 13547: 13545: 13541: 13538: 13534: 13531: 13527: 13524: 13520: 13517: 13513: 13508: 13504: 13503: 13501: 13497: 13494: 13490: 13487: 13486: 13481: 13478: 13474: 13471: 13467: 13464: 13460: 13457: 13453: 13450: 13446: 13443: 13439: 13436: 13432: 13429: 13425: 13424: 13422: 13420: 13416: 13409: 13405: 13402: 13401: 13396: 13393: 13389: 13386: 13382: 13379: 13378: 13373: 13370: 13366: 13363: 13359: 13356: 13352: 13349: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13334: 13331: 13327: 13326: 13324: 13320: 13317: 13313: 13310: 13306: 13303: 13299: 13296: 13292: 13289: 13285: 13282: 13278: 13275: 13271: 13268: 13264: 13261: 13257: 13254: 13250: 13249: 13247: 13245: 13241: 13234: 13230: 13227: 13223: 13220: 13216: 13213: 13209: 13206: 13202: 13199: 13195: 13192: 13188: 13185: 13181: 13178: 13174: 13171: 13167: 13164: 13160: 13157: 13153: 13150: 13146: 13143: 13139: 13136: 13132: 13129: 13125: 13122: 13118: 13115: 13111: 13108: 13104: 13100: 13099: 13094: 13090: 13085: 13081: 13080: 13078: 13074: 13071: 13067: 13064: 13060: 13057: 13053: 13050: 13046: 13041: 13037: 13036: 13034: 13030: 13027: 13023: 13020: 13016: 13013: 13009: 13008: 13006: 13004: 13000: 12993: 12992: 12987: 12984: 12980: 12977: 12973: 12970: 12966: 12963: 12962:Baltic states 12959: 12956: 12952: 12949: 12945: 12942: 12938: 12935: 12931: 12928: 12924: 12921: 12917: 12914: 12910: 12907: 12903: 12900: 12896: 12893: 12889: 12886: 12882: 12879: 12875: 12872: 12868: 12865: 12861: 12860: 12858: 12856: 12852: 12845: 12841: 12838: 12834: 12831: 12827: 12824: 12820: 12817: 12813: 12810: 12806: 12803: 12799: 12798: 12796: 12794: 12790: 12781: 12777: 12774: 12770: 12767: 12763: 12760: 12756: 12753: 12749: 12748: 12746: 12742: 12737: 12733: 12730: 12726: 12725: 12723: 12719: 12714: 12710: 12709: 12707: 12703: 12702: 12700: 12698: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12685: 12674: 12670: 12667: 12663: 12658: 12654: 12651: 12647: 12646: 12642: 12637: 12633: 12632: 12630: 12626: 12623: 12619: 12614: 12610: 12607: 12606:United States 12603: 12598: 12594: 12593: 12591: 12587: 12586: 12582: 12579: 12575: 12574: 12572: 12570: 12566: 12559: 12555: 12550: 12546: 12543: 12542:Quốc dân Đảng 12539: 12538: 12534: 12531: 12527: 12524: 12520: 12517: 12513: 12510: 12506: 12503: 12499: 12496: 12492: 12489: 12485: 12482: 12478: 12475: 12471: 12468: 12464: 12461: 12457: 12454: 12450: 12447: 12443: 12440: 12436: 12431: 12427: 12424: 12420: 12419: 12417: 12413: 12410: 12406: 12403: 12399: 12396: 12392: 12389: 12385: 12382: 12378: 12375: 12371: 12368: 12364: 12361: 12357: 12354: 12350: 12347: 12343: 12340: 12336: 12333: 12329: 12326: 12322: 12319: 12315: 12312: 12308: 12305: 12301: 12300: 12298: 12296: 12292: 12285: 12281: 12278: 12274: 12271: 12267: 12264: 12260: 12257: 12253: 12250: 12246: 12243: 12242:Liechtenstein 12239: 12236: 12232: 12229: 12225: 12222: 12218: 12215: 12211: 12210: 12208: 12206: 12202: 12195: 12191: 12188: 12184: 12181: 12177: 12173: 12169: 12166: 12162: 12159: 12155: 12152: 12148: 12143: 12139: 12138: 12135: 12131: 12128: 12124: 12121: 12117: 12114: 12110: 12107: 12103: 12100: 12096: 12092: 12088: 12085: 12081: 12078: 12074: 12070: 12066: 12063: 12059: 12058: 12056: 12054: 12050: 12043: 12039: 12034: 12030: 12029: 12027: 12026:United States 12023: 12018: 12014: 12013: 12011: 12007: 12004: 12000: 11997: 11993: 11990: 11986: 11983: 11979: 11976: 11972: 11968: 11964: 11960: 11957: 11953: 11950: 11946: 11943: 11939: 11936: 11932: 11929: 11925: 11922: 11918: 11915: 11911: 11908: 11904: 11900: 11896: 11892: 11889: 11885: 11882: 11878: 11875: 11871: 11868: 11864: 11860: 11856: 11852: 11848: 11844: 11841: 11837: 11834: 11830: 11827: 11823: 11820: 11816: 11813: 11809: 11806: 11802: 11798: 11794: 11790: 11787: 11783: 11780: 11776: 11773: 11769: 11766: 11762: 11761: 11759: 11757: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11744: 11731: 11727: 11724: 11720: 11717: 11716:Comfort women 11713: 11710: 11706: 11703: 11700: / 11699: 11695: 11692: 11689: / 11688: 11685: / 11684: 11680: 11677: 11676:Camp brothels 11673: 11670: 11666: 11665: 11661: 11658: 11654: 11649: 11645: 11642: 11638: 11637: 11635: 11631: 11626: 11622: 11619: 11615: 11612: 11608: 11607: 11605: 11601: 11598: 11594: 11589: 11585: 11580: 11576: 11573: 11569: 11568: 11566: 11565:The Holocaust 11562: 11559: 11555: 11552: 11551:forced labour 11548: 11547: 11545: 11541: 11536: 11532: 11529: 11525: 11522: 11518: 11517: 11515: 11511: 11510: 11508: 11506: 11502: 11495: 11491: 11488: 11484: 11481: 11477: 11472: 11468: 11465: 11461: 11458: 11454: 11451: 11447: 11446: 11444: 11440: 11437: 11436: 11431: 11428: 11427: 11422: 11419: 11415: 11412: 11408: 11405: 11404:Marshall Plan 11401: 11398: 11397: 11392: 11389: 11385: 11382: 11378: 11375: 11371: 11368: 11364: 11361: 11357: 11354: 11350: 11347: 11343: 11340: 11336: 11335: 11333: 11331: 11327: 11320: 11316: 11311: 11307: 11306: 11304: 11300: 11297: 11293: 11288: 11284: 11281: 11277: 11274: 11270: 11269: 11267: 11263: 11258: 11257:Eastern Front 11254: 11251: 11250:Western Front 11247: 11246: 11244: 11240: 11235: 11231: 11228: 11224: 11221: 11217: 11214: 11210: 11207: 11203: 11200: 11196: 11195: 11193: 11189: 11188: 11186: 11184: 11180: 11173: 11169: 11166: 11162: 11159: 11155: 11152: 11148: 11145: 11144:Puppet states 11141: 11138: 11134: 11131: 11127: 11122: 11118: 11115: 11111: 11110: 11108: 11104: 11101: 11097: 11094: 11090: 11087: 11086:Naval history 11083: 11080: 11076: 11073: 11069: 11066: 11062: 11057: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11046: 11043: 11039: 11034: 11033:United States 11030: 11027: 11023: 11020: 11016: 11015: 11013: 11009: 11006: 11002: 10999: 10995: 10992: 10988: 10985: 10981: 10978: 10974: 10971: 10967: 10962: 10958: 10957: 10955: 10951: 10950: 10948: 10946: 10942: 10939: 10935: 10928: 10924: 10921: 10917: 10912: 10908: 10905: 10901: 10898: 10894: 10893: 10889: 10884: 10880: 10879: 10877: 10873: 10870: 10866: 10865: 10862: 10858: 10851: 10846: 10844: 10839: 10837: 10832: 10831: 10828: 10821: 10820:Cryptanalysis 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10796: 10787: 10783: 10781: 10780:0-340-37751-8 10777: 10773: 10769: 10766: 10762: 10760: 10759:1-896979-44-0 10756: 10752: 10748: 10745: 10744:0-7110-0749-7 10741: 10737: 10733: 10730: 10727: 10724: 10720: 10717: 10713: 10710: 10706: 10703: 10699: 10697: 10696:0-440-23564-2 10693: 10689: 10685: 10683: 10682:0-06-092088-2 10679: 10675: 10671: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10655: 10651: 10646: 10643: 10640: 10636: 10624: 10623: 10618: 10614: 10613: 10608: 10607: 10602: 10601: 10596: 10594: 10590: 10586: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10573: 10569: 10568:Rayner, Denys 10566: 10563: 10562:U-boat Killer 10559: 10556: 10553: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10540: 10533: 10529: 10527: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10514: 10513:Cremer, Peter 10511: 10510: 10505: 10504: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10494:0-7737-2160-6 10491: 10487: 10483: 10480: 10477:and volume X 10476: 10472: 10468: 10464: 10462: 10461:1-55125-069-1 10458: 10454: 10450: 10448: 10447:1-55125-061-6 10444: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10424: 10423: 10418: 10414: 10413: 10408: 10407: 10397: 10393: 10392: 10391:Time magazine 10387: 10383: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10358: 10354: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10337:Cosmos Philly 10334: 10329: 10328: 10317: 10311: 10303: 10297: 10293: 10288: 10284: 10278: 10273: 10272: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10256:9780465091539 10252: 10248: 10243: 10239: 10233: 10229: 10224: 10220: 10215: 10204: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10189: 10187:9780872499843 10183: 10179: 10174: 10170: 10164: 10159: 10158: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10139: 10135: 10129: 10125: 10120: 10116: 10114:1-55750-001-0 10110: 10106: 10101: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10084: 10080: 10074: 10070: 10065: 10054: 10050: 10046: 10045: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10024: 10023: 10017: 10013: 10011:3-87943-261-9 10007: 10003: 9998: 9987: 9981: 9977: 9973: 9972: 9966: 9962: 9957: 9953: 9947: 9943: 9938: 9934: 9928: 9924: 9920: 9916: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9889: 9885: 9880: 9876: 9870: 9866: 9861: 9857: 9851: 9847: 9842: 9838: 9833: 9829: 9824: 9820: 9818:0-521-83432-5 9814: 9810: 9805: 9801: 9795: 9791: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9777:Hastings, Max 9774: 9770: 9764: 9760: 9756: 9751: 9747: 9741: 9737: 9732: 9728: 9723: 9719: 9704: 9700: 9696: 9695: 9689: 9683: 9679: 9673: 9669: 9668: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9648:0-00-635325-8 9644: 9640: 9635: 9631: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9596: 9592: 9586: 9582: 9577: 9573: 9567: 9563: 9558: 9554: 9548: 9544: 9539: 9535: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9506:(12): 46–56. 9505: 9501: 9496: 9492: 9486: 9482: 9477: 9473: 9467: 9463: 9458: 9454: 9448: 9444: 9443: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9428:3-548-03057-2 9424: 9420: 9419:Verdammte See 9415: 9411: 9405: 9397: 9391: 9387: 9383: 9378: 9377: 9365: 9360: 9354:, p. 81. 9353: 9352:Hastings 2011 9348: 9341: 9336: 9329: 9328:Mawdsley 2009 9324: 9318:, p. 26. 9317: 9312: 9305: 9304:Hastings 2011 9300: 9293: 9288: 9281: 9276: 9269: 9264: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9241: 9233: 9225: 9218: 9203: 9199: 9192: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9153: 9145: 9139: 9135: 9128: 9113: 9109: 9102: 9095: 9090: 9083: 9078: 9076: 9068: 9067:Pearsall 1994 9063: 9047: 9046: 9041: 9035: 9027: 9021: 9013: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8994: 8986: 8979: 8974: 8967: 8962: 8960: 8952: 8947: 8940: 8935: 8929:, p. 53. 8928: 8923: 8917:, p. 69. 8916: 8911: 8905:, p. 68. 8904: 8899: 8893:, p. 63. 8892: 8887: 8885: 8878:, p. 61. 8877: 8872: 8866:, p. 57. 8865: 8860: 8854:, p. 27. 8853: 8848: 8841: 8836: 8829: 8824: 8817: 8812: 8805: 8800: 8793: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8782: 8774: 8769: 8762: 8757: 8750: 8745: 8738: 8733: 8726: 8721: 8714: 8709: 8702: 8697: 8690: 8685: 8678: 8673: 8666: 8661: 8654: 8649: 8642: 8637: 8630: 8625: 8618: 8613: 8606: 8601: 8594: 8589: 8582: 8578: 8571: 8566: 8559: 8554: 8547: 8542: 8535: 8530: 8523: 8518: 8511: 8506: 8499: 8494: 8479: 8475: 8468: 8466: 8456: 8449: 8444: 8435: 8428: 8423: 8416: 8411: 8404: 8399: 8392: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8375: 8370: 8364:, p. 52. 8363: 8358: 8351: 8346: 8339: 8334: 8327: 8322: 8315: 8310: 8303: 8299: 8293: 8286: 8280: 8273: 8268: 8253: 8249: 8242: 8235: 8234:Williams 2003 8230: 8224: 8220: 8215: 8200: 8196: 8195:"Leigh Light" 8189: 8187: 8179: 8174: 8167: 8162: 8155: 8151: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8128:(2): 93–120. 8127: 8123: 8119: 8112: 8104: 8100: 8094: 8087: 8082: 8075: 8070: 8062: 8055: 8047: 8046:9781844685424 8040: 8032: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8013: 8005: 7997: 7991: 7987: 7980: 7973: 7968: 7961: 7956: 7941: 7937: 7930: 7914: 7910: 7903: 7901: 7894:, p. 76. 7893: 7888: 7881: 7880:Copeland 2004 7876: 7869: 7864: 7856: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7836: 7829: 7824: 7817: 7812: 7805: 7800: 7793: 7788: 7781: 7776: 7769: 7764: 7757: 7752: 7745: 7741: 7738: 7737:HMS Hood 1920 7733: 7726: 7721: 7714: 7709: 7702: 7697: 7690: 7685: 7678: 7673: 7666: 7660: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7637:(2): 93–120. 7636: 7632: 7628: 7621: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7582: 7575: 7570: 7563: 7558: 7551: 7547: 7544: 7539: 7533:, p. 36. 7532: 7527: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7488: 7481: 7476: 7470:, p. 43. 7469: 7464: 7457: 7452: 7445: 7440: 7433: 7428: 7421: 7416: 7409: 7404: 7398:, p. 11. 7397: 7392: 7386:, p. 13. 7385: 7380: 7373: 7368: 7366: 7358: 7353: 7346: 7341: 7339: 7331: 7326: 7320:, p. 38. 7319: 7314: 7308:, p. 30. 7307: 7302: 7296:, p. 74. 7295: 7290: 7283: 7280:Karl Dönitz: 7277: 7270: 7265: 7258: 7253: 7246: 7241: 7234: 7229: 7223:, p. 65. 7222: 7217: 7210: 7205: 7199:, p. 93. 7198: 7193: 7186: 7182: 7177: 7170: 7165: 7156: 7147: 7140: 7134: 7125: 7118: 7113: 7106: 7105:Edgerton 2011 7101: 7095:, p. ix. 7094: 7089: 7082: 7078: 7073: 7066: 7062: 7057: 7050: 7045: 7038: 7033: 7026: 7021: 7019: 7011: 7006: 6999: 6994: 6987: 6982: 6975: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6958: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6939: 6934: 6927: 6922: 6915: 6910: 6903: 6902:Billinis 2019 6898: 6894: 6880: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6846: 6837: 6830: 6829: 6822: 6813: 6805: 6799: 6790: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6760: 6751: 6747: 6738: 6734: 6733:Monsun Gruppe 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6691: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6672: 6669: 6666:, 2002 naval 6665: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6634: 6631: 6628: 6624: 6621: 6618: 6615: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6585: 6584: 6578: 6574: 6573: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6548: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6514:The Cruel Sea 6511: 6508: 6507: 6503: 6501: 6500: 6494: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6457: 6456: 6444: 6441: 6433: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6394: 6391: – 6390: 6386: 6385:Find sources: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6363:This article 6361: 6357: 6352: 6351: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6320: 6313:U-boat losses 6311: 6303: 6298: 6288: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6272: 6270: 6265: 6262: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6247: 6245: 6239: 6236: 6222: 6221: 6213: 6208: 6204: 6199: 6190: 6186: 6184: 6179: 6168: 6166: 6161: 6152: 6150: 6149:Liberty ships 6143:United States 6140: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6099:Merchant Navy 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6054:Jan-May 1945 6053: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6034:Oct-Dec 1944 6033: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6014:Jul-Sep 1944 6013: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5994:Apr-Jun 1944 5993: 5992: 5988: 5985: 5982: 5979: 5976: 5974:Jan-Mar 1944 5973: 5972: 5968: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5954:Oct-Dec 1943 5953: 5952: 5948: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5934:Jul-Sep 1943 5933: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5914:Apr-Jun 1943 5913: 5912: 5908: 5905: 5902: 5899: 5896: 5894:Jan-Mar 1943 5893: 5892: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5874:Oct-Dec 1942 5873: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5854:Jul-Sep 1942 5853: 5852: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5834:Apr-Jun 1942 5833: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5822: 5819: 5816: 5814:Jan-Mar 1942 5813: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5802: 5799: 5796: 5794:Oct-Dec 1941 5793: 5792: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5774:Jul-Sep 1941 5773: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5754:Apr-Jun 1941 5753: 5752: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5734:Jan-Mar 1941 5733: 5732: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5714:Oct-Dec 1940 5713: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5694:Jul-Sep 1940 5693: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5674:Apr-Jun 1940 5673: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5654:Jan-Mar 1940 5653: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5631: 5630: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5595: 5588:U-boat losses 5585: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5542: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5458: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5443: 5437: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5422: 5416: 5411: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5398: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5382: 5381: 5375: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5358: 5353: 5352: 5346: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5331: 5325: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5309: 5308: 5302: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5286: 5285: 5279: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5258: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5237: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5216: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5201: 5195: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5180: 5174: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5153: 5148: 5145: 5142: 5137: 5136: 5130: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5114: 5113: 5107: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4743: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4656: 4654: 4653: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4639:Avondale Park 4635: 4634: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4588: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4558: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4537: 4532: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4414: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4390: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4361: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4320: 4319: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4307: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4267: 4262: 4261: 4256: 4255: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4238:Although the 4236: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4186: 4182: 4173: 4170: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4129: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4100: 4090: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4075: 4074:Bay of Biscay 4071: 4067: 4063: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3953: 3943: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3901: 3900: 3893: 3884: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3834: 3831: 3822: 3820: 3819:spigot mortar 3810: 3804: 3803: 3797: 3793: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3746:Convoy ON 154 3742: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3722:and Iceland. 3721: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3698:just east of 3697: 3692: 3688: 3677: 3674: 3673:Caribbean Sea 3670: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3606: 3599: 3598: 3593: 3592: 3586: 3581: 3571: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3556: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3531: 3529: 3528: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3477: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3456: 3455:Gleaner (J83) 3450: 3449: 3439: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3391: 3388: 3381: 3374:Enigma cipher 3371: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3350: 3349: 3342: 3337: 3327: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3295: 3286: 3284: 3278: 3276: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3253: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3185: 3183: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3165: 3161: 3160:Convoy HX 112 3157: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3047: 3043: 3042: 3037: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3023: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3008: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2992: 2991: 2986: 2985:convoy SLS 64 2982: 2978: 2977: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2938: 2934: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2905: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2889: 2880: 2878: 2877: 2872: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2845: 2844:human torpedo 2841: 2837: 2833: 2832:Angelo Parona 2829: 2823: 2813: 2810: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2788: 2784: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2756: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2712: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2676: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2612: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2560:Faroe Islands 2557: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2532: 2527: 2526: 2517: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2429:Low Countries 2420: 2418: 2417: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2318: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2301:Günther Prien 2298: 2293: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2284: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2267: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2180:capital ships 2176: 2171: 2166: 2162:In 1939, the 2158: 2148: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2095: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2068: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2044: 2043:panzerschiffe 2039: 2035: 2030: 2028: 2025:), made them 2024: 2020: 2019:cruiser rules 2016: 2012: 2008: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1897: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1861: 1854: 1853: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1668:Syria–Lebanon 1666: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1573: 1572:Pacific Ocean 1570: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1541:Eastern Front 1539: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1490:Western Front 1488: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1442: 1437: 1434:Campaigns of 1428: 1423: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1377: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1340:26 April 1944 1338: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1322: 1321:Bay of Biscay 1319: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1309:SL 140/MKS 31 1307: 1305: 1304:SL 139/MKS 30 1302: 1300: 1299:SL 138/MKS 28 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1284:ONS 20/ON 206 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1274:ONS 18/ON 202 1272: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1232:HX 229/SC 122 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1024:Torpedo Alley 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1014: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 959: 958: 954: 952: 949: 948: 947: 946: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 908: 905: 904: 903: 902: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 887: 886: 885: 879: 876: 874: 873: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 823: 822: 821: 815: 812: 811: 810: 809: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 774:United States 772: 771: 770: 767: 766: 763: 758: 748: 743: 741: 736: 734: 729: 728: 725: 713: 711:c. 500 killed 708: 703: 700: 697: 692: 687: 686: 684: 678: 675: 672: 669: 666: 665: 663: 662: 657: 651: 646: 641: 639: 634: 629: 627: 626:Angelo Parona 622: 617: 615: 610: 605: 602: 597: 591: 589: 584: 579: 577: 572: 567: 565: 560: 555: 553: 552:Eberhard Godt 548: 543: 541: 536: 531: 529: 524: 519: 517: 512: 507: 506: 504: 499: 494: 489: 487: 482: 477: 475: 470: 465: 463: 458: 453: 451: 446: 441: 439: 434: 429: 427: 422: 417: 415: 410: 405: 402: 397: 391: 389: 384: 379: 377: 372: 367: 366: 364: 363: 358: 351: 339: 336: 324: 323: 321: 312: 300: 297: 285: 282: 270: 268: 258: 256: 246: 244: 234: 232: 222: 212: 210: 200: 199: 192: 189: 177: 175: 164: 162: 161:United States 151: 149: 138: 137: 135: 134: 129: 121: 118: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 100:Caribbean Sea 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 70: 69: 63: 60: 59: 55: 49: 44: 41: 36: 31: 26: 22: 15718: 15714:World War II 15626: 15618: 15611: 15302:Air Stations 15261:Intelligence 15243:Organization 15185: 15085:World War II 15021:Pillenwerfer 15006:Mark 24 mine 14981:Depth charge 14954: 14946: 14938: 14930: 14922: 14914:World War II 14903: 14895: 14887: 14879: 14871: 14863: 14855: 14848: 14840: 14832: 14824: 14641:World War II 14569: 14559:Convoy ONS 5 14549:Convoy PQ 17 14526: 14519: 14512: 14505: 14498: 14491: 14484: 14477: 14470: 14463: 14456: 14449: 14442: 14435: 14428: 14421: 14414: 14407: 14400: 14393: 14386: 14379: 14372: 14365: 14358: 14351: 14344: 14337: 14330: 14323: 14316: 14288:Erich Raeder 14200:U-boat lists 14188: 14180: 14163: 14098:Bibliography 14081: 13894:Project Hula 13859:Vistula–Oder 13828: 13761: 13752: 13736: 13706: 13655: 13639: 13630: 13621: 13587: 13484: 13399: 13375: 13345: 13096: 12989: 12934:North Africa 12808: 12636:Soviet Union 12590:Soviet Union 12516:Soviet Union 12284:Vatican City 12194:Vichy France 12099:German Reich 11996:Soviet Union 11982:South Africa 11975:Sierra Leone 11928:Newfoundland 11747:Participants 11730:Marocchinate 11434: 11425: 11395: 11302: 11273:North Africa 11234:Indian Ocean 11093:Nazi plunder 10984:Cryptography 10857:World War II 10785: 10771: 10764: 10750: 10735: 10722: 10715: 10708: 10701: 10687: 10673: 10667: 10649: 10638: 10627:. Retrieved 10621: 10600:Iron Coffins 10598: 10588: 10578: 10571: 10561: 10551: 10531: 10525: 10522:Dönitz, Karl 10516: 10485: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10466: 10452: 10438: 10421: 10396:the original 10389: 10376:September 1, 10374:. Retrieved 10370:the original 10365: 10336: 10291: 10270: 10246: 10227: 10218: 10206:. Retrieved 10200: 10177: 10156: 10142: 10123: 10104: 10087: 10068: 10056:. Retrieved 10043: 10021: 10001: 9989:. Retrieved 9970: 9960: 9941: 9914: 9905: 9883: 9864: 9845: 9836: 9827: 9808: 9789: 9780: 9758: 9754: 9735: 9726: 9708:November 16, 9706:. Retrieved 9692: 9666: 9638: 9619: 9615: 9599: 9580: 9561: 9542: 9523: 9520:Bowyer, Chaz 9503: 9499: 9480: 9461: 9441: 9418: 9385: 9381: 9373:Bibliography 9359: 9347: 9335: 9323: 9316:Hessler 1989 9311: 9299: 9287: 9280:Roskill 1961 9275: 9263: 9252:, retrieved 9239: 9232: 9223: 9217: 9205:. Retrieved 9201: 9191: 9169:(4): 73–98. 9166: 9162: 9152: 9133: 9127: 9115:. Retrieved 9111: 9101: 9089: 9069:, p. 7. 9062: 9050:. Retrieved 9043: 9034: 9020: 8992: 8985: 8973: 8946: 8934: 8922: 8910: 8898: 8871: 8859: 8847: 8835: 8823: 8811: 8799: 8768: 8756: 8744: 8732: 8720: 8708: 8696: 8684: 8672: 8660: 8648: 8636: 8629:Showell 2002 8624: 8612: 8600: 8588: 8577: 8565: 8553: 8541: 8529: 8517: 8512:, Chapter 2. 8505: 8493: 8481:. Retrieved 8477: 8455: 8450:, p. 6. 8443: 8434: 8427:Morison 1947 8422: 8415:Morison 1947 8410: 8398: 8369: 8362:Bowling 1969 8357: 8345: 8333: 8321: 8309: 8301: 8297: 8292: 8284: 8279: 8267: 8255:. Retrieved 8251: 8241: 8229: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8204:February 16, 8202:. Retrieved 8198: 8173: 8166:Morison 1947 8161: 8150: 8125: 8121: 8111: 8103:docplayer.fr 8102: 8093: 8081: 8069: 8060: 8054: 8045: 8039: 8011: 8004: 7985: 7979: 7967: 7955: 7945:February 13, 7943:. Retrieved 7939: 7929: 7917:. Retrieved 7913:the original 7887: 7875: 7868:Erskine 2004 7863: 7844: 7835: 7823: 7811: 7804:Roskill 1957 7799: 7787: 7775: 7763: 7751: 7746:, Royal Navy 7732: 7725:Roskill 1957 7720: 7713:Roskill 1957 7708: 7696: 7689:Ireland 2003 7684: 7672: 7664: 7659: 7634: 7630: 7620: 7598:(1): 73–84. 7595: 7591: 7581: 7576:, p. 5. 7569: 7557: 7538: 7526: 7504:(1): 62–75. 7501: 7497: 7487: 7475: 7463: 7451: 7439: 7427: 7415: 7403: 7391: 7379: 7352: 7325: 7313: 7301: 7289: 7281: 7276: 7264: 7252: 7240: 7228: 7216: 7211:, p. 6. 7209:Holwitt 2005 7204: 7197:Holwitt 2005 7192: 7181:Holwitt 2005 7176: 7169:Holwitt 2005 7164: 7155: 7146: 7138: 7133: 7124: 7112: 7100: 7088: 7080: 7072: 7064: 7056: 7051:, p. 1. 7049:Woodman 2004 7044: 7032: 7005: 6998:Bennett 2007 6993: 6981: 6974:Bennett 2007 6959:, p. 2. 6938:Collins 1964 6933: 6921: 6909: 6897: 6879: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6845: 6836: 6827: 6821: 6812: 6803: 6798: 6789: 6768: 6759: 6750: 6737:Indian Ocean 6681: 6673: 6661: 6653: 6645: 6632: 6622: 6616: 6606: 6596: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6562: 6554: 6546: 6544: 6536: 6528: 6520: 6512: 6504: 6498: 6490: 6482: 6466: 6458: 6436: 6430:January 2020 6427: 6417: 6410: 6403: 6396: 6384: 6372:Please help 6367:verification 6364: 6332:Henry Tizard 6319:Max Hastings 6316: 6273: 6266: 6263: 6259: 6248: 6240: 6234: 6225:. Retrieved 6219: 6214: 6207:Kriegsmarine 6206: 6200: 6196: 6187: 6174: 6162: 6158: 6146: 6137:Empire ships 6118: 6107: 6090: 6085: 6074: 5633:Sep-Dec 1939 5625: 5616: 5612:Operational 5607: 5578:Block island 5569: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5553: 5545: 5543: 5510: 5497: 5490: 5484: 5354:battleships 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5016: 4980: 4944: 4908: 4872: 4836: 4800: 4769:in Atlantic 4741: 4717: 4710: 4699: 4695:White Ensign 4662: 4650: 4648: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4591: 4582:elektroboote 4576:elektroboote 4570:elektroboote 4564:elektroboote 4553: 4546: 4518:elektroboote 4508: 4480: 4474:elektroboote 4469: 4462: 4427: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4393: 4388: 4340: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4216: 4190: 4171: 4167: 4155: 4148: 4133: 4126: 4102: 4087: 4080: 4060:On 13 April 4059: 4042:convoy ONS 5 4024: 4020: 4001: 3986: 3979: 3975: 3969:Kriegsmarine 3959:Kriegsmarine 3955: 3940: 3934: 3926: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3898: 3881: 3876: 3857: 3828: 3816: 3807: 3801: 3780: 3772: 3770: 3743: 3728: 3724: 3708: 3691:Convoy SC 94 3683: 3658: 3650: 3646:Soviet Union 3634: 3630:Paukenschlag 3629: 3611: 3596: 3589: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3541:Convoy HG 76 3537: 3526: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3500: 3491:commissioned 3484: 3480: 3473: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3447: 3444: 3395:Kriegsmarine 3383: 3363: 3360: 3353: 3347: 3324: 3303: 3300: 3279: 3272: 3266: 3257: 3251: 3247: 3236: 3220: 3206: 3182:Convoy SC 26 3179: 3174: 3169: 3163: 3155: 3153: 3142: 3126: 3113: 3091: 3088:Channel Dash 3083: 3079: 3075: 3073: 3069:PBY Catalina 3064: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3040: 3034: 3027: 3021: 3006: 2995: 2989: 2980: 2975: 2972: 2968:Indian Ocean 2963: 2959: 2948:Edward Fegen 2942: 2936: 2931: 2927:convoy HX 84 2924: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2901: 2894: 2875: 2873:and then of 2869: 2859: 2852: 2848: 2825: 2789: 2785: 2764:convoy HX 72 2761: 2749:metric bands 2732: 2724: 2713: 2708:Kriegsmarine 2680: 2668: 2658: 2654:Victor Oehrn 2648: 2638: 2628: 2619: 2617: 2582:Newfoundland 2564: 2552: 2497: 2493:Tallboy bomb 2426: 2415: 2391: 2376: 2351: 2347: 2335: 2333: 2327: 2316: 2305: 2296: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2271: 2265: 2248: 2229: 2210: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2165:Kriegsmarine 2161: 2137: 2134: 2110: 2106: 2094:thermoclines 2090: 2048: 2031: 2026: 2004: 1976: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1910: 1896:Regia Marina 1886:Soviet Union 1852:Kriegsmarine 1843: 1823:World War II 1814: 1812: 1753: 1752: 1741:Indian Ocean 1713: 1702:Ecuador–Peru 1690: 1689: 1659:Middle East 1633:North Africa 1621: 1620: 1560:Asia-Pacific 1558: 1557: 1445: 1436:World War II 1392:7–8 May 1945 1387:5–6 May 1945 1382:Point Judith 1375: 1368: 1367: 1346: 1328: 1327: 1314: 1185: 1184: 1140:27 September 1123: 1056: 1034: 1012: 1005: 1004: 956: 944: 900: 883: 882: 871: 819: 818: 807: 806: 784:St. Lawrence 754: 516:Erich Raeder 462:John Slessor 376:Dudley Pound 131:Belligerents 112:Arctic Ocean 92:Labrador Sea 38:Part of the 25: 15739:Vietnam War 15694:World War I 15600:War of 1812 15001:Leigh light 14986:Elektroboot 14816:World War I 14590:World War I 14544:Convoy SC 7 14478:Steinbrinck 14293:Karl Dönitz 13829:Bodenplatte 13715:Gothic Line 12941:West Africa 12488:Philippines 12467:Netherlands 12332:Czech lands 12270:Switzerland 12214:Afghanistan 12165:Philippines 12033:Puerto Rico 11949:Philippines 11935:New Zealand 11921:Netherlands 11874:Free France 11625:Prosecution 11426:Osoaviakhim 11296:West Africa 11280:East Africa 10927:Conferences 10629:November 8, 10619:(c. 1945). 10589:Walker R.N. 10506:Biographies 10058:November 8, 9991:November 8, 9292:Blair 1996b 9094:Levine 1991 9082:Blair 1996a 8951:Rohwer 2005 8927:Rohwer 2005 8840:Rohwer 2005 8828:Rohwer 2005 8816:Blair 1996b 8804:Blair 1996a 8761:Blair 1996b 8749:Blair 1996b 8737:Blair 1996b 8725:Blair 1996b 8713:Blair 1996b 8701:Blair 1996b 8689:Blair 1996b 8677:Blair 1996b 8653:Blair 1996b 8617:Blair 1996b 8605:Blair 1996b 8570:Blair 1996b 8546:Blair 1996b 8510:Barone 2013 8338:Blair 1996b 7936:"Type VIIC" 7480:Blair 1996a 7456:Blair 1996a 7444:Bekker 1971 7432:Blair 1996a 7420:Blair 1996a 7396:Milner 2011 7384:Milner 2011 7372:Blair 1996a 7330:Blair 1996a 7318:Blair 1996a 7294:Herwig 2004 7269:Blair 1996a 7257:Bekker 1971 7245:Blair 1996a 7233:Blair 1996a 7221:Blair 1996a 7093:Syrett 1994 7037:Blair 1996a 6986:Bowyer 1979 6871:Prinz Eugen 6863:Scharnhorst 6859:Prinz Eugen 6851:Scharnhorst 6601:Avalon Hill 6255:tonnage war 6249:Third, and 5615:Engaged in 5532:Prinz Eugen 5526:Scharnhorst 5357:Scharnhorst 5118:Deutschland 4751:submarines 4599:Black Point 4360:Elektroboot 4201:West Africa 4037:U-Bootwaffe 3861:Leigh Light 3852:Leigh Light 3843:Leigh Light 3837:Leigh Light 3781:Beta Search 3733:by Admiral 3638:Ernest King 3591:Dixie Arrow 3432:Alan Turing 3428:Frank Birch 3084:Prinz Eugen 3076:Scharnhorst 3041:Prinz Eugen 2990:Scharnhorst 2840:Enzo Grossi 2768:convoy SC 7 2590:West Indies 2481:La Rochelle 2455:, known as 2379:Karl Dönitz 2348:Deutschland 2206:ocean liner 2189:Deutschland 2170:French Navy 2067:Rudeltaktik 1934:Scharnhorst 1914:tonnage war 1724:Air Warfare 1638:East Africa 1345:Capture of 1108:Bell Island 1057:Connecticut 872:Nordseetour 814:River Plate 650:Enzo Grossi 528:Karl Dönitz 414:Percy Noble 296:New Zealand 243:Netherlands 108:Outer Banks 15799:Categories 15734:Korean War 15709:Rum Patrol 15689:Ice Patrol 15554:Fleet Week 15202:Leadership 14969:Technology 14939:Courageous 14849:Formidable 14833:Cornwallis 14464:Schlieffen 14415:Pfadfinder 14394:Kreuzotter 14331:Delphin II 14256:Commanders 14187:Operation 14181:Regenbogen 14179:Operation 13929:West Hunan 13762:Pointblank 13098:Silver Fox 13084:Summer War 12837:Winter War 12816:Phoney War 12597:Azerbaijan 12558:Yugoslavia 12453:Luxembourg 12295:Resistance 12042:Yugoslavia 11907:Luxembourg 11709:Sook Ching 11505:War crimes 11107:Technology 11100:Opposition 11042:Lend-Lease 11019:Australian 11012:Home front 10970:Blitzkrieg 10920:Casualties 10911:Commanders 10883:Operations 10543:8585987138 10294:. London. 10208:August 29, 9720:required.) 8522:Carey 2004 8498:Carey 2004 8403:Carey 2004 8391:Carey 2004 8374:Carey 2004 8350:Smith 2012 6957:White 2008 6890:References 6670:video game 6668:simulation 6633:War at Sea 6572:Comandante 6400:newspapers 6336:A. V. Hill 6193:Assessment 6183:Nortraship 5566:Courageous 5080:14,878,463 5070:16,928,460 5065:21,575,490 5040:14,659,965 4957:2,510,304 4951:2,200,410 4929:2,588,906 4921:6,149,473 4915:6,150,340 4893:6,266,215 4885:2,298,714 4879:3,295,909 4860:1,017,422 4857:2,171,070 4849:2,462,867 4843:3,654,511 4821:2,156,158 4669:-Torpedo ( 4536:Hohentwiel 4531:schnorkels 4447:Schlieffen 4376:Schnorchel 4370:Type XXIII 4353:propellant 4097:See also: 4032:U-boat Arm 3950:See also: 3642:Lend-Lease 3404:(Army) or 3378:See also: 3252:Robin Moor 3224:St. John's 2956:Home Fleet 2943:Jervis Bay 2820:See also: 2741:binoculars 2549:, Brittany 2477:La Pallice 2445:destroyers 2410:degaussing 2368:Montevideo 2311:Scapa Flow 2297:Courageous 2283:Courageous 2225:destroyers 2221:minelaying 2001:Background 1987:Parliament 1954:Phoney War 1890:submarines 1880:shipping. 1866:Royal Navy 1765:Yugoslavia 1746:Madagascar 1709:Antarctica 1680:Dodecanese 1500:Resistance 1468:Winter War 1458:Phoney War 1013:Postmaster 945:Rheinübung 426:Max Horton 15595:Quasi-War 15461:Equipment 15345:Personnel 15287:Districts 15016:Mousetrap 14955:Royal Oak 14953:HMS 14945:HMS 14937:HMS 14929:HMS 14923:Ark Royal 14921:HMS 14902:HMS 14886:HMS 14870:HMS 14847:HMS 14831:HMS 14825:Britannia 14823:HMS 14564:Black May 14492:Streitaxt 14485:Siegfried 14352:Eisteufel 14303:Wolfpacks 14189:Deadlight 13994:Manchuria 13880:Indochina 13656:Bagration 13107:Lithuania 12752:Anschluss 12549:Viet Minh 12446:Lithuania 12388:Hong Kong 12158:Manchukuo 12113:Azad Hind 11772:Australia 11572:Aftermath 11435:Paperclip 11330:Aftermath 11130:Total war 10998:Diplomacy 10961:In Europe 10431:557756251 10310:cite book 10153:(2004) . 10096:226236418 10053:881709135 10037:(1957) . 9657:464381083 9512:0041-798X 9404:cite book 9340:Snow 1961 9175:0028-1484 8134:0028-1484 7667:, p. 300. 7663:Terraine 7643:0028-1484 7612:0025-3359 7518:0025-3359 7357:Burn 1993 7141:, p. 314. 6867:Gneisenau 6855:Gneisenau 6793:1940–1943 6763:1942–1945 6754:1941–1945 6597:Submarine 6564:Greyhound 5617:Atlantic 5562:Royal Oak 5554:Charybdis 5363:Gneisenau 5105:of ships 5060:1,028,464 5055:1,557,299 5050:1,409,192 5045:2,889,883 4982:1,045,629 4946:3,225,138 4910:7,790,697 4874:4,328,558 4838:3,991,641 4774:of ships 4754:aircraft 4633:Sneland I 4557:schnorkel 4524:schnorkel 4512:schnorkel 4502:schnorkel 4496:schnorkel 4451:Siegfried 4260:Archimede 4226:Barbarigo 4028:Black May 3992:Port Said 3978:HMS 3897:HMS 3800:HMS 3720:Greenland 3687:Black Pit 3600:, in 1942 3553:HMS 3525:HMS 3509:captured 3487:Type VIIC 3453:HMS 3407:Luftwaffe 3356:Huff-Duff 3346:HMS 3312:Hurricane 3308:CAM ships 3283:Liberator 3211:Cape Town 3168:HMS 3149:Liverpool 3130:Tobermory 3080:Gneisenau 3065:Ark Royal 3050:HMS 3020:HMS 3007:Ramillies 3005:HMS 2996:Gneisenau 2941:HMS 2893:HMS 2870:Archimede 2809:Luftwaffe 2793:Luftwaffe 2702:Luftwaffe 2691:Stavanger 2571:President 2516:Luftwaffe 2485:North Sea 2453:Gibraltar 2414:HMS 2398:torpedoes 2360:Argentina 2317:Royal Oak 2315:HMS 2281:HMS 2266:Ark Royal 2264:HMS 2244:Singapore 2204:sank the 2130:prize law 1995:Cabinet's 1940:Gneisenau 1860:Luftwaffe 1616:Australia 1512:Alps 1940 1505:1944–1945 1315:Stonewall 1289:Sept-Îles 1242:Black May 1145:SG 6/LN 6 801:Gibraltar 779:Caribbean 281:Australia 88:Irish Sea 84:North Sea 15779:Iraq War 15629:Incident 15621:Incident 15426:Uniforms 15297:Stations 15251:Missions 15110:Valentin 15106:Germany 15050:Concepts 14996:Hedgehog 14872:Majestic 14864:Peresvet 14617:Flanders 14570:Bismarck 14513:Weddigen 14506:Vorwärts 14450:Rossbach 14436:Raubgraf 14373:Hartmann 14105:Category 14054:document 13964:document 13821:Ardennes 13805:Budapest 13753:Crossbow 13631:Overlord 13470:Smolensk 12688:Timeline 12523:Slovakia 12509:Thailand 12360:Ethiopia 12325:Bulgaria 12249:Portugal 12187:Thailand 12069:Bulgaria 11847:Eswatini 11840:Ethiopia 11793:Bulgaria 11618:Unit 731 11579:Response 11396:Keelhaul 11346:Cold War 11319:Americas 11310:timeline 11303:Atlantic 11183:Theaters 10690:. Dell. 10419:(1955). 10267:(2010). 10027:Archived 9904:(2009). 9779:(2011). 9522:(1979). 9439:(2007). 9254:July 21, 9207:July 21, 9183:26396965 9117:July 21, 9052:July 19, 8296:Milner, 8257:April 9, 8142:26394184 7919:July 11, 7843:(2019). 7740:Archived 7651:26394184 7546:Archived 6697:See also 6623:Wolfpack 6538:Das Boot 6473:war film 6235:Bismarck 6227:July 21, 6125:Ellerman 5626:U-boats 5570:Audacity 5538:Nürnberg 5520:Bismarck 5335:Kormoran 5163:Atlantis 5110:( GRT ) 5029:284,476 5023:366,843 5001:283,133 4993:663,308 4987:505,759 4968:120,656 4965:773,327 4935:111,658 4932:424,411 4905:323,632 4902:396,242 4899:104,588 4896:700,020 4869:421,336 4866:487,204 4863:230,842 4833:203,905 4830:511,615 4827:509,889 4824:580,074 4813:509,321 4807:754,686 4791:262,697 4785:421,156 4685:Outcomes 4627:NYMS 382 4443:Rossbach 4366:Type XXI 4195:between 4157:frigates 3899:Starling 3865:H. Leigh 3813:Hedgehog 3802:Westcott 3796:Hedgehog 3654:Type XIV 3564:Audacity 3560:Audacity 3555:Audacity 3464:boarded 3320:ditching 3250:SS 3145:Plymouth 3134:Hebrides 3092:Bismarck 3061:Bismarck 3057:Bismarck 3035:Bismarck 2902:Bismarck 2718:B-Dienst 2687:Bordeaux 2588:and the 2558:and the 2508:and the 2383:Hitler's 2372:scuttled 2358:between 2217:Type IIs 2209:SS 2056:Type VII 2027:de facto 1985:, asked 1928:Bismarck 1785:Bulgaria 1714:Atlantic 1697:Americas 1650:Adriatic 1376:Teardrop 1335:Lyme Bay 1046:27 March 957:Bismarck 769:Americas 71:Location 15627:Amistad 15477:History 15441:Cutters 15360:Ratings 15292:Sectors 15256:Reserve 15127:Dora II 15095:Lorient 15091:France 15041:Snorkel 14904:Triumph 14896:Suffren 14888:Russell 14856:Gaulois 14648:Regions 14622:Kurland 14499:Tümmler 14471:Seewolf 14401:Leuthen 14387:Kiebitz 14359:Endrass 14338:Dränger 14317:Blücher 14245:Classes 14148:U-boats 14031:Shumshu 13798:Hungary 13745:Estonia 13729:Lapland 13707:Dragoon 13640:Neptune 13622:Ichi-Go 13588:Tempest 13530:Changde 13485:Cottage 13377:Jubilee 13093:Finland 12991:Compass 12697:Prelude 12650:Finland 12536:Vietnam 12502:Romania 12374:Germany 12353:Estonia 12339:Denmark 12318:Belgium 12311:Austria 12304:Albania 12235:Ireland 12221:Andorra 12205:Neutral 12172:Romania 12106:Hungary 12091:Finland 11963:Romania 11855:Finland 11833:Denmark 11779:Belgium 11765:Algeria 11471:Romania 11457:Hungary 11213:Pacific 10937:General 10891:Leaders 10876:Battles 10869:Outline 10774:, 1988 10202:Variety 10041:(ed.). 9614:(ed.). 8483:July 4, 7562:Purnell 7079:Vol 3, 6926:NZ govt 6874:skills. 6625:, 1974 6609:, 1976 6599:, 1976 6579:by the 6414:scholar 5582:Dunedin 5574:Avenger 5498:931,116 5391:Feb 41 5377:115,622 5304:113,223 5260:158,256 5247:Pinguin 5176:145,697 5108:tonnage 5100:period 5097:raider 5018:438,432 5010:10,222 5007:93,663 5004:44,351 4977:22,098 4974:33,693 4971:95,855 4941:43,177 4938:56,986 4802:755,392 4794:61,337 4030:in the 3779:tested 3622:Type IX 3461:Bulldog 3243:Iceland 3132:in the 2828:BETASOM 2822:BETASOM 2586:Bermuda 2547:Lorient 2541:German 2473:Lorient 2457:Force H 2364:Uruguay 2211:Athenia 2023:raiders 1946:Tirpitz 1882:Convoys 1846:U-boats 1790:Hungary 1780:Romania 1629:Africa 1529:Balkans 1524:Britain 1478:Lapland 1473:Karelia 1463:Finland 1124:Laconia 1035:Neuland 929:4 April 335:Germany 255:Belgium 220:France 15619:Ingham 15529:Ensign 15436:Badges 15431:Awards 15276:Police 15122:Dora I 15117:Norway 15026:Q-ship 14931:Barham 14841:Danton 14457:Schill 14443:Rösing 14345:Eisbär 14324:Borkum 14208:German 14008:Debate 13980:Taipei 13973:Borneo 13551:Tarawa 12745:Europe 12706:Africa 12495:Poland 12481:Norway 12460:Malaya 12439:Latvia 12381:Greece 12367:France 12263:Sweden 12228:Bhutan 11956:Poland 11942:Norway 11914:Mexico 11881:Greece 11867:France 11805:Canada 11786:Brazil 11756:Allies 11702:Serbia 11691:Poland 11464:Poland 11450:Baltic 11243:Europe 10945:Topics 10897:Allied 10778: 10757: 10742: 10711:(2006) 10694: 10680: 10656: 10541: 10492: 10459: 10445: 10429: 10298: 10279: 10253: 10234: 10184: 10165: 10130: 10111: 10094: 10075: 10051: 10008: 9982: 9976:Boston 9948: 9929: 9890: 9871: 9852: 9815: 9796: 9765: 9742: 9714: 9674: 9655: 9645: 9626: 9587: 9568: 9549: 9530: 9510: 9487: 9468: 9449: 9425: 9392: 9181: 9173: 9140: 9008: 8140: 8132: 8027: 7992: 7851: 7649: 7641: 7610: 7543:Convoy 7516: 6617:U-Boat 6607:U-Boat 6577:Kabalo 6416: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6387: 6210:'s 6203:"aces" 6171:Norway 6155:Canada 6129:Silver 5608:fleet 5606:Total 5550:Sydney 5478:27,632 5460:30,728 5439:94,363 5426:Michel 5418:56,037 5400:34,042 5348:68,274 5281:41,567 5239:96,602 5218:58,464 5205:Widder 5197:48,477 5155:50,089 5103:number 5013:7,063 4797:7,253 4788:2,949 4772:number 4766:total 4763:other 4757:mines 4413:Santee 4343:Walter 4315:, and 4248:seamen 4197:Brazil 4083:boats" 4046:SC 130 4012:SC 121 4008:HX 228 3980:Petard 3754:ON 166 3750:SC 118 3744:After 3716:SC 107 3712:SC 104 3700:Angers 3503:Hudson 3387:Enigma 3207:Ranger 3022:Malaya 3012:HX 106 2863:, and 2772:sloops 2662:) and 2520:'s 2479:(near 2475:, and 2433:France 2240:Bombay 2236:Panama 2081:Plan Z 2061:convoy 1943:, and 1876:, and 1837:naval 1835:Allied 1719:Arctic 1551:Sicily 1453:Poland 1447:Europe 1363:BX 141 1353:HX 300 1294:ON 207 1279:SC 143 1262:SC 130 1257:SC 129 1252:HX 237 1237:HX 231 1222:HX 228 1217:SC 121 1207:ON 166 1202:SC 118 1180:ON 154 1175:ON 153 1170:ON 144 1165:SC 107 1160:SL 125 1155:HX 212 1150:SC 104 1135:SC 100 1118:ON 127 1103:ON 122 1093:ON 115 1088:ON 113 1068:6 June 995:HX 156 965:HX 133 939:HX 126 934:OB 318 924:HX 112 919:OB 293 907:HX 106 901:Berlin 347: 332: 308: 293: 278: 267:Greece 231:Poland 209:Norway 188:Brazil 185: 174:Canada 171: 158: 145: 119:Result 15612:Bravo 15579:SPARS 15282:Areas 15077:Bases 15036:Sonar 14947:Eagle 14572:chase 14429:Prien 14422:Pfeil 14380:Hecht 14213:Types 13784:Leyte 13614:Narva 13600:Anzio 13558:Makin 13516:Burma 13400:Torch 13369:Rzhev 13330:Kiska 12416:Korea 12402:Japan 12395:Italy 12277:Tibet 12256:Spain 12134:Italy 11895:Italy 11888:India 11812:China 11687:Japan 11287:Italy 11199:China 11151:Women 10517:U-333 9757:[ 9384:[ 9179:JSTOR 8138:JSTOR 7647:JSTOR 6743:Notes 6690:UBOAT 6547:U-571 6453:Films 6421:JSTOR 6407:books 6269:Blair 6075:Total 5621:Sunk 5485:total 5447:Stier 5327:6,078 5268:Komet 5184:Orion 5132:6,962 5035:Total 4998:1945 4962:1944 4926:1943 4918:1155 4890:1942 4854:1941 4818:1940 4782:1939 4748:year 4700:U-190 4679:Foxer 4621:U-320 4611:U-881 4605:U-853 4547:U-848 4483:D-Day 4463:U-459 4407:Bogue 4389:Bogue 4331:U-532 4318:U-662 4312:U-604 4306:U-598 4300:U-591 4294:U-590 4288:U-513 4283:U-507 4278:U-164 4272:U-161 4266:U-128 4254:U-199 4232:U-507 4127:U-507 4068:with 4004:UGS 6 3987:U-559 3908:Metox 3877:U-502 3830:Squid 3825:Squid 3527:Graph 3521:U-570 3511:U-570 3476:bombe 3467:U-110 3367:Morse 3170:Vanoc 3164:U-100 3016:SL 67 2781:HX 90 2776:HX 79 2736:Rudel 2639:U-100 2469:Brest 2073:ASDIC 1906:Italy 1904:ally 1800:Japan 1775:Italy 1754:Coups 1655:Malta 1599:Japan 1567:China 1546:Italy 1358:WEP 3 1347:U-505 1269:Faith 1247:ONS 5 1227:UGS 6 1197:SG 19 1130:SQ 36 1113:QS 33 1098:SC 94 1083:QS 15 1078:SL 78 1073:HG 84 1063:ON 92 1051:OG 82 1041:ON 67 1029:SC 67 1000:HG 76 990:SC 48 985:HG 73 980:SC 42 975:OG 71 970:OG 69 914:HG 53 895:SC 20 890:SC 19 878:HX 90 866:HX 84 861:HX 79 851:HX 72 841:HX 65 831:HX 49 826:HX 47 350:Italy 311:India 15524:Flag 14809:sunk 14627:Pola 14527:Wolf 14520:West 14408:Lohs 13850:1945 13578:1944 13419:1943 13347:Blue 13337:Attu 13244:1942 13003:1941 12855:1940 12793:1939 12722:Asia 12569:POWs 12409:Jews 12127:Iraq 12053:Axis 12003:Tuva 11819:Cuba 10904:Axis 10776:ISBN 10755:ISBN 10740:ISBN 10692:ISBN 10678:ISBN 10654:ISBN 10631:2017 10539:ISBN 10490:ISBN 10469:and 10457:ISBN 10443:ISBN 10427:OCLC 10378:2007 10316:link 10296:ISBN 10277:ISBN 10251:ISBN 10232:ISBN 10210:2023 10182:ISBN 10163:ISBN 10128:ISBN 10109:ISBN 10092:OCLC 10073:ISBN 10060:2017 10049:OCLC 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Battle of the Atlantic

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