Arctic Ocean - Knowledge

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now overtaken the atmospheric flux in the eastern Eurasian Basin. Over the same period the weakening halocline stratification has coincided with increasing upper ocean currents thought to be associated with declining sea ice, indicate increasing mixing in this region. In contrast direct measurements of mixing in the western Arctic indicate the Atlantic water heat remains isolated at intermediate depths even under the 'perfect storm' conditions of the

1802: 2568: 55: 5915: 688: 2252:, possibly resulting in global warming in a positive feedback mechanism. Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040. Estimates vary for when the last time the Arctic was ice-free: 65 million years ago when fossils indicate that plants existed there to as recently as 5,500 years ago; ice and ocean cores going back 8,000 years to the 1678: 1877: 704: 2554: 1716:. During the winter, cold Alaskan winds blow over the Chukchi Sea, freezing the surface water and pushing this newly formed ice out to the Pacific. The speed of the ice drift is roughly 1–4 cm/s. This process leaves dense, salty waters in the sea that sink over the continental shelf into the western Arctic Ocean and create a halocline. 1828:(6,023,200 sq mi). The seasonal variations are about 7,000,000 km (2,702,700 sq mi), with the maximum in April and minimum in September. The sea ice is affected by wind and ocean currents, which can move and rotate very large areas of ice. Zones of compression also arise, where the ice piles up to form pack ice. 1785:(SLP) ridge over Greenland that drives strong northerly winds through the Fram Strait, facilitating ice export. In the summer, the SLP contrast is smaller, producing weaker winds. A final example of seasonal pressure system movement is the low pressure system that exists over the Nordic and Barents Seas. It is an extension of the 1789:, which creates cyclonic ocean circulation in this area. The low shifts to centre over the North Pole in the summer. These variations in the Arctic all contribute to ice drift reaching its weakest point during the summer months. There is also evidence that the drift is associated with the phase of the Arctic Oscillation and 1927:

of sea water, in contrast to fresh water, increases as it nears the freezing point and thus it tends to sink. It is generally necessary that the upper 100–150 m (330–490 ft) of ocean water cools to the freezing point for sea ice to form. In the winter, the relatively warm ocean water exerts

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However, over the past couple of decades a combination of the warming and the shoaling of Atlantic water are leading to the increasing influence of Atlantic water heat in melting sea ice in the eastern Arctic. The most recent estimates, for 2016–2018, indicate the oceanic heat flux to the surface has

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There is considerable seasonal variation in how much pack ice of the Arctic ice pack covers the Arctic Ocean. Much of the Arctic ice pack is also covered in snow for about 10 months of the year. The maximum snow cover is in March or April—about 20–50 cm (7.9–19.7 in) over the frozen ocean.

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Much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by sea ice that varies in extent and thickness seasonally. The mean extent of the Arctic sea ice has been continuously decreasing in the last decades, declining at a rate of currently 12.85% per decade since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km

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counter-clockwise. This is the highest volumetric inflow to the Arctic Ocean, equalling about 10 times that of the Pacific inflow, and it creates the Arctic Ocean Boundary Current. It flows slowly, at about 0.02 m/s. Atlantic Water has the same salinity as Arctic Bottom Water but is much warmer

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Because of sea ice and remote conditions, the geology of the Arctic Ocean is still poorly explored. The Arctic Coring Expedition drilling shed some light on the Lomonosov Ridge, which appears to be continental crust separated from the Barents-Kara Shelf in the Paleocene and then starved of sediment.

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As noted, the process of ice formation and movement is a key driver in Arctic Ocean circulation and the formation of water masses. With this dependence, the Arctic Ocean experiences variations due to seasonal changes in sea ice cover. Sea ice movement is the result of wind forcing, which is related

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The final defined water mass in the Arctic Ocean is called Arctic Surface Water and is found in the depth range of 150–200 m (490–660 ft). The most important feature of this water mass is a section referred to as the sub-surface layer. It is a product of Atlantic water that enters through

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Water enters from both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and can be divided into three unique water masses. The deepest water mass is called Arctic Bottom Water and begins around 900 m (3,000 ft) depth. It is composed of the densest water in the World Ocean and has two main sources: Arctic

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Buixadé Farré, Albert; Stephenson, Scott R.; Chen, Linling; Czub, Michael; Dai, Ying; Demchev, Denis; Efimov, Yaroslav; Graczyk, Piotr; Grythe, Henrik; Keil, Kathrin; Kivekäs, Niku; Kumar, Naresh; Liu, Nengye; Matelenok, Igor; Myksvoll, Mari; O'Leary, Derek; Olsen, Julia; Pavithran .A.P., Sachin;

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55 million years ago, when the global climate underwent a warming of approximately 5–8 °C (9–14 °F), the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F). The surface waters of the northernmost Arctic Ocean warmed, seasonally at least, enough to support

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On 16 July 2015, five nations (United States, Russia, Canada, Norway, Denmark/Greenland) signed a declaration committing to keep their fishing vessels out of a 1.1 million square mile zone in the central Arctic Ocean near the North Pole. The agreement calls for those nations to refrain from

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Waters originating in the Pacific and Atlantic both exit through the Fram Strait between Greenland and Svalbard Island, which is about 2,700 m (8,900 ft) deep and 350 km (220 mi) wide. This outflow is about 9 Sv. The width of the Fram Strait is what allows for both inflow and

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In large parts of the Arctic Ocean, the top layer (about 50 m ) is of lower salinity and lower temperature than the rest. It remains relatively stable because the salinity effect on density is bigger than the temperature effect. It is fed by the freshwater input of the big Siberian and

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Igor V. Polyakov1, Andrey V. Pnyushkov, Matthew B. Alkire, Igor M. Ashik, Till M. Baumann, Eddy C. Carmack, Ilona Goszczko, John Guthrie, Vladimir V. Ivanov, Torsten Kanzow, Richard Krishfield, Ronald Kwok, Arild Sundfjord, James Morison, Robert Rember, Alexander Yulin (2017). Greater role for

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Polyakov, I., Rippeth, T., Fer, I., Baumann, T., Carmack, E., Ivanov, V., Janout, M. A., Padman, L., Pnyushkov, A. & Rember, R (2020). Intensification of Near-Surface Currents and Shear in the Eastern Arctic Ocean: A More Dynamic Eastern Arctic Ocean, Geophysical Research Letters, 47(16),

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This water is met by Greenland Sea Deep Water, which forms during the passage of winter storms. As temperatures cool dramatically in the winter, ice forms, and intense vertical convection allows the water to become dense enough to sink below the warm saline water below. Arctic Bottom Water is

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Lenn, Y. D., Wiles, P. J., Torres-Valdes, S., Abrahamsen, E. P., Rippeth, T. P., Simpson, J. H., Bacon, S., Laxon, S. W., Polyakov, I., Ivanov, V. & Kirillov, S. (2009). Vertical mixing at intermediate depths in the Arctic boundary current. Geophysical Research Letters. 36, p.

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Polyakov, I., Rippeth, T., Fer, I., Alkire, M., Baumann, T., Carmack, E., Ivanov, V., Janout, M. A., Padman, L., Pnyushkov, A. & Rember, R (2020). Weakening of the cold halocline layer exposes sea ice to oceanic heat in the eastern Arctic Ocean. Journal of Climate, 33(18),

1879: 1744:(up to 3 °C ). In fact, this water mass is actually warmer than the surface water and remains submerged only due to the role of salinity in density. When water reaches the basin, it is pushed by strong winds into a large circular current called the 1558:

period, the Canadian Basin opened, and tectonic activity due to the assembly of Alaska caused hydrocarbons to migrate toward what is now Prudhoe Bay. At the same time, sediments shed off the rising Canadian Rockies built out the large Mackenzie Delta.

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The Thule Tradition lasted from about 200 BC to AD 1600, arising around the Bering Strait and later encompassing almost the entire Arctic region of North America. The Thule people were the ancestors of the Inuit, who now live in Alaska,

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Global warming has increased encounters between polar bears and humans. Reduced sea ice due to melting is causing polar bears to search for new sources of food. Beginning in December 2018 and coming to an apex in February 2019,

4521: 1696:, "where the circulation is dominated by thermohaline forcing". The Arctic Ocean has a total volume of 18.07 × 10 km, equal to about 1.3% of the World Ocean. Mean surface circulation is predominantly cyclonic on the 1591:

Era, the subduction of the Pacific plate, the collision of India with Eurasia, and the continued opening of the North Atlantic created new hydrocarbon traps. The seafloor began spreading from the Gakkel Ridge in the

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system—is a pressure system that drives the anticyclonic motion of the Beaufort Gyre. During the summer, this area of high pressure is pushed out closer to its Siberian and Canadian sides. In addition, there is a

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Barton, B., Lenn, Y-D. & Lique, C. (2018). Observed atlantification of the Barents Sea causes the Polar Front to limit the expansion of winter sea ice, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 28(8), 1849-1866

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critically important because of its outflow, which contributes to the formation of Atlantic Deep Water. The overturning of this water plays a key role in global circulation and the moderation of climate.

1422:. Of these three, the Siberian Shelf is the largest such shelf in the world; it holds large oil and gas reserves. The Chukchi shelf forms the border between Russian and the United States as stated in the 431:", where the Sun only set for three hours each day and the water was replaced by a congealed substance "on which one can neither walk nor sail". He was probably describing loose sea ice known today as " 1649:

Density structure of the upper 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in the Arctic Ocean. Profiles of temperature and salinity for the Amundsen Basin, the Canadian Basin and the Greenland Sea are sketched.

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Leu, E.; Søreide, J. E.; et al. (2011). "Consequences of changing sea-ice cover for primary and secondary producers in the European Arctic shelf seas: Timing, quantity, and quality".

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The political dead zone near the centre of the sea is also the focus of a mounting dispute between the United States, Russia, Canada, Norway, and Denmark. It is significant for the global

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inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities. The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%. The US

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canyons and is subjected to intense mixing on the Siberian Shelf. As it is entrained, it cools and acts a heat shield for the surface layer on account of weak mixing between layers.

3657: 8467: 259:(NSIDC) uses satellite data to provide a daily record of Arctic sea ice cover and the rate of melting compared to an average period and specific past years, showing a continuous 4757: 3903:

Petersen, Edward; Raspotnik, Andreas; Ryzhov, Ivan; Solski, Jan; Suo, Lingling; Troein, Caroline; Valeeva, Vilena; van Rijckevorsel, Jaap; Wighting, Jonathan (16 October 2014).

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shelf water and Greenland Sea Deep Water. Water in the shelf region that begins as inflow from the Pacific passes through the narrow Bering Strait at an average rate of 0.8

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in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada. Icebergs are not sea ice but may become embedded in the pack ice. Icebergs pose a hazard to ships, of which the

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The crystalline basement rocks of mountains around the Arctic Ocean were recrystallized or formed during the Ellesmerian orogeny, the regional phase of the larger

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Because of its relative isolation from other oceans, the Arctic Ocean has a uniquely complex system of water flow. It resembles some hydrological features of the

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on the eastern side. Pacific water also exits along the west coast of Greenland and the Hudson Strait (1–2 Sv), providing nutrients to the Canadian Archipelago.

1670:), the water of which quasi floats on the saltier, denser, deeper ocean water. Between this lower salinity layer and the bulk of the ocean lies the so-called 263:

extent. In September 2012, the Arctic ice extent reached a new record minimum. Compared to the average extent (1979–2000), the sea ice had diminished by 49%.

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Sluijs, A.; Schouten, S.; Pagani, M.; Woltering, M.; Brinkhuis, H.; Damsté, J.S.S.; Dickens, G.R.; Huber, M.; Reichart, G.J.; Stein, R.; et al. (2006).

3208: 3771:, Williams, W. & Bacon, S (2016). Wind-driven mixing at intermediate depths in an ice-free Arctic Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 43(18), 9749-9756 2477:

breaking down and outgassing methane into the atmosphere, causing further warming. Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful

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fishing there until there is better scientific knowledge about the marine resources and until a regulatory system is in place to protect those resources.

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Fer, I. (2009). Weak vertical diffusion allows maintenance of cold halocline in the central Arctic. Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 2(3):148–152.

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This lack of knowledge of what lay north of the shifting barrier of ice gave rise to a number of conjectures. In England and other European nations, the

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from October to May. Before the advent of modern icebreakers, ships sailing the Arctic Ocean risked being trapped or crushed by sea ice (although the

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K. Aagaard and R. A. Woodgate, Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory University of Washington, January 2001. Retrieved 7 December 2006.

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moved along to the northeast by transform faults. Additional spreading helped to create the "triple-junction" of the Alpha-Mendeleev Ridge in the

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The Arctic Ocean occupies a roughly circular basin and covers an area of about 14,056,000 km (5,427,000 sq mi), almost the size of

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Lenn, Y., Rippeth, T. P., Old, C., Bacon, S., Polyakov, I., Ivanov, V. & Holemann, J (2011). Journal of Physical Oceanography. 41(3), 531-547

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caused local authorities to declare a state of emergency. Dozens of polar bears were seen entering homes, public buildings and inhabited areas.

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a moderating influence, even when covered by ice. This is one reason why the Arctic does not experience the extreme temperatures seen on the

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to a number of meteorological conditions that the Arctic experiences throughout the year. For example, the Beaufort High—an extension of the

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have extensively monitored the Arctic Ocean. Scientific settlements were established on the drift ice and carried thousands of kilometres by

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It may contain up to 10 billion barrels of oil. The Gakkel Ridge rift is also poorly understand and may extend into the Laptev Sea.

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Shellito, C.J.; Sloan, L.C.; Huber, M. (2003). "Climate model sensitivity to atmospheric CO2 levels in the Early-Middle Paleogene".

3684: 1748:. Water in the Beaufort Gyre is far less saline than that of the Chukchi Sea due to inflow from large Canadian and Siberian rivers. 10533: 9010: 6225: 4700: 4565: 2644: 1912:

The temperature of the surface water of the Arctic Ocean is fairly constant at approximately −1.8 °C (28.8 °F), near the

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Kosobokova, K. N.; Hopcroft, R. R. (2011). "Patterns of zooplankton diversity through the depths of the Arctic's central basins".

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periods led to significant sediment deposition, creating many of the reservoirs for current day oil and gas deposits. During the

665: 177: 176:. It spans an area of approximately 14,060,000 km (5,430,000 sq mi) and is the coldest of the world's oceans. The 33: 4809: 2059:. The composition of higher trophic levels in the Arctic Ocean varies with region (Atlantic side vs. Pacific side) and with the 10667: 10340: 10226: 8182: 7780: 7368: 5829: 4060:"The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: A Perturbation of Carbon Cycle, Climate, and Biosphere with Implications for the Future" 2597: 2383: 10335: 10269: 8974: 5281: 4677: 4643: 4309: 4016: 3947: 3630: 3415: 3381: 3347: 3313: 3279: 3245: 3185: 3027: 2717: 2390: 155: 10672: 10647: 10330: 10294: 10233: 6920: 2995: 1940: 7785: 2707: 10682: 10323: 10318: 10264: 8868: 8549: 8371: 8261: 8030: 6619: 6568: 5812: 5698: 4529: 3905:"Commercial Arctic shipping through the Northeast Passage: Routes, resources, governance, technology, and infrastructure" 1573:

oceanic crust material erupted out of a branch of Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The Amerasia Basin may have opened first, with the

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In the depth range of 150–900 m (490–2,950 ft) is a water mass referred to as Atlantic Water. Inflow from the

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on open water increases, as does possible salt-water damage to vegetation on shore at locations such as the Mackenzie

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enters through the Fram Strait, cooling and sinking to form the deepest layer of the halocline, where it circles the

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both claimed to have seen part of this elusive body of water. Even quite late in the century, the eminent authority

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characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges. Winters are characterized by the

1469:(sometimes called the North American or Hyperborean Basin), which is about 4,000 m (13,000 ft) deep. The 1427: 3518: 2813: 10299: 10128: 9994: 9908: 9858: 8651: 8637: 8611: 8448: 6419: 5945: 5807: 5193: 3861: 2587: 2411: 2165: 7342: 4275: 4032: 10243: 8474: 8444: 6787: 6777: 6361: 6063: 5685: 5364: 5316: 5152: 3797: 2682: 1377: 8085: 4995: 2908: 10553: 10538: 9059: 8247: 7757: 6890: 5824: 5349: 4723: 2419: 2324: 2235: 2224: 1104:

Different authorities put various marginal seas in either the Arctic Ocean or the Atlantic Ocean, including:

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The Battle for the Next Energy Frontier: The Russian Polar Expedition and the Future of Arctic Hydrocarbons

2592: 2431: 2336: 2283: 2216: 1871: 1757: 557: 1485:, and basins. The average depth of the Arctic Ocean is 1,038 m (3,406 ft). The deepest point is 982: 9725: 8604: 8226: 8060: 8001: 7955: 6184: 6073: 5382: 5324: 5127: 5060: 2971: 2424: 2329: 1411: 1407: 602: 4059: 2839: 2432: 2337: 1645: 375:

spread across Arctic North America between 500 BC and AD 1500. The Dorset were the last major

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Atlantic inflows on sea-ice loss in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean. Science, 356(6335), 285-291

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Human habitation in the North American polar region goes back at least 17,000–50,000 years, during the

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in the Arctic Ocean. The section sketches the different water masses along a vertical section from

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The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly during the Earth's history. During the

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The Arctic Ocean is surrounded by the land masses of Eurasia (Russia and Norway), North America (

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is limited to the spring and summer months (March/April to September). Important consumers of

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melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low

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outflow on the Atlantic side of the Arctic Ocean. Because of this, it is influenced by the

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As an approximation, the Arctic Ocean may be regarded as an estuary of the Atlantic Ocean.

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is one of the most famous. The ocean is virtually icelocked from October to June, and the

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On the sea ice of the Arctic Ocean temporary logistic stations may be installed, Here, a

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frequently occurs. Reduction of the area of Arctic sea ice reduces the planet's average

1719: 1024:—1.23 million km (0.47 million sq mi) (sometimes not included) 10401: 10022: 9985: 9863: 9309: 9231: 9191: 9166: 8643: 8535: 8516: 8080: 8055: 7597: 7491: 7455: 7431: 7322: 7169: 7144: 7140: 7130: 7036: 7014: 6993: 6874: 6864: 6611: 6499: 6427: 6100: 6091: 6083: 5994: 5974: 5872: 5502: 5442: 5246: 5170: 5160: 5055: 4870:"Radioactive contamination from Fukushima found as far north as Alaska's Bering Strait" 4440: 4256: 4142: 2951: 2888: 2064: 1994: 1782: 1539: 1158: 1092: 576: 565: 532: 478: 315: 293: 4494: 4181: 3834: 497:

featured an extensive "Oceanus Septentrionalis" at the northern edge of their charts.

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side and the Greenland Scotland Ridge on the Atlantic side. It is mostly covered by

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Some Thoughts on the Freezing and Melting of Sea Ice and Their Effects on the Ocean

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because it may hold 25% or more of the world's undiscovered oil and gas resources.

2193: 2084: 2071:, an Atlantic-influenced Arctic shelf sea, are mainly sub-Arctic species including 1853: 1835: 1521: 1204: 1184: 853: 10657: 10449: 9950: 9938: 9923: 9878: 9828: 9768: 9710: 9671: 9659: 9652: 9561: 9378: 9361: 9336: 9022: 8969: 8954: 8860: 8855: 8779: 8744: 8680: 8579: 8494: 8461: 8193: 7976: 7968: 7937: 7853: 7813: 7567: 7523: 7463: 7387: 7357: 7352: 7312: 7290: 7238: 7174: 7164: 7115: 6837: 6822: 6675: 6644: 6606: 6356: 6284: 6278: 6201: 6166: 6026: 5906: 5778: 5507: 5417: 5334: 5329: 5073: 4887: 4838: 4816: 4569: 4525: 4501: 4406: 4360: 4335: 4195: 3923: 3909: 3904: 3884: 3865: 3688: 3449: 2991: 2958: 2912: 2779: 2241: 2220: 1954:

Currently, the Arctic region is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet.

1810: 1724: 1667: 1581: 1578: 1574: 1466: 1450: 1446: 1434: 839: 594: 466: 244: 7545: 5067:

Daily Arctic Ocean Rawinsonde Data from Soviet Drifting Ice Stations (1954–1990)

2915:, Greenland Research Centre, National Museum of Denmark, accessed 14 April 2010. 2793:"Arctic Sea Ice News and Analysis | Sea ice data updated daily with one-day lag" 1319: 711:

region; of note, the region's southerly border on this map is depicted by a red

427:

recorded an account of a journey northward in 325 BC, to a land he called "

10594: 10543: 10442: 10406: 10386: 10369: 10309: 10073: 9965: 9943: 9933: 9785: 9763: 9647: 9642: 9627: 9622: 9549: 9495: 9447: 9418: 9324: 9314: 8996: 8979: 8932: 8891: 8881: 8850: 8709: 8699: 8591: 8541: 8406: 8356: 8329: 8274: 8070: 8065: 7914: 7767: 7621: 7583: 7540: 7473: 7447: 7401: 7374: 7347: 7317: 7260: 7218: 7208: 7088: 7081: 6978: 6958: 6770: 6730: 6661: 6457: 6432: 6387: 6351: 6345: 6337: 6297: 6292: 6266: 6246: 6014: 5703: 5665: 5454: 5261: 5188: 4670:"Arctic Russian Town Declares Polar Bear Invasion Emergency After 52 Wander In" 4585: 4107:"Abrupt reversal in ocean overturning during the Palaeocene/Eocene warm period" 2723: 2478: 2279: 2189: 2123: 1945: 1849: 1765: 1701: 1693: 1563: 1509: 1482: 1462: 1419: 1194: 1172: 1135: 954: 889: 669: 553: 517: 372: 330: 193: 113: 103: 4436: 3465:. Canadian Armed Forces Arctic Training Centre. 10 August 2007. Archived from 1962: 1901:

are only common on the Atlantic side. Summers are characterized by continuous

1862:

drifted through the Arctic Ocean untended for decades despite these hazards).

10641: 10623: 10610: 10568: 10437: 10429: 10396: 10133: 10083: 9975: 9970: 9960: 9810: 9773: 9681: 9676: 9578: 9483: 8959: 8901: 8896: 8886: 8836: 8831: 8807: 8751: 8628: 8622: 8617: 8216: 8127: 8120: 7875: 7670: 7649: 7517: 7295: 7265: 7233: 7228: 7065: 6971: 6854: 6649: 6462: 6412: 6405: 6397: 6302: 6211: 6046: 5852: 5768: 5753: 5582: 5544: 5447: 5412: 5372: 5251: 5218: 4819: 4479: 4462: 4287: 4207: 4091: 2582: 2545: 2303: 2204: 2173: 2131: 2092: 2088: 2056: 2002: 1913: 1890: 1786: 1777: 1745: 1659: 1626: 1505: 1478: 1458: 1198: 1190: 1166: 1117: 1113: 1063: 1027: 996: 992: 988: 614: 588: 505: 501: 494: 454: 440: 224: 220: 131: 123: 78: 20: 5007: 4336:"In the dark: A review of ecosystem processes during the Arctic polar night" 3466: 2876: 1007:

is sometimes considered part of the Greenland Sea, and sometimes separate.)

465:

were unsure whether to draw the region around the North Pole as land (as in

10472: 10411: 10391: 10091: 10063: 9818: 9556: 9490: 9459: 9408: 9280: 9209: 9146: 9136: 8990: 8984: 8596: 8560: 8426: 8253: 8203: 8142: 7996: 7684: 7635: 7485: 7307: 7270: 7250: 7191: 6725: 6713: 6656: 6584: 6485: 6382: 6376: 6273: 6261: 6134: 6112: 6036: 5723: 5615: 5577: 5554: 4252: 4138: 3992: 3967: 3877: 2884: 2692: 2573: 2517: 2076: 1986: 1906: 1740: 1517: 1513: 1497: 1454: 1328: 1057: 1000: 736:, which has a land area of 16,377,742 km (6,323,482 sq mi). 661: 416: 384: 376: 181: 118: 64: 1600:

Epoch, causing the Lomonosov Ridge to move farther from land and subside.

1237: 10528: 10487: 10418: 10123: 10012: 9955: 9883: 9833: 9720: 9696: 9585: 9423: 9341: 9319: 9295: 9141: 9131: 9027: 8927: 8875: 8693: 8480: 8268: 7643: 7575: 7337: 7196: 7159: 7059: 7051: 6859: 6195: 5877: 5788: 5763: 5738: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5497: 5437: 3209:"IHO Publication S-23 Limits of Oceans and Seas; Chapter 9: Arctic Ocean" 2442: 2348: 2291: 2287: 2245: 2182: 2145: 2068: 2014: 1990: 1894: 1858: 1843: 1805:

Sea cover in the Arctic Ocean, showing the median, 2005 and 2007 coverage

1713: 1634: 1501: 1490: 1486: 1474: 1355: 1283: 1081: 1075: 1051: 1015: 1004: 814: 786: 676: 572: 509: 462: 252: 248: 197: 5066: 4852:"A Top-Secret US Military Base Will Melt Out of the Greenland Ice Sheet" 4244: 4236: 4130: 3942:(2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 168–172. 3101: 2151: 728:. The coastline is 45,390 km (28,200 mi) long. It is the only 10058: 10027: 9853: 9848: 9512: 9473: 9435: 9353: 9226: 9111: 9106: 8826: 8729: 8713: 8555: 8488: 8389: 7798: 7747: 7707: 7029: 6755: 6683: 6625: 6018: 5986: 5602: 5572: 5296: 2612: 2482: 2104: 1978: 1967: 1929: 1820: 1815: 1663: 1630: 1622: 1555: 1470: 1361: 1109: 1105: 1097: 1045: 1021: 782: 725: 696: 692: 633: 598: 319: 204: 37: 4810:

400 million cubic meters of radioactive waste threaten the Arctic area

4370: 4011:(2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–59. 3858: 2792: 2539: 2200:, fish, seals and whales can all be found in abundance in the region. 1801: 1617: 1520:(between the Gakkel Ridge and the continental shelf that includes the 10505: 10164: 10138: 10068: 10046: 10039: 9823: 9600: 9534: 9430: 9253: 9236: 9121: 9116: 9090: 8348: 7185: 6737: 6520: 5718: 5642: 5620: 5392: 5291: 5271: 5097: 4036: 3887:. Arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu (23 September 2007). Retrieved on 2011-03-06. 2617: 2607: 2520:'s contaminants in Greenland, and radioactive contamination from the 2474: 2450: 2264: 2178: 2141: 2119: 2048: 1998: 1674:, in which both salinity and temperature rise with increasing depth. 1671: 1593: 1543: 1365: 1273: 1153: 1142: 1069: 953:

Note: Some parts of the areas listed in the table are located in the

675:

Since 1954 commercial airlines have flown over the Arctic Ocean (see

670:

Allied commitment to resupply the Soviet Union via its northern ports

549: 513: 424: 342: 289: 5930: 4998: 2263:

Warming temperatures in the Arctic may cause large amounts of fresh

1465:, which is 4,000–4,500 m (13,100–14,800 ft) deep, and the 1134:

The main islands and archipelagos in the Arctic Ocean are, from the

219:

and North America, and the borders follow topographic features: the

28: 10032: 9637: 9573: 9544: 9454: 9413: 9221: 9201: 9081: 8280: 5607: 5387: 4832:

Plutonium in the Russian Arctic, or How We Learned to Love the Bomb

4572:

Richard Black, 7 October 2005. BBC News. Retrieved 7 December 2006.

3620: 3463:"Backgrounder – Expanding Canadian Forces Operations in the Arctic" 2905: 2510: 2135: 2096: 1917: 1902: 1709: 1697: 1655: 1588: 1551: 1547: 1349: 1338: 1324: 1315: 1255: 1210: 1039: 800: 654: 622: 618: 444: 364: 240: 196:. It is also seen as the northernmost part of the all-encompassing 5459: 5091: 4159: 3568:

Piskarev, Alexey; Poselov, Victor; Kaminsky, Valery, eds. (2019).

1951:) requiring surface temperatures of over 22 °C (72 °F). 54: 10004: 9742: 9632: 9590: 9478: 9290: 9285: 9214: 8907: 8287: 6552: 6528: 6516: 5748: 5597: 5587: 5432: 5427: 5407: 5397: 5045: 5034: 2840:"The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas" 2567: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2446: 2272: 2080: 2072: 2060: 2018: 1924: 1898: 1839: 1831: 1682: 1369: 1269: 1148: 749: 632:, and the first surface nautical transit occurred in 1977 by the 432: 420: 400: 379:

culture in the Arctic before the migration east from present-day

368: 297: 228: 216: 189: 7074: 5112: 2055:

form an important link between the primary producers and higher

1641:

is stable, deeper water masses are denser than the layers above.

739: 687: 10510: 9614: 9568: 9275: 9262: 7153: 6478: 5773: 5743: 5713: 5675: 5647: 5592: 5306: 5143: 4701:"Watch: Polar bear in Russian archipelago peeks inside a house" 4310:"The Arctic Is Warming Twice as Fast as The Rest of The Planet" 3901: 3211:. International Hydrographic Organization. 2002. Archived from 2257: 2249: 2111: 1597: 1566: 1496:

The two major basins are further subdivided by ridges into the

1373: 1309: 1287: 1250: 1227: 962: 916: 902: 745: 733: 708: 646: 486: 436: 380: 232: 3268:

Lewis, Edward Lyn; Jones, E. Peter; et al., eds. (2000).

3138: 1677: 10361: 10256: 9800: 9098: 9082: 6539: 5733: 5464: 4517:

Yenikeyeff, Shamil and Krysiek, Timothy Fenton (August 2007)

3789: 3102:"Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity" 2454: 2115: 2100: 2044: 2040: 1570: 1389: 1383: 1018:—1.4 million km (0.54 million sq mi) 729: 583:

included a description of the Open Polar Sea in his textbook

490: 428: 419:

remained largely unexplored and their geography conjectural.

388: 91: 3237:

Blackwell's concise encyclopedia of environmental management

9395: 3793: 2469:, and the cold conditions it sustains, serves to stabilize 1299: 958: 571:

In the United States in the 1850s and 1860s, the explorers

5098:"Daily report of Arctic ice cover based on satellite data" 4058:

McInerney, Francesca A.; Wing, Scott L. (25 April 2011).

3156: 703: 516:, their northern limits were not so clear. The makers of 493:) caused water to win out, and by 1723 mapmakers such as 4841:

Bradley Moran, John N. Smith. Retrieved 7 December 2006.

4781:"A Storehouse of Greenhouse Gases Is Opening in Siberia" 2837: 2267:

to enter the north Atlantic, possibly disrupting global

7744: 3968:"Arctic climate change as manifest in cyclone behavior" 3567: 3068: 2489:

cycle and marine genera and species to become extinct.

457:'s 1780s map of the Arctic features a "Northern Ocean". 300:

to northwestern North America (Alaska), leading to the

5082:

Images from Web Cams deployed in spring on an ice floe

2126:, because it warms faster than the rest of the world. 2110:

Endangered marine species in the Arctic Ocean include

2083:. In ice-covered regions of the central Arctic Ocean, 1406:, including the Canadian Arctic shelf, underlying the 4822:, Bellona, 24 August 2001. Retrieved 7 December 2006. 4276:"Climate Change Is Ravaging the Arctic, Report Finds" 3897: 3895: 3893: 3835:"Arctic Sea Ice Minimum | NASA Global Climate Change" 1030:—1.205 million km (465,000 sq mi) 512:(1596), though, since these were often surrounded by 403:, Nunavik (northern Quebec), Labrador and Greenland. 19:"Arctic Sea" redirects here. For the cargo ship, see 4623:. National Snow & Ice Data Center. February 2012 4105:

Nunes, Flavia; Norris, Richard D. (1 January 2006).

2933:. Department of Anthropology, University of Waterloo 2677:(2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. 1980. p. 501. 2535: 969:

and other parts without specific names and excludes

32:

The Arctic Ocean, with borders as delineated by the

4644:"Warmer Arctic with Less Ice Increases Storm Surge" 4463:"Climate effects on Barents Sea ecosystem dynamics" 4460: 3036: 2473:deposits on and near the shoreline, preventing the 1985:Due to the pronounced seasonality of 2–6 months of 946: 943: 935: 932: 924: 921: 910: 907: 896: 893: 883: 880: 872: 869: 861: 858: 847: 844: 833: 830: 822: 819: 808: 805: 794: 791: 613:The first surface crossing of the ocean was led by 568:of the region from 1818 to 1845 in search of this. 172:is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five 4743: 4741: 4422: 4418: 4416: 3890: 3018:(2007 ed.). New York: Penguin Books. p. 3011: 2972:"Channel 4, "Sir Wally Herbert dies" 13 June 2007" 2130:are abundant in the waters of the Arctic, and the 699:map of the Arctic Ocean and the surrounding lands. 4698: 4456: 4454: 4162:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 3966:Simmonds, Ian; Burke, Craig; Keay, Kevin (2008). 3965: 2642: 1500:(between Beaufort Shelf of North America and the 500:The few expeditions to penetrate much beyond the 10639: 4699:Abellan Matamoros, Cristina (13 February 2019). 4621:"Has the Arctic Ocean always had ice in summer?" 4384: 2814:"Understanding the Arctic sea ice: Polar Portal" 2087:is a central predator of primary consumers. The 5229:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 4738: 4601:. National Snow & Ice Data Center. May 2011 4413: 3329: 3078:. wwf.pandora.org (World Wildlife Foundation). 2505:of the Arctic Ocean from, for example, Russian 2457:became extinct, representing 96% of all marine 2422: 2327: 1402:The ocean's Arctic shelf comprises a number of 180:(IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, although some 4778: 4641: 4451: 3621:Pickard, George L.; Emery, William J. (1982). 3397: 3261: 2712:(2nd ed.). Delhi: Daya Publishing House. 2706:Tomczak, Matthias; Godfrey, J. Stuart (2003). 2705: 748:and the U.S. state of Alaska), Greenland, and 664:, the European region of the Arctic Ocean was 504:in that era added only small islands, such as 9067: 5946: 5128: 5088:Data from instruments deployed on an ice floe 4747: 4064:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 4057: 3961: 3959: 3878:Polar Sea Ice Cap and Snow – Cryosphere Today 2009:in the central Arctic Ocean and the adjacent 1823:is refueled on the pack ice at 86°N, 76°43‘W. 1426:. The whole area is subject to international 740:Surrounding land and exclusive economic zones 231:throughout the year and almost completely in 149: 83:Map with five-oceans (approximate boundaries) 4273: 4153: 4006: 3937: 3534: 2271:. Potentially severe changes in the Earth's 672:was opposed by German naval and air forces. 435:" or "bergy bits"; his "Thule" was probably 5540:Effects of global warming on marine mammals 5204:Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route 5046:Arctic Great Rivers Observatory (ArcticGRO) 4333: 4104: 3336:Earle, Sylvia A.; Glover, Linda K. (2008). 3335: 2603:List of rivers of the Americas by coastline 2441:The Permian–Triassic extinction event (the 976: 44:, off the map) and all other marginal seas. 9074: 9060: 5953: 5939: 5135: 5121: 5086:NOAA Near-realtime North Pole Weather Data 4558: 4556: 4201: 3956: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3403: 3342:. National Geographic Books. p. 112. 3295: 3267: 3167: 2985:North Pole drifting stations (1930s–1980s) 2746:"'Arctic Ocean' – Encyclopædia Britannica" 2638: 2636: 2634: 1508:(between the Alpha and Lomonosov Ridges), 1493:, at about 5,550 m (18,210 ft). 1060:—476,000 km (184,000 sq mi) 1054:—620,000 km (240,000 sq mi) 1048:—662,000 km (256,000 sq mi) 1042:—926,000 km (358,000 sq mi) 1036:—987,000 km (381,000 sq mi) 156: 142: 77: 63: 53: 4721: 4591: 4478: 4369: 4359: 4274:Pierre-Louis, Kendra (10 December 2019). 3991: 3922: 3839:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3363: 3271:The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean 3227: 2961:Andre Engels. Retrieved 16 December 2006. 2866: 2838:Goebel T, Waters MR, O'Rourke DH (2008). 2210: 983:Borders of the oceans § Arctic Ocean 9011:Pole of Inaccessibility research station 4941:Discovery in Russian and Siberian Waters 4599:"When will the Arctic lose its sea ice?" 4007:Serreze, Mark C; Barry, Roger G (2014). 3938:Serreze, Mark C; Barry, Roger G (2014). 3677: 3675: 3537:"Geological History of the Arctic Ocean" 2918: 2278:As the extent of sea ice diminishes and 2244:is thinning, and a seasonal hole in the 2150: 2140: 1961: 1875: 1814: 1800: 1718: 1676: 1644: 1616: 1084:—64,000 km (25,000 sq mi) 1078:—81,263 km (31,376 sq mi) 1072:—90,000 km (35,000 sq mi) 1066:—93,000 km (36,000 sq mi) 702: 686: 591:is quite thick and persists year-round. 522: 449: 306: 270:Decrease of old Arctic Sea ice 1982–2007 265: 58: 27: 8586:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 4635: 4553: 3868:. Nsidc.org. Retrieved on 6 March 2011. 3588: 3571:Geologic Structures of the Arctic Basin 2631: 1997:of photosynthesizing organisms such as 178:International Hydrographic Organization 59:Earth's ocean, showing common divisions 34:International Hydrographic Organization 10640: 3767:Lincoln, B., Rippeth, T., Lenn, Y-D., 3639: 3607: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3404:Day, Trevor; Garratt, Richard (2006). 3301: 3173: 3118: 3009: 3005: 3003: 2709:Regional Oceanography: an Introduction 2598:International Arctic Science Committee 2485:, causing further warming in a strong 2381: 2374: 2365: 2360: 2309: 1834:occasionally break away from northern 1440: 1010:The largest seas in the Arctic Ocean: 995:and to the Atlantic Ocean through the 9055: 7730: 5972: 5960: 5934: 5116: 4912: 4888:"Arctic deal bans North Pole fishing" 4676:. The Weather Company. Archived from 4613: 3672: 3660:from the original on 12 November 2013 3369: 3233: 3121:"The World's Biggest Oceans and Seas" 2831: 2675:General oceanography: an introduction 2445:) may have been caused by release of 2409: 2402: 2395: 2388: 2229: 987:The Arctic Ocean is connected to the 601:crossing of the Arctic Ocean, in the 333:of Greenland (2500–800 BC); the 4722:Stambaugh, Alex (12 February 2019). 4582:Russia the next climate recalcitrant 4307: 4301: 4194:Drill cores were recovered from the 3499:from the original on 7 December 2006 3082:from the original on 29 October 2010 2996:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 2353: 2345: 2159: 1885:Changes in ice between 1990 and 1999 1437:extends from the Chukchi Sea Shelf. 1424:USSR–USA Maritime Boundary Agreement 215:. The Arctic Ocean is surrounded by 8372:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 6569:Norse colonization of North America 5914: 5759:Northern indigenous Russian peoples 4748:Connor, Steve (23 September 2008). 4530:Oxford Institute for Energy Studies 4461:Dalpadado, P.; et al. (2012). 4084:10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133431 3782:"Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005" 3489:"The Mariana Trench – Oceanography" 3431: 3410:. Infobase Publishing. p. 21. 3376:. Taylor & Francis. p. 8. 3308:. Infobase Publishing. p. 57. 3274:. Springer. pp. 101, 282–283. 3000: 2347:Marine extinction intensity during 2282:, the effect of storms such as the 1889:The Arctic Ocean is contained in a 1534:Petroleum exploration in the Arctic 1130:List of islands in the Arctic Ocean 560:, longtime Second Secretary of the 188:. It has also been described as an 13: 7901:United States Exploring Expedition 5818:Arctic Refuge drilling controversy 4933: 4750:"Exclusive: The methane time bomb" 4715: 4692: 4668:Brackett, Ron (11 February 2019). 3832: 2522:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 2418: 2323: 2122:, and it is especially exposed to 473:'s map of 1595) or water (as with 292:allowed people to move across the 14: 10694: 8975:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 8343:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 5142: 5106:National Snow and Ice Data Center 4985: 4760:from the original on 3 April 2009 4667: 4493:Reynolds, Paul (25 October 2005) 3623:Descriptive Physical Oceanography 3373:Descriptive Physical Oceanography 3180:. Psychology Press. p. 459. 3174:Wright, John (30 November 2001). 2492: 1791:Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation 1473:of the ocean bottom is marked by 1397: 585:The Physical Geography of the Sea 257:National Snow and Ice Data Center 10582: 10581: 9914:West South Central United States 8869:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 8262:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 5913: 5902: 5901: 5488:Arctic Climate Impact Assessment 5345:Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate 5224:Territorial claims in the Arctic 4779:Mrasek, Volker (17 April 2008). 4584:Peter Wilson, 17 November 2008, 3792:; photo by Nathaniel B. Palmer, 2924: 2566: 2552: 2538: 2170:Territorial claims in the Arctic 1941:Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum 1546:Era. Regional subsidence in the 279: 10129:Latin America and the Caribbean 9995:Latin America and the Caribbean 5194:Arctic cooperation and politics 4906: 4880: 4862: 4844: 4825: 4803: 4791:from the original on 1 May 2009 4772: 4661: 4642:Lauren Morello (5 March 2013). 4575: 4535: 4511: 4487: 4378: 4334:Berge, J.; et al. (2015). 4327: 4267: 4188: 4098: 4051: 4025: 4000: 3931: 3871: 3852: 3826: 3774: 3761: 3751: 3741: 3731: 3722: 3713: 3703: 3694: 3561: 3528: 3511: 3481: 3455: 3305:Encyclopedia of World Geography 3201: 3177:The New York Times Almanac 2002 3149: 3131: 3112: 3094: 2978: 2964: 2945: 2588:Arctic cooperation and politics 2166:Natural resources of the Arctic 1838:, and icebergs are formed from 1607: 608: 543: 16:Ocean in the north polar region 5302:Populated places in the Arctic 5092:International Polar Foundation 4913:Rosen, Yereth (16 July 2015). 4543:"Erreur HTTP 404 - Non trouvé" 4467:ICES Journal of Marine Science 4308:Crew, Bec (15 December 2016). 3240:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 7. 2899: 2806: 2785: 2766: 2738: 2699: 2667: 2300:a mass invasion of polar bears 527:The Arctic region showing the 203:The Arctic Ocean includes the 1: 10668:Landforms of the Arctic Ocean 8248:Japanese Antarctic Expedition 8183:Scottish Antarctic Expedition 7731: 5825:Pollution in the Arctic Ocean 5350:Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone 4954:Ray, L., and B. Bacon, eds., 4182:10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00718-6 3833:Change, NASA Global Climate. 3234:Calow, Peter (12 July 1999). 3010:Wright, John W., ed. (2006). 2906:"The Prehistory of Greenland" 2624: 2453:. An estimated 52% of marine 2236:Atlantification of the Arctic 2225:Pollution in the Arctic Ocean 1700:side and anticyclonic in the 1612: 353: 346: 323: 9596:Middle East and North Africa 9301:Middle East and North Africa 8605:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 8421:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition 8227:French Antarctic Expeditions 8157:Swedish Antarctic Expedition 8043:Belgian Antarctic Expedition 6161:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition 5530:Climate change in the Arctic 5282:Impact craters of the Arctic 4588:. Retrieved 3 November 2016. 4563:Earth – melting in the heat? 4407:10.1016/j.pocean.2011.02.004 4361:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.08.005 3924:10.1080/1088937X.2014.965769 3119:Melina, Remy (4 June 2010). 2645:"Introduction to the Oceans" 2593:Extreme points of the Arctic 2509:dump sites in the Kara Sea, 2284:Great Arctic Cyclone of 2012 2217:Climate change in the Arctic 2043:, as well as ice-associated 1872:Climate change in the Arctic 1758:Great Arctic Cyclone of 2012 1226:There are several ports and 682: 207:region in the middle of the 7: 10673:Geography of Northeast Asia 10648:Islands of the Arctic Ocean 7690:Nuclear-powered icebreakers 7369:Austro-Hungarian Expedition 6234:Andrée's balloon expedition 5383:Canadian Arctic Archipelago 5325:Canadian Arctic Rift System 5061:Central Intelligence Agency 5023:GPX (secondary coordinates) 4971:Picture Atlas of the Arctic 3542:. GEO ExPro. Archived from 3339:Ocean: An Illustrated Atlas 2531: 2155:Walruses on Arctic ice floe 1408:Canadian Arctic Archipelago 341:of northeastern Canada and 211:and extends south to about 99:Main five oceans division: 40:(some of which is south of 10: 10699: 10683:Geography of North America 9889:Northeastern United States 6891:Franklin's lost expedition 6591:Christian IV's expeditions 5973: 5378:British Arctic Territories 5040:Arctic Environmental Atlas 4495:The Arctic's New Gold Rush 3784:. Graph by Robert Simmon, 3049:. rst2.edu. Archived from 3014:The New York Times Almanac 2643:Pidwirny, Michael (2006). 2313: 2233: 2214: 2163: 1957: 1869: 1865: 1808: 1796: 1621:Distribution of the major 1531: 1527: 1127: 1123: 980: 621:expedition from Alaska to 447:have also been suggested. 387:, ancestors of the modern 302:Settlement of the Americas 274: 18: 10577: 10519: 10496: 10463: 10427: 10360: 10254: 10162: 10153: 10082: 10003: 9809: 9613: 9394: 9352: 9261: 9252: 9200: 9157: 9097: 8708: 8439: 8026: 7766: 7743: 7739: 7726: 7245:Great Northern Expedition 7139: 6921:Rae–Richardson expedition 6670: 6515: 6121:British Arctic Expedition 6013: 5985: 5981: 5968: 5896: 5843: 5800: 5684: 5656: 5563: 5478: 5363: 5315: 5237: 5214:Inuit Circumpolar Council 5179: 5151: 5018:GPX (primary coordinates) 4993:Map all coordinates using 4437:10.1007/s12526-010-0057-9 4009:The Arctic Climate System 3940:The Arctic Climate System 3076:"Arctic Ocean Fast Facts" 2957:18 September 2008 at the 2503:radioactive contamination 2138:that lives in the ocean. 2118:. The area has a fragile 1993:in the Arctic Ocean, the 1562:The rifting apart of the 1412:Russian continental shelf 768: 765: 757: 406: 311:Thule archaeological site 10370:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 9374:Transantarctic Mountains 8529:British Antarctic Survey 8523:Captain Arturo Prat Base 7768:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 5525:Arctic methane emissions 5001:Download coordinates as: 4703:. euronews.com. Euronews 4387:Progress of Oceanography 4340:Progress in Oceanography 3883:23 February 2011 at the 3682:Arctic Ocean Circulation 3370:Reddy, M. P. M. (2001). 2990:13 November 2017 at the 2316:Clathrate gun hypothesis 2302:into the archipelago of 2258:last intraglacial period 1944:tropical lifeforms (the 1852:of ships are subject to 1278:Nanisivik Naval Facility 1221: 977:Subareas and connections 971:Exclusive Economic Zones 760:exclusive economic zones 597:was the first to make a 339:Independence II cultures 288:. At this time, falling 186:Arctic Mediterranean Sea 71:thermohaline circulation 10663:Extreme points of Earth 10119:Caribbean South America 9005:Pole of inaccessibility 8668:Antarctic Treaty System 7009:2nd Grinnell expedition 5199:Arctic Ocean Conference 5080:NOAA North Pole Web Cam 5072:19 January 2014 at the 4837:2 February 2017 at the 4815:16 October 2007 at the 3864:2 February 2020 at the 3687:15 January 2013 at the 3448:4 December 2022 at the 2877:10.1126/science.1153569 2778:8 November 2017 at the 2750:Encyclopedia Britannica 2516:such as Novaya Zemlya, 2134:is the only species of 1512:(between Lomonosov and 1453:, divides the deep sea 1163:Queen Elizabeth Islands 1088:Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea 719: 243:vary seasonally as the 9899:Southern United States 9702:Scandinavian Peninsula 5858:Arctic shipping routes 4917:. Alaska Dispatch News 4726:. edition.cnn.com. CNN 4480:10.1093/icesjms/fss063 3993:10.1175/2008JCLI2366.1 3818:: CS1 maint: others ( 2499:environmental concerns 2436: 2341: 2269:ocean current patterns 2256:or 125,000 during the 2211:Environmental concerns 2156: 2148: 1982: 1886: 1824: 1806: 1737:North Atlantic Current 1728: 1685: 1650: 1642: 1161:(Canada, includes the 716: 700: 581:Matthew Fontaine Maury 540: 458: 312: 271: 45: 10375:Antarctic Convergence 9919:Western United States 8675:Transglobe Expedition 8574:Operation Deep Freeze 7983:Challenger expedition 6849:Coppermine expedition 6370:Drifting ice stations 5813:Petroleum exploration 5493:Arctic dipole anomaly 5470:North American Arctic 5423:Northwest Territories 5209:Ilulissat Declaration 5013:GPX (all coordinates) 4969:Thorén, Ragnar V.A., 3535:Whaley, Jane (2007). 3452:. CIA World Fact Book 3302:McColl, R.W. (2005). 3044:"Oceans of the World" 2649:physicalgeography.net 2435: 2362:Millions of years ago 2340: 2234:Further information: 2154: 2144: 2128:Lion's mane jellyfish 1965: 1949:Apectodinium augustum 1884: 1818: 1804: 1722: 1680: 1648: 1620: 1304:Nuuk Port and Harbour 1292:Northwest Territories 1230:on the Arctic Ocean. 706: 690: 651:drifting ice stations 526: 453: 397:Northwest Territories 310: 269: 235:. The Arctic Ocean's 129:Further subdivision: 31: 9441:Greater Central Asia 5883:Transpolar Sea Route 4568:30 June 2018 at the 4524:7 April 2012 at the 4500:5 April 2018 at the 2294:become more likely. 2194:polymetallic nodules 2091:in the Arctic Ocean— 2024:Calanus finmarchicus 1629:over the geographic 1179:New Siberian Islands 957:. Other consists of 566:promoted exploration 475:Martin Waldseemüller 318:groups included the 286:Wisconsin glaciation 10678:Geography of Europe 10620: / 10587:Continents of Earth 10114:Brazilian Highlands 9523:Indian subcontinent 9384:Antarctic Peninsula 9182:Southern Hemisphere 9177:Northern Hemisphere 8845:South magnetic pole 7511:Brusilov expedition 6620:Danish colonization 6058:North magnetic pole 5784:Arctic Winter Games 5550:Polar amplification 5518:ecology and history 5277:Greenland ice sheet 4939:Neatby, Leslie H., 4425:Marine Biodiversity 4399:2011PrOce..90...18L 4352:2015PrOce.139..258B 4237:10.1038/nature04668 4229:2006Natur.441..610S 4198:, presently at 87°N 4174:2003PPP...193..113S 4131:10.1038/nature04386 4123:2006Natur.439...60N 4076:2011AREPS..39..489M 3984:2008JCli...21.5777S 2911:16 May 2008 at the 2859:2008Sci...319.1497G 2310:Clathrate breakdown 2065:Secondary consumers 2036:Calanus hyperboreus 1930:Antarctic continent 1441:Underwater features 1404:continental shelves 1388:East Siberian Sea: 1213:(Norway, including 649:and Russian manned 605:from 1893 to 1896. 535:within it, and the 518:navigational charts 508:(11th century) and 469:'s map of 1507, or 350: 2400–1800 BC 237:surface temperature 209:Northern Hemisphere 10402:Great Barrier Reef 10023:Mainland Australia 9731:Apennine Peninsula 9192:Western Hemisphere 9167:Eastern Hemisphere 8536:Operation Windmill 8517:Operation Highjump 7492:Rusanov expedition 7397:A. E. Nordenskiöld 7141:North East Passage 6945:McClure expedition 5873:Northern Sea Route 5503:Arctic oscillation 5247:Arctic Archipelago 5171:History of whaling 5161:Arctic exploration 5056:The World Factbook 4280:The New York Times 4039:on 17 January 2010 3972:Journal of Climate 3788:, and Walt Meier, 3215:on 2 February 2014 2931:Arctic Archaeology 2853:(5869): 1497–502. 2655:on 9 December 2006 2514:nuclear test sites 2437: 2342: 2275:might then ensue. 2230:Arctic ice melting 2196:, sand and gravel 2157: 2149: 1995:primary production 1983: 1887: 1825: 1807: 1783:sea level pressure 1729: 1686: 1651: 1643: 1575:Chukchi Borderland 1540:Caledonian orogeny 1428:territorial claims 1193:(Russia, includes 1159:Arctic Archipelago 1093:Queen Victoria Sea 941:Arctic Ocean total 878:Mainland Greenland 717: 701: 577:Isaac Israel Hayes 556:" was persistent. 541: 533:Northern Sea Route 479:Northern Sea Route 459: 327: 3200–850 BC 316:Early Paleo-Eskimo 313: 294:Bering land bridge 272: 261:decline in sea ice 104:Antarctic/Southern 46: 10603: 10602: 10483:Mediterranean Rim 10356: 10355: 10295:Mediterranean Sea 10149: 10148: 10102:Amazon Rainforest 9929:Canadian Prairies 9894:Pacific Northwest 9755:Iberian Peninsula 9540:Arabian Peninsula 9367:Antarctic Plateau 9127:Three/Four Worlds 9049: 9048: 9045: 9044: 9041: 9040: 8503:Operation Tabarin 8365:Far Eastern Party 8211:Nimrod Expedition 7722: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7281:M. Pronchishcheva 7203:Siberian Cossacks 6672:Northwest Passage 6005:Research stations 5962:Polar exploration 5928: 5927: 5888:Search and rescue 5868:Northwest Passage 5863:Northeast Passage 5808:Natural resources 5699:Subarctic peoples 5671:Arctic vegetation 5535:Climate of Alaska 5355:Ungava Fault Zone 5340:Innuitian orogeny 5257:Arctic Cordillera 4874:The Straits Times 4223:(7093): 610–613. 4018:978-1-107-03717-5 3949:978-1-107-03717-5 3800:on 7 October 2006 3786:Earth Observatory 3691:. Polar Discovery 3632:978-1-4832-7877-3 3549:on 3 October 2022 3493:marianatrench.com 3417:978-0-8160-5327-8 3383:978-90-5410-706-4 3349:978-1-4262-0319-0 3315:978-0-8160-5786-3 3281:978-0-7923-6439-9 3247:978-0-632-04951-6 3187:978-1-57958-348-4 3029:978-0-14-303820-7 2927:"Thule Tradition" 2719:978-81-7035-306-5 2507:radioactive waste 2487:positive feedback 2370: 2160:Natural resources 2107:—prey upon fish. 2053:primary consumers 2030:Calanus glacialis 2007:primary producers 1882: 1770:Norwegian Current 1690:Mediterranean Sea 1654:Canadian rivers ( 1455:North Polar Basin 1416:Chukchi Sea Shelf 1264:Port of Churchill 1034:East Siberian Sea 951: 950: 666:heavily contested 562:British Admiralty 537:Northwest Passage 529:Northeast Passage 483:Northwest Passage 471:Gerardus Mercator 174:oceanic divisions 166: 165: 36:(IHO), including 10690: 10635: 10634: 10632: 10631: 10630: 10625: 10621: 10618: 10617: 10616: 10613: 10585: 10584: 10564:Global Southwest 10559:Global Southeast 10549:Global Northwest 10544:Global Northeast 10534:Global Heartland 10478:Indian Ocean Rim 10160: 10159: 10052:Island Melanesia 9743:Balkan Peninsula 9518:Himalayan states 9465:Russian Far East 9259: 9258: 9187:Water Hemisphere 9076: 9069: 9062: 9053: 9052: 8550:Ronne Expedition 8035: 8029: 7893:Dumont d'Urville 7741: 7740: 7728: 7727: 7276:V. Pronchishchev 5983: 5982: 5970: 5969: 5955: 5948: 5941: 5932: 5931: 5917: 5916: 5905: 5904: 5792: 5791:(New Year's Day) 5287:Innuitian Region 5137: 5130: 5123: 5114: 5113: 5109: 4956:The Arctic Ocean 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4876:. 28 March 2019. 4866: 4860: 4859: 4848: 4842: 4829: 4823: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4745: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4595: 4589: 4579: 4573: 4560: 4551: 4550: 4539: 4533: 4515: 4509: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4473:(7): 1303–1316. 4458: 4449: 4448: 4420: 4411: 4410: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4363: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4214: 4205: 4199: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4035:. 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Archived from 3778: 3772: 3769:Timmermans, M-L. 3765: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3745: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3726: 3720: 3717: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3698: 3692: 3679: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3650: 3637: 3636: 3618: 3605: 3586: 3585: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3548: 3541: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3495:. 4 April 2003. 3485: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3459: 3453: 3440: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3055: 3048: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3017: 3007: 2998: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2968: 2962: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2925:Park, Robert W. 2922: 2916: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2870: 2844: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2789: 2783: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2722:. Archived from 2703: 2697: 2696: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2651:. Archived from 2640: 2576: 2571: 2570: 2562: 2560:Geography portal 2557: 2556: 2555: 2548: 2543: 2542: 2414: 2407: 2400: 2393: 2386: 2379: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2357: 2351: 2254:last warm period 1883: 1836:Ellesmere Island 1712:and reaches the 1522:Franz Josef Land 1447:underwater ridge 1205:Franz Josef Land 1185:Severnaya Zemlya 867:Mainland Iceland 854:Jan Mayen Island 766:Country segment 755: 754: 413:European history 358: 355: 351: 348: 328: 325: 158: 151: 144: 84: 81: 74: 67: 60: 57: 48: 47: 10698: 10697: 10693: 10692: 10691: 10689: 10688: 10687: 10638: 10637: 10628: 10626: 10622: 10619: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10607: 10606: 10604: 10599: 10573: 10515: 10492: 10459: 10423: 10352: 10341:South China Sea 10250: 10193:Central America 10145: 10078: 9999: 9951:Northern Mexico 9939:Northern Canada 9924:Atlantic Canada 9879:Mountain states 9805: 9660:European Russia 9653:Southern Russia 9609: 9562:Iranian Plateau 9390: 9379:West Antarctica 9362:East Antarctica 9348: 9248: 9196: 9172:Land Hemisphere 9153: 9093: 9080: 9050: 9037: 8712: 8704: 8580:McMurdo Station 8449:Modern research 8447: 8435: 8170:O. Nordenskjöld 8033: 8027: 8022: 7938:Ross expedition 7762: 7735: 7714: 7143: 7135: 6676:Northern Canada 6674: 6666: 6519: 6511: 6017: 6009: 5977: 5964: 5959: 5929: 5924: 5892: 5878:Polar air route 5839: 5830:Protected areas 5796: 5790: 5680: 5652: 5559: 5474: 5418:Northern Canada 5359: 5335:Greenland Plate 5330:Eurekan orogeny 5311: 5233: 5175: 5166:Arctic research 5147: 5141: 5096: 5074:Wayback Machine 5042:Interactive map 5031: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5027: 4988: 4936: 4934:Further reading 4931: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4911: 4907: 4897: 4895: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4858:. 9 March 2019. 4850: 4849: 4845: 4839:Wayback Machine 4830: 4826: 4817:Wayback Machine 4808: 4804: 4794: 4792: 4777: 4773: 4763: 4761: 4754:The Independent 4746: 4739: 4729: 4727: 4720: 4716: 4706: 4704: 4697: 4693: 4683: 4681: 4680:on 6 March 2019 4666: 4662: 4652: 4650: 4648:Climate Central 4640: 4636: 4626: 4624: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4604: 4602: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4580: 4576: 4570:Wayback Machine 4561: 4554: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4526:Wayback Machine 4516: 4512: 4502:Wayback Machine 4492: 4488: 4459: 4452: 4421: 4414: 4383: 4379: 4332: 4328: 4318: 4316: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4290: 4272: 4268: 4212: 4206: 4202: 4196:Lomonosov Ridge 4193: 4189: 4158: 4154: 4117:(7072): 60–63. 4103: 4099: 4056: 4052: 4042: 4040: 4033:"NSIDC sea ice" 4031: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4005: 4001: 3964: 3957: 3950: 3936: 3932: 3910:Polar Geography 3900: 3891: 3885:Wayback Machine 3876: 3872: 3866:Wayback Machine 3857: 3853: 3843: 3841: 3831: 3827: 3811: 3810: 3803: 3801: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3689:Wayback Machine 3680: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3652: 3651: 3640: 3633: 3619: 3608: 3589: 3582: 3566: 3562: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3502: 3500: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3450:Wayback Machine 3441: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3402: 3398: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3368: 3364: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3334: 3330: 3320: 3318: 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2318: 2312: 2280:sea level rises 2242:Arctic ice pack 2238: 2232: 2227: 2221:Ozone depletion 2215:Main articles: 2213: 2190:placer deposits 2176: 2162: 1960: 1946:dinoflagellates 1876: 1874: 1868: 1813: 1811:Arctic ice pack 1799: 1725:Kennedy Channel 1615: 1610: 1587:Throughout the 1579:Late Cretaceous 1536: 1530: 1467:Amerasian Basin 1451:Lomonosov Ridge 1443: 1435:Chukchi Plateau 1400: 1224: 1132: 1126: 1102: 985: 979: 840:Svalbard Island 828:Mainland Norway 742: 722: 685: 611: 603:Fram Expedition 595:Fridtjof Nansen 546: 467:Johannes Ruysch 409: 357: 800–1 BC 356: 349: 326: 282: 277: 162: 86: 85: 82: 75: 68: 61: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10696: 10686: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10601: 10600: 10598: 10597: 10595:Physical Earth 10578: 10575: 10574: 10572: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10525: 10523: 10517: 10516: 10514: 10513: 10508: 10502: 10500: 10494: 10493: 10491: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10469: 10467: 10461: 10460: 10458: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10446: 10445: 10434: 10432: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10421: 10416: 10415: 10414: 10409: 10407:Mariana Trench 10404: 10394: 10389: 10387:Atlantic Ocean 10384: 10379: 10378: 10377: 10366: 10364: 10358: 10357: 10354: 10353: 10351: 10350: 10348:Southern Ocean 10345: 10344: 10343: 10338: 10336:East China Sea 10328: 10327: 10326: 10316: 10315: 10314: 10313: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10270:Atlantic Ocean 10267: 10261: 10259: 10252: 10251: 10249: 10248: 10247: 10246: 10241: 10231: 10230: 10229: 10224: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10203: 10202: 10197: 10196: 10195: 10190: 10175: 10169: 10167: 10157: 10151: 10150: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10143: 10142: 10141: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10105: 10104: 10099: 10088: 10086: 10080: 10079: 10077: 10076: 10074:Remote Oceania 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10055: 10054: 10044: 10043: 10042: 10037: 10036: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10009: 10007: 10001: 10000: 9998: 9997: 9992: 9991: 9990: 9989: 9988: 9983: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9947: 9946: 9944:Western Canada 9941: 9936: 9934:Eastern Canada 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9815: 9813: 9807: 9806: 9804: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9782: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9761: 9760: 9759: 9758: 9757: 9747: 9746: 9745: 9735: 9734: 9733: 9723: 9718: 9708: 9707: 9706: 9705: 9704: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9669: 9668: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9656: 9655: 9650: 9648:South Caucasus 9645: 9643:North Caucasus 9635: 9625: 9619: 9617: 9611: 9610: 9608: 9607: 9606: 9605: 9604: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9583: 9582: 9581: 9576: 9566: 9565: 9564: 9554: 9553: 9552: 9550:South Caucasus 9542: 9532: 9531: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9510: 9509: 9508: 9503: 9493: 9488: 9487: 9486: 9481: 9471: 9470: 9469: 9468: 9467: 9452: 9451: 9450: 9445: 9444: 9443: 9428: 9427: 9426: 9421: 9419:Aralkum Desert 9416: 9406: 9400: 9398: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9388: 9387: 9386: 9376: 9371: 9370: 9369: 9358: 9356: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9346: 9345: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9333: 9332: 9327: 9317: 9307: 9306: 9305: 9304: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9273: 9267: 9265: 9256: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9246: 9245: 9244: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9218: 9217: 9210:Africa-Eurasia 9206: 9204: 9198: 9197: 9195: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9163: 9161: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9151: 9150: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9103: 9101: 9095: 9094: 9079: 9078: 9071: 9064: 9056: 9047: 9046: 9043: 9042: 9039: 9038: 9036: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9019: 9018: 9013: 9001: 9000: 8999: 8997:Vostok Station 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8951: 8950: 8948:Cherry-Garrard 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8913: 8912: 8911: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8865: 8864: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8841: 8840: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8812: 8811: 8810: 8798: 8797: 8796: 8788:Southern Cross 8784: 8783: 8782: 8769: 8768: 8767: 8754: 8749: 8748: 8747: 8734: 8733: 8732: 8718: 8716: 8710:Farthest South 8706: 8705: 8703: 8702: 8697: 8690: 8689: 8688: 8683: 8671: 8664: 8663: 8662: 8661: 8660: 8648: 8647: 8646: 8634: 8633: 8632: 8625: 8620: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8594: 8582: 8577: 8570: 8569: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8546: 8545: 8544: 8532: 8525: 8520: 8513: 8512: 8511: 8499: 8498: 8497: 8485: 8484: 8483: 8471: 8464: 8459: 8453: 8451: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8433: 8432: 8431: 8417: 8416: 8415: 8407:Ross Sea party 8403: 8394: 8393: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8368: 8361: 8360: 8359: 8354: 8339: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8284: 8277: 8272: 8258: 8257: 8256: 8244: 8243: 8242: 8237: 8223: 8222: 8221: 8207: 8200: 8199: 8198: 8191: 8179: 8178: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8153: 8152: 8151: 8146: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8125: 8111: 8110: 8109: 8104: 8101:Southern Cross 8094:Southern Cross 8090: 8089: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8038: 8036: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8020: 8019: 8018: 8006: 8005: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7979: 7974: 7973: 7972: 7959: 7953: 7934: 7933: 7932: 7919: 7918: 7917: 7912: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7857: 7856: 7844: 7843: 7842: 7840:Bellingshausen 7830: 7823: 7818: 7817: 7816: 7803: 7802: 7801: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7772: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7737: 7736: 7724: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7716: 7715: 7713: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7699: 7687: 7682: 7675: 7668: 7667: 7666: 7654: 7653: 7652: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7626: 7625: 7624: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7601: 7600: 7588: 7587: 7586: 7572: 7571: 7570: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7537: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7507: 7506: 7505: 7500: 7488: 7483: 7482: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7436: 7435: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7406: 7405: 7404: 7399: 7384: 7383: 7382: 7377: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7149: 7147: 7145:Russian Arctic 7137: 7136: 7134: 7133: 7128: 7127: 7126: 7112: 7111: 7110: 7105: 7091: 7086: 7085: 7084: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7041: 7040: 7039: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7005: 7004: 7003: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6975: 6974: 6969: 6961: 6956: 6941: 6936: 6935: 6934: 6929: 6917: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6902: 6887: 6886: 6885: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6820: 6819: 6818: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6680: 6678: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6635: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6616: 6615: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6587: 6582: 6580:Snæbjörn galti 6577: 6572: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6543: 6536: 6531: 6525: 6523: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6482: 6475: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6447: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6373: 6366: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6326: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6249: 6244: 6243: 6242: 6230: 6229: 6228: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6137: 6132: 6117: 6116: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6023: 6021: 6015:Farthest North 6011: 6010: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5979: 5978: 5966: 5965: 5958: 5957: 5950: 5943: 5935: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5910: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5849: 5847: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5835:Transportation 5832: 5827: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5810: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5794: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5694:Arctic peoples 5690: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5666:Arctic ecology 5662: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5569: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5508:Arctic sea ice 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5484: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5443:Russian Arctic 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5369: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5321: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5272:Arctic Cyclone 5269: 5264: 5262:Arctic ecology 5259: 5254: 5249: 5243: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5189:Arctic Council 5185: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5157: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5140: 5139: 5132: 5125: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5094: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5064: 5048: 5043: 5037: 5035:Arctic Council 5026: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5004: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4986:External links 4984: 4983: 4982: 4967: 4952: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4905: 4894:. 16 July 2015 4879: 4861: 4843: 4824: 4802: 4785:Spiegel Online 4771: 4737: 4714: 4691: 4660: 4634: 4612: 4590: 4586:The Australian 4574: 4552: 4534: 4510: 4486: 4450: 4412: 4393:(1–4): 18–32. 4377: 4326: 4300: 4266: 4200: 4187: 4168:(1): 113–123. 4152: 4097: 4070:(1): 489–516. 4050: 4024: 4017: 3999: 3955: 3948: 3930: 3917:(4): 298–324. 3889: 3870: 3851: 3825: 3773: 3760: 3750: 3740: 3730: 3721: 3712: 3702: 3693: 3671: 3638: 3631: 3606: 3587: 3580: 3560: 3527: 3510: 3480: 3469:on 2 June 2008 3454: 3430: 3416: 3396: 3382: 3362: 3348: 3328: 3314: 3294: 3280: 3260: 3246: 3226: 3200: 3186: 3166: 3161:listofseas.com 3157:"List of seas" 3148: 3130: 3111: 3093: 3067: 3035: 3028: 2999: 2977: 2963: 2944: 2917: 2898: 2830: 2818:polarportal.dk 2805: 2784: 2765: 2737: 2718: 2698: 2683: 2666: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2563: 2549: 2533: 2530: 2501:relate to the 2494: 2493:Other concerns 2491: 2479:greenhouse gas 2440: 2417: 2344: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2314:Main article: 2311: 2308: 2231: 2228: 2212: 2209: 2161: 2158: 2124:climate change 2093:marine mammals 2089:apex predators 2057:trophic levels 1959: 1956: 1914:freezing point 1867: 1864: 1850:superstructure 1809:Main article: 1798: 1795: 1766:Coriolis force 1702:Canadian Basin 1694:Atlantic Basin 1639:stratification 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1596:Epoch and the 1564:supercontinent 1529: 1526: 1510:Amundsen Basin 1479:abyssal plains 1463:Eurasian Basin 1459:oceanic basins 1442: 1439: 1420:Siberian Shelf 1399: 1398:Arctic shelves 1396: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1386: 1380: 1358: 1352: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1322: 1307: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1281: 1267: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1208: 1202: 1195:Severny Island 1188: 1182: 1176: 1173:Wrangel Island 1170: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1136:prime meridian 1128:Main article: 1125: 1122: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1049: 1043: 1037: 1031: 1025: 1019: 1012: 981:Main article: 978: 975: 955:Atlantic Ocean 949: 948: 945: 942: 938: 937: 934: 931: 927: 926: 923: 920: 913: 912: 909: 906: 899: 898: 895: 892: 886: 885: 882: 879: 875: 874: 871: 868: 864: 863: 860: 857: 850: 849: 846: 843: 836: 835: 832: 829: 825: 824: 821: 818: 811: 810: 807: 804: 797: 796: 793: 790: 779: 778: 775: 771: 770: 767: 763: 762: 741: 738: 721: 718: 684: 681: 617:in 1969, in a 610: 607: 554:Open Polar Sea 545: 542: 408: 405: 373:Dorset culture 335:Independence I 331:Saqqaq culture 281: 278: 276: 273: 194:Atlantic Ocean 182:oceanographers 164: 163: 161: 160: 153: 146: 138: 135: 134: 127: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 95: 94: 88: 87: 76: 62: 52: 51: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10695: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10645: 10643: 10636: 10633: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10580: 10579: 10576: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10526: 10524: 10522: 10518: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10503: 10501: 10499: 10495: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10470: 10468: 10466: 10462: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10444: 10441: 10440: 10439: 10436: 10435: 10433: 10431: 10426: 10420: 10417: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10399: 10398: 10397:Pacific Ocean 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10376: 10373: 10372: 10371: 10368: 10367: 10365: 10363: 10359: 10349: 10346: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10333: 10332: 10331:Pacific Ocean 10329: 10325: 10322: 10321: 10320: 10317: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10297: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10285:Caribbean Sea 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10272: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10258: 10253: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10236: 10235: 10232: 10228: 10227:by population 10225: 10223: 10220: 10219: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10201: 10200:South America 10198: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10185: 10184: 10183:North America 10181: 10180: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10170: 10168: 10166: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10152: 10140: 10137: 10136: 10135: 10134:Southern Cone 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10109:Andean States 10107: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10094: 10093: 10090: 10089: 10087: 10085: 10084:South America 10081: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10053: 10050: 10049: 10048: 10045: 10041: 10038: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10020: 10019: 10016: 10015: 10014: 10011: 10010: 10008: 10006: 10002: 9996: 9993: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9978: 9977: 9974: 9973: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9846: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9816: 9814: 9812: 9811:North America 9808: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9774:Low Countries 9772: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9762: 9756: 9753: 9752: 9751: 9750:South-western 9748: 9744: 9741: 9740: 9739: 9738:South-eastern 9736: 9732: 9729: 9728: 9727: 9726:South-central 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9716:Mediterranean 9714: 9713: 9712: 9709: 9703: 9700: 9699: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9682:British Isles 9680: 9678: 9675: 9674: 9673: 9670: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9640: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9630: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9620: 9618: 9616: 9612: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9588: 9587: 9584: 9580: 9579:Levantine Sea 9577: 9575: 9572: 9571: 9570: 9567: 9563: 9560: 9559: 9558: 9555: 9551: 9548: 9547: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9537: 9536: 9533: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9515: 9514: 9511: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9498: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9476: 9475: 9472: 9466: 9463: 9462: 9461: 9458: 9457: 9456: 9453: 9449: 9446: 9442: 9439: 9438: 9437: 9434: 9433: 9432: 9429: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9411: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9393: 9385: 9382: 9381: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9368: 9365: 9364: 9363: 9360: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9351: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9322: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9312: 9311: 9308: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9283: 9282: 9279: 9278: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9271:Mediterranean 9269: 9268: 9266: 9264: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9251: 9243: 9240: 9239: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9216: 9213: 9212: 9211: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9199: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9160: 9156: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9129: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9084: 9077: 9072: 9070: 9065: 9063: 9058: 9057: 9054: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9008: 9007: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8993: 8992: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8919: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8909: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8873: 8872: 8871: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8848: 8847: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8819: 8818: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8806: 8805: 8804: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8792: 8791: 8790: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8776: 8775: 8770: 8766: 8763: 8762: 8761: 8760: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8746: 8743: 8742: 8741: 8740: 8735: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8726: 8725: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8678: 8677: 8676: 8672: 8670: 8669: 8665: 8659: 8656: 8655: 8654: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8642: 8641: 8640: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8630: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8615: 8614: 8613: 8609: 8608: 8607: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8589: 8588: 8587: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8552: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8540: 8539: 8538: 8537: 8533: 8531: 8530: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8507: 8506: 8505: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8493: 8492: 8491: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8479: 8478: 8477: 8476: 8472: 8470: 8469: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8430: 8429: 8425: 8424: 8423: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8411: 8410: 8409: 8408: 8404: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8395: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8380: 8376: 8375: 8374: 8373: 8369: 8367: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8352: 8347: 8346: 8345: 8344: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8305: 8301: 8300: 8299: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8289: 8285: 8283: 8282: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8270: 8266: 8265: 8264: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8250: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8235: 8231: 8230: 8229: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8219: 8215: 8214: 8213: 8212: 8208: 8206: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8196: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8185: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8165: 8161: 8160: 8159: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8144: 8140: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8128:Discovery Hut 8126: 8124: 8123: 8119: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8102: 8098: 8097: 8096: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8051: 8047: 8046: 8045: 8044: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8032: 8025: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8012: 8011: 8007: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7992: 7987: 7986: 7985: 7984: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7970: 7966: 7965: 7960: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7947: 7942: 7941: 7940: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7926: 7925: 7920: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7910: 7905: 7904: 7903: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7891: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7855: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7838: 7837: 7836: 7835: 7831: 7829: 7828: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7815: 7812: 7811: 7810: 7809: 7804: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7795: 7794: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7765: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7729: 7725: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7700: 7698: 7697: 7693: 7692: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7680: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7658:A. Sibiryakov 7655: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7646: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7632: 7631: 7630:Glavsevmorput 7627: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7617: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7599: 7596: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7580: 7579: 7578: 7573: 7569: 7566: 7565: 7564: 7563: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7515: 7514: 7513: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7495: 7494: 7493: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7458: 7453: 7449: 7446: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7437: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7422: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7385: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7187: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7155: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7132: 7129: 7125: 7122: 7121: 7120: 7119: 7118: 7113: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7047: 7042: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7018: 7013: 7012: 7011: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6967: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6946: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6933: 6932:J. Richardson 6930: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6922: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6901: 6900: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6821: 6817: 6814: 6813: 6812: 6811: 6806: 6802: 6799: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6694:M. Corte-Real 6692: 6690: 6689:G. Corte-Real 6687: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6612:C. Richardson 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6570: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6542: 6541: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6453: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6438: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6421:Georgiy Sedov 6417: 6415: 6414: 6410: 6408: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6308:Riiser-Larsen 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6182: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5956: 5951: 5949: 5944: 5942: 5937: 5936: 5933: 5921: 5920: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5853:Arctic Bridge 5851: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5583:Bowhead whale 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5545:Polar climate 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5373:Arctic Alaska 5371: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5252:Arctic Circle 5250: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5219:Saami Council 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5138: 5133: 5131: 5126: 5124: 5119: 5118: 5115: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5032: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4996:OpenStreetMap 4994: 4980: 4979:0-8214-0124-6 4976: 4972: 4968: 4965: 4964:0-333-31017-9 4961: 4957: 4953: 4950: 4949:0-8214-0124-6 4946: 4942: 4938: 4937: 4916: 4909: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4857: 4856:VICE Magazine 4853: 4847: 4840: 4836: 4833: 4828: 4821: 4820:Thomas Nilsen 4818: 4814: 4811: 4806: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4742: 4725: 4718: 4702: 4695: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4649: 4645: 4638: 4622: 4616: 4600: 4594: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4571: 4567: 4564: 4559: 4557: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4520: 4514: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4490: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4455: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4417: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4204: 4197: 4191: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4020: 4014: 4010: 4003: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3960: 3951: 3945: 3941: 3934: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3911: 3906: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3874: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3859:Sea Ice Index 3855: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3821: 3815: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3770: 3764: 3758:e2020GL089469 3754: 3744: 3734: 3725: 3716: 3706: 3697: 3690: 3686: 3683: 3678: 3676: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3634: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3583: 3581:9783319777429 3577: 3573: 3572: 3564: 3545: 3538: 3531: 3520: 3514: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3451: 3447: 3444: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3419: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3400: 3385: 3379: 3375: 3374: 3366: 3351: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3332: 3317: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3298: 3283: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3264: 3249: 3243: 3239: 3238: 3230: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3189: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3052: 3045: 3039: 3031: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3015: 3006: 3004: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2986: 2981: 2973: 2967: 2960: 2956: 2953: 2948: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2841: 2834: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2794: 2788: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2769: 2762: 2751: 2747: 2741: 2725: 2721: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2676: 2670: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2630: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2583:Arctic Bridge 2581: 2580: 2575: 2569: 2564: 2561: 2550: 2547: 2546:Oceans portal 2541: 2536: 2529: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2421: 2413: 2406: 2399: 2392: 2385: 2378: 2371: 2350: 2326: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2304:Novaya Zemlya 2301: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2208: 2206: 2205:energy market 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2174:Marine mammal 2171: 2167: 2153: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2132:banded gunnel 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2017:, especially 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003:phytoplankton 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1969: 1964: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1891:polar climate 1873: 1863: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1803: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1787:Icelandic Low 1784: 1779: 1778:Siberian High 1773: 1771: 1767: 1761: 1759: 1753: 1749: 1747: 1746:Beaufort Gyre 1742: 1738: 1733: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1647: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1627:Bering Strait 1624: 1619: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1535: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1516:ridges), and 1515: 1511: 1507: 1506:Makarov Basin 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1438: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1391: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1351: 1348:Barents Sea: 1347: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1229: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1199:Yuzhny Island 1196: 1192: 1191:Novaya Zemlya 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1167:Baffin Island 1164: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1137: 1131: 1121: 1119: 1118:Hudson Strait 1115: 1114:Norwegian Sea 1111: 1107: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1064:Amundsen Gulf 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1028:Greenland Sea 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 997:Greenland Sea 994: 993:Bering Strait 990: 989:Pacific Ocean 984: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 940: 939: 929: 928: 919:United States 918: 915: 914: 904: 901: 900: 891: 888: 887: 877: 876: 866: 865: 855: 852: 851: 841: 838: 837: 827: 826: 816: 813: 812: 802: 799: 798: 788: 784: 781: 780: 776: 773: 772: 764: 761: 756: 753: 751: 747: 737: 735: 732:smaller than 731: 727: 714: 710: 705: 698: 694: 689: 680: 678: 673: 671: 667: 663: 658: 656: 652: 648: 643: 641: 640: 635: 631: 630: 624: 620: 616: 615:Wally Herbert 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 590: 589:polar ice cap 586: 582: 578: 574: 569: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 538: 534: 530: 525: 521: 519: 515: 511: 507: 506:Novaya Zemlya 503: 502:Arctic Circle 498: 496: 495:Johann Homann 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 463:cartographers 456: 455:Emanuel Bowen 452: 448: 446: 442: 441:Faroe Islands 439:, though the 438: 434: 430: 429:Eschate Thule 426: 422: 418: 417:polar regions 414: 404: 402: 398: 392: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 344: 340: 336: 332: 321: 317: 309: 305: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 280:North America 268: 264: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 221:Bering Strait 218: 214: 210: 206: 201: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 159: 154: 152: 147: 145: 140: 139: 137: 136: 133: 132:Marginal seas 130: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 101: 100: 97: 96: 93: 92:Earth's ocean 90: 89: 80: 73:seawater flow 72: 66: 56: 50: 49: 43: 42:57°N latitude 39: 35: 30: 26: 22: 21:MV Arctic Sea 10653:Arctic Ocean 10605: 10593: / 10591:List of seas 10589: / 10554:Global South 10539:Global North 10473:Atlantic Rim 10412:Ring of Fire 10392:Indian Ocean 10382:Arctic Ocean 10381: 10324:Persian Gulf 10319:Indian Ocean 10300:Adriatic Sea 10265:Arctic Ocean 10097:Amazon Basin 10092:Amazon Plain 10064:Near Oceania 9869:Mid-Atlantic 9819:Aridoamerica 9779:Northwestern 9692:Northwestern 9665:Southeastern 9557:Greater Iran 9496:Southeastern 9491:Pacific Asia 9460:Pacific Asia 9448:Northeastern 9404:Asia–Pacific 9147:Fourth World 9137:Second World 9003: 8991:Pole of Cold 8989: 8915: 8906: 8874: 8867: 8843: 8814: 8800: 8794:Borchgrevink 8786: 8773: 8758: 8738: 8723: 8692: 8673: 8666: 8650: 8636: 8627: 8610: 8603: 8584: 8572: 8548: 8534: 8527: 8515: 8501: 8487: 8473: 8466: 8427: 8419: 8405: 8398: 8396: 8378: 8370: 8363: 8350: 8341: 8303: 8295: 8286: 8279: 8267: 8260: 8246: 8234:Pourquoi-Pas 8233: 8225: 8217: 8209: 8204:Orcadas Base 8202: 8194: 8181: 8175:C. A. Larsen 8163: 8155: 8141: 8134: 8121: 8113: 8107:Borchgrevink 8100: 8092: 8049: 8041: 8016:C. A. Larsen 8009: 7990: 7981: 7963: 7945: 7936: 7923: 7908: 7899: 7886: 7847: 7833: 7826: 7807: 7792: 7702: 7695: 7678: 7671: 7657: 7642: 7628: 7615: 7590: 7576: 7574: 7560: 7558: 7552: 7550: 7516: 7509: 7490: 7456: 7454: 7440: 7438: 7420: 7410: 7408: 7388: 7386: 7367: 7243: 7201: 7184: 7152: 7116: 7114: 7094: 7093: 7073: 7072: 7058: 7045: 7030: 7016: 7007: 6994: 6965: 6953:Investigator 6952: 6943: 6919: 6906: 6898: 6889: 6876: 6847: 6824: 6809: 6794: 6764: 6749: 6719: 6638: 6618: 6589: 6585:Erik the Red 6567: 6545: 6538: 6495:submersibles 6492: 6486:Arktika 2007 6484: 6477: 6470: 6467: 6451: 6442: 6439: 6420: 6418: 6411: 6404: 6375: 6368: 6344: 6330: 6329: 6321: 6319: 6285: 6283: 6254: 6251: 6240:S. A. Andrée 6232: 6219: 6194: 6186: 6183: 6159: 6141: 6128: 6119: 6101: 6092: 6090: 6056: 5989: 5912: 5900: 5789:Quviasukvik 5578:Beluga whale 5555:Polar vortex 5267:Arctic Ocean 5266: 5101: 5054: 5051:Arctic Ocean 5000: 4999: 4992: 4970: 4955: 4940: 4919:. Retrieved 4908: 4896:. Retrieved 4891: 4882: 4873: 4864: 4855: 4846: 4827: 4805: 4793:. Retrieved 4784: 4774: 4762:. Retrieved 4753: 4728:. Retrieved 4717: 4705:. Retrieved 4694: 4682:. Retrieved 4678:the original 4673: 4663: 4651:. Retrieved 4647: 4637: 4625:. Retrieved 4615: 4603:. Retrieved 4593: 4577: 4546: 4537: 4513: 4505: 4489: 4470: 4466: 4428: 4424: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4343: 4339: 4329: 4319:11 September 4317:. Retrieved 4314:ScienceAlert 4313: 4303: 4293:11 September 4291:. Retrieved 4279: 4269: 4245:11250/174280 4220: 4216: 4203: 4190: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4114: 4110: 4100: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4041:. 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Retrieved 2653:the original 2648: 2574:Water portal 2526: 2518:Camp Century 2496: 2465: 2296: 2292:storm surges 2290:as stronger 2277: 2262: 2239: 2202: 2177: 2109: 2034: 2028: 2022: 1987:midnight sun 1984: 1973: 1953: 1948: 1938: 1934: 1922: 1911: 1907:midnight sun 1888: 1857: 1844: 1830: 1826: 1774: 1762: 1754: 1750: 1741:Arctic Basin 1734: 1730: 1706: 1687: 1652: 1608:Oceanography 1602: 1586: 1561: 1537: 1518:Nansen Basin 1498:Canada Basin 1495: 1444: 1432: 1401: 1382:Laptev Sea: 1329:Longyearbyen 1225: 1133: 1103: 1058:Beaufort Sea 1009: 1001:Labrador Sea 986: 952: 743: 723: 674: 662:World War II 659: 645:Since 1937, 644: 638: 628: 612: 609:20th century 593: 584: 570: 547: 544:19th century 499: 460: 415:, the north 411:For much of 410: 393: 385:Thule people 377:Paleo-Eskimo 314: 296:that joined 283: 202: 185: 184:call it the 170:Arctic Ocean 169: 167: 128: 108: 98: 25: 10627: / 10569:Global West 10529:Global East 10488:Pacific Rim 10430:waterbodies 10419:World Ocean 10244:New Zealand 10124:The Guianas 10013:Australasia 9956:West Indies 9884:New England 9864:Great Lakes 9834:Mesoamerica 9721:Middle East 9697:Scandinavia 9586:Middle East 9424:Caspian Sea 9330:Great Lakes 9310:Sub-Saharan 9296:Middle East 9159:Hemispheres 9142:Third World 9132:First World 9085:'s primary 8694:Lake Vostok 8644:Tryoshnikov 8566:Schlossbach 8457:Christensen 8399:James Caird 8320:E. R. Evans 8086:Dobrowolski 8056:de Gerlache 7758:Expeditions 7644:Aviaarktika 7598:Samoylovich 7469:Kolomeitsev 7363:Middendorff 7323:Gedenshtrom 6743:I. Fyodorov 6505:Chilingarov 6393:E. Fyodorov 6000:Expeditions 5919:WikiProject 5498:Arctic haze 5438:Nunatsiavut 4730:15 February 4707:14 February 4674:weather.com 4346:: 258–271. 4043:10 February 3664:12 November 3553:26 November 3423:26 November 3389:26 November 3355:26 November 3321:26 November 3287:26 November 3253:29 November 3193:29 November 2823:1 September 2798:1 September 2481:, into the 2443:Great Dying 2349:Phanerozoic 2246:ozone layer 2183:natural gas 2146:Minke whale 2105:polar bears 2069:Barents Sea 2041:euphausiids 2015:zooplankton 1991:polar night 1968:polar bears 1895:polar night 1714:Chukchi Sea 1635:Fram Strait 1502:Alpha Ridge 1491:Fram Strait 1487:Molloy Hole 1483:ocean deeps 1475:fault block 1356:Arkhangelsk 1354:White Sea: 1298:Greenland: 1284:Tuktoyaktuk 1244:Prudhoe Bay 1215:Bear Island 1082:Lincoln Sea 1076:Pechora Sea 1052:Chukchi Sea 1016:Barents Sea 1005:Iceland Sea 944:14,056,000 815:Barents Sea 787:Chukchi Sea 697:topographic 693:bathymetric 677:Polar route 573:Elisha Kane 558:John Barrow 510:Spitzbergen 359:); and the 253:fresh water 249:evaporation 198:world ocean 10642:Categories 10310:Ionian Sea 10305:Aegean Sea 10275:Baltic Sea 10207:Antarctica 10059:Micronesia 10028:New Guinea 9986:Portuguese 9909:West Coast 9859:East Coast 9854:Bible Belt 9849:Appalachia 9528:Subregions 9436:Inner Asia 9354:Antarctica 9254:Continents 9227:Antarctica 9202:Landmasses 9112:Down Under 9107:Arab World 9091:subregions 8917:Terra Nova 8822:Shackleton 8765:J. C. Ross 8724:Resolution 8714:South Pole 8489:New Swabia 8413:Mackintosh 8385:Shackleton 8304:Terra Nova 8297:Terra Nova 8031:Heroic Age 7991:Challenger 7951:J. C. Ross 7861:Bransfield 7793:Resolution 7708:icebreaker 7672:Chelyuskin 7413:expedition 7391:Expedition 7333:Matyushkin 7291:Kh. Laptev 7286:Chelyuskin 7180:Heemskerck 7170:Chancellor 7165:Willoughby 7160:Koch boats 7103:Stefansson 7037:McClintock 7001:Inglefield 6843:J. C. Ross 6750:Resolution 6602:Cunningham 6500:Sagalevich 6189:expedition 6148:Stephenson 6108:C. F. Hall 6095:expedition 6069:J. C. Ross 6032:Heemskerck 6019:North Pole 5603:Polar bear 5573:Arctic fox 5403:Inuvialuit 5297:North Pole 5181:Government 4627:2 November 4605:3 November 4371:10037/8602 3804:7 December 3503:2 December 3143:WorldAtlas 3086:28 October 3060:28 October 2684:0471021024 2659:7 December 2625:References 2613:Seven Seas 2483:atmosphere 2451:clathrates 2265:melt-water 2198:aggregates 2164:See also: 2011:shelf seas 1979:North Pole 1870:See also: 1821:Twin Otter 1631:North Pole 1623:water mass 1613:Water flow 1556:Cretaceous 1532:See also: 1471:bathymetry 1410:, and the 1362:Labytnangi 1360:Kara Sea: 1314:Mainland: 1110:Baffin Bay 1106:Hudson Bay 1098:Wandel Sea 1046:Laptev Sea 1022:Hudson Bay 947:5,427,000 933:1,500,000 911:1,166,552 908:3,021,355 894:2,276,594 890:East Coast 881:2,278,113 820:1,199,008 806:1,058,129 792:2,088,075 783:Laptev Sea 726:Antarctica 634:icebreaker 320:Pre-Dorset 290:sea levels 205:North Pole 38:Hudson Bay 10506:Antarctic 10290:Irish Sea 10280:Black Sea 10239:Australia 10188:Caribbean 10165:continent 10139:Patagonia 10069:Polynesia 10047:Melanesia 10040:Zealandia 10018:Australia 9904:Southwest 9824:Caribbean 9601:Near East 9242:submerged 9237:Zealandia 9232:Australia 9122:Old World 9117:New World 9016:Tolstikov 8802:Discovery 8772:HMS 8757:HMS 8739:Adventure 8737:HMS 8722:HMS 8658:Tolstikov 8379:Endurance 8164:Antarctic 8149:Drygalski 8122:Discovery 8115:Discovery 8076:Arctowski 7989:HMS 7962:HMS 7956:Abernethy 7944:HMS 7922:USS 7909:Vincennes 7907:USS 7887:Astrolabe 7827:San Telmo 7808:Adventure 7806:HMS 7791:HMS 7786:Kerguelen 7748:Continent 7733:Antarctic 7610:Urvantsev 7568:Vilkitsky 7421:Jeannette 7419:USS 7411:Jeannette 7375:Weyprecht 7353:Pakhtusov 7303:Chichagov 7296:D. Laptev 7239:Permyakov 7214:Stadukhin 7209:Perfilyev 7186:Mangazeya 7124:H. Larsen 7089:Rasmussen 7044:HMS 7015:USS 6964:HMS 6951:HMS 6915:Collinson 6905:HMS 6897:HMS 6875:HMS 6823:HMS 6808:HMS 6793:HMS 6778:Mackenzie 6765:Discovery 6763:HMS 6748:HMS 6720:Discovery 6699:Frobisher 6662:Rasmussen 6575:Gunnbjörn 6521:Greenland 6450:USS 6441:USS 6313:Ellsworth 6255:Roosevelt 6185:Nansen's 6142:Discovery 6140:HMS 6127:HMS 6074:Abernethy 6042:Marmaduke 5845:Transport 5729:Icelandic 5719:Karelians 5643:Snowy owl 5393:Greenland 5292:Nordicity 5239:Geography 5102:nsidc.org 4431:: 29–50. 4288:0362-4331 4092:0084-6597 3748:8107-8123 3473:17 August 2863:CiteSeerX 2618:Subarctic 2608:Nordicity 2475:clathrate 2179:Petroleum 2120:ecosystem 2085:polar cod 2051:). These 2049:amphipods 1999:ice algae 1977:near the 1970:approach 1710:Sverdrups 1672:halocline 1668:Mackenzie 1637:. As the 1594:Paleocene 1544:Paleozoic 1457:into two 1366:Salekhard 1274:Nanisivik 1260:Churchill 1238:Utqiaġvik 1154:Greenland 1143:Jan Mayen 1070:White Sea 683:Geography 655:ice floes 361:Groswater 343:Greenland 245:ice cover 69:Earth's 10624:90°N 0°E 10033:Tasmania 9981:Hispanic 9844:Northern 9791:Germanic 9769:Atlantic 9711:Southern 9672:Northern 9638:Caucasus 9574:Dead Sea 9545:Caucasus 9513:Southern 9506:Maritime 9501:Mainland 9474:Northern 9455:Far East 9414:Aral Sea 9337:Southern 9281:Northern 9028:A. Fuchs 8985:V. Fuchs 8965:McKinley 8928:E. Evans 8887:Bjaaland 8882:Amundsen 8832:Marshall 8745:Furneaux 8597:V. Fuchs 8561:E. Ronne 8556:F. Ronne 8495:Ritscher 8349:SY 8337:Filchner 8281:Framheim 8275:Amundsen 8081:Racoviță 8066:Amundsen 8061:Lecointe 7930:Ringgold 7924:Porpoise 7814:Furneaux 7650:Shevelev 7605:Begichev 7584:Amundsen 7546:Nagórski 7524:Brusilov 7518:Sv. Anna 7432:Melville 7402:Palander 7358:Tsivolko 7318:Sannikov 7313:Billings 7256:Chirikov 7175:Barentsz 7117:St. Roch 7108:Bartlett 7082:Amundsen 7066:Sverdrup 6966:Resolute 6855:Franklin 6783:Kotzebue 6650:Sverdrup 6633:Scoresby 6607:Lindenov 6458:Plaisted 6443:Nautilus 6388:Shirshov 6362:Belyakov 6357:Baydukov 6331:Nautilus 6293:Amundsen 6253:SS 6212:Sverdrup 6207:Johansen 6177:Brainard 6172:Lockwood 6027:Barentsz 5907:Category 5779:Yukaghir 5739:Gwich'in 5709:Chukotka 5608:Reindeer 5388:Finnmark 5076:at NSIDC 5070:Archived 4973:(1969), 4958:(1982), 4943:(1973), 4892:BBC News 4835:Archived 4813:Archived 4789:Archived 4758:Archived 4566:Archived 4547:ec.gc.ca 4522:Archived 4498:Archived 4445:23452656 4253:16752441 4139:16397495 3881:Archived 3862:Archived 3814:cite web 3685:Archived 3658:Archived 3497:Archived 3446:Archived 3080:Archived 2988:Archived 2955:Archived 2909:Archived 2893:36149744 2885:18339930 2776:Archived 2730:22 April 2532:See also 2511:Cold War 2112:walruses 2095:such as 2075:, young 2019:copepods 2013:include 1974:Honolulu 1918:seawater 1903:daylight 1899:Cyclones 1859:Baychimo 1840:glaciers 1832:Icebergs 1698:Eurasian 1589:Cenozoic 1552:Triassic 1548:Jurassic 1477:ridges, 1350:Murmansk 1339:Akureyri 1335:Iceland 1325:Svalbard 1316:Kirkenes 1256:Manitoba 1240:(Barrow) 1228:harbours 1211:Svalbard 1207:(Russia) 1187:(Russia) 1181:(Russia) 1175:(Russia) 1145:(Norway) 1040:Kara Sea 967:Channels 936:580,000 925:196,454 922:508,814 897:878,998 884:879,584 873:291,936 870:756,112 862:112,815 859:292,189 856:, Norway 848:310,776 845:804,907 842:, Norway 834:361,159 831:935,397 823:462,940 817:, Russia 809:408,546 803:, Russia 801:Kara Sea 795:806,210 789:, Russia 713:isotherm 629:Nautilus 623:Svalbard 619:dog sled 599:nautical 514:pack-ice 445:Shetland 433:growlers 425:Massilia 365:Labrador 251:, heavy 241:salinity 114:Atlantic 10234:Oceania 10222:by area 10178:America 10155:Islands 10005:Oceania 9874:Midwest 9829:Central 9796:Romance 9764:Western 9633:Balkans 9628:Eastern 9623:Central 9591:Mashriq 9535:Western 9479:Siberia 9431:Eastern 9409:Central 9342:Western 9315:Central 9291:Mashriq 9286:Maghreb 9276:Saharan 9222:America 9215:Eurasia 9087:regions 9033:Messner 8980:Hillary 8960:Balchen 8908:Polheim 8902:Wisting 8780:Crozier 8752:Weddell 8730:J. Cook 8700:Kapitsa 8681:Fiennes 8623:Klenova 8592:Hillary 8542:Ketchum 8468:BANZARE 8443:· 8288:Polheim 8254:Shirase 8240:Charcot 8050:Belgica 7969:Crozier 7881:Morrell 7876:Weddell 7854:Lazarev 7799:J. Cook 7753:History 7703:Arktika 7679:Krassin 7664:Voronin 7636:Schmidt 7622:Ushakov 7561:Vaygach 7529:Albanov 7498:Rusanov 7479:Kolchak 7474:Matisen 7448:Makarov 7427:De Long 7328:Wrangel 7308:Lyakhov 7261:Malygin 7219:Dezhnev 7046:Pandora 7017:Advance 6984:Kennedy 6979:Belcher 6972:Kellett 6959:McClure 6883:Beechey 6877:Blossom 6870:Simpson 6838:Crozier 6831:Hoppner 6788:J. Ross 6756:J. Cook 6704:Gilbert 6597:J. Hall 6563:Ingólfr 6553:Naddodd 6547:Vikings 6534:Brendan 6529:Pytheas 6517:Iceland 6471:Arktika 6463:Herbert 6428:Badygin 6398:Krenkel 6383:Papanin 6352:Chkalov 6338:Wilkins 6303:Wisting 6247:F. Cook 6153:Markham 6113:Bessels 6102:Polaris 6093:Polaris 6064:J. Ross 6047:Carolus 5995:History 5801:Economy 5749:Koryaks 5704:Chukchi 5686:Culture 5616:bearded 5598:Narwhal 5588:Lemming 5513:decline 5480:Climate 5433:Nunavut 5428:Nunavik 5408:Karelia 5398:Iceland 5365:Regions 5317:Geology 5153:History 4921:16 July 4898:16 July 4684:3 March 4653:8 March 4395:Bibcode 4348:Bibcode 4261:4412522 4225:Bibcode 4170:Bibcode 4147:4301227 4119:Bibcode 4072:Bibcode 3980:Bibcode 2952:Pytheas 2855:Bibcode 2847:Science 2693:6200221 2471:methane 2467:Sea ice 2459:species 2447:methane 2273:climate 2081:capelin 2073:herring 2067:in the 2063:cover. 2061:sea-ice 2047:(e.g., 1958:Biology 1925:density 1866:Climate 1845:Titanic 1797:Sea ice 1683:copepod 1660:Yenisei 1542:in the 1528:Geology 1489:in the 1370:Dudinka 1345:Russia 1290:in the 1270:Nunavut 1234:Alaska 1149:Iceland 1124:Islands 1003:. (The 991:by the 963:Straits 758:Arctic 750:Iceland 639:Arktika 552:of an " 481:or the 421:Pytheas 401:Nunavut 383:of the 369:Nunavik 329:); the 298:Siberia 275:History 229:sea ice 225:Pacific 223:on the 217:Eurasia 192:of the 190:estuary 124:Pacific 10658:Oceans 10521:Global 10511:Arctic 10450:Rivers 10428:Other 10362:Oceans 10217:Europe 10173:Africa 9966:French 9839:Middle 9801:Slavic 9786:Celtic 9687:Nordic 9677:Baltic 9615:Europe 9569:Levant 9263:Africa 9099:Worlds 8943:Bowers 8938:Wilson 8897:Hassel 8892:Helmer 8861:Mackay 8851:Mawson 8816:Nimrod 8774:Terror 8759:Erebus 8686:Burton 8481:Rymill 8357:Mawson 8351:Aurora 8330:Lashly 8315:Wilson 8218:Nimrod 8195:Scotia 8002:Murray 7977:Cooper 7964:Terror 7946:Erebus 7915:Wilkes 7866:Palmer 7834:Vostok 7781:Bouvet 7705:-class 7685:Gakkel 7553:Taymyr 7534:Konrad 7503:Kuchin 7441:Yermak 7348:Lavrov 7266:Ovtsyn 7251:Bering 7229:Ivanov 7192:Hudson 7154:Pomors 7131:Cowper 7096:Karluk 6995:Isabel 6989:Bellot 6939:Austin 6907:Terror 6899:Erebus 6795:Griper 6771:Clerke 6731:Baffin 6714:Hudson 6645:Nansen 6558:Garðar 6479:Barneo 6346:ANT-25 6322:Italia 6298:Nobile 6267:Henson 6226:Amedeo 6202:Nansen 6167:Greely 6037:Hudson 5975:Arctic 5774:Yakuts 5769:Selkup 5754:Nenets 5744:Khanty 5714:Evenks 5676:Tundra 5648:Walrus 5636:ringed 5631:ribbon 5626:hooded 5593:Muskox 5307:Tundra 5146:topics 5144:Arctic 4977: 4962: 4947: 4795:14 May 4764:14 May 4443: 4286: 4259: 4251: 4217:Nature 4145: 4137: 4111:Nature 4090: 4015: 3946: 3710:L05601 3629: 3578: 3414: 3407:Oceans 3380: 3346: 3312: 3278: 3244: 3219:1 July 3184: 3026: 2937:1 June 2891: 2883: 2865: 2755:2 July 2716: 2691: 2681: 2497:Other 2455:genera 2405:Late D 2250:albedo 2223:, and 2186:fields 2172:, and 2136:gunnel 2116:whales 2103:, and 2101:whales 2079:, and 2039:) and 2033:, and 1966:Three 1598:Eocene 1567:Pangea 1514:Gakkel 1461:: the 1449:, the 1378:Dikson 1374:Igarka 1310:Norway 1288:Inuvik 1251:Canada 1138:west: 1116:, and 1112:, the 917:Arctic 905:Canada 903:Arctic 777:sq mi 746:Canada 734:Russia 709:Arctic 668:: the 647:Soviet 531:, the 487:Cathay 485:, to " 461:Early 437:Norway 407:Europe 381:Alaska 371:. 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