Southern Ocean - Knowledge

1531: 379: 1567: 1593: 783: 2492: 998: 1616: 1902:. Reported to the public as a scientific mission, the details were kept secret and it may have actually been a training or testing mission for the military. The expedition was, in both military or scientific planning terms, put together very quickly. The group contained an unusually high amount of military equipment, including an aircraft carrier, submarines, military support ships, assault troops and military vehicles. The expedition was planned to last for eight months but was unexpectedly terminated after only two months. With the exception of some eccentric entries in Admiral Byrd's diaries, no real explanation for the early termination has ever been officially given. 3920: 554: 476: 4074: 1659: 9853: 1372: 3648: 2892: 1643: 4347: 3516: 1683: 1730: 1838: 2552: 305: 11829: 94: 4311: 2674: 80: 36: 1207: 1121: 2636: 3754: 3009: 12726: 10093: 12714: 4299: 1113: 845: 1935: 2160: 3123: 2747: 5824: 3001: 52: 3488:). These two species live on the seafloor 100–3,000 metres (328–9,843 ft) deep, and can grow to around 2 metres (7 ft) long weighing up to 100 kilograms (220 lb), living up to 45 years. The Antarctic toothfish lives close to the Antarctic mainland, whereas the Patagonian toothfish lives in the relatively warmer subantarctic waters. Toothfish are commercially fished, and overfishing has reduced toothfish populations. 1530: 4323: 70: 3286: 2800: 2419: 10103: 7258: 3417: 1720: 694: 3045:

timeframe over which such collapse may occur, and the regional impacts it would cause, much less equivalent research exists for the Southern Ocean overturning circulation as of the early 2020s. There has been a suggestion that its collapse may occur between 1.7 °C (3.1 °F) and 3 °C (5.4 °F), but this estimate is much less certain than for many other tipping points.

4335: 2666:, some of this water is drawn up from great depths. In many numerical models and observational syntheses, the Southern Ocean upwelling represents the primary means by which deep dense water is brought to the surface. Shallower, wind-driven upwelling is also found off the west coasts of North and South America, northwest and southwest Africa, and southwest and 690:– and there have been various changes, 60 seas were given new names, and even the name of the publication was changed. A reservation had also been lodged by Australia regarding the Southern Ocean limits. Effectively, the third edition—which did not delineate the Southern Ocean leaving delineation to local hydrographic offices—has yet to be superseded. 1615: 1284:. This point, reached on 30 January 1774, was the farthest south attained in the 18th century. With a great detour to the east, almost to the coast of South America, the expedition regained Tahiti for refreshment. In November 1774, Cook started from New Zealand and crossed the South Pacific without sighting land between 1566: 641: 3268:(CoML) and has disclosed some remarkable findings. More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, having bridged the gap of 12,000 km (7,500 mi). Large animals such as some cetaceans and birds make the round trip annually. More surprising are small forms of life such as mudworms, 3972:

regularly does not recognize this provision, because the sanctuary violates IWC charter. Since the scope of the sanctuary is limited to commercial whaling, in regard to its whaling permit and whaling for scientific research, a Japanese fleet carried out an annual whale-hunt in the region. On 31 March

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then mixes back into the Southern Ocean, making its water fresher. This freshening of the Southern Ocean results in increased stratification and stabilization of its layers, and this has the single largest impact on the long-term properties of Southern Ocean circulation. These changes in the Southern

2543:", "Furious Fifties" and "Shrieking Sixties" due to high winds and large waves that form as winds blow around the entire globe unimpeded by any land-mass. Icebergs, especially in May to October, make the area even more dangerous. The remoteness of the region makes sources of search and rescue scarce. 5267:

These voyages of the French, though undertaken by private adventurers, have contributed something toward exploring the Southern Ocean. That of Captain Surville, clears up a mistake, which I was led into, in imagining the shoals off the west end of New Caledonia was to extend to the west, but as far

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of around 500 million tonnes. Each individual is 6 centimetres (2.4 in) long and weighs over 1 gram (0.035 oz). The swarms that form can stretch for kilometres, with up to 30,000 individuals per 1 cubic metre (35 cu ft), turning the water red. Swarms usually remain in deep water

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in 1947–1948, with Navy support, three planes, and dogs. He disproved the notion that the continent was divided in two and established that East and West Antarctica was one single continent, i.e. that the Weddell Sea and the Ross Sea are not connected. The expedition explored and mapped large parts

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In the 2002 draft edition, the IHO have designated "seas" as subdivisions within "oceans", so the Bight would have still been within the Southern Ocean in 1937 if the 2002 convention were in place then. To perform direct comparisons of current and former limits of oceans it is necessary to consider,

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recognized the ocean officially in June 2021. Prior to this, it depicted it in a typeface different from the other world oceans; instead, it shows the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans extending to Antarctica on both its print and online maps. Map publishers using the term Southern Ocean on their

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communities of the seafloor are diverse and dense, with up to 155,000 animals found in 1 square metre (10.8 sq ft). As the seafloor environment is very similar all around the Antarctic, hundreds of species can be found all the way around the mainland, which is a uniquely wide distribution

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can occur at any time of year throughout the ocean. Some may have drafts up to several hundred meters; smaller icebergs, iceberg fragments and sea-ice (generally 0.5 to 1 m thick) also pose problems for ships. The deep continental shelf has a floor of glacial deposits varying widely over short

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A radical shift from past IHO practices (1928–1953) was also seen in the 2002 draft edition when the IHO delineated "seas" as subdivisions within the boundaries of "oceans". While the IHO are often considered the authority for such conventions, the shift brought them into line with the practices of

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The Edinburgh Gazetteer: Or, Geographical Dictionary: Containing a Description of the Various Countries, Kingdoms, States, Cities, Towns, Mountains, &c. of the World; an Account of the Government, Customs, and Religion of the Inhabitants; the Boundaries and Natural Productions of Each Country,

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is only inhabited by 10% of the world's population, and the Southern Ocean overturning circulation has historically received much less attention than the AMOC. Consequently, while multiple studies have set out to estimate the exact level of global warming which could result in AMOC collapsing, the

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Bakker, P; Schmittner, A; Lenaerts, JT; Abe-Ouchi, A; Bi, D; van den Broeke, MR; Chan, WL; Hu, A; Beadling, RL; Marsland, SJ; Mernild, SH; Saenko, OA; Swingedouw, D; Sullivan, A; Yin, J (11 November 2016). "Fate of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Strong decline under continued

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A number of these such as the 2002 Russian-proposed "Cosmonauts Sea", "Cooperation Sea", and "Somov (mid-1950s Russian polar explorer) Sea" are not included in the 1953 IHO document which remains currently in force, because they received their names largely originated from 1962 onward. Leading

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The Antarctic or Southern Ocean has been omitted from this publication as the majority of opinions received since the issue of the 2nd Edition in 1937 are to the effect that there exists no real justification for applying the term Ocean to this body of water, the northern limits of which are

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34°16'45″ W the southernmost position any ship had ever reached up to that time. A few icebergs were sighted but there was still no sight of land, leading Weddell to theorize that the sea continued as far as the South Pole. Another two days' sailing would have brought him to

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European geographers continued to connect the coast of Tierra del Fuego with the coast of New Guinea on their globes, and allowing their imaginations to run riot in the vast unknown spaces of the south Atlantic, south Indian and Pacific oceans they sketched the outlines of the

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was circulated to IHO member states in August 2002 (sometimes referred to as the "2000 edition" as it summarized the progress to 2000). It has yet to be published due to 'areas of concern' by several countries relating to various naming issues around the world – primarily the

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was the first cruise ship used specifically to sail the icy waters of the Antarctic Ocean and the first to sink there when she struck an unidentified submerged object on 23 November 2007, reported to be ice, which caused a 10 by 4 inches (25 by 10 cm) gash in the hull.

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A Voyage Towards the South Pole, and Round the World. Performed in His Majesty's Ships the Resolution and Adventure, In the Years 1772, 1773, 1774, and 1775. In which is included, Captain Furneaux's Narrative of his Proceedings in the Adventure during the Separation of the

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in 1835 divided the "Great Southern Ocean" into the "Southern Ocean" and the "Antarctick Ocean" along the Antarctic Circle, with the northern limit of the Southern Ocean being lines joining Cape Horn, the Cape of Good Hope, Van Diemen's Land and the south of New Zealand.

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The first confirmed sighting of mainland Antarctica cannot be accurately attributed to one single person. It can be narrowed down to three individuals. According to various sources, three men all sighted the ice shelf or the continent within days or months of each other:

779:, which also extends below the 60th parallel south. The new delineation of seas has also meant that the long-time named seas around Antarctica, excluded from the 1953 edition (the 1953 map did not even extend that far south), are automatically part of the Southern Ocean. 3272:

and free-swimming snails found in both polar oceans. Various factors may aid in their distribution – fairly uniform temperatures of the deep ocean at the poles and the equator which differ by no more than 5 °C (9.0 °F), and the major current systems or marine

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The Southern Ocean has typical depths of between 4,000 and 5,000 m (13,000 and 16,000 ft) over most of its extent with only limited areas of shallow water. The Southern Ocean's greatest depth of 7,236 m (23,740 ft) occurs at the southern end of the

4675:... the Southern Ocean has the unique distinction of being a large circumpolar body of water totally encircling the continent of Antarctica; this ring of water lies between 60 degrees south latitude and the coast of Antarctica and encompasses 360 degrees of longitude. 3277:

which transport egg and larva stages. Among smaller marine animals generally assumed to be the same in the Antarctica and the Arctic, more detailed studies of each population have often—but not always—revealed differences, showing that they are closely related

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to meet the needs of every person on Earth for several months. For several decades there have been proposals, none yet to be feasible or successful, to tow Southern Ocean icebergs to more arid northern regions (such as Australia) where they can be harvested.

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which he called South France, and believed to be the central mass of the southern continent. He was sent out again to complete the exploration of the new land, and found it to be only an inhospitable island which he renamed the Isle of Desolation, but which

328:, the first edition being 1928. Since the first edition, the limits of the Southern Ocean have moved progressively southward; since 1953, it has been omitted from the official publication and left to local hydrographic offices to determine their own limits. 3032:. It is possible that both circulations may not simply continue to weaken in response to increased warming and freshening, but eventually collapse to a much weaker state outright, in a way which would be difficult to reverse and constitute an example of 2763:. This provides access to meta data for a significant proportion of the data collected in the regions over the past decades including hydrographic measurements and ocean currents. The data provision is set up to emphasize records that are related to 8246:

Uriz, M.J.; J.M. Gili; C. Orejas; A.R. Perez-Porro (2011). "Do bipolar distributions exist in marine sponges? Stylocordyla chupachups sp.nv. (Porifera: Hadromerida) from the Weddell Sea (Antarctic), previously reported as S. borealis (Lovén, 1868)".

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to other animals. The amphipods are highly diverse with more than 600 recognized species found south of the Antarctic Convergence and there are indications that many undescribed species remain. Among these are several "giants", such as the iconic

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per second), or 50-60% of its flow, while the lower cell has weakened by a similar amount, but because of its larger volume, these changes represent a 10-20% weakening. However, they weren't fully caused by climate change, as the natural cycle of

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was unnamed in the 1928 edition, and delineated as shown in the figure above in the 1937 edition. It therefore encompassed former Southern Ocean waters—as designated in 1928—but was technically not inside any of the three adjacent oceans by 1937.

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Instead, in the IHO 1953 publication, the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans were extended southward, the Indian and Pacific Oceans (which had not previously touched pre 1953, as per the first and second editions) now abutted at the meridian of

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Voyagers rounding Cape Horn frequently met with contrary winds and were driven southward into snowy skies and ice-encumbered seas; but so far as can be ascertained none of them before 1770 reached the Antarctic Circle, or knew it, if they did.

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The IHO readdressed the question of the Southern Ocean in a survey in 2000. Of its 68 member nations, 28 responded, and all responding members except Argentina agreed to redefine the ocean, reflecting the importance placed by oceanographers on

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One reason for considering it as a separate ocean stems from the fact that much of the water of the Southern Ocean differs from the water in the other oceans. Water gets transported around the Southern Ocean fairly rapidly because of the

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Subdivisions of oceans are geographical features such as "seas", "straits", "bays", "channels", and "gulfs". There are many sudivisions of the Southern Ocean defined in the never-approved 2002 draft fourth edition of the IHO publication

3071:. Reduced marine productivity would also mean that the ocean absorbs less carbon (though not within the 21st century), which could increase the ultimate long-term warming in response to anthropogenic emissions (thus raising the overall 3600:

The four species that inhabit sea ice are thought to make up 50% of the total biomass of the world's seals. Crabeater seals have a population of around 15 million, making them one of the most numerous large animals on the planet. The

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Constable, Andrew J.; Melbourne-Thomas, Jessica; Corney, Stuart P.; Arrigo, Kevin R.; Barbraud, Christophe; Barnes, David K. A.; Bindoff, Nathaniel L.; Boyd, Philip W.; Brandt, Angelika; Costa, Daniel P.; Davidson, Andrew T. (2014).

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which circulates around Antarctica. Water in the Southern Ocean south of, for example, New Zealand, resembles the water in the Southern Ocean south of South America more closely than it resembles the water in the Pacific Ocean.

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Lenton, T. M.; Armstrong McKay, D.I.; Loriani, S.; Abrams, J.F.; Lade, S.J.; Donges, J.F.; Milkoreit, M.; Powell, T.; Smith, S.R.; Zimm, C.; Buxton, J.E.; Daube, Bruce C.; Krummel, Paul B.; Loh, Zoë; Luijkx, Ingrid T. (2023).

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Smith RC, Prézelin BB, Baker KS, Bidigare RR, Boucher NP, Coley T, Karentz D, MacIntyre S, Matlick HA, Menzies D, et al. (1992). "Ozone depletion: ultraviolet radiation and phytoplankton biology in antarctic waters".

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Area inside the black line indicates the area constituting the Pacific Ocean prior to 2002; darker blue areas are its informal current borders following the recreation of the Southern Ocean and the reinclusion of marginal

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in early February 2019. The expedition's multibeam sonar team identified the deepest point at 60° 28' 46"S, 025° 32' 32"W, with a depth of 7,434 metres (24,390 ft). The expedition leader and chief submersible pilot

4065:. International agreements came into force in late 1999 to reduce illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, which in the 1998–99 season landed five to six times more Patagonian toothfish than the regulated fishery. 3867:

is found in the high-latitude areas near ice. Due to their low nutritional value, they are normally only eaten by fish, with larger animals such as birds and marine mammals only eating them when other food is scarce.

3362:, with the greatest concentration located on and around Antarctica. Four of the 18 penguin species live and breed on the mainland and its close offshore islands. Another four species live on the subantarctic islands. 2568:

which moves perpetually eastward – chasing and joining itself, and at 21,000 km (13,000 mi) in length – it comprises the world's longest ocean current, transporting 130 million cubic metres per second

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Even under the most intense climate change scenario, which is currently considered unlikely, the Southern Ocean would continue to function as a strong sink in the 21st century, and take up an increasing amount of

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in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius. At some coastal points, persistent intense drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice-free throughout the winter.

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proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe. Yet, geographers have often disagreed on whether the Southern Ocean should be defined as a body of water bound by the seasonally fluctuating

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Jung, A.; P. Johnson; J.T. Eastman; A.L. Devries (1995). "Protein content and freezing avoidance properties of the subdermal extracellular matrix and serum of the Antarctic snailfish, Paraliparis devriesi".

932:("Unknown Southern Land"), a vast continent stretching in parts into the tropics. The search for this great south land was a leading motive of explorers in the 16th and the early part of the 17th centuries. 3091:. However, the decline or an outright collapse of the AMOC would have similar but opposite impacts, and the two would counteract each other up to a point. Both impacts would also occur alongside the other 2775:

Sea temperatures vary from about −2 to 10 °C (28 to 50 °F). Cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently become intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and

2936:(ACC) is also warming faster than the global average. This warming directly affects the flow of warm and cold water masses which make up the overturning circulation, and it also has negative impacts on 3701:. Many larger animals depend on krill for their own survival. During the winter when food is scarce, adult Antarctic krill can revert to a smaller juvenile stage, using their own body as nutrition. 3047:

The impacts of Southern Ocean overturning circulation collapse have also been less closely studied, though scientists expect them to unfold over multiple centuries. A notable example is the loss of

8693: 1253:, whence he sailed eastward keeping as far south as the floating ice allowed. The Antarctic Circle was crossed on 20 December and Cook remained south of it for three days, compelled after reaching 1241:. On 16 March, the approaching winter drove him northward for rest to New Zealand and the tropical islands of the Pacific. In November 1773, Cook left New Zealand, having parted company with the 1316:. He thereby laid open the way for future Antarctic exploration by exploding the myth of a habitable southern continent. Cook's most southerly discovery of land lay on the temperate side of the 6934:

Schine, Casey M. S.; Alderkamp, Anne-Carlijn; van Dijken, Gert; Gerringa, Loes J. A.; Sergi, Sara; Laan, Patrick; van Haren, Hans; van de Poll, Willem H.; Arrigo, Kevin R. (22 February 2021).

5057: 4030:, which lies in the middle of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and serves as the dividing line between the very cold polar surface waters to the south and the warmer waters to the north. The 4120:

escort for access. Most Antarctic ports are operated by government research stations and, except in an emergency, remain closed to commercial or private vessels; vessels in any port south of

1508:, the northernmost point of the Antarctic mainland, while Palmer sighted the mainland in the area south of Trinity Peninsula in November 1820. Von Bellingshausen's expedition also discovered 6226: 5324:&c. &c. Forming a Complete Body of Geography, Physical, Political, Statistical, and Commercial with Addenda, Containing the Present State of the New Governments in South America... 799:

authorities define the Southern Ocean as including the entire body of water between Antarctica and the south coasts of Australia and New Zealand, and up to 60°S elsewhere. Coastal maps of

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Li, Qian; England, Matthew H.; Hogg, Andrew McC.; Rintoul, Stephen R.; Morrison, Adele K. (29 March 2023). "Abyssal ocean overturning slowdown and warming driven by Antarctic meltwater".

3997: 1229:, but from the rough determination of his longitude by Kerguelen, Cook reached the assigned latitude 10° too far east and did not see it. He turned south again and was stopped by ice in 8401:

Eastman, J.T.; M.J. Lannoo (1998). "Morphology of the Brain and Sense Organs in the Snailfish Paraliparis devriesi: Neural Convergence and Sensory Compensation on the Antarctic Shelf".

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Few ports or harbors exist on the southern (Antarctic) coast of the Southern Ocean, since ice conditions limit use of most shores to short periods in midsummer; even then some require

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Stewart, K. D.; Hogg, A. McC.; England, M. H.; Waugh, D. W. (2 November 2020). "Response of the Southern Ocean Overturning Circulation to Extreme Southern Annular Mode Conditions".

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in their blood and tissue, allowing them to live in water that is around or slightly below 0 °C (32 °F). Antifreeze proteins are also known from Southern Ocean snailfish.

15807: 2984:, which already appears to have been observably weakened by the freshening, in spite of the limited recovery during 2010s. Since the 1970s, the upper cell has strengthened by 3-4 7663:

Silvano, Alessandro; Rintoul, Stephen Rich; Peña-Molino, Beatriz; Hobbs, William Richard; van Wijk, Esmee; Aoki, Shigeru; Tamura, Takeshi; Williams, Guy Darvall (18 April 2018).

4708:...As such, the Southern Ocean is now the fourth largest of the world's five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Indian Ocean, but larger than the Arctic Ocean). 2980:

Ocean cause the upper cell circulation to speed up, accelerating the flow of major currents, while the lower cell circulation slows down, as it is dependent on the highly saline

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proved disappointing. They turned south in the hope of finding a better sealing ground. The season was unusually mild and tranquil, and on 20 February 1823 the two ships reached

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Zhou, Shenjie; Meijers, Andrew J. S.; Meredith, Michael P.; Abrahamsen, E. Povl; Holland, Paul R.; Silvano, Alessandro; Sallée, Jean-Baptiste; Østerhus, Svein (12 June 2023).

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Hydrographic Offices who issue separate publications dealing with this area are therefore left to decide their own northern limits (Great Britain uses Latitude of 55 South.)

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Antarctic Challenge: Conflicting Interests, Cooperation, Environmental Protection, Economic Development: Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium, June 22nd–24th, 1983

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Lee, Sang-Ki; Lumpkin, Rick; Gomez, Fabian; Yeager, Stephen; Lopez, Hosmay; Takglis, Filippos; Dong, Shenfu; Aguiar, Wilton; Kim, Dongmin; Baringer, Molly (13 March 2023).

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Constable, A. J.; Costa, D. P.; Schofield, O.; Newman, L.; Urban Jr, E. R.; Fulton, E. A.; Melbourne-Thomas, J.; Ballerini, T.; Boyd, P. W.; Brandt, A; Willaim, K. (2016).

8747: 7121:, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. 3977:

ruled that Japan's whaling program, which Japan has long claimed is for scientific purposes, was a cloak for commercial whaling, and no further permits would be granted.

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also occur in the region, especially among the snailfish). Southern Ocean snailfish are generally found in deep waters, while the icefish also occur in shallower waters.

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difficult to lay down owing to their seasonal change. The limits of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans have therefore been extended South to the Antarctic Continent.

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define their routes as involving the Southern Ocean, the actual routes don't enter the actual geographical boundaries of the Southern Ocean. The routes involve instead

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A Compendious Geographical Dictionary, Containing, a Concise Description of the Most Remarkable Places, Ancient and Modern, in Europe, Asia, Africa, & America, ...

6858: 3597:) live solitary lives. Although these species hunt underwater, they breed on land or ice and spend a great deal of time there, as they have no terrestrial predators. 2100:, the Southern Ocean differs from the other oceans in that its largest boundary, the northern boundary, does not abut a landmass (as it did with the first edition of 975:

in 1615, they proved that the Tierra del Fuego archipelago was of small extent and not connected to the southern land, as previously thought. Subsequently, in 1642,

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National Geographic announced Tuesday that it is officially recognizing the body of water surrounding the Antarctic as the Earth's fifth ocean: the Southern Ocean.

719:, scientists and nations – and even by some within the IHO. Some nations' hydrographic offices have defined their own boundaries; the United Kingdom used the 6891:

Liu, Y.; Moore, J. K.; Primeau, F.; Wang, W. L. (22 December 2022). "Reduced CO2 uptake and growing nutrient sequestration from slowing overturning circulation".

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The rocky shores of mainland Antarctica and its offshore islands provide nesting space for over 100 million birds every spring. These nesters include species of

2658:, driving a significant flow of water northward. This is actually a type of coastal upwelling. Since there are no continents in a band of open latitudes between 8666: 7202:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

6253: 5769: 2471:. Interest in the potential exploitation of polymetallic nodules generated a great deal of activity among prospective mining consortia in the 1960s and 1970s. 2125:

appears generally narrow and unusually deep, its edge lying at depths up to 800 m (2,600 ft), compared to a global mean of 133 m (436 ft).

2442:, accumulation of valuable minerals such as gold, formed by gravity separation during sedimentary processes are also expected to exist in the Southern Ocean. 9234: 5525: 4282: 882:

first brought explorers within touch of the Antarctic cold, and proved that there was an ocean separating Africa from any Antarctic land that might exist.

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than the regulated fishery, likely affects the sustainability of the stock. Long-line fishing for toothfish causes a high incidence of seabird mortality.

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to equinox in line with the sun's seasonal influence, the Antarctic ice pack fluctuates from an average minimum of 2.6 million square kilometres (1.0

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The new delineation of seas as subdivisions of oceans has avoided the need to interrupt the northern boundary of the Southern Ocean where intersected by

6207: 2830:(sometimes referred to as the Southern Meridional overturning circulation (SMOC) or Antarctic overturning circulation) is the southern half of a global 9910: 7612:

Shi, Jia-Rui; Talley, Lynne D.; Xie, Shang-Ping; Peng, Qihua; Liu, Wei (29 November 2021). "Ocean warming and accelerating Southern Ocean zonal flow".

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evidence for the overturning circulation being substantially weaker than now during past periods that were both warmer and colder than now. However,

203:. With a size of 20,327,000 km (7,848,000 sq mi), it is the second-smallest of the five principal oceanic divisions, smaller than the 8999: 5605: 870:– a vast continent in the far south of the globe to "balance" the northern lands of Eurasia and North Africa – which had existed since the times of 782: 12879: 1572: 8972: 8922: 8863: 5839: 8499: 6615: 6223: 5423: 5393: 2667: 1873:, was trapped and crushed by pack ice before they even landed. The expedition members survived after an epic journey on sledges over pack ice to 752:

oceans as extending to Antarctica on its maps, although articles on the National Geographic web site have begun to reference the Southern Ocean.

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As is discussed in more detail below, prior to the 2002 edition the limits of oceans explicitly excluded the seas lying within each of them. The

2850:) at specific points. Thermohaline circulation transports not only massive volumes of warm and cold water across the planet, but also dissolved 12884: 12851: 10319: 9386:"The International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBCSO) Version 1.0—A new bathymetric compilation covering circum-Antarctic waters" 6333: 3075:) and/or prolong the time warming persists before it starts declining on the geological timescales. There is also expected to be a decline in 3012:

Evidence suggests that the Antarctic bottom water requires a temperature range close to current conditions to be at full strength. During the

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The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is the strongest current system in the world oceans, linking the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific basins.

343:. The 2000 IHO definition was circulated as a draft edition in 2002, and is used by some within the IHO and other organizations, such as the 7373:. Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Vol. 2021. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1239–1241. 6811:"Developing priority variables ("ecosystem Essential Ocean Variables"—eEOVs) for observing dynamics and change in Southern Ocean ecosystems" 3146:

A variety of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on the phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean. Antarctic sea life includes

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geographic authorities and atlases do not use these latter three names, including the 2014 10th edition World Atlas from the United States'

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Michael L., Van Woert; et al. (2003). "The Ross Sea Circulation During the 1990s". In DiTullio, Giacomo R.; Dunbar, Robert B. (eds.).

6157: 3092: 1884: 1301: 1297: 1051: 1014: 9077:(88 ed.). Berlin: Duncker & Humblot / Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Internationales Recht / Universität Kiel. p. 99. 6355: 5941: 3937:

All international agreements regarding the world's oceans apply to the Southern Ocean. It is also subject to several regional agreements:

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Marshall, John; Speer, Kevin (26 February 2012). "Closure of the meridional overturning circulation through Southern Ocean upwelling".

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waters, or not defined at all, with its waters instead treated as the southern limits of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans. The

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have not been strongly lowered) depends on the status of the circulation more than any other factor besides the emissions themselves.

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sank in September 1819 when trying to cross Cape Horn. Parts of her wreckage were found months later by sealers on the north coast of

9537: 8716: 7363:; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Edwards, T.L.; Golledge, N.R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). 5084: 1628:

and was the first full map of Australia ever to be published. In French, the map named the ocean immediately below Australia as the

1293: 1026: 16350: 13565: 11779: 8770: 7125:

predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.

6377: 3613:, although historically it had a wider range. Out of all permanent mammalian residents, the Weddell seals live the furthest south. 13573: 8039: 8021: 6300:"154 Rescued From Sinking Ship In Antarctic: Passengers, Crew Boarding Another Ship After Wait In Lifeboats; No Injuries Reported" 5700: 5228:

The statutes at large, of England and of Great-Britain: from Magna Carta to the union of the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland

5032: 4887: 4193:

would also be identified as ports and harbors existing in the Southern Ocean. These would include the larger ports and harbors of

3197:

was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The

760:) which already adopted the principle that seas are contained within oceans. This difference in practice is markedly seen for the 15925: 14931: 13344: 10198: 10144: 8523:"Functional Antifreeze Glycoprotein Genes in Temperate-Water New Zealand Nototheniid Fish Infer an Antarctic Evolutionary Origin" 5867: 5620: 4272: 4267: 4045:

applies to the area south of 60° South latitude as well as the areas further north up to the limit of the Antarctic Convergence.

2799: 335:

in its 2000 revisions, but this has not been formally adopted, due to continuing impasses about some of the content, such as the

309: 258: 40: 5477: 4539:

to the north and east. As they extend north of 60°S, Drake Passage and the Scotia Sea are also described as forming part of the

1785:. They sailed into the Antarctic Ocean, as it was then known, and reported the discovery "of an Antarctic continent west of the 15522: 15120: 14708: 11873: 11586: 11472: 8743: 8189:"Poles Apart: The "Bipolar" Pteropod Species Limacina helicina is Genetically Distinct Between the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans" 7117:"The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. The 6457: 6192: 4019:

catches in the Southern Ocean could seriously impact populations of other marine life which are dependent upon krill for food.

3096: 2827: 2821: 2760: 1055: 946:

in 1603, is recognized as the first explorer that discovered the continent of Antarctica, although he was ignored in his time.

675: 262: 7367:. In Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). 768:

between Australia and New Zealand was not regarded by the IHO as part of the Pacific, but as of the 2002 draft edition it is.

16314: 12841: 11581: 11515: 9501: 9082: 6727: 487:, the Southern Ocean was delineated by land-based limits: Antarctica to the south, and South America, Africa, Australia, and 324:, the precursor to the IHO, convened the First International Conference on 24 July 1919. The IHO then published these in its 170: 8075: 7327: 7204:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 3−32, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001. 3366:

have four overlapping layers of feathers, keeping them warm. They are the only Antarctic animal to breed during the winter.

2743:

away from the centres of the Weddell Gyre, these regions are very productive due to upwelling of cold, nutrient rich water.

1926:

discovered and mapped the last unknown coastline in the world and was the first Antarctic expedition to ever include women.

14260: 11576: 11540: 11479: 10111: 6866: 3033: 2491: 1216:"He holds his own chart of the Southern Ocean on the table and his right hand points to the east coast of Australia on it." 289: 15125: 9515: 1078: 733:, yet its description of the Indian Ocean contradicts this, describing the Indian Ocean as extending south to Antarctica. 16208: 15889: 15711: 15601: 15370: 13959: 13908: 11569: 11564: 11510: 9874: 7886:"Slowing deep Southern Ocean current may be linked to natural climate cycle—but melting Antarctic ice is still a concern" 7665:"Freshening by glacial meltwater enhances the melting of ice shelves and reduces the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water" 2917: 1982:

on 7 January 1978, becoming the first baby born on the continent. He also was born further south than anyone in history.

1923: 1910: 1860: 1222: 429:

said it lay "to the southward of America and Africa"; John Payne in 1796 used 40 degrees as the northern limit; the 1827

8797: 7712:

Aoki, S.; Yamazaki, K.; Hirano, D.; Katsumata, K.; Shimada, K.; Kitade, Y.; Sasaki, H.; Murase, H. (15 September 2020).

6432: 4720: 2842:(AMOC). This circulation operates when certain currents send warm, oxygenated, nutrient-poor water into the deep ocean ( 2784:

to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth. In winter the ocean freezes outward to

2632:

The Antarctic Convergence is considered to be the best natural definition of the northern extent of the Southern Ocean.

2467:

around a core. The core may be microscopically small and is sometimes completely transformed into manganese minerals by

963:, like Spanish explorers before him, had speculated that there might be an open channel south of Tierra del Fuego. When 15659: 15240: 15179: 11438: 10312: 9915: 1957: 1738: 1434: 1384: 222:

The maximum depth of the Southern Ocean, using the definition that it lies south of 60th parallel, was surveyed by the

9214: 8372: 6267: 1472: 1320:, and he convinced himself that if land lay farther south it was practically inaccessible and without economic value. 15682: 12815: 11520: 9652: 8662: 8187:

Hunt, B.; J. Strugnell; N. Bednarsek; K. Linse; R.J. Nelson; E. Pakhomov; B. Seibel; D. Steinke; L. Würzberg (2010).

7386: 6699: 6204: 5918: 1521:

Historical maps showing a southern ocean between Antarctica and the continents of South America, Africa and Australia

413:

Authors using "Southern Ocean" to name the waters encircling the unknown southern polar regions used varying limits.

321: 6245: 6103: 5780: 5746: 5732: 15760: 12764: 11535: 11525: 11467: 11445: 11428: 11423: 11342: 10011: 9925: 9242: 8128:

Havermans, C.; G. Sonet; C. d'Udekem d'Acoz; Z. T. Nagy; P. Martin; S. Brix; T. Riehl; S. Agrawal; C. Held (2013).

6505: 3945: 2994: 2764: 2044:

that completed the first autonomous circumnavigation of the Southern Ocean on 3 August 2019 after 196 days at sea.

5533: 4130: 15991: 15977: 15951: 15788: 13759: 13285: 13197: 12931: 11545: 11374: 11240: 11154: 11104: 10006: 9889: 9667: 9588: 1409: 1308:

by him), the only ice-clad land he had seen, before crossing the South Atlantic to the Cape of Good Hope between

666:—with no land interruptions at this latitude—with the other 14 votes cast for other definitions, mostly the 14682: 3020:

and the overturning circulation was much weaker than now. It was also weaker during the periods warmer than now.

2629:, and resultant foodchains supporting fish, whales, seals, penguins, albatrosses and a wealth of other species. 1191:, a lower southern latitude than had ever been voluntarily entered before by any vessel. On 17 January 1773 the 15814: 15784: 14127: 14117: 13701: 13403: 13244: 11489: 9879: 9140: 8322: 6064: 5992:

A voyage towards the South Pole: performed in the years 1822–24, containing an examination of the Antarctic Sea

4908:"Climate change and Southern Ocean ecosystems I: how changes in physical habitats directly affect marine biota" 3974: 3941: 1625: 950: 729:

describes the Southern Ocean as extending as far north as South America, and confers great significance on the

15425: 8291: 5178: 2613:

encircling Antarctica, where cold northward-flowing Antarctic waters meet the relatively warmer waters of the

1956:

was signed on 1 December 1959 and came into force on 23 June 1961. Among other provisions, this treaty limits

1753: 1745:(sometimes called "the Wilkes Expedition"), an expedition sailed from Sydney, Australia, on the sloops-of-war 953:

took possession for the king of Spain all of the lands he had discovered in Australia del Espiritu Santo (the

15587: 15097: 14230: 11799: 11784: 10305: 9869: 9831: 9642: 7812:"Human-induced changes in the global meridional overturning circulation are emerging from the Southern Ocean" 7118: 4210: 3536: 2933: 2707: 2565: 2109: 2090: 2051:

expedition on the Southern Ocean was accomplished on 25 December 2019 by a team of rowers comprising captain

2041: 1852: 1714: 488: 6531: 3443:(family Channichthyidae), also known as white-blooded fish, are only found in the Southern Ocean. They lack 1922:. He covered 3,600 miles (5,790 km) by ski and dog sled – more than any other explorer in history. The 390:"Southern Ocean" is an obsolete name for the Pacific Ocean or South Pacific, coined by the Spanish explorer 15496: 15382: 15225: 14271: 13732: 13500: 12910: 11832: 11484: 11114: 10841: 10546: 9780: 9710: 9657: 9630: 7605: 7197: 1059: 568:

In the second edition, the Southern Ocean then extended from Antarctica northward to latitude 40°S between

312:'s delineation of the "Southern Ocean" has moved steadily southward since the original 1928 edition of its 231:, has proposed naming this deepest point the "Factorian Deep", based on the name of the crewed submersible 12773: 8345: 5360: 3919: 2960:

consistently show that the year when global warming will reach 2 °C (3.6 °F) (inevitable in all

2932:, the temperature in the upper layer of the ocean has warmed 1 °C (1.8 °F) since 1955, and the 997: 272:

The Southern Ocean overturning circulation is important because it makes up the second half of the global

15944: 15566: 15400: 15341: 15295: 13524: 13413: 13151: 12836: 10971: 10137: 10106: 9894: 9826: 9715: 9315: 9136: 8995: 7908:"No detectable Weddell Sea Antarctic Bottom Water export during the Last and Penultimate Glacial Maximum" 6862: 6607: 6013: 5624: 3310: 2925: 2711: 2309: 2122: 1693: 737: 687: 553: 418: 366: 336: 7488:

Haumann, F. Alexander; Gruber, Nicolas; Münnich, Matthias; Frenger, Ivy; Kern, Stefan (September 2016).

5452: 5210:

He named it the Southern Ocean, but in 1520 Magellan sailed into the Southern Ocean and named it Pacific

4797:

Haumann, F. Alexander; Gruber, Nicolas; Münnich, Matthias; Frenger, Ivy; Kern, Stefan (September 2016).

2617:, Antarctic waters predominantly sink beneath subantarctic waters, while associated zones of mixing and 1808:(both of which were named for him) in 1841. He sailed along a huge wall of ice that was later named the 786:

A map of Australia's official interpretation of the names and limits of oceans and seas around Australia

16304: 15029: 15003: 14996: 14447: 14348: 14340: 14323: 13941: 13487: 13339: 13278: 13156: 12846: 12092: 11866: 11149: 11134: 10432: 10417: 10226: 9976: 9961: 9920: 9884: 9581: 8968: 8918: 8859: 7889: 7714:"Reversal of freshening trend of Antarctic Bottom Water in the Australian-Antarctic Basin during 2010s" 7425:"Intense ocean freshening from melting glacier around the Antarctica during early twenty-first century" 4289: 4198: 2037: 561:

The northern limits of the Southern Ocean were moved southward in the IHO's 1937 second edition of the

391: 14736: 9321: 8495: 6638:"An Ocean Like No Other: the Southern Ocean's ecological richness and significance for global climate" 5416:"Map accompanying second edition of IHO Publication Limits of Oceans and Seas, Special Publication 23" 3455:), was once the most common fish in coastal waters less than 400 metres (1,312 ft) deep, but was 3051:

from Antarctic bottom water diminishing ocean productivity and ultimately the state of Southern Ocean

2971:

Greater warming of this ocean water increases ice loss from Antarctica, and also generates more fresh

725: 596:

or at least be aware of, how the 2002 change in IHO terminology for "seas" can affect the comparison.

16127: 15737: 15433: 15232: 15017: 14899: 14702: 14584: 14435: 14284: 14222: 14209: 14082: 13808: 13460: 13254: 13166: 11530: 11462: 11433: 11418: 11159: 11084: 9635: 7142:"Stratification constrains future heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean between 30°S and 55°S" 7099: 6662: 6363: 5386:"Map accompanying first edition of IHO Publication Limits of Oceans and Seas, Special Publication 23" 4194: 3879:

microbial communities within them. As a result, they function as indicators of environmental health.

3561:), reach only 150 kilograms (331 lb). These two species live north of the sea ice, and breed in 3459:

in the 1970s and 1980s. Schools of icefish spend the day at the seafloor and the night higher in the

2806: 2603: 2033:

to have sunk at approximately position: 62° 24′ South, 57° 16′ West, in roughly 600 m of water.

1878: 1817: 775:

which includes all of the waters from South America to the Antarctic coast, nor interrupt it for the

711:

uses "Southern Ocean", but none of the other new sea names within the "Southern Ocean", such as the "

292:

and collapsing outright. The latter would have adverse impacts on global weather and the function of

163: 9335: 6997:"NOAA Scientists Detect a Reshaping of the Meridional Overturning Circulation in the Southern Ocean" 6307: 4780:"NOAA Scientists Detect a Reshaping of the Meridional Overturning Circulation in the Southern Ocean" 4610: 2582:

Several processes operate along the coast of Antarctica to produce, in the Southern Ocean, types of

16277: 15868: 15862: 15780: 15654: 15439: 15165: 15041: 14891: 14779: 14563: 13176: 11119: 11036: 10619: 10332: 9996: 9986: 9770: 9742: 9698: 4090: 3705: 3274: 3261: 3004:

Since the 1970s, the upper cell of the circulation has strengthened, while the lower cell weakened.

2965: 2913: 2867: 2855: 2831: 2313: 2048: 1915: 723:

for example. Other organisations favour more northerly limits for the Southern Ocean. For example,

443: 273: 85: 13579: 10297: 6133: 6043: 5582: 4999: 4177:

Based on the original 1928 IHO delineation of the Southern Ocean (and the 1937 delineation if the

1429:). It is unknown if some survivor managed to be the first to set foot on these Antarctic islands. 356:

The Australian Government regards the Southern Ocean as lying immediately south of Australia (see

16401: 16344: 16007: 15160: 15034: 14954: 14463: 14290: 13492: 13161: 12044: 11766: 11457: 11364: 11041: 10751: 10746: 10026: 9930: 9816: 9612: 8887:"Epimeria of the Southern Ocean with notes on their relatives (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Eusiroidea)" 5671: 4003: 3988: 3710: 3609:), one of the rarest and most localised pinnipeds, breeds almost exclusively on the subantarctic 3432:

suborder, collectively sometimes referred to as icefish. The suborder contains many species with

3264:

and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. The research is part of the global

3113: 2961: 1953: 1454: 1397: 1380: 980: 530:, along the west coast of King Island, then the remainder of the way south across Bass Strait to 9528: 6154: 5649: 4692: 4659: 2928:

since 1971. Since 2005, from 67% to 98% of this increase has occurred in the Southern Ocean. In

475: 296:

here, unfolding over centuries. The ongoing warming is already changing marine ecosystems here.

16406: 16282: 15848: 13780: 12365: 11743: 11550: 11144: 10947: 10157: 10130: 10001: 9821: 7122: 6462: 5490: 4536: 4528: 4507: 4237: 4178: 3218: 3117: 2981: 2599: 2591: 2022: 1779: 1426: 1405: 1025:, i.e. in the Southern Ocean/Antarctic. Soon after the voyage cartographers started to depict " 625: 588: 527: 510:. From Cape Leeuwin, the limit then followed eastward along the coast of mainland Australia to 15115: 6385: 5958: 5559: 5250: 5223: 4073: 3992:. It was signed at the conclusion of a multilateral conference in London on 11 February 1972. 3424:

suborder, such as this young icefish, are mostly restricted to the Antarctic and Subantarctic.

3028:(AMOC), which is also affected by the ocean warming and by meltwater flows from the declining 2904:

of heat per every additional degree of warming than it does now (right), as well as a smaller

2089:, roughly 30 million years ago. The separation of the continents allowed the formation of the 1018: 992: 16287: 16256: 16061: 16014: 15913: 15717: 15636: 15579: 15328: 15322: 15172: 15130: 15092: 15072: 14667: 14442: 14278: 14188: 14170: 14087: 14058: 14048: 13936: 13873: 13647: 13146: 11890: 11886: 11859: 11836: 11700: 11620: 11263: 11164: 10773: 10286: 10251: 10021: 9971: 9966: 9861: 9703: 9647: 9625: 7761:

Gunn, Kathryn L.; Rintoul, Stephen R.; England, Matthew H.; Bowen, Melissa M. (25 May 2023).

6491: 5893: 5616: 5606:"Proposal for the preparation of a new International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean" 5338: 5321: 5297: 5280: 4972: 4592: 4257: 4241: 4171: 4027: 3821: 3704:

Many benthic crustaceans have a non-seasonal breeding cycle, and some raise their young in a

3265: 2610: 2118: 1868: 1846: 1621: 1537: 1466: 1438: 1022: 828: 730: 246: 223: 56: 14328: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7348: 6407: 6173: 5829:

One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

4907: 3447:

in their blood, resulting in their blood being colourless. One Channichthyidae species, the

2720:

has been noted to persist in the central area of the Ross Gyre. There is some evidence that

2564:

While the Southern is the second smallest ocean it contains the unique and highly energetic

2081:

The Southern Ocean, geologically the youngest of the oceans, was formed when Antarctica and

1371: 16141: 16133: 16076: 15664: 15528: 15454: 15446: 15246: 15186: 15145: 14758: 14749: 14620: 14615: 14519: 14383: 14140: 14102: 13709: 13479: 13447: 13391: 13371: 13259: 13239: 13181: 13141: 13136: 12757: 12212: 11710: 10686: 10404: 9448: 9400: 9031: 8572: 8453: 8256: 8200: 8141: 8025: 7973: 7919: 7877: 7823: 7774: 7621: 7570: 7501: 7436: 7283: 7227: 7153: 7140:

Bourgeois, Timothée; Goris, Nadine; Schwinger, Jörg; Tjiputra, Jerry F. (17 January 2022).

7062: 7042: 7023: 6947: 6822: 4919: 4891: 4810: 4631: 4532: 4399: 4062: 3908: 3602: 3501: 3481: 3344: 3298: 3013: 2949: 2871: 1746: 1404:

on 19 February 1819. A few months later Smith returned to explore the other islands of the

515: 285: 269:

now defines the body of water which lies south of the northern limit of that circulation.

156: 15509: 13914: 13897: 9534: 7214:

von Schuckmann, K.; Cheng, L.; Palmer, M. D.; Hansen, J.; et al. (7 September 2020).

6077:

Erki Tammiksaar (14 December 2013). "Punane Bellingshausen" [Red Bellingshausen].

5299:

Geographical extracts, forming a general view of earth and nature... illustrated with maps

4438: 4413: 2706:

respectively, and both rotate clockwise. The gyres are formed by interactions between the

8: 16262: 16184: 15649: 15572: 15488: 15269: 15261: 15210: 14850: 14808: 14303: 14266: 14155: 13919: 13789: 13592: 13397: 13212: 13053: 12869: 12513: 12307: 11936: 11359: 11024: 10961: 10937: 10768: 10629: 10575: 10516: 10487: 10427: 10422: 10173: 10096: 10073: 10031: 9981: 9956: 9730: 9688: 9385: 8127: 7345: 7207: 6272: 4511: 4482: 4159: 4121: 4098: 4035: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3816:), which at up to 14 metres (46 ft) is among the largest invertebrate in the world. 3793: 3787: 3473: 3405: 3359: 3336: 3290: 3088: 3080: 3072: 3041: 3029: 2976: 2941: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2736: 2663: 2587: 2536: 2532: 2510: 2496: 2406: 2184: 2097: 1773: 1760: 1390: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1289: 1285: 1258: 1250: 1246: 1238: 1234: 1188: 1184: 1144: 1090: 1071: 1047: 1040: 943: 939: 720: 671: 667: 663: 332: 233: 196: 20: 13902: 9452: 9404: 9035: 8576: 8457: 8260: 8204: 8145: 8102: 7977: 7923: 7827: 7778: 7625: 7574: 7505: 7440: 7364: 7287: 7231: 7190: 7157: 7135: 7133: 7066: 7027: 6951: 6936:"Massive Southern Ocean phytoplankton bloom fed by iron of possible hydrothermal origin" 6826: 5728:

Chart Aus343: Australia South Coast – South Australia – Whidbey Isles to Cape Du Couedic

4923: 4814: 4761: 3178:

has distinctive feathers around the eyes, giving the appearance of elaborate eyelashes.

1457:. It is certain that the expedition, led by von Bellingshausen and Lazarev on the ships 1050:

in January 1700, but that latitude (he reached 140 mi off the north coast of

545:

and then went eastward to Broughton Island, New Zealand, before returning to Cape Horn.

15983: 15875: 15856: 15420: 15395: 14937: 14831: 14795: 14771: 14662: 14509: 14484: 14480: 14470: 14376: 14354: 14333: 14214: 14204: 13951: 13839: 13767: 13440: 13431: 13423: 13334: 13314: 13080: 13070: 12508: 12405: 12049: 11911: 11647: 11268: 11231: 11109: 10555: 10477: 10437: 10412: 10266: 10231: 10016: 9480: 9424: 8596: 8469: 8426: 8272: 8223: 8188: 8164: 8129: 8043: 7999: 7940: 7907: 7853:"Slowdown of Antarctic Bottom Water export driven by climatic wind and sea-ice changes" 7738: 7713: 7689: 7664: 7645: 7594: 7543: 7465: 7424: 7309: 7174: 7141: 6968: 6935: 6916: 6840: 6791: 5495: 4951: 4852: 4486: 4315: 4218: 3961: 3829: 3758: 3554: 3553:), can reach up to 4,000 kilograms (8,818 lb), while females of the smallest, the 3433: 3254: 3194: 3175: 3064: 2921: 2891: 2435: 2371: 2272: 2001: 1986: 1938: 1899: 1742: 1557: 1067: 887: 883: 707: 452: 345: 288:, and which may also result in the circulation substantially slowing or even passing a 7763:"Recent reduced abyssal overturning and ventilation in the Australian Antarctic Basin" 6636:

Fraser, Ceridwen; Christina, Hulbe; Stevens, Craig; Griffiths, Huw (6 December 2020).

6006: 3647: 3636:), grows to 24 metres (79 ft) long weighing 84 tonnes. Many of these species are 1054:) was his farthest south. A determined effort on the part of the French naval officer 237:, in which he successfully visited the bottom for the first time on February 3, 2019. 16355: 16161: 16155: 16111: 16096: 16025: 15997: 15905: 15842: 15752: 15724: 15704: 15642: 15550: 15514: 15388: 15355: 15348: 15301: 15283: 15200: 14949: 14818: 14766: 14672: 14625: 14553: 14542: 14254: 14244: 14236: 14132: 14122: 14033: 14028: 14011: 13977: 13844: 13831: 13652: 13558: 13516: 13511: 13301: 13249: 13171: 13100: 13090: 13013: 12267: 12217: 12009: 11951: 11728: 11347: 11174: 11139: 11000: 10995: 10976: 10785: 10612: 10372: 10078: 9951: 9620: 9497: 9472: 9464: 9428: 9416: 9088: 9078: 9055: 9047: 8588: 8544: 8418: 8228: 8169: 8003: 7945: 7792: 7743: 7694: 7649: 7637: 7598: 7586: 7547: 7535: 7527: 7470: 7452: 7382: 7313: 7179: 7130: 7104: 7080: 6973: 6920: 6908: 6795: 6723: 6695: 5914: 5863: 5474: 4943: 4935: 4856: 4844: 4836: 4403: 4245: 4226: 3693: 3440: 3348: 3347:

and some smaller surrounding islands. Freshwater ducks inhabit South Georgia and the

3183: 2445: 2341: 2289: 2200: 1964: 1898:

and more than 4,700 military personnel visited the Antarctic in an expedition called

1877:. Then Shackleton and five others crossed the Southern Ocean, in an open boat called 1864: 1828: 1821: 1767: 1505: 1442: 1422: 1401: 1095: 875: 816: 507: 403: 399: 9484: 9351: 8430: 8276: 8015: 8013: 7901: 7899: 3875:

are long-lived and sensitive to environmental changes due to the specificity of the

3171: 2021:

was abandoned in the early hours of 23 November 2007 after taking on water near the

565:. From this edition, much of the ocean's northern limit ceased to abut land masses. 16372: 16104: 15796: 15676: 15502: 15475: 15415: 15290: 15220: 15205: 14944: 14873: 14868: 14842: 14837: 14719: 14642: 14595: 14362: 14182: 14147: 14043: 14038: 13972: 13886: 13668: 13660: 13546: 13466: 13418: 13408: 13381: 13110: 12528: 12380: 11931: 11851: 11809: 11804: 11794: 11723: 11400: 11354: 11297: 11226: 11089: 10983: 10932: 10910: 10763: 10710: 10649: 10068: 9456: 9408: 9039: 8894: 8600: 8580: 8534: 8473: 8461: 8410: 8264: 8218: 8208: 8159: 8149: 7989: 7981: 7935: 7927: 7906:

Huang, Huang; Gutjahr, Marcus; Eisenhauer, Anton; Kuhn, Gerhard (22 January 2020).

7864: 7831: 7782: 7733: 7725: 7684: 7676: 7656: 7629: 7578: 7517: 7509: 7460: 7444: 7409: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7374: 7299: 7291: 7267: 7245: 7235: 7169: 7161: 7091: 7070: 7031: 7007: 6963: 6955: 6900: 6844: 6830: 6781: 5934: 5835: 4955: 4927: 4872: 4826: 4818: 4428: 4339: 4031: 3659: 3637: 3610: 3515: 3448: 3375: 3363: 3222: 3068: 2401: 2240: 2056: 1797: 1545: 1513: 1501: 1450: 1417: 1269: 1192: 1156: 1128: 895: 891: 855: 383: 293: 9187:"Text of the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources" 9186: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6835: 6810: 5415: 5385: 4346: 3718:, reaching 20 centimetres (8 in) in length weighing 70 grams (2.47 oz). 394:, the first European to discover the Pacific, who approached it from the north in 16411: 16362: 16309: 16294: 16200: 16195: 16119: 16084: 16020: 15919: 15834: 15801: 15533: 15316: 15308: 15277: 15193: 15153: 14907: 14863: 14803: 14727: 14697: 14692: 14652: 14630: 14578: 14514: 14504: 14455: 14177: 14162: 14015: 13984: 13946: 13696: 13624: 13618: 13541: 13506: 13366: 13085: 13075: 12978: 12750: 12742: 12648: 12618: 12598: 12518: 12182: 12177: 12162: 12132: 12097: 12019: 11916: 11695: 11196: 11184: 11169: 11124: 11074: 11014: 10956: 10917: 10905: 10898: 10807: 10624: 10607: 10582: 10246: 10193: 10183: 10178: 10122: 10052: 9836: 9811: 9737: 9693: 9683: 9541: 9221: 9173: 9161: 8213: 8154: 8010: 7896: 7320: 6927: 6886: 6884: 6717: 6689: 6249: 6230: 6211: 6180: 6161: 5954: 4583: 4110: 4082: 3847:

burrow through the sediment eating the nutrients they find in it. Two species of

3775: 3685: 3651: 3562: 3279: 3214: 3167: 3109: 2929: 2740: 2732: 2626: 2540: 2517: 2503: 2468: 2383: 2216: 2064: 2025:

in the Southern Ocean, an area which is usually stormy but was calm at the time.

1895: 1874: 1786: 1729: 1176: 1033:

was aware of la Roché's discovery when surveying and mapping the island in 1775.

1006: 964: 916: 879: 866:

Exploration of the Southern Ocean was inspired by a belief in the existence of a

839: 804: 716: 621: 577: 542: 464: 448: 350: 14885: 12292: 9314: 7844: 7705: 7395: 7370:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I

3428:

Cod icefish (Nototheniidae), as well as several other families, are part of the

2551: 2104:). Instead, the northern limit is with the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. 1837: 662:. Half of the votes supported a definition of the ocean's northern limit at the 502:

in Africa, then further eastward to the southern coast of mainland Australia to

16336: 16319: 16272: 16231: 16221: 16190: 16049: 16039: 15931: 15881: 15746: 15696: 15669: 15614: 15410: 15405: 15254: 14961: 14923: 14880: 14813: 14787: 14741: 14714: 14687: 14657: 14600: 14558: 14548: 14428: 14421: 14318: 14298: 14110: 14070: 14001: 13797: 13772: 13727: 13691: 13685: 13677: 13637: 13632: 13606: 13586: 13354: 13105: 13095: 12588: 12568: 12533: 12523: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12322: 12312: 12202: 12187: 12069: 11921: 11840: 11789: 11688: 11652: 11632: 11555: 11319: 11211: 11189: 11179: 11031: 11009: 10893: 10888: 10873: 10868: 10795: 10741: 10693: 10664: 10570: 10560: 10271: 10188: 10062: 10057: 10047: 9946: 9447:(5558). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 1275–1277. 9361: 7931: 7869: 7852: 7836: 7811: 7803: 7787: 7762: 7729: 7633: 7582: 7522: 7448: 7262: 7250: 7165: 7075: 7050: 6984: 6959: 6904: 4831: 4540: 4351: 4327: 4106: 4102: 4094: 3809: 3566: 3429: 3421: 3238: 3187: 3159: 2897: 2875: 2721: 2439: 2359: 2208: 1809: 1665: 1509: 1394: 1342:

captained by Matthew Brisbane. Together they sailed to the South Orkneys where

1272:. Turning south again, Cook crossed the Antarctic Circle for the third time at 968: 936: 741: 712: 304: 281: 228: 208: 128: 8465: 8268: 7554: 7489: 7378: 7240: 7215: 6881: 5327:

Vol. 1. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. 1827. p. lix.

4798: 2673: 16395: 16299: 16241: 16236: 16226: 16176: 16171: 16147: 16091: 15968: 15962: 15957: 15556: 15467: 15460: 15215: 15010: 14989: 14857: 14635: 14605: 14573: 14568: 14405: 14311: 14194: 13989: 13802: 13752: 13745: 13737: 13642: 13551: 13386: 13023: 12973: 12936: 12820: 12730: 12718: 12538: 12430: 12400: 12385: 12375: 12355: 12282: 12252: 12207: 12197: 12172: 12152: 12122: 12102: 12014: 11989: 11814: 11683: 11675: 11642: 11379: 11329: 11221: 11216: 11206: 11056: 11019: 10927: 10922: 10824: 10729: 10221: 9991: 9785: 9468: 9420: 9330: 9092: 9051: 8633: 7796: 7641: 7531: 7456: 7360: 6242: 5987: 5852:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 961–972. 5843: 5830: 4939: 4840: 4605: 4503: 4499: 4380: 4310: 4303: 4214: 4145: 4132: 3896: 3798: 3625: 3546: 3206: 3076: 2975:, at a rate of 1100-1500 billion tons (GT) per year. This meltwater from the 2957: 2659: 2654:

is found in the Southern Ocean. Strong westerly (eastward) winds blow around

2622: 2579: cu ft/s) of water – 100 times the flow of all the world's rivers. 2281: 2086: 2082: 1944:

in Antarctica in January 1999. She sank on 23 November 2007 after hitting an

1487: 1474: 1328: 1292:

to Tierra del Fuego; then, passing Cape Horn on 29 December, he rediscovered

1180: 1163:

in 1769. The command of the expedition was given by the admiralty to Captain

1152: 1134: 1124: 1063: 1036: 1002: 960: 904: 859: 772: 745: 651: 422: 204: 146: 138: 93: 9460: 9325:, vol. 2 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 100 9196:. Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. 1972 9043: 8539: 8522: 8245: 6786: 6769: 4402:

in his accounts of his Antarctic voyages. Also a translation of the ocean's

3229:

of the Southern Ocean, and is an important food organism for whales, seals,

2141: sq mi) in March to about 18.8 million square kilometres (7.3 858:, showed the imagined link between the proposed continent of Antarctica and 16330: 16324: 15936: 15900: 15766: 15593: 15543: 15482: 15336: 15024: 14975: 14825: 14647: 14610: 14590: 14531: 14065: 14053: 13996: 13924: 13825: 13722: 13716: 13613: 13601: 13474: 13452: 13376: 13329: 13131: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12583: 12458: 12410: 12395: 12390: 12370: 12337: 12317: 12302: 12287: 12262: 12247: 12237: 12192: 12147: 12137: 12127: 12112: 12077: 11999: 11981: 11906: 11718: 11657: 11637: 11627: 11337: 11309: 11064: 10802: 10736: 10705: 10654: 10526: 10455: 10392: 10382: 9476: 9334: 8592: 8548: 8232: 8173: 7949: 7747: 7698: 7680: 7590: 7539: 7474: 7183: 7084: 6977: 5966: 5130: 4947: 4848: 4609: 4233: 4202: 4182: 3928: 3621: 3582: 3574: 3519: 3468: 3460: 3404:

of the more than 320 described fish species of the Southern Ocean (tens of

3394:(which includes cod icefish and several other families) account for almost 3391: 3269: 3230: 3198: 3179: 3170:

is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica, while the

3134: 3037: 2846:), while the cold, oxygen-limited, nutrient-rich water travels upwards (or 2777: 2695: 2691: 2614: 2389: 2264: 2060: 2030: 1975: 1963:

The first person to sail single-handed to Antarctica was the New Zealander

1919: 1813: 1343: 1206: 1120: 954: 812: 749: 705:

usage by many nations, scientists, and organisations such as the U.S. (the

573: 569: 523: 503: 499: 340: 320:

Borders and names for oceans and seas were internationally agreed when the

254: 250: 216: 212: 133: 123: 79: 9549: 9059: 8561: 8422: 8415:

10.1002/(sici)1097-4687(199809)237:3<213::aid-jmor2>3.0.co;2-#

7884:

Silvano, Alessandro; Meijers, Andrew J. S.; Zhou, Shenjie (17 June 2023).

6155:

Historic Names – Norwegian-American Scientific Traverse of East Antarctica

5879:

Peter Barber, "Ortelius' great world map", National Library of Australia,

4527:

is an area defined by the southeastern extremity of South America and the

3753: 2559: 576:

in Western Australia (long. 115°E), and extended to latitude 55°S between

35: 16367: 16267: 16215: 16033: 15820: 15608: 14983: 14915: 14677: 14536: 14499: 14399: 14391: 14199: 13535: 12988: 12661: 12633: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12558: 12553: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12438: 12350: 12345: 12297: 12272: 12087: 12039: 12034: 12004: 11994: 11971: 11941: 11774: 11733: 11664: 11369: 11258: 11201: 11129: 11079: 10966: 10942: 10831: 10669: 10587: 10565: 10541: 10387: 10377: 9795: 9775: 9662: 9436: 8945: 8899: 8886: 8444:

Eastman, J.T. (2005). "The nature of the diversity of Antarctic fishes".

7985: 7490:"Sea-ice transport driving Southern Ocean salinity and its recent trends" 7423:

Pan, Xianliang L.; Li, Bofeng F.; Watanabe, Yutaka W. (10 January 2022).

7295: 6095: 4799:"Sea-ice transport driving Southern Ocean salinity and its recent trends" 4222: 4163: 4008: 3924: 3888: 3825: 3738:

are common, sometimes growing as large as a human hand. They feed on the

3728: 3383: 3210: 3017: 3008: 2989: 2843: 2703: 2635: 2479: 2431: 2347: 2329: 2192: 2176: 1993: 1805: 1790: 1360: 1268:

served to show that there was no land connection between New Zealand and

1148: 976: 796: 640: 519: 331:

The IHO included the ocean and its definition as the waters south of the

192: 8186: 7994: 7513: 6509: 5366:. Australasian Legal Information Institute. 28 November 1881. p. 87 4822: 4620:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 422. 3836:) is one of the subantarctic's most preyed upon species by vertebrates. 2448:

are expected to exist in the Southern Ocean. Manganese nodules are rock

2151: sq mi) in September, more than a sevenfold increase in area. 1843:

As time wore on it became more and more evident that the ship was doomed

1544:. Shows a sea below both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans at a time when 1214:

who proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe.

253:

where cold, northward flowing waters from the Antarctic mix with warmer

16166: 16069: 16053: 15895: 15828: 15729: 15138: 15087: 15047: 14369: 14095: 14023: 13965: 13358: 13326: 13217: 12993: 12697: 12671: 12638: 12628: 12573: 12453: 12360: 12327: 12257: 12227: 12222: 12167: 12157: 12117: 12107: 12082: 12054: 12029: 11961: 11946: 11304: 11273: 11099: 11094: 10758: 10719: 10681: 10599: 10472: 10357: 10352: 9852: 9725: 9604: 9345:, vol. 12 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 422 8584: 7304: 5699:(PDF). The Australian Hydrographic Service. 5 July 2012. Archived from 5470: 4524: 4277: 4186: 4117: 4012: 3892: 3840: 3805: 3735: 3681: 3629: 3493: 3456: 3444: 3151: 3056: 2655: 2583: 2449: 2377: 2353: 2298: 2232: 2052: 2009: 1934: 1906: 1446: 1356: 1211: 1164: 1143:

The obsession of the undiscovered continent culminated in the brain of

1112: 1107: 1030: 921: 894:

to the south were an extension of this unknown southern land. In 1564,

844: 776: 765: 629: 511: 460: 447:

described the waters forming the southern limit of the new province of

414: 241: 200: 59:, sometimes used by scientists as the demarcation of the Southern Ocean 27: 12713: 9412: 9107:"Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources" 8884: 8022:"Landmark study projects 'dramatic' changes to Southern Ocean by 2050" 7368: 7201: 6912: 5558:. Korean Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration. Archived from 4931: 4888:"Landmark study projects 'dramatic' changes to Southern Ocean by 2050" 4298: 4127:

The Southern Ocean's southernmost port operates at McMurdo Station at

3497:, which like the Antarctic toothfish have antifreeze in their bodies. 3122: 2670:, all associated with oceanic subtropical high pressure circulations. 1046:

for magnetic investigations in the South Atlantic met the pack ice in

15688: 14525: 14077: 13860: 13207: 13202: 13018: 12593: 12563: 12488: 12468: 12463: 12448: 12420: 12277: 12242: 12232: 12142: 12059: 11966: 11926: 11751: 11410: 11384: 11314: 11292: 11285: 11069: 10846: 10780: 10676: 10499: 10482: 10367: 10362: 10336: 10241: 10165: 9765: 9439:(15 February 2002). "Warming of the Southern Ocean Since the 1950s". 7035: 6433:"Saildrone Completes First Autonomous Circumnavigation of Antarctica" 6079: 5748:

Chart Aus792: Australia – Tasmania – Trial Harbour to Low Rocky Point

4904: 3876: 3590: 3379: 3316: 3242: 3226: 3202: 3084: 3052: 2972: 2953: 2847: 2746: 2687: 2651: 2618: 2464: 2461: 2427: 2395: 2335: 2248: 2224: 1888: 1600: 1351: 1276:

before his progress was once again blocked by ice four days later at

1226: 1086: 972: 819:

is described as the point where the Indian and Southern Oceans meet.

581: 531: 495: 13270: 9566:

Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources

8520: 4043:

Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources

3998:

Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources

3000: 2159: 2067:(South Africa), Jamie Douglas-Hamilton (UK) and John Petersen (US). 1195:

was crossed for the first time in history and the two ships reached

902:, an eight-leaved wall map of the world, on which he identified the 541:

The limit then followed the west coast of Tasmania southward to the

51: 15620: 13039: 12983: 12946: 12666: 12656: 12623: 12578: 12548: 12543: 12443: 12024: 11956: 11278: 10883: 10819: 10790: 10700: 10659: 10467: 10447: 10327: 10236: 9790: 9384:

Arndt, Jan Erik; Schenke, Hans Werner; et al. (20 June 2013).

8646: 7358: 6768:

Rintoul, S. R.; Meredith, M. P.; Schofield, O.; Newman, L. (2012).

6303: 4190: 4167: 4078: 4057:(118,004 long tons; 132,165 short tons), of which 85% consisted of 3782: 3719: 3698: 3542: 3340: 3163: 3048: 2985: 2859: 2725: 2699: 2698:

that exist within the Southern Ocean. The gyres are located in the

2621:

create a zone very high in nutrients. These nurture high levels of

2365: 2256: 1979: 1801: 1347: 971:

discovered the southern extremity of Tierra del Fuego and named it

800: 535: 280:(AMOC). Much like AMOC, it has also been substantially affected by 39:

The Antarctic Ocean, as delineated by the draft 4th edition of the

10276: 7406: 4869: 4022:

Many nations prohibit the exploration for and the exploitation of

1089:

in search of "a very large continent". He lighted upon a land in

69: 16247: 15627: 13892: 13868: 13856: 12941: 12415: 11250: 10988: 10878: 10836: 10724: 10536: 10531: 10460: 10261: 10256: 7962: 6933: 6004: 4557: 4206: 4023: 4015:. It was established largely due to concerns that an increase in 3949: 3778: 3747: 3641: 3617: 3509: 3387: 3355: 3249: 3147: 2937: 2717: 2595: 2524: 2475: 2128: 2012:

as the frontrunner for today's sea-based tourism in that region.

1945: 1914:

of Palmer Land and the Weddell Sea coastline, and identified the

942:, who claimed having sighted "snow-covered mountains" beyond the 871: 693: 14414: 4007:. It entered into force on 7 April 1982 with a goal to preserve 3907:, especially the landing of an estimated five to six times more 2426:

The Southern Ocean probably contains large, and possibly giant,

14493: 13818: 12915: 12805: 11756: 10860: 10814: 10521: 10508: 10213: 7213: 7139: 6635: 5895:

A Collection of Voyages Chiefly in The Southern Atlantick Ocean

5731:, Australian Hydrographic Service, 29 June 1990, archived from 5532:. International Hydrographic Organization. 2002. Archived from 4053:

Between 1 July 1998 and 30 June 1999, fisheries landed 119,898

3872: 3743: 3715: 3320: 3285: 2945: 2885:

Southern Ocean overturning circulation § Climate change impacts

2851: 2418: 1997: 1867:, set out to cross the continent via the pole, but their ship, 1789:" on 25 January 1840. That part of Antarctica was later named " 1233:

by 95° E and continued eastward nearly on the parallel of

1160: 1082: 910: 604:

The Southern Ocean did not appear in the 1953 third edition of

395: 7662: 6767: 6557: 4181:

is considered integral), Australian ports and harbors between

3722:

are abundant in soft sediments, eating a range of items, from

3692:) is one of the most abundant animal species on earth, with a 2900:(left) and heat (middle). However, it would take up a smaller 2866:. Thus, both halves of the circulation have a great effect on 1058:

to discover the "South Land" – described by a half legendary "

261:(IHO) finally settled the debate after the full importance of 13879: 12810: 12781: 12687: 11882: 11607: 11502: 11046: 10344: 10328: 10281: 10153: 9573: 9355: 9133:"The World Fact Book: Environment – International Agreements" 8993: 8966: 8795: 8493: 8289: 8073: 7850: 7261:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

7257: 6808: 4174:

personnel constructed the first ice pier at McMurdo in 1973.

4058: 4054: 4016: 3969: 3817: 3739: 3723: 3677: 3234: 2835: 2759:

Observation of the Southern Ocean is coordinated through the

2478:

that form each year around in the Southern Ocean hold enough

1724:

USS Vincennes at Disappointment Bay, Antarctica in early 1840

1183:, then sailed for 20 degrees of longitude to the westward in 983:

was separated by sea from any continuous southern continent.

398:. The "South Seas" is a less archaic synonym. A 1745 British 106: 9383: 9289: 7216:"Heat stored in the Earth system: where does the energy go?" 5940:. Volume II. London: Printed for W. Strahan and T. Cadell. ( 5613:

IHO International Hydrographic Committee on Antarctica (HCA)

4585:

An Introduction to Geography, Intended for Little Children,

4502:

is situated between the southern and eastern extremities of

3565:

on beaches. The other four species can live on the sea ice.

3416: 3378:

in the Southern Ocean. The most species-rich family are the

1719: 12968: 10641: 9224:

Antarctic Sun. 8 January 2006; McMurdo Station, Antarctica.

8616:"A Renegade Trawler, Hunted for 10,000 Miles by Vigilantes" 7711: 7487: 7000: 6039: 4796: 4783: 4085:

slowed cargo operations in 1983 and proved a safety hazard.

3848: 3808:

species in the Southern Ocean, the largest of which is the

3332: 3328: 3324: 3155: 3126: 3060: 2863: 2594:, a very cold, highly saline, dense water that forms under 2495:

An iceberg being pushed out of a shipping lane by (L to R)

2457: 1582:(but meaning what is today named the South Atlantic) and a 1332: 678:

collates data from latitudes higher than 40 degrees south.

9020: 7905: 7620:(12). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 1090–1097. 5060:. National Geographic Society. 8 June 2021. Archived from 2834:, which connects different water basins across the global 1609:

lying to the south of both the Indian Ocean and Australia.

1516:, the first islands to be discovered south of the circle. 1021:

in 1675 was the first-ever discovery of land south of the

764:

in the adjacent figure. Thus, for example, previously the

12692: 9565: 9106: 8916: 8857: 8827: 8768: 8741: 8714: 8687: 8660: 8370: 8343: 7051:"Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading" 6582: 5913:. London New York Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. 5343:

Family Magazine: Or Monthly Abstract of General Knowledge

4124:

are subject to inspection by Antarctic Treaty observers.

3900: 2453: 8400: 4898: 1909:, Byrd's executive officer, returned to Antarctica with 701:

Despite this, the fourth edition definition has partial

15084: 9264: 7760: 7273: 6667:

U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey

5883:, Canberra, National Library of Australia, 2013, p. 95. 4189:

on the Australian mainland and along the west coast of

3769: 2560:

Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Antarctic Convergence

8321:. Natural Environment Research Council. Archived from 7263:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

6243:

Scope of Antarctic Tourism – A Background Presentation

5770:"Assessment Documentation for Cape Leeuwin Lighthouse" 5022:"Names and Limits of Oceans and Seas around Australia" 4721:"Explorer completes another historic submersible dive" 3697:

during the day, ascending during the night to feed on

1465:, reached a point within 32 km (20 mi) from 1116:"Terres Australes" label without any charted landmass 7809: 6506:"Map of Antarctica and surrounding waters in Russian" 5583:"Canberra all at sea over position of Southern Ocean" 5349:(1). New York: Redfield & Lindsay: 16. June 1835. 5285:(2nd ed.). London: W. Peacock. 1795. p. 29. 5125: 5123: 5121: 5000:"Canberra all at sea over position of Southern Ocean" 4287: 4283:

International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean

2809:

Clouds over the Southern Ocean, with continent labels

986: 19:"South Ocean" redirects here. For the racehorse, see 11881: 8316: 7560: 3016:(a cold period), it was too weak to flow out of the 1225:, of the discovery of which he had received news at 9553:(2nd Edition), extant 1937 to 1953, with limits of 9399:(12). American Geophysical Union (AGU): 3111–3117. 8521:Cheng, C.-H.C.; L. Chen; T.J. Near; Y. Jin (2003). 6890: 6743: 6378:"MV Explorer Cruise Ship Sinking in South Atlantic" 6164:. Traverse.npolar.no. Retrieved on 29 January 2012. 5664: 5255:

Three Voyages of Captain James Cook Round the World

3820:makes up most of the diet of some animals, such as 1599:A New Map of Asia, from the Latest Authorities, by 1187:, and then 30° eastward for the most part south of 12772: 10152: 9911:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs 9265:"Golden Globe Race 2018 – YB Tracking Race Viewer" 8494:Australian Antarctic Division (13 December 2012). 7883: 7049:Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020). 5222:Tomlins, Sir Thomas Edlyne; Raithby, John (1811). 5215: 5118: 4481:Reservation by Norway: Norway recognizes the name 3983:Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals 3791:move around on the seafloor, while others such as 3390:(Zoarcidae). Together the snailfish, eelpouts and 3209:, commander of British sealing expeditions in the 2944:, (which is highly reflective and so elevates the 2172:. In clockwise order these include (with sector): 1967:, in 1972, in a 10-metre (30 ft) steel sloop 957:) and those he would discover "even to the Pole". 9073:Wolfrum, Rüdiger; Bockslaff, Klaus, eds. (1984). 8946:"Amazing specimen of world's largest squid in NZ" 6183:. History.navy.mil. Retrieved on 29 January 2012. 5085:"National Geographic adds 5th ocean to world map" 4967: 4965: 3899:) by as much as 15% and has started damaging the 3174:breeds farther south than any other penguin. The 2916:cause increased warming, one of the most notable 1171:, a vessel of 462 tons under his own command and 1127:'s second expedition in 1823, depicting the brig 16393: 9352:"Antarctic Ocean, Austral Ocean, Southern Ocean" 9072: 8994:Australian Antarctic Division (12 August 2010). 8967:Australian Antarctic Division (12 August 2010). 8290:Australian Antarctic Division (12 August 2010). 8074:Australian Antarctic Division (12 August 2010). 7611: 7048: 5230:. Printed by G. Eyre and A. Strahan. p. 153 2728:of the waters of the Ross Gyre since the 1950s. 1548:was believed joined to Antarctica. Sea is named 1101: 9547:International Hydrographic Organization (IHO): 8796:Australian Antarctic Division (26 April 2012). 8396: 8394: 6715: 6616:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 6195:. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 2008 6076: 5881:Mapping our World: Terra Incognita to Australia 5751:, Australian Hydrographic Service, 18 July 2008 5458:. International Hydrographic Organization. 1953 5424:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5394:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5106: 3927:are dragged aboard the Japanese whaling vessel 2874:, and so play an essential role in the Earth's 2838:. Its better-known northern counterpart is the 2609:Associated with the Circumpolar Current is the 2332:– 2,800,000 km (1,100,000 sq mi) 1820:are named after two ships from his expedition: 1412:, and claimed the new territories for Britain. 9510:Matthias Tomczak and J. Stuart Godfrey. 2003. 8681: 8121: 5221: 4962: 4411: 4371:Also a translation of its former French name ( 3526:) are the most southerly of Antarctic mammals. 1504:. On 30 January 1820, Bransfield sighted 13286: 12758: 11867: 10313: 10138: 9589: 8708: 8443: 8069: 8067: 8065: 8063: 8061: 7422: 7013: 6694:. American Geophysical Union. pp. 4–34. 5031:. Department of Defence. 2019. Archived from 4591:, Wellington: F. Houlston & Son, p. 4436: 4162:forms a small harbor, on the southern tip of 3731:that are up to 8 cm (3.1 in) long. 3684:, have been found in the Southern Ocean. The 3545:species inhabit Antarctica. The largest, the 3374:There are relatively few fish species in few 2344:– 1,138,000 km (439,000 sq mi) 2338:– 1,150,000 km (440,000 sq mi) 1575:General Map of the World or Terraqueous Globe 164: 98:Map with five-oceans (approximate boundaries) 9215:"Unique ice pier provides harbor for ships," 8943: 8912: 8910: 8853: 8851: 8823: 8821: 8819: 8437: 8391: 8337: 6716:Florindo, Fabio; Siegert, Martin J. (2008). 6033: 5994:. United States Naval Institute. p. 44. 5528:Limits of Oceans and Seas, Draft 4th Edition 4384: 4373: 3260:A census of sea life carried out during the 3093:effects of climate change on the water cycle 2956:and peripheral glaciers. For these reasons, 2924:, which accounted for over 90% of the total 2586:not produced elsewhere in the oceans of the 1670: 1652:lying immediately to the south of Australia. 1630: 1550: 697:Continents and islands of the Southern Ocean 12906:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub 8987: 8762: 8735: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8310: 6408:"What Is a Saildrone and How Does It Work?" 6332:. Reuters. 25 November 2007. Archived from 4687: 4685: 4683: 4577: 4575: 3914: 3905:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing 3026:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 2840:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 2602:, a mixture of Antarctic Bottom Water and 2386:– 258,000 km (100,000 sq mi) 2380:– 333,000 km (129,000 sq mi) 2374:– 487,000 km (188,000 sq mi) 2368:– 637,000 km (246,000 sq mi) 2362:– 699,000 km (270,000 sq mi) 2356:– 900,000 km (350,000 sq mi) 2350:– 929,000 km (359,000 sq mi) 1066:in 54°10′ S, and in the navigation of 849: 278:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 191:, comprises the southernmost waters of the 13293: 13279: 12765: 12751: 11874: 11860: 10320: 10306: 10145: 10131: 9596: 9582: 8789: 8514: 8058: 6687: 6070: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5302:. London: G.G. and J. Robinson. p. 80 4263:List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands 4170:makes port operations possible in summer. 2077:List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands 1887:to raise the alarm at the whaling station 1469:and recorded the sight of an ice shelf at 358: 299: 171: 157: 92: 78: 68: 8960: 8907: 8898: 8885:d'Udekem d'Acoz, C; M.L. Verheye (2017). 8878: 8848: 8816: 8654: 8626: 8538: 8364: 8283: 8239: 8222: 8212: 8180: 8163: 8153: 7993: 7939: 7868: 7835: 7786: 7737: 7688: 7521: 7464: 7303: 7249: 7239: 7173: 7074: 6967: 6834: 6785: 5886: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5779:. 13 May 2005. p. 11. Archived from 5289: 4879: 4830: 4379:) in reference to its position below the 4113:, and offshore anchorages in Antarctica. 4038:; it prohibits new claims to Antarctica. 4034:covers the portion of the globe south of 3895:has reduced marine primary productivity ( 3620:species found in the Southern Ocean: six 3491:Another abundant fish group is the genus 2681: 2392:– 98,000 km (38,000 sq mi) 2316:, but Soviet and Russian-issued maps do. 2312:and the 2014 12th edition of the British 2163:Seas that are parts of the Southern Ocean 1366: 1203:, where their course was stopped by ice. 822: 635: 16351:Pole of Inaccessibility research station 9491: 8830:"Krill: magicians of the Southern Ocean" 8480: 7365:"Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change" 7097: 6292: 5953: 5908: 5453:"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition" 5408: 5378: 5242: 5145: 5050: 4863: 4772: 4680: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4604: 4581: 4572: 4485:, which covers the sea area adjacent to 4072: 4011:and environmental integrity in and near 3918: 3752: 3646: 3514: 3415: 3284: 3121: 3024:Similar processes are taking place with 3007: 2999: 2890: 2745: 2672: 2634: 2550: 2546: 2490: 2417: 2398:– 21,000 km (8,100 sq mi) 2158: 1933: 1836: 1800:passed through what is now known as the 1733:1911 South Polar Regions exploration map 1728: 1718: 1708: 1370: 1205: 1119: 1111: 1085:with instructions to proceed south from 996: 843: 833: 790: 781: 692: 639: 552: 494:The detailed land-limits used were from 474: 377: 303: 73: 50: 34: 15926:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 9208: 8632: 6005:U.S. Antarctic Program External Panel. 5909:Headland, Robert K. (6 December 1984). 5868:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5621:International Hydrographic Organization 5604:Schenke, Hans Werner (September 2003). 5603: 5511: 5171: 4762:"Do You Know the World's Newest Ocean?" 4273:List of seamounts in the Southern Ocean 4268:List of countries by southernmost point 3891:radiation resulting from the Antarctic 3087:, with a corresponding increase in the 1960:to the support of scientific research. 1929: 1676:– the 'Antarctic (South Arctic) Ocean'. 1415:In the meantime, the Spanish Navy ship 1221:Cook then turned northward to look for 580:of New Zealand (165 or 166°E east) and 382:"Southern Ocean" as alternative to the 310:International Hydrographic Organization 259:International Hydrographic Organization 74:Earth's ocean, showing common divisions 41:International Hydrographic Organization 16394: 9512:Regional Oceanography: an Introduction 8836:from the original on 29 September 2012 8613: 8100: 7816:Communications Earth & Environment 5986: 5798: 5617:Third HCA Meeting, 8–10 September 2003 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5014: 4630: 3282:rather than a single bipolar species. 3097:effects of climate change on fisheries 2828:Southern Ocean overturning circulation 2822:Southern Ocean overturning circulation 2761:Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS) 2456:bottom formed of concentric layers of 1056:Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier 658:won 18 votes, beating the alternative 406:to "the Western and Southern Ocean of 402:established a prize for discovering a 263:Southern Ocean overturning circulation 15070: 13312: 13300: 13274: 12746: 11855: 10301: 10126: 9577: 9435: 8019: 7410:The Global Tipping Points Report 2023 6770:"The southern ocean observing system" 6532:"The World's Biggest Oceans and Seas" 6106:from the original on 14 February 2006 5580: 5295: 4997: 4885: 4873:The Global Tipping Points Report 2023 4645: 3500:An unusual species of icefish is the 3466:There are two species from the genus 2750:Regional Working Group zones for SOOS 2724:has resulted in some decrease of the 1668:showing Antarctica encompassed by an 1624:– resulted from the 1800–1803 French 890:in 1520, assumed that the islands of 12890:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands 12852:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands 10102: 8866:from the original on 22 January 2013 8379:from the original on 18 January 2013 6458:"First row across the Drake Passage" 6330:"Doomed Ship Defies Antarctica Odds" 6265: 5856: 5834: 5248: 5082: 4745: 4639:: The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage 4068: 3863:is found in ice-free areas, whereas 3770:Molluscs, urchins, squid and sponges 3644:waters during the Antarctic winter. 3512:fish in the waters near Antarctica. 3034:tipping points in the climate system 2997:had also played an important role. 2988:(Sv; represents a flow of 1 million 2767:for the ocean region south of 40°S. 2677:Location of the Southern Ocean gyres 2413: 1793:", a name it maintains to this day. 1363:) but Weddell decided to turn back. 1210:Famous official portrait of Captain 670:, but a few for as far north as the 370:maps include Hema Maps and GeoNova. 240:By way of his voyages in the 1770s, 15712:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 13909:Norse colonization of North America 9561:NOAA FAQ about the number of oceans 9349: 8723:from the original on 19 August 2012 8696:from the original on 26 August 2012 6096:"South-Pole – Exploring Antarctica" 5686: 5438: 5112: 4026:resources south of the fluctuating 2918:effects of climate change on oceans 1924:Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition 1861:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 1672:Antarktischer (Sudl. Eismeer) Ocean 1223:French Southern and Antarctic Lands 599: 548: 470: 373: 265:had been ascertained, and the term 13: 15241:United States Exploring Expedition 9377: 9329: 9312: 9002:from the original on 19 March 2013 8975:from the original on 19 March 2013 8925:from the original on 19 March 2013 8777:from the original on 4 August 2012 8750:from the original on 3 August 2012 8669:from the original on 19 March 2013 8502:from the original on 19 March 2013 8352:from the original on 19 March 2013 8298:from the original on 19 March 2013 8109:. British Broadcasting Corporation 8103:"Ice oceans 'are not poles apart'" 8082:from the original on 19 March 2013 6384:. 23 November 2007. Archived from 6362:. 23 November 2007. Archived from 6306:. 23 November 2007. Archived from 6268:"Cruise Ship Sinks Off Antarctica" 5581:Darby, Andrew (22 December 2003). 4998:Darby, Andrew (22 December 2003). 4563: 4427:Also a translation of the ocean's 4232:Even though organizers of several 3581:) form breeding colonies, whereas 3463:eating plankton and smaller fish. 2486: 1958:military activity in the Antarctic 1739:United States Exploring Expedition 1435:Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen 1385:Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen 1179:, Cook first searched in vain for 987:South of the Antarctic Convergence 608:, a note in the publication read: 459:delimited part of the division of 14: 16423: 16315:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 15683:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 12816:Montane grasslands and shrublands 9522: 9494:Descriptive Regional Oceanography 8944:Anderton, J. (23 February 2007). 8101:Kinver, Mark (15 February 2009). 6280:from the original on 29 June 2012 6132:. 28 January 1980. Archived from 4977:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary 4750:. University of Washington Press. 4489:and stretching from 20°W to 45°E. 4089:Major operational ports include: 1737:In December 1839, as part of the 1338:, accompanied by his second ship 1062:" – resulted in the discovery of 756:other publications (e.g. the CIA 624:, and the southern limits of the 467:boundary to the Southern ocean". 322:International Hydrographic Bureau 195:, generally taken to be south of 16209:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 15602:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 12725: 12724: 12712: 11828: 11827: 11160:West South Central United States 10101: 10092: 10091: 9851: 9282: 9257: 9227: 9179: 9167: 9155: 9125: 9099: 9066: 9014: 8937: 8804:from the original on 30 May 2012 8607: 8555: 8094: 8032: 7964:warming and Greenland melting". 7956: 7754: 7481: 7416: 7256: 7098:Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022). 6356:"MS Explorer – situation report" 6266:Reel, Monte (24 November 2007). 5822: 4748:The Ice: A Journey to Antarctica 4345: 4333: 4321: 4309: 4297: 3946:International Whaling Commission 3851:are common in Antarctic waters: 3666: 2995:Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation 2948:of Earth's surface), as well as 2883:This section is an excerpt from 2820:This section is an excerpt from 2798: 2765:Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) 1681: 1657: 1648:1863 map of Australia shows the 1641: 1614: 1591: 1565: 1536:1683 map by French cartographer 1529: 914:as a northward extension of the 12932:Flooded grasslands and savannas 11375:Latin America and the Caribbean 11241:Latin America and the Caribbean 8917:Australian Antarctic Division. 8858:Australian Antarctic Division. 8828:Australian Antarctic Division. 8769:Australian Antarctic Division. 8742:Australian Antarctic Division. 8715:Australian Antarctic Division. 8688:Australian Antarctic Division. 8661:Australian Antarctic Division. 8371:Australian Antarctic Division. 8344:Australian Antarctic Division. 7412:(Report). University of Exeter. 6851: 6802: 6761: 6736: 6709: 6691:Biogeochemistry of the Ross Sea 6681: 6655: 6629: 6600: 6575: 6550: 6524: 6498: 6478: 6450: 6425: 6400: 6370: 6348: 6322: 6259: 6236: 6217: 6198: 6186: 6167: 6148: 6118: 6088: 6058: 6027: 6007:"Antarctica – past and present" 5998: 5980: 5947: 5927: 5902: 5873: 5870:, Oxford University Press, 2004 5762: 5718: 5642: 5597: 5574: 5548: 5483: 5353: 5331: 5314: 5273: 5193: 5076: 4991: 4875:(Report). University of Exeter. 4790: 4754: 4739: 4713: 4693:"Introduction – Southern Ocean" 4517: 4492: 4475: 3257:is common among these animals. 3103: 2640:Upwelling in the Southern Ocean 2319: 2154: 2008:s 1969 expeditionary cruise to 1327:In a voyage from 1822 to 1824, 676:Southern Ocean Observing System 13245:Ecological land classification 12774:Biogeographic regionalisations 9603: 8076:"Seabed (benthic) communities" 6859:"The World Fact Book: Climate" 5892:Dalrymple, Alexander. (1775). 5200:"Balboa, or Pan-Pacific Day". 5029:Australian Hydrographic Office 4624: 4598: 4582:Sherwood, Mary Martha (1823), 4446: 4421: 4392: 4365: 3975:International Court of Justice 3942:Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary 3882: 3714:is an unusually large benthic 2754: 1894:In 1946, US Navy Rear Admiral 1626:Baudin expedition to Australia 1096:was ultimately named after him 1070:of ice-cumbered sea nearly in 284:, in ways that have increased 1: 15588:Japanese Antarctic Expedition 15523:Scottish Antarctic Expedition 15071: 9364:: National Geographic Society 9350:Brindley, David, ed. (2014), 8020:Logan, Tyne (29 March 2023). 7119:Australian Academy of Science 6836:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.05.003 6126:"Milestones, 28 January 1980" 5959:"Captain James Cook, 1728–79" 5208:(10). Pan-Pacific Union: 16. 5133:. National Geographic Society 5083:Wong, Wilson (10 June 2021). 4886:Logan, Tyne (29 March 2023). 4550: 3671: 3537:List of mammals of Antarctica 3382:(Liparidae), followed by the 3217:, which congregates in large 3190:also breed in the Antarctic. 3055:, potentially leading to the 2934:Antarctic Circumpolar Current 2708:Antarctic Circumpolar Current 2625:with associated copepods and 2566:Antarctic Circumpolar Current 2110:Antarctic Circumpolar Current 2091:Antarctic Circumpolar Current 1853:National Library of Australia 1715:List of Antarctic expeditions 1664:1906 map by German publisher 1102:South of the Antarctic Circle 1029:", honouring the discoverer. 489:Broughton Island, New Zealand 483:In the 1928 first edition of 451:as "the Southern Ocean". The 55:A general delineation of the 15945:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 15761:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition 15567:French Antarctic Expeditions 15497:Swedish Antarctic Expedition 15383:Belgian Antarctic Expedition 13501:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition 12911:Deserts and xeric shrublands 10842:Middle East and North Africa 10547:Middle East and North Africa 9393:Geophysical Research Letters 9336:"Great Southern Ocean" 8891:European Journal of Taxonomy 8614:Urbina, Ian (28 July 2015). 8319:"Land Animals of Antarctica" 8214:10.1371/journal.pone.0009835 8155:10.1371/journal.pone.0074218 7966:Geophysical Research Letters 7276:Geophysical Research Letters 6490:(in Russian). Archived from 5556:"IHO Special Publication 23" 4660:"Geography – Southern Ocean" 4611:"Great Southern Ocean" 4452:Historic names include the " 3628:. The largest of these, the 3253:for such a large community. 2645: 2531:Sailors know latitudes from 2070: 1918:, named by him for his wife 1741:of 1838–42 conducted by the 1453:, an American sailor out of 1389:The first land south of the 1147:, the brilliant and erratic 654:. The proposal for the name 457:Legislative Council Act 1881 359:§ Australian standpoint 215:oceans, and larger than the 7: 15030:Nuclear-powered icebreakers 14709:Austro-Hungarian Expedition 13574:Andrée's balloon expedition 13152:Temperate Northern Atlantic 12842:Broadleaf and mixed forests 10232:Canadian Arctic Archipelago 9531:entry on the Southern Ocean 9313:Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), 9137:Central Intelligence Agency 8998:. Government of Australia. 8971:. Government of Australia. 8921:. Government of Australia. 8862:. Government of Australia. 8832:. Government of Australia. 8800:. Government of Australia. 8773:. Government of Australia. 8746:. Government of Australia. 8719:. Government of Australia. 8692:. Government of Australia. 8665:. Government of Australia. 8498:. Government of Australia. 8375:. Government of Australia. 8348:. Government of Australia. 8294:. Government of Australia. 8078:. Government of Australia. 7328:"Impacts of climate change" 7100:"Explainer: IPCC Scenarios" 6863:Central Intelligence Agency 6719:Antarctic Climate Evolution 6233:, British Antarctic Survey. 5911:The Island of South Georgia 5777:Register of Heritage Places 5473:(DOI 10013/epic.37175.d001 5155:. Hema Maps. Archived from 4251: 4081:in use for four seasons at 3948:(IWC) prohibits commercial 3781:are present in Antarctica. 3508:), which is the only truly 3311:List of birds of Antarctica 2712:Antarctic Continental Shelf 2310:National Geographic Society 2123:Antarctic continental shelf 1694:National Geographic Society 1391:parallel 60° south latitude 738:National Geographic Society 736:Other sources, such as the 688:Sea of Japan naming dispute 572:in Africa (long. 20°E) and 425:borders it. Peacock's 1795 367:National Geographic Society 357: 114:Main five oceans division: 10: 16428: 14231:Franklin's lost expedition 13931:Christian IV's expeditions 13313: 13255:Vegetation classifications 13157:Temperate Northern Pacific 12093:American Mediterranean Sea 11135:Northeastern United States 10227:British Arctic Territories 9290:"Volvo Ocean Race Tracker" 8317:British Antarctic Survey. 7932:10.1038/s41467-020-14302-3 7870:10.1038/s41558-023-01667-8 7837:10.1038/s43247-023-00727-3 7788:10.1038/s41558-023-01667-8 7730:10.1038/s41598-020-71290-6 7634:10.1038/s41558-021-01212-5 7583:10.1038/s41586-023-05762-w 7449:10.1038/s41598-021-04231-6 7166:10.1038/s41467-022-27979-5 7076:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3 6960:10.1038/s41467-021-21339-5 6905:10.1038/s41558-022-01555-7 4048: 3814:Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni 3534: 3530: 3411: 3308: 3141: 3107: 2882: 2819: 2788:in the Pacific sector and 2770: 2735:acting to the left in the 2074: 1712: 1698:Antarctic (Southern) Ocean 1378: 1375:Admiral von Bellingshausen 1175:of 336 tons under Captain 1105: 990: 837: 826: 681:A draft fourth edition of 25: 18: 16048: 15779: 15366: 15106: 15083: 15079: 15066: 14585:Great Northern Expedition 14479: 14261:Rae–Richardson expedition 14010: 13855: 13461:British Arctic Expedition 13353: 13325: 13321: 13308: 13232: 13190: 13167:Temperate Southern Africa 13119: 13063: 13052: 13032: 12959: 12924: 12898: 12860: 12829: 12798: 12789: 12780: 12706: 12680: 12647: 12429: 12336: 12068: 11980: 11897: 11823: 11765: 11742: 11709: 11673: 11606: 11500: 11408: 11399: 11328: 11249: 11055: 10859: 10640: 10598: 10507: 10498: 10446: 10403: 10343: 10212: 10164: 10087: 10040: 9939: 9903: 9860: 9849: 9804: 9753: 9676: 9611: 9550:Limits of Oceans and Seas 8466:10.1007/s00300-004-0667-4 8269:10.1007/s00300-010-0876-y 8040:"Creatures of Antarctica" 7379:10.1017/9781009157896.011 7241:10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020 7220:Earth System Science Data 6815:Journal of Marine Systems 6722:. Elsevier. p. 106. 6360:The Falkland Islands News 5674:. Encyclopædia Britannica 5652:. Encyclopædia Britannica 5058:"There's a New Ocean Now" 4746:Pyne, Stephen J. (1986). 4437: 4412: 2814: 2790:55 degrees south latitude 2786:65 degrees south latitude 2604:North Atlantic Deep Water 2170:Limits of Oceans and Seas 2121:, at 60°00'S, 024°W. The 2102:Limits of Oceans and Seas 2096:With a northern limit at 2085:moved apart, opening the 1636:('Great Southern Ocean'). 1500:that became known as the 1151:who was nominated by the 951:Pedro Fernández de Quirós 930:Terra Australis Incognita 898:published his first map, 886:, who passed through the 683:Limits of Oceans and Seas 606:Limits of Oceans and Seas 584:in South America (67°W). 563:Limits of Oceans and Seas 485:Limits of Oceans and Seas 326:Limits of Oceans and Seas 314:Limits of Oceans and Seas 276:, after the better known 45:Limits of Oceans and Seas 15869:British Antarctic Survey 15863:Captain Arturo Prat Base 15108:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 13177:Tropical Eastern Pacific 13127:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 11899:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 11616:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 10620:Transantarctic Mountains 9761:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 9544:from Geography.About.com 9540:6 September 2008 at the 9529:The CIA World Factbook's 8650:. December 2017 version. 8640:Pleuragramma antarcticum 8636:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 7198:Summary for Policymakers 6036:"Nathaniel Brown Palmer" 5202:The Mid-Pacific Magazine 5179:"Classic World Wall Map" 4358: 3915:International agreements 3750:that litter the seabed. 3506:Pleuragramma antarcticum 3486:Dissostichus eleginoides 3304: 3262:International Polar Year 2966:greenhouse gas emissions 2962:climate change scenarios 2914:greenhouse gas emissions 2856:dissolved organic carbon 2832:thermohaline circulation 2314:Times Atlas of the World 1883:, and then trekked over 1542:Description de L'Univers 1257:to stand north again in 518:, then southward across 444:South Australia Act 1834 274:thermohaline circulation 86:thermohaline circulation 26:Not to be confused with 16345:Pole of inaccessibility 16008:Antarctic Treaty System 14349:2nd Grinnell expedition 13198:Biogeographic provinces 13162:Temperate South America 12880:Moist broadleaf forests 12045:Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea 11365:Caribbean South America 9461:10.1126/science.1065863 9342:Encyclopædia Britannica 9322:Encyclopædia Britannica 9316:"Antarctic Ocean" 9044:10.1126/science.1546292 8690:"Pack-ice seal species" 7972:(23): 12, 252–12, 260. 6787:10.5670/oceanog.2012.76 6487:imgbyid.asp (1609x1300) 6248:16 October 2007 at the 5963:Royal Museums Greenwich 5849:Encyclopædia Britannica 5526:"IHO Publication S-23, 5153:"Upside Down World Map" 4617:Encyclopædia Britannica 4004:Antarctic Treaty System 3989:Antarctic Treaty System 3923:An adult and sub-adult 3822:grey-headed albatrosses 3711:Glyptonotus antarcticus 3579:Leptonychotes weddellii 3524:Leptonychotes weddellii 3453:Champsocephalus gunnari 3369: 3358:are all located in the 3114:Antarctic microorganism 2780:. The ocean from about 1766:, the full-rigged ship 1455:Stonington, Connecticut 1408:archipelago, landed on 1381:William Smith (mariner) 1167:. Sailing in 1772 with 981:New Holland (Australia) 807:label the sea areas as 726:Encyclopædia Britannica 427:Geographical Dictionary 300:Definition and term use 16:Ocean around Antarctica 12366:Great Australian Bight 11145:Southern United States 10948:Scandinavian Peninsula 8373:"Adapting to the cold" 7681:10.1126/sciadv.aap9467 7332:Discovering Antarctica 7123:Climate Action Tracker 6463:Guinness World Records 6254:IAATO official website 6214:– Science: in force... 6210:6 October 2007 at the 6179:2 October 2013 at the 5965:. Commissioned by Sir 5257:. Longman. p. 244 4537:South Sandwich Islands 4529:South Shetland Islands 4508:South Shetland Islands 4385: 4374: 4179:Great Australian Bight 4086: 3934: 3766: 3680:, small free-swimming 3663: 3527: 3425: 3301: 3245:and many other birds. 3138: 3118:Wildlife of Antarctica 3021: 3005: 2982:Antarctic bottom water 2909: 2751: 2682:Ross and Weddell gyres 2678: 2642: 2600:Circumpolar Deep Water 2592:Antarctic Bottom Water 2590:. One of these is the 2556: 2521: 2423: 2164: 2055:(Iceland), first mate 2023:South Shetland Islands 1976:Emilio Marcos de Palma 1949: 1856: 1851:trapped in pack ice), 1734: 1726: 1671: 1631: 1551: 1393:was discovered by the 1376: 1367:First sighting of land 1331:commanded the 160-ton 1302:South Sandwich Islands 1218: 1140: 1117: 1010: 874:. The rounding of the 863: 850: 823:History of exploration 787: 698: 646: 636:2002 draft delineation 632:were moved northward. 626:Great Australian Bight 617: 589:Great Australian Bight 558: 480: 387: 317: 60: 48: 16015:Transglobe Expedition 15914:Operation Deep Freeze 15323:Challenger expedition 14189:Coppermine expedition 13710:Drifting ice stations 13260:Zoogeographic regions 13218:Global 200 ecoregions 13147:Temperate Australasia 12885:Dry broadleaf forests 11621:Antarctic Convergence 11165:Western United States 10287:North American Arctic 10252:Northwest Territories 9492:Tchernia, P. (1980). 9176:, article 4, clause 2 8663:"Seals and sea lions" 8540:10.1093/molbev/msg208 8403:Journal of Morphology 7912:Nature Communications 7857:Nature Climate Change 7767:Nature Climate Change 7614:Nature Climate Change 7282:(22): e2020GL091103. 7146:Nature Communications 6940:Nature Communications 6893:Nature Climate Change 6608:"Water from Icebergs" 6174:Navy Military History 6160:21 March 2008 at the 5933:Cook, James. (1777). 5623:(IHO). Archived from 4912:Global Change Biology 4632:Hooker, Joseph Dalton 4510:, lying north of the 4258:Borders of the oceans 4172:Operation Deep Freeze 4076: 4028:Antarctic Convergence 3922: 3756: 3650: 3634:Balaenoptera musculus 3571:Lobodon carcinophagus 3518: 3419: 3288: 3266:Census of Marine Life 3137:in the Southern Ocean 3125: 3011: 3003: 2894: 2868:Earth's energy budget 2749: 2676: 2638: 2611:Antarctic Convergence 2554: 2547:Physical oceanography 2494: 2421: 2162: 2119:South Sandwich Trench 2047:The first completely 2029:was confirmed by the 2004:. Observers point to 1937: 1840: 1732: 1722: 1709:Antarctic expeditions 1622:Freycinet Map of 1811 1540:from his publication 1538:Alain Manesson Mallet 1467:Princess Martha Coast 1439:Russian Imperial Navy 1374: 1300:, and discovered the 1209: 1123: 1115: 1079:Yves Joseph Kerguelen 1023:Antarctic Convergence 1000: 920:, reaching as far as 847: 834:Unknown southern land 829:History of Antarctica 791:Australian standpoint 785: 731:Antarctic Convergence 696: 643: 610: 556: 498:in Chile eastward to 478: 441:The United Kingdom's 433:used 50 degrees. The 392:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 381: 307: 247:Antarctic Convergence 224:Five Deeps Expedition 144:Further subdivision: 57:Antarctic Convergence 54: 38: 13240:Altitudinal zonation 13182:Western Indo-Pacific 13142:Eastern Indo-Pacific 13137:Central Indo-Pacific 12213:Gulf of St. Lawrence 10687:Greater Central Asia 9496:. Oxford: Pergamon. 9220:30 June 2007 at the 9174:The Antarctic Treaty 9162:The Antarctic Treaty 8900:10.5852/ejt.2017.359 8565:Fish Physiol Biochem 7986:10.1002/2016GL070457 7296:10.1029/2020GL091103 6512:on 10 September 2015 5469:Alternate location: 5339:"Physical Geography" 5296:Payne, John (1796). 5249:Cook, James (1821). 5224:"18 George II c. 17" 4541:South Atlantic Ocean 4458:Great Southern Ocean 4077:Severe cracks in an 4063:Patagonian toothfish 3909:Patagonian toothfish 3804:There are around 70 3603:New Zealand sea lion 3502:Antarctic silverfish 3482:Patagonian toothfish 3478:Dissostichus mawsoni 3386:(Nototheniidae) and 3335:. The insectivorous 3014:Last Glacial Maximum 2872:oceanic carbon cycle 2241:Dumont D'Urville Sea 1930:Post-Atlantic Treaty 1772:, and two schooners 1488:69.35778°S 2.24722°W 1359:(to the east of the 1060:sieur de Gonneyville 900:Typus Orbis Terrarum 851:Typus Orbis Terrarum 286:ocean stratification 187:, also known as the 16185:South magnetic pole 14851:Brusilov expedition 13960:Danish colonization 13398:North magnetic pole 13213:Lists of ecoregions 12870:Tropical rainforest 12514:Gulf of Carpentaria 12308:Sea of the Hebrides 11937:King Haakon VII Sea 11833:Continents of Earth 11360:Brazilian Highlands 10769:Indian subcontinent 10630:Antarctic Peninsula 10428:Southern Hemisphere 10423:Northern Hemisphere 10174:Antarctic Peninsula 10074:Robert Falcon Scott 9731:South magnetic pole 9689:Antarctic Peninsula 9684:Biogeographic realm 9453:2002Sci...295.1275G 9405:2013GeoRL..40.3111A 9036:1992Sci...255..952S 8577:1995FPBio..14...71J 8458:2005PoBio..28...93E 8325:on 22 November 2012 8261:2011PoBio..34..243U 8205:2010PLoSO...5.9835H 8146:2013PLoSO...874218H 8046:on 14 February 2005 7978:2016GeoRL..4312252B 7924:2020NatCo..11..424H 7828:2023ComEE...4...69L 7779:2023NatCC..13..537G 7626:2021NatCC..11.1090S 7575:2023Natur.615..841L 7523:20.500.11850/120143 7514:10.1038/nature19101 7506:2016Natur.537...89H 7441:2022NatSR..12..383P 7288:2020GeoRL..4791103S 7251:20.500.11850/443809 7232:2020ESSD...12.2013V 7158:2022NatCo..13..340B 7067:2020Natur.577..618H 7028:2012NatGe...5..171M 6952:2021NatCo..12.1211S 6827:2016JMS...161...26C 6663:"Antarctica Detail" 6336:on 27 November 2007 6273:The Washington Post 6229:7 June 2011 at the 6224:"Mar 28 – Hump Day" 6136:on 25 November 2010 4924:2014GCBio..20.3004C 4832:20.500.11850/120143 4823:10.1038/nature19101 4815:2016Natur.537...89H 4531:on the west and by 4512:Antarctic Peninsula 4375:Grand Océan Austral 4160:Winter Quarters Bay 4142: / 4099:Villa Las Estrellas 3794:Laternula elliptica 3788:Adamussium colbecki 3474:Antarctic toothfish 3434:antifreeze proteins 3406:undescribed species 3360:Southern Hemisphere 3337:South Georgia pipit 3291:wandering albatross 3089:Northern Hemisphere 3081:Southern Hemisphere 3073:climate sensitivity 3059:of some species of 3042:Southern Hemisphere 3030:Greenland ice sheet 2977:Antarctic ice sheet 2942:Southern Hemisphere 2920:is the increase in 2737:Southern Hemisphere 2668:southeast Australia 2664:Antarctic Peninsula 2662:and the tip of the 2588:Southern Hemisphere 2407:King Haakon VII Sea 2276:(57°18' – 102°20'W) 2185:King Haakon VII Sea 2180:(57°18'W – 12°16'E) 1632:Grand Océan Austral 1573:Samuel Dunn's 1794 1493:-69.35778; -2.24722 1484: / 1445:, a captain in the 1437:, a captain in the 1185:latitude 58° S 1145:Alexander Dalrymple 1019:Anthony de la Roché 993:Anthony de la Roché 940:Gabriel de Castilla 721:55th parallel south 672:35th parallel south 668:50th parallel south 664:60th parallel south 431:Edinburgh Gazetteer 386:, 18th century 333:60th parallel south 234:DSV Limiting Factor 197:60° S latitude 21:South Ocean (horse) 15876:Operation Windmill 15857:Operation Highjump 14832:Rusanov expedition 14737:A. E. Nordenskiöld 14481:North East Passage 14285:McClure expedition 13250:Floristic kingdoms 13014:Hydrothermal vents 12875:Coniferous forests 12837:Coniferous forests 12509:Gulf of California 12406:Mozambique Channel 12050:Queen Victoria Sea 11912:Bellingshausen Sea 11648:Great Barrier Reef 11269:Mainland Australia 10977:Apennine Peninsula 10438:Western Hemisphere 10413:Eastern Hemisphere 10012:Telecommunications 9926:Territorial claims 9245:on 2 February 2014 9143:on 25 January 2014 8798:"What is a whale?" 8620:The New York Times 8585:10.1007/BF00004292 7718:Scientific Reports 7429:Scientific Reports 6869:on 11 January 2019 6466:. 25 December 2019 6382:The Shipping Times 6082:. Arvamus. Kultuur 6046:on 2 February 2006 6034:Guy G. Guthridge. 5630:on 16 January 2014 5562:on 1 February 2014 5536:on 2 February 2014 5496:The World Factbook 5420:NOAA Photo Library 5390:NOAA Photo Library 5361:"45 Vict. No. 702" 4487:Dronning Maud Land 4483:Kong Håkon VII Hav 4470:Southern Icy Ocean 4146:77.833°S 166.667°E 4087: 3935: 3834:Moroteuthis ingens 3767: 3763:Moroteuthis ingens 3664: 3607:Phocarctos hookeri 3595:Ommatophoca rossii 3559:Arctophoca gazella 3555:Antarctic fur seal 3528: 3426: 3302: 3255:Deep-sea gigantism 3205:", is named after 3195:Antarctic fur seal 3184:chinstrap penguins 3176:rockhopper penguin 3139: 3022: 3006: 2922:ocean heat content 2910: 2752: 2739:and the resulting 2679: 2643: 2557: 2522: 2520:, Antarctica, 1965 2436:continental margin 2424: 2372:Bellingshausen Sea 2273:Bellingshausen Sea 2165: 2042:unmanned saildrone 2002:Lars-Eric Lindblad 1950: 1911:his own expedition 1900:Operation Highjump 1857: 1743:United States Navy 1735: 1727: 1584:Southern Icy Ocean 1558:Ferdinand Magellan 1514:Alexander I Island 1410:King George Island 1377: 1350:74°15' S and 1219: 1141: 1118: 1011: 888:Strait of Magellan 884:Ferdinand Magellan 864: 788: 708:CIA World Factbook 699: 647: 559: 481: 453:Colony of Victoria 388: 346:CIA World Factbook 318: 119:Antarctic/Southern 61: 49: 16389: 16388: 16385: 16384: 16381: 16380: 15843:Operation Tabarin 15705:Far Eastern Party 15551:Nimrod Expedition 15062: 15061: 15058: 15057: 14621:M. Pronchishcheva 14543:Siberian Cossacks 14012:Northwest Passage 13345:Research stations 13302:Polar exploration 13268: 13267: 13228: 13227: 13172:Tropical Atlantic 13048: 13047: 12955: 12954: 12847:Deciduous forests 12740: 12739: 12719:Oceans portal 12268:Mediterranean Sea 12218:Gulf of Venezuela 12010:East Siberian Sea 11952:Riiser-Larsen Sea 11849: 11848: 11729:Mediterranean Rim 11602: 11601: 11541:Mediterranean Sea 11395: 11394: 11348:Amazon Rainforest 11175:Canadian Prairies 11140:Pacific Northwest 11001:Iberian Peninsula 10786:Arabian Peninsula 10613:Antarctic Plateau 10373:Three/Four Worlds 10295: 10294: 10120: 10119: 10079:Ernest Shackleton 10007:Research stations 9952:Antarctic English 9921:National programs 9916:Military activity 9890:COVID-19 pandemic 9847: 9846: 9716:Floristic Kingdom 9621:Antarctic sea ice 9503:978-0-08-020919-7 9413:10.1002/grl.50413 9235:"S-23 Draft 2002" 9084:978-3-428-05540-1 8948:. beehive.govt.nz 8533:(11): 1897–1908. 7569:(7954): 841–847. 7016:Nature Geoscience 6729:978-0-444-52847-6 6669:. 18 October 2000 6494:on 20 March 2007. 6437:www.saildrone.com 6412:www.saildrone.com 6310:on 2 January 2013 5942:Relevant fragment 5899:London. pp.85-88. 5864:Ortelius, Abraham 5836:Mill, Hugh Robert 5786:on 25 August 2011 4979:. Merriam-Webster 4932:10.1111/gcb.12623 4918:(10): 3004–3025. 4727:. 6 February 2019 4466:South-Polar Ocean 4462:South Polar Ocean 4227:Macquarie Harbour 4166:where a floating 4069:Ports and harbors 3801:the water above. 3690:Euphausia superba 3656:Euphausia superba 3587:Hydrurga leptonyx 3441:crocodile icefish 3349:Kerguelen Islands 3207:Sir James Weddell 3069:marine ecosystems 2782:latitude 40 south 2446:Manganese nodules 2414:Natural resources 2342:Riiser-Larsen Sea 2303: 2294: 2290:Bransfield Strait 2286: 2277: 2269: 2268:(102°20′ – 126°W) 2261: 2253: 2245: 2237: 2229: 2221: 2213: 2205: 2201:Riiser-Larsen Sea 2197: 2189: 2181: 2036:British engineer 1965:David Henry Lewis 1865:Ernest Shackleton 1506:Trinity Peninsula 1443:Edward Bransfield 1423:Livingston Island 1402:Livingston Island 1264:A long detour to 979:showed that even 876:Cape of Good Hope 817:Western Australia 508:Western Australia 419:his second voyage 404:Northwest Passage 400:Act of Parliament 294:marine ecosystems 181: 180: 16419: 15890:Ronne Expedition 15375: 15369: 15233:Dumont d'Urville 15081: 15080: 15068: 15067: 14616:V. Pronchishchev 13323: 13322: 13310: 13309: 13295: 13288: 13281: 13272: 13271: 13061: 13060: 12796: 12795: 12787: 12786: 12767: 12760: 12753: 12744: 12743: 12728: 12727: 12717: 12716: 12649:Endorheic basins 12529:Gulf of Thailand 12381:Gulf of Khambhat 11876: 11869: 11862: 11853: 11852: 11831: 11830: 11810:Global Southwest 11805:Global Southeast 11795:Global Northwest 11790:Global Northeast 11780:Global Heartland 11724:Indian Ocean Rim 11406: 11405: 11298:Island Melanesia 10989:Balkan Peninsula 10764:Himalayan states 10711:Russian Far East 10505: 10504: 10433:Water Hemisphere 10322: 10315: 10308: 10299: 10298: 10147: 10140: 10133: 10124: 10123: 10105: 10104: 10095: 10094: 10069:James Clark Ross 10041:Famous explorers 9855: 9674: 9673: 9598: 9591: 9584: 9575: 9574: 9507: 9488: 9432: 9390: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9346: 9338: 9326: 9318: 9305: 9304: 9302: 9300: 9286: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9261: 9255: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9241:. Archived from 9231: 9225: 9212: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9201: 9191: 9183: 9177: 9171: 9165: 9159: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9148: 9139:. Archived from 9129: 9123: 9122: 9120: 9118: 9103: 9097: 9096: 9070: 9064: 9063: 9030:(5047): 952–59. 9018: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9007: 8991: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8964: 8958: 8957: 8955: 8953: 8941: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8914: 8905: 8904: 8902: 8882: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8855: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8825: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8793: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8782: 8766: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8739: 8733: 8732: 8730: 8728: 8712: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8701: 8685: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8674: 8658: 8652: 8651: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8611: 8605: 8604: 8559: 8553: 8552: 8542: 8518: 8512: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8491: 8478: 8477: 8441: 8435: 8434: 8398: 8389: 8388: 8386: 8384: 8368: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8341: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8330: 8314: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8287: 8281: 8280: 8243: 8237: 8236: 8226: 8216: 8184: 8178: 8177: 8167: 8157: 8125: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8098: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8071: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8051: 8042:. Archived from 8036: 8030: 8029: 8017: 8008: 8007: 7997: 7960: 7954: 7953: 7943: 7903: 7894: 7893: 7890:The Conversation 7881: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7848: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7807: 7801: 7800: 7790: 7758: 7752: 7751: 7741: 7709: 7703: 7702: 7692: 7669:Science Advances 7660: 7654: 7653: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7558: 7552: 7551: 7525: 7485: 7479: 7478: 7468: 7420: 7414: 7413: 7404: 7393: 7392: 7359:Fox-Kemper, B.; 7356: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7307: 7271: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7253: 7243: 7226:(3): 2013–2041. 7211: 7205: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7177: 7137: 7128: 7127: 7114: 7112: 7095: 7089: 7088: 7078: 7061:(7792): 618–20. 7046: 7040: 7039: 7036:10.1038/ngeo1391 7011: 7005: 7004: 7003:. 29 March 2023. 6993: 6982: 6981: 6971: 6931: 6925: 6924: 6888: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6865:. Archived from 6855: 6849: 6848: 6838: 6806: 6800: 6799: 6789: 6765: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6713: 6707: 6705: 6685: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6659: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6642:The Conversation 6633: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6579: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6508:. Archived from 6502: 6496: 6495: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6366:on 29 June 2012. 6352: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6263: 6257: 6240: 6234: 6221: 6215: 6202: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6171: 6165: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6074: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6042:. Archived from 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6011: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5955:Dance, Nathaniel 5951: 5945: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5906: 5900: 5890: 5884: 5877: 5871: 5862:Joost Depuydt, ' 5860: 5854: 5853: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5819: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5785: 5774: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5706:on 13 March 2018 5705: 5698: 5694:"AHS – AA609582" 5690: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5672:"Southern Ocean" 5668: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5629: 5610: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5522: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5487: 5481: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5457: 5449: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5365: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5264: 5262: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5127: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5098: 5096: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5038:on 13 March 2018 5037: 5026: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4973:"Southern Ocean" 4969: 4960: 4959: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4834: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4786:. 29 March 2023. 4776: 4770: 4769: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4703: 4689: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4670: 4656: 4643: 4642: 4637:Flora Antarctica 4628: 4622: 4621: 4613: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4579: 4570: 4561: 4544: 4521: 4515: 4496: 4490: 4479: 4473: 4450: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4425: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4396: 4390: 4388: 4377: 4369: 4350: 4349: 4338: 4337: 4336: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4314: 4313: 4302: 4301: 4293: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4151:-77.833; 166.667 4147: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4138: 4135: 4122:60 degrees south 4036:60 degrees south 4032:Antarctic Treaty 3966:130 degrees west 3958:60 degrees south 3954:40 degrees south 3887:Increased solar 3865:Ihlea racovitzai 3857:Ihlea racovitzai 3797:live in burrows 3676:Five species of 3662:of the food web. 3660:keystone species 3640:, and travel to 3611:Auckland Islands 3551:Mirounga leonina 3449:mackerel icefish 3403: 3402: 3398: 3364:Emperor penguins 3295:Diomedea exulans 3223:keystone species 2952:of Antarctica's 2912:As human-caused 2802: 2575: 2574: 2537:70 degrees south 2422:Manganese nodule 2324:Top large seas: 2301: 2292: 2284: 2275: 2267: 2259: 2251: 2243: 2236:(95°45' – 113°E) 2235: 2227: 2219: 2211: 2203: 2195: 2187: 2179: 2147: 2146: 2137: 2136: 1996:operated by the 1978:, was born near 1954:Antarctic Treaty 1863:of 1914, led by 1798:James Clark Ross 1685: 1674: 1661: 1645: 1634: 1618: 1603:, Engraver, 1806 1595: 1569: 1554: 1552:Mer Magellanique 1546:Tierra del Fuego 1533: 1502:Fimbul Ice Shelf 1499: 1498: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1451:Nathaniel Palmer 1283: 1279: 1275: 1270:Tierra del Fuego 1267: 1256: 1232: 1202: 1198: 1193:Antarctic Circle 1157:Transit of Venus 1068:48° of longitude 896:Abraham Ortelius 892:Tierra del Fuego 856:Abraham Ortelius 853: 600:1953 delineation 557:1937 delineation 549:1937 delineation 479:1928 delineation 471:1928 delineation 384:Aethiopian Ocean 374:Pre-20th century 361: 173: 166: 159: 99: 96: 89: 82: 75: 72: 63: 62: 16427: 16426: 16422: 16421: 16420: 16418: 16417: 16416: 16392: 16391: 16390: 16377: 16052: 16044: 15920:McMurdo Station 15789:Modern research 15787: 15775: 15510:O. Nordenskjöld 15373: 15367: 15362: 15278:Ross expedition 15102: 15075: 15054: 14483: 14475: 14016:Northern Canada 14014: 14006: 13859: 13851: 13357: 13349: 13317: 13304: 13299: 13269: 13264: 13224: 13186: 13115: 13055: 13044: 13040:Endolithic zone 13028: 12961: 12951: 12920: 12894: 12862: 12856: 12825: 12791: 12776: 12771: 12741: 12736: 12711: 12702: 12676: 12643: 12619:South China Sea 12599:Seto Inland Sea 12519:Gulf of Fonseca 12425: 12332: 12183:Gulf of Finland 12178:Gulf of Bothnia 12163:English Channel 12133:Bay of Campeche 12098:Archipelago Sea 12064: 12020:Gulf of Boothia 11976: 11917:Cooperation Sea 11893: 11880: 11850: 11845: 11819: 11761: 11738: 11705: 11669: 11598: 11587:South China Sea 11496: 11439:Central America 11391: 11324: 11245: 11197:Northern Mexico 11185:Northern Canada 11170:Atlantic Canada 11125:Mountain states 11051: 10906:European Russia 10899:Southern Russia 10855: 10808:Iranian Plateau 10636: 10625:West Antarctica 10608:East Antarctica 10594: 10494: 10442: 10418:Land Hemisphere 10399: 10339: 10326: 10296: 10291: 10247:Northern Canada 10208: 10184:West Antarctica 10179:East Antarctica 10160: 10151: 10121: 10116: 10083: 10053:Richard E. Byrd 10036: 9997:Protected areas 9935: 9899: 9856: 9843: 9800: 9754:Bodies of Water 9749: 9738:West Antarctica 9694:East Antarctica 9672: 9607: 9602: 9571: 9542:Wayback Machine 9535:The Fifth Ocean 9525: 9504: 9437:Gille, Sarah T. 9388: 9380: 9378:Further reading 9367: 9365: 9309: 9308: 9298: 9296: 9288: 9287: 9283: 9273: 9271: 9263: 9262: 9258: 9248: 9246: 9233: 9232: 9228: 9222:Wayback Machine 9213: 9209: 9199: 9197: 9189: 9185: 9184: 9180: 9172: 9168: 9160: 9156: 9146: 9144: 9131: 9130: 9126: 9116: 9114: 9105: 9104: 9100: 9085: 9071: 9067: 9019: 9015: 9005: 9003: 8992: 8988: 8978: 8976: 8965: 8961: 8951: 8949: 8942: 8938: 8928: 8926: 8915: 8908: 8883: 8879: 8869: 8867: 8856: 8849: 8839: 8837: 8826: 8817: 8807: 8805: 8794: 8790: 8780: 8778: 8771:"Weddell seals" 8767: 8763: 8753: 8751: 8740: 8736: 8726: 8724: 8713: 8709: 8699: 8697: 8686: 8682: 8672: 8670: 8659: 8655: 8631: 8627: 8612: 8608: 8560: 8556: 8527:Mol. Biol. Evol 8519: 8515: 8505: 8503: 8492: 8481: 8442: 8438: 8399: 8392: 8382: 8380: 8369: 8365: 8355: 8353: 8342: 8338: 8328: 8326: 8315: 8311: 8301: 8299: 8288: 8284: 8244: 8240: 8185: 8181: 8126: 8122: 8112: 8110: 8099: 8095: 8085: 8083: 8072: 8059: 8049: 8047: 8038: 8037: 8033: 8018: 8011: 7961: 7957: 7904: 7897: 7882: 7878: 7849: 7845: 7808: 7804: 7759: 7755: 7710: 7706: 7675:(4): eaap9467. 7661: 7657: 7610: 7606: 7559: 7555: 7500:(7618): 89–92. 7486: 7482: 7421: 7417: 7405: 7396: 7389: 7357: 7346: 7336: 7334: 7326: 7325: 7321: 7272: 7268: 7212: 7208: 7195: 7191: 7138: 7131: 7110: 7108: 7096: 7092: 7047: 7043: 7012: 7008: 6995: 6994: 6985: 6932: 6928: 6889: 6882: 6872: 6870: 6857: 6856: 6852: 6807: 6803: 6766: 6762: 6752: 6750: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6730: 6714: 6710: 6702: 6686: 6682: 6672: 6670: 6661: 6660: 6656: 6646: 6644: 6634: 6630: 6620: 6618: 6606: 6605: 6601: 6591: 6589: 6581: 6580: 6576: 6566: 6564: 6556: 6555: 6551: 6541: 6539: 6536:Livescience.com 6530: 6529: 6525: 6515: 6513: 6504: 6503: 6499: 6484: 6483: 6479: 6469: 6467: 6456: 6455: 6451: 6441: 6439: 6431: 6430: 6426: 6416: 6414: 6406: 6405: 6401: 6391: 6389: 6388:on 29 June 2012 6376: 6375: 6371: 6354: 6353: 6349: 6339: 6337: 6328: 6327: 6323: 6313: 6311: 6298: 6297: 6293: 6283: 6281: 6264: 6260: 6250:Wayback Machine 6241: 6237: 6231:Wayback Machine 6222: 6218: 6212:Wayback Machine 6203: 6199: 6191: 6187: 6181:Wayback Machine 6172: 6168: 6162:Wayback Machine 6153: 6149: 6139: 6137: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6109: 6107: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6075: 6071: 6063: 6059: 6049: 6047: 6032: 6028: 6018: 6016: 6009: 6003: 5999: 5985: 5981: 5971: 5969: 5952: 5948: 5932: 5928: 5921: 5907: 5903: 5891: 5887: 5878: 5874: 5861: 5857: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5799: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5763: 5754: 5752: 5745: 5738: 5736: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5696: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5677: 5675: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5655: 5653: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5608: 5602: 5598: 5588: 5586: 5579: 5575: 5565: 5563: 5554: 5553: 5549: 5539: 5537: 5524: 5523: 5512: 5502: 5500: 5491:"Pacific Ocean" 5489: 5488: 5484: 5468: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5439: 5429: 5427: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5399: 5397: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5305: 5303: 5294: 5290: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5268:as New Holland. 5260: 5258: 5247: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5220: 5216: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5184: 5182: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5162: 5160: 5159:on 26 July 2014 5151: 5150: 5146: 5136: 5134: 5129: 5128: 5119: 5111: 5107: 5094: 5092: 5091:. NBC Universal 5081: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5005: 5003: 4996: 4992: 4982: 4980: 4971: 4970: 4963: 4903: 4899: 4884: 4880: 4868: 4864: 4809:(7618): 89–92. 4795: 4791: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4701: 4699: 4691: 4690: 4681: 4668: 4666: 4658: 4657: 4646: 4641:, London: Reeve 4629: 4625: 4603: 4599: 4580: 4573: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4547: 4522: 4518: 4497: 4493: 4480: 4476: 4451: 4447: 4426: 4422: 4397: 4393: 4370: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4344: 4334: 4332: 4322: 4320: 4308: 4296: 4288: 4254: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4141: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4111:McMurdo Station 4091:Rothera Station 4083:McMurdo Station 4071: 4051: 4001:is part of the 3986:is part of the 3917: 3885: 3861:Salpa thompsoni 3853:Salpa thompsoni 3772: 3686:Antarctic krill 3674: 3669: 3652:Antarctic krill 3567:Crabeater seals 3539: 3533: 3414: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3372: 3354:The flightless 3313: 3307: 3280:cryptic species 3215:Antarctic krill 3188:gentoo penguins 3168:emperor penguin 3160:colossal squids 3144: 3120: 3110:Antarctic realm 3106: 3101: 3100: 3083:countries like 2930:West Antarctica 2888: 2880: 2879: 2825: 2817: 2812: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2803: 2773: 2757: 2741:Ekman transport 2733:Coriolis effect 2684: 2648: 2641: 2627:Antarctic krill 2572: 2570: 2562: 2549: 2541:Roaring Forties 2518:McMurdo Station 2489: 2487:Natural hazards 2469:crystallization 2440:Placer deposits 2416: 2411: 2384:Cooperation Sea 2322: 2302:(26°30' – 65°W) 2260:(166°E – 155°W) 2220:(59°34' – 85°E) 2217:Cooperation Sea 2157: 2144: 2142: 2134: 2132: 2079: 2073: 2065:Cameron Bellamy 2038:Richard Jenkins 1932: 1916:Ronne Ice Shelf 1896:Richard E. Byrd 1875:Elephant Island 1804:and discovered 1787:Balleny Islands 1717: 1711: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1692:in 1922 by the 1686: 1677: 1662: 1653: 1646: 1637: 1619: 1610: 1596: 1587: 1570: 1561: 1534: 1523: 1522: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1470: 1427:South Shetlands 1406:South Shetlands 1387: 1369: 1298:Isle of Georgia 1281: 1277: 1273: 1265: 1254: 1230: 1200: 1196: 1177:Tobias Furneaux 1155:to command the 1110: 1104: 1007:Godfrey Kneller 995: 989: 965:Willem Schouten 917:Terra Australis 880:Bartolomeu Dias 868:Terra Australis 842: 840:Terra Australis 836: 831: 825: 805:South Australia 793: 758:World Fact Book 717:Merriam-Webster 660:Antarctic Ocean 638: 622:South East Cape 614: 602: 578:Auckland Island 551: 543:South East Cape 473: 465:New South Wales 449:South Australia 435:Family Magazine 376: 351:Merriam-Webster 302: 199:and encircling 189:Antarctic Ocean 177: 101: 100: 97: 90: 83: 76: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16425: 16415: 16414: 16409: 16404: 16402:Southern Ocean 16387: 16386: 16383: 16382: 16379: 16378: 16376: 16375: 16370: 16365: 16360: 16359: 16358: 16353: 16341: 16340: 16339: 16337:Vostok Station 16327: 16322: 16317: 16312: 16307: 16302: 16297: 16292: 16291: 16290: 16288:Cherry-Garrard 16285: 16280: 16275: 16270: 16265: 16253: 16252: 16251: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16205: 16204: 16203: 16198: 16193: 16181: 16180: 16179: 16174: 16169: 16164: 16152: 16151: 16150: 16138: 16137: 16136: 16128:Southern Cross 16124: 16123: 16122: 16109: 16108: 16107: 16094: 16089: 16088: 16087: 16074: 16073: 16072: 16058: 16056: 16050:Farthest South 16046: 16045: 16043: 16042: 16037: 16030: 16029: 16028: 16023: 16011: 16004: 16003: 16002: 16001: 16000: 15988: 15987: 15986: 15974: 15973: 15972: 15965: 15960: 15941: 15940: 15939: 15934: 15922: 15917: 15910: 15909: 15908: 15903: 15898: 15886: 15885: 15884: 15872: 15865: 15860: 15853: 15852: 15851: 15839: 15838: 15837: 15825: 15824: 15823: 15811: 15804: 15799: 15793: 15791: 15777: 15776: 15774: 15773: 15772: 15771: 15757: 15756: 15755: 15747:Ross Sea party 15743: 15734: 15733: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15708: 15701: 15700: 15699: 15694: 15679: 15674: 15673: 15672: 15667: 15662: 15657: 15652: 15647: 15633: 15632: 15631: 15624: 15617: 15612: 15598: 15597: 15596: 15584: 15583: 15582: 15577: 15563: 15562: 15561: 15547: 15540: 15539: 15538: 15531: 15519: 15518: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15493: 15492: 15491: 15486: 15472: 15471: 15470: 15465: 15451: 15450: 15449: 15444: 15441:Southern Cross 15434:Southern Cross 15430: 15429: 15428: 15423: 15418: 15413: 15408: 15403: 15398: 15393: 15378: 15376: 15364: 15363: 15361: 15360: 15359: 15358: 15346: 15345: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15319: 15314: 15313: 15312: 15299: 15293: 15274: 15273: 15272: 15259: 15258: 15257: 15252: 15237: 15236: 15235: 15223: 15218: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15197: 15196: 15184: 15183: 15182: 15180:Bellingshausen 15170: 15163: 15158: 15157: 15156: 15143: 15142: 15141: 15128: 15123: 15118: 15112: 15110: 15104: 15103: 15101: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15077: 15076: 15064: 15063: 15060: 15059: 15056: 15055: 15053: 15052: 15051: 15050: 15039: 15027: 15022: 15015: 15008: 15007: 15006: 14994: 14993: 14992: 14980: 14979: 14978: 14966: 14965: 14964: 14952: 14947: 14942: 14941: 14940: 14928: 14927: 14926: 14912: 14911: 14910: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14877: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14861: 14847: 14846: 14845: 14840: 14828: 14823: 14822: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14792: 14791: 14790: 14776: 14775: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14746: 14745: 14744: 14739: 14724: 14723: 14722: 14717: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14639: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14623: 14618: 14613: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14581: 14576: 14571: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14551: 14546: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14497: 14489: 14487: 14485:Russian Arctic 14477: 14476: 14474: 14473: 14468: 14467: 14466: 14452: 14451: 14450: 14445: 14431: 14426: 14425: 14424: 14410: 14409: 14408: 14396: 14395: 14394: 14381: 14380: 14379: 14367: 14366: 14365: 14360: 14345: 14344: 14343: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14315: 14314: 14309: 14301: 14296: 14281: 14276: 14275: 14274: 14269: 14257: 14252: 14251: 14250: 14242: 14227: 14226: 14225: 14212: 14207: 14202: 14197: 14192: 14185: 14180: 14175: 14174: 14173: 14160: 14159: 14158: 14145: 14144: 14143: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14114: 14113: 14100: 14099: 14098: 14085: 14080: 14075: 14074: 14073: 14068: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14020: 14018: 14008: 14007: 14005: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13993: 13992: 13987: 13975: 13970: 13969: 13968: 13956: 13955: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13939: 13927: 13922: 13920:Snæbjörn galti 13917: 13912: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13890: 13883: 13876: 13871: 13865: 13863: 13853: 13852: 13850: 13849: 13848: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13822: 13815: 13805: 13800: 13795: 13787: 13777: 13776: 13775: 13770: 13756: 13749: 13742: 13741: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13713: 13706: 13705: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13682: 13681: 13680: 13666: 13657: 13656: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13640: 13635: 13621: 13616: 13611: 13610: 13609: 13604: 13589: 13584: 13583: 13582: 13570: 13569: 13568: 13556: 13555: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13521: 13520: 13519: 13514: 13509: 13497: 13496: 13495: 13490: 13485: 13477: 13472: 13457: 13456: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13428: 13427: 13426: 13421: 13416: 13411: 13406: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13379: 13374: 13369: 13363: 13361: 13355:Farthest North 13351: 13350: 13348: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13319: 13318: 13306: 13305: 13298: 13297: 13290: 13283: 13275: 13266: 13265: 13263: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13236: 13234: 13230: 13229: 13226: 13225: 13223: 13222: 13221: 13220: 13215: 13205: 13200: 13194: 13192: 13188: 13187: 13185: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13123: 13121: 13117: 13116: 13114: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13067: 13065: 13058: 13054:Biogeographic 13050: 13049: 13046: 13045: 13043: 13042: 13036: 13034: 13030: 13029: 13027: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13006: 13001: 12996: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12965: 12963: 12957: 12956: 12953: 12952: 12950: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12928: 12926: 12922: 12921: 12919: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12902: 12900: 12896: 12895: 12893: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12866: 12864: 12858: 12857: 12855: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12833: 12831: 12827: 12826: 12824: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12802: 12800: 12793: 12784: 12778: 12777: 12770: 12769: 12762: 12755: 12747: 12738: 12737: 12735: 12734: 12722: 12707: 12704: 12703: 12701: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12684: 12682: 12678: 12677: 12675: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12653: 12651: 12645: 12644: 12642: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12589:Sea of Okhotsk 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12569:Philippine Sea 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12534:Gulf of Tonkin 12531: 12526: 12524:Gulf of Panama 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12504:Gulf of Anadyr 12501: 12499:Gulf of Alaska 12496: 12494:East China Sea 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12435: 12433: 12427: 12426: 12424: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12342: 12340: 12334: 12333: 12331: 12330: 12325: 12323:Tyrrhenian Sea 12320: 12315: 12313:Sea of Marmara 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12203:Gulf of Mexico 12200: 12195: 12190: 12188:Gulf of Guinea 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12128:Bay of Bothnia 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12074: 12072: 12070:Atlantic Ocean 12066: 12065: 12063: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11986: 11984: 11978: 11977: 11975: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11922:Cosmonauts Sea 11919: 11914: 11909: 11903: 11901: 11895: 11894: 11879: 11878: 11871: 11864: 11856: 11847: 11846: 11844: 11843: 11841:Physical Earth 11824: 11821: 11820: 11818: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11771: 11769: 11763: 11762: 11760: 11759: 11754: 11748: 11746: 11740: 11739: 11737: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11715: 11713: 11707: 11706: 11704: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11692: 11691: 11680: 11678: 11671: 11670: 11668: 11667: 11662: 11661: 11660: 11655: 11653:Mariana Trench 11650: 11640: 11635: 11633:Atlantic Ocean 11630: 11625: 11624: 11623: 11612: 11610: 11604: 11603: 11600: 11599: 11597: 11596: 11594:Southern Ocean 11591: 11590: 11589: 11584: 11582:East China Sea 11574: 11573: 11572: 11562: 11561: 11560: 11559: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11516:Atlantic Ocean 11513: 11507: 11505: 11498: 11497: 11495: 11494: 11493: 11492: 11487: 11477: 11476: 11475: 11470: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11449: 11448: 11443: 11442: 11441: 11436: 11421: 11415: 11413: 11403: 11397: 11396: 11393: 11392: 11390: 11389: 11388: 11387: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11351: 11350: 11345: 11334: 11332: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11322: 11320:Remote Oceania 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11301: 11300: 11290: 11289: 11288: 11283: 11282: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11255: 11253: 11247: 11246: 11244: 11243: 11238: 11237: 11236: 11235: 11234: 11229: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11193: 11192: 11190:Western Canada 11187: 11182: 11180:Eastern Canada 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11061: 11059: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11028: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11007: 11006: 11005: 11004: 11003: 10993: 10992: 10991: 10981: 10980: 10979: 10969: 10964: 10954: 10953: 10952: 10951: 10950: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10915: 10914: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10902: 10901: 10896: 10894:South Caucasus 10891: 10889:North Caucasus 10881: 10871: 10865: 10863: 10857: 10856: 10854: 10853: 10852: 10851: 10850: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10829: 10828: 10827: 10822: 10812: 10811: 10810: 10800: 10799: 10798: 10796:South Caucasus 10788: 10778: 10777: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10756: 10755: 10754: 10749: 10739: 10734: 10733: 10732: 10727: 10717: 10716: 10715: 10714: 10713: 10698: 10697: 10696: 10691: 10690: 10689: 10674: 10673: 10672: 10667: 10665:Aralkum Desert 10662: 10652: 10646: 10644: 10638: 10637: 10635: 10634: 10633: 10632: 10622: 10617: 10616: 10615: 10604: 10602: 10596: 10595: 10593: 10592: 10591: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10579: 10578: 10573: 10563: 10553: 10552: 10551: 10550: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10519: 10513: 10511: 10502: 10496: 10495: 10493: 10492: 10491: 10490: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10464: 10463: 10456:Africa-Eurasia 10452: 10450: 10444: 10443: 10441: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10409: 10407: 10401: 10400: 10398: 10397: 10396: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10349: 10347: 10341: 10340: 10325: 10324: 10317: 10310: 10302: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10267:Russian Arctic 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10218: 10216: 10210: 10209: 10207: 10206: 10201: 10199:Extreme points 10196: 10191: 10189:Eklund Islands 10186: 10181: 10176: 10170: 10168: 10162: 10161: 10150: 10149: 10142: 10135: 10127: 10118: 10117: 10115: 10114: 10109: 10099: 10088: 10085: 10084: 10082: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10063:Ui-te-Rangiora 10060: 10058:Douglas Mawson 10055: 10050: 10048:Roald Amundsen 10044: 10042: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9987:Gateway cities 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9947:Antarctica Day 9943: 9941: 9937: 9936: 9934: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9907: 9905: 9901: 9900: 9898: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9866: 9864: 9858: 9857: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9844: 9842: 9841: 9840: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9819: 9817:Microorganisms 9814: 9808: 9806: 9802: 9801: 9799: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9781:List of rivers 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9757: 9755: 9751: 9750: 9748: 9747: 9746: 9745: 9735: 9734: 9733: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9711:Extreme points 9708: 9707: 9706: 9701: 9691: 9686: 9680: 9678: 9671: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9639: 9638: 9633: 9631:Climate change 9623: 9617: 9615: 9609: 9608: 9601: 9600: 9593: 9586: 9578: 9569: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9555:Southern Ocean 9545: 9532: 9524: 9523:External links 9521: 9520: 9519: 9508: 9502: 9489: 9433: 9379: 9376: 9375: 9374: 9347: 9333:, ed. (1911), 9331:Chisholm, Hugh 9327: 9307: 9306: 9281: 9256: 9226: 9207: 9178: 9166: 9154: 9124: 9098: 9083: 9065: 9013: 8986: 8959: 8936: 8906: 8893:(359): 1–553. 8877: 8847: 8815: 8788: 8761: 8734: 8707: 8680: 8653: 8634:Froese, Rainer 8625: 8606: 8554: 8513: 8479: 8436: 8409:(3): 213–236. 8390: 8363: 8336: 8309: 8292:"Flying Birds" 8282: 8255:(2): 243–255. 8238: 8179: 8120: 8093: 8057: 8031: 8009: 7955: 7895: 7876: 7843: 7802: 7773:(6): 537–544. 7753: 7704: 7655: 7604: 7553: 7480: 7415: 7394: 7387: 7344: 7319: 7266: 7206: 7189: 7129: 7090: 7041: 7022:(3): 171–180. 7006: 6983: 6926: 6880: 6850: 6801: 6760: 6735: 6728: 6708: 6700: 6680: 6654: 6628: 6612:Ocean Explorer 6599: 6587:listofseas.com 6583:"List of seas" 6574: 6562:worldatlas.com 6549: 6523: 6497: 6477: 6449: 6424: 6399: 6369: 6347: 6321: 6291: 6258: 6235: 6216: 6205:antarctica.org 6197: 6185: 6166: 6147: 6117: 6100:South-Pole.com 6087: 6084:(in Estonian). 6069: 6065:Palmer Station 6057: 6026: 5997: 5979: 5946: 5926: 5919: 5901: 5885: 5872: 5866:(1527–1598)', 5855: 5844:Chisholm, Hugh 5797: 5761: 5735:on 26 May 2009 5717: 5685: 5663: 5650:"Indian Ocean" 5641: 5596: 5573: 5547: 5510: 5482: 5437: 5407: 5377: 5352: 5330: 5313: 5288: 5272: 5241: 5214: 5192: 5170: 5144: 5117: 5105: 5075: 5064:on 8 June 2021 5049: 5013: 4990: 4961: 4897: 4878: 4862: 4789: 4771: 4753: 4738: 4712: 4679: 4644: 4623: 4608:, ed. (1911). 4606:Chisholm, Hugh 4597: 4571: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4516: 4491: 4474: 4445: 4420: 4391: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4354: 4342: 4330: 4318: 4306: 4286: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4253: 4250: 4238:South Atlantic 4107:Mawson Station 4103:Esperanza Base 4095:Palmer Station 4070: 4067: 4050: 4047: 3916: 3913: 3903:of some fish. 3884: 3881: 3810:colossal squid 3771: 3768: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3626:toothed whales 3532: 3529: 3430:Notothenioidei 3422:Notothenioidei 3413: 3410: 3371: 3368: 3306: 3303: 3172:Adélie penguin 3143: 3140: 3105: 3102: 2958:climate models 2926:global heating 2898:carbon dioxide 2889: 2881: 2876:climate system 2826: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2805: 2804: 2797: 2796: 2795: 2772: 2769: 2756: 2753: 2722:global warming 2683: 2680: 2647: 2644: 2639: 2561: 2558: 2548: 2545: 2488: 2485: 2434:fields on the 2415: 2412: 2410: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2360:Cosmonauts Sea 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2326: 2321: 2318: 2305: 2304: 2295: 2287: 2278: 2270: 2262: 2254: 2252:(150° – 170°E) 2246: 2238: 2230: 2222: 2214: 2209:Cosmonauts Sea 2206: 2198: 2190: 2182: 2156: 2153: 2072: 2069: 1974:A baby, named 1931: 1928: 1841:Frank Hurley: 1810:Ross Ice Shelf 1713:Main article: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1687: 1680: 1678: 1666:Justus Perthes 1663: 1656: 1654: 1650:Southern Ocean 1647: 1640: 1638: 1620: 1613: 1611: 1607:Southern Ocean 1597: 1590: 1588: 1580:Southern Ocean 1571: 1564: 1562: 1535: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1510:Peter I Island 1400:, who sighted 1368: 1365: 1245:, and reached 1159:expedition to 1103: 1100: 988: 985: 969:Jacob Le Maire 835: 832: 827:Main article: 824: 821: 809:Southern Ocean 797:cartographical 795:In Australia, 792: 789: 713:Cosmonauts Sea 674:. Notably the 656:Southern Ocean 652:ocean currents 637: 634: 601: 598: 550: 547: 491:to the north. 472: 469: 463:as "along the 417:'s account of 375: 372: 337:naming dispute 301: 298: 282:climate change 267:Southern Ocean 229:Victor Vescovo 185:Southern Ocean 179: 178: 176: 175: 168: 161: 153: 150: 149: 142: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 110: 109: 103: 102: 91: 77: 67: 66: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16424: 16413: 16410: 16408: 16407:Marine realms 16405: 16403: 16400: 16399: 16397: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16349: 16348: 16347: 16346: 16342: 16338: 16335: 16334: 16333: 16332: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16303: 16301: 16298: 16296: 16293: 16289: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16260: 16259: 16258: 16254: 16250: 16249: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16217: 16213: 16212: 16211: 16210: 16206: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16188: 16187: 16186: 16182: 16178: 16175: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16160: 16159: 16158: 16157: 16153: 16149: 16146: 16145: 16144: 16143: 16139: 16135: 16132: 16131: 16130: 16129: 16125: 16121: 16118: 16117: 16116: 16115: 16110: 16106: 16103: 16102: 16101: 16100: 16095: 16093: 16090: 16086: 16083: 16082: 16081: 16080: 16075: 16071: 16068: 16067: 16066: 16065: 16060: 16059: 16057: 16055: 16051: 16047: 16041: 16038: 16036: 16035: 16031: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16018: 16017: 16016: 16012: 16010: 16009: 16005: 15999: 15996: 15995: 15994: 15993: 15989: 15985: 15982: 15981: 15980: 15979: 15975: 15971: 15970: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15955: 15954: 15953: 15949: 15948: 15947: 15946: 15942: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15929: 15928: 15927: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15915: 15911: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15893: 15892: 15891: 15887: 15883: 15880: 15879: 15878: 15877: 15873: 15871: 15870: 15866: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15858: 15854: 15850: 15847: 15846: 15845: 15844: 15840: 15836: 15833: 15832: 15831: 15830: 15826: 15822: 15819: 15818: 15817: 15816: 15812: 15810: 15809: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15795: 15794: 15792: 15790: 15786: 15782: 15778: 15770: 15769: 15765: 15764: 15763: 15762: 15758: 15754: 15751: 15750: 15749: 15748: 15744: 15742: 15741: 15740: 15735: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15720: 15716: 15715: 15714: 15713: 15709: 15707: 15706: 15702: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15692: 15687: 15686: 15685: 15684: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15645: 15641: 15640: 15639: 15638: 15634: 15630: 15629: 15625: 15623: 15622: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15610: 15606: 15605: 15604: 15603: 15599: 15595: 15592: 15591: 15590: 15589: 15585: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15575: 15571: 15570: 15569: 15568: 15564: 15560: 15559: 15555: 15554: 15553: 15552: 15548: 15546: 15545: 15541: 15537: 15536: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15526: 15525: 15524: 15520: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15505: 15501: 15500: 15499: 15498: 15494: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15484: 15480: 15479: 15478: 15477: 15473: 15469: 15468:Discovery Hut 15466: 15464: 15463: 15459: 15458: 15457: 15456: 15452: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15442: 15438: 15437: 15436: 15435: 15431: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15402: 15399: 15397: 15394: 15392: 15391: 15387: 15386: 15385: 15384: 15380: 15379: 15377: 15372: 15365: 15357: 15354: 15353: 15352: 15351: 15347: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15332: 15327: 15326: 15325: 15324: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15310: 15306: 15305: 15300: 15297: 15294: 15292: 15288: 15287: 15282: 15281: 15280: 15279: 15275: 15271: 15268: 15267: 15266: 15265: 15260: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15250: 15245: 15244: 15243: 15242: 15238: 15234: 15231: 15230: 15229: 15228: 15224: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15195: 15192: 15191: 15190: 15189: 15185: 15181: 15178: 15177: 15176: 15175: 15171: 15169: 15168: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15155: 15152: 15151: 15150: 15149: 15144: 15140: 15137: 15136: 15135: 15134: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15122: 15119: 15117: 15114: 15113: 15111: 15109: 15105: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15085: 15082: 15078: 15074: 15069: 15065: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15040: 15038: 15037: 15033: 15032: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15020: 15016: 15014: 15013: 15009: 15005: 15002: 15001: 15000: 14999: 14998:A. Sibiryakov 14995: 14991: 14988: 14987: 14986: 14985: 14981: 14977: 14974: 14973: 14972: 14971: 14970:Glavsevmorput 14967: 14963: 14960: 14959: 14958: 14957: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14939: 14936: 14935: 14934: 14933: 14929: 14925: 14922: 14921: 14920: 14919: 14918: 14913: 14909: 14906: 14905: 14904: 14903: 14902: 14896: 14895: 14894: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14859: 14855: 14854: 14853: 14852: 14848: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14835: 14834: 14833: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14801: 14800: 14799: 14798: 14793: 14789: 14786: 14785: 14784: 14783: 14782: 14777: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14762: 14757: 14756: 14755: 14754: 14752: 14747: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14734: 14733: 14732: 14730: 14725: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14712: 14711: 14710: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14588: 14587: 14586: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14544: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14527: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14495: 14491: 14490: 14488: 14486: 14482: 14478: 14472: 14469: 14465: 14462: 14461: 14460: 14459: 14458: 14453: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14440: 14439: 14438: 14437: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14423: 14420: 14419: 14418: 14417: 14416: 14411: 14407: 14404: 14403: 14402: 14401: 14397: 14393: 14390: 14389: 14388: 14387: 14382: 14378: 14375: 14374: 14373: 14372: 14368: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14358: 14353: 14352: 14351: 14350: 14346: 14342: 14339: 14338: 14337: 14336: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14307: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14294: 14289: 14288: 14287: 14286: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14273: 14272:J. Richardson 14270: 14268: 14265: 14264: 14263: 14262: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14249: 14248: 14243: 14241: 14240: 14235: 14234: 14233: 14232: 14228: 14224: 14221: 14220: 14219: 14218: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14190: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14179: 14176: 14172: 14169: 14168: 14167: 14166: 14161: 14157: 14154: 14153: 14152: 14151: 14146: 14142: 14139: 14138: 14137: 14136: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14112: 14109: 14108: 14107: 14106: 14101: 14097: 14094: 14093: 14092: 14091: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14063: 14062: 14061: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14034:M. Corte-Real 14032: 14030: 14029:G. Corte-Real 14027: 14025: 14022: 14021: 14019: 14017: 14013: 14009: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13982: 13981: 13980: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13967: 13964: 13963: 13962: 13961: 13957: 13953: 13952:C. Richardson 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13935: 13934: 13933: 13932: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13910: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13888: 13884: 13882: 13881: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13866: 13864: 13862: 13858: 13854: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13834: 13830: 13829: 13828: 13827: 13823: 13821: 13820: 13816: 13814: 13813: 13812: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13793: 13788: 13786: 13785: 13784: 13778: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13765: 13764: 13763: 13762: 13761:Georgiy Sedov 13757: 13755: 13754: 13750: 13748: 13747: 13743: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13720: 13719: 13718: 13714: 13712: 13711: 13707: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13689: 13688: 13687: 13683: 13679: 13676: 13675: 13674: 13673: 13672: 13667: 13665: 13664: 13663: 13658: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13648:Riiser-Larsen 13646: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13630: 13629: 13628: 13627: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13599: 13598: 13597: 13596: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13581: 13578: 13577: 13576: 13575: 13571: 13567: 13564: 13563: 13562: 13561: 13557: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13537: 13533: 13532: 13531: 13530: 13528: 13522: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13504: 13503: 13502: 13498: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13483: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13470: 13465: 13464: 13463: 13462: 13458: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13443: 13439: 13438: 13437: 13436: 13434: 13429: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13401: 13400: 13399: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13364: 13362: 13360: 13356: 13352: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13327: 13324: 13320: 13316: 13311: 13307: 13303: 13296: 13291: 13289: 13284: 13282: 13277: 13276: 13273: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13237: 13235: 13231: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13210: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13195: 13193: 13189: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13124: 13122: 13118: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13068: 13066: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13051: 13041: 13038: 13037: 13035: 13031: 13025: 13024:Demersal zone 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12966: 12964: 12958: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12929: 12927: 12923: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12903: 12901: 12897: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12867: 12865: 12859: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12834: 12832: 12828: 12822: 12821:Alpine tundra 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12803: 12801: 12799:Polar/montane 12797: 12794: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12779: 12775: 12768: 12763: 12761: 12756: 12754: 12749: 12748: 12745: 12733: 12732: 12723: 12721: 12720: 12715: 12709: 12708: 12705: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12685: 12683: 12679: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12654: 12652: 12650: 12646: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12539:Halmahera Sea 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12436: 12434: 12432: 12431:Pacific Ocean 12428: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12401:Laccadive Sea 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12386:Gulf of Kutch 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12376:Gulf of Aqaba 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12356:Bay of Bengal 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12343: 12341: 12339: 12335: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12283:Norwegian Sea 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12253:Levantine Sea 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12208:Gulf of Sidra 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12198:Gulf of Maine 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12173:Greenland Sea 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12153:Caribbean Sea 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12123:Bay of Biscay 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12103:Argentine Sea 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12075: 12073: 12071: 12067: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12015:Greenland Sea 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11990:Amundsen Gulf 11988: 11987: 11985: 11983: 11979: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11932:D'Urville Sea 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11904: 11902: 11900: 11896: 11892: 11888: 11884: 11877: 11872: 11870: 11865: 11863: 11858: 11857: 11854: 11842: 11838: 11834: 11826: 11825: 11822: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11772: 11770: 11768: 11764: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11749: 11747: 11745: 11741: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11716: 11714: 11712: 11708: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11690: 11687: 11686: 11685: 11682: 11681: 11679: 11677: 11672: 11666: 11663: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11645: 11644: 11643:Pacific Ocean 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11622: 11619: 11618: 11617: 11614: 11613: 11611: 11609: 11605: 11595: 11592: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11579: 11578: 11577:Pacific Ocean 11575: 11571: 11568: 11567: 11566: 11563: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11543: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11531:Caribbean Sea 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11518: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11508: 11506: 11504: 11499: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11482: 11481: 11478: 11474: 11473:by population 11471: 11469: 11466: 11465: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11447: 11446:South America 11444: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11431: 11430: 11429:North America 11427: 11426: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11416: 11414: 11412: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11398: 11386: 11383: 11382: 11381: 11380:Southern Cone 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11355:Andean States 11353: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11340: 11339: 11336: 11335: 11333: 11331: 11330:South America 11327: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11299: 11296: 11295: 11294: 11291: 11287: 11284: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11266: 11265: 11262: 11261: 11260: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11252: 11248: 11242: 11239: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11224: 11223: 11220: 11219: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11092: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11058: 11057:North America 11054: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11020:Low Countries 11018: 11016: 11013: 11012: 11011: 11008: 11002: 10999: 10998: 10997: 10996:South-western 10994: 10990: 10987: 10986: 10985: 10984:South-eastern 10982: 10978: 10975: 10974: 10973: 10972:South-central 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10962:Mediterranean 10960: 10959: 10958: 10955: 10949: 10946: 10945: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10928:British Isles 10926: 10924: 10921: 10920: 10919: 10916: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10886: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10876: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10866: 10864: 10862: 10858: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10834: 10833: 10830: 10826: 10825:Levantine Sea 10823: 10821: 10818: 10817: 10816: 10813: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10804: 10801: 10797: 10794: 10793: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10783: 10782: 10779: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10761: 10760: 10757: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10744: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10722: 10721: 10718: 10712: 10709: 10708: 10707: 10704: 10703: 10702: 10699: 10695: 10692: 10688: 10685: 10684: 10683: 10680: 10679: 10678: 10675: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10657: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10647: 10645: 10643: 10639: 10631: 10628: 10627: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10614: 10611: 10610: 10609: 10606: 10605: 10603: 10601: 10597: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10568: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10558: 10557: 10554: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10529: 10528: 10525: 10524: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10517:Mediterranean 10515: 10514: 10512: 10510: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10497: 10489: 10486: 10485: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10462: 10459: 10458: 10457: 10454: 10453: 10451: 10449: 10445: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10410: 10408: 10406: 10402: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10375: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10350: 10348: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10323: 10318: 10316: 10311: 10309: 10304: 10303: 10300: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10222:Arctic Alaska 10220: 10219: 10217: 10215: 10211: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10158:polar regions 10155: 10148: 10143: 10141: 10136: 10134: 10129: 10128: 10125: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10100: 10098: 10090: 10089: 10086: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10045: 10043: 10039: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9992:Midwinter Day 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9944: 9942: 9938: 9932: 9931:Treaty System 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9902: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9867: 9865: 9863: 9859: 9854: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9824: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9803: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9786:McMurdo Sound 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9758: 9756: 9752: 9744: 9741: 9740: 9739: 9736: 9732: 9729: 9728: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9696: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9681: 9679: 9675: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9616: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9599: 9594: 9592: 9587: 9585: 9580: 9579: 9576: 9572: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9556: 9552: 9551: 9546: 9543: 9539: 9536: 9533: 9530: 9527: 9526: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9499: 9495: 9490: 9486: 9482: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9442: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9387: 9382: 9381: 9363: 9359: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9344: 9343: 9337: 9332: 9328: 9324: 9323: 9317: 9311: 9310: 9295: 9291: 9285: 9270: 9266: 9260: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9230: 9223: 9219: 9216: 9211: 9195: 9188: 9182: 9175: 9170: 9163: 9158: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9128: 9112: 9108: 9102: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9080: 9076: 9069: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9017: 9001: 8997: 8990: 8974: 8970: 8963: 8947: 8940: 8924: 8920: 8913: 8911: 8901: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8881: 8865: 8861: 8854: 8852: 8835: 8831: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8803: 8799: 8792: 8776: 8772: 8765: 8749: 8745: 8738: 8722: 8718: 8711: 8695: 8691: 8684: 8668: 8664: 8657: 8649: 8648: 8643: 8641: 8635: 8629: 8621: 8617: 8610: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8558: 8550: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8517: 8501: 8497: 8490: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8452:(2): 93–107. 8451: 8447: 8440: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8397: 8395: 8378: 8374: 8367: 8351: 8347: 8340: 8324: 8320: 8313: 8297: 8293: 8286: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8242: 8234: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8183: 8175: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8140:(9): e74218. 8139: 8135: 8131: 8124: 8108: 8104: 8097: 8081: 8077: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8064: 8062: 8045: 8041: 8035: 8027: 8023: 8016: 8014: 8005: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7959: 7951: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7902: 7900: 7891: 7887: 7880: 7871: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7847: 7838: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7806: 7798: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7708: 7700: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7659: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7608: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7557: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7484: 7476: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7419: 7411: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7390: 7388:9781009157896 7384: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7371: 7366: 7362: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7333: 7329: 7323: 7315: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7270: 7264: 7259: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7210: 7203: 7199: 7193: 7185: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7136: 7134: 7126: 7124: 7120: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7094: 7086: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7045: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7010: 7002: 6998: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6979: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6930: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6887: 6885: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6854: 6846: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6805: 6797: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6764: 6749: 6745: 6739: 6731: 6725: 6721: 6720: 6712: 6703: 6701:0-87590-972-8 6697: 6693: 6692: 6684: 6668: 6664: 6658: 6643: 6639: 6632: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6603: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6563: 6559: 6553: 6538:. 4 June 2010 6537: 6533: 6527: 6511: 6507: 6501: 6493: 6489: 6488: 6481: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6453: 6438: 6434: 6428: 6413: 6409: 6403: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6373: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6295: 6279: 6275: 6274: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6239: 6232: 6228: 6225: 6220: 6213: 6209: 6206: 6201: 6194: 6189: 6182: 6178: 6175: 6170: 6163: 6159: 6156: 6151: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6091: 6083: 6081: 6073: 6066: 6061: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6030: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5988:Weddel, James 5983: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5950: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5930: 5922: 5920:0-521-25274-1 5916: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5876: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5840:Polar Regions 5837: 5832: 5831:public domain 5818: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5765: 5750: 5749: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5724:For example: 5721: 5702: 5695: 5689: 5673: 5667: 5651: 5645: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5584: 5577: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5535: 5531: 5529: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5486: 5479: 5476: 5472: 5454: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5362: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5326: 5325: 5317: 5301: 5300: 5292: 5284: 5283: 5276: 5269: 5256: 5252: 5245: 5229: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5196: 5180: 5174: 5158: 5154: 5148: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5114: 5109: 5102: 5090: 5086: 5079: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5017: 5001: 4994: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4966: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4882: 4874: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4749: 4742: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4709: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4676: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4640: 4636: 4633: 4627: 4619: 4618: 4612: 4607: 4601: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4586: 4578: 4576: 4568: 4566: 4560: 4556: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4533:South Georgia 4530: 4526: 4520: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4504:South America 4501: 4500:Drake Passage 4495: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4449: 4440: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4415: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4319: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4294: 4291: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4242:South Pacific 4239: 4235: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4215:Port Adelaide 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4005: 4000: 3999: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3985: 3984: 3978: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3897:phytoplankton 3894: 3890: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3777: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3667:Invertebrates 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3622:baleen whales 3619: 3616:There are 10 3614: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3583:leopard seals 3580: 3576: 3575:Weddell seals 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3547:elephant seal 3544: 3538: 3525: 3521: 3520:Weddell seals 3517: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3496: 3495: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3418: 3409: 3407: 3393: 3392:notothenioids 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3345:South Georgia 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3300: 3299:South Georgia 3296: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3281: 3276: 3275:conveyor belt 3271: 3270:sea cucumbers 3267: 3263: 3258: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3233:, fur seals, 3232: 3231:leopard seals 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3180:King penguins 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3077:precipitation 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2908:of emissions. 2907: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2886: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2807: 2801: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2748: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2675: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2660:South America 2657: 2653: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2623:phytoplankton 2620: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2598:. Another is 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2578: 2567: 2553: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2526: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2499:Burton Island 2493: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2420: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2402:D'Urville Sea 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2288: 2283: 2282:Drake Passage 2279: 2274: 2271: 2266: 2263: 2258: 2255: 2250: 2247: 2242: 2239: 2234: 2231: 2226: 2223: 2218: 2215: 2210: 2207: 2202: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2188:(20°W – 45°E) 2186: 2183: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2161: 2152: 2150: 2140: 2130: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2087:Drake Passage 2084: 2083:South America 2078: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2057:Colin O'Brady 2054: 2050: 2049:human-powered 2045: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1936: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1885:South Georgia 1882: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1833: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1744: 1740: 1731: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1673: 1667: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1602: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1553: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1532: 1527: 1526: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1497: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1398:William Smith 1396: 1392: 1386: 1382: 1373: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1329:James Weddell 1325: 1321: 1319: 1318:60th parallel 1315: 1311: 1307: 1306:Sandwich Land 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1271: 1262: 1260: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1228: 1224: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1204: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181:Bouvet Island 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1153:Royal Society 1150: 1146: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1125:James Weddell 1122: 1114: 1109: 1099: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1064:Bouvet Island 1061: 1057: 1053: 1052:South Georgia 1049: 1045: 1044: 1039:'s voyage in 1038: 1037:Edmond Halley 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1015:South Georgia 1013:The visit to 1009:(before 1721) 1008: 1004: 1003:Edmund Halley 999: 994: 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 961:Francis Drake 958: 956: 952: 947: 945: 941: 938: 933: 931: 925: 923: 919: 918: 913: 912: 907: 906: 905:Regio Patalis 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 861: 860:South America 857: 852: 846: 841: 830: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 784: 780: 778: 774: 773:Drake Passage 769: 767: 763: 762:Pacific Ocean 759: 753: 751: 747: 743: 739: 734: 732: 728: 727: 722: 718: 714: 710: 709: 704: 695: 691: 689: 684: 679: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 642: 633: 631: 627: 623: 616: 609: 607: 597: 593: 590: 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 566: 564: 555: 546: 544: 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 492: 490: 486: 477: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 445: 439: 436: 432: 428: 424: 423:New Caledonia 420: 416: 411: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 385: 380: 371: 368: 363: 360: 354: 352: 348: 347: 342: 338: 334: 329: 327: 323: 315: 311: 306: 297: 295: 291: 290:tipping point 287: 283: 279: 275: 270: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 243: 238: 236: 235: 230: 225: 220: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 174: 169: 167: 162: 160: 155: 154: 152: 151: 148: 147:Marginal seas 145: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 116: 115: 112: 111: 108: 107:Earth's ocean 105: 104: 95: 88:seawater flow 87: 81: 71: 65: 64: 58: 53: 46: 42: 37: 33: 29: 22: 16343: 16331:Pole of Cold 16329: 16255: 16246: 16214: 16207: 16183: 16154: 16140: 16134:Borchgrevink 16126: 16113: 16098: 16078: 16063: 16032: 16013: 16006: 15990: 15976: 15967: 15950: 15943: 15924: 15912: 15888: 15874: 15867: 15855: 15841: 15827: 15813: 15806: 15767: 15759: 15745: 15738: 15736: 15718: 15710: 15703: 15690: 15681: 15643: 15635: 15626: 15619: 15607: 15600: 15586: 15574:Pourquoi-Pas 15573: 15565: 15557: 15549: 15544:Orcadas Base 15542: 15534: 15521: 15515:C. A. Larsen 15503: 15495: 15481: 15474: 15461: 15453: 15447:Borchgrevink 15440: 15432: 15389: 15381: 15356:C. A. Larsen 15349: 15330: 15321: 15303: 15285: 15276: 15263: 15248: 15239: 15226: 15187: 15173: 15166: 15147: 15132: 15107: 15042: 15035: 15018: 15011: 14997: 14982: 14968: 14955: 14930: 14916: 14914: 14900: 14898: 14892: 14890: 14856: 14849: 14830: 14796: 14794: 14780: 14778: 14760: 14750: 14748: 14728: 14726: 14707: 14583: 14541: 14524: 14492: 14456: 14454: 14434: 14433: 14413: 14412: 14398: 14385: 14370: 14356: 14347: 14334: 14305: 14293:Investigator 14292: 14283: 14259: 14246: 14238: 14229: 14216: 14187: 14164: 14149: 14134: 14104: 14089: 14059: 13978: 13958: 13929: 13925:Erik the Red 13907: 13885: 13878: 13835:submersibles 13832: 13826:Arktika 2007 13824: 13817: 13810: 13807: 13791: 13782: 13779: 13760: 13758: 13751: 13744: 13715: 13708: 13684: 13670: 13669: 13661: 13659: 13625: 13623: 13594: 13591: 13580:S. A. Andrée 13572: 13559: 13534: 13526: 13523: 13499: 13481: 13468: 13459: 13441: 13432: 13430: 13396: 13191:Subdivisions 13126: 13081:Australasian 13071:Afrotropical 13033:Other biomes 13009:Benthic zone 13004:Pelagic zone 12999:Neritic zone 12989:Kelp forests 12861:Tropical and 12729: 12710: 12584:Sea of Japan 12459:Bismarck Sea 12411:Persian Gulf 12396:Gulf of Suez 12391:Gulf of Oman 12371:Gulf of Aden 12338:Indian Ocean 12318:Thracian Sea 12303:Sea of Crete 12293:Sea of Åland 12288:Sargasso Sea 12263:Ligurian Sea 12248:Labrador Sea 12238:Irminger Sea 12193:Gulf of Lion 12148:Bothnian Sea 12138:Bay of Fundy 12113:Balearic Sea 12078:Adriatic Sea 12000:Beaufort Sea 11982:Arctic Ocean 11907:Amundsen Sea 11898: 11839: / 11837:List of seas 11835: / 11800:Global South 11785:Global North 11719:Atlantic Rim 11658:Ring of Fire 11638:Indian Ocean 11628:Arctic Ocean 11615: 11570:Persian Gulf 11565:Indian Ocean 11546:Adriatic Sea 11511:Arctic Ocean 11343:Amazon Basin 11338:Amazon Plain 11310:Near Oceania 11115:Mid-Atlantic 11065:Aridoamerica 11025:Northwestern 10938:Northwestern 10911:Southeastern 10803:Greater Iran 10742:Southeastern 10737:Pacific Asia 10706:Pacific Asia 10694:Northeastern 10650:Asia–Pacific 10393:Fourth World 10383:Second World 9977:Firefighting 9962:Demographics 9885:Colonization 9880:World War II 9760: 9570: 9554: 9548: 9511: 9493: 9444: 9440: 9396: 9392: 9366:, retrieved 9357:Style Manual 9356: 9340: 9320: 9297:. Retrieved 9293: 9284: 9272:. Retrieved 9268: 9259: 9247:. Retrieved 9243:the original 9238: 9229: 9210: 9198:. Retrieved 9193: 9181: 9169: 9157: 9145:. Retrieved 9141:the original 9127: 9115:. Retrieved 9110: 9101: 9074: 9068: 9027: 9023: 9016: 9004:. Retrieved 8989: 8977:. Retrieved 8962: 8950:. Retrieved 8939: 8927:. Retrieved 8890: 8880: 8868:. Retrieved 8838:. Retrieved 8806:. Retrieved 8791: 8779:. Retrieved 8764: 8752:. Retrieved 8737: 8725:. Retrieved 8710: 8698:. Retrieved 8683: 8671:. Retrieved 8656: 8645: 8639: 8628: 8619: 8609: 8571:(1): 71–80. 8568: 8564: 8557: 8530: 8526: 8516: 8504:. Retrieved 8449: 8445: 8439: 8406: 8402: 8381:. Retrieved 8366: 8354:. Retrieved 8339: 8327:. Retrieved 8323:the original 8312: 8300:. Retrieved 8285: 8252: 8248: 8241: 8199:(3): e9835. 8196: 8192: 8182: 8137: 8133: 8123: 8111:. Retrieved 8106: 8096: 8084:. Retrieved 8048:. Retrieved 8044:the original 8034: 7995:10150/622754 7969: 7965: 7958: 7915: 7911: 7879: 7860: 7856: 7846: 7819: 7815: 7805: 7770: 7766: 7756: 7724:(1): 14415. 7721: 7717: 7707: 7672: 7668: 7658: 7617: 7613: 7607: 7566: 7562: 7556: 7497: 7493: 7483: 7432: 7428: 7418: 7369: 7361:Hewitt, H.T. 7335:. Retrieved 7331: 7322: 7279: 7275: 7269: 7223: 7219: 7209: 7196:IPCC, 2021: 7192: 7149: 7145: 7116: 7111:30 September 7109:. Retrieved 7103: 7093: 7058: 7054: 7044: 7019: 7015: 7009: 6943: 6939: 6929: 6896: 6892: 6871:. Retrieved 6867:the original 6853: 6818: 6814: 6804: 6780:(3): 68–69. 6777: 6774:Oceanography 6773: 6763: 6751:. Retrieved 6747: 6738: 6718: 6711: 6690: 6683: 6671:. Retrieved 6666: 6657: 6645:. Retrieved 6641: 6631: 6619:. Retrieved 6611: 6602: 6590:. Retrieved 6586: 6577: 6565:. Retrieved 6561: 6552: 6540:. Retrieved 6535: 6526: 6514:. Retrieved 6510:the original 6500: 6492:the original 6486: 6480: 6468:. Retrieved 6461: 6452: 6440:. Retrieved 6436: 6427: 6415:. Retrieved 6411: 6402: 6390:. Retrieved 6386:the original 6381: 6372: 6364:the original 6359: 6350: 6338:. Retrieved 6334:the original 6324: 6312:. Retrieved 6308:the original 6294: 6282:. Retrieved 6271: 6261: 6238: 6219: 6200: 6188: 6169: 6150: 6138:. Retrieved 6134:the original 6129: 6120: 6108:. Retrieved 6099: 6090: 6078: 6072: 6060: 6048:. Retrieved 6044:the original 6029: 6017:. Retrieved 6000: 5991: 5982: 5970:. Retrieved 5967:Joseph Banks 5962: 5949: 5935: 5929: 5910: 5904: 5894: 5888: 5880: 5875: 5858: 5847: 5788:. Retrieved 5781:the original 5776: 5764: 5753:, retrieved 5747: 5737:, retrieved 5733:the original 5727: 5720: 5708:. Retrieved 5701:the original 5688: 5676:. Retrieved 5666: 5654:. Retrieved 5644: 5632:. Retrieved 5625:the original 5612: 5599: 5587:. Retrieved 5576: 5564:. Retrieved 5560:the original 5550: 5538:. Retrieved 5534:the original 5527: 5501:. Retrieved 5494: 5485: 5460:. Retrieved 5428:. Retrieved 5419: 5410: 5398:. Retrieved 5389: 5380: 5368:. Retrieved 5355: 5346: 5342: 5333: 5322: 5316: 5304:. Retrieved 5298: 5291: 5281: 5275: 5266: 5259:. Retrieved 5254: 5251:"March 1775" 5244: 5232:. Retrieved 5227: 5217: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5183:. Retrieved 5173: 5161:. Retrieved 5157:the original 5147: 5135:. Retrieved 5108: 5100: 5093:. Retrieved 5088: 5078: 5066:. Retrieved 5062:the original 5052: 5040:. Retrieved 5033:the original 5028: 5016: 5004:. Retrieved 4993: 4981:. Retrieved 4976: 4915: 4911: 4900: 4881: 4865: 4806: 4802: 4792: 4774: 4765: 4756: 4747: 4741: 4729:. Retrieved 4724: 4715: 4707: 4700:. Retrieved 4697:CIA Factbook 4696: 4674: 4667:. Retrieved 4664:CIA Factbook 4663: 4638: 4635: 4626: 4615: 4600: 4588: 4584: 4564: 4559: 4519: 4494: 4477: 4469: 4468:", and the " 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4433:Nánbīng Yáng 4432: 4423: 4408:Nankyoku Kai 4407: 4394: 4372: 4367: 4246:Indian Ocean 4231: 4211:Port Augusta 4203:Port Lincoln 4183:Cape Leeuwin 4176: 4126: 4115: 4088: 4052: 4042: 4040: 4021: 4002: 3996: 3994: 3987: 3981: 3979: 3939: 3936: 3930:Nisshin Maru 3929: 3886: 3870: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3844: 3838: 3833: 3826:sperm whales 3813: 3803: 3792: 3786: 3773: 3762: 3734:Slow moving 3733: 3709: 3703: 3689: 3675: 3655: 3633: 3615: 3606: 3599: 3594: 3586: 3578: 3570: 3558: 3550: 3540: 3523: 3505: 3499: 3492: 3490: 3485: 3477: 3469:Dissostichus 3467: 3465: 3461:water column 3452: 3438: 3427: 3420:Fish of the 3373: 3353: 3314: 3294: 3259: 3247: 3241:, penguins, 3199:Weddell seal 3192: 3145: 3135:Weddell seal 3133:) hunting a 3131:Orcinus orca 3130: 3104:Biodiversity 3038:paleoclimate 3023: 2990:cubic meters 2970: 2950:mass balance 2911: 2905: 2901: 2774: 2758: 2730: 2716: 2692:Weddell Gyre 2685: 2650:Large-scale 2649: 2631: 2615:subantarctic 2608: 2584:water masses 2581: 2576: 2563: 2530: 2523: 2512: 2505: 2498: 2473: 2444: 2425: 2390:Amundsen Sea 2323: 2320:Biggest seas 2306: 2297:Part of the 2293:(54° – 62°W) 2285:(54° – 68°W) 2280:Part of the 2265:Amundsen Sea 2228:(82° – 96°E) 2212:(30° – 50°E) 2204:(14° – 30°E) 2169: 2166: 2155:Subdivisions 2148: 2138: 2127: 2115: 2106: 2101: 2095: 2080: 2061:Andrew Towne 2046: 2040:designed an 2035: 2031:Chilean Navy 2026: 2018: 2013: 2005: 1988: 1984: 1973: 1968: 1962: 1951: 1940: 1920:Jackie Ronne 1904: 1893: 1879: 1869: 1858: 1847: 1842: 1830: 1823: 1818:Mount Terror 1814:Mount Erebus 1795: 1781: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1755: 1748: 1736: 1723: 1697: 1696:showing the 1689: 1669: 1649: 1629: 1606: 1605:, shows the 1598: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1549: 1541: 1462: 1458: 1431: 1416: 1414: 1388: 1339: 1335: 1326: 1322: 1305: 1296:renaming it 1294:Roché Island 1263: 1242: 1220: 1215: 1172: 1168: 1149:hydrographer 1142: 1137: 1129: 1081:sailed from 1076: 1042: 1035: 1027:Roché Island 1012: 1001:Portrait of 959: 955:New Hebrides 948: 934: 929: 926: 915: 909: 903: 899: 867: 865: 813:Cape Leeuwin 808: 794: 770: 761: 757: 754: 735: 724: 706: 702: 700: 682: 680: 659: 655: 648: 618: 611: 605: 603: 594: 586: 574:Cape Leeuwin 570:Cape Agulhas 567: 562: 560: 540: 524:Cape Wickham 504:Cape Leeuwin 500:Cape Agulhas 493: 484: 482: 456: 442: 440: 434: 430: 426: 412: 407: 389: 364: 355: 344: 341:Sea of Japan 330: 325: 319: 313: 271: 266: 255:Subantarctic 251:oceanic zone 239: 232: 221: 217:Arctic Ocean 188: 184: 182: 143: 118: 113: 44: 32: 16034:Lake Vostok 15984:Tryoshnikov 15906:Schlossbach 15797:Christensen 15739:James Caird 15660:E. R. Evans 15426:Dobrowolski 15396:de Gerlache 15098:Expeditions 14984:Aviaarktika 14938:Samoylovich 14809:Kolomeitsev 14703:Middendorff 14663:Gedenshtrom 14083:I. Fyodorov 13845:Chilingarov 13733:E. Fyodorov 13340:Expeditions 13101:Neotropical 13091:Indomalayan 13064:Terrestrial 12994:Coral reefs 12863:subtropical 12790:Terrestrial 12662:Caspian Sea 12634:Visayan Sea 12614:Solomon Sea 12609:Sibuyan Sea 12604:Shantar Sea 12559:Molucca Sea 12554:Mar de Grau 12484:Chilean Sea 12479:Celebes Sea 12474:Camotes Sea 12439:Arafura Sea 12351:Arabian Sea 12346:Andaman Sea 12298:Sea of Azov 12273:Myrtoan Sea 12088:Alboran Sea 12040:Pechora Sea 12035:Lincoln Sea 12005:Chukchi Sea 11995:Barents Sea 11972:Weddell Sea 11942:Lazarev Sea 11815:Global West 11775:Global East 11734:Pacific Rim 11676:waterbodies 11665:World Ocean 11490:New Zealand 11370:The Guianas 11259:Australasia 11202:West Indies 11130:New England 11110:Great Lakes 11080:Mesoamerica 10967:Middle East 10943:Scandinavia 10832:Middle East 10670:Caspian Sea 10576:Great Lakes 10556:Sub-Saharan 10542:Middle East 10405:Hemispheres 10388:Third World 10378:First World 10331:'s primary 10065:(legendary) 9972:Field camps 9870:Expeditions 9796:Weddell Sea 9776:Lake Vostok 9771:Lake Mercer 9643:Ice shelves 9239:www.iho.int 9164:, article 6 8952:27 December 8744:"Sea lions" 7863:: 701–709. 7305:1885/274441 6946:(1): 1211. 6558:"World Map" 6340:28 November 6110:12 February 6050:14 November 6019:14 November 5957:(c. 1776). 5589:21 December 5503:27 November 5462:28 December 5131:"Maps Home" 4731:16 February 4725:For The Win 4386:Grand Océan 4316:Environment 4234:yacht races 4223:Warrnambool 4164:Ross Island 4149: / 4061:and 14% of 4009:marine life 3925:Minke whale 3889:ultraviolet 3883:Environment 3830:warty squid 3759:warty squid 3736:sea spiders 3706:brood pouch 3682:crustaceans 3624:, and four 3384:cod icefish 3317:albatrosses 3243:albatrosses 3211:Weddell Sea 3152:blue whales 3036:. There is 3018:Weddell Sea 2954:ice shelves 2844:downwelling 2755:Observation 2731:Due to the 2704:Weddell Sea 2528:distances. 2480:fresh water 2450:concretions 2348:Lazarev Sea 2330:Weddell Sea 2196:(0° – 14°E) 2193:Lazarev Sea 2177:Weddell Sea 1994:cruise ship 1880:James Caird 1806:Ross Island 1791:Wilkes Land 1782:Flying Fish 1759:, the brig 1491: / 1361:Weddell Sea 1357:Coat's Land 1259:135° W 1251:177° W 1239:147° E 977:Abel Tasman 878:in 1487 by 854:, a map by 740:, show the 528:King Island 520:Bass Strait 193:world ocean 16396:Categories 16257:Terra Nova 16162:Shackleton 16105:J. C. Ross 16064:Resolution 16054:South Pole 15829:New Swabia 15753:Mackintosh 15725:Shackleton 15644:Terra Nova 15637:Terra Nova 15371:Heroic Age 15331:Challenger 15291:J. C. Ross 15201:Bransfield 15133:Resolution 15048:icebreaker 15012:Chelyuskin 14753:expedition 14731:Expedition 14673:Matyushkin 14631:Kh. Laptev 14626:Chelyuskin 14520:Heemskerck 14510:Chancellor 14505:Willoughby 14500:Koch boats 14443:Stefansson 14377:McClintock 14341:Inglefield 14183:J. C. Ross 14090:Resolution 13942:Cunningham 13840:Sagalevich 13529:expedition 13488:Stephenson 13448:C. F. Hall 13435:expedition 13409:J. C. Ross 13372:Heemskerck 13359:North Pole 13208:Ecoregions 13203:Bioregions 13111:Palearctic 13019:Cold seeps 12979:Intertidal 12698:Superocean 12672:Salton Sea 12639:Yellow Sea 12629:Tasman Sea 12574:Salish Sea 12454:Bering Sea 12361:Flores Sea 12328:Wadden Sea 12258:Libyan Sea 12228:Ionian Sea 12223:Hudson Bay 12168:Foxe Basin 12158:Celtic Sea 12118:Baltic Sea 12108:Baffin Bay 12083:Aegean Sea 12055:Wandel Sea 12030:Laptev Sea 11962:Scotia Sea 11947:Mawson Sea 11556:Ionian Sea 11551:Aegean Sea 11521:Baltic Sea 11453:Antarctica 11305:Micronesia 11274:New Guinea 11232:Portuguese 11155:West Coast 11105:East Coast 11100:Bible Belt 11095:Appalachia 10774:Subregions 10682:Inner Asia 10600:Antarctica 10500:Continents 10473:Antarctica 10448:Landmasses 10358:Down Under 10353:Arab World 10337:subregions 9875:Heroic Age 9726:South Pole 9636:Heat waves 9605:Antarctica 9362:Washington 9200:23 January 9194:ccamlr.org 9147:19 January 9117:11 October 9111:ccamlr.org 8446:Polar Biol 8346:"Penguins" 8249:Polar Biol 8113:22 October 8050:6 February 7918:(1): 424. 7435:(1): 383. 7152:(1): 340. 6673:18 January 6621:23 January 6470:11 January 6193:Finn Ronne 6067:. ucsd.edu 5972:23 January 5790:13 October 5755:11 October 5739:11 October 5678:24 January 5656:13 January 5634:17 January 5619:. Monaco: 5566:19 January 5540:22 January 5430:18 January 5400:19 January 5370:2 November 5306:1 November 5261:1 November 5234:1 November 5113:NGS (2014) 5006:13 January 4983:18 January 4551:References 4525:Scotia Sea 4400:Dr. Hooker 4278:Seven Seas 4187:Cape Otway 4118:icebreaker 4013:Antarctica 3973:2014, the 3962:50 degrees 3956:(south of 3893:ozone hole 3871:Antarctic 3841:sea urchin 3828:, and the 3806:cephalopod 3729:epimeriids 3672:Arthropods 3630:blue whale 3591:Ross seals 3535:See also: 3494:Notothenia 3480:) and the 3457:overfished 3445:hemoglobin 3309:See also: 3108:See also: 3063:, and the 3057:extinction 2858:and other 2778:open ocean 2656:Antarctica 2465:hydroxides 2378:Mawson Sea 2354:Scotia Sea 2299:Scotia Sea 2233:Mawson Sea 2075:See also: 2053:Fiann Paul 2010:Antarctica 1907:Finn Ronne 1476:69°21′28″S 1447:Royal Navy 1395:Englishman 1379:See also: 1290:57° S 1282:106° 54′ W 1274:109° 30′ W 1247:60° S 1235:60° S 1212:James Cook 1189:60° S 1169:Resolution 1165:James Cook 1108:James Cook 1106:See also: 1091:50° S 1072:55° S 1048:52° S 1031:James Cook 991:See also: 922:New Guinea 838:See also: 777:Scotia Sea 766:Tasman Sea 630:Tasman Sea 512:Cape Otway 461:Bairnsdale 415:James Cook 242:James Cook 201:Antarctica 28:South Seas 16356:Tolstikov 16142:Discovery 16112:HMS 16097:HMS 16079:Adventure 16077:HMS 16062:HMS 15998:Tolstikov 15719:Endurance 15504:Antarctic 15489:Drygalski 15462:Discovery 15455:Discovery 15416:Arctowski 15329:HMS 15302:HMS 15296:Abernethy 15284:HMS 15262:USS 15249:Vincennes 15247:USS 15227:Astrolabe 15167:San Telmo 15148:Adventure 15146:HMS 15131:HMS 15126:Kerguelen 15088:Continent 15073:Antarctic 14950:Urvantsev 14908:Vilkitsky 14761:Jeannette 14759:USS 14751:Jeannette 14715:Weyprecht 14693:Pakhtusov 14643:Chichagov 14636:D. Laptev 14579:Permyakov 14554:Stadukhin 14549:Perfilyev 14526:Mangazeya 14464:H. Larsen 14429:Rasmussen 14384:HMS 14355:USS 14304:HMS 14291:HMS 14255:Collinson 14245:HMS 14237:HMS 14215:HMS 14163:HMS 14148:HMS 14133:HMS 14118:Mackenzie 14105:Discovery 14103:HMS 14088:HMS 14060:Discovery 14039:Frobisher 14002:Rasmussen 13915:Gunnbjörn 13861:Greenland 13790:USS 13781:USS 13653:Ellsworth 13595:Roosevelt 13525:Nansen's 13482:Discovery 13480:HMS 13467:HMS 13414:Abernethy 13382:Marmaduke 13086:Holarctic 13076:Antarctic 12984:Mangroves 12830:Temperate 12594:Seram Sea 12564:Moro Gulf 12489:Coral Sea 12469:Bohol Sea 12464:Bohai Sea 12449:Banda Sea 12421:Timor Sea 12278:North Sea 12243:James Bay 12233:Irish Sea 12143:Black Sea 12060:White Sea 11967:Somov Sea 11927:Davis Sea 11752:Antarctic 11536:Irish Sea 11526:Black Sea 11485:Australia 11434:Caribbean 11411:continent 11385:Patagonia 11315:Polynesia 11293:Melanesia 11286:Zealandia 11264:Australia 11150:Southwest 11070:Caribbean 10847:Near East 10488:submerged 10483:Zealandia 10478:Australia 10368:Old World 10363:New World 10242:Greenland 10166:Antarctic 10027:Transport 9766:Lake CECs 9743:ice sheet 9699:ice sheet 9668:Volcanoes 9658:Mountains 9613:Geography 9469:0036-8075 9429:210009232 9421:0094-8276 9093:470642138 9052:0036-8075 8996:"Sponges" 8004:133069692 7822:(1): 69. 7797:1758-6798 7650:244726388 7642:1758-678X 7599:257807573 7548:205250191 7532:1476-4687 7457:2045-2322 7314:229063736 6921:255028552 6899:: 83–90. 6821:: 26–41. 6796:129434229 6080:Postimees 5990:(1970) . 5838:(1911). 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Fuchs 16325:V. Fuchs 16305:McKinley 16268:E. Evans 16227:Bjaaland 16222:Amundsen 16172:Marshall 16085:Furneaux 15937:V. Fuchs 15901:E. Ronne 15896:F. Ronne 15835:Ritscher 15689:SY 15677:Filchner 15621:Framheim 15615:Amundsen 15421:Racoviță 15406:Amundsen 15401:Lecointe 15270:Ringgold 15264:Porpoise 15154:Furneaux 14990:Shevelev 14945:Begichev 14924:Amundsen 14886:Nagórski 14864:Brusilov 14858:Sv. Anna 14772:Melville 14742:Palander 14698:Tsivolko 14658:Sannikov 14653:Billings 14596:Chirikov 14515:Barentsz 14457:St. Roch 14448:Bartlett 14422:Amundsen 14406:Sverdrup 14306:Resolute 14195:Franklin 14123:Kotzebue 13990:Sverdrup 13973:Scoresby 13947:Lindenov 13798:Plaisted 13783:Nautilus 13728:Shirshov 13702:Belyakov 13697:Baydukov 13671:Nautilus 13633:Amundsen 13593:SS 13552:Sverdrup 13547:Johansen 13517:Brainard 13512:Lockwood 13367:Barentsz 13233:See also 13106:Oceanian 13096:Nearctic 12974:Littoral 12947:Mangrove 12937:Riparian 12731:Category 12667:Dead Sea 12657:Aral Sea 12624:Sulu Sea 12579:Savu Sea 12549:Koro Sea 12544:Java Sea 12444:Bali Sea 12025:Kara Sea 11957:Ross Sea 11279:Tasmania 11227:Hispanic 11090:Northern 11037:Germanic 11015:Atlantic 10957:Southern 10918:Northern 10884:Caucasus 10820:Dead Sea 10791:Caucasus 10759:Southern 10752:Maritime 10747:Mainland 10720:Northern 10701:Far East 10660:Aral Sea 10583:Southern 10527:Northern 10237:Finnmark 10097:Category 10002:Religion 9904:Politics 9822:Wildlife 9791:Ross Sea 9653:Glaciers 9538:Archived 9516:the site 9485:31434936 9477:11847337 9218:Archived 9000:Archived 8973:Archived 8923:Archived 8864:Archived 8834:Archived 8802:Archived 8775:Archived 8748:Archived 8721:Archived 8694:Archived 8667:Archived 8647:FishBase 8593:24197273 8549:12885956 8500:Archived 8431:29489951 8377:Archived 8350:Archived 8329:18 March 8296:Archived 8277:25074505 8233:20360985 8193:PLOS ONE 8174:24086322 8134:PLOS ONE 8107:BBC News 8080:Archived 8026:ABC News 7950:31969564 7748:32934273 7699:29675467 7591:36991191 7540:27582222 7475:35013425 7184:35039511 7085:31996825 6978:33619262 6873:18 March 6442:5 August 6417:5 August 6304:CBS News 6278:Archived 6246:Archived 6227:Archived 6208:Archived 6177:Archived 6158:Archived 6104:Archived 5478:archived 5137:31 March 5089:ABC News 4948:24802817 4892:ABC News 4849:27582222 4634:(1843), 4535:and the 4506:and the 4460:", the " 4456:", the " 4404:Japanese 4398:Used by 4252:See also 4219:Portland 4191:Tasmania 4168:ice pier 4137:166°40′E 4079:ice pier 3960:between 3785:such as 3783:Bivalves 3779:molluscs 3699:plankton 3658:) are a 3642:tropical 3618:cetacean 3543:pinniped 3376:families 3356:penguins 3148:penguins 3067:of some 3065:collapse 2986:sverdrup 2906:fraction 2902:fraction 2862:such as 2726:salinity 2710:and the 2700:Ross Sea 2694:are two 2539:as the " 2525:Icebergs 2476:icebergs 2366:Ross Sea 2257:Ross Sea 2027:Explorer 2019:Explorer 2014:Explorer 1989:Explorer 1987:MV 1980:Hope Bay 1969:Ice Bird 1941:Explorer 1905:Captain 1802:Ross Sea 1775:Sea Gull 1763:Porpoise 1578:shows a 1348:latitude 1138:Beaufroy 1133:and the 1043:Paramour 937:Spaniard 801:Tasmania 742:Atlantic 703:de facto 628:and the 536:Tasmania 516:Victoria 421:implies 209:Atlantic 129:Atlantic 16373:Messner 16320:Hillary 16300:Balchen 16248:Polheim 16242:Wisting 16120:Crozier 16092:Weddell 16070:J. Cook 16040:Kapitsa 16021:Fiennes 15963:Klenova 15932:Hillary 15882:Ketchum 15808:BANZARE 15783:· 15628:Polheim 15594:Shirase 15580:Charcot 15390:Belgica 15309:Crozier 15221:Morrell 15216:Weddell 15194:Lazarev 15139:J. Cook 15093:History 15043:Arktika 15019:Krassin 15004:Voronin 14976:Schmidt 14962:Ushakov 14901:Vaygach 14869:Albanov 14838:Rusanov 14819:Kolchak 14814:Matisen 14788:Makarov 14767:De Long 14668:Wrangel 14648:Lyakhov 14601:Malygin 14559:Dezhnev 14386:Pandora 14357:Advance 14324:Kennedy 14319:Belcher 14312:Kellett 14299:McClure 14223:Beechey 14217:Blossom 14210:Simpson 14178:Crozier 14171:Hoppner 14128:J. Ross 14096:J. Cook 14044:Gilbert 13937:J. Hall 13903:Ingólfr 13893:Naddodd 13887:Vikings 13874:Brendan 13869:Pytheas 13857:Iceland 13811:Arktika 13803:Herbert 13768:Badygin 13738:Krenkel 13723:Papanin 13692:Chkalov 13678:Wilkins 13643:Wisting 13587:F. Cook 13493:Markham 13453:Bessels 13442:Polaris 13433:Polaris 13404:J. Ross 13387:Carolus 13335:History 12960:Aquatic 12942:Wetland 12416:Red Sea 11480:Oceania 11468:by area 11424:America 11401:Islands 11251:Oceania 11120:Midwest 11075:Central 11042:Romance 11010:Western 10879:Balkans 10874:Eastern 10869:Central 10837:Mashriq 10781:Western 10725:Siberia 10677:Eastern 10655:Central 10588:Western 10561:Central 10537:Mashriq 10532:Maghreb 10522:Saharan 10468:America 10461:Eurasia 10333:regions 10262:Nunavut 10257:Nunavik 10204:Islands 10194:Ecozone 10107:Commons 10022:Tourism 9967:Economy 9940:Society 9862:History 9832:Mammals 9721:Islands 9677:Regions 9648:Geology 9626:Climate 9514:. (see 9449:Bibcode 9441:Science 9401:Bibcode 9368:31 July 9135:. 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U.S. 6845:3530105 6823:Bibcode 6753:30 July 6748:soos.aq 6647:30 July 6592:30 July 6567:30 July 6542:30 July 6392:15 June 6314:14 June 5846:(ed.). 5833:: 5185:22 July 5163:22 July 5095:11 June 5042:12 June 4956:7584865 4920:Bibcode 4811:Bibcode 4702:16 July 4669:16 July 4587:3rd ed. 4429:Chinese 4383:, the " 4381:Pacific 4352:Weather 4328:Ecology 4290:Portals 4207:Whyalla 4134:77°50′S 4049:Economy 4024:mineral 3950:whaling 3944:of the 3873:sponges 3776:aquatic 3744:sponges 3694:biomass 3531:Mammals 3510:pelagic 3412:Icefish 3399:⁄ 3388:eelpout 3341:endemic 3321:petrels 3250:benthic 3239:icefish 3225:of the 3219:schools 3142:Animals 3079:in the 2938:sea ice 2848:upwells 2771:Climate 2718:Sea ice 2596:sea ice 2513:Glacier 2452:on the 2244:(140°E) 2129:Equinox 1998:Swedish 1946:iceberg 1756:Peacock 1688:Map of 1344:sealing 1340:Beaufoy 1304:(named 872:Ptolemy 746:Pacific 715:") and 408:America 205:Pacific 139:Pacific 16412:Oceans 16283:Bowers 16278:Wilson 16237:Hassel 16232:Helmer 16201:Mackay 16191:Mawson 16156:Nimrod 16114:Terror 16099:Erebus 16026:Burton 15821:Rymill 15697:Mawson 15691:Aurora 15670:Lashly 15655:Wilson 15558:Nimrod 15535:Scotia 15342:Murray 15317:Cooper 15304:Terror 15286:Erebus 15255:Wilkes 15206:Palmer 15174:Vostok 15121:Bouvet 15045:-class 15025:Gakkel 14893:Taymyr 14874:Konrad 14843:Kuchin 14781:Yermak 14688:Lavrov 14606:Ovtsyn 14591:Bering 14569:Ivanov 14532:Hudson 14494:Pomors 14471:Cowper 14436:Karluk 14335:Isabel 14329:Bellot 14279:Austin 14247:Terror 14239:Erebus 14135:Griper 14111:Clerke 14071:Baffin 14054:Hudson 13985:Nansen 13898:Garðar 13819:Barneo 13686:ANT-25 13662:Italia 13638:Nobile 13607:Henson 13566:Amedeo 13542:Nansen 13507:Greely 13377:Hudson 13315:Arctic 13132:Arctic 13120:Marine 13056:realms 12962:biomes 12916:Steppe 12806:Tundra 12792:biomes 12782:Biomes 12681:Others 11887:oceans 11767:Global 11757:Arctic 11696:Rivers 11674:Other 11608:Oceans 11463:Europe 11419:Africa 11212:French 11085:Middle 11047:Slavic 11032:Celtic 10933:Nordic 10923:Baltic 10861:Europe 10815:Levant 10509:Africa 10345:Worlds 10214:Arctic 9704:shield 9663:Tundra 9500: 9483: 9475: 9467: 9427: 9419: 9294:gis.ee 9113:. 2011 9091: 9081: 9058: 9050: 8599: 8591: 8547: 8496:"Fish" 8472: 8429: 8421: 8275: 8231: 8221: 8172: 8162: 8002: 7948: 7938: 7795: 7746: 7736: 7697: 7687: 7648: 7640: 7597: 7589: 7563:Nature 7546: 7538: 7530: 7494:Nature 7473: 7463: 7455: 7385: 7337:15 May 7312: 7200:. 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