2665:. Thus, communists and other defendants accused of plotting coups were judged by the military court-martial system (with the National Security Tribunal as the trial court of first instance for those cases), and not by the ordinary courts. With the advent of the Estado Novo regime, the National Security Tribunal became a permanent Court, and became autonomous from the rest of the Court system. It gained authority to adjudicate not only cases of communist conspirators and other coup plotters, but it also tried anyone accused of being subversive or dangerous to the Estado Novo regime. Also, several extrajudicial punishments were inflicted by the police itself (especially the DOPS), without trial.
2540:) and suppressing the working class. Passed on July 16, the Vargas government claimed that the corporatist provisions of the constitution of 1934 would unite all classes in mutual interests—the stated purpose of a similar governing document in Fascist Italy. Actually, this propaganda point had somewhat of a basis in reality. In practice, this meant decimating independent organized labor and attracting the "working class" to the corporative state. Of course, the advance of industry and urbanization enlarged and strengthened the ranks of urban laborers, presenting the need to draw them into some sort of alliance committed to the modernization of Brazil. Vargas, and later
2339:
278:
352:
2715:. The movement towards a "New State" was significant, in that along with the dismissal of Congress and its political parties, he wanted to recognize the indigenous population. He gained great favour in their eyes, and was called the "Father of the Poor". Besides gaining popularity with them, he provided them with tools to assist them in the improvement of their agrarian lifestyles. He felt that if the country were to progress, the Indians, the very symbol of Brazilianness, should reap the benefits. This was important to establish a unified society. The intention was to form a strong impulse toward industrialization.
266:
682:
657:
2983:, the President of the Supreme Federal Court (Brazil's chief justice), to assume the Presidency (the office of vice-president had been abolished, and no legislature had been elected under the 1937 Constitution, so that the President of the Supreme Court was the first person in the line of succession). José Linhares immediately summoned elections for president and for a Constituent Assembly. The elections were held in December, 1945, and José Linhares remained in office only until the inauguration of the Assembly and of the elected President (General
935:
2700:
2928:
66:
2571:, sprawling nation. This was its more progressive role, seeking to consolidate the 1930 revolution, displacing the institutional power of the paulista coffee oligarchs with a centralist policy that respected local agro-exporting interests, but created the necessary urban economic base for the new urban sectors. The modernizing legacy is firmly evident: state government was to be rationalized and regularized, freed from the grips of
1024:
2872:
2181:
25:
2515:. The party had all the visible elements of European fascism: a green-shirt-uniformed paramilitary organization, street demonstrations, and aggressive rhetoric directly financed in part by the Italian embassy. The integralists borrowed their propaganda campaigns directly from Nazi materials, including the traditionalist excoriations of Marxism and liberalism, and espousals of fanatical nationalism,
2390:
was failing to honor the promises of land reform made during the campaign of 1930. Vargas also pardoned half the bank debts of the coffee planters, who still had a significant grip on the state's electoral machinery, alleviating the crisis stemming from the collapse of the valorization program. To pacify his old paulista adversaries after their failed revolt, he ordered the
168:
2456:
European in terms of population, culture, ideology, and industrial development). In 1934, Vargas' delicate alliance with labor disintegrated, and Brazil entered an agitated period. According to
Skidmore and Smith, Brazil's major cities began to resemble the Nazi-Communist battles in Berlin of 1932–33. By mid-1935 Brazilian politics had been drastically destabilized.
863:(price support) program, a safety net in times of economic crisis, was strongly intertwined with the collapse of the central government, and its base of support in the landed oligarchy. The coffee planters had grown dangerously dependent on government valorization. In the aftermath of the recession following
2445:
The Great
Depression that ushered Vargas into power also emboldened calls for social reforms. With the Constitutionalist Revolt out of the way, and the mass-mobilization of a potential new enemy, the urban proletariat. Vargas grew more concerned with imposing a paternalistic tutelage over the working
2381:
as "interventor" (provisional governor) in place of the elected governor of São Paulo. The paulista elite loathed
Alberto, resenting his centralization efforts and alarmed by his economic reforms, such as 5% wage increase and the minor distribution of some land to participants of the revolution. Amid
2314:
Opposition arose among the powerful paulista coffee oligarchs to this unprecedented interventionism, as well as to the increased centralization of the government, its increasingly populist and fascist stance, its protectionist and/mercantilist policies (protecting politically favored producers at the
994:
However, behind the façade of Vargas' populism lay the intricate nature of his coalition – ever-changing from this point onward. Consequently, these locally dominant regional groups – the gaúchos of Rio Grande do Sul and the sugar barons of the northeast – themselves ushered the new urban groups into
930:
Vargas understood that with the breakdown of direct relations between workers and owners in the growing factories of Brazil, workers could become the basis for a new form of political power – populism. Using such insights, he gradually established such mastery over the
Brazilian political world that,
2589:
in the 1930s as foreign corporations sought to enlarge their share of the internal market and overcome tariff barriers and exchange problems by establishing branch plants in Brazil. The state thus emphasized the basic sectors of the economy, facing the difficult task of forging a viable capital base
2496:
out of the coalition and the left crushed, Vargas turned to the only mobilized base of support on the right, elated by the atrocious, fascist-style crackdown against the ANL. As his coalition moved to the right after 1934, Vargas' ideological character and association with a global ideological orbit
898:, guaranteeing the convertibility of the Brazilian currency into gold or British sterling. Once the gold and sterling reserves were exhausted amid the collapse of the valorization program, the government was finally forced to suspend convertibility of the currency. Foreign credit had now evaporated.
2824:
The liberal revolution of 1930 overthrew the oligarchic coffee plantation owners and brought to power an urban middle class and business interests that promoted industrialization and modernization. Aggressive promotion of new industry turned around the economy by 1933. Brazil's leaders in the 1920s
2389:
Regardless of the attempted revolution, Vargas was determined to maintain his alliance with the original farmer wing of his coalition and to strengthen his ties with the São Paulo establishment. The result was further concessions, alienating the left wings of his coalition. The essential compromise
2286:
With the northeastern oligarchies now incorporated into the ruling coalition, the government focused on restructuring agriculture. To placate friendly agrarian oligarchs, the modernizing state not only left the impoverished domains of the rural oligarchs untouched, but also helped the sugar barons
942:
Aside from the Great
Depression and the emergence of the Brazilian bourgeoisie, Brazil's historic dynamic of interregional politics was a significant factor encouraging the alliance that Getúlio Vargas forged during the Revolution of 1930 between the new urban sectors and the landowners hostile to
2975:
The events related to
Brazilian participation in the war and the ending of the conflict in 1945 strengthened pressures in favour of redemocratisation. Although there were some concessions by the regime, such as the setting of a date for presidential elections, amnesty for political prisoners, the
2405:
by 1934, who sought an alliance with the country's peasant majority by backing land reform. Despite the populist rhetoric of the "father of the poor", the gaucho Vargas was ushered into power by planter oligarchies of peripheral regions amid a revolution from above, and was thus in no position to
2222:
Vargas' tenuous coalition lacked a coherent program, beyond a broad vision of "modernization", but little that was more definitive. Balancing such conflicting ideological constituencies, regionalisms, and economic interests in a vast, diverse, and socio-economically varied nation would, thus, not
2555:
established a new
Chamber of Deputies that placed government authority over the private economy and established a system of corporatism aimed at industrialization and reducing foreign dependency. These provisions essentially designated corporate representatives according to class and profession,
886:
Following the Wall Street panic, the government attempted to please foreign creditors by maintaining convertibility according to the money principles preached by the foreign bankers and economists who set the terms for Brazil's relations with the world economy, despite lacking any support from a
2668:
The 1937 Constitution provided for elections to a new
Congress, as well as a referendum to confirm Vargas' actions. However, neither was held — ostensibly due to the dangerous international situation. Instead, under an article of the Constitution that was supposed to be transitional pending new
2455:
thoroughly repressed in the northeast, the new bourgeoisie and the landed oligarchs shifted their well-founded fears toward the trade unions and socialist sentiments of the burgeoning urban proletariat. Often composed of immigrants, the proletariat came from the more urbanized southeast, more
2955:
in August, 1942. Popular mobilization to make the war declaration effective, with the despatching of
Brazilian troops to Europe, continued, but a decision by the Brazilian Government to actually send troops to fight the enemy was only made in January 1943, when Vargas and the U.S. President
338:
867:, the government was not short of the cash needed to bail out the coffee industry. But between 1929 and 1930, world demand for Brazil's primary products had fallen far too drastically to maintain government revenues. By the end of 1930, Brazil's gold reserves had been depleted, pushing its
2971:
Soon after the war, however, fearing the BEF's popularity and possible political use of the allied victory by some BEF members, the then
Brazilian government decided to make demobilization effective, with the BEF still in Italy. Returning to Brazil, its members were also subjected to some
2487:
rebellion against the coffee oligarchs. This experience, however, left Prestes, who only died in 1990, and some of his comrades skeptical of armed conflict for the rest of his life. Prestes' well-cultivated skepticism later helped precipitate the 1960s schism between hard-line militant
2976:
freedom to organize political parties, and a commitment to choose a new Constitutional convention, Vargas was not able to retain support for the continuation of his presidency and was deposed by the military in a surprise coup launched from his own War Ministry on October 29, 1945.
2425:, Brazil's mobilized fascist movement. Following the end of the provisional presidency, Vargas' regime between 1934 and 1945 was characterized by the co-optation of Brazilian unions through state-run, sham syndicates, and suppression of opposition, particularly leftist opposition.
2648:
Under this dictatorial regime the powers of the National Security Tribunal were streamlined, and it focused on the prosecution of political dissenters. Also, the powers of the police were greatly enhanced, with the establishment of the "Department of Political and Social Order"
2615:
Vargas' four-year term as president under the 1934 Constitution was due to expire in 1938, and he was barred from re-election. However, on 10 November 1937, Vargas made a national radio address denouncing the existence of a communist plot to overthrow the government, called the
882:
system, wide-scale defections in the delicate balance of regional interests left the regime of Washington Luís vulnerable. Government policies designed to favor foreign interests further exacerbated the crisis, leaving the regime alienated from almost every segment of society.
2307:, he denied agricultural workers in general the working class' gains in labor regulations. Likely to the detriment of that region's long-term economic development, Vargas' static conservatism on rural matters arguably exacerbated the disparities between the impoverished, semi-
337:
334:
341:
339:
2676:
The Estado Novo dictatorship also greatly curtailed the autonomy of the Judicial branch, and suppressed the autonomy of the Brazilian States, that were governed by federal interventors, who discharged (on a formally temporary basis), the legislative and executive powers.
332:
340:
331:
330:
329:
336:
333:
335:
2282:
Vargas sought to mediate disputes between labor and capital. For instance, the provisional president quelled a paulista female workers' strike by co-opting much of their platform and requiring their "factory commissions" to use government mediation in the future.
794:, when a new Constitution was drafted and approved by the Constituent Assembly of 1933–1934 and Vargas, elected by the Constituent Assembly under the transitional provisions of the Constitution, governed as president alongside a democratically elected legislature.
2358:
in Portugal. Vargas copied fascist tactics, and shared their rejection of liberal capitalism. He abandoned the "provisional government" (1930–34) characterized by social reformism that appeared to favor the generally left wing of his revolutionary coalition, the
983:. With the understanding that the dominance of the landowners in the rural areas was to continue under Liberal Alliance government, the Northeastern oligarchies were thus integrated into the Vargas alliance in a subordinate status via a new political party, the
990:
As a candidate in 1930, Vargas utilized populist rhetoric to promote middle class concerns, thus opposing the primacy (but not the legitimacy) of the paulista coffee oligarchy and the landed elites, who had little interest in protecting and promoting industry.
852:, coffee quotations immediately fell 30% to 60%. and continued to fall. Between 1929 and 1931, coffee prices fell from 22.5 cents a pound to 8 cents per pound. As world trade contracted, the coffee exporters suffered a vast drop in foreign exchange earnings.
914:. Vargas was a member of the gaucho-landed oligarchy and had risen through the system of patronage and clientelism, but had a fresh vision of how Brazilian politics could be shaped to support national development. He came from a region with a positivist and
2829:'s implicit foreign policy goal was to isolate Portuguese-speaking Brazil from its Spanish-speaking neighbors, thus facilitating the expansion of Argentine economic and political influence in South America. Even worse, was the fear that a more powerful
2640:
of a new, severely authoritarian Constitution that effectively placed all governing power in his hands. The 1934 Constitution was thus abolished, and Vargas proclaimed the establishment of a "New State". The short interval was further evidence that the
840:
had its roots in the heavy dependence of its economy on foreign markets and loans. Despite some industrial development in São Paulo, coffee and other agricultural exports of coffee and other agricultural products was still the mainstay of the economy.
2433:
Aside from these political disputes, long-term trends suggest the atmosphere in São Paulo was conducive to ideological extremism. The rapidly changing and industrializing southeast was conducive to the growth of European-style mass-movements. The
950:
coffee oligarchs of the south. Northeastern landowners opposed Washington Luís' 1930 discontinuance of the drought relief projects of his predecessor. The decay of established sugar oligarchies of the northeast had begun dramatically with the
327:
2655:(DOPS)), a powerful political police and secret service. When created in 1936, the National Security Tribunal was supposed to be a temporary Court, and defendants could file appeals against its judgements to the "Superior Military Court" (
2673:. Also, under the 1937 Constitution, Vargas should have remained President for only six more years (until November 1943); instead, presumably due to the dangerous international situation, he remained in power until his overthrow in 1945.
931:
upon achieving power, he stayed in power for 15 years. During this time, as the stranglehold of the agricultural elites eased, new urban industrial leaders acquired more influence nationally, and the middle class began to show strength.
2580:
The constitution of 1934 thus established a more direct mechanism for the federal executive to control the economy, pursuing a policy of planning and direct investment for the creation of important industrial complexes. State and mixed
2535:
thus began to appear by 1934, when a new constitution was enacted with direct fascist influence. After 1934, fascist-style programs would serve two important aims: stimulating industrial growth (under the guise of nationalism and
809:
The deposition of Getúlio Vargas and the Estado Novo regime in 1945 led to the subsequent re-democratization of Brazil with the adoption of a new Constitution in 1946, marking the end of the Vargas Era and the beginning of the
2370:— a thinly-veiled attempt by the paulista coffee oligarchs to retake the central government — Vargas tried to recover support of the landed elites, including the coffee growers, in order to establish a new alliance of power.
2895:
Brazil's entering the war became just a matter of time. American policy also financed Brazilian iron ore extraction and steel production and placed military bases along the Brazilian North-Northeast coast, headquartered in
2791:
on a large scale in Brazil. Although sufficient wealth was not available to complete the plans, they had a powerful, lasting effect on the cities and their organization. One of the best-planned cities in the world,
922:
who favored industrial development and liberal reforms. Vargas built up political networks, and was attuned to the interests of the rising urban classes. In his early years Vargas even relied on the support of the
2446:
class, and both control and co-opt them. Vargas' backers in both urban and rural Brazil began to view labor, larger and better organized than ut had been directly after the First World War, as an ominous threat.
2816:(CLT), guaranteeing that a job would be stable after ten years of service. It also provided weekly rest, regulated the work of minors and women, regulated night-time work and set a working day to eight hours.
2497:
remained ambiguous. Integralism, with a rapidly growing membership throughout Brazil by 1935, began filling this ideological void, especially among the approximately one million Brazilians of German descent.
2620:". In reality, however, the Cohen Plan was forged by the government with the objective of creating a favourable atmosphere for Vargas to stay in power, perpetuating his rule and assuming dictatorial powers.
326:
3937:
2946:
After the sinking of over 25 Brazilian merchant ships by German and Italian submarines throughout 1942, popular mobilization forced the Brazilian government to abandon its passiveness and declare war on
968:("coffee with milk)" rested on the domination of the republic's politics by the southeastern states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, which were Brazil's largest states in terms of population and economy.
2459:
Vargas focused on the two national ideological movements, both committed to European-style mass-mobilization: one pro-communist and the other pro-fascist. The mass-movement intimidating Vargas was the
2318:
Appeasement of landed interests, traditionally dominant forces in Brazil, required a realignment of the Vardas coalition, forcing him to turn against its left wing. After mid-1932 the influence of the
2711:
Between 1937 and 1945, during the Estado Novo, Vargas gave continuity to the formation of structure and professionalism in the State. Vargas oriented the state to intervene in the economy, promoting
1245:
2972:
restrictions. Civilian veterans were forbidden from wearing military decorations or uniforms in public, while military vets were transferred to regions far from great cities or to border garrisons.
787:
the period of the Provisional Government (1930–1934), when Vargas governed by decree as Head of the Provisional Government instituted by the revolution, pending the adoption of a new Constitution.
2853:
grants, in return for free rent on air bases used to transport American soldiers and supplies across the Atlantic, and naval bases for anti-submarine operations. In sharp contrast, Argentina was
2803:
A series of measures were used to restrain opposition, such as the nomination of Intervenors for the States and censorship of the media, performed by the "Department of Press and Propaganda" (
959:
in 1888, Brazil saw a mass exodus of emancipated slaves and other peasants from the northeast to the southeast of the country, ensuring a steady supply of cheap labor for the coffee planters.
2636:
In his address of 10 November 1937, Vargas, invoking the supposed communist threat, decreed a state of emergency and dissolved the Legislature. He also announced the adoption by presidential
2382:
threats of revolt, Vargas replaced João Alberto with a civilian from São Paulo, appointed a conservative paulista banker as his minister of finance, and announced a date for the holding of a
2230:
Between 1930 and 1934, Vargas tried to reconcile the radically diverging interests of his supporters with social reformism. His policies collectively approximate those of fascist Italy under
2291:
was common but so were messianism, anarchic uprisings, and tax evasion, all of which were already common practice before 1930. The state crushed a wave of banditry in the northeast known as
328:
1816:
3944:
3067:
3923:
3930:
3956:
2688:(AIB)). The integralists had until then been supportive of Vargas' anti-communist measures. On May 11, 1938, the integralists, angered by the closing of the AIB, invaded the
3753:
2275:
policy of tax breaks, lowered duties, and import quotas to expand the domestic industrial base, Vargas linked his pro-middle class policies to nationalism, advocating heavy
2223:
only explain the sole constant factor that marked Vargas' long career—abrupt shifts in alliances and ideologies, but also his eventual dictatorship, similar to European
3209:
2627:. In the wake of the failed communist uprising, the congress had already given greater powers to Vargas, and approved the creation of a "National Security Tribunal" (
1250:
3964:
1259:
2891:, was formed between American continental nations to align with any American country in the event of an attack by an external power. Due to this agreement, from
1536:
2734:
2669:
elections, the President assumed legislative as well as executive powers. For all intents and purposes, Vargas ruled for eight years under what amounted to
2287:
cement their control over rural Brazil. The peasantry, to the surprise of many accustomed to overlooking Brazil's peripheral regions, was not that servile.
2809:(DIP)). This agency also promoted the ideology of the Estado Novo, designed the official propaganda of the government, and tried to direct public opinion.
2585:
dominated heavy and infrastructure industries, and private Brazilian capital predominated in manufacturing. There was also a significant growth of direct
2303:
from the 1870s to the 1930 revolution. At the expense of the indigent peasantry—85 percent of the workforce—not only did Vargas renege on his promises of
3291:
1272:
2968:(BEF). In July 1944 the first BEF group was sent to fight in Italy, and, despite being poorly equipped and trained, it accomplished its main missions.
1119:
604:
995:
the forefront of Brazilian political life in a revolution from above, tilting the balance of the central government in favor of the Liberal Alliance.
2763:
4094:
768:
ceded power to Vargas. Federal intervention in state governments increased and the political landscape was altered by suppressing the traditional
2552:
878:
faced a deepening balance-of-payments crisis and the coffee growers were stuck with an unsaleable harvest. Since power ultimately rested on a
3077:
984:
2651:
2409:
In 1934, armed with a new constitution drafted with extensive influence from European fascist models, Vargas began reining in even moderate
2095:
3738:
2209:
2131:
2121:
2680:
In December 1937, one month after the Estado Novo coup, Vargas signed a Decree disbanding all political parties, including the fascist "
1240:
1230:
1215:
1090:
972:
1840:
4089:
1850:
1289:
2805:
2066:
1766:
2463:(ANL) launched in 1935, a leftwing popular front of socialists, communists, and other progressives led by the Communist Party and
3247:
277:
2386:. This only emboldened coffee oligarchs who launched a revolt in July 1932, which collapsed after three months of armed combat.
946:
Along with the urban bourgeois groups, northeastern sugar barons were left with a legacy of longstanding grievances against the
4084:
3442:
3397:
3014:
2279:
to "perfect our manufacturers to the point where it will become unpatriotic to feed or clothe ourselves with imported goods!"
3763:
3200:
3180:
2548:, emulated Mussolini's strategy of consolidating power by means of mediating class disputes under the banner of nationalism.
2460:
2343:
2071:
1821:
1526:
1356:
3432:
3321:
2439:
1809:
1284:
3218:
Garfield, Seth. "The Roots of a Plant That Today Is Brazil: Indians and the Nation-State under the Brazilian Estado Novo"
2629:
2350:
By 1934 Vargas developed what Thomas E. Skidmore and Peter H. Smith called "a legal hybrid" between Mussolini's Italy and
2016:
1168:
3540:
2783:
2724:
2623:
The communists had indeed attempted to take over the Government in November 1935, in a botched coup attempt known as the
2126:
1426:
130:
2887:, in 1939, Vargas maintained neutrality until 1941, when an agreement, proposed by Brazilian foreign relations minister
3161:
2704:
2556:
organizing industries into state syndicates, but generally maintained private ownership of Brazilian-owned businesses.
1220:
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222:
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and orthodox Marxist-Leninism, which persists in Brazilian Communist Party into the 21st century. With center-left
2116:
1726:
1050:
765:
444:
1761:
1706:
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802:
591:
548:
351:
109:
4079:
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1754:
1607:
1434:
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1329:
1043:
980:
265:
3791:
3375:
3129:
Stanley E. Hilton, "Brazilian Diplomacy and the Washington-Rio de Janeiro 'Axis' during the World War II Era,"
2243:
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1991:
1689:
1664:
1531:
1366:
1349:
1141:
798:
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761:
517:
87:
3904:
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3991:
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1870:
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574:
116:
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1996:
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forged closer links with the United States. Meanwhile, Argentina moved in the opposite direction. During
2813:
2338:
1875:
1791:
1456:
186:
178:
83:
38:
955:. The rapid growth of coffee-producing São Paulo state started at the same time. After the abolition of
3846:
3676:
3591:
3576:
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2897:
2624:
2582:
2272:
2195:
2111:
2076:
1888:
1669:
1441:
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1007:
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98:
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state, Vargas was a cattle rancher with a doctorate in law and the 1930 presidential candidate of the
3917:
3871:
3861:
3601:
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3412:
3392:
3311:
2992:
2957:
2901:
2797:
2586:
2435:
1719:
1622:
1572:
1396:
1183:
971:
Given the grievances with ruling regime in the northeast and Rio Grande do Sul, Getúlio Vargas chose
911:
811:
675:
312:
2519:
and "Christian virtues". In particular, they drew support from military officers, especially in the
1567:
1541:
3662:
3422:
3358:
3301:
3103:
2590:
for future growth in the first place, including mining, oil, steel, electric power, and chemicals.
1519:
1506:
662:
3116:
Stanley E. Hilton, "The Argentine Factor in Twentieth-Century Brazilian Foreign Policy Strategy."
3100:
Curitiba and Portland: Architecture, City Making, and Urban Governance in the Era of Globalization
1235:
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3748:
2661:), Brazil's Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, which was in turn subordinate to the nation's
2401:
Vargas was also increasingly threatened by pro-communist elements in labor critical of the rural
2166:
1956:
845:
76:
3758:
3708:
3586:
3530:
3493:
3473:
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of moderate continued to hold important positions in the regime. The ouster of the center-left
2101:
2046:
1946:
1828:
1776:
1701:
1307:
1124:
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the Estado Novo period (1937–1946) began when, in order to stay in power, Vargas imposed a new
561:
385:
3153:
Plínio Salgado: A Brazilian Fascist (1895–1975) Routledge Studies in Fascism and the Far Right
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A conservative insurgency in 1932 was the key turning point to the right. After the July 1932
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1731:
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3370:
3009:
2662:
2422:
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1976:
1560:
1486:
1131:
1112:
1085:
2912:
and the forced migration of many people from the drought-stricken northeast to the heart of
1966:
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3698:
3693:
3348:
3019:
2935:
2712:
2693:
2603:
2383:
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1677:
919:
737:
622:
543:
372:
1971:
1602:
773:
8:
4069:
3866:
3841:
3733:
3713:
3654:
3545:
3515:
3478:
3365:
3331:
2984:
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1401:
1200:
1195:
1173:
1097:
895:
715:
703:
403:
1981:
1936:
1921:
1906:
1860:
123:
3981:
3909:
3891:
3856:
3806:
3688:
3634:
3606:
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2900:. With the conquest of Southeast Asia by Japanese troops, Getúlio signed a treaty, the
2021:
2006:
1901:
1865:
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1612:
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1178:
1158:
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1961:
875:
753:
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3387:
3353:
3268:
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2879:, 10 November 1943. The caption reads: "Brazil at war...Opening the road to victory."
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2796:, received its first planning during the Estado Novo. One notable urban planner was
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was established in 1922 and the postwar period witnessed the rise of the country's
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2256:-interventionist policies and satisfied the demands of the rapidly growing urban
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1481:
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823:
483:
44:
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Vargas could unite the landed elites, however, to stem the communists. With the
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2987:) which took place on January 31, 1946. The inauguration marked the end of the
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waged by viable trade unions. The Great Depression intensified their strength.
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The Great Depression possibly had a more dramatic effect on Brazil than on the
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The strong parallels between the political economy of Vargas and the European
2297:, marking the reversal of the drastic but gradual decline of the northeastern
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The Estado Novo had a powerful effect on "Modernist architecture in Brazil" (
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down to a new low. The program for warehoused coffee collapsed altogether.
860:
777:
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to proudly refer to him as "one of two people who invented the New Deal."
2238:, he even advocated a program of social welfare and reform similar to the
2234:, with an increased reliance on populism. Reflecting the influence of the
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952:
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731:, and the other part of Vargas Era, from 1937 until 1946 is known as the
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on the grounds that the election had been rigged by his supporters. The
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2938:", which consisted of a closer relationship with the United States to
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Vargas (center) at commemorations to mark the 50th anniversary of the
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groups, voiced by the new (to Brazil) mass ideologies of populism and
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expense of consumers) and the increasing dictatorial Vargas himself.
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1627:
1411:
938:
Getúlio Vargas after the 1930 revolution, which began the Vargas Era.
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769:
3068:"Years of Uncertainty (1930–1937)> National Security Court (TSN)"
833:
coffee oligarchy could not withstand the economic meltdown of 1929.
65:
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2875:
Brazilian propaganda poster announcing a declaration of war on the
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Vargas sought to bring Brazil out of the Great Depression through
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Once Vargas was deposed, the military summoned his legal deputy,
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did not faze Brazil's bourgeois social reformers, but the ruling
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between 1930 and 1946 when the country was governed by president
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2633:(TSN)), established by a statute adopted on 11 September 1936.
2567:
and drastically limit provincial autonomy in the traditionally
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group over Vargas rapidly waned, although individual moderate
16:
Period of authoritarian government in Brazil from 1930 to 1946
2845:, Brazil was a staunch ally of the United States and sent an
2330:
from his coalition marked his rightward shift would by 1934.
2964:, where the first official agreement was made to create the
2849:
to Europe. The United States provided over $ 370 million in
2718:
In this period, a number of industrial bodies were created:
2311:
northeast and the dynamic, urbanized southeast to this day.
2483:
through the rural Brazilian interior after the failed 1922
805:
and shut down the Legislature to rule Brazil as a dictator.
2563:
afterwards, heightened efforts to centralize authority in
3171:
Castro, Celso; Izecksohn, Victor; Kraay, Hendrik (2004).
2787:), because it provided sufficient authority to implement
2593:
764:
was abrogated, the National Congress dissolved, then the
2692:, attempting to depose Vargas. This episode is known as
2908:
from the Amazon to the Allies, resulting in the second
2428:
3149:
2904:, in 1942, which provisioned the supply of natural
2732:
The "Administration Department of Public Service" (
2707:
banknote, featuring a portrait of President Vargas.
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
783:The Vargas Era comprises three successive phases:
2406:meet communist demands, had he desired to do so.
2268:, a program with which all factions could agree.
4061:
3193:Forgotten Allies: The European Theatre, Volume I
2373:The revolt was caused by Vargas' appointment of
244:
943:the government in states other than São Paulo.
817:
727:. The period from 1930 to 1937 is known as the
181:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
2735:Departamento Administrativo do Serviço Público
1647:
3241:
3222:Vol. 29, No. 3 (Oct., 1997), pp. 747–768
2833:would launch a surprise attack on the weaker
2559:The 1934–37 constitution, and especially the
2264:. Like Roosevelt, his first steps focused on
2203:
906:A populist governor of Brazil's southernmost
2475:at the time). A revolutionary forerunner of
998:
2761:The "São Francisco Hydroelectric Company" (
756:and blocked swearing-in of president-elect
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3248:
3234:
2819:
2507:in October 1933. He party had Fascist and
2210:
2196:
1241:Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil
979:as his vice-presidential candidate in the
887:single major sector in Brazilian society.
350:
2764:Companhia Hidro-Elétrica do São Francisco
901:
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
205:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
3097:
2926:
2870:
2698:
2337:
962:Under the Old Republic, the politics of
933:
4095:Former countries of the interwar period
2652:Departamento de Ordem Política e Social
2526:
2421:pushed him toward an alliance with the
2333:
4062:
2742:The "National Iron Smelting Company" (
3229:
3190:
2806:Departamento de Imprensa e Propaganda
714:
2837:. To counter this threat, President
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
3322:Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present)
3255:
3131:Hispanic American Historical Review
3015:Second presidency of Getúlio Vargas
2503:, a writer and politician, founded
1427:Declaration of majority of Pedro II
13:
3060:
2645:had been planned well in advance.
1231:Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)
1216:Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)
14:
4111:
3317:Military dictatorship (1964–1985)
3220:Journal of Latin American Studies
2429:Suppression of communist movement
2417:. His further concessions to the
1782:March of the One Hundred Thousand
34:This article has multiple issues.
4090:1946 disestablishments in Brazil
3302:First (Old) Republic (1889–1930)
3173:Nova História Militar Brasileira
3054:The Crusader of the 20th Century
3032:
2812:In 1943, Vargas promulgated the
2784:Arquitetura modernista no Brasil
2398:issued by the rebel government.
2242:in the United States, prompting
2179:
1022:
680:
655:
324:
276:
264:
166:
64:
23:
3143:
2860:
2752:The "Rio Doce Valley Company" (
2471:rebellion (though he was not a
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
3123:
3110:
3098:Irazábal, Clara Elena (2002).
3091:
3045:
2857:and at times favored Germany.
2745:Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional
2630:Tribunal de Segurança Nacional
2467:, the "knight of hope" of the
2440:first waves of general strikes
1851:1993 Constitutional referendum
1841:Impeachment of Fernando Collor
1290:Conquest of the Banda Oriental
1260:Invasion of the Banda Oriental
836:Brazil's vulnerability to the
792:Brazilian Constitution of 1934
1:
4085:1930 establishments in Brazil
3025:
2966:Brazilian Expeditionary Force
2916:. These people were known as
2867:Brazilian Expeditionary Force
2725:Conselho Nacional do Petróleo
1871:Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff
1103:Letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha
1091:Pedro Álvares Cabral's voyage
975:of the northeastern state of
894:, Washington Luís clung to a
752:. The coup deposed President
3150:João Fábio Bertonha (2023).
2770:The "National Motor Plant" (
2722:The "National Oil Advisor" (
2686:Ação Integralista Brasileira
2682:Brazilian Integralist Action
2505:Brazilian Integralist Action
2461:National Liberation Alliance
2368:Constitutionalist Revolution
2344:Proclamation of the Republic
1660:Constitutionalist Revolution
1527:Proclamation of the Republic
1372:Confederation of the Equator
1273:United Kingdom with Portugal
874:The government of president
818:Downfall of the Old Republic
746:Brazilian Revolution of 1930
7:
3764:Water supply and sanitation
3312:Fourth Republic (1946–1964)
3287:Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)
3195:. McFarland & Company.
3175:. Fundação Getúlio Vargas.
3118:Political Science Quarterly
2998:
2814:Consolidation of Labor Laws
2773:Fábrica Nacional de Motores
1330:Recognition of Independence
1320:Declaration of Independence
859:. The collapse of Brazil's
319:"Brazilian National Anthem"
10:
4116:
3292:United Kingdom (1815–1822)
2864:
2755:Companhia Vale do Rio Doce
2607:
2601:
2594:Third Brazilian Republic (
1762:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
1685:1937 Brazilian coup d'état
1670:Communist uprising of 1935
1442:Liberal rebellions of 1842
1295:Constituent Cortes of 1820
981:1930 presidential election
766:provisional military junta
4021:
3890:
3782:
3684:
3675:
3653:
3567:
3558:
3546:President of the Republic
3464:
3455:
3339:
3330:
3267:
3166:– via Google Books.
2993:Fourth Brazilian Republic
2991:and the beginning of the
2958:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
2658:Superior Tribunal Militar
2479:, Prestes led the futile
2436:Brazilian Communist Party
1822:1988 Constituent Assembly
1767:Vacancy in the Presidency
1707:Ousting of Getúlio Vargas
1648:Second Brazilian Republic
1573:Coffee with milk politics
1507:Post–abolition of slavery
1357:1823 Constituent Assembly
1285:Conquest of French Guiana
999:Second Brazilian Republic
812:Fourth Brazilian Republic
729:Second Brazilian Republic
712:Portuguese pronunciation:
676:Fourth Brazilian Republic
634:
618:
614:
601:
588:
571:
558:
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423:
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349:
318:
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260:
255:
237:
4075:Modern history of Brazil
3469:Administrative divisions
3156:. Taylor & Francis.
3133:(1979) 59#2 pp. 201–231
3104:University of California
2608:Not to be confused with
2583:public-private companies
2413:and turning against the
1732:Construction of Brasília
1727:Lott's preventative coup
799:dictatorial Constitution
750:First Brazilian Republic
733:Third Brazilian Republic
663:First Brazilian Republic
313:Hino Nacional Brasileiro
248:Estados Unidos do Brasil
3073:Fundação Getulio Vargas
2825:and 1930s decided that
2820:Tensions with Argentina
1236:Minas Gerais Conspiracy
985:Social Democratic Party
927:of the 1922 rebellion.
719:) is the period in the
605:Democratic Constitution
241:United States of Brazil
4080:20th century in Brazil
3625:Science and technology
3307:Vargas Era (1930–1946)
3191:Ready, J. Lee (1985).
3005:Estado Novo (Portugal)
2943:
2880:
2708:
2696:and was unsuccessful.
2610:Estado Novo (Portugal)
2347:
1866:Car Wash investigation
1777:Araguaia Guerrilla War
1457:Eusébio de Queirós Law
953:severe drought of 1877
939:
918:tradition, and was an
902:Rise of Getúlio Vargas
748:marked the end of the
386:provisional government
245:
3010:Brazilian Integralism
2934:was a symbol of the "
2930:
2874:
2702:
2341:
1755:Military dictatorship
1561:Federalist Revolution
1537:Republic of the Sword
1487:Revolt of the Muckers
1382:Abdication of Pedro I
1174:Quilombo dos Palmares
1086:Treaty of Tordesillas
937:
716:[ˈɛɾɐˈvaʁɡɐs]
404:presidential republic
369:Common languages
3443:World Heritage Sites
3376:Environmental issues
3349:Brazilian Antarctica
3120:100.1 (1985): 27–51.
3051:De Mattei, Roberto.
3020:Estado Novo (Brazil)
2936:Good Neighbor Policy
2918:Soldados da Borracha
2713:economic nationalism
2694:Integralist Uprising
2604:Estado Novo (Brazil)
2527:Economic development
2384:constituent assembly
2334:Towards dictatorship
1876:Coronavirus pandemic
1697:Integralist Uprising
1502:Abolition of Slavery
1246:Opening of the ports
920:economic nationalist
301:"Order and Progress"
84:improve this article
3992:Syncretic Religions
3900:Freedom of religion
3582:Automotive industry
2985:Eurico Gaspar Dutra
2847:expeditionary force
2465:Luís Carlos Prestes
2346:, 15 November 1939.
1992:Rio Grande do Norte
1402:1834 Additional Act
1325:War of Independence
1201:War of the Emboabas
3952:Eastern Orthodoxy
3945:Ukrainian Catholic
3640:Telecommunications
3297:Empire (1822–1889)
3282:Indigenous peoples
2944:
2902:Washington Accords
2883:With the start of
2881:
2855:officially neutral
2709:
2625:Communist Uprising
2587:foreign investment
2348:
2247:Franklin Roosevelt
1952:Mato Grosso do Sul
1889:By federative unit
1772:Institutional Acts
1655:Revolution of 1930
1628:Lieutenant revolts
1613:Revolt of the Lash
1593:Annexation of Acre
1583:Amazon rubber boom
1179:France Equinoxiale
1159:France Antarctique
1098:European discovery
1051:Indigenous Peoples
940:
790:the period of the
531:Communist uprising
505:Revolution of 1930
185:You can assist by
4057:
4056:
4017:
4016:
3959:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3924:Armenian Catholic
3729:Income inequality
3671:
3670:
3554:
3553:
3541:Political parties
3536:National Congress
3499:Freedom of speech
3484:Foreign relations
3451:
3450:
3202:978-0-89950-129-1
3182:978-85-225-0496-1
3040:Fair Trade Coffee
2266:economic stimulus
2220:
2219:
2186:Brazil portal
2107:Jewish Brazilians
1997:Rio Grande do Sul
1829:1988 Constitution
1792:Redemocratization
1787:Brazilian Miracle
1737:Legality Campaign
1720:Populist Republic
1690:1937 Constitution
1665:1934 Constitution
1603:Taubaté Agreement
1532:1891 Constitution
1497:Military Question
1435:Reign of Pedro II
1367:1824 Constitution
1280:Pernambuco Revolt
1066:Marajoara culture
1016:History of Brazil
908:Rio Grande do Sul
896:hard money policy
846:U.S. stock market
762:1891 Constitution
721:history of Brazil
696:
695:
692:
691:
688:
687:
668:
667:
610:18 September 1946
592:Ousting of Vargas
465:• 1945–1946
453:• 1930–1945
342:
302:
296:Ordem e Progresso
233:
232:
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159:
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57:
4107:
4037:
4030:
3955:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3847:National symbols
3682:
3681:
3620:
3592:Economic history
3577:Animal husbandry
3565:
3564:
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3461:
3337:
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3236:
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3137:
3127:
3121:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3076:. Archived from
3064:
3058:
3049:
3043:
3036:
2690:Guanabara Palace
2377:, a center-left
2232:Benito Mussolini
2212:
2205:
2198:
2184:
2183:
2182:
1927:Federal District
1545:
1350:Reign of Pedro I
1343:Empire of Brazil
1254:
1221:Treaty of Madrid
1211:Vila Rica Revolt
1128:
1120:Brazilwood cycle
1026:
1003:
1002:
912:Liberal Alliance
838:Great Depression
718:
713:
684:
683:
672:
671:
659:
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652:
651:
636:
635:
554:10 November 1937
536:23 November 1935
518:New Constitution
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4060:
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4040:
4033:
4026:
4013:
3886:
3872:Science fiction
3862:Public holidays
3778:
3739:Life expectancy
3667:
3649:
3618:
3550:
3526:Law enforcement
3447:
3433:Water resources
3413:Protected areas
3326:
3263:
3254:
3210:Brazil Now.Info
3203:
3183:
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3146:
3141:
3140:
3128:
3124:
3115:
3111:
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3092:
3083:
3081:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3057:, 1998. (pg 52)
3050:
3046:
3038:Fridell, Gavin.
3037:
3033:
3028:
3001:
2922:rubber soldiers
2869:
2863:
2822:
2613:
2606:
2600:
2544:in neighboring
2529:
2431:
2336:
2273:interventionist
2216:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2167:Years in Brazil
2151:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2067:Catholic Church
2047:Afro-Brazilians
2041:
2033:
2032:
2031:
1891:
1881:
1880:
1812:
1802:
1801:
1757:
1747:
1746:
1722:
1712:
1711:
1674:
1643:
1633:
1632:
1608:Naval arms race
1539:
1522:
1512:
1511:
1482:Religious Issue
1467:Christie Affair
1447:Praieira revolt
1431:
1386:
1345:
1335:
1334:
1310:
1300:
1299:
1275:
1265:
1264:
1248:
1184:Dutch invasions
1169:Jesuit missions
1152:State of Brazil
1148:
1122:
1109:
1081:
1079:Colonial Brazil
1071:
1070:
1046:
1036:
1001:
904:
876:Washington Luís
850:29 October 1929
844:Days after the
820:
754:Washington Luís
711:
681:
656:
626:
607:
597:29 October 1945
594:
584:24 October 1945
581:
564:
562:Entry into WWII
551:
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520:
507:
484:Interwar period
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239:Republic of the
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136:
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81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4113:
4103:
4102:
4100:Getúlio Vargas
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3691:
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3665:
3663:Rail transport
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3523:
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3513:
3512:
3511:
3509:Women's rights
3506:
3501:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3398:Largest cities
3395:
3390:
3385:
3383:Extreme points
3380:
3379:
3378:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3359:Climate change
3351:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3253:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3207:
3201:
3188:
3181:
3168:
3163:978-1000983395
3162:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3122:
3109:
3106:. p. 112.
3090:
3059:
3044:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3000:
2997:
2932:Carmen Miranda
2889:Oswaldo Aranha
2865:Main article:
2862:
2859:
2839:Getúlio Vargas
2835:Brazilian Army
2831:Argentine Army
2821:
2818:
2789:urban planning
2779:
2778:
2768:
2759:
2750:
2740:
2730:
2602:Main article:
2599:
2592:
2565:Rio de Janeiro
2528:
2525:
2509:Nazi symbolism
2501:Plínio Salgado
2481:Prestes Column
2430:
2427:
2394:to assume the
2392:Bank of Brazil
2335:
2332:
2244:U.S. President
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2127:Rail transport
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2012:Santa Catarina
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1987:Rio de Janeiro
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1932:Espírito Santo
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1618:Contestado War
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1598:Vaccine Revolt
1595:
1590:
1588:War of Canudos
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1477:Paraguayan War
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1417:Ragamuffin War
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:Regency Period
1385:
1384:
1379:
1377:Cisplatine War
1374:
1369:
1364:
1362:Night of Agony
1359:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1134:
1129:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1029:Terra Brasilis
1027:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1000:
997:
965:café com leite
903:
900:
892:capital flight
819:
816:
807:
806:
795:
788:
725:Getúlio Vargas
694:
693:
690:
689:
686:
685:
678:
669:
666:
665:
660:
648:
647:
642:
632:
631:
623:Brazilian real
620:
616:
615:
612:
611:
608:
602:
599:
598:
595:
589:
586:
585:
582:
572:
569:
568:
567:22 August 1942
565:
559:
556:
555:
552:
541:
538:
537:
534:
528:
525:
524:
521:
515:
512:
511:
510:3 October 1930
508:
502:
499:
498:
495:
494:
481:
480:Historical era
477:
476:
473:
472:
467:
464:
461:
460:
458:Getúlio Vargas
455:
452:
449:
448:
445:Military Junta
441:
438:
435:
434:
431:
430:
427:
421:
420:
419:
418:
398:
397:
393:military junta
380:
376:
375:
370:
366:
365:
363:Rio de Janeiro
360:
356:
355:
347:
346:
323:
304:
303:
288:
287:
282:
275:
274:
270:
263:
262:
261:
258:
257:
253:
252:
243:
238:
231:
230:
213:
212:
174:
172:
165:
158:
157:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4112:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3970:Protestantism
3968:
3966:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3914:Christianity
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3754:States by HDI
3752:
3750:
3749:Social issues
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3187:in Portuguese
3184:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3119:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3080:on 2015-02-25
3079:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3035:
3031:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2981:José Linhares
2977:
2973:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2953:Fascist Italy
2950:
2941:
2940:Latin America
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2817:
2815:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2798:Alfred Agache
2795:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2776:
2774:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2663:Supreme Court
2660:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2611:
2605:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2533:police states
2524:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2340:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2096:Football Team
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1742:Plano Trienal
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1472:Uruguayan War
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:Pre-Cabraline
1040:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:
996:
992:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
966:
960:
958:
954:
949:
944:
936:
932:
928:
926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
899:
897:
893:
888:
884:
881:
877:
872:
870:
869:exchange rate
866:
862:
858:
857:United States
853:
851:
847:
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73:This article
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3759:Unemployment
3709:Demographics
3587:Central Bank
3494:Human rights
3474:Constitution
3344:Amazon basin
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3144:Bibliography
3130:
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3102:. Berkeley:
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3082:. Retrieved
3078:the original
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2949:Nazi Germany
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2893:Pearl Harbor
2885:World War II
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2861:World War II
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2553:constitution
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2517:Antisemitism
2513:Roman salute
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2448:
2444:
2432:
2423:integralists
2418:
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2411:trade unions
2408:
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2375:João Alberto
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2305:land reforms
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2072:Constitution
1957:Minas Gerais
1836:Plano Collor
1810:New Republic
1702:World War II
1640:
1568:Belle Époque
1556:Navy Revolts
1551:Encilhamento
1520:Old Republic
1452:Coffee cycle
1397:April Revolt
1308:Independence
1189:Dutch Brazil
1164:Bandeirantes
1033:Miller Atlas
1028:
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645:Succeeded by
644:
639:
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523:16 July 1934
492:World War II
487:
443:
439:• 1930
415:dictatorship
406:(1934–1946)
399:
388:(1930–1934)
311:
307:
292:Motto:
291:
283:Coat of arms
219:
201:
195:October 2023
192:
179:copy editing
177:may require
176:
146:
140:January 2012
137:
127:
120:
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106:
99:"Vargas Era"
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
3918:Catholicism
3832:Malandragem
3797:Archaeology
3724:Immigration
3630:Stock index
3572:Agriculture
3371:Environment
3213:Estado Novo
2989:Estado Novo
2910:rubber boom
2877:Axis powers
2671:martial law
2596:Estado Novo
2574:coronelismo
2561:Estado Novo
2477:Che Guevara
2419:latifundios
2403:latifundios
2356:Estado Novo
2300:latifundios
2271:Favoring a
2262:nationalism
2137:Transgender
2117:Nationality
1947:Mato Grosso
1817:Lost Decade
1678:Estado Novo
1623:World War I
1540: [
1492:Grande Seca
1462:Platine War
1407:Malê Revolt
1315:Dia do Fico
1249: [
1226:Guaraní War
1206:Mascate War
1142:Slave trade
1132:Sugar cycle
1123: [
1113:Captaincies
973:João Pessoa
865:World War I
803:coup d'état
770:oligarchies
738:Estado Novo
640:Preceded by
630:(1942–1946)
625:(1930–1942)
545:Estado Novo
417:(1937–1945)
4070:Vargas Era
4064:Categories
3957:Antiochian
3882:Television
3852:Newspapers
3827:Literature
3699:Corruption
3694:Censorship
3619:(currency)
3489:Government
3084:2013-07-11
3026:References
2851:Lend-Lease
2618:Cohen Plan
2542:Juan Perón
1977:Pernambuco
1856:Plano Real
1797:Diretas Já
1641:Vargas Era
1578:Coronelism
1196:Gold cycle
827:rebellions
708:Era Vargas
704:Portuguese
700:Vargas Era
379:Government
373:Portuguese
317:(English:
187:editing it
110:newspapers
39:improve it
4002:Quimbanda
3997:Candomblé
3867:Sculpture
3842:Mythology
3792:Animation
3734:Languages
3714:Education
3655:Transport
3516:Judiciary
3479:Elections
3428:Time Zone
3403:Mountains
3366:Coastline
3332:Geography
3042:.(pg 120)
2827:Argentina
2643:self-coup
2546:Argentina
2396:war bonds
2258:bourgeois
2162:Conflicts
2132:Socialism
2087:Etymology
2057:Animation
2052:Anarchism
2027:Tocantins
2017:São Paulo
1412:Cabanagem
880:patronage
848:crash on
774:São Paulo
425:President
410:under an
256:1930–1946
45:talk page
4044:Category
3982:Hinduism
3931:Maronite
3910:Buddhism
3892:Religion
3857:Painting
3807:Carnaval
3689:Abortion
3635:Taxation
3607:Industry
3531:Military
3457:Politics
3438:Wildlife
3408:Pantanal
3277:Timeline
3261:articles
3135:in JSTOR
2999:See also
2914:Amazônia
2794:Curitiba
2705:cruzeiro
2569:devolved
2538:autarchy
2511:and the
2494:tenentes
2415:tenentes
2361:tenentes
2328:tenentes
2324:tenentes
2289:Banditry
2240:New Deal
2236:tenentes
2157:Timeline
2150:Research
2112:Military
2092:Football
2002:Rondônia
1942:Maranhão
1912:Amazonas
1861:Mensalão
1846:Mercosul
1422:Balaiada
1061:Kuhikugu
1008:a series
1006:Part of
948:paulista
925:tenentes
916:populist
890:Despite
831:paulista
780:states.
628:Cruzeiro
619:Currency
391:under a
4028:Outline
4007:Umbanda
3987:Judaism
3938:Melkite
3822:Cuisine
3784:Culture
3769:Welfare
3677:Society
3645:Tourism
3602:Exports
3560:Economy
3418:Regions
3393:Islands
3388:Geology
3354:Climate
3269:History
2960:met in
2490:Maoists
2485:tenente
2473:Marxist
2469:tenente
2452:cangaço
2379:tenente
2352:Salazar
2320:tenente
2294:cangaço
2277:tariffs
2254:statist
2225:fascism
2082:Ethanol
2077:Economy
2022:Sergipe
2007:Roraima
1967:Paraíba
1902:Alagoas
1137:Slavery
987:(PSD).
977:Paraíba
957:slavery
825:tenente
603:•
590:•
573:•
560:•
542:•
529:•
516:•
503:•
401:Federal
383:Federal
359:Capital
308:Anthem:
124:scholar
4049:Portal
3905:Baháʼí
3877:Sports
3817:Comics
3812:Cinema
3744:People
3719:Health
3612:Mining
3597:Energy
3423:Rivers
3259:
3257:Brazil
3199:
3179:
3160:
2906:rubber
2737:(DASP)
2309:feudal
2122:Postal
2040:Topics
1972:Paraná
1035:, 1519
1010:on the
575:Member
488:·
486:
429:
395:(1930)
310:
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
4035:Index
3977:Islam
3837:Music
3774:Youth
3704:Crime
3617:Real
2962:Natal
2898:Natal
2775:(FNM)
2747:(CSN)
2727:(CNP)
1982:Piauí
1937:Goiás
1922:Ceará
1917:Bahia
1907:Amapá
1544:]
1253:]
1127:]
1056:Luzia
801:in a
490:
131:JSTOR
117:books
3802:Arts
3504:LGBT
3197:ISBN
3177:ISBN
3158:ISBN
2951:and
2924:").
2703:Ten
2638:fiat
2551:The
2521:navy
2102:LGBT
2062:Book
1962:Pará
1897:Acre
822:The
776:and
744:The
735:(or
698:The
549:coup
271:Flag
103:news
3965:LDS
3521:Law
2684:" (
2354:'s
772:of
741:).
577:of
86:by
4066::
3070:.
2995:.
2920:("
2800:.
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1542:pt
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814:.
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706::
579:UN
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