3159:
2387:
2603:
3045:
2346:
3027:
2692:
2318:
3707:
3087:
in
Britain, which increased shipping and began sustained trade the diffusion of cultures and technologies from across or along the North Sea to Great Britain and Scandinavia and reliance by some prehistoric cultures on fishing, whaling, and seaborne trade on the North Sea. The Romans established organised ports in Britain, which increased shipping and began sustained trade and many Scandinavian tribes participated in raids and wars against the Romans and Roman coinage and manufacturing were important trade goods. When the Romans
40:
2616:
3823:
3573:
3905:
3947:
3377:
1930:
3508:
11303:
11683:
11291:
2071:
2334:
3933:
624:
577:
3891:
3200:
2008:
1012:
3919:
3307:
1023:
4323:
3877:
6208:
4329:
3427:, and the climb of international oil prices made the large investments needed for extraction much more attractive. The start in 1973 of the oil reserves by the UK allowed them to stop the declining position in international trade in 1974, and a huge increase after the discovery and exploitation of the huge oil field by Phillips group in 1977 as the
6204:
3853:, connecting the North Sea with the Baltic Sea, is the most heavily used artificial seaway in the world reporting an average of 89 ships per day not including sporting boats and other small watercraft in 2009. It saves an average of 250 nautical miles (460 km; 290 mi), instead of the voyage around the
3753:
The climatic conditions on the North Sea coast have been claimed to be healthy. As early as the 19th century, travellers visited the North Sea coast for curative and restorative vacations. The sea air, temperature, wind, water, and sunshine are counted among the beneficial conditions that are said to
3555:
Whaling was an important economic activity from the 9th until the 13th century for
Flemish whalers. The medieval Flemish, Basque and Norwegian whalers who were replaced in the 16th century by Dutch, English, Danes, and Germans, took massive numbers of whales and dolphins and nearly depleted the right
3130:
coastal ports exported domestic goods, dyes, linen, salt, metal goods and wine. The
Scandinavian and Baltic areas shipped grain, fish, naval necessities, and timber. In turn, the North Sea countries imported high-grade cloths, spices, and fruits from the Mediterranean region. Commerce during this era
2154:
were a series of underwater landslides, in which a piece of the
Norwegian continental shelf slid into the Norwegian Sea. The immense landslips occurred between 8150 BCE and 6000 BCE, and caused a tsunami up to 20 metres (66 ft) high that swept through the North Sea, having the greatest effect on
3342:
established country rights largely divided along the median line. The median line is defined as the line "every point of which is equidistant from the nearest points of the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea of each State is measured". The ocean floor border between
Germany, the
3086:
in 43 CE, however, archaeological evidence reveals the diffusion of cultures and technologies from across or along the North Sea to Great
Britain and Scandinavia and reliance by some prehistoric cultures on fishing, whaling, and seaborne trade on the North Sea. The Romans established organised ports
2042:
The modern form of the dikes supplemented by overflow and lateral diversion channels, began to appear in the 17th and 18th centuries, built in the
Netherlands. The North Sea Floods of 1953 and 1962 were the impetus for further raising of the dikes as well as the shortening of the coast line so as to
3662:
at 4,800 MW, Norfolk Bank (7,200 MW), and Irish Sea (4,200 MW). At the end of June 2013 total
European combined offshore wind energy capacity was 6,040 MW. The UK installed 513.5 MW of offshore wind power in the first half-year of 2013. The development of the offshore wind
3177:
saw Dutch maritime power at its zenith. Important overseas colonies, a vast merchant marine, a large fishing fleet, powerful navy, and sophisticated financial markets made the Dutch the ascendant power in the North Sea, to be challenged by an ambitious
England. This rivalry led to the first three
1088:
from the northwest opening, and a lesser portion of warm current from the smaller opening at the
English Channel. These tidal currents leave along the Norwegian coast. Surface and deep water currents may move in different directions. Low salinity surface coastal waters move offshore, and deeper,
3670:
on ocean ecology and wildlife such as fish and migratory birds, however, these concerns were found to be negligible in a long-term study in Denmark released in 2006 and again in a UK government study in 2009. There are also concerns about reliability, and the rising costs of constructing and
2049:
today consists of several levels. The dike slope reduces the energy of the incoming sea, so that the dike itself does not receive the full impact. Dikes that lie directly on the sea are especially reinforced. The dikes have, over the years, been repeatedly raised, sometimes up to 9 metres
1099:
The Kelvin tide of the Atlantic Ocean is a semidiurnal wave that travels northward. Some of the energy from this wave travels through the English Channel into the North Sea. The wave continues to travel northward in the Atlantic Ocean, and once past the northern tip of Great Britain, the
2277:, the emergence of Western and Central Europe had almost completely separated the North Sea from the Tethys Ocean, which gradually shrank to become the Mediterranean as Southern Europe and South West Asia became dry land. The North Sea was cut off from the English Channel by a narrow
726:
The North Sea is more than 970 kilometres (600 mi) long and 580 kilometres (360 mi) wide, with an area of 750,000 square kilometres (290,000 sq mi) and a volume of 54,000 cubic kilometres (13,000 cu mi). Around the edges of the North Sea are
4393:
Encyclopædia Americana: A Popular Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature, History, Politics, and Biography, Brought Down to the Present Time; Including a Copious Collection of Original Articles in American Biography; on the Basis of the Seventh Edition of the German
3226:, several ships of the Russian Baltic Fleet, which was on its way to the Far East, mistook British fishing boats for Japanese ships and fired on them, and then upon each other, near the Dogger Bank, nearly causing Britain to enter the war on the side of Japan.
9745:
Tiny St. Andrews has a huge reputation, known around the world as the birthplace and royal seat of golf. The chance to play on the world's oldest course – or at least take in the iconic view of its 18th hole – keeps the town perennially popular among golfing
3081:
The North Sea has provided waterway access for commerce and conquest. Many areas have access to the North Sea because of its long coastline and the European rivers that empty it. There is little documentary evidence concerning the North Sea before the
2754:
were once found along the southern shores of the North Sea, but became extinct over the second millennium. Walruses frequented the Orkney Islands through the mid-16th century, as both Sable Island and Orkney Islands lay within their normal range.
3718:
The beaches and coastal waters of the North Sea are destinations for tourists. The English, Belgian, Dutch, German and Danish coasts are developed for tourism. The North Sea coast of the United Kingdom has tourist destinations with beach resorts and
3546:
is to minimize the environmental impact associated with resource use by reducing fish discards, increasing the productivity of fisheries, stabilising markets of fisheries and fish processing, and supplying fish at reasonable prices for the consumer.
9957:
6669:
Bradwell, Tom; Stoker, Martyn S.; Golledge, Nicholas R.; Wilson, Christian K.; Merritt, Jon W.; Long, David; Everest, Jeremy D.; Hestvik, Ole B.; Stevenson, Alan G.; Hubbard, Alun L.; Finlayson, Andrew G.; Mathers, Hannah E. (June 2008).
10294:
Offshore wind energy in the North Sea Region: the state of affairs of offshore wind energy projects, national policies and economic, environmental and technological conditions in Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium and the United
3190:
ascended to the English throne. With unified leadership, commercial, military, and political power began to shift from Amsterdam to London. The British did not face a challenge to their dominance of the North Sea until the 20th century.
826:(forty fathoms and fourteen fathoms or 73 and 26 m or 240 and 85 ft deep, respectively). These great banks and others make the North Sea particularly hazardous to navigate, which has been alleviated by the implementation of
3841:
must share routes on the North Sea. The Dover Strait alone sees more than 400 commercial vessels a day. Because of this volume, navigation in the North Sea can be difficult in high traffic zones, so ports have established elaborate
3671:
maintaining offshore wind farms. Despite these, development of North Sea wind power is continuing, with plans for additional wind farms off the coasts of Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK. There have also been proposals for a
7374:. Scottish Natural Heritage: A review of relevant experience in sustainable tourism in the coastal and marine environment, case studies, level 1, Wadden Sea region (Report). Stevens & Associates. 1 June 2006. Archived from
501:, from the Middle Ages to the modern era. It was also important globally through the power northern Europeans projected worldwide during much of the Middle Ages and into the modern era. The North Sea was the centre of the
3518:
The North Sea is Europe's main fishery accounting for over 5% of international commercial fish caught. Fishing in the North Sea is concentrated in the southern part of the coastal waters. The main method of fishing is
6865:
5875:
838:, Scotland. The feature is a series of asymmetrical trenches between 20 and 30 kilometres (12 and 19 mi) long, one and two kilometres (0.6 and 1.2 mi) wide and up to 230 metres (750 ft) deep.
9965:
4572:
2468:
are all very common and are fished commercially. Due to the various depths of the North Sea trenches and differences in salinity, temperature, and water movement, some fish such as blue-mouth redfish and
2317:
2039:, in 1200 AD, that inhabitants began to connect single ring dikes into a dike line along the entire coast, thereby turning amphibious regions between the land and the sea into permanent solid ground.
1092:
The North Sea located on the continental shelf has different waves from those in deep ocean water. The wave speeds are diminished and the wave amplitudes are increased. In the North Sea there are two
517:
each sought to gain command of the North Sea and access to the world's markets and resources. As Germany's only outlet to the ocean, the North Sea was strategically important through both world wars.
2122:, hit the entire southern coast of the North Sea. Chronicles of the time again record more than 100,000 deaths, large parts of the coast were lost permanently to the sea, including the now legendary
1058:. Air temperatures in January range on average between 0 and 4 °C (32 and 39 °F) and in July between 13 and 18 °C (55 and 64 °F). The winter months see frequent gales and storms.
1054:
The average temperature is 17 °C (63 °F) in the summer and 6 °C (43 °F) in the winter. The average temperatures have been trending higher since 1988, which has been attributed to
814:, or accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris, rises to a mere 15 to 30 m (50 to 100 ft) below the surface. This feature has produced the finest fishing location of the North Sea. The
3523:. In 1995, the total volume of fish and shellfish caught in the North Sea was approximately 3.5 million tonnes. Besides saleable fish, it is estimated that one million tonnes of unmarketable
2345:
3142:, started to control most of the trade through important members and outposts on the North Sea. The League lost its dominance in the 16th century, as neighbouring states took control of former
9370:
2050:(30 ft) and have been made flatter to better reduce wave erosion. Where the dunes are sufficient to protect the land behind them from the sea, these dunes are planted with beach grass (
8710:
2759:
also resided in the North Sea but were driven to extinction in the Atlantic in the 17th century Other species have dramatically declined in population, though they are still found.
10355:
2885:, or because the sea is generally to the north of the Netherlands. Before the adoption of "North Sea", the names used in English were "German Sea" or "German Ocean", referred to as the
2043:
present as little surface area as possible to the punishment of the sea and the storms. Currently, 27% of the Netherlands is below sea level protected by dikes, dunes, and beach flats.
3560:. By 1902 the whaling had ended. After being absent for 300 years a single grey whale returned in 2010, it probably was the first of many more to find its way through the now ice-free
9142:
6037:
9081:
Scheinin, Aviad P; Aviad, P.; Kerem, Dan (2011). "Gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) in the Mediterranean Sea: anomalous event or early sign of climate-driven distribution change?".
7432:
Footnote 28. Strabo 7.1.3. The name North Sea – more properly 'Northern Ocean'. Septentrionalis Oceanus – probably came into use at this time; the earliest extant citation is Pliny,
7289:
2643:
can be found along the coasts, at marine installations, and on islands. The very northern North Sea islands such as the Shetland Islands are occasionally home to a larger variety of
540:, and intense use of the sea and the area surrounding it, various environmental issues affect the sea's ecosystems. Adverse environmental issues – commonly including
2841:
Accords, which preserve the marine environment by preventing pollution from ships. Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands also have a trilateral agreement for the protection of the
10321:
7126:
5679:
2746:
Due to the heavy human populations and high level of industrialization along its shores, the wildlife of the North Sea has suffered from pollution, overhunting, and overfishing.
9931:
9247:
3026:
9068:
The North Atlantic grey whale (Escherichtius robustus): An historical outline based on Icelandic, Danish-Icelandic, English and Swedish sources dating from ca 1000 AD to 1792
8518:
5619:
5489:
4942:
11341:
6275:
4602:
9626:
8487:
4157:
3542:. Herring, cod and plaice fisheries may soon face the same plight as mackerel fishing, which ceased in the 1970s due to overfishing. The objective of the European Union
3276:
also saw action in the North Sea, though it was restricted more to aircraft reconnaissance and action by fighter/bomber aircraft, submarines and smaller vessels such as
9729:
9351:
7338:"Directive 2000/59/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2000 on port reception facilities for ship-generated waste and cargo residues"
6096:
5975:
8830:
7368:
479:
in the north. It is more than 970 kilometres (600 mi) long and 580 kilometres (360 mi) wide, covering 570,000 square kilometres (220,000 sq mi).
9873:
6454:
6064:
4885:
3483:
from the rest of the world. The North Sea contains western Europe's largest oil and natural gas reserves and is one of the world's key non-OPEC producing regions.
1945:. The coastlines along the southernmost part are covered with the remains of deposited glacial sediment. The Norwegian mountains plunge into the sea creating deep
1665:
10377:
7345:
1096:
systems and a third incomplete amphidromic system. In the North Sea the average tide difference in wave amplitude is between zero and eight metres (26 ft).
9263:
Moss, Joanne "Critical perspectives: North Sea offshore wind farms.: Oral histories, aesthetics and selected legal frameworks relating to the North Sea." (2021)
4580:
8688:
6172:
5130:
6618:
Gupta, Sanjeev; Collier, Jenny S.; Palmer-Felgate, Andy; Potter, Graeme (2007). "Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel".
6230:
5160:
3493:
In January 2018, The North Sea region contained 184 offshore rigs, which made it the region with the highest number of offshore rigs in the world at the time.
3044:
8206:
3434:
Although the production costs are relatively high, the quality of the oil, the political stability of the region, and the proximity of important markets in
2889:
names "Mare Germanicum" and "Oceanus Germanicus", and these persisted in use until the First World War. Other common names in use for long periods were the
10338:
9906:
5838:
9475:
9284:
3486:
In the UK sector of the North Sea, the oil industry invested £14.4 billion in 2013 and was on track to spend £13 billion in 2014. Industry body
5459:
3849:
The North Sea coasts are home to numerous canals and canal systems to facilitate traffic between and among rivers, artificial harbours, and the sea. The
2551:
for dozens of bird species. Tens of millions of birds make use of the North Sea for breeding, feeding, or migratory stopovers every year. Populations of
5294:
9116:
5406:
5324:
5225:
5105:
4923:
3294:
member-states. However, it gained significant economic importance in the 1960s as the states around the North Sea began full-scale exploitation of its
2734:
used to coat huge tracts of ocean floor, but have been damaged by trawling and dredging have diminished its habitat and prevented its return. Invasive
1669:
1643:
1620:
4991:
11334:
9528:
8800:
6893:"Modelling the direct impact of bottom trawling on the North Sea fish community to derive estimates of fishing mortality for non-target fish species"
6709:
5522:
5436:
3779:
The North Sea is important for marine transport and its shipping lanes are among the busiest in the world. Major ports are located along its coasts:
68:
5657:
5195:
5171:
5051:
5021:
4904:
2163:
is among the first recorded earthquakes in the North Sea measuring between 5.6 and 5.9 on the Richter scale. This event caused extensive damage in
2023:
and swampy land. In areas especially vulnerable to storm surges, people settled behind elevated levees and on natural areas of high ground such as
10052:
8714:
6954:
6382:
6041:
5567:
5141:
3754:
activate the body's defences, improve circulation, strengthen the immune system, and have healing effects on the skin and the respiratory system.
5754:
5597:
5075:
4665:
3146:
cities and outposts. Their internal conflict prevented effective cooperation and defence. As the League lost control of its maritime cities, new
2087:
threaten, in particular, the coasts of the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and Denmark and low-lying areas of eastern England particularly around
9444:
6810:
6002:
5354:
2877:- "Dead Sea". The name "North Sea" probably came into English, however, via the Dutch "Noordzee", who named it thus either in contrast with the
9396:
9267:
7246:
7182:
5799:
3158:
1953:. South of Stavanger, the coast softens, the islands become fewer. The eastern Scottish coast is similar, though less severe than Norway. From
1573:
552:, and dumping, among others – have led to several efforts to prevent degradation and to safeguard long-term economic benefits.
8625:
4953:
3663:
industry in UK-controlled areas of the North Sea is traced to three phases: coastal, off-coastal and deep offshore in the period 2004 - 2021.
1065:
averages between 34 and 35 grams per litre (129 and 132 g/US gal) of water. The salinity has the highest variability where there is
8869:
8354:
8086:
7852:
6779:
6149:
5264:
3126:, they raided, traded, and established colonies and outposts along the coasts of the sea. From the Middle Ages through the 15th century, the
2386:
776:
567:
9131:
5032:
4461:
576:
11736:
11327:
7279:
7223:
3617:
728:
5376:
5002:
4265:
11721:
10004:
9805:
9707:
9665:
9223:
9184:
8005:
7966:
7794:
7755:
7546:
7419:
7104:
7045:
5926:
5783:
5627:
5497:
4972:
4819:
4779:
4643:
4431:
4408:
4368:
4232:
4054:
3360:
2179:
reached Holland, although the waves had lost their destructive power. The largest earthquake ever recorded in the United Kingdom was the
2114:, (a bay on the coast of Germany), began to form. A storm tide in 1228 is recorded to have killed more than 100,000 people. In 1362, the
486:. The coast is a popular destination for recreation and tourism in bordering countries, and a rich source of energy resources, including
10130:
8740:
8603:
8427:
8310:
8245:
7668:
7587:
6748:
6538:
6499:
4859:
4740:
4691:
9506:
8917:
8559:
7891:
7629:
7023:
6306:
5687:
9935:
9244:
8271:
10141:
The fate of persistent organic pollutants in the North Sea multiple year model simulations of -HCH, -HCH and PCB 153Tatjana P Ilyina;
8770:
4077:
3690:
has installed a wave testing system at Billia Croo on the Orkney mainland and a tidal power testing station on the nearby island of
9902:
9005:
8968:
8512:
6821:
4939:
6436:
See Ziegler (1990) or Glennie (1998) for the development of the paleogeography around the North Sea area from the Jurassic onwards
4179:
4114:
3667:
9367:
9041:
8661:
Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design: Volume 67 – Water and Wastewater Treatment: Protective Coating Systems to Zeolite
862:
7134:
6259:
4594:
10450:
10352:
9618:
8480:
7481:
3784:
3658:. All are off the coast of the UK. These projects will be dwarfed by subsequent wind farms that are in the pipeline, including
3613:
5716:
4141:
11731:
10282:
10263:
10244:
10225:
10194:
10167:
10148:
9998:
9844:
9799:
9701:
9659:
9422:
9217:
9178:
8952:
8863:
8668:
8597:
8553:
8421:
8348:
8304:
8161:
8119:
8080:
8041:
7999:
7960:
7885:
7581:
7540:
7413:
7311:
7039:
6932:
6532:
6493:
6143:
5920:
4853:
4813:
4773:
4734:
4637:
4307:
4226:
4151:
4024:
1432:
532:
coastlines respectively, whereas in the south, the coast consists mainly of sandy beaches, estuaries of long rivers and wide
8167:
8125:
8047:
386:
9348:
8891:
6108:
5979:
8822:
7375:
2281:
until that was breached by at least two catastrophic floods between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago. Since the start of the
11761:
11716:
11711:
10088:
9867:
3339:
9317:
6447:
6071:
5866:
4882:
3438:
have made the North Sea an important oil-producing region. The largest single humanitarian catastrophe in the North Sea
10366:
7337:
3965:
3335:(EU) exists to coordinate fishing rights and assist with disputes between EU states and the EU border state of Norway.
2730:, formerly common in the entirety of the Wadden Sea, was nearly wiped out in the 20th century by a disease. Similarly,
2311:
from 199 to 216 million years ago. This was the deepest dinosaur fossil ever found and the first find for Norway.
827:
6869:
3742:
linking seven countries around the North Sea. Windsurfing and sailing are popular sports because of the strong winds.
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8239:
8200:
7933:
7788:
7749:
7662:
7623:
7098:
6742:
6269:
6179:
5953:
5127:
4402:
4362:
3254:
1397:
1378:
987:
and eastward along this parallel to the coast of Norway, the whole of Viking Bank is thus included in the North Sea.
803:. It is between 20 and 30 kilometres (12 and 19 mi) wide and has a maximum depth of 725 metres (2,379 ft).
6236:
5157:
3287:
After the war, hundreds of thousands of tons of chemical weapons were disposed of by being dumped in the North Sea.
3242:
10026:
9588:
3468:, lies in the Norwegian trench, dropping over 300 metres (980 ft), requiring the construction of the enormous
1994:
9558:
3666:
The expansion of offshore wind farms has met with some resistance. Concerns have included shipping collisions and
3479:, one of the first types of oil extracted from the North Sea is used today as a standard price for comparison for
2300:, whose northern regions were themselves known to have been glaciated. The present-day coastline formed after the
2240:
and the British Isles. This precursor of the current North Sea has grown and shrunk with the rise and fall of the
9827:
Schulte-Peevers, Andrea; Sarah Johnstone; Etain O'Carroll; Jeanne Oliver; Tom Parkinson; Nicola Williams (2004).
8190:
6038:"Science around us: Flexible covering protects imperiled dikes – BASF – The Chemical Company – Corporate Website"
4534:
4499:
3808:
3584:
In addition to oil, gas, and fish, the states along the North Sea also take millions of cubic metres per year of
3167:
413:
9895:
9467:
8458:
8380:
7494:
Scully, Richard J. (2009). "'North Sea or German Ocean'? The Anglo-German Cartographic Freemasonry, 1842–1914".
5831:
10160:
Fishing on common grounds: the consequences of unregulated fisheries of North Sea Herring in the postwar period
9961:
9291:
7214:"North Sea in crisis as skate dies out: Ban placed on large areas to stave off risk of species being destroyed"
3833:
Fishing boats, service boats for offshore industries, sport and pleasure craft, and merchant ships to and from
3344:
408:
5467:
2244:
sea level during geologic time. Sometimes it was connected with other shallow seas, such as the sea above the
1961:, which erodes more easily, so that the coasts have more rounded contours. In the Netherlands, Belgium and in
5286:
3687:
2381:
2200:
2160:
5398:
5316:
5217:
5097:
4920:
3343:
Netherlands, and Denmark was only reapportioned in 1969 after protracted negotiations and a judgment of the
2307:
In 2006 a bone fragment was found while drilling for oil in the North Sea. Analysis indicated that it was a
10275:
Mesolithic studies in the North Sea Basin and beyond: proceedings of a conference held at Newcastle in 2003
9758:
9536:
8792:
4988:
3626:, and shallow water, countries on the North Sea, particularly Germany and Denmark, have used the shore for
3258:
3211:
3088:
3054:
2783:, and other species were common in the North Sea until the 20th century, when numbers declined due to
2333:
2236:
in the British Isles. Since then, a shallow sea has almost continuously existed between the uplands of the
2065:
955:
403:
9377:. UK Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment. January 2009 (PDF). Retrieved on 5 November 2011.
6671:
5538:
telephonical advice by Mrs. Piechotta, head of department of hydrology, Nautic Administration for Bremen (
5428:
2858:
5868:
Overview of geography, hydrography and climate of the North Sea (Chapter II of the Quality Status Report)
5649:
2296:
reached its greatest extent, the North Sea became almost completely dry, the dry landmass being known as
2180:
831:
10418:
5187:
5168:
5048:
5018:
4901:
4468:
11519:
10669:
10443:
10059:
7456:
6960:
6388:
5559:
5542:
5138:
4528:
3960:
3762:
3393:
3111:. They made successive invasions of the island from what is now the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany.
2760:
1924:
561:
22:
10412:
an international commission designed to protect and conserve the North-East Atlantic and its resources
8299:. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Scientific Affairs Division. New York, US: Springer. p. 49.
5746:
5589:
5067:
4669:
4189:. International Center for the Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas. 2003. Archived from
2833:
convention to counteract the harmful effects of human activity on wildlife in the North Sea, preserve
11766:
9374:
7213:
6825:
6104:
6010:
5346:
3651:
3083:
2544:
2115:
747:. The North Sea receives freshwater from a number of European continental watersheds, as well as the
631:
10405:
9388:
9264:
7253:
7190:
7073:
6982:
Nienhuis, P.H. (2008). "Causes of the eelgrass wasting disease: Van der Werff's changing theories".
5806:
4805:
Coastal Environments: An Introduction to the Physical, Ecological and Cultural Systems of Coastlines
2292:, the eustatic sea level has fallen during each glacial period and then risen again. Every time the
2134:
flooded several nations' coasts and cost more than 2,000 lives. 315 citizens of Hamburg died in the
1069:
inflow, such as at the Rhine and Elbe estuaries, the Baltic Sea exit and along the coast of Norway.
11751:
11741:
8633:
6063:
Peters, Karsten; Magnus Geduhn; Holger Schüttrumpf; Helmut Temmler (31 August – 5 September 2008).
4950:
3676:
3502:
3290:
After the war, the North Sea lost much of its military significance because it is bordered only by
3071:
3013:
2928:
2823:
2196:
2032:
1172:
514:
168:
164:
8853:
8338:
8070:
7846:
7654:
The Continental Saxons from the Migration Period to the Tenth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective
6771:
6131:
5256:
11756:
11746:
10621:
10298:
6446:
Torsvik, Trond H.; Daniel Carlos; Jon L. Mosar; Robin M. Cocks; Tarjei N. Malme (November 2004).
5029:
3838:
3834:
3774:
3672:
3556:
whales. This activity likely led to the extinction of the Atlantic population of the once common
3543:
3328:
3311:
2516:
2511:
all live in the North Sea. Recently non-indigenous species have become established including the
2266:, all of modern mainland Europe except for Scandinavia was a scattering of islands. By the Early
2184:
2135:
2131:
2078:
6423:
3323:
Countries that border the North Sea all claim the 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) of
11726:
10942:
9368:
Future Leasing for Offshore Wind Farms and Licensing for Offshore Oil & Gas and Gas Storage
4999:
4723:"Physical Properties of Sea Water and their Distribution Annual: Variation in Surface Salinity"
4254:
3843:
3246:
3187:
2968:
2799:
2791:
2738:
has spread along the shores of the sea clogging harbours and inlets and has become a nuisance.
2552:
2176:
1469:
10237:
Rural history in the North Sea area: a state of the art (Middle Ages – beginning 20th century)
9988:
9826:
9789:
9691:
9649:
9207:
9168:
8656:
7989:
7950:
7925:
7778:
7739:
7695:
Smith, H. D. (1992). "The British Isles and the Age of Exploration – A Maritime Perspective".
7530:
7401:
7133:. Future of Marine Animal Populations / Census of Marine Life. 27 October 2006. Archived from
7088:
7017:
5910:
5780:
4969:
4803:
4763:
4625:
4439:
4391:
4352:
4216:
4048:
3490:
put the decline down to rising costs, lower production, high tax rates, and less exploration.
2175:
was triggered by the earthquake, which in turn caused a tsunami. The tsunami triggered by the
983:) all these being included in the North Sea area; thence up the meridian of 0°53' West to the
10467:
10463:
10436:
9323:. United Kingdom Department for Business, Enterprise, & Regulatory Reform. Archived from
9110:
8736:
8585:
8416:. Frederiksberg, Denmark: International Federation of Surveyors (FIG). pp. 5–17, Ch. 5.
8410:
Governing the North Sea in the Netherlands: Administering marine spaces: international issues
8408:
8294:
8229:
7652:
7569:
6732:
6676:
6522:
6483:
5460:"Gezeitenkalender für Bremen, Oslebshausen, Germany (Tidenkalender) – und viele weitere Orte"
4843:
4722:
4699:
4299:
3910:
3659:
2944:
2815:
2602:
1942:
497:
The North Sea has featured prominently in geopolitical and military affairs, particularly in
109:
9498:
8921:
8541:
7875:
7823:
7613:
6298:
4019:. Vol. 18 (Fifteenth ed.). U.S.A.: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp. 832–835.
11483:
10789:
10119:
9090:
8267:
7704:
6685:
6627:
6573:
6341:
3970:
3219:
3163:
2849:, which run along the coasts of the three countries on the southern edge of the North Sea.
2837:, and provide environmental protection. All North Sea border states are signatories of the
2818:, and heavy shipping traffic have also contributed to the decline. For example, a resident
2795:
2301:
2237:
2096:
8762:
4085:
398:
8:
11649:
11090:
10884:
10513:
10124:
9730:"St. Andrews, Scotland: See the place where golf was born and Will and Kate fell in love"
9138:
3739:
3512:
3453:
3381:
3183:
3143:
3034:
2960:
2897:
equivalent, "Frisian Sea". The modern names of the sea in the other local languages are:
2171:, though this has never been confirmed. The theory is a vast underwater landslide in the
1728:
984:
9094:
8999:
8976:
7708:
6689:
6631:
6577:
6345:
2327:(c. 8,000 BC), which provided a land bridge between Great Britain and continental Europe
1800:
11706:
11085:
10982:
10626:
10488:
10200:
7720:
7511:
7061:
6999:
6701:
6651:
6599:
4190:
4118:
3952:
3804:
3631:
3439:
3405:
3400:
distinguished by valuable, low-sulphur oil. Commercial exploitation began in 1971 with
3324:
3277:
3249:
were able to establish an effective blockade for most of the war, which restricted the
3238:
3223:
2992:
2834:
2691:
2620:
2100:
2052:
2046:
1954:
1209:
1029:
933:
237:
121:
11319:
10218:
Bridging troubled waters: Conflict and co-operation in the North Sea Region since 1550
9030:
3706:
3338:
After the discovery of mineral resources in the North Sea during the early 1960s, the
3122:; for the next quarter-millennium, the Vikings ruled the North Sea. In their superior
2984:
11609:
11488:
10844:
10794:
10586:
10528:
10332:
10302:
10278:
10259:
10240:
10221:
10204:
10190:
10163:
10144:
9994:
9840:
9836:
9795:
9697:
9655:
9213:
9174:
8948:
8859:
8664:
8593:
8549:
8417:
8344:
8300:
8235:
8196:
8157:
8115:
8076:
8037:
7995:
7956:
7929:
7918:
7881:
7827:
7784:
7745:
7724:
7658:
7619:
7577:
7536:
7515:
7409:
7094:
7035:
6738:
6705:
6643:
6591:
6528:
6489:
6410:
Ziegler, P. A. (1975). "Geologic Evolution of North Sea and Its Tectonic Framework".
6265:
6139:
5916:
4849:
4809:
4769:
4730:
4633:
4398:
4358:
4303:
4292:
4222:
4147:
4020:
3812:
3731:
is renowned as the "Home of Golf", and is a popular location among golfing pilgrims.
3698:
energy converter has been in operation at Nissum Bredning fjord of northern Denmark.
3593:
3561:
3461:
3397:
3266:
3262:
2735:
2548:
2484:
2210:
1878:
1093:
877:
788:
537:
464:
7003:
6697:
2814:, construction on coastal breeding and feeding grounds, sand and gravel extraction,
2146:
Though rare, the North Sea has been the site of a number of historically documented
11105:
10957:
10508:
10428:
10182:
9787:
9098:
7712:
7503:
7477:
7027:
6991:
6904:
6693:
6655:
6635:
6603:
6581:
6419:
6359:
6349:
6062:
5724:
3882:
3816:
3655:
3623:
3597:
3539:
3469:
3457:
3401:
3273:
3179:
3174:
3135:
3108:
2997:
2976:
2894:
2640:
2398:
2036:
1277:
899:
850:
792:
712:
510:
506:
9418:
7817:
7315:
6924:
6866:
Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic
6737:. A contribution to IUGS/IAGC Global Geochemical Baselines. Elsevier Science B.V.
5876:
Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic
3642:
have been commissioned in the North Sea (and elsewhere). As of 2013, the 630
11524:
11453:
11448:
11432:
11391:
11225:
11195:
11175:
11095:
10759:
10754:
10739:
10709:
10674:
10596:
10493:
10422:
10409:
10359:
9355:
9271:
9251:
9209:
Long-term Integration of Renewable Energy Sources into the European Energy System
8151:
8109:
8031:
6129:
5787:
5546:
5175:
5164:
5145:
5134:
5055:
5036:
5025:
5006:
4995:
4976:
4957:
4946:
4927:
4908:
4889:
3858:
3735:
3487:
3465:
3424:
3230:
3127:
2952:
2936:
2915:
2906:
2898:
2866:
2703:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2488:
2416:
are plentiful in the North Sea. These tiny organisms are crucial elements of the
2233:
2172:
2035:
higher than the prevailing flood levels. It was only around the beginning of the
2024:
2002:
1974:
1710:
1578:
1359:
915:
819:
744:
692:
688:
644:
614:
498:
472:
54:
11634:
10869:
10425:
transnational cooperation programme under the European Regional Development Fund
8895:
5908:
2615:
11664:
11654:
11473:
11458:
11351:
11165:
11145:
11110:
11100:
11080:
11075:
11070:
10899:
10889:
10779:
10764:
10646:
10498:
10475:
9070:. Occasional papers 1. Universities of St Andrews and Stirling, Scotland. 50 p.
4117:. Safety at Sea project: Norwegian Coastal Administration. 2008. Archived from
3938:
3924:
3743:
3435:
3365:
As early as 1859, oil was discovered in onshore areas around the North Sea and
3332:
3250:
3092:
3005:
2920:
2811:
2528:
2512:
2480:
2457:
2433:
2390:
2206:
2151:
1998:
1865:
1340:
1321:
1271:
1078:
1055:
937:
772:
752:
660:
652:
545:
468:
273:
209:
203:
50:
10186:
10096:
9102:
7507:
6730:
6672:"The northern sector of the last British Ice Sheet: Maximum extent and demise"
6445:
6327:
3822:
3572:
3204:
898:, thence through this island to the Kame of Hoy (58°55'N) on to Breck Ness on
373:
11700:
11687:
11624:
11594:
11564:
11554:
11529:
11478:
11468:
11386:
11307:
11295:
11115:
11007:
10977:
10962:
10952:
10932:
10859:
10829:
10784:
10774:
10749:
10729:
10699:
10679:
10591:
10566:
9788:
Knudsen, Daniel C.; Charles Greet; Michelle Metro-Roland; Anne Soper (2008).
9324:
9245:
The European offshore wind industry -key trends and statistics 1st half 2013
7484:): Baltic Sea called "Mare Germanicum", North Sea called "Oceanus Germanicus"
6909:
6892:
6328:
Bondevik, Stein; Sue Dawson; Alastair Dawson; Øystein Lohne (5 August 2003).
5879:
4549:
4536:
4514:
4501:
3896:
3356:
3295:
3050:
2711:
2707:
2695:
2540:
2532:
2156:
2074:
1760:
1737:
1532:
1334:
1189:
1085:
1015:
970:
957:
949:
936:
of the Shetland Islands, across to Graveland Ness (60°39'N) in the Island of
768:
748:
716:
656:
585:
476:
429:
265:
84:
70:
10306:
9829:
9468:"Greenpeace's grid plan: North Sea grid could bring wind power to 70m homes"
9129:
8268:"Atlantic, WW2, U-boats, convoys, OA, OB, SL, HX, HG, Halifax, RCN ..."
7920:
Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium
7877:
Matters of Exchange: Commerce, Medicine, and Science in the Dutch Golden Age
5384:
1601:
Artificial tide limit of river Weser, 4 km upstream of the city centre
11659:
11644:
11629:
11604:
11589:
11584:
11549:
11534:
11504:
11463:
11401:
11396:
11160:
11035:
10987:
10972:
10967:
10947:
10914:
10894:
10879:
10864:
10839:
10824:
10814:
10769:
10724:
10714:
10704:
10689:
10654:
10576:
10558:
10483:
8546:
Offshore Pioneers: Brown & Root and the History of Offshore Oil and Gas
8332:
7831:
7284:
7218:
7163:(Mammalia: Odobenidae) in the Pleaistocene of southeastern United States".
6890:
6861:
6647:
6595:
5912:
Climate Development and History of the North Atlantic Realm: With 16 Tables
3720:
3711:
3647:
3630:
since the 1990s. The North Sea is the home of one of the first large-scale
3443:
3420:
3281:
2838:
2776:
2648:
2596:
2308:
2253:
1929:
1254:
940:, through Yell to Gloup Ness (1°04'W) and across to Spoo Ness (60°45'N) in
911:
842:
815:
759:. The largest and most important rivers flowing into the North Sea are the
720:
369:
233:
196:
148:
10369:
The Jurassic-Cretaceous North Sea Rift Dome and associated Basin Evolution
9290:. Federal Environment Ministry of Germany. 2002. p. 4. Archived from
8945:
The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat
6448:"Global reconstructions and North Atlantic paleogeography 440 Ma to Recen"
5949:
2547:
in Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. These locations provide breeding
11639:
11614:
11569:
11514:
11416:
11238:
11210:
11190:
11185:
11180:
11135:
11130:
11060:
11055:
11050:
11015:
10927:
10922:
10874:
10849:
10664:
10616:
10611:
10581:
10571:
10548:
10518:
9622:
8626:"TOTAL E&P NORGE AS – The history of Fina Exploration 1965–2000"
8231:
German S-Boats in Action in the Second World War: In the Second World War
6354:
6329:
3800:
3724:
3695:
3683:
3531:
3507:
3476:
3446:
3376:
3366:
3234:
3147:
3119:
2784:
2660:
2656:
2632:
2624:
2445:
2413:
2394:
2278:
2084:
2020:
2012:
1990:
1986:
1962:
1950:
1791:
1550:
1518:
1499:
1317:
1101:
1066:
895:
887:
846:
807:
732:
676:
541:
487:
457:
445:
257:
241:
176:
140:
10030:
9596:
8894:. Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences. 2002–2008. Archived from
7406:
Through the Pillars of Herakles: Greco-Roman Exploration of the Atlantic
6639:
6330:"Record-breaking Height for 8000-Year-Old Tsunami in the North Atlantic"
5909:
Wefer, Gerold; Wolfgang H. Berger; K. E. Behre; Eystein Jansen (2002) .
2209:
seas like the current North Sea have since long existed on the European
1813:
1750:
1084:
The North Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean receiving the majority of
1018:
mainly entering via the north entrance exiting along the Norwegian coast
791:
with a mean depth of 90 metres (300 ft). The only exception is the
11669:
11599:
11574:
11559:
11539:
11509:
11406:
11381:
11365:
11274:
11248:
11215:
11205:
11150:
11030:
10937:
10904:
10834:
10804:
10799:
10744:
10734:
10694:
10684:
10659:
10631:
10606:
10538:
10523:
9566:
7716:
6995:
6205:"scinexx | Der Untergang: Die Grote Manndränke – Rungholt Nordsee"
3850:
3758:
3627:
3557:
3535:
3428:
3139:
3131:
was mainly conducted by maritime trade due to underdeveloped roadways.
3115:
2842:
2756:
2536:
2476:
2470:
2417:
2402:
2324:
2297:
2282:
2272:
2249:
2222:
1970:
1756:
1537:
1475:
1456:
1446:
1293:
1195:
919:
903:
756:
696:
502:
491:
249:
188:
184:
180:
160:
128:
122:
11682:
11290:
8851:
7848:
The New American Cyclopædia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge
6485:
Petroleum Geology of the North Sea: Basic Concepts and Recent Advances
5246:
Ahnert. F.(2009): Einführung in die Geomorphologie. 4. Auflage. 393 S.
3456:
is also notable as it was the cause of the first pipeline to span the
3150:
emerged that provided Europe with Asian, American, and African goods.
2070:
1937:
The eastern and western coasts of the North Sea are jagged, formed by
11579:
11544:
11411:
11170:
11140:
11065:
11045:
11040:
11025:
10997:
10819:
10809:
10719:
10636:
10543:
10503:
8452:
8376:
7955:. Albert L. Gastmann. Transaction Publishers. pp. 122–127, 134.
6130:
Ingham, J. K.; John Christopher Wolverson Cope; P. F. Rawson (1999).
6101:
A guide to managing coastal erosion in beach/dune systems – Summary 2
5781:
Vannstand – Norwegian official maritime Information → English version
3862:
3826:
3780:
3639:
3635:
3480:
2878:
2668:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2580:
2293:
2287:
2267:
2227:
2123:
2111:
1891:
1870:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1410:
1372:
1353:
994:
945:
700:
635:
596:
172:
9358:. Businessgreen.com (26 January 2009). Retrieved on 5 November 2011.
9349:
Study finds offshore wind farms can co-exist with marine environment
9205:
8793:"Shell to cut 250 onshore jobs at its Scotland North Sea operations"
8075:. Priscilla Mary Roberts. New York, US: ABC-CLIO. pp. 836–838.
6586:
6561:
6364:
2360:
2353:
2261:
2187:
and caused a small tsunami that flooded parts of the British coast.
389:
11243:
11233:
11200:
11155:
11125:
11120:
11020:
10601:
10533:
10395:
10345:
9689:
8858:(3, illustrated ed.). Blackwell Publishing. pp. 252–258.
7780:
A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation
7222:. London, UK: Guardian Unlimited, Guardian News and Media Limited.
7031:
6387:. Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences. 2005. Archived from
4082:
Report on Norwegian Fishery and Marine-Investigations Vol. 11 No. 2
4050:
The American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge
3643:
3524:
3520:
3409:
3199:
3182:
between 1652 and 1673, which ended with Dutch victories. After the
3123:
3096:
2807:
2803:
2772:
2764:
2747:
2731:
2672:
2449:
2218:
2127:
2092:
2088:
2007:
1969:
is low and marshy. The east coast and south-east of the North Sea (
1966:
1826:
1684:
1299:
1281:
1258:
1249:
1176:
1166:
1152:
1062:
1011:
923:
891:
736:
704:
639:
623:
605:
549:
529:
336:
217:
39:
10095:. Management Unit of North Sea Mathematical Models. Archived from
9990:
The North Sea: Perspectives on Regional Environmental Co-operation
6959:. Newcastle University Press Release. 2 April 2005. Archived from
6731:
Sola, M. A.; D. Worsley; Muʼassasah al-Waṭanīyah lil-Nafṭ (2000).
4727:
The North Sea: Perspectives on Regional Environmental Co-operation
3650:
is the largest offshore wind farm in the world, with the 504 (MW)
910:
through Westray, to Bow Head, across to Mull Head (North point of
695:
connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the
10992:
9265:
https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1611092/FULLTEXT01.pdf
5377:"Windfinder.com – Wind, waves, weather & tide forecast Emden"
4187:
Environmental Guidebook on the Enclosed Coastal Seas of the World
4139:
3854:
3792:
3788:
3747:
2846:
2751:
2727:
2676:
2572:
2496:
2492:
2465:
2453:
2429:
2409:
2241:
2168:
2147:
2056:) to protect them from erosion by wind, water, and foot traffic.
1958:
1938:
1796:
1779:
1773:
1704:
1452:
1426:
1415:
Borderline of estuary delta and sedimentation delta of the Rhine
1391:
1312:
1229:
1147:
907:
811:
680:
672:
668:
533:
483:
449:
441:
433:
269:
245:
229:
225:
213:
156:
10415:
10123:
9766:
7528:
6617:
3306:
520:
The coast has diverse geology and geography. In the north, deep
9532:
8855:
Large Marine Ecosystems: Stress, Mitigation, and Sustainability
4493:
4467:. International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Archived from
3796:
3589:
3385:
3269:, and a number of submarine actions occurred in the North Sea.
3253:' access to many crucial resources. Major battles included the
3218:
Tensions in the North Sea were again heightened in 1904 by the
3107:
began the next great migration across the North Sea during the
3100:
2882:
2870:
2780:
2664:
2568:
2504:
2500:
2441:
2437:
2217:
that formed the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean during the
2164:
1907:
1874:
1851:
1822:
1595:
1569:
1493:
1479:
1235:
1215:
835:
823:
800:
740:
708:
684:
664:
525:
461:
453:
437:
253:
221:
192:
10053:"23390-Country Info Booklets Hebridean Spirit The Baltic East"
4294:
The Europeans: A Geography of People, Culture, and Environment
1973:) have coastlines that are mainly sandy and straight owing to
11264:
10459:
10322:"North Sea Commission Environment Group Member Profiles 2006"
8296:
Sea-dumped Chemical Weapons: Aspects, Problems, and Solutions
4075:
3601:
3577:
3413:
3370:
3104:
2890:
2886:
2830:
2723:
2715:
2680:
2461:
2245:
2028:
1957:, the cliffs become lower and are composed of less resistant
1946:
1582:
1556:
1512:
1116:
1077:
The main pattern to the flow of water in the North Sea is an
764:
521:
384:
Map all coordinates in "Geography of the North Sea" using
261:
152:
144:
136:
9690:
Hall, C. Michael; Dieter K. Müller; Jarkko Saarinen (2008).
8852:
Sherman, Kenneth; Lewis M. Alexander; Barry D. Gold (1993).
8407:
Barry, M., Michael; Elema, Ina; van der Molen, Paul (2006).
8188:
7915:
7448:
6668:
5976:"North Sea Protection Works – Seven Modern Wonders of World"
5539:
4668:. Met office UK government. 28 November 2006. Archived from
4255:"Limits in the seas: North Sea continental shelf boundaries"
4218:
Blackwell's Concise Encyclopedia of Environmental Management
2304:
when the sea began to flood the European continental shelf.
1022:
10215:
9765:. The North Sea Trail/NAVE Nortrail project. Archived from
9592:
9562:
9499:"Analysis – New EU power grids in frame due to gas dispute"
9386:
9318:"Assessment of the Effects of Offshore Wind Farms on Birds"
8406:
8189:
Tucker, Spencer; Priscilla Mary Roberts (September 2005) .
7844:
7815:
6264:(illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 187.
4845:
Changing Sea Levels: Effects of Tides, Weather, and Climate
4146:(illustrated ed.). Blackwell Publishing. p. 262.
4046:
3728:
3691:
3585:
3291:
2861:
throughout history. One of the earliest recorded names was
2819:
2768:
2722:, such as oarweed and laminaria hyperboria, and species of
2719:
2592:
2584:
2576:
2508:
2421:
2214:
1733:
1714:
1690:
941:
796:
760:
132:
9031:"Cetaceans and Belgian whalers, A brief historical review"
8114:. London: Indiana University Press. p. Introduction.
7738:
Lewis, H. D.; Ross, Archibald; Runyan, Timothy J. (1985).
6299:"Tidal Waves in Europe? Study Sees North Sea Tsunami Risk"
6261:
Weather, Climate & Human Affairs: A Book of Essays and
4573:"North Sea cod 'could disappear' even if fishing outlawed"
1104:
turns east and south and once again enters the North Sea.
482:
It hosts key north European shipping lanes and is a major
11269:
10258:. Nelson: NZ Visitor; Lancaster: Gazelle Drake Academic.
9173:(4, illustrated ed.). Patty Rice. pp. 147–154.
8918:"One Million Tons of North Sea Fish Discarded Every Year"
8769:. Energy Information Administration (EIA). January 2007.
8590:
The Oil Industry and Government Strategy in the North Sea
7280:"UK's last resident killer whales 'doomed to extinction'"
4015:
L.M.A. (1985). "Europe". In University of Chicago (ed.).
3373:
field in the Netherlands continue to be exploited today.
3241:
faced each other in the North Sea, which became the main
2822:
pod was lost in the 1960s, presumably due to the peak in
2588:
2425:
876:(Walde Lighthouse, in France, 50°59'37"N, 1°54'53"E) and
795:, which extends parallel to the Norwegian shoreline from
114:
10402:
10353:
Old map: Manuscript chart of the North Sea, VOC, ca.1690
9387:
Kaiser, Simone; Michael Fröhlingsdorf (20 August 2007).
9132:"Ecological Effects of Sand Extraction in the North Sea"
9130:
Phua, C.; S. van den Akker; M. Baretta; J. van Dalfsen.
6891:
Piet, G. J.; van Hal, R.; Greenstreet, S. P. R. (2009).
3534:
has left many fisheries unproductive, disturbing marine
3392:
Offshore test drilling began in 1966 and then, in 1969,
2595:, and many other seabirds make these coasts popular for
1896:
North of that amphidromic point, tidal rhythm irregular
880:(England, 51°10'01.4"N 1°24'07.8"). northeast of Dover.
11349:
10176:
10162:. Göteborg: Ekonomisk-Historiska Inst., Göteborg Univ.
3327:, within which they have exclusive fishing rights. The
3298:. The North Sea continues to be an active trade route.
707:, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and
9445:"Centrica seeks consent for 500MW North Sea wind farm"
8920:. Environment News Service (ENS). 2008. Archived from
7529:
Thernstrom, Stephan; Ann Orlov; Oscar Handlin (1980).
7252:. Ecosystems and territories. Cemagref. Archived from
6956:
Whales and dolphins in the North Sea 'on the increase'
4492:
The Walde Lighthouse is 6 km (4 mi) east of
3265:. World War I also brought the first extensive use of
948:(60°51'N), on to the SW point of the Rumblings and to
8685:"On This Day 6 July 1988: Piper Alpha oil rig ablaze"
7816:
Køppen, Adolph Ludvig; Karl Spruner von Merz (1854).
7574:
Texts & Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions
5978:. Compare Infobase Limited. 2006–2007. Archived from
5529:(1898). suppl. B IV.: weekly average tide ranges 1879
4328:. Maptech Online MapServer. 1989–2008. Archived from
4289:
3369:
as early as 1910. Onshore resources, for example the
2420:
supporting many species of fish. Over 230 species of
755:
empties into the North Sea, including water from the
10458:
10253:
9001:
The common fisheries policy: origins and development
8517:. International Court of Justice. 20 February 1969.
7019:
Effects of Trawling and Dredging on Seafloor Habitat
6173:"Social, economical and political impact of Weather"
4720:
4595:"Global Warming Triggers North Sea Temperature Rise"
4140:
Ray, Alan; G. Carleton; Jerry McCormick-Ray (2004).
3872:
9651:
Tourism Vs. Environment: The Case for Coastal Areas
7783:. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. p. 305.
4872:
p. 94 shows the amphidromic points of the North Sea
10272:
9828:
9315:
9080:
7952:A History of Credit and Power in the Western World
7917:
7086:
5805:. East Riding of Yorkshire Council. Archived from
4291:
3846:to monitor and direct ships into and out of port.
2702:Plant species in the North Sea include species of
2491:are all commercially fished, but other species of
2167:both through its tremors and possibly triggered a
10134:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). pp. 786–787.
9993:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 186–190.
8156:. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 190–193, 256.
7657:. Frank Siegmund. Boydell Press. pp. 48–50.
7131:Dr. Ransom A. Myers – Research group website
6862:"Quality Status Report for the Greater North Sea"
4290:Ostergren, Robert Clifford; John G. Rice (2004).
711:respectively. In the north it is bordered by the
11698:
10337:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
10216:Starkey, David J.; Morten Hahn-Pedersen (2005).
8630:About TOTAL E&P NORGE > History > Fina
7845:Ripley, George R; Charles Anderson Dana (1869).
5747:"Tide Times and Tide Chart for Esbjerg, Denmark"
4527:), and Leathercoat Point is at the north end of
3654:the second largest, followed by the 367 MW
2741:
2015:(Closure-dike) is a major dam in the Netherlands
1048: moraines near the coast= light brown
865:defines the limits of the North Sea as follows:
787:For the most part, the sea lies on the European
61:
10327:. Archived from the original on 10 August 2007.
9206:LTI-Research Group; LTI-Research Group (1998).
8823:"Number offshore rigs worldwide by region 2018"
7911:
7909:
7737:
7690:
7688:
7686:
7344:. 28 December 2000. 28 December 2000 L 332/81.
7189:. Species Info. 19 January 2008. Archived from
4729:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 66–70.
4397:. Thomas, Cowperthwait, & co. p. 445.
4143:Coastal-marine Conservation: Science and Policy
4076:Helland-Hansen, Bjørn; Fridtjof Nansen (1909).
3604:may be picked up on the east coast of England.
3245:for surface action. Britain's larger fleet and
2031:. As early as 500 BC, people were constructing
779:encompassing some highly industrialized areas.
10273:Waddington, Clive; Pedersen, Kristian (2007).
9389:"Wuthering Heights: The Dangers of Wind Power"
9115:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
8969:"North Sea Fish Crisis – Our Shrinking Future"
7731:
7532:Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups
6527:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–38.
5257:"Katwijk aan Zee Tide Times & Tide Charts"
4047:Ripley, George; Charles Anderson Dana (1883).
3761:in Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands is an
3449:in 1988 in which 167 people lost their lives.
2631:The North Sea is also home to marine mammals.
1072:
932:From the North point (Fethaland Point) of the
822:are large areas with roughly uniform depth in
11335:
10444:
10029:. Kiel Canal official website. Archived from
9170:Amber: Golden Gem of the Ages: Fourth Edition
8997:
8548:. Gulf Professional Publishing. p. 222.
7822:. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p.
7741:European Naval and Maritime History, 300–1500
7165:Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
6769:
6334:Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union
6138:. Geological Society of London. p. 150.
5947:
5399:"Tide Times and Tide Chart for Wilhelmshaven"
4010:
4008:
4006:
3750:and birdwatching are among other activities.
2473:reside only in small areas of the North Sea.
1050: rock-based coasts = greyish brown
771:. Around 185 million people live in the
568:List of rivers discharging into the North Sea
8343:. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 49.
8195:. London: ABC-CLIO. pp. 165, 203, 312.
7906:
7683:
7342:Official Journal of the European Communities
7087:Tait, Ronald Victor; Frances Dipper (1998).
5776:
5774:
5772:
4768:. Imperial College Press. pp. 323–365.
4004:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3638:1, completed in 2002. Since then many other
3618:List of offshore wind farms in the North Sea
2479:are also commonly found throughout the sea.
2106:The first recorded storm tide flood was the
10157:
10093:Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences
9869:Büsum: The natural healing power of the sea
9285:"New Research Focus for Renewable Energies"
8025:
8023:
7916:Findlay, Ronald; Kevin H. O'Rourke (2007).
7607:
7605:
7358:"Member States have ratified Marpol 73/78".
7247:"Sturgeon: Restoring an endangered species"
6824:Educational Pullout Issue 4. Archived from
6811:"MarBEF Educational Pullout: The North Sea"
6805:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6797:
6424:10.1306/83D91F2E-16C7-11D7-8645000102C1865D
5517:
5515:
5429:"Tide Times and Tide Chart for Bremerhaven"
3785:fourth busiest port in the world by tonnage
3361:List of oil and gas fields of the North Sea
2019:The southern coastal areas were originally
1006:
374:Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences
11342:
11328:
10451:
10437:
10291:
10179:North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment
10177:Quante, Markus; Franciscus Colijn (2016).
10058:. Hebridean Island Cruises. Archived from
9980:
9696:. Channel View Publications. p. 170.
8331:It was, incidentally, the home of several
8145:
8143:
7942:
7561:
7277:
7244:
6477:
6475:
6377:
6375:
6296:
6207:(in German). MMCD NEW MEDIA. 24 May 2008.
5800:"Development of the East Riding Coastline"
5792:
5650:"Tide Times and Tide Chart for Westerland"
5287:"Tide Times and Tide Chart for Den Helder"
4848:. Cambridge University Press. p. 93.
4264:. United States Government. 14 June 1974.
4172:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
3527:is caught and discarded to die each year.
3032:A 1482 recreation of a map from Ptolemy's
2865:, or "Northern Ocean", which was cited by
2606:European seagull on the coast of North Sea
1977:, particularly along Belgium and Denmark.
1089:denser high salinity waters move inshore.
834:lies 320 kilometres (200 mi) east of
663:mainland to the east and south, including
622:
10254:Tiedeke, Thorsten; Werner Weiler (2007).
9986:
9238:
9065:
8579:
8577:
8402:
8400:
8398:
8234:. Naval Institute Press. pp. 12–30.
7948:
7744:. Indiana University Press. p. 128.
7567:
6908:
6585:
6524:Atlas of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Coastlines
6363:
6353:
6232:Coastal Flooding: The great flood of 1953
6197:
6000:
5769:
5457:
5317:"Tide Times and Tide Chart for Harlingen"
5218:"Tide Times and Tide Chart for Rotterdam"
5188:"Tide Times and Tide Chart for Antwerpen"
4429:
3983:
3673:transnational power grid in the North Sea
3592:from the ocean floor. These are used for
1396:Inner end of the southernmost estuary of
777:the rivers discharging into the North Sea
303:570,000 km (220,000 sq mi)
9903:American Association of Port Authorities
9794:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 112.
9685:
9683:
9025:
9023:
8785:
8533:
8457:. European Commission. 24 January 2008.
8336:
8149:
8101:
8036:. Ontario: Routledge. pp. 29, 180.
8020:
7987:
7602:
6981:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6846:
6794:
6488:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 11–12.
6136:Atlas of Palaeogeography and Lithofacies
5904:
5902:
5900:
5824:
5560:"Tide Times and Tide Chart for Cuxhaven"
5512:
4835:
4462:"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition"
4389:
4383:
4283:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4053:. D. Appleton and company. p. 499.
3821:
3705:
3686:is still in a pre-commercial stage. The
3571:
3506:
3412:, England and then, after 1977, also to
3375:
3305:
3198:
3157:
2690:
2614:
2601:
2527:The coasts of the North Sea are home to
2385:
2110:, on 17 February 1164. In its wake, the
2095:. Storm surges are caused by changes in
2069:
2006:
1928:
1026:• Localization of the tide-gauges listed
1021:
1010:
914:) and on to Seal Skerry (North point of
10220:. Esbjerg : Fiskeri-og Søfartsmuseets.
10118:
9934:. MarineTalk. 1998–2008. Archived from
8654:
8544:. In T. Priest, & Cas James (ed.).
8340:Marine Policy and the Coastal Community
8286:
8140:
8107:
8062:
8029:
7838:
7770:
7611:
6559:
6481:
6472:
6439:
6409:
6403:
6372:
6290:
6032:
6030:
6028:
5950:"History of Dutch river flood defences"
5590:"Tide Times and Tide Chart for Hamburg"
5068:"Tide Times and Tide Chart for Harwich"
4765:Modeling Coastal and Offshore Processes
4033:
2790:Other factors like the introduction of
1482:river, the eastern branch of the Rhine
1431:Mouth of the Uitwateringskanaal of the
894:to Tor Ness (58°47'N) in the Island of
863:International Hydrographic Organization
11699:
10181:. Regional Climate Studies. Springer.
10138:
10045:
8942:
8574:
8395:
8292:
8221:
8068:
7924:. Princeton University Press. p.
7851:. New York: D. Appleton. p. 540.
7776:
7493:
7399:
7314:. European Union. 2000. Archived from
7278:Carrington, Damian (14 January 2016).
7093:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 432.
6734:Geological Exploration in Murzuq Basin
6235:. Investigating Rivers. Archived from
5861:
5859:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5347:"Tide Times and Tide Chart for Borkum"
5098:"Tide Times and Tide Chart for London"
4801:
4795:
4721:Freestone, David; Ton IJlstra (1990).
4626:"Annual variation in Surface Salinity"
4350:
4344:
4014:
3614:Renewable energy in the European Union
2893:terms "Mare Frisicum", as well as the
602:
11323:
10432:
10234:
10081:
10019:
9987:Freestone, David (1990). link (ed.).
9680:
9160:
9123:
9020:
8691:from the original on 3 September 2012
8583:
8539:
8227:
7694:
7650:
7570:"Chapter 2 History of Runic Research"
7292:from the original on 20 February 2019
7211:
6843:
6724:
6712:from the original on 25 November 2022
6520:
6170:
6164:
5897:
5757:from the original on 23 February 2014
5660:from the original on 23 February 2014
5570:from the original on 23 February 2014
5439:from the original on 23 February 2014
5409:from the original on 23 February 2014
5357:from the original on 23 February 2014
5327:from the original on 23 February 2014
5297:from the original on 23 February 2014
5267:from the original on 21 February 2014
5228:from the original on 23 February 2014
4632:. Taylor & Francis. p. 114.
4623:
4617:
4354:Maritime Geography and Statistics ...
4214:
4100:
4084:. Geofysisk Institutt. Archived from
3783:, the busiest port in Europe and the
2991:
2914:
2905:
2375:
1980:
1136:Geographical and historical features
611:
593:
536:. Due to the dense population, heavy
10416:North Sea Region Programme 2007–2013
10383:from the original on 29 October 2007
10256:North Sea coast: landscape panoramas
9912:from the original on 2 December 2012
9876:from the original on 1 December 2008
9647:
9521:
9496:
9478:from the original on 3 November 2014
9447:. New Energy Focus. 22 December 2008
9425:from the original on 1 December 2008
9399:from the original on 25 January 2009
9166:
9148:from the original on 5 February 2009
8998:Olivert-Amado, Ana (13 March 2008).
8743:from the original on 26 October 2008
8592:. Taylor & Francis. p. 74.
8521:from the original on 1 December 2008
8493:from the original on 17 October 2013
8433:from the original on 5 February 2009
8383:from the original on 22 October 2007
8274:from the original on 13 January 2011
7994:. New York: Routledge. p. 183.
7880:. Yale University Press. p. 7.
7873:
6872:from the original on 25 January 2012
6562:"Palaeogeography: Europe cut adrift"
6309:from the original on 1 November 2007
6297:Bojanowski, Axel (11 October 2006).
6257:
6251:
6178:. EMS annual meeting. Archived from
6025:
5108:from the original on 8 February 2014
4938:Tide tables for Kingston upon Hull:
4841:
4832:p. 157 tidal map showing amphidromes
4808:. Academic Press. pp. 155–158.
4792:p. 329 tidal map showing amphidromes
4761:
4755:
4357:Black, Parry & Co. p. 445.
4298:. Bath, UK: Guilford Press. p.
4208:
4078:"IV. The Basin of the Norwegian Sea"
3567:
3442:was the destruction of the offshore
2339:North Sea from De Koog, Texel island
1040: mudflats = greenish blue
906:(3°14'W) and Inga Ness (59'17'N) in
841:Other areas which are less deep are
11737:Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean
9629:from the original on 3 January 2009
9465:
9419:"Centrica warns on wind farm costs"
9004:. European Parliament Fact Sheets.
8069:Tucker, Spencer (September 2005) .
7408:. Taylor and Francis. p. 119.
7158:
6001:Rosenberg, Matt (30 January 2007).
5952:. Environmental History Resources.
5856:
5702:
5198:from the original on 8 October 2014
5078:from the original on 29 August 2013
4684:
4605:from the original on 3 January 2009
4432:"The Devil's Hole in the North Sea"
3607:
3600:and construction. Rolled pieces of
3452:Besides the Ekofisk oil field, the
3340:Convention on the Continental Shelf
3318:
2365:, as Central Europe became dry land
2323:Map showing hypothetical extent of
582:
13:
11722:Bodies of water of the Netherlands
10112:
10007:from the original on 17 April 2023
9808:from the original on 17 April 2023
9710:from the original on 17 April 2023
9668:from the original on 17 April 2023
9509:from the original on 30 March 2022
9226:from the original on 17 April 2023
9187:from the original on 17 April 2023
9008:from the original on 22 March 2008
8975:. Greenpeace. 1997. Archived from
8872:from the original on 17 April 2023
8606:from the original on 17 April 2023
8562:from the original on 17 April 2023
8357:from the original on 17 April 2023
8313:from the original on 17 April 2023
8248:from the original on 17 April 2023
8209:from the original on 17 April 2023
8170:from the original on 17 April 2023
8128:from the original on 17 April 2023
8089:from the original on 17 April 2023
8050:from the original on 17 April 2023
8008:from the original on 17 April 2023
7969:from the original on 17 April 2023
7894:from the original on 17 April 2023
7855:from the original on 17 April 2023
7797:from the original on 17 April 2023
7758:from the original on 17 April 2023
7671:from the original on 17 April 2023
7632:from the original on 17 April 2023
7590:from the original on 17 April 2023
7549:from the original on 17 April 2023
7449:"Morimarusa - Ancient Greek (LSJ)"
7422:from the original on 17 April 2023
7226:from the original on 17 April 2023
7107:from the original on 17 April 2023
6751:from the original on 17 April 2023
6541:from the original on 17 April 2023
6502:from the original on 17 April 2023
6278:from the original on 17 April 2023
6152:from the original on 17 April 2023
5929:from the original on 17 April 2023
5600:from the original on 12 March 2014
4862:from the original on 17 April 2023
4822:from the original on 17 April 2023
4782:from the original on 17 April 2023
4743:from the original on 17 April 2023
4646:from the original on 17 April 2023
4579:. 9 September 2009. Archived from
4411:from the original on 17 April 2023
4390:Bradford, Thomas Gamaliel (1838).
4371:from the original on 17 April 2023
4247:
4235:from the original on 17 April 2023
4160:from the original on 17 April 2023
4133:
4057:from the original on 17 April 2023
4017:Encyclopædia Britannica Macropædia
3966:List of languages of the North Sea
3723:golf courses; the coastal town of
3419:The exploitation of the North Sea
2259:During the Late Cretaceous, about
2099:combined with strong wind created
524:and sheer cliffs mark much of its
16:Marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean
14:
11778:
10314:
9932:"Port Authority Bruges-Zeebrugge"
9872:. German National Tourist Board.
9047:from the original on 2 April 2015
8803:from the original on 14 July 2015
8773:from the original on 9 March 2009
8542:"Ekofisk and Early North Sea Oil"
8514:North Sea Continental Shelf Cases
8461:from the original on 14 July 2013
8454:About the Common Fisheries Policy
7245:Williot, Patrick; Rochard, Éric.
6460:from the original on 22 June 2015
5956:from the original on 26 June 2007
5832:"Holderness Coast United Kingdom"
4630:Descriptive Physical Oceanography
4601:. Terra Daily. 14 November 2006.
4271:from the original on 11 June 2020
3768:
3727:in Scotland as the birthplace of
3538:dynamics and costing jobs in the
2829:The OSPAR commission manages the
2610:
1042: lagoons = bright blue
902:(58°58'N) through this island to
782:
719:, which is a marginal sea in the
659:to the west and the northern and
11681:
11302:
11301:
11289:
9950:
9924:
9888:
9860:
9820:
9781:
9751:
9722:
9693:Nordic Tourism: Issues and Cases
9641:
9611:
9581:
9551:
9497:Wynn, Gerard (15 January 2009).
9490:
9459:
9437:
9411:
9380:
9361:
9342:
9309:
9277:
9257:
9199:
9074:
9059:
8991:
8961:
8936:
8910:
8884:
8845:
8833:from the original on 9 July 2018
8815:
8755:
8729:
8703:
8677:
8648:
8618:
8505:
8473:
8445:
8369:
8325:
8260:
8228:Frank, Hans (15 October 2007) .
8182:
7981:
7867:
7809:
7644:
7522:
7487:
7471:
7459:from the original on 7 July 2023
7441:
7393:
7361:
7348:from the original on 10 May 2011
7330:
7304:
7271:
7048:from the original on 15 May 2011
6211:from the original on 12 May 2011
5844:from the original on 11 May 2011
4115:"About the North Sea: Key facts"
3945:
3931:
3917:
3903:
3889:
3875:
3118:began in 793 with the attack on
3076:
3043:
3038:showing the "Oceanus Germanicus"
3025:
2881:("South Sea"), located south of
2344:
2332:
2316:
2161:Dover Straits earthquake of 1580
1995:Flood control in the Netherlands
1108:Selected tidal ranges
651:The North Sea is bounded by the
575:
38:
10362:(high resolution zoomable scan)
10158:Karlsdóttir, Hrefna M. (2005).
9791:Landscape, Tourism, and Meaning
9466:Gow, David (4 September 2008).
7238:
7205:
7175:
7152:
7119:
7080:
7010:
6975:
6947:
6935:from the original on 2 May 2014
6917:
6884:
6782:from the original on 2 May 2014
6770:Lindsey, Kyle (25 April 2006).
6763:
6698:10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.01.008
6662:
6611:
6553:
6514:
6430:
6321:
6223:
6123:
6089:
6056:
5994:
5968:
5941:
5739:
5672:
5642:
5612:
5582:
5552:
5532:
5482:
5451:
5421:
5391:
5369:
5339:
5309:
5279:
5249:
5240:
5210:
5180:
5150:
5120:
5090:
5060:
5041:
5011:
4981:
4962:
4932:
4913:
4894:
4875:
4714:
4658:
4587:
4565:
4486:
4454:
4423:
4351:Tuckey, James Hingston (1815).
4316:
3168:Willem van de Velde the Younger
2826:pollution in this time period.
1818:Danish dune coast, entrance of
1034:• The three amphidromic centers
751:. A large part of the European
687:. In the southwest, beyond the
10143:. Berlin; New York: Springer.
9962:Maritime and Coastguard Agency
9619:"Prototype testing in Denmark"
8659:. In Guy E. Weismantel (ed.).
8337:Johnston, Douglas M. (1976) .
8153:Navies in Modern World History
8111:The Battle of Heligoland Bight
8033:A naval history of World War I
7777:Hansen, Mogens Herman (2000).
7369:"Wadden Sea region case study"
7127:"Extinct / extirpated species"
6897:ICES Journal of Marine Science
6171:Morin, Rene (2 October 2008).
6065:"Impounded water in Sea Dikes"
5948:Oosthoek, K. Jan (2006–2007).
5915:. Springer. pp. 308–310.
4919:Tide table for North Shields:
4069:
3350:
3345:International Court of Justice
3153:
2059:
1778:Northern end of Wadden Sea in
1668:, 5 years after completion of
544:, industrial and agricultural
1:
8293:Kaffka, Alexander V. (1996).
7651:Green, Dennis Howard (2003).
7212:Brown, Paul (21 March 2002).
5878:(OSPAR). 2000. Archived from
5527:Die Korrektion der Unterweser
5017:Tide tables for King's Lynn:
3807:, both in the top 30 busiest
3688:European Marine Energy Centre
3194:
3091:Britain in 410, the Germanic
2742:Biodiversity and conservation
2382:List of fish of the North Sea
2201:Geology of southern North Sea
1046: sea dikes= purple
11732:Federal waterways in Germany
9535:. March 2017. Archived from
8335:stations from 1960 to 1990.
7819:The World in the Middle Ages
7535:. Harvard University Press.
7024:National Academy of Sciences
6560:Gibbard, P. (19 July 2007).
5047:Tide tables for Hunstanton:
3976:
2183:, which measured 6.1 on the
2066:Storm tides of the North Sea
1903:
1900:
1887:
1884:
1861:
1858:
1835:
1832:
1810:
1807:
1788:
1785:
1769:
1766:
1747:
1744:
1724:
1721:
1700:
1697:
1680:
1677:
1651:
1628:
1605:
1592:
1589:
1566:
1563:
1546:
1543:
1528:
1525:
1509:
1506:
1489:
1486:
1465:
1462:
1442:
1439:
1422:
1419:
1406:
1403:
1387:
1384:
1368:
1365:
1349:
1346:
1330:
1327:
1308:
1305:
1290:
1287:
1267:
1264:
1245:
1242:
1225:
1222:
1205:
1202:
1185:
1182:
1162:
1159:
1143:
1140:
1001:
828:satellite navigation systems
691:, the North Sea becomes the
555:
7:
10292:Zeelenberg, Sjoerd (2005).
10139:Ilyina, Tatjana P. (2007).
9589:"Fall of Warness Test Site"
9316:Ecology Consulting (2001).
9083:Marine Biodiversity Records
8657:"The Offshore Oil Industry"
8150:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2004).
7988:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001).
5156:Tide tables for Zeebrugge:
5126:Tide tables for Dunkerque:
3868:
2761:North Atlantic right whales
2181:1931 Dogger Bank earthquake
2141:
2130:. In the 20th century, the
1646:(Weser straightening works)
1623:(Weser straightening works)
1073:Water circulation and tides
1038: marshes = green
890:(58°40'20"N, 3°22'30"W) in
414:GPX (secondary coordinates)
10:
11783:
11762:Seas of the United Kingdom
11717:Bodies of water of England
11712:Bodies of water of Belgium
11520:American Mediterranean Sea
10670:American Mediterranean Sea
9529:"North Sea Infrastructure"
9105:(inactive 27 August 2024).
8663:. CRC Press. p. 102.
7874:Cook, Harold John (2007).
7568:Looijenga, Tineke (2003).
7090:Elements of Marine Ecology
6608:(Registration is required)
6003:"Dykes of the Netherlands"
5680:"Gezeitenvorausberechnung"
5620:"Gezeitenvorausberechnung"
5490:"Gezeitenvorausberechnung"
4987:Tide tables for Skegness:
4666:"Met Office: Flood alert!"
3961:European Atlas of the Seas
3772:
3763:UNESCO World Heritage Site
3701:
3694:. Since 2003, a prototype
3611:
3550:
3500:
3496:
3394:Phillips Petroleum Company
3354:
3301:
3255:Battle of Heligoland Bight
3186:in 1688, the Dutch prince
3069:
3065:
2932:
2379:
2252:to the south-east, or the
2194:
2190:
2063:
1984:
1933:The German North Sea coast
1925:Coastline of the North Sea
1922:
1126:
1081:rotation along the edges.
1044: dunes = yellow
565:
562:Geography of the North Sea
559:
319:700 m (2,300 ft)
23:North Sea (disambiguation)
20:
11678:
11497:
11441:
11425:
11374:
11358:
11283:
11257:
11224:
11006:
10913:
10645:
10557:
10474:
10403:OSPAR Commission Homepage
10235:Thoen, Erik, ed. (2007).
10187:10.1007/978-3-319-39745-0
9835:. Lonely Planet. p.
9759:"Welcome North Sea Trail"
9654:. Springer. p. 139.
9375:UK Government Web Archive
9354:16 September 2009 at the
9103:10.1017/s1755267211000042
8655:McKetta, John J. (1999).
8586:"The Economic Attraction"
8192:World War I: Encyclopedia
8108:Osborne, Eric W. (2006).
8072:World War I: Encyclopedia
8030:Halpern, Paul G. (1994).
7949:MacDonald, Scott (2004).
7508:10.1080/03085690903319291
7400:Roller, Duane W. (2006).
6105:Scottish Natural Heritage
4900:Tide table for Aberdeen:
4802:Carter, R. W. G. (1974).
4696:Currents in the North Sea
4430:Alan Fyfe (Autumn 1983).
3652:Greater Gabbard wind farm
3259:Battle of the Dogger Bank
3084:Roman conquest of Britain
2869:. He also noted that the
2545:Wadden Sea National Parks
2370:
2033:artificial dwelling hills
1918:
1398:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta
1379:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta
993:The Western limit of the
856:
409:GPX (primary coordinates)
365:
357:
349:
345:
335:
323:
315:
307:
299:
295:580 km (360 mi)
291:
287:960 km (600 mi)
283:
279:
202:
120:
108:
60:
46:
37:
32:
10476:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
10408:18 December 2020 at the
9421:. BBC News. 8 May 2008.
9274:Retrieved 2 October 2023
8943:Clover, Charles (2004).
8713:. Gassco. Archived from
7991:Naval Warfare, 1815–1914
4968:Tide table for Grimsby:
4881:Tide table for Lerwick:
4624:Reddy, M. P. M. (2001).
4262:U.S. Department of State
4221:. Blackwell Publishing.
3813:Port of Bruges-Zeebrugge
3714:, Netherlands in c. 1900
3503:Fishing in the North Sea
3312:exclusive economic zones
3138:, though centred on the
3134:In the 13th century the
3072:History of the North Sea
2852:
2686:
2522:
2197:Geology of the North Sea
1799:dune coast, entrance of
1238:estuary farther seaward
1007:Temperature and salinity
985:parallel of 61°00' North
944:island, through Unst to
715:, and connects with the
392:Download coordinates as:
10622:Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea
10299:University of Groningen
10277:. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
10131:Encyclopædia Britannica
9559:"Billia Croo Test Site"
9270:24 October 2023 at the
9167:Rice, Patty C. (2006).
8947:. London: Ebury Press.
8767:Country Analysis Briefs
8737:"North Sea Brent Crude"
8584:Lohne, Øystein (1980).
8481:"Text of the UN treaty"
6482:Glennie, K. W. (1998).
5837:. EUROSION Case Study.
4529:St Margaret's Bay, Kent
4436:The Edinburgh Geologist
3844:vessel traffic services
3775:List of North Sea ports
3682:Energy production from
3677:new offshore wind farms
3580:stones, in varying hues
3544:Common Fisheries Policy
3329:Common Fisheries Policy
3009:
2964:
2907:[ˈvestɐˌhɛˀvð̩]
2863:Septentrionalis Oceanus
2553:black-legged kittiwakes
2517:Atlantic jackknife clam
2424:live in the North Sea.
2363: million years ago
2356: million years ago
2290: million years ago
2264: million years ago
2248:to the south-west, the
2230: million years ago
2185:Richter magnitude scale
2136:North Sea flood of 1962
2132:North Sea flood of 1953
2079:North Sea flood of 1953
1660:Bremen city centre 1900
1637:Bremen city centre 1879
1358:Dune coast east of the
1030:Tide times after Bergen
353:18 °C (64 °F)
311:95 m (312 ft)
10943:Great Australian Bight
9964:. 2007. Archived from
9066:Lindquist, O. (2000).
7187:The Extinction Website
6910:10.1093/icesjms/fsp162
6772:"Dinosaur of the Deep"
6107:. 2000. Archived from
6070:. ICCE. Archived from
6040:. BASF. Archived from
4698:. 2009. Archived from
4180:"Chapter 5: North Sea"
3830:
3715:
3581:
3515:
3423:began just before the
3404:and, after 1975, by a
3389:
3315:
3247:North Sea Mine Barrage
3215:
3170:
3017:
3001:
2988:
2980:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2924:
2902:
2857:The North Sea has had
2800:agricultural pollution
2792:non-indigenous species
2714:, and serrated wrack.
2699:
2698:bloom in the North Sea
2628:
2607:
2406:
2351:The North Sea between
2177:1755 Lisbon earthquake
2116:Second Marcellus Flood
2081:
2016:
1934:
1854:have the same values.
1051:
1019:
999:
361:6 °C (43 °F)
11350:Marginal seas of the
10421:15 March 2022 at the
10239:. Turnhout: Brepols.
10120:Dickson, Henry Newton
9896:"World Port Rankings"
9250:30 April 2016 at the
8540:Pratt, J. A. (1997).
7612:Cuyvers, Luc (1986).
7576:. BRILL. p. 70.
7183:"Atlantic Grey Whale"
6677:Earth-Science Reviews
6521:Smith, A. G. (2004).
6384:A tsunami in Belgium?
6097:"Dune Grass Planting"
6007:About.com – Geography
5786:29 April 2015 at the
5545:27 March 2014 at the
5163:15 April 2019 at the
5133:15 April 2019 at the
4945:15 April 2019 at the
4926:26 April 2014 at the
4907:5 August 2014 at the
4888:26 April 2014 at the
4583:on 14 September 2009.
4394:Conversations-lexicon
4215:Calow, Peter (1999).
3911:United Kingdom portal
3825:
3709:
3668:environmental effects
3612:Further information:
3575:
3510:
3379:
3355:Further information:
3309:
3296:oil and gas resources
3212:Battle of Dogger Bank
3202:
3161:
2916:[ˈnoɐ̯ˌsøˀn̩]
2816:offshore construction
2694:
2618:
2605:
2539:Nature Preserve, and
2389:
2073:
2010:
1985:Further information:
1955:north east of England
1932:
1912:Tidal rhythm regular
1579:Bremer Industriehäfen
1123:(from calendars)
1025:
1014:
867:
638: Ka=
475:in the south and the
467:, it connects to the
404:GPX (all coordinates)
11484:Gulf of St. Lawrence
10790:Gulf of St. Lawrence
9648:Wong, P. P. (1993).
8739:. Investopedia ULC.
8687:. BBC. 6 July 1988.
7618:. BRILL. p. 2.
6355:10.1029/2003EO310001
6258:Lamb, H. H. (1988).
5464:gezeiten-kalender.de
5387:on 21 February 2014.
5174:6 March 2014 at the
5144:6 March 2014 at the
5054:12 June 2020 at the
5035:7 March 2014 at the
5024:12 June 2020 at the
5005:7 March 2014 at the
4994:12 June 2020 at the
4975:7 March 2014 at the
4956:7 March 2014 at the
4842:Pugh, D. T. (2004).
4599:Agence France-Presse
4550:51.16667°N 1.40000°E
4515:50.98500°N 1.91667°E
4438:(14). Archived from
3971:North Sea Commission
3865:with the North Sea.
3748:recreational fishing
3220:Dogger Bank incident
2993:[ˈnûːrˌʂøːn]
2302:Last Glacial Maximum
2238:Fennoscandian Shield
2225:periods, from about
2118:, also known as the
1451:Northeastern end of
1127:Maximum tidal range
922:(South point of the
799:to an area north of
21:For other uses, see
11650:Sea of the Hebrides
11091:Gulf of Carpentaria
10885:Sea of the Hebrides
10514:King Haakon VII Sea
10358:6 June 2021 at the
10065:on 14 November 2008
9569:on 27 December 2008
9373:22 May 2009 at the
9297:on 17 December 2008
9139:University of Porto
9095:2011MBdR....4E..28S
8711:"Statpipe Rich Gas"
8270:Naval-History.net.
7709:1992GeoJo..26..483S
7615:The Strait of Dover
7402:"Roman Exploration"
7381:on 17 December 2008
7259:on 17 December 2008
7159:Ray, C.E. (1960). "
7140:on 17 December 2008
6690:2008ESRv...88..207B
6640:10.1038/nature06018
6632:2007Natur.448..342G
6578:2007Natur.448..259G
6346:2003EOSTr..84..289B
6239:on 26 November 2002
6185:on 17 December 2008
6111:on 12 December 2008
5690:on 23 February 2014
5630:on 17 February 2014
5500:on 17 February 2014
5470:on 22 February 2014
4762:Dyke, Phil (1974).
4672:on 31 December 2006
4546: /
4511: /
4196:on 17 December 2008
3815:, Europe's leading
3740:long-distance trail
3632:offshore wind farms
3530:In recent decades,
3513:Nordstrand, Germany
3454:Statfjord oil field
3214:on 25 January 1915.
3184:Glorious Revolution
2726:are found as well.
2097:barometric pressure
1498:Island in front of
1455:dune coast west of
1377:Dune coast west of
1109:
1032:(negative = before)
967: /
872:A line joining the
327:54,000 km (4.4
80: /
11086:Gulf of California
10983:Mozambique Channel
10627:Queen Victoria Sea
10489:Bellingshausen Sea
10082:General references
9958:"The Dover Strait"
9599:on 1 December 2008
9330:on 5 February 2009
8924:on 9 November 2008
8898:on 2 December 2008
8799:. 12 August 2014.
7717:10.1007/BF02665747
7312:"OSPAR Convention"
7161:Trichecodon huxlei
6996:10.1007/BF02334245
6831:on 5 February 2009
6077:on 5 February 2009
6013:on 1 February 2009
4702:on 9 December 2008
4442:on 1 December 2008
4121:on 9 December 2008
4088:on 14 January 2009
3953:Netherlands portal
3831:
3809:container seaports
3716:
3622:Due to the strong
3582:
3516:
3464:in the North Sea,
3390:
3325:territorial waters
3316:
3243:theatre of the war
3239:Kaiserliche Marine
3233:, Great Britain's
3224:Russo-Japanese War
3216:
3171:
2835:endangered species
2718:, macroalgal, and
2700:
2629:
2623:with her young in
2621:bottlenose dolphin
2608:
2543:in the UK and the
2407:
2405:in the Netherlands
2376:Fish and shellfish
2273:34 to 28
2082:
2053:Ammophila arenaria
2047:Coastal management
2017:
1981:Coastal management
1935:
1873:, southern end of
1210:Kingston upon Hull
1107:
1052:
1020:
655:and east coast of
370:Seatemperature.org
238:Schleswig-Holstein
11694:
11693:
11688:Oceans portal
11610:Mediterranean Sea
11489:Gulf of Venezuela
11317:
11316:
11296:Oceans portal
10845:Mediterranean Sea
10795:Gulf of Venezuela
10587:East Siberian Sea
10529:Riiser-Larsen Sea
10284:978-1-84217-224-7
10265:978-1-877339-65-3
10246:978-2-503-51005-7
10227:978-87-90982-30-0
10196:978-3-319-39745-0
10169:978-91-85196-62-3
10150:978-3-540-68163-2
10125:"North Sea"
10089:"North Sea Facts"
10000:978-1-85333-413-9
9968:on 31 August 2010
9846:978-1-74059-471-4
9801:978-0-7546-4943-4
9769:on 1 January 2016
9703:978-1-84541-093-3
9661:978-0-7923-2404-1
9219:978-3-7908-1104-9
9180:978-1-4259-3849-9
8954:978-0-09-189780-2
8865:978-0-87168-506-3
8670:978-0-8247-2618-8
8636:on 7 October 2006
8599:978-0-918714-02-2
8555:978-0-88415-138-8
8423:978-87-90907-55-6
8377:"Forth Ports PLC"
8350:978-0-85664-158-9
8306:978-0-7923-4090-4
8163:978-1-86189-202-7
8121:978-0-253-34742-8
8082:978-1-85109-420-2
8043:978-1-85728-498-0
8001:978-0-415-21478-0
7962:978-0-7658-0833-2
7887:978-0-300-11796-7
7583:978-90-04-12396-0
7542:978-0-674-37512-3
7415:978-0-415-37287-9
7318:on 8 January 2009
7193:on 4 January 2009
7041:978-0-309-08340-9
6963:on 1 January 2009
6776:Paleontology Blog
6534:978-0-521-60287-7
6495:978-0-632-03845-9
6145:978-1-86239-055-3
6044:on 2 January 2013
5922:978-3-540-43201-2
5812:on 10 August 2007
5751:tide-forecast.com
5654:tide-forecast.com
5594:tide-forecast.com
5564:tide-forecast.com
5433:tide-forecast.com
5403:tide-forecast.com
5351:tide-forecast.com
5321:tide-forecast.com
5291:tide-forecast.com
5261:surf-forecast.com
5222:tide-forecast.com
5192:tide-forecast.com
5102:tide-forecast.com
5072:tide-forecast.com
4855:978-0-521-53218-1
4815:978-0-12-161856-8
4775:978-1-86094-674-5
4736:978-1-85333-413-9
4639:978-90-5410-706-4
4555:51.16667; 1.40000
4520:50.98500; 1.91667
4474:on 8 October 2011
4309:978-0-89862-272-0
4228:978-0-632-04951-6
4153:978-0-632-05537-1
4026:978-0-85229-423-9
3811:, as well as the
3594:beach nourishment
3568:Mineral resources
3562:Northwest Passage
3462:natural gas field
3398:Ekofisk oil field
3267:submarine warfare
3263:Battle of Jutland
3173:The 17th century
3164:Four Days' Battle
3128:northern European
3057:1715 map showing
2641:harbour porpoises
2567:, and species of
2485:deep-water prawns
2275:million years ago
2211:continental shelf
2155:Scotland and the
1916:
1915:
1879:amphidromic point
1666:Große Weserbrücke
1234:Southern side of
1214:Northern side of
1130:
1124:
1120:
884:On the Northwest.
878:Leathercoat Point
870:On the Southwest.
789:continental shelf
538:industrialisation
465:continental shelf
379:
378:
11774:
11767:Triple junctions
11686:
11685:
11344:
11337:
11330:
11321:
11320:
11305:
11304:
11294:
11293:
11226:Endorheic basins
11106:Gulf of Thailand
10958:Gulf of Khambhat
10453:
10446:
10439:
10430:
10429:
10399:
10392:
10390:
10388:
10382:
10375:
10349:
10342:
10336:
10328:
10326:
10310:
10288:
10269:
10250:
10231:
10208:
10173:
10154:
10135:
10127:
10108:
10106:
10104:
10075:
10074:
10072:
10070:
10064:
10057:
10049:
10043:
10042:
10040:
10038:
10033:on 10 March 2009
10023:
10017:
10016:
10014:
10012:
9984:
9978:
9977:
9975:
9973:
9954:
9948:
9947:
9945:
9943:
9928:
9922:
9921:
9919:
9917:
9911:
9900:
9892:
9886:
9885:
9883:
9881:
9864:
9858:
9857:
9855:
9853:
9834:
9824:
9818:
9817:
9815:
9813:
9785:
9779:
9778:
9776:
9774:
9755:
9749:
9748:
9742:
9740:
9726:
9720:
9719:
9717:
9715:
9687:
9678:
9677:
9675:
9673:
9645:
9639:
9638:
9636:
9634:
9615:
9609:
9608:
9606:
9604:
9595:. Archived from
9585:
9579:
9578:
9576:
9574:
9565:. Archived from
9555:
9549:
9548:
9546:
9544:
9525:
9519:
9518:
9516:
9514:
9494:
9488:
9487:
9485:
9483:
9463:
9457:
9456:
9454:
9452:
9441:
9435:
9434:
9432:
9430:
9415:
9409:
9408:
9406:
9404:
9384:
9378:
9365:
9359:
9346:
9340:
9339:
9337:
9335:
9329:
9322:
9313:
9307:
9306:
9304:
9302:
9296:
9289:
9281:
9275:
9261:
9255:
9242:
9236:
9235:
9233:
9231:
9203:
9197:
9196:
9194:
9192:
9164:
9158:
9157:
9155:
9153:
9147:
9136:
9127:
9121:
9120:
9114:
9106:
9078:
9072:
9071:
9063:
9057:
9056:
9054:
9052:
9046:
9035:
9027:
9018:
9017:
9015:
9013:
8995:
8989:
8988:
8986:
8984:
8965:
8959:
8958:
8940:
8934:
8933:
8931:
8929:
8914:
8908:
8907:
8905:
8903:
8892:"MUMM – Fishing"
8888:
8882:
8881:
8879:
8877:
8849:
8843:
8842:
8840:
8838:
8819:
8813:
8812:
8810:
8808:
8789:
8783:
8782:
8780:
8778:
8759:
8753:
8752:
8750:
8748:
8733:
8727:
8726:
8724:
8722:
8707:
8701:
8700:
8698:
8696:
8681:
8675:
8674:
8652:
8646:
8645:
8643:
8641:
8632:. Archived from
8622:
8616:
8615:
8613:
8611:
8581:
8572:
8571:
8569:
8567:
8537:
8531:
8530:
8528:
8526:
8509:
8503:
8502:
8500:
8498:
8492:
8485:
8477:
8471:
8470:
8468:
8466:
8449:
8443:
8442:
8440:
8438:
8432:
8415:
8404:
8393:
8392:
8390:
8388:
8373:
8367:
8366:
8364:
8362:
8329:
8323:
8322:
8320:
8318:
8290:
8284:
8283:
8281:
8279:
8264:
8258:
8257:
8255:
8253:
8225:
8219:
8218:
8216:
8214:
8186:
8180:
8179:
8177:
8175:
8147:
8138:
8137:
8135:
8133:
8105:
8099:
8098:
8096:
8094:
8066:
8060:
8059:
8057:
8055:
8027:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8013:
7985:
7979:
7978:
7976:
7974:
7946:
7940:
7939:
7923:
7913:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7899:
7871:
7865:
7864:
7862:
7860:
7842:
7836:
7835:
7813:
7807:
7806:
7804:
7802:
7774:
7768:
7767:
7765:
7763:
7735:
7729:
7728:
7692:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7676:
7648:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7637:
7609:
7600:
7599:
7597:
7595:
7565:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7554:
7526:
7520:
7519:
7491:
7485:
7478:Hartmann Schedel
7475:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7464:
7445:
7439:
7438:
7429:
7427:
7397:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7380:
7373:
7365:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7334:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7323:
7308:
7302:
7301:
7299:
7297:
7275:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7264:
7258:
7251:
7242:
7236:
7235:
7233:
7231:
7209:
7203:
7202:
7200:
7198:
7179:
7173:
7172:
7156:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7139:
7123:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7112:
7084:
7078:
7077:
7071:
7067:
7065:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7014:
7008:
7007:
6979:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6968:
6951:
6945:
6944:
6942:
6940:
6921:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6903:(9): 1985–1998.
6888:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6858:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6836:
6830:
6815:
6807:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6787:
6767:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6728:
6722:
6721:
6719:
6717:
6684:(3–4): 207–226.
6666:
6660:
6659:
6615:
6609:
6607:
6589:
6572:(7151): 259–60.
6557:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6518:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6479:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6459:
6452:
6443:
6437:
6434:
6428:
6427:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6396:
6391:on 25 April 2014
6379:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6357:
6340:(31): 289, 293.
6325:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6314:
6294:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6255:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6244:
6227:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6216:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6184:
6177:
6168:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6093:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6082:
6076:
6069:
6060:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6049:
6034:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6009:. Archived from
5998:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5972:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5906:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5884:
5873:
5863:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5843:
5836:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5811:
5804:
5796:
5790:
5778:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5727:on 16 March 2014
5723:. Archived from
5713:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5686:. Archived from
5676:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5626:. Archived from
5616:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5556:
5550:
5536:
5530:
5521:calculated from
5519:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5496:. Archived from
5486:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5466:. Archived from
5455:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5383:. Archived from
5373:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5253:
5247:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5184:
5178:
5154:
5148:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5064:
5058:
5045:
5039:
5015:
5009:
4985:
4979:
4966:
4960:
4936:
4930:
4917:
4911:
4898:
4892:
4879:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4839:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4799:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4569:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4473:
4466:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4297:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4270:
4259:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4195:
4184:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4111:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4044:
4031:
4030:
4012:
3955:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3941:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3927:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3913:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3899:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3885:
3883:Geography portal
3880:
3879:
3878:
3656:Walney Wind Farm
3624:prevailing winds
3608:Renewable energy
3598:land reclamation
3540:fishing industry
3488:Oil & Gas UK
3470:Troll A platform
3458:Norwegian trench
3319:Political status
3314:in the North Sea
3274:Second World War
3180:Anglo-Dutch Wars
3175:Dutch Golden Age
3162:Painting of the
3136:Hanseatic League
3109:Migration Period
3047:
3029:
2995:
2969:Northern Frisian
2918:
2910:("West Sea") or
2909:
2810:, human-induced
2736:Japanese seaweed
2671:include various
2565:northern fulmars
2561:northern gannets
2557:Atlantic puffins
2364:
2357:
2348:
2336:
2320:
2291:
2276:
2265:
2231:
2120:Grote Manndrenke
2037:High Middle Ages
1801:Ringkøbing Fjord
1736:island, off the
1713:, inner part of
1673:
1670:Weser Correction
1661:
1654:
1647:
1644:Weser Correction
1642:Before start of
1638:
1631:
1624:
1621:Weser Correction
1619:Before start of
1615:
1614:Bremerhaven 1879
1608:
1298:Eastern edge of
1128:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1106:
982:
981:
979:
978:
977:
972:
971:60.850°N 0.883°W
968:
965:
964:
963:
960:
918:) and thence to
851:Noordhinder Bank
793:Norwegian trench
729:sizeable islands
713:Shetland Islands
689:Straits of Dover
661:central European
626:
618:
609:
600:
591:
579:
507:Hanseatic League
358:Min. temperature
350:Max. temperature
331:10 acre⋅ft)
330:
124:
104:
103:
101:
100:
99:
97:
92:
91:
86:
81:
78:
77:
76:
73:
63:
42:
30:
29:
11782:
11781:
11777:
11776:
11775:
11773:
11772:
11771:
11752:Seas of Germany
11742:Seas of Denmark
11697:
11696:
11695:
11690:
11680:
11674:
11525:Archipelago Sea
11493:
11454:Gulf of Finland
11449:Gulf of Bothnia
11437:
11433:English Channel
11421:
11392:Bay of Campeche
11370:
11354:
11348:
11318:
11313:
11288:
11279:
11253:
11220:
11196:South China Sea
11176:Seto Inland Sea
11096:Gulf of Fonseca
11002:
10909:
10760:Gulf of Finland
10755:Gulf of Bothnia
10740:English Channel
10710:Bay of Campeche
10675:Archipelago Sea
10641:
10597:Gulf of Boothia
10553:
10494:Cooperation Sea
10470:
10457:
10423:Wayback Machine
10410:Wayback Machine
10393:
10386:
10384:
10380:
10373:
10365:
10360:Wayback Machine
10343:
10330:
10329:
10324:
10320:
10317:
10285:
10266:
10247:
10228:
10197:
10170:
10151:
10115:
10113:Further reading
10102:
10100:
10087:
10084:
10079:
10078:
10068:
10066:
10062:
10055:
10051:
10050:
10046:
10036:
10034:
10025:
10024:
10020:
10010:
10008:
10001:
9985:
9981:
9971:
9969:
9956:
9955:
9951:
9941:
9939:
9938:on 25 July 2009
9930:
9929:
9925:
9915:
9913:
9909:
9898:
9894:
9893:
9889:
9879:
9877:
9866:
9865:
9861:
9851:
9849:
9847:
9825:
9821:
9811:
9809:
9802:
9786:
9782:
9772:
9770:
9757:
9756:
9752:
9738:
9736:
9728:
9727:
9723:
9713:
9711:
9704:
9688:
9681:
9671:
9669:
9662:
9646:
9642:
9632:
9630:
9617:
9616:
9612:
9602:
9600:
9587:
9586:
9582:
9572:
9570:
9557:
9556:
9552:
9542:
9540:
9539:on 8 March 2017
9527:
9526:
9522:
9512:
9510:
9495:
9491:
9481:
9479:
9464:
9460:
9450:
9448:
9443:
9442:
9438:
9428:
9426:
9417:
9416:
9412:
9402:
9400:
9385:
9381:
9366:
9362:
9356:Wayback Machine
9347:
9343:
9333:
9331:
9327:
9320:
9314:
9310:
9300:
9298:
9294:
9287:
9283:
9282:
9278:
9272:Wayback Machine
9262:
9258:
9252:Wayback Machine
9243:
9239:
9229:
9227:
9220:
9204:
9200:
9190:
9188:
9181:
9165:
9161:
9151:
9149:
9145:
9134:
9128:
9124:
9108:
9107:
9079:
9075:
9064:
9060:
9050:
9048:
9044:
9038:Belgian whalers
9033:
9029:
9028:
9021:
9011:
9009:
8996:
8992:
8982:
8980:
8967:
8966:
8962:
8955:
8941:
8937:
8927:
8925:
8916:
8915:
8911:
8901:
8899:
8890:
8889:
8885:
8875:
8873:
8866:
8850:
8846:
8836:
8834:
8821:
8820:
8816:
8806:
8804:
8791:
8790:
8786:
8776:
8774:
8761:
8760:
8756:
8746:
8744:
8735:
8734:
8730:
8720:
8718:
8717:on 14 June 2012
8709:
8708:
8704:
8694:
8692:
8683:
8682:
8678:
8671:
8653:
8649:
8639:
8637:
8624:
8623:
8619:
8609:
8607:
8600:
8582:
8575:
8565:
8563:
8556:
8538:
8534:
8524:
8522:
8511:
8510:
8506:
8496:
8494:
8490:
8483:
8479:
8478:
8474:
8464:
8462:
8451:
8450:
8446:
8436:
8434:
8430:
8424:
8413:
8405:
8396:
8386:
8384:
8375:
8374:
8370:
8360:
8358:
8351:
8330:
8326:
8316:
8314:
8307:
8291:
8287:
8277:
8275:
8266:
8265:
8261:
8251:
8249:
8242:
8226:
8222:
8212:
8210:
8203:
8187:
8183:
8173:
8171:
8164:
8148:
8141:
8131:
8129:
8122:
8106:
8102:
8092:
8090:
8083:
8067:
8063:
8053:
8051:
8044:
8028:
8021:
8011:
8009:
8002:
7986:
7982:
7972:
7970:
7963:
7947:
7943:
7936:
7914:
7907:
7897:
7895:
7888:
7872:
7868:
7858:
7856:
7843:
7839:
7814:
7810:
7800:
7798:
7791:
7775:
7771:
7761:
7759:
7752:
7736:
7732:
7693:
7684:
7674:
7672:
7665:
7649:
7645:
7635:
7633:
7626:
7610:
7603:
7593:
7591:
7584:
7566:
7562:
7552:
7550:
7543:
7527:
7523:
7492:
7488:
7476:
7472:
7462:
7460:
7447:
7446:
7442:
7434:Natural History
7425:
7423:
7416:
7398:
7394:
7384:
7382:
7378:
7371:
7367:
7366:
7362:
7351:
7349:
7336:
7335:
7331:
7321:
7319:
7310:
7309:
7305:
7295:
7293:
7276:
7272:
7262:
7260:
7256:
7249:
7243:
7239:
7229:
7227:
7210:
7206:
7196:
7194:
7181:
7180:
7176:
7157:
7153:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7125:
7124:
7120:
7110:
7108:
7101:
7085:
7081:
7069:
7068:
7059:
7058:
7051:
7049:
7042:
7016:
7015:
7011:
6984:Aquatic Ecology
6980:
6976:
6966:
6964:
6953:
6952:
6948:
6938:
6936:
6923:
6922:
6918:
6889:
6885:
6875:
6873:
6868:(OSPAR). 2010.
6860:
6859:
6844:
6834:
6832:
6828:
6813:
6809:
6808:
6795:
6785:
6783:
6768:
6764:
6754:
6752:
6745:
6729:
6725:
6715:
6713:
6667:
6663:
6626:(7151): 342–5.
6616:
6612:
6587:10.1038/448259a
6558:
6554:
6544:
6542:
6535:
6519:
6515:
6505:
6503:
6496:
6480:
6473:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6450:
6444:
6440:
6435:
6431:
6408:
6404:
6394:
6392:
6381:
6380:
6373:
6326:
6322:
6312:
6310:
6295:
6291:
6281:
6279:
6272:
6256:
6252:
6242:
6240:
6229:
6228:
6224:
6214:
6212:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6188:
6186:
6182:
6175:
6169:
6165:
6155:
6153:
6146:
6128:
6124:
6114:
6112:
6095:
6094:
6090:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6067:
6061:
6057:
6047:
6045:
6036:
6035:
6026:
6016:
6014:
5999:
5995:
5985:
5983:
5974:
5973:
5969:
5959:
5957:
5946:
5942:
5932:
5930:
5923:
5907:
5898:
5888:
5886:
5885:on 10 July 2007
5882:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5857:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5825:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5802:
5798:
5797:
5793:
5788:Wayback Machine
5779:
5770:
5760:
5758:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5730:
5728:
5715:
5714:
5703:
5693:
5691:
5678:
5677:
5673:
5663:
5661:
5648:
5647:
5643:
5633:
5631:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5603:
5601:
5588:
5587:
5583:
5573:
5571:
5558:
5557:
5553:
5547:Wayback Machine
5537:
5533:
5523:Ludwig Franzius
5520:
5513:
5503:
5501:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5473:
5471:
5458:Guido Gerding.
5456:
5452:
5442:
5440:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5412:
5410:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5360:
5358:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5330:
5328:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5300:
5298:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5270:
5268:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5245:
5241:
5231:
5229:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5201:
5199:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5176:Wayback Machine
5165:Wayback Machine
5155:
5151:
5146:Wayback Machine
5135:Wayback Machine
5125:
5121:
5111:
5109:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5081:
5079:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5056:Wayback Machine
5046:
5042:
5037:Wayback Machine
5026:Wayback Machine
5016:
5012:
5007:Wayback Machine
4996:Wayback Machine
4986:
4982:
4977:Wayback Machine
4967:
4963:
4958:Wayback Machine
4947:Wayback Machine
4937:
4933:
4928:Wayback Machine
4918:
4914:
4909:Wayback Machine
4899:
4895:
4890:Wayback Machine
4880:
4876:
4865:
4863:
4856:
4840:
4836:
4825:
4823:
4816:
4800:
4796:
4785:
4783:
4776:
4760:
4756:
4746:
4744:
4737:
4719:
4715:
4705:
4703:
4692:"Safety at Sea"
4690:
4689:
4685:
4675:
4673:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4649:
4647:
4640:
4622:
4618:
4608:
4606:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4491:
4487:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4445:
4443:
4428:
4424:
4414:
4412:
4405:
4388:
4384:
4374:
4372:
4365:
4349:
4345:
4335:
4333:
4332:on 11 July 2012
4322:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4288:
4284:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4238:
4236:
4229:
4213:
4209:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4163:
4161:
4154:
4138:
4134:
4124:
4122:
4113:
4112:
4101:
4091:
4089:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4058:
4045:
4034:
4027:
4013:
3984:
3979:
3951:
3946:
3944:
3937:
3932:
3930:
3923:
3918:
3916:
3909:
3904:
3902:
3895:
3890:
3888:
3881:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3859:North Sea Canal
3857:peninsula. The
3835:North Sea ports
3791:(was 16th) and
3777:
3771:
3736:North Sea Trail
3704:
3620:
3610:
3570:
3553:
3505:
3499:
3466:Troll gas field
3425:1973 oil crisis
3396:discovered the
3363:
3353:
3321:
3304:
3231:First World War
3203:German cruiser
3197:
3156:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3061:
3048:
3039:
3030:
3018:An Cuan a Tuath
3014:Scottish Gaelic
2929:Dutch Low Saxon
2855:
2744:
2689:
2613:
2529:nature reserves
2525:
2391:Pacific oysters
2384:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2340:
2337:
2328:
2321:
2286:
2271:
2260:
2234:tectonic uplift
2226:
2203:
2195:Main articles:
2193:
2173:English Channel
2152:Storegga Slides
2144:
2068:
2062:
2005:
2003:Zuiderzee Works
1983:
1975:longshore drift
1927:
1921:
1820:Nissum Bredning
1711:St. Pauli Piers
1689:Seaward end of
1664:
1659:
1652:
1641:
1636:
1629:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1555:Seaward end of
1360:Strait of Dover
1320:coast north of
1257:coast north of
1121:
1075:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1027:
1009:
1004:
975:
973:
969:
966:
961:
958:
956:
954:
953:
916:North Ronaldsay
859:
820:Broad Fourteens
785:
745:Frisian Islands
693:English Channel
649:
648:
647:
645:English Channel
642:
633:
628:
627:
620:
619:
612:
610:
603:
601:
594:
592:
587:
583:
580:
570:
564:
558:
499:Northern Europe
473:English Channel
422:
421:
420:
419:
418:
328:
206: countries
123:Primary inflows
95:
93:
89:
87:
83:
82:
79:
74:
71:
69:
67:
66:
55:Northern Europe
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11780:
11770:
11769:
11764:
11759:
11757:Seas of Norway
11754:
11749:
11747:Seas of France
11744:
11739:
11734:
11729:
11724:
11719:
11714:
11709:
11692:
11691:
11679:
11676:
11675:
11673:
11672:
11667:
11665:Tyrrhenian Sea
11662:
11657:
11655:Sea of Marmara
11652:
11647:
11642:
11637:
11632:
11627:
11622:
11617:
11612:
11607:
11602:
11597:
11592:
11587:
11582:
11577:
11572:
11567:
11562:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11501:
11499:
11495:
11494:
11492:
11491:
11486:
11481:
11476:
11474:Gulf of Mexico
11471:
11466:
11461:
11459:Gulf of Guinea
11456:
11451:
11445:
11443:
11439:
11438:
11436:
11435:
11429:
11427:
11423:
11422:
11420:
11419:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11394:
11389:
11384:
11378:
11376:
11372:
11371:
11369:
11368:
11362:
11360:
11356:
11355:
11352:Atlantic Ocean
11347:
11346:
11339:
11332:
11324:
11315:
11314:
11312:
11311:
11299:
11284:
11281:
11280:
11278:
11277:
11272:
11267:
11261:
11259:
11255:
11254:
11252:
11251:
11246:
11241:
11236:
11230:
11228:
11222:
11221:
11219:
11218:
11213:
11208:
11203:
11198:
11193:
11188:
11183:
11178:
11173:
11168:
11166:Sea of Okhotsk
11163:
11158:
11153:
11148:
11146:Philippine Sea
11143:
11138:
11133:
11128:
11123:
11118:
11113:
11111:Gulf of Tonkin
11108:
11103:
11101:Gulf of Panama
11098:
11093:
11088:
11083:
11081:Gulf of Anadyr
11078:
11076:Gulf of Alaska
11073:
11071:East China Sea
11068:
11063:
11058:
11053:
11048:
11043:
11038:
11033:
11028:
11023:
11018:
11012:
11010:
11004:
11003:
11001:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10985:
10980:
10975:
10970:
10965:
10960:
10955:
10950:
10945:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10919:
10917:
10911:
10910:
10908:
10907:
10902:
10900:Tyrrhenian Sea
10897:
10892:
10890:Sea of Marmara
10887:
10882:
10877:
10872:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10847:
10842:
10837:
10832:
10827:
10822:
10817:
10812:
10807:
10802:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10782:
10780:Gulf of Mexico
10777:
10772:
10767:
10765:Gulf of Guinea
10762:
10757:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10705:Bay of Bothnia
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10667:
10662:
10657:
10651:
10649:
10647:Atlantic Ocean
10643:
10642:
10640:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10624:
10619:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10599:
10594:
10589:
10584:
10579:
10574:
10569:
10563:
10561:
10555:
10554:
10552:
10551:
10546:
10541:
10536:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10516:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10499:Cosmonauts Sea
10496:
10491:
10486:
10480:
10478:
10472:
10471:
10456:
10455:
10448:
10441:
10433:
10427:
10426:
10413:
10400:
10363:
10350:
10316:
10315:External links
10313:
10312:
10311:
10289:
10283:
10270:
10264:
10251:
10245:
10232:
10226:
10213:
10195:
10174:
10168:
10155:
10149:
10136:
10114:
10111:
10110:
10109:
10099:on 2 June 2008
10083:
10080:
10077:
10076:
10044:
10018:
9999:
9979:
9949:
9923:
9887:
9859:
9845:
9819:
9800:
9780:
9763:European Union
9750:
9721:
9702:
9679:
9660:
9640:
9610:
9580:
9550:
9520:
9489:
9458:
9436:
9410:
9379:
9360:
9341:
9308:
9276:
9256:
9237:
9218:
9198:
9179:
9159:
9122:
9073:
9058:
9019:
8990:
8979:on 4 July 2007
8960:
8953:
8935:
8909:
8883:
8864:
8844:
8814:
8784:
8754:
8728:
8702:
8676:
8669:
8647:
8617:
8598:
8573:
8554:
8532:
8504:
8472:
8444:
8422:
8394:
8368:
8349:
8324:
8305:
8285:
8259:
8240:
8220:
8201:
8181:
8162:
8139:
8120:
8100:
8081:
8061:
8042:
8019:
8000:
7980:
7961:
7941:
7934:
7905:
7886:
7866:
7837:
7808:
7789:
7769:
7750:
7730:
7703:(4): 483–487.
7682:
7663:
7643:
7624:
7601:
7582:
7560:
7541:
7521:
7486:
7470:
7440:
7414:
7392:
7360:
7329:
7303:
7288:. London, UK.
7270:
7237:
7204:
7174:
7151:
7118:
7099:
7079:
7040:
7032:10.17226/10323
7009:
6974:
6946:
6916:
6883:
6842:
6793:
6762:
6743:
6723:
6661:
6610:
6552:
6533:
6513:
6494:
6471:
6438:
6429:
6402:
6371:
6320:
6303:Spiegel Online
6289:
6270:
6250:
6222:
6196:
6163:
6144:
6122:
6088:
6055:
6024:
5993:
5982:on 25 May 2007
5967:
5940:
5921:
5896:
5855:
5823:
5791:
5768:
5738:
5717:"Tidal tables"
5701:
5671:
5641:
5611:
5581:
5551:
5531:
5511:
5481:
5450:
5420:
5390:
5381:Windfinder.com
5368:
5338:
5308:
5278:
5248:
5239:
5209:
5179:
5149:
5119:
5089:
5059:
5040:
5010:
4980:
4961:
4931:
4912:
4893:
4874:
4854:
4834:
4814:
4794:
4774:
4754:
4735:
4713:
4683:
4657:
4638:
4616:
4586:
4564:
4485:
4453:
4422:
4403:
4382:
4363:
4343:
4315:
4308:
4282:
4246:
4227:
4207:
4171:
4152:
4132:
4099:
4068:
4032:
4025:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3942:
3939:Denmark portal
3928:
3925:Germany portal
3914:
3900:
3886:
3870:
3867:
3770:
3769:Marine traffic
3767:
3744:Mudflat hiking
3703:
3700:
3634:in the world,
3609:
3606:
3569:
3566:
3552:
3549:
3501:Main article:
3498:
3495:
3472:to access it.
3460:. The largest
3436:western Europe
3352:
3349:
3333:European Union
3320:
3317:
3303:
3300:
3251:Central Powers
3237:and Germany's
3196:
3193:
3155:
3152:
3078:
3075:
3070:Main article:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:The German Sea
3049:
3042:
3040:
3031:
3024:
2975:("West Sea"),
2854:
2851:
2812:eutrophication
2743:
2740:
2688:
2685:
2612:
2611:Marine mammals
2609:
2531:including the
2524:
2521:
2513:Pacific oyster
2481:Norway lobster
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2350:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2331:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2256:to the south.
2250:Paratethys Sea
2207:epicontinental
2192:
2189:
2157:Faeroe Islands
2143:
2140:
2064:Main article:
2061:
2058:
1999:Thames Barrier
1982:
1979:
1923:Main article:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1576:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1521:river estuary
1515:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1502:river estuary
1496:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1341:Thames Estuary
1337:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1322:Thames Estuary
1315:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1079:anti-clockwise
1074:
1071:
1056:climate change
1016:Ocean currents
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
976:60.850; -0.883
874:Phare de Walde
858:
855:
784:
783:Major features
781:
773:catchment area
753:drainage basin
653:Orkney Islands
630:
629:
621:
581:
574:
573:
572:
571:
560:Main article:
557:
554:
511:Dutch Republic
469:Atlantic Ocean
417:
416:
411:
406:
401:
395:
382:
381:
380:
377:
376:
367:
363:
362:
359:
355:
354:
351:
347:
346:
343:
342:
339:
333:
332:
325:
321:
320:
317:
313:
312:
309:
305:
304:
301:
297:
296:
293:
289:
288:
285:
281:
280:
277:
276:
274:Czech Republic
232:(specifically
212:(specifically
210:United Kingdom
207:
200:
199:
126:
118:
117:
112:
106:
105:
64:
58:
57:
51:Western Europe
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11779:
11768:
11765:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11755:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11745:
11743:
11740:
11738:
11735:
11733:
11730:
11728:
11727:European seas
11725:
11723:
11720:
11718:
11715:
11713:
11710:
11708:
11705:
11704:
11702:
11689:
11684:
11677:
11671:
11668:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11625:Norwegian Sea
11623:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11598:
11596:
11595:Levantine Sea
11593:
11591:
11588:
11586:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11565:Greenland Sea
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11555:Caribbean Sea
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11530:Argentine Sea
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11503:
11502:
11500:
11496:
11490:
11487:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11479:Gulf of Sidra
11477:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11469:Gulf of Maine
11467:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11450:
11447:
11446:
11444:
11440:
11434:
11431:
11430:
11428:
11424:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11387:Bay of Biscay
11385:
11383:
11380:
11379:
11377:
11373:
11367:
11364:
11363:
11361:
11357:
11353:
11345:
11340:
11338:
11333:
11331:
11326:
11325:
11322:
11310:
11309:
11300:
11298:
11297:
11292:
11286:
11285:
11282:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11268:
11266:
11263:
11262:
11260:
11256:
11250:
11247:
11245:
11242:
11240:
11237:
11235:
11232:
11231:
11229:
11227:
11223:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11207:
11204:
11202:
11199:
11197:
11194:
11192:
11189:
11187:
11184:
11182:
11179:
11177:
11174:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11164:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11137:
11134:
11132:
11129:
11127:
11124:
11122:
11119:
11117:
11116:Halmahera Sea
11114:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11104:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11013:
11011:
11009:
11008:Pacific Ocean
11005:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10978:Laccadive Sea
10976:
10974:
10971:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10963:Gulf of Kutch
10961:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10953:Gulf of Aqaba
10951:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10933:Bay of Bengal
10931:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10920:
10918:
10916:
10912:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10888:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10860:Norwegian Sea
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10833:
10831:
10830:Levantine Sea
10828:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10811:
10808:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10798:
10796:
10793:
10791:
10788:
10786:
10785:Gulf of Sidra
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10775:Gulf of Maine
10773:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10750:Greenland Sea
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10730:Caribbean Sea
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10700:Bay of Biscay
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10680:Argentine Sea
10678:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10652:
10650:
10648:
10644:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10592:Greenland Sea
10590:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10567:Amundsen Gulf
10565:
10564:
10562:
10560:
10556:
10550:
10547:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10532:
10530:
10527:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10509:D'Urville Sea
10507:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10481:
10479:
10477:
10473:
10469:
10465:
10461:
10454:
10449:
10447:
10442:
10440:
10435:
10434:
10431:
10424:
10420:
10417:
10414:
10411:
10407:
10404:
10401:
10397:
10379:
10372:
10370:
10364:
10361:
10357:
10354:
10351:
10347:
10340:
10334:
10323:
10319:
10318:
10308:
10304:
10300:
10297:. Groningen:
10296:
10290:
10286:
10280:
10276:
10271:
10267:
10261:
10257:
10252:
10248:
10242:
10238:
10233:
10229:
10223:
10219:
10214:
10211:
10206:
10202:
10198:
10192:
10188:
10184:
10180:
10175:
10171:
10165:
10161:
10156:
10152:
10146:
10142:
10137:
10133:
10132:
10126:
10121:
10117:
10116:
10098:
10094:
10090:
10086:
10085:
10061:
10054:
10048:
10032:
10028:
10022:
10006:
10002:
9996:
9992:
9991:
9983:
9967:
9963:
9959:
9953:
9937:
9933:
9927:
9908:
9904:
9897:
9891:
9875:
9871:
9870:
9863:
9848:
9842:
9838:
9833:
9832:
9823:
9807:
9803:
9797:
9793:
9792:
9784:
9768:
9764:
9760:
9754:
9747:
9735:
9731:
9725:
9709:
9705:
9699:
9695:
9694:
9686:
9684:
9667:
9663:
9657:
9653:
9652:
9644:
9628:
9624:
9620:
9614:
9598:
9594:
9590:
9584:
9568:
9564:
9560:
9554:
9538:
9534:
9530:
9524:
9508:
9504:
9500:
9493:
9477:
9473:
9469:
9462:
9446:
9440:
9424:
9420:
9414:
9398:
9394:
9390:
9383:
9376:
9372:
9369:
9364:
9357:
9353:
9350:
9345:
9326:
9319:
9312:
9293:
9286:
9280:
9273:
9269:
9266:
9260:
9253:
9249:
9246:
9241:
9225:
9221:
9215:
9211:
9210:
9202:
9186:
9182:
9176:
9172:
9171:
9163:
9144:
9140:
9133:
9126:
9118:
9112:
9104:
9100:
9096:
9092:
9088:
9084:
9077:
9069:
9062:
9043:
9039:
9032:
9026:
9024:
9007:
9003:
9002:
8994:
8978:
8974:
8970:
8964:
8956:
8950:
8946:
8939:
8923:
8919:
8913:
8897:
8893:
8887:
8871:
8867:
8861:
8857:
8856:
8848:
8832:
8828:
8824:
8818:
8802:
8798:
8797:Yahoo Finance
8794:
8788:
8772:
8768:
8764:
8758:
8742:
8738:
8732:
8716:
8712:
8706:
8690:
8686:
8680:
8672:
8666:
8662:
8658:
8651:
8635:
8631:
8627:
8621:
8605:
8601:
8595:
8591:
8587:
8580:
8578:
8561:
8557:
8551:
8547:
8543:
8536:
8520:
8516:
8515:
8508:
8489:
8482:
8476:
8460:
8456:
8455:
8448:
8429:
8425:
8419:
8412:
8411:
8403:
8401:
8399:
8382:
8378:
8372:
8356:
8352:
8346:
8342:
8341:
8334:
8328:
8312:
8308:
8302:
8298:
8297:
8289:
8273:
8269:
8263:
8247:
8243:
8241:9781591143093
8237:
8233:
8232:
8224:
8208:
8204:
8202:9781851094202
8198:
8194:
8193:
8185:
8169:
8165:
8159:
8155:
8154:
8146:
8144:
8127:
8123:
8117:
8113:
8112:
8104:
8088:
8084:
8078:
8074:
8073:
8065:
8049:
8045:
8039:
8035:
8034:
8026:
8024:
8007:
8003:
7997:
7993:
7992:
7984:
7968:
7964:
7958:
7954:
7953:
7945:
7937:
7935:9780691118543
7931:
7927:
7922:
7921:
7912:
7910:
7893:
7889:
7883:
7879:
7878:
7870:
7854:
7850:
7849:
7841:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7820:
7812:
7796:
7792:
7790:9788778761774
7786:
7782:
7781:
7773:
7757:
7753:
7751:9780253320827
7747:
7743:
7742:
7734:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7691:
7689:
7687:
7670:
7666:
7664:9781843830269
7660:
7656:
7655:
7647:
7631:
7627:
7625:9789024732524
7621:
7617:
7616:
7608:
7606:
7589:
7585:
7579:
7575:
7571:
7564:
7548:
7544:
7538:
7534:
7533:
7525:
7517:
7513:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7497:
7490:
7483:
7479:
7474:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7444:
7437:
7436:2.167, 4.109.
7435:
7421:
7417:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7396:
7377:
7370:
7364:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7333:
7317:
7313:
7307:
7291:
7287:
7286:
7281:
7274:
7255:
7248:
7241:
7225:
7221:
7220:
7215:
7208:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7178:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7155:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7122:
7106:
7102:
7100:9780750620888
7096:
7092:
7091:
7083:
7075:
7063:
7047:
7043:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7020:
7013:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6978:
6962:
6958:
6957:
6950:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6920:
6911:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6887:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6847:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6812:
6806:
6804:
6802:
6800:
6798:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6766:
6750:
6746:
6744:9780080532462
6740:
6736:
6735:
6727:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6678:
6673:
6665:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6614:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6556:
6540:
6536:
6530:
6526:
6525:
6517:
6501:
6497:
6491:
6487:
6486:
6478:
6476:
6456:
6449:
6442:
6433:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6412:AAPG Bulletin
6406:
6390:
6386:
6385:
6378:
6376:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6324:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6293:
6277:
6273:
6271:9780415006743
6267:
6263:
6262:
6254:
6238:
6234:
6233:
6226:
6210:
6206:
6200:
6181:
6174:
6167:
6151:
6147:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6126:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6092:
6073:
6066:
6059:
6043:
6039:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6012:
6008:
6004:
5997:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5955:
5951:
5944:
5928:
5924:
5918:
5914:
5913:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5881:
5877:
5870:
5869:
5862:
5860:
5840:
5833:
5827:
5808:
5801:
5795:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5742:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5675:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5645:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5615:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5585:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5555:
5548:
5544:
5541:
5535:
5528:
5524:
5518:
5516:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5485:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5454:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5424:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5394:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5243:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5213:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5177:
5173:
5170:
5169:tide forecast
5166:
5162:
5159:
5153:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5139:tide forecast
5136:
5132:
5129:
5123:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5093:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5063:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5044:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5030:Tide-Forecast
5027:
5023:
5020:
5014:
5008:
5004:
5001:
5000:Tide-Forecast
4997:
4993:
4990:
4984:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4970:Tide-Forecast
4965:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4951:Tide-Forecast
4948:
4944:
4941:
4935:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4921:tide-forecast
4916:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4902:tide-forecast
4897:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4883:tide-forecast
4878:
4861:
4857:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4838:
4821:
4817:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4798:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4758:
4742:
4738:
4732:
4728:
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4701:
4697:
4693:
4687:
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4661:
4645:
4641:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4620:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4582:
4578:
4577:The Telegraph
4574:
4568:
4559:
4530:
4524:
4495:
4489:
4470:
4463:
4457:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4426:
4410:
4406:
4404:9780521311915
4400:
4396:
4395:
4386:
4370:
4366:
4364:9780521311915
4360:
4356:
4355:
4347:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4319:
4311:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4286:
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4263:
4256:
4250:
4234:
4230:
4224:
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4211:
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4175:
4159:
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4136:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4108:
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4087:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4056:
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4028:
4022:
4018:
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4009:
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4001:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3982:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3943:
3940:
3929:
3926:
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3912:
3901:
3898:
3897:Norway portal
3887:
3884:
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3866:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3847:
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11660:Thracian Sea
11645:Sea of Crete
11635:Sea of Åland
11630:Sargasso Sea
11619:
11605:Ligurian Sea
11590:Labrador Sea
11585:Irminger Sea
11550:Bothnian Sea
11535:Balearic Sea
11505:Adriatic Sea
11464:Gulf of Lion
11402:Bothnian Bay
11397:Bay of Fundy
11306:
11287:
11161:Sea of Japan
11036:Bismarck Sea
10988:Persian Gulf
10973:Gulf of Suez
10968:Gulf of Oman
10948:Gulf of Aden
10915:Indian Ocean
10895:Thracian Sea
10880:Sea of Crete
10870:Sea of Åland
10865:Sargasso Sea
10854:
10840:Ligurian Sea
10825:Labrador Sea
10815:Irminger Sea
10770:Gulf of Lion
10725:Bothnian Sea
10715:Bay of Fundy
10690:Balearic Sea
10655:Adriatic Sea
10577:Beaufort Sea
10559:Arctic Ocean
10484:Amundsen Sea
10385:. Retrieved
10368:
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10159:
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10027:"Kiel Canal"
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9472:The Guardian
9471:
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9292:the original
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9228:. Retrieved
9212:. Springer.
9208:
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9125:
9111:cite journal
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8453:
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8339:
8333:Pirate Radio
8327:
8315:. Retrieved
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7285:The Guardian
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6990:(1): 55–61.
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6132:"Quaternary"
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3839:Baltic ports
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3795:(was 27th),
3787:as of 2013,
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3648:London Array
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3444:oil platform
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2862:
2856:
2839:MARPOL 73/78
2828:
2789:
2745:
2701:
2667:. North Sea
2661:ringed seals
2633:Common seals
2630:
2597:birdwatching
2526:
2489:brown shrimp
2475:
2408:
2395:blue mussels
2309:Plateosaurus
2306:
2258:
2254:Tethys Ocean
2204:
2145:
2119:
2108:Julianenflut
2107:
2105:
2085:Storm surges
2083:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2021:flood plains
2018:
1951:archipelagos
1936:
1819:
1574:Oslebshausen
1478:, outlet of
1318:East Anglian
1255:Lincolnshire
1113:Tidal range
1098:
1091:
1083:
1076:
1060:
1053:
991:On the East.
990:
989:
929:
928:
920:Horse Island
912:Papa Westray
883:
882:
873:
869:
868:
860:
843:Cleaver Bank
840:
832:Devil's Hole
816:Long Forties
805:
786:
735:, including
733:archipelagos
725:
721:Arctic Ocean
650:
613:
604:
595:
584:
519:
496:
481:
471:through the
425:
423:
391:
390:
383:
324:Water volume
300:Surface area
234:Lower Saxony
27:
18:
11640:Sea of Azov
11615:Myrtoan Sea
11570:Icarian Sea
11515:Alboran Sea
11417:Pottles Bay
11239:Caspian Sea
11211:Visayan Sea
11191:Solomon Sea
11186:Sibuyan Sea
11181:Shantar Sea
11136:Molucca Sea
11131:Mar de Grau
11061:Chilean Sea
11056:Celebes Sea
11051:Camotes Sea
11016:Arafura Sea
10928:Arabian Sea
10923:Andaman Sea
10875:Sea of Azov
10850:Myrtoan Sea
10665:Alboran Sea
10617:Pechora Sea
10612:Lincoln Sea
10582:Chukchi Sea
10572:Barents Sea
10549:Weddell Sea
10519:Lazarev Sea
10210:Open Access
10103:15 February
9942:28 December
9852:27 December
9812:27 December
9714:27 December
9672:27 December
9623:Wave Dragon
9393:Der Spiegel
8902:29 November
8807:16 December
8763:"North Sea"
8387:11 November
7636:17 February
7496:Imago Mundi
7322:30 November
7296:17 February
7144:24 November
7070:|work=
6967:21 December
6755:17 February
6716:25 November
6464:19 November
6156:15 December
5694:17 February
5158:Tides Chart
5128:Tides Chart
4940:Tides Chart
4553: /
4518: /
4478:28 December
4415:17 February
4375:17 February
4325:Dogger Bank
4239:26 December
4200:24 November
4061:17 February
3801:Bremerhaven
3725:St. Andrews
3696:Wave Dragon
3684:tidal power
3675:to connect
3660:Dogger Bank
3576:Unpolished
3532:overfishing
3477:Brent Crude
3447:Piper Alpha
3416:, Germany.
3408:, first to
3384:A with the
3367:natural gas
3351:Oil and gas
3235:Grand Fleet
3229:During the
3166:of 1666 by
3154:Age of sail
3120:Lindisfarne
2941:Mer du Nord
2903:Vesterhavet
2785:overfishing
2757:Grey whales
2663:, and even
2625:Moray Firth
2477:Crustaceans
2414:zooplankton
2279:land bridge
2246:Paris Basin
2101:wave action
2060:Storm tides
2013:Afsluitdijk
1991:Delta Works
1987:Afsluitdijk
1963:East Anglia
1941:during the
1792:Hvide Sande
1551:Bremerhaven
1272:King's Lynn
1102:Kelvin wave
1094:amphidromic
1067:fresh water
974: /
888:Dunnet Head
847:Fisher Bank
808:Dogger Bank
677:Netherlands
542:overfishing
460:sea on the
446:Netherlands
341:3.4 to 3.5%
284:Max. length
258:Switzerland
242:Netherlands
88: /
62:Coordinates
11701:Categories
11670:Wadden Sea
11600:Libyan Sea
11575:Ionian Sea
11560:Celtic Sea
11540:Baltic Sea
11510:Aegean Sea
11407:Hudson Bay
11382:Baffin Bay
11366:Foxe Basin
11275:Superocean
11249:Salton Sea
11216:Yellow Sea
11206:Tasman Sea
11151:Salish Sea
11031:Bering Sea
10938:Flores Sea
10905:Wadden Sea
10835:Libyan Sea
10805:Ionian Sea
10800:Hudson Bay
10745:Foxe Basin
10735:Celtic Sea
10695:Baltic Sea
10685:Baffin Bay
10660:Aegean Sea
10632:Wandel Sea
10607:Laptev Sea
10539:Scotia Sea
10524:Mawson Sea
10394:(2.5
10387:27 October
10344:(910
10069:18 January
10037:2 November
10011:12 January
9880:2 November
9633:1 November
9603:1 November
9573:1 November
9482:16 January
9474:. London.
9451:16 January
9429:16 January
9403:16 January
9334:16 January
9301:8 December
9230:12 January
9191:12 January
9152:12 January
8983:2 November
8928:9 December
8876:12 January
8777:23 January
8747:3 November
8721:3 November
8695:3 November
8640:15 January
8566:8 December
8497:21 October
8465:2 November
8437:12 January
7697:GeoJournal
7480:1493 map (
7426:8 December
7385:1 December
7352:12 January
7263:3 December
7230:3 December
7197:3 December
7171:: 129–142.
7052:2 November
6835:12 January
6395:2 November
6215:4 December
6189:4 December
6115:2 November
6081:16 January
6048:16 January
5933:4 December
5889:4 December
5540:WSA Bremen
5049:Tideschart
5019:Tideschart
4989:Tideschart
4826:4 December
4786:4 December
4747:3 December
4676:2 November
4650:3 December
4609:1 December
4538:51°10′00″N
4503:50°59′06″N
4446:2 November
4125:2 November
3851:Kiel Canal
3805:Felixstowe
3773:See also:
3759:Wadden Sea
3640:wind farms
3628:wind power
3558:grey whale
3536:food chain
3429:Brae field
3388:Polymarine
3261:, and the
3195:Modern era
3140:Baltic Sea
3116:Viking Age
2961:Low German
2875:Morimarusa
2873:called it
2843:Wadden Sea
2796:industrial
2647:including
2637:grey seals
2627:, Scotland
2581:cormorants
2579:(divers),
2537:Fowlsheugh
2471:rabbitfish
2418:food chain
2412:and other
2403:Wadden Sea
2380:See also:
2325:Doggerland
2298:Doggerland
2283:Quaternary
2223:Cretaceous
1971:Wadden Sea
1825:, part of
1757:Wadden Sea
1729:Westerland
1538:Jade Bight
1476:IJsselmeer
1457:IJsselmeer
1447:Den Helder
1294:Hunstanton
1278:Great Ouse
1133:Tide-gauge
946:Herma Ness
926:Islands).
904:Costa Head
757:Baltic Sea
743:, and the
697:Baltic Sea
566:See also:
513:, and the
492:wave power
366:References
316:Max. depth
292:Max. width
250:Luxembourg
129:Baltic Sea
94: (
11707:North Sea
11620:North Sea
11580:Irish Sea
11545:Black Sea
11412:James Bay
11171:Seram Sea
11141:Moro Gulf
11066:Coral Sea
11046:Bohol Sea
11041:Bohai Sea
11026:Banda Sea
10998:Timor Sea
10855:North Sea
10820:James Bay
10810:Irish Sea
10720:Black Sea
10637:White Sea
10544:Somov Sea
10504:Davis Sea
10205:132967560
9972:8 October
9773:2 January
9734:USA Today
9254:EWEA 2013
8213:2 October
7928:and 238.
7725:153753702
7516:155027570
7502:: 46–62.
7072:ignored (
7062:cite book
6706:129790365
6282:2 October
4706:9 January
4541:1°24′00″E
4506:1°55′00″E
4164:2 October
4092:9 January
3977:Citations
3863:Amsterdam
3861:connects
3827:Rotterdam
3781:Rotterdam
3636:Horns Rev
3481:crude oil
3382:Statfjord
3144:Hanseatic
3124:longships
3089:abandoned
3035:Geography
3010:North Sea
3002:Nordsjøen
2989:Nordsjøen
2973:Weestsiie
2879:Zuiderzee
2748:Flamingos
2732:sea grass
2683:species.
2669:cetaceans
2645:pinnipeds
2619:A female
2294:ice sheet
2268:Oligocene
2232:, caused
2124:lost city
2112:Jadebusen
2029:geestland
1901:0.64–1.20
1892:Stavanger
1885:0.25–0.60
1871:Skagerrak
1859:0.14–0.30
1848:Hanstholm
1844:Skagerrak
1839:Hirtshals
1755:Coast of
1722:1.39–2.03
1707:St. Pauli
1678:2.54–3.48
1564:3.59–4.62
1544:2.66–4.01
1526:2.60–3.76
1507:2.96–3.71
1487:1.80–2.69
1470:Harlingen
1463:1.67–2.20
1440:1.15–1.72
1433:Oude Rijn
1420:1.10–2.03
1411:Rotterdam
1404:1.48–1.90
1385:3.24–4.96
1373:Zeebrugge
1366:2.02–5.53
1354:Dunkerque
1347:2.38–6.85
1328:4.05–6.62
1306:2.34–3.70
1288:2.54–7.23
1276:Mouth of
1265:1.92–6.47
1243:1.98–6.84
1223:1.75–4.33
1203:2.31–6.04
1194:Mouth of
1183:2.38–4.61
1173:River Dee
1171:Mouth of
1160:2.01–3.76
1141:0.79–1.82
1036:• Coasts:
1002:Hydrology
995:Skagerrak
810:, a vast
701:Skagerrak
636:Skagerrak
586:Norwegian
556:Geography
526:Norwegian
426:North Sea
96:North Sea
33:North Sea
11426:Channels
11308:Category
11244:Dead Sea
11234:Aral Sea
11201:Sulu Sea
11156:Savu Sea
11126:Koro Sea
11121:Java Sea
11021:Bali Sea
10602:Kara Sea
10534:Ross Sea
10419:Archived
10406:Archived
10378:Archived
10356:Archived
10333:cite web
10307:71640714
10122:(1911).
10005:Archived
9907:Archived
9905:. 2008.
9874:Archived
9806:Archived
9746:pilgrims
9708:Archived
9666:Archived
9627:Archived
9625:. 2005.
9543:25 March
9513:30 March
9507:Archived
9476:Archived
9423:Archived
9397:Archived
9371:Archived
9352:Archived
9268:Archived
9248:Archived
9224:Archived
9185:Archived
9143:Archived
9051:13 March
9042:Archived
9006:Archived
8870:Archived
8831:Archived
8827:Statista
8801:Archived
8771:Archived
8741:Archived
8689:Archived
8604:Archived
8560:Archived
8519:Archived
8488:Archived
8459:Archived
8428:Archived
8381:Archived
8379:. 2008.
8355:Archived
8311:Archived
8272:Archived
8246:Archived
8207:Archived
8168:Archived
8126:Archived
8087:Archived
8048:Archived
8006:Archived
7967:Archived
7892:Archived
7853:Archived
7795:Archived
7756:Archived
7669:Archived
7630:Archived
7588:Archived
7547:Archived
7457:Archived
7420:Archived
7346:Archived
7290:Archived
7224:Archived
7105:Archived
7046:Archived
7026:. 2008.
7004:37221865
6933:Archived
6925:"Walrus"
6870:Archived
6818:Ecoserve
6780:Archived
6749:Archived
6710:Archived
6648:17637667
6596:17637645
6539:Archived
6500:Archived
6455:Archived
6365:1956/729
6307:Archived
6276:Archived
6209:Archived
6150:Archived
5954:Archived
5927:Archived
5839:Archived
5784:Archived
5755:Archived
5731:17 March
5658:Archived
5598:Archived
5568:Archived
5543:Archived
5437:Archived
5407:Archived
5355:Archived
5325:Archived
5295:Archived
5265:Archived
5226:Archived
5202:26 April
5196:Archived
5172:Archived
5161:Archived
5142:Archived
5131:Archived
5112:26 April
5106:Archived
5082:26 April
5076:Archived
5052:Archived
5033:Archived
5022:Archived
5003:Archived
4992:Archived
4973:Archived
4954:Archived
4943:Archived
4924:Archived
4905:Archived
4886:Archived
4860:Archived
4820:Archived
4780:Archived
4741:Archived
4644:Archived
4603:Archived
4409:Archived
4369:Archived
4266:Archived
4233:Archived
4158:Archived
4055:Archived
3869:See also
3644:megawatt
3525:by-catch
3521:trawling
3410:Teesside
3406:pipeline
3097:Frisians
2981:Nordsjön
2965:Noordsee
2949:Noardsee
2933:Noordzee
2925:Noordzee
2912:Nordsøen
2847:mudflats
2808:dredging
2804:trawling
2765:sturgeon
2752:pelicans
2728:Eelgrass
2673:porpoise
2573:seaducks
2450:mackerel
2410:Copepods
2242:eustatic
2219:Jurassic
2205:Shallow
2148:tsunamis
2142:Tsunamis
2128:Rungholt
2089:The Wash
1967:littoral
1943:ice ages
1939:glaciers
1827:Limfjord
1814:Thyborøn
1751:Dagebüll
1717:estuary
1693:estuary
1685:Cuxhaven
1607:2.6–4.0
1585:estuary
1581:, inner
1559:estuary
1474:East of
1300:the Wash
1282:the Wash
1259:the Wash
1250:Skegness
1218:estuary
1198:estuary
1177:Scotland
1167:Aberdeen
1155:Islands
1153:Shetland
1063:salinity
934:Mainland
924:Shetland
900:Mainland
892:Scotland
818:and the
763:and the
737:Shetland
705:Kattegat
699:via the
640:Kattegat
550:dredging
534:mudflats
530:Scottish
462:European
337:Salinity
218:Scotland
85:56°N 3°E
47:Location
10993:Red Sea
10295:Kingdom
9916:25 July
9831:Germany
9739:15 June
9503:Reuters
9091:Bibcode
9089:: e28.
9012:19 July
8525:24 July
8278:24 July
7832:3621972
7705:Bibcode
6939:23 June
6929:Ecomare
6876:23 June
6786:23 June
6686:Bibcode
6656:4408290
6628:Bibcode
6604:4400105
6574:Bibcode
6342:Bibcode
6313:24 July
6243:24 July
6017:19 July
5986:24 July
5960:24 July
5848:24 July
5816:24 July
5761:7 March
5664:7 March
5634:7 March
5604:7 March
5574:7 March
5504:7 March
5474:7 March
5443:7 March
5413:7 March
5361:7 March
5331:7 March
5301:7 March
5271:7 March
5232:7 March
4336:20 July
4275:17 June
3855:Jutland
3793:Hamburg
3789:Antwerp
3702:Tourism
3551:Whaling
3497:Fishing
3402:tankers
3331:of the
3302:Economy
3207:Blücher
3188:William
3066:History
2998:Nynorsk
2977:Swedish
2957:Nordsee
2895:English
2677:dolphin
2649:bearded
2569:petrels
2549:habitat
2505:mussels
2493:lobster
2466:sandeel
2458:pouting
2454:herring
2434:whiting
2430:haddock
2401:in the
2399:cockles
2215:rifting
2191:Geology
2169:tsunami
1959:moraine
1808:0.3–0.5
1803:lagoon
1786:0.5–1.1
1780:Denmark
1774:Esbjerg
1767:1.1–2.1
1745:2.8–3.4
1705:Hamburg
1698:3.4–3.9
1590:3.3–4.0
1453:Holland
1427:Katwijk
1392:Antwerp
1313:Harwich
1230:Grimsby
1148:Lerwick
959:60°51′N
908:Westray
824:fathoms
812:moraine
681:Belgium
673:Germany
669:Denmark
643:Eng Ch=
515:British
484:fishery
458:epeiric
450:Belgium
442:Germany
434:Denmark
270:Austria
246:Belgium
240:), the
230:Germany
226:Denmark
214:England
157:Scheldt
11359:Basins
11258:Others
10464:oceans
10305:
10281:
10262:
10243:
10224:
10203:
10193:
10166:
10147:
9997:
9843:
9798:
9700:
9658:
9533:TenneT
9216:
9177:
8973:Part 1
8951:
8862:
8837:9 July
8667:
8610:1 July
8596:
8552:
8420:
8361:1 July
8347:
8317:1 July
8303:
8252:1 July
8238:
8199:
8174:1 July
8160:
8132:1 July
8118:
8093:1 July
8079:
8054:1 July
8040:
8012:1 July
7998:
7973:1 July
7959:
7932:
7898:1 July
7884:
7859:1 July
7830:
7801:1 July
7787:
7762:1 July
7748:
7723:
7675:1 July
7661:
7622:
7594:1 July
7580:
7553:1 July
7539:
7514:
7463:7 July
7453:lsj.gr
7412:
7111:1 July
7097:
7038:
7002:
6822:MarBEF
6741:
6704:
6654:
6646:
6620:Nature
6602:
6594:
6566:Nature
6545:1 July
6531:
6506:1 July
6492:
6268:
6142:
5919:
5721:dmi.dk
5684:bsh.de
5624:bsh.de
5494:bsh.de
4866:1 July
4852:
4812:
4772:
4733:
4636:
4494:Calais
4401:
4361:
4306:
4225:
4150:
4023:
3819:port.
3797:Bremen
3590:gravel
3386:flotel
3257:, the
3103:, and
3101:Saxons
3093:Angles
2985:Bokmål
2953:German
2937:French
2899:Danish
2883:Frisia
2871:Cimbri
2781:salmon
2777:skates
2665:walrus
2657:hooded
2639:, and
2591:, and
2501:oyster
2497:shrimp
2487:, and
2464:, and
2442:plaice
2438:saithe
2371:Nature
2213:. The
2165:Calais
2159:. The
2150:. The
2001:, and
1947:fjords
1919:Coasts
1908:Bergen
1875:Norway
1866:Tregde
1852:Skagen
1833:0.2–04
1823:lagoon
1797:Danish
1740:coast
1596:Bremen
1570:Bremen
1494:Borkum
1480:IJssel
1236:Humber
1216:Humber
962:0°53′W
857:Extent
836:Dundee
830:. The
801:Bergen
741:Orkney
709:Sweden
685:France
683:, and
675:, the
665:Norway
615:Eng Ch
546:runoff
522:fjords
509:, the
505:. The
454:France
444:, the
438:Norway
254:France
222:Norway
197:Thames
193:Humber
11442:Gulfs
11265:Ocean
10460:Earth
10381:(PDF)
10374:(PDF)
10325:(PDF)
10201:S2CID
10063:(PDF)
10056:(PDF)
9910:(PDF)
9899:(PDF)
9328:(PDF)
9321:(PDF)
9295:(PDF)
9288:(PDF)
9146:(PDF)
9135:(PDF)
9045:(PDF)
9034:(PDF)
8491:(PDF)
8484:(PDF)
8431:(PDF)
8414:(PDF)
7721:S2CID
7512:S2CID
7379:(PDF)
7372:(PDF)
7257:(PDF)
7250:(PDF)
7138:(doc)
7000:S2CID
6829:(PDF)
6814:(PDF)
6702:S2CID
6652:S2CID
6600:S2CID
6458:(PDF)
6451:(PDF)
6183:(PDF)
6176:(PDF)
6075:(PDF)
6068:(PDF)
5883:(PDF)
5872:(PDF)
5842:(PDF)
5835:(PDF)
5810:(PDF)
5803:(PDF)
4472:(PDF)
4465:(PDF)
4269:(PDF)
4258:(PDF)
4194:(PDF)
4183:(PDF)
3817:ro-ro
3738:is a
3721:links
3646:(MW)
3602:amber
3578:amber
3414:Emden
3371:K12-B
3105:Jutes
3006:Scots
2921:Dutch
2891:Latin
2887:Latin
2867:Pliny
2853:Names
2845:, or
2831:OSPAR
2724:maerl
2716:Algae
2704:wrack
2687:Flora
2681:whale
2593:terns
2585:gulls
2577:loons
2523:Birds
2509:clams
2462:sprat
2025:spits
1672:works
1630:0–0.3
1583:Weser
1557:Weser
1513:Emden
1280:into
886:From
769:Meuse
765:Rhine
456:. An
262:Italy
204:Basin
177:Forth
153:Meuse
145:Rhine
137:Weser
90:56; 3
11498:Seas
11375:Bays
10468:seas
10466:and
10389:2007
10339:link
10303:OCLC
10279:ISBN
10260:ISBN
10241:ISBN
10222:ISBN
10191:ISBN
10164:ISBN
10145:ISBN
10105:2009
10071:2009
10039:2008
10013:2009
9995:ISBN
9974:2008
9944:2008
9918:2010
9882:2008
9854:2008
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