1331:
449:
1240:
62:
349:
1192:
1007:
1045:
48:
976:
950:
1122:
272:
247:
1092:
1343:
1319:
1307:
1162:
479:, with world-class exporting oil refineries, were important suppliers of refined products to the Allies. Aruba became a British protectorate from 1940 to 1942 and a US protectorate from 1942 to 1945. On 23 November 1941, under an agreement with the Dutch government-in-exile, the United States occupied
567:
was established in the
Netherlands, with Maastricht as its capital and Kruls at its head, marking the return of the Dutch government to its own country, albeit under a military administration rather than an elected one. After the end of the war, the
886:
517:
in 1946. Churchill called her "the only man in the Dutch government". After World War II ended, Wilhelmina and her government returned from exile to re-establish a regime more democratic than ever before.
638:
1335:
553:
736:
390:
would regroup and liberate the country. Although there was such an attempt, it soon failed, and the Allied forces were surrounded and forced to evacuate at
859:
1388:
532:
was tasked with preparing a Dutch-led military administration in the
Netherlands in the event that the allies would enter the country, known as the
939:
364:
Until 1940, the
Netherlands was a neutral country that was generally on good terms with Germany. On 10 May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands.
930:
374:, arriving in London on 13 May. The Dutch armed forces surrendered two days later as they had been unable to withstand the speed of Germany's
709:
829:(in Dutch). Rijksinstituut voor oorlogsdocumentatie. p. 377(This article incorporates text from this work, which is released under a
61:
420:
and the Queen. De Geer wanted to return to the
Netherlands and collaborate as well. The government-in-exile was still in control of the
1383:
137:
1403:
1393:
1378:
1029:
598:
378:
style attack. In London, the queen took charge of the Dutch government-in-exile, which was established at
Stratton House in the
1398:
1104:
1373:
749:
685:
107:
1368:
1271:
923:
821:
514:
499:
448:
47:
980:
1330:
432:. Wilhelmina realized that if the Dutch collaborated with Germany, the Dutch East Indies would be surrendered to
67:
1096:
844:
617:
545:
1134:
916:
365:
321:
126:
1244:
663:
558:
210:
954:
593:
582:
495:
476:
1217:
1205:
1196:
402:
1311:
1166:
1049:
507:
329:
197:
1146:
468:
452:
169:
1210:
795:
713:
541:
53:
1323:
1252:
774:
488:
480:
1239:
1264:
471:, who worked with Churchill and Roosevelt on ways to smooth the path for an American entry.
348:
1174:
908:
563:, marking the first Dutch urban city to fall in the hands of the allies. That same day the
408:
The government-in-exile was soon faced with a dilemma. After France had been defeated, the
1285:
8:
1076:
1062:
1057:
529:
313:
80:
1347:
1278:
1257:
1224:
1179:
1069:
838:
370:
424:
with all its resources and was the third-largest oil producer in the world, after the
1044:
1019:
744:
604:
537:
421:
391:
337:
405:, along with her family, was sent farther away to Canada, where they spent the war.
1139:
588:
552:
became the first Dutch village to be liberated. Soon after on the 14th, the allies
467:
into the war, the Queen dismissed De Geer as prime minister. She replaced him with
437:
417:
156:
994:
989:
455:, Prime Minister of the exiled government at a BBC microphone, 23 September 1941
975:
963:
885:
W. B. Heins, CAS Winschoten (teamleider T. P. Reuderink-Kort) en G. J. Röhner.
305:
293:
1362:
1109:
460:
425:
1024:
610:
464:
429:
413:
409:
333:
184:
1121:
1011:
1006:
416:
a policy of collaboration. That led to a conflict between Prime
Minister
317:
265:
252:
1091:
394:. The Dutch armed forces in the Netherlands except for those occupying
383:
379:
375:
357:
353:
487:
mines. An oil boycott was imposed on Japan, which helped to spark the
830:
540:
and re-opened the western front, and in the ensuing months gradually
90:
1342:
1318:
1306:
949:
860:"12 september 1944: Mesch, het eerste bevrijde dorp in Nederland"
503:
484:
395:
1191:
1161:
887:"Militair gezag (Het Utrechts Archief ) - Het Utrechts Archief"
387:
325:
100:
549:
472:
433:
938:
198:
Surrender of the Dutch Army in the Battle of the
Netherlands
737:"Benelux Economic Union – A New Role for the 21st Century"
440:
was surrendered later by orders of the Vichy government.
16:
WWII government of the
Netherlands during Nazi occupation
823:
Het
Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog
639:"The German invasion of Holland - History Learning Site"
502:
began formulating an agreement over the creation of a
513:
The Queen's unusual action was later ratified by the
401:
To safeguard the succession, the heir to the throne,
459:
As the hope for liberation was now the entry of the
336:
on 10 May 1940. The government had control over the
368:fled the country aboard the British destroyer HMS
1360:
360:, where the Dutch government-in-exile was based.
544:. On 12 September 1944, the allies crossed the
536:(Military Authority). In June 1944, the allies
924:
796:"Netherlands - History | history - geography"
28:
931:
917:
664:"Plaque: Netherlands Government in exile"
412:government came to power and proposed to
940:Governments in exile during World War II
447:
347:
1030:French Committee of National Liberation
884:
819:
686:"Dutch Princess Seeks Asylum in Canada"
599:Netherlands Indies Civil Administration
343:
1361:
857:
1298:Unrecognised or non-autonomous bodies
912:
775:"War Over Holland - The Royal Family"
728:
1389:Netherlands–United Kingdom relations
298:Nederlandse regering in ballingschap
30:Nederlandse regering in ballingschap
13:
506:. The agreement was signed in the
500:Luxembourgish governments in exile
443:
14:
1415:
1384:1945 disestablishments in England
813:
734:
521:
515:States General of the Netherlands
386:. Initially, their hope was that
1404:1940s in the City of Westminster
1341:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1238:
1190:
1160:
1120:
1090:
1043:
1005:
974:
948:
528:In 1943, Dutch military officer
270:
245:
60:
46:
878:
572:was dissolved on 4 March 1946.
1394:United Kingdom in World War II
1379:1940 establishments in England
851:
788:
767:
702:
678:
656:
631:
618:Reichskommissariat Niederlande
542:advanced to the Siegfried Line
494:In September 1944, the Dutch,
1:
1399:Wilhelmina of the Netherlands
624:
398:surrendered on 15 May 1940.
858:Ramaka (12 September 2019).
211:Liberation from Nazi Germany
7:
1374:Former governments in exile
594:Netherlands in World War II
583:Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten
575:
10:
1420:
843:: CS1 maint: postscript (
546:Belgium–Netherlands border
1369:Dutch government in exile
1297:
1236:
1188:
1158:
1118:
1088:
1041:
1003:
972:
946:
508:London Customs Convention
382:area of London, opposite
290:Dutch government-in-exile
224:
220:
207:
194:
190:
180:
176:
162:
150:
146:
136:
132:
120:
116:
106:
96:
86:
76:
42:
37:
25:Dutch government-in-exile
23:
1147:Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy
469:Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy
453:Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy
170:Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy
1105:Grand Duchess Charlotte
800:Encyclopedia Britannica
710:"World War II Timeline"
456:
361:
332:of the country during
309:
297:
29:
1218:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
1206:Władysław Raczkiewicz
891:hetutrechtsarchief.nl
820:de Jong, Loe (1980).
643:History Learning Site
601:, established in 1944
510:on 5 September 1944.
504:Benelux Customs Union
451:
351:
300:), also known as the
554:liberated Maastricht
344:Background and exile
1077:Georgios Papandreou
1063:Emmanouil Tsouderos
530:Hendrik Johan Kruls
489:Pearl Harbor attack
314:government in exile
81:Government in exile
1265:Slobodan Jovanović
1225:Tomasz Arciszewski
1211:Władysław Sikorski
1180:Johan Nygaardsvold
1070:Sofoklis Venizelos
666:. London Remembers
538:landed in Normandy
457:
362:
352:Stratton House on
1356:
1355:
1020:Charles de Gaulle
833:NL Akte license.)
745:Lehigh University
605:Operation Neuland
422:Dutch East Indies
338:Free Dutch Forces
286:
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:
258:
257:
164:• 1940–1945
122:• 1940–1945
1411:
1346:
1345:
1334:
1333:
1322:
1321:
1310:
1309:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1272:Miloš Trifunović
1269:
1262:
1256:Prime Minister:
1243:
1242:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1209:Prime Minister:
1195:
1194:
1178:Prime Minister:
1165:
1164:
1151:
1144:
1140:Dirk Jan de Geer
1138:Prime Minister:
1135:Queen Wilhelmina
1125:
1124:
1108:Prime Minister:
1095:
1094:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1061:Prime Minister:
1048:
1047:
1034:
1010:
1009:
993:Prime Minister:
979:
978:
962:Prime Minister:
953:
952:
933:
926:
919:
910:
909:
903:
902:
900:
898:
882:
876:
875:
873:
871:
855:
849:
848:
842:
834:
828:
817:
811:
810:
808:
806:
792:
786:
785:
783:
781:
771:
765:
764:
762:
760:
754:
748:. Archived from
741:
732:
726:
725:
723:
721:
712:. Archived from
706:
700:
699:
698:
696:
682:
676:
675:
673:
671:
660:
654:
653:
651:
649:
635:
589:Dutch resistance
562:
438:French Indochina
418:Dirk Jan de Geer
403:Princess Juliana
366:Queen Wilhelmina
322:Queen Wilhelmina
320:, supervised by
274:
273:
262:
261:
249:
248:
242:
241:
226:
225:
172:
157:Dirk Jan de Geer
97:Capital-in-exile
64:
50:
32:
21:
20:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1293:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1189:
1184:
1177:
1175:King Haakon VII
1159:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1004:
999:
992:
973:
968:
947:
942:
937:
907:
906:
896:
894:
883:
879:
869:
867:
856:
852:
836:
835:
826:
818:
814:
804:
802:
794:
793:
789:
779:
777:
773:
772:
768:
758:
756:
755:on 3 March 2016
752:
739:
735:Walsh, Jeremy.
733:
729:
719:
717:
708:
707:
703:
694:
692:
684:
683:
679:
669:
667:
662:
661:
657:
647:
645:
637:
636:
632:
627:
578:
556:
526:
483:to protect the
446:
444:Exile in London
346:
330:German invasion
324:, that fled to
310:Londens kabinet
271:
246:
213:
200:
168:
165:
153:
123:
72:
71:
70:
65:
57:
56:
51:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1417:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1249:
1247:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1201:
1199:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1171:
1169:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1131:
1129:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1101:
1099:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1058:King George II
1054:
1052:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
985:
983:
981:Czechoslovakia
970:
969:
967:
966:
964:Hubert Pierlot
959:
957:
944:
943:
936:
935:
928:
921:
913:
905:
904:
877:
850:
812:
787:
766:
727:
716:on 5 June 2011
701:
677:
655:
629:
628:
626:
623:
622:
621:
614:
607:
602:
596:
591:
586:
577:
574:
570:Militair Gezag
565:Militair Gezag
534:Militair Gezag
525:
523:Militair Gezag
520:
445:
442:
345:
342:
302:London Cabinet
284:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
268:
259:
256:
255:
250:
238:
237:
232:
222:
221:
218:
217:
214:
208:
205:
204:
201:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
182:
181:Historical era
178:
177:
174:
173:
166:
163:
160:
159:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
143:
140:
138:Prime Minister
134:
133:
130:
129:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
113:
110:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
66:
59:
58:
52:
45:
44:
43:
40:
39:
35:
34:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1416:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1287:
1280:
1279:Božidar Purić
1273:
1266:
1259:
1258:Dušan Simović
1254:
1253:King Peter II
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1110:Pierre Dupong
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1002:
996:
991:
987:
986:
984:
982:
977:
971:
965:
961:
960:
958:
956:
951:
945:
941:
934:
929:
927:
922:
920:
915:
914:
911:
892:
888:
881:
865:
861:
854:
846:
840:
832:
825:
824:
816:
801:
797:
791:
776:
770:
751:
747:
746:
738:
731:
715:
711:
705:
691:
687:
681:
665:
659:
644:
640:
634:
630:
620:
619:
615:
613:
612:
608:
606:
603:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
584:
580:
579:
573:
571:
566:
560:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
524:
519:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
454:
450:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:United States
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:
367:
359:
355:
350:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
269:
267:
264:
263:
260:
254:
251:
244:
243:
240:
239:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
223:
219:
215:
212:
206:
202:
199:
193:
189:
186:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
161:
158:
155:
149:
145:
141:
139:
135:
131:
128:
125:
119:
115:
111:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
69:
63:
55:
49:
41:
36:
31:
22:
19:
1286:Ivan Šubašić
1126:
1025:Henri Giraud
990:Edvard Beneš
895:. Retrieved
890:
880:
870:15 September
868:. Retrieved
863:
853:
822:
815:
803:. Retrieved
799:
790:
778:. Retrieved
769:
757:. Retrieved
750:the original
743:
730:
718:. Retrieved
714:the original
704:
693:, retrieved
689:
680:
668:. Retrieved
658:
646:. Retrieved
642:
633:
616:
611:Radio Oranje
609:
581:
569:
564:
533:
527:
522:
512:
493:
481:Dutch Guiana
465:Soviet Union
458:
430:Soviet Union
414:Adolf Hitler
410:Vichy French
407:
400:
369:
363:
334:World War II
301:
289:
287:
235:Succeeded by
234:
229:
185:World War II
152:• 1940
68:Coat of arms
18:
1336:Philippines
1289:(1944–1945)
1282:(1943–1944)
1268:(1942–1943)
1261:(1941–1942)
1228:(1944–1945)
1221:(1943–1944)
1214:(1939–1943)
1204:President:
1150:(1940–1945)
1127:Netherlands
1080:(1944–1945)
1066:(1941–1944)
1033:(1943–1945)
988:President:
864:MAX Vandaag
780:9 September
557: [
318:Netherlands
312:), was the
266:Netherlands
253:Netherlands
230:Preceded by
203:15 May 1940
1363:Categories
1245:Yugoslavia
1097:Luxembourg
995:Jan Šrámek
897:7 December
893:(in Dutch)
866:(in Dutch)
695:8 November
625:References
384:Green Park
380:Piccadilly
376:Blitzkrieg
358:Green Park
354:Piccadilly
328:after the
216:5 May 1945
127:Wilhelmina
839:cite book
831:CC BY 3.0
720:21 August
461:Americans
91:Amsterdam
38:1940–1945
1348:Thailand
576:See also
498:and the
428:and the
371:Hereward
1324:Denmark
1312:Austria
955:Belgium
805:27 June
759:13 July
690:History
648:27 June
496:Belgian
485:bauxite
477:Curaçao
463:or the
396:Zeeland
392:Dunkirk
316:of the
209:•
196:•
87:Capital
1275:(1943)
1197:Poland
1167:Norway
1143:(1940)
1073:(1944)
1050:Greece
1012:France
388:France
326:London
142:
112:
101:London
77:Status
827:(PDF)
753:(PDF)
740:(PDF)
670:6 May
561:]
550:Mesch
473:Aruba
436:, as
434:Japan
306:Dutch
294:Dutch
108:Queen
899:2023
872:2023
845:link
807:2017
782:2009
761:2013
722:2010
697:2020
672:2013
650:2017
548:and
475:and
288:The
54:Flag
356:by
1365::
1284:,
1277:,
1270:,
1263:,
1223:,
1216:,
1145:,
1075:,
1068:,
889:.
862:.
841:}}
837:{{
798:.
742:.
688:,
641:.
559:nl
491:.
340:.
308::
296::
932:e
925:t
918:v
901:.
874:.
847:)
809:.
784:.
763:.
724:.
674:.
652:.
304:(
292:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
