Battle of Crete - Knowledge

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Captain Campbell, commanding the westernmost company of the 22nd Battalion, out of contact with Andrew, did not learn of the withdrawal of the 22nd Battalion until early in the morning, at which point he also withdrew from the west of the airfield. This misunderstanding, representative of the failings of communication and co-ordination in the defence of Crete, cost the Allies the airfield and allowed the Germans to reinforce their invasion force unopposed. In Athens, Student decided to concentrate on Maleme on 21 May, as this was the area where the most progress had been made and because an early morning reconnaissance flight over Maleme Airfield was unopposed. The Germans quickly exploited the withdrawal from Hill 107 to take control of Maleme Airfield, just as a sea landing took place nearby. The Allies continued to bombard the area as

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Sfakia when it was still hoped that reinforcements could be brought from Egypt to turn the tide of the battle. The battalion-sized force was split up, with a 200-man detachment under Laycock at Souda to cover the retreat of the heavier units. Layforce and three British tanks were joined by the men of the 20th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, who had been assigned to guard Souda docks and refused to believe that an evacuation had been ordered. After a day of battle, Laycock ordered a night retreat to Beritiana, where he was joined by Royal and the Māori, who managed to fight their way out, but Layforce was cut off near the village of Babali Khani (Agioi Pantes). Laycock and his Intelligence Officer,

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with German parachute troops being decimated in Crete, there was an insufficient number of men that were qualified to carry out the huge-scale airborne operations that were necessary at the beginning of the invasion. Furthermore, the delay of the whole Balkan campaign, including the Battle of Crete, did not allow for exploiting the strategic advantages that German forces had gained in the Eastern Mediterranean. With the VIII Air Corps ordered to Germany for refitting before Crete was secured, significant command and communication issues hampered redeployment of the whole formation as the ground personnel was directly redeployed to their new bases in Poland.

9558: 9435: 9301: 9181: 2417:(battlegroups), Centre, West and East, each with a code name following the classical theme established by Mercury; 750 glider-borne troops, 10,000 paratroops, 5,000 airlifted mountain soldiers and 7,000 seaborne troops were allocated to the invasion. The largest proportion of the forces were in Group West. German airborne theory was based on parachuting a small force onto enemy airfields. The force would capture the perimeter and local anti-aircraft guns, allowing a much larger force to land by glider. Freyberg knew this after studying earlier German operations and decided to make the airfields unusable for landing, but was countermanded by the 166: 1547: 274: 263: 9724: 9628: 9510: 9820: 9336: 9240: 1754: 205: 3813: 3061: 285: 219: 3838: 2540: 191: 3373: 2865:, which also laid a smoke screen and traded fire with the British force, trying to lure them to a different direction. Indeed, King was unaware that a major enemy convoy was ahead of his force until 11:00. Eventually, the convoy and its escort managed to slip away undamaged. King's ships, despite their failure to destroy the German troop transports, had succeeded in forcing the Axis to abort the landing by their mere presence at sea. During the search and withdrawal from the area, Force C suffered many losses to German bombers. 3260:, which had assembled near Prison Valley reservoir the day before. This ad hoc group was composed of a motorcycle battalion, the Reconnaissance Battalion, an anti-tank unit, a motorised artillery troop, and some engineers. General Ringel gave orders for Wittmann to "strike out from Platanos at 03:00 on 28 May in pursuit of the British 'main' via the coastal highway to Rethymno" and thence towards Heraklion. Although they did not play a decisive role, the panzers were useful in helping round up British troops in the 3900:

220 aircraft destroyed and 64 written off due to damage, a total of 284 aircraft between 13 May and 1 June: 147 in combat, 73 non-combat, 64 written-off, and 125 damaged but repairable. A total of 311 Luftwaffe aircrew were listed as killed or missing and 127 were wounded. In a 1948 RAF staff publication, Luftwaffe losses were given as about 4,500 parachute and glider troop casualties and about 170 Ju 52s lost or severely damaged; losses in fighter and bomber units were small due to the lack of air opposition.

14804: 9593: 9475: 3229:. At a meeting in Athens on 27 May, Luftwaffe Generals Richthofen, Jeschonnek, and Löhr pressed Schuster to get the tanks delivered somehow before "... the Englander claws himself erect again". One of Richthofen's liaison officers had returned from the island on 26 May; the paratroopers were in poor condition, lacking in discipline, and "at loose ends". He stressed the "absolute and immediate need" for "reinforcement by sea shipment of heavy weaponry if the operation is to get ahead at all." 3613: 1641:, requesting the evacuation of about 10,000 unwanted personnel who did not have weapons and had "little or no employment other than getting into trouble with the civil population". As the weeks passed, some 3,200 British, 2,500 Australian and 1,300 New Zealander troops were evacuated to Egypt, but it became evident that it would not be possible to remove all the unwanted troops. Between the night of 15 May and morning of 16 May, the allied forces were reinforced by the 2nd Battalion of the 240: 152: 2607: 251: 179: 3828: 9893: 2703:, which would participate in the attack. The 2/7th Battalion had no transport, and vehicles for the battalion were delayed by German aircraft. By the time the battalion moved north to relieve 20th Battalion for the counter-attack, it was 23:30, and the 20th Battalion took three hours to reach the staging area, with its first elements arriving around 02:45. The counter-attack began at 03:30 but failed because of German daylight air support. (Brigadier 2720: 2812: 2359: 2007: 8831: 2115: 3401:

Gorge threatening a column of retreating unarmed Allied forces. The attack was held off by four men, the only ones with weapons. Led by Cpl Douglas Bignal, the men sacrificed themselves,securing the withdrawal of the remainder. Amongst this group was New Zealander Pte Willy Falconer of the Maori battalion, a hero of 42nd Street and Galatas. Also killed were LCpl Philip Stamp and Pte Andrew Payton.

3311: 3720: 1527:, once the Blenheims were ordered back to Egypt. In mid-May, the four squadrons had about two dozen aircraft, of which only about twelve were serviceable due to a lack of tools and spares. The unfinished ground at Pediada-Kastelli was blocked with trenches and heaps of soil and all but narrow flight paths were blocked at Heraklion and Rethymno by barrels full of earth. At Maleme, 3441:

Heraklion on the night of 28/29 May, on the next night 1,500 soldiers were taken away by four destroyers and during the night of 31 May/1 June another 4,000 men were lifted. About 18,600 men of the 32,000 British troops on the island were evacuated; 12,000 British and Dominion troops and thousands of Greeks were still on Crete when the island came under German control on 1 June.

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more. Ultra intelligence was detailed but was taken out of context and misinterpreted. While emphasis was placed on the airborne assault, the German messages also mentioned seaborne operations; Freyberg, expecting an amphibious landing, garrisoned the coast – which reduced the number of men available to defend the airfield at Maleme, the principal German objective. In 1993,

2780:, where her crew was engaged by a British Army patrol and took heavy casualties. Of the German soldiers who landed at Akrotiri, only one managed to get through the British lines and join the German paratroopers already fighting for Chania. According to other authors, only one German officer and 35 men from the 100th Regiment landed from the caïque that arrived in Crete. 2402:, wanted more emphasis on Maleme, to achieve overwhelming superiority of force. Student wanted to disperse the paratroops more, to maximise the effect of surprise. As the primary objective, Maleme offered several advantages: it was the largest airfield and big enough for heavy transport aircraft, it was close enough to the mainland for air cover from land-based 3896:, concluded that military historians accept estimates from 6,000 to 7,000 German casualties. The Australian Graves Commission counted about 4,000 German graves in the Maleme–Souda Bay area, and about 1,000 more at Rethymno and Heraklion, that would have included deaths during the German occupation due to sickness, accidents, or fighting with partisan forces. 3908:. Many Cretan civilians were shot by the Germans in reprisal during the battle and in the occupation. One Cretan source puts the number of Cretans killed by Germans at 6,593 men, 1,113 women, and 869 children. German records put the number of Cretans executed by firing squad as 3,474 and at least 1,000 civilians were killed in massacres late in 1944. 3518:); nevertheless it initially surprised and later outraged them. As most Cretan partisans wore no uniforms or insignia such as armbands or headbands, the Germans felt free of all of the constraints of the Hague Conventions and killed armed and unarmed civilians indiscriminately. Immediately after Crete fell, a series of 1750:. German engineers landed near the bridge in gliders, while parachute infantry attacked the perimeter defence. The bridge was damaged in the fighting, which slowed the German advance and gave the Allies time to evacuate 18,000 troops to Crete and 23,000 to Egypt, albeit with the loss of most of their heavy equipment. 1438:

air war in the Eastern Mediterranean, in co-ordination with the situation in North Africa." The directive also stated that the operation was to be in May and must not be allowed to interfere with the planned campaign against the Soviet Union. Before the invasion, the Germans conducted a bombing campaign to establish

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and 200–250 miles (320–400 km) from Crete. The transport aircraft flew from bases near Athens and southern Greece, including Eleusis, Tatoi, Megara and Corinth. British night bombers attacked the areas in the last few nights before the invasion, and Luftwaffe aircraft eliminated the British aircraft on Crete.

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known how swiftly the information reached Freyberg or how he used it. The German parachute warfare manual had been captured in 1940, and after the war Student said that he would have changed tactics had he known this. Field-signals intelligence was obtained, including bombing instructions and information from the

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others landed in fields, discharged their cargo and took off again. With the Germans willing to sacrifice some transport aircraft to win the battle, it is not clear whether a decision to destroy the airfields would have made any difference, particularly given the number of troops delivered by expendable gliders.

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foreknowledge increased the confidence of the local commanders in their dispositions. On 14 May, London warned that the attack could come any time after 17 May, which information Freyberg passed on to the garrison. On 16 May the British authorities expected an attack by 25,000 to 30,000 airborne troops in

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the docks; the Greeks counter-attacked and recaptured both points. The Germans dropped leaflets threatening dire consequences if the Allies did not surrender immediately. The next day, Heraklion was heavily bombed and the depleted Greek units were relieved and assumed a defensive position on the road to

1960:, originally reported 5,000 British troops on Crete and no Greek forces. It is not clear whether Canaris, who had an extensive intelligence network at his disposal, was misinformed or was attempting to sabotage Hitler's plans (Canaris was killed much later in the war for supposedly participating in the 4060:

Royal Navy shipborne anti-aircraft gun claims for the period of 15–27 May amounted to: "Twenty enemy aircraft ... shot down for certain, with 11 probables. At least 15 aircraft appeared to have been damaged ..."; from 28 May – 1 June, another two aircraft were claimed shot down and six more

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Hinsley wrote that it was difficult to measure the influence of intelligence gained during the battle, because although Ultra revealed German situation reports, reinforcement details and unit identifications, and although more intelligence was gleaned from prisoners and captured documents, it was not

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From 28 May – 1 June, troops were embarked for Egypt, most being lifted from Sfakia on the south coast, where about 6,000 troops were rescued on the night of 29/30 May but the force was attacked by Luftwaffe dive bombers on the voyage back and suffered many losses. About 4,000 men were withdrawn from

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Some paratroopers and gliders missed their objectives near both airfields and set up defensive positions to the west of Maleme Airfield and in "Prison Valley" near Chania. Both forces were contained and failed to take the airfields, but the defenders had to deploy to face them. Towards the evening of

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and his entourage escaped from Greece via Crete with the help of Greek and Commonwealth soldiers, Cretan civilians, and even a band of prisoners who had been released from captivity by the Germans. 12th Army Intelligence painted a less optimistic picture, but also underestimated the number of British

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The official historians recorded 147 Luftwaffe aircraft destroyed and 64 damaged beyond repair by enemy action, with 73 destroyed due to extensive non-combat damage, for a total of 284 aircraft. Another 84 planes had repairable non-combat damage. In 1987, Shores, Cull, and Malizia recorded losses of

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XI tactical code. Lack of air cover prevented much British air reconnaissance north of Crete, but on 21 May signals intelligence enabled an aircraft to spot a convoy. After midnight the navy sank twelve ships and the rest scattered, which led to a second invasion convoy being called back. The second

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The Germans captured a message from London marked "Personal for General Freyberg" which was translated into German and sent to Berlin. Dated 24 May and headed "According to most reliable source" it said where German troops were on the previous day (which could have been from reconnaissance) but also

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lay a large crater nicknamed "The Saucer", the only place wide and flat enough for a large parachute drop. Troops were stationed about its perimeter, to prevent a landing that might block the retreat. On the evening of the 27th, a small detachment of German troops penetrated Allied lines near Imbros

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of the 5th Brigade. A New Zealand officer present at the battle claimed a long delay ordering the planned counter-attack turned a night attack into a day attack, which led to its failure. Fears of a sea landing meant that a number of units that could have taken part in the attack were left in place,

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The troops also carried special strips of cloth to unfurl in patterns to signal to low-flying fighters, to co-ordinate air support and for supply drops. The German procedure was for individual weapons to be dropped in canisters, due to their practice of exiting the aircraft at low altitude. This was

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and to photograph all of the island. By 5 May it was clear that the attack was not imminent and, next day, 17 May was revealed as the expected day for the completion of preparations, along with the operation orders for the plan from the D-day landings in the vicinity of Maleme and Chania, Heraklion,

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had been withdrawn from routine operations, and on 24 April it became known that Göring had reserved them for a special operation. The operation turned out to be a descent on the Corinth Canal on 26 April, but then a second operation was discovered and that supplies (particularly of fuel), had to be

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were based at airfields near Athens, Argos and Corinth, all within 200 mi (320 km) of Crete, and the bomber or reconnaissance machines were accommodated at Athens, Salonica and a detachment on Rhodes, along with bases in Bulgaria at Sofia and Plovdiv, ten of the airfields being all-weather

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in Crete was established just two weeks after its capture. Throughout the German occupation in the years that followed, reprisals in retaliation for the involvement of the local population in the Cretan resistance continued. On several occasions, villagers were rounded up and summarily executed. In

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Cretan civilians joined the battle with whatever weapons were at hand. Most civilians went into action armed only with what they could gather from their kitchens or barns and several German parachutists were knifed or clubbed to death in olive groves. In one recorded incident, an elderly Cretan man

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VC, who was on the eastern side of the airfield. The lack of communication was assumed to mean that the battalion had been overrun in the west. With the weakened state of the eastern elements of the battalion and believing the western elements to have been overrun, Andrew requested reinforcement by

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held Maleme Airfield and the vicinity. The Germans suffered many casualties in the first hours of the invasion: a company of III Battalion, 1st Assault Regiment lost 112 killed out of 126 men, and 400 of 600 men in III Battalion were killed on the first day. Most of the parachutists were engaged by

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defences consisted of one light anti-aircraft battery equipped with 20 mm automatic cannon, split between the two airfields. The guns were camouflaged, often in nearby olive groves, and some were ordered to hold their fire during the initial assault to mask their positions from German fighters

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link, but Churchill ruled that the information must still be provided. When Freyberg took over on 30 April, the information was disguised as information from a spy in Athens. Remaining doubts about an attack on Crete were removed on 1 May, when the Luftwaffe was ordered to stop bombing airfields on

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had been transferred to Crete to replace the trained soldiers sent to fight on the mainland. These troops were already organised into numbered recruit training regiments, and it was decided to use this structure to organise the Greek troops, supplementing them with experienced men arriving from the

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intercepts. Freyberg, informed of the air component of the German battle plan, had started to prepare a defence near the airfields and along the north coast. He had been hampered by a lack of modern equipment, and the lightly armed paratroopers had about the same firepower as the defenders, if not

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Colonel Campbell, the commander at Rethymno, was forced to surrender his contingent. Rethymno fell and on the night of 30 May, German motorcycle troops linked up with the Italian troops who had landed on Sitia. On 1 June, the remaining 5,000 defenders at Sfakia surrendered. By the end of December,

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As night fell, none of the German objectives had been secured. Of 493 German transport aircraft used during the airdrop, seven were lost to anti-aircraft fire. The bold plan to attack in four places to maximise surprise, rather than concentrating on one, seemed to have failed, although the reasons

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and the Greek 3rd, 7th and "Garrison" (ex-5th Crete Division) battalions. The Greeks lacked equipment and supplies, particularly the Garrison Battalion. The Germans pierced the defensive cordon around Heraklion on the first day, seizing the Greek barracks on the west edge of the town and capturing

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in Alexandria. The staff felt the invasion was doomed now that it had been compromised and may have wanted the airfields intact for the RAF once the invasion was defeated. The Germans were able to land reinforcements without fully operational airfields. One transport pilot crash-landed on a beach,

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Though Kippenberger had referred to them as "...nothing more than malaria-ridden little chaps...with only four weeks of service," the Greek troops repulsed German attacks until they ran out of ammunition, whereupon they began charging with fixed bayonets, overrunning German positions and capturing

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light machine-guns and forty miscellaneous LMGs. Many Greek soldiers had fewer than thirty rounds of ammunition but could not be supplied by the British, who had no stocks in the correct calibres. Those with insufficient ammunition were posted to the eastern sector of Crete, where the Germans were

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the year before, may also have played a role in their thinking, especially before the advent of the much more important invasion of the Soviet Union. Hitler was won over by the audacious proposal and in Directive 31 he asserted that "Crete... will be the operational base from which to carry on the

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The British lost 1,742 killed, 1,737 wounded, and 11,835 taken prisoner from a garrison of slightly more than 32,000 men; and there were 1,828 dead and 183 wounded Royal Navy personnel. Of a force of more than 10,000 men, 5,255 Greek troops were captured. After the war, the Allied graves from the

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The Air operation impact of the Battle of Crete to Operation Barbarossa was direct. The considerable losses of the Luftwaffe during the operation Mercury, specifically regarding troop carrier planes, affected the capacity of air power operations at the start of the Russian campaign. Additionally,

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Pioneer Battalion advanced on the town. These air attacks enabled the escape of German paratroopers captured on 20 May; the escapees killed or captured several New Zealand officers assigned to lead the 1st Greek Regiment. The Greeks put up determined resistance but, with only 600 rifles and a few

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It appears that General Freyberg was introduced to Ultra only shortly before the battle of Crete began and therefore had no time to become familiar with its proper interpretation. This situation was exacerbated by the fact that 'he was forbidden to show it (the information derived from Ultra) to

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was disabled by Italian explosive motor boats and beached on 26 March; and was later wrecked by demolition charges when Crete was evacuated in May. By 1 June, the eastern Mediterranean strength of the Royal Navy had been reduced to two battleships and three cruisers, against four battleships and

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The German Air Ministry was shocked by the number of transport aircraft lost in the battle, and Student, reflecting on the casualties suffered by the paratroopers, concluded after the war that Crete was the death of the airborne force. Hitler, believing airborne forces to be a weapon of surprise

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Regiment and halted the German advance. When the main unit was safely to the rear, the Māori retreated 24 miles (39 km), losing only two killed and eight wounded, all of whom were recovered. Layforce was the only big unit in this area to be cut off. Layforce had been sent to Crete by way of

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At 13:30 on 28 May, the Italians believed that three cruisers and six destroyers of the Royal Navy were steaming up towards the northern coast of Crete in support of Allied troops, but the Royal Navy was fully occupied evacuating the Crete garrison. The Italians assumed that the Royal Navy force

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Garrison Battalion, a defence unit made up mostly of transport and supply personnel; and remnants of the 12th and 20th Greek divisions, which had also escaped from the mainland to Crete and were organised under British command. Cadets from the Gendarmerie academy and recruits from Greek training

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was based on this action.) The Royal Navy had suffered so many losses from air attacks that on 23 May Admiral Cunningham signalled his superiors that daylight operations could no longer continue, but the Chiefs of Staff demurred. German search-and-rescue aircraft and Italian motor torpedo boats

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were killed. Eight caiques were caught and sunk, while at least another six managed to get away, along with three Italian escorting motor-sailing boats. Only one caïque and one cutter from the convoy reached Crete. The caïque landed 3 officers and 110 German soldiers near Cape Spatha, while the

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denied the request on the mistaken grounds that the 23rd Battalion was busy repulsing parachutists in its sector. After a failed counter-attack late in the day on 20 May, with the eastern elements of his battalion, Andrew withdrew under cover of darkness to regroup, with the consent of Hargest.

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of shipping and the effect of air attacks on Crete, which began on 14 May 1941. A postponement of the invasion was revealed on 15 May, and on 19 May, the probable date was given as the next day. The German objectives in Crete were similar to the areas already being prepared by the British, but

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No RAF units were based permanently at Crete until April 1941, but airfield construction had begun, radar sites had been built and stores delivered. Equipment was scarce in the Mediterranean and in the backwater of Crete. The British forces had seven commanders in seven months. In early April,

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to make changes. Only six days before the initial assault, the Vice Chief of Air Staff presciently wrote: "If the Army attach any importance to air superiority at the time of an invasion then they must take steps to protect our aerodromes with something more than men in their first or second

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Official German casualty figures are contradictory due to minor variations in documents produced by German commands on various dates. Davin estimated 6,698 losses, based upon an examination of various sources. Davin wrote that his estimate might exclude lightly wounded soldiers.

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1941) and suspected that references to Crete were a deception, despite having no grounds for this, and on 3 May Churchill thought that the attack might be a decoy. The command in Crete had been informed on 18 April, despite the doubts, and Crete was added to a link from the

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After the King had escaped to Crete on 22 April and issued a defiant memorandum to the Germans, Hitler responded by attacking him in a speech on 4 May. The British feared a propaganda coup if a sovereign monarch under their protection were to be captured, and helped him to

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Overnight, the 22nd New Zealand Infantry Battalion withdrew from Hill 107, leaving Maleme Airfield undefended. During the previous day, the Germans had cut communications between the two westernmost companies of the battalion and the battalion commander, Lieutenant Colonel

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officer, was appointed commander of the Allied forces on Crete (Creforce). He was Churchill's personal choice, as the British Prime Minister admired his loyalty and the bravery he had shown during the First World War. By May, the Greek forces consisted of approximately

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20 May, the Germans slowly pushed the New Zealanders back from Hill 107, which overlooked the airfield. Greek police and cadets took part, with the 1st Greek Regiment (Provisional) combining with armed civilians to rout a detachment of German paratroopers dropped at

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attack aircraft, arrived in the afternoon, dropping more paratroopers and gliders containing assault troops. One group attacked at Rethymno at 16:15 and another attacked at Heraklion at 17:30, where the defenders were waiting for them and inflicted many casualties.

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on the north coast were ready and another strip at Pediada-Kastelli was nearly finished. After the German invasion of Greece, the role of the Crete garrison changed from the defence of a naval anchorage to preparing to repel an invasion. On 17 April, Group Captain

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light tanks. Italian participation in the battle of Crete was limited and finally on 28 May, when the campaign was already decided in the Germans' favour and Allied evacuation had begun, an Italian landing force approached the east coast of the island, off Sitia.

3302:"). Command in London decided the cause was hopeless after General Wavell informed the Prime Minister at 0842, 27 May, that the battle was lost, and ordered an evacuation. Freyberg concurrently ordered his troops to withdraw to the south coast to be evacuated. 3200:

thousand rounds of ammunition available for 1,000 ill-trained men, they were unable to repel the German advance. Fighting by the remnants of the 1st Greek Regiment continued in the Kastelli area until 26 May, hampering German efforts to land reinforcements.

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clubbed a parachutist to death with his walking cane, before the German could disentangle himself from his parachute. In another recorded incident, a local priest and his teenage son broke into a small village museum and took two rifles from the era of the

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to be brought up and dug in at strategic points. One Matilda had a damaged turret crank that allowed it to turn clockwise only. Many British tanks broke down in the rough terrain, not in combat. The British and their allies did not possess sufficient

2336:– not effective anti-personnel weapons. (High explosive rounds in small calibres were considered impractical). The tanks were in poor mechanical condition, as the engines were worn and could not be overhauled on Crete. Most tanks were used as mobile 9910: 7770:. The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945. Vol. I (New Zealand Electronic Text Centre (online) ed.). Wellington, NZ: Historical Publications Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, Government of New Zealand. 3383:

The Germans pushed the British, Commonwealth and Greek forces steadily southward, using aerial and artillery bombardment, followed by waves of motorcycle and mountain troops (the rocky terrain making it difficult to employ tanks). The garrisons at

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On 26 May, in the face of the stalled German advance, senior Wehrmacht officers requested Mussolini to send Italian Army units to Crete in order to help the German forces fighting there. On the afternoon of 27 May, an Italian convoy departed from

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and sniped at German paratroops at landing zones. The Cretans also used captured German small arms. The Crete civilian actions against the Germans were not limited to harassment; mobs of armed civilians joined in the Greek counter-attacks at

7160:. The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945 (New Zealand Electronic Text Collection online ed.). Wellington, NZ: Historical Publications Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, Government of New Zealand. 2860:

at 10:00. King made the "difficult" decision not to press the attack, despite his overpowering advantage, because of the shortage of ammunition and the severity of the air attacks. The transports were defended by a torpedo charge by

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a flaw that left the paratroopers armed only with knives, pistols and grenades in the first few minutes after landing. Poor design of German parachutes compounded the problem; the standard German harness had only one riser to the

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dive bombers, dug-in paratroops and mountain troops. The attack slowly petered out and failed to retake the airfield, which forced the defenders into withdrawals to the eastern end of the island, to avoid being out-flanked.

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sea; late decrypts reduced uncertainty over the seaborne invasion.) The British mistakes were smaller than those of the Germans, who estimated the garrison to be only a third of the true figure. (The after-action report of

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Churchill claimed that the Germans must have suffered well over 15,000 casualties. Buckley, based on British intelligence assumptions of two enemies wounded for every one killed, gave an estimate of 16,800 casualties. The

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in western Crete fell, enabling the Germans to land reinforcements and overwhelm the defensive positions on the north of the island. Allied forces withdrew to the south coast. More than half were evacuated by the British

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The Battle of Crete was not the first occasion during the Second World War where the German troops encountered widespread resistance from a civilian population, as similar events took place during the invasion of Poland

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In 1956, Playfair and the other British official historians, gave figures of 1,990 Germans killed, 2,131 wounded, 1,995 missing, a total of 6,116 men "compiled from what appear to be the most reliable German records".

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was hit by several bombs and had to be left behind due to the air attacks; the ship was sunk and 22 officers and 700 ratings were killed. The air attacks on Force A1 and Force C continued; two bombs hit the battleship

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which had now lost that advantage, concluded that the days of the airborne corps were over and directed that paratroopers should be employed as ground-based troops in subsequent operations in the Soviet Union.

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The first convincing demonstration of this potential in operational conditions came in May 1941, when the entire plan for the German airborne capture of Crete was decrypted two weeks before the invasion took

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Reports of German casualties in British reports are in almost all cases exaggerated and are not accepted against the official contemporary German returns, prepared for normal purposes and not for propaganda.

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would have been a risky proposition. With German air superiority assured, an airborne invasion was chosen. This was to be the first big airborne invasion, although the Germans had made smaller parachute and

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childhood". Shocked and disappointed with the Army's inexplicable failure to recognise the importance of airfields in modern warfare, Churchill made the RAF responsible for the defence of its bases and the

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were ordered respectively at 14:02 and 14:07 to provide anti-aircraft support. Writing in despatches after the battle, Cunningham stated that King was unaware of the shortage of anti-aircraft ammunition in

2891:. Concerned about the level of anti-aircraft ammunition available following repeated air attacks, the combined force was ordered to report on their stock of high-angle ammunition at 09:31. Of the cruisers, 9922: 1914:

to Cairo, while on 16 and 21 April, intelligence that airborne operations were being prepared in Bulgaria was passed on. On 22 April, the HQ in Crete was ordered to burn all material received through the

1425:, the invasion of the Soviet Union, and was largely opposed to a German attack on Crete. However, Hitler remained concerned about attacks in other theatres, in particular on his Romanian fuel supply, and 972: 3698:

was formed on 1 February 1942. Allied commanders at first worried the Germans might use Crete as a springboard for further operations in the Mediterranean East Basin, possibly for an airborne attack on

2798:

although this possibility was removed by the Royal Navy which arrived too late for the plans to be changed. The delayed counter-attack on the airfield came in daylight on 22 May, when the troops faced

2390:, but there was debate over the concentration of forces there and the number to be deployed against other objectives, such as the smaller airfields at Heraklion and Rethymno. The Luftwaffe commander, 2699:

In the afternoon of 21 May 1941, Freyberg ordered a counter-attack to retake Maleme Airfield during the night of 21/22 May. The 2/7th Battalion was to move 18 miles (29 km) north to relieve the

1311:. The defence of Crete evolved into a costly naval engagement; by the end of the campaign the Royal Navy's eastern Mediterranean strength had been reduced to only two battleships and three cruisers. 1772:

moved from Germany to the Athens area, but the destruction wrought during the invasion of Greece forced a postponement of the attack to 20 May. New airfields were built, and 280 long-range bombers,

1662:

On 17 May, the garrison on Crete included about 15,000 Britons, 7,750 New Zealanders, 6,500 Australians and 10,200 Greeks. On the morning of 19 May, these were augmented by a further 700 men of the

10801: 2856:

as the German pilots tried to avoid killing their troops in the water. The British squadron was under constant air attack and, short of anti-aircraft ammunition, steamed on toward Milos, sighting

4295:

From 20 May to 2 June: 4 Cruisers, 8 Destroyers, 2 Minesweepers, 5 Motor torpedo boats were sunk and 3 Battleships, 1 Aircraft Carrier, 7 Cruisers, 9 Destroyers and 2 assault ships were damaged.

3689:

on 27 May distracted British public opinion but the loss of Crete, particularly as a result of the failure of the Allied land forces to recognise the strategic importance of the airfields, led

8819: 6604:

anyone or to discuss it with his intelligence staff.' Moreover, tight security regulations prohibiting him from taking action on the basis of uncorroborated Ultra evidence limited its value.

1867:

then more delays forced a postponement until 20 May 1941. The War Cabinet in Britain had expected the Germans to use paratroops in the Balkans, and on 25 March, British decrypts of Luftwaffe

1484:

was appointed Senior Air Officer, Crete, taking over from a flight-lieutenant whose duties and instructions had been only vaguely defined. Beamish was ordered to prepare the reception of the

8735: 7319: 10757: 10588: 3579:, who was nicknamed "The Butcher of Crete". After the war, Müller was tried by a Greek military court and executed. Assaults on civilians with lower death tolls occurred in places like 3404:

Near Souda, the 5th New Zealand Brigade and the 2/7th Australian Battalion, held off the 141st Mountain Regiment, which had begun a flanking manoeuvre, and on 28 May, at the village of

1613:

and Commonwealth troops evacuated from the mainland. These evacuees were a combination of intact units, composite units improvised locally, stragglers from every type of army unit, and

10791: 1843:

replacing the 22nd Air Landing Division. To support the German attack on Crete, eleven Italian submarines took post off Crete or the British bases of Sollum and Alexandria in Egypt.

9905: 3775:, the official historian of British intelligence during the war, wrote that the Germans had more casualties in the conquest of Crete than in the rest of the Greek campaign; the 7th 14875: 3450:

about 500 Commonwealth troops remained at large on the island. While scattered and disorganised, these men and the partisans harassed German troops for long after the withdrawal.

2948:

Channel, rendezvousing with Force C between 13:30 and 14:00. As the more senior admiral, King took command, with air attacks now inflicting damage on both forces. A bomb struck

1105: 3904:

four burial grounds that had been established by the Germans were moved to Souda Bay War Cemetery. A large number of civilians were killed in the crossfire or died fighting as

1980:, the late republican prime minister of Greece, had been a Cretan and support for his ideas was strong on the island, the Germans seriously underestimated Cretan loyalty. King 10854: 8820: 2993:. At 14:13 King and Rawlings exchanged messages about the shortage of ammunition within both Force C and Force A1, with Rawlings expressing concern about the orders given to 10849: 10769: 10634: 6855: 4638: 3233:

Awful news from Crete. We are scuppered there, and I'm afraid the morale and material effects will be serious. Certainly the Germans are past-masters in the art of war—and

14930: 10053: 489: 3648:(22 June 1941) had been set several weeks before the Crete operation was considered and the directive by Hitler for Operation Mercury made it plain that preparations for 13375: 10517: 1531:

were built for the aircraft, and barrels full of petrol were kept ready to be ignited by machine-gun fire. Around each ground, a few field guns, anti-aircraft guns, two

13120: 12728: 3756:

contained a passage recounting that the operational area had been so well prepared that it gave the impression that the garrison had known the time of the invasion.)

2746:, with three light cruisers and four destroyers, intercepted the convoy before midnight; the convoy turned back with the loss of more than half of its boats, despite 2189:. The Germans used colour-coded parachutes to distinguish the canisters carrying rifles, ammunition, crew-served weapons and other supplies. Heavy equipment like the 14726: 12744: 11432: 5664: 2268:

rifles and ammunition. The engineers had to be reinforced by two battalions of German paratroops, yet the 8th Regiment held on until 27 May, when the Germans made a

1330:

encountered mass resistance from a civilian population. Due to the number of casualties and the belief that airborne forces no longer had the advantage of surprise,

1157: 1137: 8478:. The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945 (New Zealand Electronic Text Centre ed.). Wellington: Historical Publications Branch. 8044:. The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945 (New Zealand Electronic Text Centre ed.). Wellington: Historical Publications Branch. 1390:), succeeded in overrunning mainland Greece. At the end of the month, 57,000 Allied troops were evacuated by the Royal Navy. Some were sent to Crete to bolster its 10839: 10553: 13064: 8740: 5461: 12667: 12639: 11783: 10108: 3048:

that night. The Royal Navy had lost two cruisers and a destroyer but had managed to force the invasion fleet to turn round. Royal Navy AA gunners shot down five

1322:, the first mainly airborne invasion in military history, the first time the Allies made significant use of intelligence from decrypted German messages from the 14935: 14705: 13384: 13071: 12205: 10608: 2824: 1511:

British and Greek soldiers were on the island, and the defence devolved to the shaken and poorly equipped troops from Greece, assisted by the last fighters of

1026: 14865: 13687: 13050: 12359: 11984: 10859: 2276:. Beevor and McDougal Stewart write that the defence of Alikianos gained at least 24 more hours for the completion of the final leg of the evacuation behind 36: 5487: 1633:. There were about 15,000 front-line Commonwealth infantry, augmented by about 5,000 non-infantry personnel equipped as infantry and a composite Australian 14870: 12700: 12646: 11832: 10043: 9061: 8680: 3522:

against civilians began. Between 2 June and 1 August 195 persons from the village of Alikianos and its vicinity were killed in mass shootings known as the

3272: 13157: 12653: 12269: 4844: 1098: 7809: 14880: 11679: 10874: 10603: 3253: 2201:

and could not be steered. Even the 25 percent of paratroops armed with sub-machine guns were at a disadvantage, given the weapon's limited range. Many

1167: 10113: 13043: 12490: 12366: 11263: 10844: 9917: 5357: 2249:

not expected in force. The 8th Greek Regiment was under strength and many soldiers were poorly trained and poorly equipped. The unit was attached to

5517: 5429: 3788:

convoy was intercepted during the morning of 22 May, despite the cost to the navy of a daylight operation, and no more seaborne attempts were made.

3675:, eased the Royal Navy evacuation of the defenders. The delay of Operation Barbarossa was exacerbated also by the late spring and floods in Poland. 3408:, the 5th New Zealand Brigade fought a rearguard action. The Luftwaffe was over Rethymno and Heraklion and they were able to retreat down the road. 14885: 12343: 11723: 10944: 10548: 7328: 2272:

assault by Luftwaffe aircraft and mountain troops. The Greek stand helped to protect the retreat of the Commonwealth forces, who were evacuated at

482: 1429:

commanders were enthusiastic about the idea of seizing Crete by a daring airborne attack. The desire to regain prestige after their defeat by the

12780: 12092: 10568: 7595: 3393: 3356:. The 3,000 men of the division and their equipment were on shore by 17:20 and advanced west mostly unopposed, rendezvousing with the Germans at 4286:

The following forces were present on Crete as of 20 May 1941: Armed Forces: 15,063; Royal Navy: 425; Royal Marines: 1,941; Royal Air Force: 618.

2793:

The defending force organised for a night counter-attack on Maleme by two New Zealand battalions, the 20th Battalion of the 4th Brigade and the

14915: 14900: 14890: 14860: 12599: 11901: 9070: 8281: 8258:

The Cretan Resistance 1941–1945: The Official British Report of 1945 Together with Comments by British Officers who took part in the Resistance

4224: 3282:

Troops of the German 141st Mountain Regiment blocked a section of the road between Souda and Chania. On the morning of 27 May, the New Zealand

1091: 14598: 3664:

and were forced to redeploy to Poland and Romania by the end of May. Movement of surviving units from Greece was not delayed. The transfer of

13391: 13354: 13331: 12852: 11774: 11744: 9824: 8777: 4513: 3889: 3555: 2165:

of its range. It fired a 13 lb (5.9 kg) shell more than 3 mi (4.8 km). A quarter of the German paratroops jumped with an

1933: 984: 13106: 7632: 5326: 1801:

dive-bombers were based on forward airfields at Molaoi, Melos and Karpathos (then Scarpanto), with Corinth and Argos as base airfields. The

13484: 13340: 13324: 13296: 12544: 11751: 8920: 7779: 5589: 4491: 1703:

On 25 April, Hitler signed Directive 28, ordering the invasion of Crete. The Royal Navy retained control of the waters around Crete, so an

10138: 6089:

World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection

14241: 13308: 13220: 13164: 13127: 12409: 6103: 6064: 3389: 1403: 1367:

in the mainland campaign. This arrangement suited the British: Crete could provide the Royal Navy with excellent harbours in the eastern

475: 8487: 7169: 6025: 4782: 3502: 2345:

or trucks, which would have provided the mobility and firepower needed for rapid counter-attacks before the invaders could consolidate.

13213: 11945: 10498: 10391: 10133: 8886: 8053: 7349:

Hitler's Malta Option: A Comparison of the Invasion of Crete (Operation Merkur) and the Proposed Invasion of Malta (Operation Hercules)

4596: 2771:, against an overwhelmingly superior Allied naval force. A total of 297 German soldiers, two Italian seamen and two British sailors on 1496:

squadrons from Egypt and the remaining fighter aircraft from Greece, to cover the evacuation of W Force, which enabled the transfer of

1019: 8769: 7674: 2686: 14719: 13347: 11737: 11695: 10829: 10527: 10327: 10267: 10153: 10103: 9866: 6440: 3397: 8716: 14568: 12387: 12161: 11924: 11790: 11601: 10929: 10598: 10507: 9546: 9054: 4676: 1338:

as ground troops. In contrast, the Allies were impressed by the potential of paratroopers and started to form airborne-assault and

10522: 4728: 3760:

specified that the Germans were next going to "attack Suda Bay". This could have indicated that Enigma messages were compromised.

3534:

to the ground and about 180 of its inhabitants killed. After the war, Student, who ordered the shootings, avoided prosecution for

2280:. The troops who were protected as they withdrew had begun the battle with more and better equipment than the 8th Greek Regiment. 1989:, the theatre commander, was convinced the island could be taken with two divisions, but decided to keep 6th Mountain Division in 1902:

The British Chiefs of Staff were apprehensive that the target could be changed to Cyprus or Syria as a route into Iraq during the

13463: 13260: 12297: 11797: 11709: 11645: 6926: 6863: 4630: 2711:

have criticised Freyberg for not properly defending Maleme Airfield.) Hargest also blamed Freyberg for the loss of the airfield.

794: 4057:

eleven cruisers of the Italian Navy. For the British, the Battle of Crete was the costliest naval engagement of the entire war.

1685: 84: 13666: 13178: 12028: 11566: 11524: 10811: 3683: 2840: 2816: 2219: 1911: 1630: 1626: 1507:

1941, but Luftwaffe attacks forced most ships to turn back, and only 2,700 long tons (2,700 t) were delivered. Only about

891: 587: 2580:. The 8th Greek Regiment and elements of the Cretan forces severely hampered movement by the 95th Reconnaissance Battalion on 2071: 1823:

to capture important points on the island, including airfields that could then be used to fly in supplies and reinforcements.

14262: 14167: 13694: 13440: 13315: 12401: 12375: 12232: 11938: 11855: 11144: 9605: 8639: 8603: 8573: 8554: 8531: 8512: 8462: 8439: 8417: 8398: 8379: 8317: 8298: 8265: 8246: 8227: 8200: 8181: 8162: 8143: 8116: 8097: 8078: 8028: 8009: 7984: 7965: 7946: 7927: 7894: 7875: 7856: 7837: 7752: 7716: 7626: 7589: 7561: 7534: 7511: 7473: 7454: 7429: 7397: 7378: 7356: 7309: 7286: 7267: 7248: 7223: 7211: 7194: 7127: 7108: 7085: 7057: 7038: 7019: 6997: 6978: 6584: 6545: 6097: 6058: 6019: 5997: 5658: 4817: 4776: 2884: 2382:

was not to be delayed by the attack on Crete, which had to begin soon or would be cancelled. Planning was rushed and much of

1836: 1584:, which had been left behind when the rest of the unit had been transferred to the mainland against the German invasion; the 1012: 6590: 6375: 3344:, the planned landing site, by 17:00 and the commander decided that the slowest ship of the convoy would be taken in tow by 2572:

fire seconds after landing, and the New Zealand and Greek defenders almost annihilated the glider troops who landed safely.

2043: 14495: 13902: 13788: 12953: 12420: 12416: 12394: 11998: 11467: 10781: 9497: 3550:

and west of the Ierapetra provinces were looted and burnt in September 1943, with more than 500 of their inhabitants being

3542: 3530:

by a firing squad, with the shootings being captured on film by a German army war correspondent. On 3 June, the village of

1809: 1561: 1550: 1399: 255: 5648: 3052:

and five Ju 88s and damaged sixteen more, some of which crash-landed upon their return to base on the night of 21/22 May.

2876:

was hit. Cunningham later criticised King, saying that the safest place during the air attack was amongst the flotilla of

1976:

feelings and would want to receive the "... favourable terms which had been arranged on the mainland ..." While

14910: 14410: 13874: 13206: 13192: 12405: 10776: 9047: 8659: 3291: 3287: 2627: 2568:

New Zealanders defending the airfield and by Greek forces near Chania. Many gliders following the paratroops were hit by

2374:) with Directive 28; the forces used were to come from airborne and air units already in the area and units intended for 2250: 6486: 3796: 3779:

was decimated, leaving the Germans with a crippled airborne arm. It was the only unit of its kind and was not rebuilt.

14905: 14619: 14488: 14366: 13944: 13659: 13610: 13368: 12923: 12175: 12014: 11862: 11716: 10403: 7999: 5974:

Germany and the Second World War, Volume 3, Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, p. 549, Oxford University Press, 1995

5457: 5311:

Germany and the Second World War, Volume 3, Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, p. 546, Oxford University Press, 1995

3130:

s off Cape Spatha on Rodopou peninsula, western Crete, on the night of 22/23 May and then shell the Germans at Maleme.

2406:

fighters and it was near the north coast, so seaborne reinforcements could be brought up quickly. A compromise plan by

2386:

was improvised, including the use of troops who were not trained for airborne assaults. The Germans planned to capture

2300:. The British had about 85 artillery pieces of various calibres, many of them captured Italian weapons without sights. 2050: 1535:

and two or three light tanks were sited. The three areas were made into independent sectors, but there were only eight

44: 7486:. Naval Staff History, Second World War. Battle Summary (rev. ed.). London: Admiralty Historical Section. 1960 . 14735: 13617: 13589: 13406: 12988: 12707: 12674: 11422: 11185: 10491: 9660: 8836: 4320: 2940:

At 12:25 Force A1, stationed 20 to 30 miles west of Antikythera, received a request from King to support the damaged

2090: 1840: 1713: 1663: 11890: 3221:

and arranged for the tanks to be lowered onto it. At dusk the next day, the lighter, towed by the small harbour tug

3126:

were sunk. They were sent to pick up survivors and then diverted to attack a German convoy of about fifty ships and

2692: 2109: 14772: 13930: 13867: 13002: 12838: 11961: 10806: 10058: 9655: 9222: 6773: 6125: 4314: 2024: 1969: 1890:, was identified at Plovdiv. Notice of the target of these units did not arrive, but on 18 April it was found that 1884: 1839:

once the airfields were secure. The operation was scheduled for 16 May 1941, but was postponed to 20 May, with the

12515: 8745: 278: 14296: 14137: 14126: 13962: 13721: 13680: 13573: 13511: 12898: 12168: 12037: 12005: 10165: 9780: 9083: 7662: 5483: 2057: 1859:

did not add an attack on Crete to Operation Marita until March 1941; supply difficulties delayed the assembly of

1540: 1464: 1036: 847: 12685: 12253: 8687: 3071:

Fighting against fresh German troops, the Allies retreated southward. The 5th Destroyer Flotilla, consisting of

14682: 14654: 14532: 14325: 13562: 13013: 12939: 12735: 12106: 11825: 11730: 11615: 11178: 11164: 10796: 10764: 10481: 10277: 10179: 9575: 9570: 9323: 9313: 8879: 7800:. Dept of the Army Pamphlet. Washington, DC: Dept. of the Army, Office of the Chief of Military History. 1952. 4834: 2028: 1581: 1364: 813: 2410:

was agreed, and in the final draft, Maleme was to be captured first, while not ignoring the other objectives.

14920: 14742: 14675: 14626: 14557: 14382: 13888: 13839: 13603: 13596: 13199: 12960: 12751: 11804: 11461: 10992: 10583: 9768: 8999: 8989: 8092:. London, Australia, South Africa (Greek pbk. Efstathiadis Group ed.). New Zealand: Century Hutchinson. 7795: 7584:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II. Naval & Military Press. 3831: 3328: 1642: 685: 523: 7138:"Cunningham, A. B., The Battle of Crete, Despatch to the Lord Commissioners of the Admiralty, 4 August 1941" 2039: 14816: 14712: 14087: 14048: 12967: 12802: 12787: 12714: 12693: 12511: 12189: 11975: 11968: 11952: 11663: 11622: 11594: 11509: 11171: 10908: 10512: 10293: 10201: 10091: 9897: 9640: 9410: 8750: 3707:. Operation Barbarossa made it apparent that the occupation of Crete was a defensive measure to secure the 2700: 2564: 2560: 2556: 1187: 880: 5353: 14925: 14779: 14103: 14055: 13673: 13645: 13498: 13113: 13092: 12613: 12276: 12182: 11672: 11516: 11481: 11058: 10890: 10593: 10148: 9119: 7652: 7575: 5509: 5421: 3804: 2828: 2186: 1192: 652: 536: 499: 9795: 8789: 8174:

The Fortress Crete 1941–1944 The Secret War 1941–1944: Espionage and Counter-Espionage in Occupied Crete

6911:

Davin, p. 486 and Playfair, p.147, for RN Casualties. The total number excludes several hundred RN PoWs.

4247: 3576: 2215: 2130: 14850: 14577: 14073: 13992: 13937: 13825: 13781: 13431: 13057: 12981: 12883: 12760: 12632: 12625: 12585: 12558: 12290: 12223: 11818: 11629: 11559: 11437: 11417: 11192: 11159: 11154: 10048: 9395: 9262: 8967: 1132: 1060: 963: 839: 601: 7579: 4578:] (in Greek). Athens: Γενικό Επιτελειο Στρατού, Διεύθυνση Ιστορίας Στρατού . 1990. pp. 15–16. 542: 14479: 14396: 14181: 14041: 14013: 13846: 13751: 13541: 12974: 12048: 11702: 11053: 11036: 11024: 10502: 10476: 10471: 9691: 9371: 9134: 8872: 8855: 8595: 4449: 3867:

Exaggerated reports of German casualties began to appear after the battle had ended. In New Zealand,

3723: 3468:

and Paleochora; the British and New Zealand advisers at these locations were hard pressed to prevent

2739: 2732: 2322: 1985:

Commonwealth forces and the number of Greek troops who had been evacuated from the mainland. General

1725: 1546: 1115: 1067: 918: 860: 705: 693: 12246: 4244: – documentary containing eyewitness accounts of participants in battle and resistance movement 14845: 14218: 14195: 13447: 13248: 13241: 12905: 12565: 12537: 12530: 11917: 11503: 11258: 11119: 10272: 9615: 9610: 9405: 9154: 7745:

Germany and the Second World War: The Mediterranean, South-east Europe, and North Africa, 1939–1941

6893:

Davin, p. 486 and Playfair, p.147, for RN Casualties. This number includes those missing in action.

4358: 4240: 3869: 1618: 1172: 1152: 746: 12262: 12239: 8774: 7137: 4520: 1968:

also predicted the Cretan population would welcome the Germans as liberators, due to their strong

1899:

XI by 5 May; a Luftwaffe message referring to Crete for the first time was decrypted on 26 April.

14855: 14640: 14584: 14454: 14314: 13999: 13652: 13548: 13454: 13022: 12890: 12860: 12824: 12809: 12681: 12573: 12551: 12497: 12483: 12465: 12129: 11910: 11638: 11587: 11129: 11124: 11078: 11073: 10954: 10644: 10125: 9878: 9873: 9597: 9479: 9457: 9213: 9203: 9144: 7763: 7612: 7417: 5322: 4107: 3704: 3665: 2314: 2229: 2017: 1828: 1783: 1622: 1602: 1414: 1182: 1162: 901: 672: 566: 184: 8764: 4252: 3472:. Civilians also checked the Germans to the north and west of Heraklion and in the town centre. 2264:

where, with local civilian volunteers, they held out against the German 7th Engineer Battalion.

2244: 14332: 14225: 14027: 13978: 13881: 13774: 13744: 13527: 13415: 13141: 12932: 12523: 12504: 12474: 12021: 11991: 10360: 10246: 10241: 10028: 10024: 9861: 7979:. Whitehall Histories. Vol. II. London: Whitehall History in association with Frank Cass. 7416:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series One – Army. Vol. II (1st ed.). Canberra: 7052:. Whitehall Histories. Vol. II. London: Whitehall History in association with Frank Cass. 4487: 4432: 4234: 3690: 3588: 3584: 2293: 2224: 1941: 1295: 1055: 717: 645: 620: 8617:(Greek pbk edition (in English): Efstathiadis Group, Athens ed.). London: Andre Deutsch. 8473: 8355:: The Story of the Kidnapping of General Karl Kreipe, the German Divisional Commander in Crete 6087: 6048: 1334:

became reluctant to authorise further large airborne operations, preferring instead to employ

14823: 14546: 14389: 14285: 14255: 14211: 13951: 13916: 13909: 13832: 13730: 13171: 13148: 12995: 12606: 12143: 11883: 11869: 11552: 11427: 11312: 11295: 11202: 11063: 10721: 10573: 10355: 10086: 9949: 9487: 9400: 8960: 8039: 7574:; Flynn, Captain F.C.; Molony, Brigadier C.J.C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S.E. (2004) . 7155: 6415:, Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt ed, (1995), see especially p.376; McDonald, C. (1995) 6009: 4766: 3596: 3592: 3527: 3519: 3506: 3485: 3411:

The retreat of the brigade was covered by two companies of the Māori Battalion under Captain

3361: 3299: 2333: 2329: 2301: 2064: 1977: 1753: 1221: 1177: 1142: 867: 807: 699: 12441: 8412:. Australian Army Campaigns. Canberra, Australia: Australian Military History Publications. 7504:

Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean Theater, 1940–1945

4592: 3812: 3060: 1875:

XI was assembling Ju 52s for glider-towing, and British Military Intelligence reported that

14647: 14502: 14153: 14110: 14080: 14006: 13816: 13795: 12721: 12198: 11876: 11475: 11338: 11197: 10949: 10934: 10196: 9959: 9462: 9208: 9149: 8994: 8984: 8851: 8352: 7656: 7499: 5397: 4423: 4415: 4407: 3767: 3766:

in 1991 and P. D. Antill in 2005 wrote that Allied commanders knew of the invasion through

3523: 3489: 3107: 2794: 2403: 1916: 1528: 1520: 1500:

and Dominion troops to the island, preparatory to their relief by fresh troops from Egypt.

1493: 1422: 1147: 799: 633: 553: 9736: 8193:

An Abridged History of the Greek-Italian and Greek-German War, 1940–1941 (Land Operations)

6579:. Studies in Intelligence. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge (published 2013). p. 47. 6432: 3743:

and by 10,000 troops transported by sea. (The real figures were 15,750 airborne troops in

8: 14765: 14539: 14417: 14373: 13895: 13029: 12795: 12322: 12152: 12136: 12085: 11489: 11333: 11275: 11109: 11104: 11068: 10691: 10649: 10639: 10455: 10298: 10262: 10236: 10211: 10063: 10038: 10004: 9999: 9969: 9580: 9447: 9318: 8933: 8910: 8713: 7151: 3976: 3912: 3905: 3567: 3497: 3192: 3188:

spotted and rescued the 262 survivors from the German light convoy sunk off Cape Spatha.

2956: 2642:

Among the paratroopers who landed on the first day was former world heavyweight champion

2601: 2418: 2371: 2297: 2257: 2234: 1981: 1646: 1637:. On 4 May, Freyberg sent a message to the British commander in the Middle East, General 1516: 1512: 1489: 1216: 951: 946: 896: 855: 770: 664: 4665: 3837: 2839:

Strait, to attack a second flotilla of transports, escorted by the Italian torpedo boat

2459: 14758: 14591: 14516: 14470: 14440: 14348: 14188: 13853: 13737: 13631: 13582: 13520: 13276: 13227: 13036: 12660: 12315: 12113: 11280: 11134: 11114: 10736: 10711: 10696: 10308: 10231: 10226: 9989: 9979: 9974: 9954: 9851: 9452: 9198: 9159: 8391:

Silent Wings Savage Death: Saga of the 82nd Airborne's Glider Artillery in World War II

8275: 7142: 4720: 3959: 3952: 3926: 3644:

The battle for Crete delayed Operation Barbarossa but not directly. The start date for

3531: 3481: 3018: 2970: 2870: 2768: 2626:

The Rethymno–Heraklion sector was defended by the British 14th Brigade, as well as the

2597: 2539: 2399: 2239: 2198: 1717: 1704: 1585: 1410:: "To lose Crete because we had not sufficient bulk of forces there would be a crime." 1376: 1275: 1211: 834: 786: 762: 754: 723: 547: 289: 7298:

British Intelligence in the Second World War. Its influence on Strategy and Operations

6967: 6922: 4304:

Between 13 May to 1 June 147 in combat, 73 non-combat, 64 written-off and 125 damaged.

3372: 3283: 1691: 1315: 50: 14749: 14633: 14523: 14463: 14424: 14357: 14339: 14305: 14248: 14202: 14146: 13971: 13709: 13701: 13638: 13491: 13085: 12617: 12078: 12057: 11767: 11454: 11412: 11353: 11305: 11285: 11088: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10864: 10834: 10731: 10726: 10686: 10681: 10629: 10563: 10558: 10440: 10420: 10303: 10033: 10019: 10014: 9856: 9741: 9645: 9562: 9439: 9353: 9305: 9185: 9129: 9124: 9095: 9026: 8955: 8635: 8618: 8599: 8588: 8569: 8550: 8527: 8508: 8479: 8458: 8435: 8429: 8413: 8394: 8375: 8358: 8335: 8313: 8294: 8261: 8242: 8223: 8206: 8196: 8177: 8158: 8139: 8122: 8112: 8093: 8074: 8045: 8024: 8005: 7994: 7980: 7961: 7942: 7923: 7890: 7871: 7852: 7833: 7801: 7771: 7748: 7731: 7712: 7695: 7666: 7622: 7585: 7571: 7557: 7540: 7530: 7507: 7487: 7469: 7450: 7421: 7393: 7374: 7352: 7305: 7282: 7263: 7244: 7215: 7190: 7161: 7123: 7104: 7097: 7081: 7053: 7034: 7015: 6993: 6974: 6580: 6541: 6093: 6054: 6015: 5993: 5654: 5070: 4813: 4772: 4262: 4092: 4087: 4075: 3983: 3580: 3572: 3559: 3551: 3493: 3377: 3243: 3183: 3111: 3100: 3079: 2949: 2767:

of the German force of more than 2,000 men was saved by the Italian naval commander,

2704: 2619: 2499: 2342: 1721: 1634: 1434: 1395: 1394:

until fresh forces could be organised, although most had lost their heavy equipment.

1360: 1308: 1050: 936: 886: 739: 677: 640: 580: 171: 9751: 8759: 7581:

The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941)

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damaged, for a total of 22 claimed destroyed, 11 probably destroyed and 21 damaged.

2407: 1986: 1937: 14668: 14661: 14605: 14269: 14034: 14020: 13923: 13860: 13811: 13624: 13477: 13424: 13234: 13185: 13099: 12329: 12306: 11839: 10997: 10869: 10450: 10445: 10435: 10425: 10387: 9994: 9984: 9837: 9819: 9787: 9390: 9348: 9340: 9335: 9252: 9244: 9239: 9217: 9139: 9114: 8945: 8915: 8895: 8725: 5403: 5060: 4441: 4395: 4267: 4257: 4229: 4083: 4070: 4039: 4032: 4018: 3973: 3153:

When rounding the western side of Crete, the three ships were attacked by 24 Ju 87

3093: 3086: 2534: 2451: 2318: 2138: 2118: 1733: 1729: 1638: 1568: 1536: 1485: 1447: 1387: 1357: 1351: 1206: 872: 731: 614: 32: 11848: 7411: 7327:. No ISBN. London: Admiralty: Director of Naval Construction. 1952. Archived from 7205: 4572:Αγώνες και νεκροί του Ελληνικου Στρατού κατά το Δεύτερο Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο 1940–1945 3211:Österlin, who had led the Maleme Flotilla, was given the task of transporting two 14691: 14403: 14318: 14276: 14174: 14117: 13985: 13767: 13287: 12869: 12845: 12099: 11343: 11290: 11243: 11230: 10939: 10716: 10706: 10701: 10676: 10578: 10221: 10009: 9746: 9227: 9193: 8972: 8950: 8940: 8793: 8781: 8720: 8583: 8347: 7648: 6574: 6379: 4437: 4411: 4097: 4025: 3990: 3821: 3217:

light tanks to Kastelli Kisamou. Österlin commandeered a small wooden lighter at

3173:

before sinking and another was badly damaged and crashed upon returning to base.

3072: 3033: 2777: 2569: 2289: 1951: 1903: 1766: 1758: 1747: 1709: 1439: 1430: 1299: 1271: 1260: 1240: 906: 821: 778: 593: 558: 14803: 10613: 9791: 7665:

United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I (4th impr. ed.). London: HMSO.

2507: 14698: 14234: 14160: 12212: 12071: 10543: 10430: 10216: 10206: 9832: 9800: 9763: 9592: 9474: 9257: 9011: 8327: 4403: 4212: 4011: 3945: 3893: 3276: 3268: 2850: 2751: 2750:'s defence. The attacking British force suffered only slight damage on cruiser 2743: 2708: 2193:

were dropped with a special triple-parachute harness to bear the extra weight.

2169: 1973: 1868: 1564: 1481: 1323: 1248: 626: 516: 244: 157: 132: 8730: 8663: 6259: 3612: 3178: 1386:

The Italians were repulsed, but the subsequent German invasion of April 1941 (

467: 14839: 14509: 12434: 12283: 12122: 11348: 11328: 10786: 10320: 9527: 9492: 9272: 9039: 8979: 8928: 8483: 8126: 8049: 7828:. Air 41/10 (Public Record Office War Histories ed.). Richmond, Surrey: 7775: 7699: 7670: 7491: 7007: 6505: 6490: 5074: 5065: 5048: 4445: 4419: 4050: 4004: 3997: 3966: 3919: 3877:

The Germans lost at least 12,000 killed and wounded, and about 5,000 drowned.

3817: 3772: 3763: 3465: 3049: 3029: 2907: 2892: 2670: 2665: 2646: 2611: 2548: 2391: 2269: 2176: 1743: 1653: 1558: 1532: 1524: 1368: 1291: 977: 931: 911: 572: 224: 99: 86: 10777:

Defenders of Northern Greece (YVE)/Panhellenic Liberation Organization (PAO)

8839:

was created from a revision of this article dated 20 December 2017

8622: 8543:

Kampf um die Ägäis: die Kriegsmarine in den griechischen Gewässern 1941–1945

8339: 8210: 7805: 7544: 6688: 6686: 6684: 5484:"Battle of Crete: Greece sacrificed much for the greater good – Neos Kosmos" 3562:

were looted and then dynamited. During the same month, nine villages in the

2887:), Force B (Captain Henry A Rowley) and Glennie's Force D converged west of 2827:

sent Force C (three cruisers and four destroyers, commanded by Rear Admiral

1503:

The navy tried to deliver 27,000 long tons (27,000 t) of supplies from

14808: 14612: 12912: 12817: 12448: 11811: 11575: 11496: 11083: 9929: 9847: 9842: 9756: 9728: 9723: 9650: 9632: 9627: 9532: 9522: 9514: 9509: 9277: 9267: 9006: 8362: 7829: 7735: 7425: 7165: 6413:

Germany and the Second World War, Volume IV, The Attack on the Soviet Union

5407: 4514:"(Greek) page 10, retrieved on 27.5.2010: 474 officers and 10,977 soldiers" 4427: 3735: 3695: 3563: 3421: 2963: 2606: 2483: 1961: 1856: 1671: 1339: 1331: 1287: 1279: 941: 267: 210: 7466:

Naval Warfare 1919–1945: An Operational History of the Volatile War at Sea

7219: 4576:

Struggles and Dead of the Greek Army during the Second World War 1940–1945

14447: 14433: 14095: 12771: 12592: 12577: 11931: 11300: 10924: 10337: 9775: 8176:. English translation: B. Giannikos (Greek paperback ed.). Seagull. 7366: 6681: 4839: 4399: 3944:

from 22 May – 1 June. Italian bombers from 41° Gruppo sank the destroyer

3708: 3460: 3412: 3177:

survived 83 bombs, while 279 survivors were rescued from the ships. (The

2929:

were ordered to return to Alexandria with Glennie's Force D to rearm but

2888: 2306: 2173: 1594: 1335: 1268: 14896:

Land battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom

10332: 8760:

Stoker Harold Siddall Royal Navy, his capture on Crete and life as a POW

7071:. Second World War, 1939–1945; a popular military history. London: HMSO. 6765: 6223: 6133: 5028: 3827: 3264:

area, before speeding eastward in support of the German pursuit column.

1372: 13802: 13555: 13534: 12427: 11760: 11688: 10143: 9807: 7407: 4488:"The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945" 4391: 4387: 4383: 2832: 2811: 2585: 2547:

At 08:00 on 20 May 1941, German paratroopers, jumping out of dozens of

2337: 2310: 2031: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1443: 1304: 4666:"The Historical Combat Effectiveness of Lighter-Weight Armored Forces" 3800:

A dead German paratrooper May 1941; picture by Propaganda Kompanie 690

1617:; most of them lacked heavy equipment. The main formed units were the 14065: 13470: 13267: 13078: 12876: 12831: 7300:. History of the Second World War. abr. (2nd rev. ed.). London: 7120:

Regio Esercito: The Italian Royal Army in Mussolini's Wars, 1935–1943

7031:

World War II Sea War: The Royal Navy is Bloodied in the Mediterranean

6433:"PART FIVE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CAMPAIGNS IN THE BALKANS AND" 5916:

The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan 1938–1945: Edited by David Dilks

4453: 4046: 3535: 3357: 3314:

An Italian marines' machine gun team takes position after landing at

3213: 3065: 2719: 2651: 2581: 2261: 2254: 2152: 2122: 1921: 1589: 1577: 1426: 1407: 1371:, from which it could threaten the Axis south-eastern flank, and the 1327: 196: 12352: 7849:

Snakes in the Eagle's Nest: A History of Ground Attacks on Air Bases

5738:

Cunningham, Section 1, paragraph 8, and Section 2, paragraphs 30-35.

5581: 3515: 3001:. Following this communication, King issued an order to recall both 2883:

While Force C made its attack on the convoy, Force A1 (Rear Admiral

2728: 2006: 12336: 12064: 10098: 9892: 8864: 7977:

The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean: November 1940 – December 1941

7920:

The Hutchinson Atlas of World War II Battle Plans: Before and After

7050:

The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean: November 1940 – December 1941

3842: 3469: 3261: 2849:

at 08:30, saving itself from an air attack that struck the cruiser

2577: 2277: 1614: 1476: 1391: 1004: 530: 3360:. The Italian troops later moved their headquarters from Sitia to 2358: 11396: 7887:

The Great Crusade: A New Complete History of the Second World War

7484:

Naval Operations in the Battle of Crete, 20th May – 1st June 1941

6902:

Davin, p. 486. The total number excludes several hundred RN PoWs.

3566:

were destroyed and 165 people killed in what is now known as the

3547: 3353: 3295: 3226: 3218: 2945: 2632: 2588:, where Allied reinforcements from North Africa could be landed. 2242:, which were sent to the mainland; there were twelve obsolescent 2114: 1948: 1696: 1667: 1083: 8455:

Operation Mercury. The Conquest of the Island Crete in May, 1941

7279:

Diggers and Greeks: The Australian Campaigns in Greece and Crete

6884:

Cunningham, Paragraph 78 and Paragraphs 1–54 of the last section

1363:

on 28 October 1940, enabling the Greek government to employ the

12946: 11544: 10518:

Organization for the Protection of the People's Struggle (OPLA)

10315: 9964: 9557: 9434: 9300: 9180: 8632:

Perilous Commitments: The Battle for Greece and Crete 1940–1941

6319: 6307: 3700: 3436:

Painting of Rear Admiral Rawling's force under attack on 28 May

3405: 3324: 3040:, sinking her at 20:15. Five hundred survivors were rescued by 2643: 2552: 2387: 2273: 2260:), who placed it in a defensive position around the village of 1990: 1956: 1380: 78: 7146:(Supplement). No. 38296. 21 May 1948. pp. 3103–3119. 3207:

made another attempt to supply the invasion by sea. On 24 May

3012:

Between 15:30 and 15:50, while attempting to rejoin Force A1,

2618:

A second wave of German transports supported by Luftwaffe and

13134: 8899: 8786: 8547:

Battle for the Aegean Sea, the Navy in Greek waters 1941–1945

5146: 5144: 3385: 3341: 3332: 3315: 3310: 3267:

On the night of 26/27 May, a detachment of some 800 men from

3115: 2836: 2475: 2183: 2166: 1645:, which had been transported from Alexandria to Heraklion by 1283: 74: 8770:

Charles Prestidge-King, The Battle of Crete: A Re-evaluation

8310:

Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation 1941–44

7743:

Schreiber, Gerhard; Stegemann, Bernd; Vogel, Detlef (1995).

6394: 5957: 5955: 3841:

Memorial for Greek and Australian soldiers in the centre of

3730:

For a fortnight, Enigma intercepts described the arrival of

3719: 3396:, north of Sfakia. About halfway there, near the village of 1835:, which would land by parachute and glider, followed by the 10752: 10486: 8731:

Australian War Memorial Second World War Official Histories

8451:

Operation Merkur. Die Eroberung der Insel Kreta im Mai 1941

8427:

Psychoundakis, George (1991) . Patrick Leigh Fermor (ed.).

8190: 7618: 7301: 7187:

Amazon to Ivanhoe: British Standard Destroyers of the 1930s

6343: 6331: 6128:

Egeo in Guerra – Lo sbarco italiano a Creta del maggio 1941

5158: 5156: 5016: 5004: 1475:

airfields at Maleme and Heraklion and the landing strip at

410:

4,000 to 6,000 killed (4,000 ground troops, 2,000 sailors)

7707:

Shores, Christopher; Cull, Brian; Malizia, Nicola (1987).

7214:(2). Vol. I. Canberra, ACT: Australian War Memorial. 6247: 6014:. Pickle Partners Publishing. 15 August 2014. p. 55. 5831: 5323:"Haddon Donald describes defending Maleme airfield, Crete" 5141: 3892:, citing a report of the Historical Branch of the British 3237:

warriors. If we beat them, we shall have worked a miracle.

3118:

on 21 May, to join the fleet off Crete, and arrived after

11433:

Museum of the Battle of Crete and the National Resistance

7570: 6692: 6633: 6517: 6511: 6265: 6229: 5952: 5034: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 3808:

German soldiers pause before the graves of their comrades

11228: 8775:

James Cagney, 2011, Animated Maps of The Battle of Crete

6992:. Campaign series. Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing. 6856:"How British Bungling Lost the Battle for Crete in WWII" 6710: 5153: 4631:"How British Bungling Lost the Battle for Crete in WWII" 4544:"Air War for Yugoslavia Greece and Crete 1940–41" p. 402 4430:(the battle forms an important episode in Waugh's novel 3138:

were diverted to another search while Mountbatten, with

2655:

at the time. Schmeling survived the battle and the war.

1286:. It began on the morning of 20 May 1941, with multiple 14876:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Greece

11035: 7742: 7029:

Bertke, Donald A.; Smith, Gordon; Kindell, Don (2012).

4974: 3546:

one of the worst incidents, around 20 villages east of

3203:

Despite the dangers posed by British naval forces, the

1442:

and forced the RAF to move its remaining aeroplanes to

1356:

British forces had initially garrisoned Crete when the

12206:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

8004:. Vol. III. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 7321:

H. M. Ships Damaged or Sunk by Enemy Action, 1939–1945

6848: 6698: 6621: 6355: 5795: 5750: 5544: 5168: 4961: 3554:. These massacres were among the deadliest during the 2551:

aircraft, landed near Maleme Airfield and the town of

1813:

German Mountain troops before their transfer to Crete.

1621:, less the 6th Brigade and division headquarters; the 8736:

H.M. Ships Damaged or Sunk by Enemy Action, 1939–1945

8256:

Kokonas M. D., N. A. (1993). Leigh Fermor, P. (ed.).

7617:. Vol. I (paperback (online) ed.). London: 7262:. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. 7095:

Churchill, Randolph Spencer; Gilbert, Martin (1983).

5898: 5896: 4949: 4768:

The Second World War (4): The Mediterranean 1940–1945

4558:

Davin, p. 486 and Playfair, p.147, for RN Casualties.

3958:, beyond repair. The British also lost the destroyer 3165:

was hit and turned turtle soon after and later sank.

2678:

flew in units of the 5th Mountain Division at night.

8372:

Fallschirmjager in Crete, 1941: The Merkur Operation

8152: 5402:(Master thesis) (in Greek). University of Ioannina. 5228: 5226: 5224: 3275:, as part of Layforce, landed at Souda Bay (Colonel 3252:

Schuster issued Österlin new orders to sail for the

14931:

Military history of New Zealand during World War II

11241: 7936: 6734: 6645: 6378:. University of the West of England. Archived from 5098: 5096: 4045:, kept them out of action for months. At anchor in 3951:on 21 May and on 28 May damaged another destroyer, 2738:, tried to land German reinforcements near Maleme. 2378:were to conclude operations before the end of May, 2238:rifles. The garrison had been stripped of its best 1742:had been dispatched to capture the bridge over the 462:

Over 500 Greek civilians executed by Axis soldiers.

10523:Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front (SNOF) 8587: 8172:Harokopos, George (1993). Spilios Menounos (ed.). 7747:. Vol. III. London: Oxford University Press. 7096: 7028: 6966: 6573:Handel, Michael I. (1990). Handel, Michael (ed.). 6540:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 181. 5893: 5532: 5283: 5281: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5129: 5053:Electronic Journal of Social and Strategic Studies 5049:"Winston Churchill and the Battle of Crete (1941)" 4864: 4862: 4490:. Victoria University of Wellington. p. 480. 2806: 2714: 2288:British and Commonwealth troops used the standard 10499:Political Committee of National Liberation (PEEA) 8765:Admiral Sir A. B. Cunningham, The Battle of Crete 7797:The German Campaigns in the Balkans (Spring 1941) 7709:Air War For Yugoslavia, Greece, and Crete 1940–41 7706: 6925:. National Museum of the Royal New Zealand Navy. 5813: 5789: 5634: 5221: 5211: 5209: 5207: 4891: 4889: 4707: 3327:with the intention of landing a brigade from the 2681: 2205:were shot before they reached weapons canisters. 1314:The Battle of Crete was the first occasion where 995:¹ — Involved an Allied convoy or delivery mission 14837: 10528:Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany (AKFD) 10268:Hellenic Socialist Patriotic Organisation (ESPO) 9690: 8071:Operation Mercury: Airmen in the Battle of Crete 7889:(rev. ed.). Washington, DC: Potomac Books. 7238: 7094: 6990:Crete 1941: Germany's lightning airborne assault 6535: 5697: 5562: 5093: 4931: 4554: 4552: 4550: 3538:, despite Greek efforts to have him extradited. 2543:Captured German paratroopers under British guard 1746:, which was being readied for demolition by the 1553:(right), Allied commander at the Battle of Crete 148: 10508:United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (EPON) 8741:Landing in the bay of Sitia 28 May 1941 r. (PL) 8312:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 8239:Ten Days to Destiny: The Battle for Crete, 1941 6920: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5278: 5262: 4859: 4748: 4746: 4485: 3703:or a seaborne invasion of Egypt, in support of 3475: 997:² — Involved an Axis convoy or delivery mission 497: 394:12 fleet and 7 auxiliary ships sunk, 22 damaged 10386: 9082: 9069: 8153:Hadjipateras, Costas; Fafalios, Maria (1989). 8109:Forgotten Anzacs: The Campaign in Greece, 1941 5458:"Officer breaks rank over the Battle of Crete" 5320: 5204: 4886: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4456:(New Zealand Official Historian of the battle) 4225:Military history of Greece during World War II 3427: 1666:, who had been transported from Alexandria to 14936:Battles of World War II involving New Zealand 11560: 11023: 9055: 8880: 8426: 8255: 8236: 8195:. Athens: Army History Directorate Editions. 8136:Airborne: World War II Paratroopers in Combat 7387: 7239:Greene, Jack; Massignani, Alessandro (1998). 6325: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5514:www.lawrencewattskiwiwarhistory.wordpress.com 5354:"The battle: days 1–3 – The Battle for Crete" 5348: 5346: 5344: 4547: 3890:United States Army Center of Military History 3556:Axis occupation of Greece during World War II 3352:was detached to shell the lighthouse at Cape 2610:More German paratroops landing on Crete from 1761:board a Junkers Ju 52 for Crete, 20 May 1941. 1099: 1020: 483: 14866:Mediterranean Sea operations of World War II 8346: 7937:Barber, Laurie; Tonkin-Covell, John (1990). 7614:Royal Air Force 1939–1945: The Fight at Odds 7241:The Naval War in the Mediterranean 1940–1943 7099:Winston S. Churchill: Finest hour, 1939–1941 5867: 4764: 4743: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4566: 4564: 2591: 2141:). At 320 lb (150 kg), it weighed 1818: 1737: 1307:and the remainder surrendered or joined the 14871:Battles of World War II involving Australia 10782:Panhellenic Union of Fighting Youths (PEAN) 8746:Battle of Crete Photo and Documents Archive 7694:. Four Square Books. London: Landsborough. 6489:. Ministry of Defence. 2012. Archived from 5725: 5723: 5721: 5650:The Struggle for Crete, 10 May--1 June 1941 5105: 5081: 4758: 4468: 3965:on 29 May, when she was attacked by German 3305: 2869:was damaged by near misses and the cruiser 11567: 11553: 9062: 9048: 8887: 8873: 8629: 8280:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7529:(2nd ed.). Durham, UK: G.A.M. Books. 7498: 7260:Why Air Forces Fail: The Anatomy of Defeat 5921: 5918:, G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. Page 381. 5610: 5422:"The controversies – The Battle for Crete" 5341: 3558:. In August 1944, more than 940 houses in 1879:were already in the Balkans. On 30 March, 1106: 1092: 1027: 1013: 490: 476: 16:Axis invasion of Crete during World War II 14881:Battles of World War II involving Germany 10976:Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling") 10835:Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling") 10758:National Bands of Greek Guerrillas (EOEA) 8326: 8171: 7993: 7826:The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force 7444: 7346: 6794: 6373: 6301: 6289: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5244: 5232: 5198: 5064: 4694: 4587: 4585: 4561: 3507:Massacre of Cretan civilians at Kondomari 3191:After air attacks on Allied positions in 2976:to pick up survivors, while the cruisers 2639:were unknown to the Germans at the time. 2091:Learn how and when to remove this message 201: 8847:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 8830: 8521: 8434:(in Greek). Athens: Efstathiadis Group. 7884: 7689: 7610: 7556:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 7506:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 7136: 7117: 7075: 6818: 6400: 6241: 5934: 5884: 5718: 5455: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5321:Donald, Haddon; Hutching, Megan (2000). 5150:Bertke, Smith & Kindell 2012, p. 505 5022: 5010: 4211:For the German occupation of Crete, see 3836: 3826: 3811: 3803: 3795: 3734:around Athens, the collection of 27,000 3718: 3611: 3526:. On 2 June, several male citizens from 3501: 3431: 3371: 3309: 3059: 2810: 2718: 2685: 2605: 2538: 2357: 2151:as much as a standard German 75 mm 2113: 1996: 1932: 1827:XI was to co-ordinate the attack by the 1808: 1793:transport aircraft and 100 gliders. The 1752: 1684: 1545: 424:2,097 missing (including aircrew losses) 162: 14886:Amphibious operations involving Germany 10807:Northern Epirus Liberation Front (MAVI) 10753:National Republican Greek League (EDES) 8563: 8549:] (in German). Mittler & Sohn. 8448: 8407: 8307: 7865: 7725: 7647: 7463: 7390:The Nazi Occupation of Crete: 1941–1945 7295: 7189:. Kendal, England: World Ship Society. 7184: 7066: 6947: 6842: 6830: 6639: 6627: 6523: 6253: 6086:Tucker, Spencer C. (6 September 2016). 6046: 5837: 5801: 5756: 5647:Stewart, Ian McDougall Guthrie (1966). 5646: 5579: 5550: 5395: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5174: 5162: 5046: 4955: 4907: 4832: 4660: 4658: 4656: 2528: 2348: 2283: 2222:mountain carbines or ex-Austrian 8x56R 342:22,000 paratroopers and mountain troops 215: 14838: 13414: 13392:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 8612: 8582: 8540: 8502: 8432:: His History of the German Occupation 8291:Flowers of Rethymno: Escape from Crete 8087: 8068: 7917: 7761: 7635:from the original on 24 September 2015 7365: 7257: 7006: 6987: 6806: 6704: 6615: 6593:from the original on 28 September 2019 6572: 6560: 6427: 6425: 6361: 6349: 6337: 6313: 6277: 6085: 5977: 5825: 5777: 5712: 5622: 5299: 5287: 5256: 5215: 5186: 5123: 4895: 4868: 4807: 4785:from the original on 28 September 2019 4616: 4614: 4593:"British Vessels Lost at Sea, 1935–45" 4582: 3570:. All these reprisals were ordered by 3453: 3392:gradually fell back along the road to 2464:Prison Valley, Chania Souda, Rethymno 14916:Amphibious operations involving Italy 14901:Amphibious operations of World War II 14891:Mediterranean convoys of World War II 14861:Naval aviation operations and battles 14263:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 13695:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 13341:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 13297:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 12402:Rape during the occupation of Germany 11548: 11525:What Did You Do in the War, Thanasis? 11378: 11227: 11022: 10765:National and Social Liberation (EKKA) 10492:Greek People's Liberation Navy (ELAN) 10487:Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) 10385: 9689: 9081: 9043: 8868: 8393:. Santa Ana, CA: Graphic Publishers. 8369: 8133: 8018: 7782:from the original on 20 December 2020 7692:The Green Beret: The Commandos at War 7690:Saunders, Hilary St. George (1959) . 7520: 7150: 7047: 6964: 6929:from the original on 21 December 2018 6766:"Οι ωμότητες των Γερμανών στην Κρήτη" 6728: 6675: 6663: 6651: 6487:"A Brief History of the RAF Regiment" 5946: 5902: 5878: 5861: 5849: 5708: 5706: 5693: 5691: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5444: 5432:from the original on 16 December 2008 5047:Peponas, Emmanouil (April–May 2021). 4986: 4975:Schreiber, Stegemann & Vogel 1995 4847:from the original on 4 September 2009 4771:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 74. 4599:from the original on 8 September 2019 3415:, who overran the I Battalion, 141st 3161:was hit and sank in two minutes, and 2232:; about 1,000 Greeks carried antique 1605:contingent consisted of the original 1087: 1008: 471: 13385:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 12417:Rape during the liberation of France 10797:National Organization of Crete (ΕΟΚ) 10569:Protests against labour mobilization 8894: 8726:New Zealand History Second World War 8490:from the original on 28 October 2015 8471: 8388: 8288: 8217: 8191:Hellenic Army General Staff (1997). 8106: 8056:from the original on 25 October 2015 8037: 7958:Crete: The Battle and the Resistance 7846: 7794: 7677:from the original on 9 November 2015 7598:from the original on 27 October 2012 7551: 7406: 7276: 7203: 7012:Crete: The Battle and the Resistance 6752: 6716: 6576:Intelligence and Military Operations 6473: 6461: 5992:. 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London: Oxford University Press. 7824: 7226:from the original on 9 January 2016 6740: 6422: 5685:Cunningham, Section 1, paragraph 5. 5329:from the original on 20 August 2011 5135: 4611: 4494:from the original on 5 October 2018 3616:Map of occupied Greece showing the 2628:2/4th Australian Infantry Battalion 1404:Chief of the Imperial General Staff 13: 13611:German invasion of the Netherlands 11891:Weather events during World War II 8817: 8686:. Power Publishing. Archived from 8662:. Power Publishing. Archived from 8505:Op Mercury, The Fall of Crete 1941 7905: 7172:from the original on 18 March 2012 6210:Operations & Codenames of WWII 6185:Operations & Codenames of WWII 6160:Operations & Codenames of WWII 6106:from the original on 16 April 2023 6067:from the original on 16 April 2023 6053:. Simon and Schuster. p. 76. 6028:from the original on 16 April 2023 5703: 5688: 5667:from the original on 16 April 2023 5568: 5520:from the original on 15 March 2015 5490:from the original on 15 March 2015 4731:from the original on 21 April 2009 4376: 4366: 4307: 4298: 4289: 4280: 2937:remained with Rawlings' Force A1. 2362:Map of the German assault on Crete 2313:A infantry tanks of "B" Squadron, 2228:rifles, the latter a part of post- 1782:and 40 reconnaissance aircraft of 1458: 1113: 14: 14947: 14242:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 11379: 10482:Union of People's Democracy (ELD) 8707: 8678: 8657: 7812:from the original on 4 March 2016 7432:from the original on 11 July 2015 7212:Australia in the War of 1939–1945 6776:from the original on 19 July 2011 6443:from the original on 24 June 2021 5102:Cunningham, Section 2 paragraph 5 4641:from the original on 2 March 2018 3684:sinking of the German battleship 2370:(named after the swift Roman god 2251:10th New Zealand Infantry Brigade 1664:Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders 1379:would be within range of British 14802: 11574: 9891: 9818: 9722: 9626: 9591: 9556: 9508: 9473: 9433: 9334: 9299: 9238: 9179: 9084:1940–1941 Balkans Campaign 8921:Classical and Hellenistic period 8829: 7939:Freyberg: Churchill's Salamander 7922:. London: Taylor & Francis. 7762:Taylor, Nancy Margaret (2004) . 7468:. London: Taylor & Francis. 7207:Royal Australian Navy, 1939–1942 6941: 6914: 6905: 6896: 6887: 6878: 6836: 6824: 6812: 6800: 6788: 6758: 6746: 6722: 6669: 6657: 6609: 6566: 6554: 6536:Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh (2017) . 6529: 6479: 6467: 6455: 6406: 6367: 6295: 6283: 6271: 6011:Airborne Invasion Of Crete, 1941 5464:from the original on 2 July 2012 3911:The Luftwaffe sank the cruisers 3705:Axis forces operating from Libya 2426:Operation Mercury battle groups 2005: 1523:squadrons and a squadron of the 1469: 283: 272: 261: 249: 238: 217: 203: 189: 177: 164: 150: 43: 10477:Socialist Party of Greece (SKE) 10472:Communist Party of Greece (KKE) 10166:Rescue of the Jews of Zakynthos 8111:. Carlton North, Vic.: Scribe. 7663:History of the Second World War 6538:Enigma: The Battle for the Code 6235: 6198: 6173: 6148: 6118: 6079: 6047:Palazzo, Albert (1 July 2010). 6040: 6002: 5968: 5965:Ian Allan, London, 2001, p. 129 5940: 5908: 5855: 5843: 5819: 5814:Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987 5807: 5790:Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987 5783: 5771: 5762: 5741: 5732: 5679: 5640: 5635:Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987 5628: 5616: 5604: 5556: 5502: 5476: 5414: 5389: 5314: 5305: 5293: 5250: 5238: 5192: 5180: 5117: 5040: 4992: 4980: 4937: 4925: 4913: 4901: 4874: 4826: 4801: 4713: 4708:Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987 2807:Axis landing attempt, 22/23 May 2757:caused by friendly fire. About 2715:Axis landing attempt, 21/22 May 2016:needs additional citations for 1871:wireless traffic revealed that 1846: 1465:Battle of Crete order of battle 402:12 aircraft destroyed on ground 14489:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 12199:Territorial changes of Germany 12107:Indonesian National Revolution 10278:Greek National Socialist Party 10273:National Union of Greece (EEE) 9576:Central Macedonia Army Section 9571:Eastern Macedonia Army Section 9324:Western Macedonia Army Section 8374:. Histoire & Collections. 8260:(Greek pbk ed.). London. 7870:. London: Brockhampton Press. 7572:Playfair, Major-General I.S.O. 7243:. London: Chatham Publishing. 5325:. New Zealand History online. 4623: 4538: 4506: 4377: 4367: 4308: 4299: 4290: 4281: 3873:on 12 June 1941 reported that 2944:Force A1 headed east into the 2682:Maleme Airfield counter-attack 2669:the 23rd Battalion. Brigadier 2110:Fallschirmjäger (World War II) 1680: 1318:(German paratroops) were used 442:284 aircraft lost, 125 damaged 65:20 May – 1 June 1941 (13 days) 1: 13889:Japanese invasion of Thailand 13840:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 13604:German invasion of Luxembourg 11985:Mediterranean and Middle East 10993:Kidnapping of Heinrich Kreipe 8615:Crete 1941: The Battle at Sea 8237:Kiriakopoulos, G. C. (1985). 7392:. Santa Babara, CA: Praeger. 7388:Kiriakopoulos, G. C. (1995). 7067:Buckley, Christopher (1952). 5582:"The German convoys to Crete" 4461: 4206: 3832:Souda Bay Allied War Cemetery 3791: 3376:British wounded evacuated to 3329:50th Infantry Division Regina 2845:. The force sank an isolated 2213:Greek troops were armed with 1623:19th Australian Brigade Group 1609:British garrison and another 1345: 13796:Invasion of the Soviet Union 13485:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 12803:Independent State of Croatia 10855:Execution of Josef Salminger 9692:Occupation and collaboration 8630:Willingham, Matthew (2005). 8073:. J & K. H. Publishing. 7464:Murfett, Malcolm H. (2008). 7447:The Lost Battle – Crete 1941 7204:Gill, George Hermon (1957). 6923:"The Naval Battle for Crete" 5698:Greene & Massignani 1998 5563:Greene & Massignani 1998 4932:Churchill & Gilbert 1983 4833:Maloney, Shane (July 2006). 4765:Paul Collier (6 June 2014). 3602: 3476:Massacres of Greek civilians 3444: 3055: 3028:, disabling her at 18:45. A 2727:An Axis convoy of around 20 2328:The Matildas had 40 mm 2125:participants of the campaign 1421:, OKH) was preoccupied with 1290:airborne landings on Crete. 7: 14780:End of World War II in Asia 14620:Western invasion of Germany 14127:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 14104:Second Battle of El Alamein 13674:Hundred Regiments Offensive 13646:Battle of the Mediterranean 13499:Italian invasion of Albania 11673:Air warfare of World War II 11229:Liberation and road to the 10891:Expulsion of Cham Albanians 10149:Jewish cemetery of Salonica 10000:Cephalonia (Acqui Division) 8681:"The ANZACs at 42nd Street" 8568:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. 8564:Spencer, John Hall (2008). 8526:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. 8457:] (in German). Rutzen. 8334:. London: Hamish Hamilton. 7347:Kavanaugh, Stephen (2010). 6417:The Lost Battle: Crete 1941 5914:Cadogan, Alexander (1972). 5653:. Oxford U.P. p. 281. 5396:Πέπονας, Εμμανουήλ (2019). 4218: 4116: 3607: 3428:Evacuation, 28 May – 1 June 3150:, was to go to Alexandria. 2565:23rd New Zealand battalions 2103: 1817:The Germans planned to use 1789:were assembled, along with 501:Battle of the Mediterranean 10: 14952: 14911:June 1941 events in Europe 14706:Naval bombardment of Japan 14074:First Battle of El Alamein 13993:Battle of Christmas Island 13938:Japanese invasion of Burma 13702:Italian invasion of Greece 13618:German invasion of Belgium 13590:German invasion of Denmark 13563:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 13432:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 11696:Comparative military ranks 11462:Captain Corelli's Mandolin 11418:Holocaust Museum of Greece 10054:Larissa concentration camp 10049:Haidari concentration camp 9263:Sebastiano Visconti Prasca 9071:Greece during World War II 8590:English history, 1914–1945 8449:Richter, Heinz A. (2011). 7995:Churchill, Winston Spencer 7445:MacDonald, Callum (1995). 7118:Cloutier, Patrick (2013). 6957: 6376:"Noteworthy War Criminals" 5990:The Hunters and the Hunted 4172: 4140: 4106: 4067:Crete Military Casualties 3479: 3367: 3292:Australian 2/8th Battalion 3288:Australian 2/7th Battalion 3258:Advance Detachment Wittman 2733:Italian torpedo boat 2723:Captain Francesco Mimbelli 2595: 2532: 2298:Vickers medium machine gun 2107: 1857:Major-General Kurt Student 1851: 1462: 1453: 1349: 1340:airfield-defence regiments 1245:Luftlandeschlacht um Kreta 53:landing on Crete, May 1941 14906:May 1941 events in Europe 14795: 14627:Bratislava–Brno offensive 14567: 14558:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 14295: 14182:Allied invasion of Sicily 14136: 14042:Aleutian Islands campaign 14014:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 13961: 13952:Greek famine of 1941–1944 13847:Second Battle of Changsha 13752:German invasion of Greece 13720: 13597:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 13572: 13510: 13405: 13286: 13012: 12922: 12770: 12473: 12464: 12222: 12047: 11939:North and Central Pacific 11900: 11662: 11655: 11582: 11446: 11423:Kalavryta Massacre Museum 11405: 11389: 11385: 11374: 11321: 11251: 11237: 11223: 11143: 11097: 11046: 11031: 11025:Greek government-in-exile 11018: 10963: 10917: 10903: 10883: 10822: 10745: 10669: 10662: 10635:5/42 Regiment dissolution 10622: 10536: 10464: 10413: 10402: 10398: 10381: 10348: 10286: 10255: 10189: 10178: 10159:Expropriation of property 10134:Bulgarian-occupied Greece 10124: 10072: 9942: 9889: 9816: 9720: 9711: 9702: 9698: 9685: 9624: 9589: 9554: 9545: 9506: 9471: 9431: 9424: 9383: 9370: 9332: 9297: 9290: 9236: 9177: 9170: 9107: 9094: 9090: 9077: 8906: 8660:"The Battle of Pink Hill" 8596:Oxford History of England 8507:. Pen & Sword Books. 8370:Nasse, Jean-Yves (2002). 8090:Vasili: The Lion of Crete 8023:. London: Anthony Blond. 7960:. London: Penguin Books. 7726:Spencer, John H. (1962). 7611:Richards, Denis (1974) . 7080:. Elite. London: Osprey. 6988:Antill, Peter D. (2005). 6973:. Duke University Press. 6969:Hitler and the Middle Sea 6860:www.thenationalherald.com 6092:. ABC-CLIO. p. 477. 5600:– via Academia.edu. 4635:www.thenationalherald.com 3724:Enigma encryption machine 3636:occupation zones on Crete 2825:Admiral Andrew Cunningham 2788: 2783: 2776:cutter arrived safely in 2658: 2592:Rethymno–Heraklion sector 2523: 2518: 2129:The Germans used the new 1928: 1837:22nd Air Landing Division 1402:, sent a telegram to the 1282:to capture the island of 1252: 1123: 1046: 993: 509: 461: 374:3,579+ killed and missing 363: 295: 231: 142: 57: 42: 30: 25: 14219:Allied invasion of Italy 14196:Solomon Islands campaign 13945:Third Battle of Changsha 13542:First Battle of Changsha 13448:Second Sino-Japanese War 12388:German military brothels 12254:United States war crimes 11504:The 11th Day: Crete 1941 11259:National Bands Agreement 11120:Panagiotis Kanellopoulos 10905:British Military Mission 10513:National Solidarity (EA) 10082:Greek economy, 1941–1944 9796:Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller 9611:2nd New Zealand Division 9155:Italian spring offensive 8787:The 11th Day: Crete 1941 8719:29 December 2019 at the 8408:Palazzo, Albert (2007). 8155:Crete 1941, Eyewitnessed 8088:Elliot, Murray (1992) . 7918:Badsey, Stephen (2000). 7885:Willmott, H. P. (2008). 7868:Cruisers of World War II 7296:Hinsley, F. H. (1994) . 7078:Army Commandos 1940–1945 6921:David A. Thomas (1972). 6316:, pp. 342, 235–248. 5399:Η μάχη της Κρήτης (1941) 5398: 5066:10.47362/ejsss.2021.2112 4571: 4486:Daniel M. Davin (1953). 4273: 4248:Fallschirmjäger memorial 4241:The 11th Day: Crete 1941 3714: 3652:must not interfere with 3577:Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller 3306:Italian landing at Sitia 3114:), was ordered to leave 2829:Edward Leigh Stuart King 2614:transports, 20 May 1941. 2394:Alexander Löhr, and the 2208: 1619:2nd New Zealand Division 1415:German Army High Command 408:~23,000 total casualties 129:Axis forces occupy Crete 14641:Second Guangxi campaign 14496:Philippines (1944–1945) 14000:Battle of the Coral Sea 13903:Fall of the Philippines 13549:Battle of South Guangxi 13455:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 12861:Italian Social Republic 11438:Thessaloniki War Museum 11130:Christodoulos Tsigantes 11125:Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos 10955:Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz 9616:6th Australian Division 9458:Konstantinos Bakopoulos 9204:Charalambos Katsimitros 8990:Great Cretan Revolution 8951:Second Byzantine period 8613:Thomas, D. A. (1980) . 8357:. New York: MacMillan. 7956:Beevor, Antony (1991). 7866:Whitley, M. J. (1999). 7711:. London: Grub Street. 7418:Australian War Memorial 7413:Greece, Crete and Syria 7076:Chappell, Mike (1996). 7033:. Vol. III. Lulu. 7014:. London: John Murray. 4808:Beevor, Antony (1992). 4595:. Naval History. 1947. 3528:Kondomari were executed 3036:dropped three bombs on 2707:and Lieutenant-Colonel 2649:, who held the rank of 2332:guns, which only fired 2315:7th Royal Tank Regiment 2309:. The British had nine 2230:World War I reparations 2172:, often carried with a 1419:Oberkommando des Heeres 384:544+ killed and missing 14226:Armistice of Cassibile 14028:Battle of Dutch Harbor 13979:Battle of the Java Sea 13882:Attack on Pearl Harbor 13782:Syria–Lebanon campaign 13775:Battle of South Shanxi 13745:Invasion of Yugoslavia 13528:Battle of the Atlantic 13142:Korean Liberation Army 12855:(until September 1943) 12812:(until September 1944) 12790:(until September 1944) 10614:Killing of Franz Krech 10361:Executions of Kokkinia 10247:Dionysios Papadongonas 10242:Ioannis Plytzanopoulos 9656:1st Parachute Division 9375:(April–May 1941) 9223:Dimitrios Papadopoulos 8941:First Byzantine period 8825: 8801:Listen to this article 8792:7 October 2013 at the 8541:Schenk, Peter (2000). 8522:Saunders, Tim (2007). 8308:Mazower, Mark (1993). 8157:. Efstathiadis Group. 8069:Comeau, M. G. (2000). 7941:. London: Hutchinson. 7258:Higham, Robin (2006). 7185:English, John (1993). 6965:Ansel, Walter (1972). 5988:Cocchia, Aldo (1980). 5580:Bilalis, Aris (2019). 5456:Donoghue, Tim (2011). 5408:10.26268/heal.uoi.9746 4721:"The Battle for Crete" 4620:See Casualties Section 4433:Officers and Gentlemen 4235:Invasion of Yugoslavia 3969:"Stuka" dive-bombers. 3885: 3861: 3845: 3834: 3824: 3816:Damaged and destroyed 3809: 3801: 3727: 3691:the British government 3637: 3520:collective punishments 3510: 3437: 3380: 3348:to increase speed and 3319: 3294:cleared the road by a 3284:28th (Māori) Battalion 3250: 3068: 2821: 2724: 2696: 2615: 2544: 2376:Unternehmen Barbarossa 2363: 2334:armour-piercing rounds 2323:3rd King's Own Hussars 2317:(7th RTR) and sixteen 2294:Bren light machine gun 2225:Steyr-Mannlicher M1895 2126: 1945: 1942:Wolfram von Richthofen 1920:the island and mining 1819: 1814: 1762: 1738: 1700: 1554: 1551:Major-general Freyberg 1400:British prime minister 1264: 1244: 450:1 torpedo boat damaged 427:5th Mountain Division: 232:Commanders and leaders 14390:Second Battle of Guam 14286:Bengal famine of 1943 14256:Second Battle of Kiev 14212:Battle of the Dnieper 13917:Battle of Wake Island 13789:East African campaign 13731:Battle of South Henan 13376:atrocities by Germans 13149:Korean Volunteer Army 12130:Occupation of Germany 11884:Music in World War II 11339:Archbishop Damaskinos 11296:Percentages agreement 10722:Konstantinos Ventiris 10109:Occupation Reichsmark 9661:5th Mountain Division 9488:Henry Maitland Wilson 9314:8th Infantry Division 8961:Revolt of Saint Titus 8824: 8503:Sadler, John (2007). 8389:Nigl, Alfred (2007). 8134:Guard, Julie (2007). 8038:Cody, J. F. (2004) . 8019:Clark, Alan (1989) . 7975:Brown, David (2002). 7730:. London: Heinemann. 7552:Pack, S.W.C. (1973). 7069:Greece and Crete 1941 7048:Brown, David (2002). 3875: 3851: 3840: 3830: 3815: 3807: 3799: 3722: 3615: 3505: 3486:Massacre of Kondomari 3435: 3375: 3313: 3300:Battle of 42nd Street 3231: 3063: 2815:Italian torpedo boat 2814: 2722: 2689: 2609: 2542: 2361: 2330:Ordnance QF 2 pounder 2117: 2108:Further information: 1997:Weapons and equipment 1978:Eleftherios Venizelos 1936: 1841:5th Mountain Division 1812: 1756: 1688: 1627:14th Infantry Brigade 1549: 1383:based on the island. 1365:Fifth Cretan Division 1326:, and the first time 400:21 aircraft shot down 364:Casualties and losses 100:35.50000°N 24.06111°E 37:Mediterranean theatre 14921:Invasions by Germany 14676:Surrender of Germany 14154:Battle of West Hubei 14111:Guadalcanal campaign 14081:Battle of Stalingrad 14007:Battle of Madagascar 12781:Albania protectorate 12568:(formerly Swaziland) 12277:Wehrmacht war crimes 12093:Expulsion of Germans 11877:Art and World War II 11775:British contribution 11724:Governments in exile 11511:The Guns of Navarone 11476:Ill Met by Moonlight 11155:3rd Mountain Brigade 10950:George Psychoundakis 10935:Patrick Leigh Fermor 10599:Pinerolo disarmament 10197:Georgios Tsolakoglou 9606:1st Armoured Brigade 9598:British Commonwealth 9480:British Commonwealth 9463:Georgios Tsolakoglou 9209:Konstantinos Davakis 8856:More spoken articles 8353:Ill Met By Moonlight 8218:Hill, Maria (2010). 8107:Ewer, Peter (2008). 8002:: The Grand Alliance 8000:The Second World War 7851:. Rand Corporation. 7554:The Battle for Crete 7521:Otter, Ken (2001) . 7371:The Second World War 7277:Hill, Maria (2010). 7152:Davin, Daniel Marcus 7103:. Houghton Mifflin. 6693:Playfair et al. 1956 6512:Playfair et al. 1956 6352:, pp. 292, 165. 6340:, pp. 236, 342. 6268:, pp. 142, 146. 6266:Playfair et al. 1956 6230:Playfair et al. 1956 5035:Playfair et al. 1956 4725:www.nzhistory.net.nz 4675:. 2001. p. 84. 4424:Theodore Stephanides 4416:George Psychoundakis 4408:Patrick Leigh Fermor 4313:Italian submarines: 4253:Von Blücher brothers 4108:British Commonwealth 3656:. Units assigned to 3524:Alikianos executions 3490:Alikianos executions 3246:, Diary, 27 May 1941 3209:Oberleutnant-zur-See 3195:on 24 May, the 95th 3032:flown by Lieutenant 2962:was sunk. King sent 2795:28th Maori Battalion 2529:Maleme–Chania sector 2404:Messerschmitt Bf 109 2349:Strategy and tactics 2319:Light Tanks Mark VIB 2284:British Commonwealth 2245:St. Étienne Mle 1907 2216:Mannlicher–Schönauer 2025:improve this article 1603:British Commonwealth 1543:anti-aircraft guns. 1423:Operation Barbarossa 371:British Commonwealth 14766:Potsdam Declaration 14655:Italy (Spring 1945) 14418:Liberation of Paris 13875:Siege of Sevastopol 12893:(until August 1944) 12796:Wang Jingwei regime 12618:from September 1943 12578:from September 1944 12516:from September 1944 12376:Romanian war crimes 12367:Persecution of Jews 12353:Croatian war crimes 12323:Japanese war crimes 12137:Occupation of Japan 12086:First Indochina War 11798:Military production 11710:Declarations of war 11490:Ipolochagos Natassa 11334:Georgios Papandreou 11110:Emmanouil Tsouderos 10981:Operation "Animals" 10971:Operation "Albumen" 10692:Komninos Pyromaglou 10650:Red Terror (Greece) 10594:1943 Athens protest 10559:Gorgopotamos Bridge 10456:Evripidis Bakirtzis 10404:National Liberation 10299:Alcibiades Diamandi 10263:Security Battalions 10237:George S. Mercouris 10212:Sotirios Gotzamanis 10154:Baron Hirsch ghetto 9781:XXII Mountain Corps 9581:Epirus Army Section 9319:Epirus Army Section 8934:Crete and Cyrenaica 8410:The Battle of Crete 8332:Mediterranean Front 7847:Vick, Alan (1995). 6731:, pp. 486–487. 6719:, pp. 139–141. 6654:, pp. 486–488. 6514:, pp. 148–149. 6403:, pp. 128–129. 6292:, pp. 176–178. 6256:, pp. 444–446. 6050:The Battle of Crete 5963:The Battle of Crete 5881:, pp. 401–402. 5852:, pp. 289–292. 5840:, pp. 443–444. 5828:, pp. 170–171. 5780:, pp. 166–168. 5386:, pp. 221–255. 5090:, pp. 218–219. 5025:, pp. 325–327. 5013:, pp. 324–325. 4812:. London: Penguin. 4673:The Dupuy Institute 3932:and the destroyers 3568:Holocaust of Kedros 3543:resistance movement 3498:Holocaust of Kedros 3454:Civilian resistance 3273:No. 50/52 Commandos 2742:under Rear-Admiral 2602:Battle of Heraklion 2427: 2419:Middle East Command 2398:commander, Admiral 2321:from "C" Squadron, 2258:Howard Kippenberger 2240:crew-served weapons 2235:Fusil Gras mle 1874 1881:Detachment Süssmann 892:Strait of Bonifacio 448:1 destroyer damaged 256:Bernard C. Freyberg 96: / 14926:Invasions by Italy 14759:Surrender of Japan 14592:Battle of Iwo Jima 14441:Belgrade offensive 13854:Siege of Leningrad 13738:Battle of Shanggao 13667:British Somaliland 13632:Dunkirk evacuation 13583:Norwegian campaign 13521:Invasion of Poland 13348:Japanese prisoners 12316:Italian war crimes 12247:British war crimes 12162:Soviet occupations 11946:South-West Pacific 11833:Allied cooperation 11791:Military equipment 11428:Kalpaki War Museum 11281:Lebanon Conference 11147:in the Middle East 11145:Greek Armed Forces 11135:Pafsanias Katsotas 11115:Sofoklis Venizelos 10802:Hellenic Army (ES) 10737:Kimonas Zografakis 10712:Vasileios Sachinis 10697:Antonis Fosteridis 10663:Non-EAM resistance 10328:Cham collaboration 10309:Vassilis Rapotikas 10232:Nikolaos Bourantas 10227:Friedrich Schubert 10202:K. Logothetopoulos 9852:Carlo Vecchiarelli 9453:Alexandros Papagos 9199:Alexandros Papagos 8826: 8780:1 May 2013 at the 8472:Ross, A. (2004) . 8293:. Kangaroo Press. 8289:Lind, Lew (1991). 8220:Diggers and Greeks 8041:28 Maori Battalion 7764:"8 Blood is Spilt" 7527:: The Untold Story 7500:O'Hara, Vincent P. 7143:The London Gazette 6326:Kiriakopoulos 1995 6280:, pp. 116–117 6136:on 3 February 2011 5949:, pp. 377–379 5905:, pp. 401–402 5302:, pp. 135–138 5114:, pp. 210–213 4977:, pp. 530–531 4871:, pp. 229–230 3982:, the battleships 3846: 3835: 3825: 3810: 3802: 3728: 3660:were intended for 3638: 3532:Kandanos was razed 3511: 3482:Razing of Kandanos 3438: 3381: 3331:, supported by 13 3320: 3069: 2955:and the destroyer 2917:only 18 per cent. 2822: 2769:Francesco Mimbelli 2731:, escorted by the 2725: 2697: 2616: 2598:Battle of Rethymno 2545: 2425: 2400:Karlgeorg Schuster 2384:Unternehmen Merkur 2368:Unternehmen Merkur 2366:Hitler authorised 2364: 2343:Universal Carriers 2127: 1946: 1815: 1763: 1705:amphibious assault 1701: 1643:Leicester Regiment 1586:Cretan Gendarmerie 1582:5th Greek Division 1557:On 30 April 1941, 1555: 1265:Unternehmen Merkur 290:Francesco Mimbelli 105:35.50000; 24.06111 14851:Conflicts in 1941 14833: 14832: 14791: 14790: 14634:Battle of Okinawa 14533:Burma (1944–1945) 14367:Mariana and Palau 14147:Tunisian campaign 13972:Fall of Singapore 13896:Fall of Hong Kong 13639:Battle of Britain 13492:Operation Himmler 13401: 13400: 13065:Dutch East Indies 12708:Southern Rhodesia 12460: 12459: 12360:Genocide of Serbs 12263:German war crimes 12240:Soviet war crimes 12233:Allied war crimes 12079:Division of Korea 12058:Chinese Civil War 11856:Strategic bombing 11768:Manhattan Project 11542: 11541: 11538: 11537: 11534: 11533: 11455:Aera! Aera! Aera! 11413:Athens War Museum 11370: 11369: 11366: 11365: 11362: 11361: 11354:Nikos Zachariadis 11306:Treaty of Varkiza 11291:Operation "Manna" 11286:Caserta Agreement 11219: 11218: 11215: 11214: 11211: 11210: 11074:April 1944 mutiny 11014: 11013: 11010: 11009: 11006: 11005: 10940:Bill Stanley Moss 10899: 10898: 10850:Skala Paramythias 10727:Manolis Paterakis 10687:Dimitrios Psarros 10682:Georgios Kartalis 10658: 10657: 10630:Feneos executions 10441:Alexandros Svolos 10421:Aris Velouchiotis 10377: 10376: 10373: 10372: 10369: 10368: 10304:Nicolaos Matussis 10174: 10173: 10059:200 of Kaisariani 9938: 9937: 9769:LXVIII Army Corps 9742:Hermann Neubacher 9737:Günther Altenburg 9681: 9680: 9677: 9676: 9673: 9672: 9669: 9668: 9646:XXXX Panzer Corps 9541: 9540: 9366: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9286: 9285: 9099:(1940–1941) 9096:Greco-Italian War 9037: 9036: 8822: 8714:HMS Ajax at Crete 8641:978-1-86227-236-1 8605:978-0-19-821715-2 8575:978-1-84415-770-9 8556:978-3-8132-0699-9 8533:978-1-84415-557-6 8514:978-1-84415-383-1 8464:978-3-447-06423-1 8441:978-960-226-013-5 8430:The Cretan Runner 8419:978-0-9757669-1-0 8400:978-1-882824-31-1 8381:978-2-913903-37-1 8319:978-0-300-05804-8 8300:978-0-86417-394-2 8267:978-960-85329-0-8 8248:978-0-380-70102-5 8229:978-1-74223-014-6 8202:978-960-7897-01-5 8183:978-960-7296-35-1 8164:978-960-226-184-2 8145:978-1-84603-196-0 8118:978-1-921215-29-2 8099:978-960-226-348-8 8080:978-1-900511-79-7 8030:978-960-226-090-6 8021:The Fall of Crete 8011:978-0-395-41057-8 7986:978-0-7146-5205-4 7967:978-0-14-016787-0 7948:978-1-86941-052-0 7929:978-1-57958-265-4 7896:978-1-61234-387-7 7877:978-1-86019-874-8 7858:978-0-8330-1629-4 7839:978-1-903365-30-4 7754:978-0-19-822884-4 7718:978-0-948817-07-6 7628:978-0-11-771592-9 7591:978-1-84574-066-5 7563:978-0-87021-810-1 7536:978-0-9522194-2-2 7513:978-1-59114-648-3 7475:978-0-415-45804-7 7456:978-0-333-61675-8 7399:978-0-275-95277-8 7380:978-1-4464-9649-7 7358:978-1-60888-030-0 7311:978-0-11-630961-7 7288:978-1-74223-245-4 7269:978-0-81317-174-6 7250:978-1-86176-057-9 7196:978-0-905617-64-0 7129:978-0-557-08181-3 7110:978-0-395-34402-6 7087:978-1-85532-579-1 7059:978-0-7146-5205-4 7040:978-1-937470-01-2 7021:978-0-7195-4857-4 6999:978-1-84176-844-1 6980:978-0-8223-0224-7 6642:, pp. 84–85. 6586:978-1-135-17934-2 6547:978-1-4746-0832-9 6526:, pp. 82–84. 6328:, pp. 32–34. 6206:"Battle of Crete" 6181:"Battle of Crete" 6156:"Battle of Crete" 6099:978-1-85109-969-6 6060:978-1-921941-24-5 6021:978-1-78289-318-9 5998:978-0-405-13030-4 5729:Otter, Chapter 14 5660:978-0-608-13736-0 5510:"Battle of Crete" 5165:, pp. 81–82. 4819:978-0-14-016787-0 4778:978-1-4728-0990-2 4263:Cretan resistance 4204: 4203: 4031:, the destroyers 3671:north, ready for 3494:Viannos massacres 3244:Alexander Cadogan 3184:In Which We Serve 3112:Louis Mountbatten 2898:had 40 per cent, 2705:George Alan Vasey 2620:Regia Aeronautica 2516: 2515: 2354:Operation Mercury 2191:Leichtgeschütz 40 2101: 2100: 2093: 2075: 2040:"Battle of Crete" 1774:150 dive-bombers, 1635:artillery battery 1588:(2,500 men); the 1435:Battle of Britain 1396:Winston Churchill 1309:Cretan resistance 1278:operation during 1257:Operation Mercury 1230: 1229: 1081: 1080: 1051:Greco-Italian War 1002: 1001: 466: 465: 456:5,894 casualties 346:150 dive bombers 138: 137: 131:Establishment of 14943: 14826: 14819: 14812: 14809:World portal 14807: 14806: 14782: 14775: 14768: 14761: 14752: 14745: 14738: 14729: 14722: 14715: 14708: 14701: 14694: 14685: 14678: 14671: 14669:Prague offensive 14664: 14662:Battle of Berlin 14657: 14650: 14643: 14636: 14629: 14622: 14615: 14608: 14606:Vienna offensive 14601: 14594: 14587: 14585:Battle of Manila 14580: 14560: 14551: 14542: 14535: 14526: 14519: 14512: 14505: 14498: 14491: 14484: 14475: 14466: 14459: 14450: 14443: 14436: 14429: 14420: 14413: 14406: 14399: 14392: 14385: 14378: 14369: 14362: 14353: 14344: 14335: 14328: 14326:Korsun–Cherkassy 14321: 14310: 14288: 14279: 14272: 14265: 14258: 14251: 14244: 14237: 14228: 14221: 14214: 14207: 14198: 14191: 14184: 14177: 14170: 14168:Bombing of Gorky 14163: 14156: 14149: 14129: 14122: 14113: 14106: 14099: 14090: 14083: 14076: 14069: 14058: 14051: 14044: 14037: 14035:Battle of Midway 14030: 14023: 14021:Battle of Gazala 14016: 14009: 14002: 13995: 13988: 13981: 13974: 13954: 13947: 13940: 13933: 13931:Battle of Borneo 13926: 13924:Malayan campaign 13919: 13912: 13905: 13898: 13891: 13884: 13877: 13870: 13868:Bombing of Gorky 13863: 13861:Battle of Moscow 13856: 13849: 13842: 13835: 13828: 13821: 13805: 13798: 13791: 13784: 13777: 13770: 13761: 13754: 13747: 13740: 13733: 13713: 13704: 13697: 13690: 13683: 13676: 13669: 13662: 13655: 13648: 13641: 13634: 13627: 13625:Battle of France 13620: 13613: 13606: 13599: 13592: 13585: 13565: 13558: 13551: 13544: 13537: 13530: 13523: 13501: 13494: 13487: 13480: 13478:Munich Agreement 13473: 13466: 13457: 13450: 13443: 13434: 13427: 13412: 13411: 13394: 13387: 13378: 13371: 13364: 13363:Soviet prisoners 13357: 13350: 13343: 13334: 13327: 13318: 13311: 13304: 13303:German prisoners 13299: 13279: 13270: 13263: 13256: 13251: 13244: 13237: 13230: 13223: 13216: 13209: 13202: 13195: 13188: 13181: 13174: 13167: 13160: 13151: 13144: 13137: 13130: 13123: 13116: 13109: 13102: 13095: 13088: 13081: 13074: 13067: 13060: 13053: 13046: 13039: 13032: 13025: 13005: 12998: 12991: 12984: 12977: 12970: 12963: 12956: 12949: 12942: 12935: 12915: 12908: 12901: 12894: 12886: 12879: 12872: 12863: 12856: 12848: 12841: 12839:French Indochina 12834: 12827: 12820: 12813: 12805: 12798: 12791: 12783: 12763: 12754: 12747: 12738: 12731: 12724: 12717: 12710: 12703: 12696: 12689: 12686:from August 1944 12677: 12670: 12663: 12656: 12649: 12642: 12635: 12628: 12621: 12609: 12602: 12595: 12588: 12581: 12569: 12561: 12554: 12547: 12540: 12533: 12526: 12519: 12507: 12500: 12493: 12486: 12471: 12470: 12451: 12444: 12437: 12430: 12423: 12412: 12397: 12390: 12383: 12378: 12369: 12362: 12355: 12346: 12339: 12332: 12330:Nanjing Massacre 12325: 12318: 12309: 12307:Nuremberg trials 12300: 12293: 12286: 12279: 12272: 12265: 12256: 12249: 12242: 12235: 12215: 12208: 12201: 12192: 12185: 12178: 12171: 12164: 12157: 12148: 12139: 12132: 12125: 12118: 12109: 12102: 12095: 12088: 12081: 12074: 12067: 12060: 12040: 12031: 12024: 12017: 12008: 12001: 11994: 11987: 11978: 11971: 11964: 11955: 11948: 11941: 11934: 11927: 11920: 11913: 11911:Asia and Pacific 11893: 11886: 11879: 11872: 11865: 11858: 11851: 11842: 11840:Mulberry harbour 11835: 11828: 11821: 11814: 11807: 11800: 11793: 11786: 11777: 11770: 11763: 11754: 11747: 11740: 11733: 11726: 11719: 11712: 11705: 11698: 11691: 11682: 11675: 11660: 11659: 11648: 11641: 11632: 11625: 11618: 11611: 11604: 11597: 11590: 11569: 11562: 11555: 11546: 11545: 11387: 11386: 11376: 11375: 11272: 11249: 11248: 11239: 11238: 11225: 11224: 11044: 11043: 11037:Greek government 11033: 11032: 11020: 11019: 10998:Damasta sabotage 10915: 10914: 10667: 10666: 10503:National Council 10451:Markos Vafeiadis 10446:Ilias Tsirimokos 10436:Georgios Siantos 10426:Stefanos Sarafis 10411: 10410: 10400: 10399: 10383: 10382: 10187: 10186: 10180:Collaborationist 10117: 9926: 9914: 9896: 9895: 9870: 9838:Pellegrino Ghigi 9823: 9822: 9788:Alexander Andrae 9727: 9726: 9718: 9717: 9709: 9708: 9700: 9699: 9687: 9686: 9641:XVIII Army Corps 9631: 9630: 9596: 9595: 9561: 9560: 9552: 9551: 9513: 9512: 9498:Bernard Freyberg 9478: 9477: 9438: 9437: 9429: 9428: 9391:Operation Lustre 9381: 9380: 9376: 9339: 9338: 9304: 9303: 9295: 9294: 9253:Benito Mussolini 9243: 9242: 9218:Ioannis Pitsikas 9184: 9183: 9175: 9174: 9105: 9104: 9100: 9092: 9091: 9079: 9078: 9064: 9057: 9050: 9041: 9040: 9000:1897–1898 revolt 8889: 8882: 8875: 8866: 8865: 8846: 8844: 8833: 8832: 8823: 8813: 8811: 8807: 8802: 8702: 8700: 8698: 8692: 8685: 8675: 8673: 8671: 8645: 8626: 8609: 8593: 8584:Taylor, A. J. P. 8579: 8566:Battle for Crete 8560: 8537: 8518: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8468: 8445: 8423: 8404: 8385: 8366: 8348:Stanley Moss, W. 8343: 8323: 8304: 8285: 8279: 8271: 8252: 8233: 8214: 8187: 8168: 8149: 8130: 8103: 8084: 8065: 8063: 8061: 8034: 8015: 7990: 7971: 7952: 7933: 7900: 7881: 7862: 7843: 7821: 7819: 7817: 7791: 7789: 7787: 7758: 7739: 7728:Battle for Crete 7722: 7703: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7644: 7642: 7640: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7567: 7548: 7517: 7495: 7479: 7460: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7403: 7384: 7373:. Random House. 7362: 7351:. Nimble Books. 7343: 7341: 7339: 7333: 7326: 7315: 7292: 7273: 7254: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7200: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7147: 7133: 7114: 7102: 7091: 7072: 7063: 7044: 7025: 7003: 6984: 6972: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6918: 6912: 6909: 6903: 6900: 6894: 6891: 6885: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6871: 6862:. Archived from 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6762: 6756: 6750: 6744: 6738: 6732: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6696: 6690: 6679: 6673: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6643: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6600: 6598: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6483: 6477: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6437:history.army.mil 6429: 6420: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6347: 6341: 6335: 6329: 6323: 6317: 6311: 6305: 6299: 6293: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6132:. Archived from 6122: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6006: 6000: 5986: 5975: 5972: 5966: 5959: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5919: 5912: 5906: 5900: 5891: 5888: 5882: 5876: 5865: 5864:, pp. 71–72 5859: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5792:, pp. 357–9 5787: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5745: 5739: 5736: 5730: 5727: 5716: 5710: 5701: 5695: 5686: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5644: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5577: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5453: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5393: 5387: 5381: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5350: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5318: 5312: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5276: 5271: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5219: 5213: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5151: 5148: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5068: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4792: 4790: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4681: 4670: 4662: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4589: 4580: 4579: 4568: 4559: 4556: 4545: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4525: 4519:. Archived from 4518: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4483: 4442:Lawrence Durrell 4396:Bernard Freyberg 4381: 4371: 4312: 4303: 4294: 4285: 4268:Crete Cuff Title 4258:Greek resistance 4230:Battle of Maleme 4079:(presumed dead) 4064: 4063: 4024:, the submarine 3974:aircraft carrier 3883: 3859: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3711:southern flank. 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3254:Gulf of Kissamos 3248: 3024:and another hit 2913:25 per cent and 2766: 2765: 2761: 2677: 2535:Battle of Maleme 2460:Wilhelm Süssmann 2428: 2424: 2164: 2163: 2159: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2139:recoilless rifle 2119:Crete Cuff Title 2096: 2089: 2085: 2082: 2076: 2074: 2033: 2009: 2001: 1908: 1893: 1878: 1866: 1822: 1804: 1796: 1792: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1741: 1639:Archibald Wavell 1612: 1608: 1575: 1569:New Zealand Army 1562:Bernard Freyberg 1510: 1506: 1499: 1486:Bristol Blenheim 1388:Operation Marita 1352:Battle of Greece 1254: 1118: 1108: 1101: 1094: 1085: 1084: 1041: 1039: 1038:Balkans campaign 1029: 1022: 1015: 1006: 1005: 602:Cape Spartivento 504: 502: 492: 485: 478: 469: 468: 397:Royal Air Force: 352:80 troop gliders 288: 287: 286: 277: 276: 275: 266: 265: 264: 254: 253: 252: 243: 242: 241: 227: 223: 221: 220: 213: 209: 207: 206: 195: 193: 192: 183: 181: 180: 174: 170: 168: 167: 160: 156: 154: 153: 111: 110: 108: 107: 106: 101: 97: 94: 93: 92: 89: 59: 58: 47: 33:Battle of Greece 23: 22: 14951: 14950: 14946: 14945: 14944: 14942: 14941: 14940: 14846:Battle of Crete 14836: 14835: 14834: 14829: 14822: 14815: 14801: 14799: 14787: 14778: 14771: 14764: 14757: 14748: 14741: 14734: 14725: 14720:Atomic bombings 14718: 14711: 14704: 14697: 14690: 14681: 14674: 14667: 14660: 14653: 14646: 14639: 14632: 14625: 14618: 14611: 14604: 14597: 14590: 14583: 14576: 14563: 14556: 14545: 14538: 14531: 14522: 14515: 14508: 14501: 14494: 14487: 14478: 14469: 14462: 14453: 14446: 14439: 14432: 14423: 14416: 14411:Eastern Romania 14409: 14404:Warsaw Uprising 14402: 14397:Tannenberg Line 14395: 14388: 14383:Western Ukraine 14381: 14372: 14365: 14356: 14347: 14338: 14331: 14324: 14313: 14304: 14291: 14284: 14275: 14268: 14261: 14254: 14247: 14240: 14233: 14224: 14217: 14210: 14201: 14194: 14187: 14180: 14175:Battle of Kursk 14173: 14166: 14159: 14152: 14145: 14132: 14125: 14116: 14109: 14102: 14093: 14086: 14079: 14072: 14063: 14054: 14047: 14040: 14033: 14026: 14019: 14012: 14005: 13998: 13991: 13986:St Nazaire Raid 13984: 13977: 13970: 13957: 13950: 13943: 13936: 13929: 13922: 13915: 13908: 13901: 13894: 13887: 13880: 13873: 13866: 13859: 13852: 13845: 13838: 13831: 13824: 13810: 13801: 13794: 13787: 13780: 13773: 13768:Anglo-Iraqi War 13766: 13759:Battle of Crete 13757: 13750: 13743: 13736: 13729: 13716: 13707: 13700: 13693: 13688:Eastern Romania 13686: 13679: 13672: 13665: 13658: 13651: 13644: 13637: 13630: 13623: 13616: 13609: 13602: 13595: 13588: 13581: 13568: 13561: 13554: 13547: 13540: 13533: 13526: 13519: 13506: 13497: 13490: 13483: 13476: 13469: 13462: 13453: 13446: 13439: 13430: 13423: 13397: 13390: 13383: 13374: 13367: 13362: 13353: 13346: 13339: 13330: 13323: 13314: 13307: 13302: 13295: 13282: 13275: 13266: 13259: 13254: 13249:Western Ukraine 13247: 13240: 13233: 13226: 13219: 13212: 13205: 13198: 13193:Northeast China 13191: 13184: 13177: 13170: 13163: 13156: 13147: 13140: 13133: 13126: 13119: 13112: 13105: 13098: 13091: 13084: 13077: 13070: 13063: 13056: 13049: 13042: 13035: 13028: 13021: 13008: 13001: 12994: 12987: 12980: 12973: 12966: 12959: 12952: 12945: 12938: 12931: 12918: 12911: 12904: 12899:Slovak Republic 12897: 12889: 12882: 12875: 12870:Empire of Japan 12868: 12859: 12851: 12844: 12837: 12830: 12823: 12816: 12808: 12801: 12794: 12786: 12779: 12766: 12759: 12750: 12743: 12734: 12727: 12720: 12713: 12706: 12699: 12692: 12680: 12673: 12666: 12659: 12652: 12645: 12638: 12631: 12624: 12612: 12605: 12598: 12591: 12584: 12572: 12564: 12557: 12550: 12543: 12536: 12529: 12522: 12510: 12503: 12496: 12489: 12482: 12456: 12447: 12440: 12433: 12426: 12415: 12400: 12393: 12386: 12382:Sexual violence 12381: 12374: 12365: 12358: 12351: 12342: 12335: 12328: 12321: 12314: 12305: 12296: 12289: 12282: 12275: 12268: 12261: 12252: 12245: 12238: 12231: 12218: 12211: 12204: 12197: 12188: 12181: 12174: 12167: 12160: 12151: 12142: 12135: 12128: 12121: 12112: 12105: 12100:Greek Civil War 12098: 12091: 12084: 12077: 12070: 12063: 12056: 12043: 12036: 12027: 12020: 12013: 12004: 11997: 11990: 11983: 11974: 11967: 11960: 11951: 11944: 11937: 11930: 11925:South-East Asia 11923: 11916: 11909: 11896: 11889: 11882: 11875: 11868: 11861: 11854: 11847: 11838: 11831: 11824: 11817: 11810: 11803: 11796: 11789: 11784:Military awards 11782: 11773: 11766: 11759: 11750: 11743: 11736: 11729: 11722: 11715: 11708: 11701: 11694: 11687: 11678: 11671: 11651: 11644: 11637: 11628: 11621: 11614: 11609: 11600: 11593: 11586: 11578: 11573: 11543: 11530: 11447:Popular culture 11442: 11401: 11381: 11358: 11344:Georgios Grivas 11317: 11266: 11264:Plaka agreement 11233: 11207: 11146: 11139: 11093: 11038: 11027: 11002: 10959: 10930:Monty Woodhouse 10895: 10879: 10818: 10741: 10717:Lela Karagianni 10707:Ilias Degiannis 10702:Kostas Perrikos 10677:Napoleon Zervas 10654: 10618: 10589:Kournovo Tunnel 10532: 10460: 10405: 10394: 10365: 10344: 10282: 10251: 10222:Georgios Poulos 10181: 10170: 10120: 10111: 10104:Compulsory loan 10074: 10068: 9934: 9920: 9918:Trifon Trifonov 9908: 9890: 9885: 9874:VIII Army Corps 9864: 9817: 9812: 9747:Walter Schimana 9721: 9713: 9704: 9694: 9665: 9625: 9620: 9590: 9585: 9555: 9537: 9507: 9502: 9472: 9467: 9432: 9420: 9374: 9373: 9372:German invasion 9358: 9333: 9328: 9298: 9282: 9237: 9232: 9228:Georgios Kosmas 9194:Ioannis Metaxas 9178: 9166: 9098: 9097: 9086: 9073: 9068: 9038: 9033: 9022:Battle of Crete 8973:Siege of Candia 8956:Venetian period 8916:Mycenean period 8902: 8893: 8862: 8860: 8859: 8848: 8842: 8840: 8837:This audio file 8834: 8827: 8818: 8815: 8809: 8805: 8804: 8800: 8794:Wayback Machine 8782:Wayback Machine 8753:Battle of Crete 8721:Wayback Machine 8710: 8705: 8696: 8694: 8690: 8683: 8679:Power, Graham. 8669: 8667: 8658:Power, Graham. 8648: 8642: 8606: 8576: 8557: 8534: 8515: 8493: 8491: 8465: 8442: 8420: 8401: 8382: 8328:Moorehead, Alan 8320: 8301: 8273: 8272: 8268: 8249: 8230: 8203: 8184: 8165: 8146: 8119: 8100: 8081: 8059: 8057: 8031: 8012: 7987: 7974: 7968: 7955: 7949: 7930: 7908: 7906:Further reading 7903: 7897: 7878: 7859: 7840: 7815: 7813: 7785: 7783: 7755: 7719: 7680: 7678: 7653:Butler, J. R. M 7638: 7636: 7629: 7601: 7599: 7592: 7564: 7537: 7514: 7482: 7476: 7457: 7435: 7433: 7400: 7381: 7359: 7337: 7335: 7334:on 10 June 2016 7331: 7324: 7318: 7312: 7289: 7270: 7251: 7229: 7227: 7197: 7175: 7173: 7130: 7111: 7088: 7060: 7041: 7022: 7000: 6981: 6960: 6955: 6954: 6946: 6942: 6932: 6930: 6919: 6915: 6910: 6906: 6901: 6897: 6892: 6888: 6883: 6879: 6869: 6867: 6866:on 2 March 2018 6854: 6853: 6849: 6841: 6837: 6829: 6825: 6817: 6813: 6805: 6801: 6793: 6789: 6779: 6777: 6764: 6763: 6759: 6751: 6747: 6739: 6735: 6727: 6723: 6715: 6711: 6703: 6699: 6691: 6682: 6674: 6670: 6662: 6658: 6650: 6646: 6638: 6634: 6626: 6622: 6614: 6610: 6596: 6594: 6587: 6571: 6567: 6559: 6555: 6548: 6534: 6530: 6522: 6518: 6510: 6506: 6496: 6494: 6493:on 6 April 2012 6485: 6484: 6480: 6472: 6468: 6460: 6456: 6446: 6444: 6431: 6430: 6423: 6411: 6407: 6399: 6395: 6385: 6383: 6382:on 1 April 2012 6374:Stein, Stuart. 6372: 6368: 6364:, pp. 231. 6360: 6356: 6348: 6344: 6336: 6332: 6324: 6320: 6312: 6308: 6300: 6296: 6288: 6284: 6276: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6252: 6248: 6240: 6236: 6228: 6224: 6214: 6212: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6189: 6187: 6179: 6178: 6174: 6164: 6162: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6139: 6137: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6109: 6107: 6100: 6084: 6080: 6070: 6068: 6061: 6045: 6041: 6031: 6029: 6022: 6008: 6007: 6003: 5987: 5978: 5973: 5969: 5961:Forty, George, 5960: 5953: 5945: 5941: 5933: 5922: 5913: 5909: 5901: 5894: 5889: 5885: 5877: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5836: 5832: 5824: 5820: 5812: 5808: 5800: 5796: 5788: 5784: 5776: 5772: 5767: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5719: 5711: 5704: 5696: 5689: 5684: 5680: 5670: 5668: 5661: 5645: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5621: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5595: 5593: 5578: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5537: 5533: 5523: 5521: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5493: 5491: 5486:. 30 May 2010. 5482: 5481: 5477: 5467: 5465: 5460:. stuff.co.nz. 5454: 5445: 5435: 5433: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5400: 5394: 5390: 5382: 5373: 5363: 5361: 5352: 5351: 5342: 5332: 5330: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5298: 5294: 5286: 5279: 5272: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5231: 5222: 5214: 5205: 5197: 5193: 5185: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5161: 5154: 5149: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5045: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5009: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4973: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4930: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4867: 4860: 4850: 4848: 4831: 4827: 4820: 4806: 4802: 4788: 4786: 4779: 4763: 4759: 4751: 4744: 4734: 4732: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4706: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4654: 4644: 4642: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4612: 4602: 4600: 4591: 4590: 4583: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4562: 4557: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4526:on 17 July 2011 4523: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4497: 4495: 4484: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4438:Sword of Honour 4412:John Pendlebury 4276: 4221: 4209: 4200: 4195: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4168: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4114: 4078: 3996:, the cruisers 3884: 3881: 3860: 3857: 3822:Maleme Airfield 3794: 3777:Fliegerdivision 3754:Fliegerkorps XI 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736:registered tons 3732:Fliegerkorps XI 3717: 3628: 3627: 3618: 3617: 3610: 3605: 3573:Generalleutnant 3500: 3478: 3456: 3447: 3430: 3370: 3308: 3249: 3241: 3058: 3034:Gerhard Brenner 2809: 2791: 2786: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2717: 2693:Fallschirmjäger 2684: 2675: 2661: 2604: 2596:Main articles: 2594: 2537: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2448:(Group Centre) 2392:Colonel General 2356: 2351: 2286: 2211: 2203:Fallschirmjäger 2161: 2157: 2156: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2112: 2106: 2097: 2086: 2080: 2077: 2034: 2032: 2022: 2010: 1999: 1954:, chief of the 1952:Wilhelm Canaris 1931: 1906: 1904:Anglo-Iraqi War 1891: 1887:Fliegerdivision 1876: 1864: 1854: 1849: 1820:Fallschirmjäger 1802: 1794: 1790: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1759:mountain troops 1748:Royal Engineers 1739:Fallschirmjäger 1726:the Netherlands 1699:glider in Crete 1692:Fallschirmjäger 1683: 1629:of the British 1610: 1606: 1593:centres in the 1573: 1508: 1504: 1497: 1472: 1467: 1461: 1459:Order of battle 1456: 1440:air superiority 1431:Royal Air Force 1361:attacked Greece 1354: 1348: 1316:Fallschirmjäger 1300:Maleme Airfield 1267:), was a major 1253:Μάχη της Κρήτης 1237:Battle of Crete 1233: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1082: 1077: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1003: 998: 996: 989: 985:U-boat Campaign 969: 505: 500: 498: 496: 457: 455: 451: 449: 447: 443: 441: 439: 435: 433: 431: 429: 425: 423: 421: 419: 411: 409: 407: 403: 401: 399: 395: 393: 391: 387: 385: 383: 379: 378:12,254 captured 377: 375: 373: 358: 353: 351: 350:500 transports 349: 347: 345: 343: 341: 333: 328: 326: 321: 319: 314: 313:10,258 – 11,451 312: 307: 305: 284: 282: 281: 273: 271: 270: 262: 260: 250: 248: 247: 239: 237: 218: 216: 214: 204: 202: 190: 188: 187: 178: 176: 175: 165: 163: 161: 151: 149: 130: 125: 104: 102: 98: 95: 90: 87: 85: 83: 82: 81: 51:Fallschirmjäger 48: 26:Battle of Crete 17: 12: 11: 5: 14949: 14939: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14856:1941 in Greece 14853: 14848: 14831: 14830: 14828: 14827: 14820: 14813: 14796: 14793: 14792: 14789: 14788: 14786: 14785: 14784: 14783: 14776: 14769: 14755: 14754: 14753: 14739: 14736:South Sakhalin 14732: 14731: 14730: 14716: 14709: 14702: 14695: 14688: 14687: 14686: 14672: 14665: 14658: 14651: 14644: 14637: 14630: 14623: 14616: 14609: 14602: 14595: 14588: 14581: 14573: 14571: 14565: 14564: 14562: 14561: 14554: 14553: 14552: 14536: 14529: 14528: 14527: 14513: 14506: 14499: 14492: 14485: 14476: 14467: 14460: 14451: 14444: 14437: 14430: 14421: 14414: 14407: 14400: 14393: 14386: 14379: 14370: 14363: 14354: 14345: 14336: 14329: 14322: 14311: 14301: 14299: 14293: 14292: 14290: 14289: 14282: 14281: 14280: 14273: 14259: 14252: 14245: 14238: 14231: 14230: 14229: 14215: 14208: 14199: 14192: 14185: 14178: 14171: 14164: 14161:Battle of Attu 14157: 14150: 14142: 14140: 14134: 14133: 14131: 14130: 14123: 14114: 14107: 14100: 14091: 14084: 14077: 14070: 14061: 14060: 14059: 14052: 14038: 14031: 14024: 14017: 14010: 14003: 13996: 13989: 13982: 13975: 13967: 13965: 13959: 13958: 13956: 13955: 13948: 13941: 13934: 13927: 13920: 13913: 13910:Battle of Guam 13906: 13899: 13892: 13885: 13878: 13871: 13864: 13857: 13850: 13843: 13836: 13833:Battle of Kiev 13829: 13822: 13808: 13807: 13806: 13792: 13785: 13778: 13771: 13764: 13763: 13762: 13748: 13741: 13734: 13726: 13724: 13718: 13717: 13715: 13714: 13705: 13698: 13691: 13684: 13677: 13670: 13663: 13656: 13649: 13642: 13635: 13628: 13621: 13614: 13607: 13600: 13593: 13586: 13578: 13576: 13570: 13569: 13567: 13566: 13559: 13552: 13545: 13538: 13531: 13524: 13516: 13514: 13508: 13507: 13505: 13504: 13503: 13502: 13495: 13488: 13481: 13474: 13460: 13459: 13458: 13451: 13437: 13436: 13435: 13420: 13418: 13409: 13403: 13402: 13399: 13398: 13396: 13395: 13388: 13381: 13380: 13379: 13372: 13360: 13359: 13358: 13344: 13337: 13336: 13335: 13332:United Kingdom 13328: 13321: 13320: 13319: 13300: 13292: 13290: 13284: 13283: 13281: 13280: 13273: 13272: 13271: 13264: 13252: 13245: 13238: 13231: 13224: 13217: 13210: 13203: 13196: 13189: 13182: 13175: 13168: 13161: 13154: 13153: 13152: 13145: 13131: 13124: 13117: 13110: 13103: 13096: 13089: 13082: 13075: 13068: 13061: 13054: 13047: 13040: 13033: 13026: 13018: 13016: 13010: 13009: 13007: 13006: 12999: 12992: 12985: 12978: 12971: 12964: 12957: 12950: 12943: 12936: 12928: 12926: 12920: 12919: 12917: 12916: 12909: 12902: 12895: 12887: 12880: 12873: 12866: 12865: 12864: 12849: 12842: 12835: 12828: 12821: 12814: 12806: 12799: 12792: 12784: 12776: 12774: 12768: 12767: 12765: 12764: 12757: 12756: 12755: 12741: 12740: 12739: 12736:British Empire 12729:United Kingdom 12725: 12718: 12711: 12704: 12697: 12690: 12678: 12671: 12664: 12657: 12650: 12643: 12636: 12629: 12622: 12610: 12603: 12596: 12589: 12582: 12570: 12562: 12555: 12548: 12545:Czechoslovakia 12541: 12534: 12527: 12520: 12508: 12501: 12494: 12487: 12479: 12477: 12468: 12462: 12461: 12458: 12457: 12455: 12454: 12453: 12452: 12445: 12442:Rape of Manila 12438: 12431: 12424: 12413: 12398: 12391: 12379: 12372: 12371: 12370: 12363: 12349: 12348: 12347: 12340: 12333: 12319: 12312: 12311: 12310: 12303: 12302: 12301: 12294: 12280: 12273: 12259: 12258: 12257: 12250: 12243: 12228: 12226: 12220: 12219: 12217: 12216: 12213:United Nations 12209: 12202: 12195: 12194: 12193: 12186: 12179: 12172: 12158: 12149: 12140: 12133: 12126: 12119: 12110: 12103: 12096: 12089: 12082: 12075: 12072:Decolonization 12068: 12061: 12053: 12051: 12045: 12044: 12042: 12041: 12034: 12033: 12032: 12018: 12011: 12010: 12009: 12002: 11995: 11981: 11980: 11979: 11972: 11958: 11957: 11956: 11949: 11942: 11935: 11928: 11921: 11906: 11904: 11898: 11897: 11895: 11894: 11887: 11880: 11873: 11866: 11859: 11852: 11845: 11844: 11843: 11836: 11822: 11815: 11808: 11801: 11794: 11787: 11780: 11779: 11778: 11764: 11757: 11756: 11755: 11748: 11745:United Kingdom 11741: 11727: 11720: 11713: 11706: 11699: 11692: 11685: 11684: 11683: 11668: 11666: 11657: 11653: 11652: 11650: 11649: 11642: 11635: 11634: 11633: 11626: 11619: 11607: 11606: 11605: 11591: 11583: 11580: 11579: 11572: 11571: 11564: 11557: 11549: 11540: 11539: 11536: 11535: 11532: 11531: 11529: 11528: 11521: 11520: 11519: 11507: 11500: 11493: 11486: 11485: 11484: 11472: 11471: 11470: 11458: 11450: 11448: 11444: 11443: 11441: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11409: 11407: 11403: 11402: 11400: 11399: 11393: 11391: 11383: 11382: 11372: 11371: 11368: 11367: 11364: 11363: 11360: 11359: 11357: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11325: 11323: 11319: 11318: 11316: 11315: 11310: 11309: 11308: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11261: 11255: 11253: 11246: 11235: 11234: 11221: 11220: 11217: 11216: 11213: 11212: 11209: 11208: 11206: 11205: 11203:336th Squadron 11200: 11198:335th Squadron 11195: 11190: 11183: 11176: 11169: 11166:Vasilissa Olga 11162: 11157: 11151: 11149: 11141: 11140: 11138: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11105:King George II 11101: 11099: 11095: 11094: 11092: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11050: 11048: 11047:Events/Battles 11041: 11029: 11028: 11016: 11015: 11012: 11011: 11008: 11007: 11004: 11003: 11001: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10989: 10988: 10978: 10973: 10967: 10965: 10961: 10960: 10958: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10945:Themis Marinos 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10921: 10919: 10912: 10901: 10900: 10897: 10896: 10894: 10893: 10887: 10885: 10881: 10880: 10878: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10826: 10824: 10820: 10819: 10817: 10816: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10773: 10772: 10762: 10761: 10760: 10749: 10747: 10743: 10742: 10740: 10739: 10734: 10732:Petrakogiorgis 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10673: 10671: 10664: 10660: 10659: 10656: 10655: 10653: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10626: 10624: 10620: 10619: 10617: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10544:Drama uprising 10540: 10538: 10534: 10533: 10531: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10496: 10495: 10494: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10468: 10466: 10462: 10461: 10459: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10431:Andreas Tzimas 10428: 10423: 10417: 10415: 10408: 10396: 10395: 10379: 10378: 10375: 10374: 10371: 10370: 10367: 10366: 10364: 10363: 10358: 10352: 10350: 10346: 10345: 10343: 10342: 10341: 10340: 10335: 10325: 10324: 10323: 10313: 10312: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10290: 10288: 10284: 10283: 10281: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10259: 10257: 10253: 10252: 10250: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10217:Georgios Bakos 10214: 10209: 10207:Ioannis Rallis 10204: 10199: 10193: 10191: 10184: 10176: 10175: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10168: 10163: 10162: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10136: 10130: 10128: 10122: 10121: 10119: 10118: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10095: 10094: 10084: 10078: 10076: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9946: 9944: 9940: 9939: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9932: 9927: 9915: 9902: 9900: 9887: 9886: 9884: 9883: 9882: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9862:III Army Corps 9859: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9833:Angelico Carta 9829: 9827: 9814: 9813: 9811: 9810: 9805: 9804: 9803: 9801:Fortress Crete 9785: 9784: 9783: 9773: 9772: 9771: 9764:Hellmuth Felmy 9761: 9760: 9759: 9752:Alexander Löhr 9749: 9744: 9739: 9733: 9731: 9715: 9706: 9696: 9695: 9683: 9682: 9679: 9678: 9675: 9674: 9671: 9670: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9637: 9635: 9622: 9621: 9619: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9602: 9600: 9587: 9586: 9584: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9567: 9565: 9549: 9543: 9542: 9539: 9538: 9536: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9519: 9517: 9504: 9503: 9501: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9484: 9482: 9469: 9468: 9466: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9448:King George II 9444: 9442: 9426: 9422: 9421: 9419: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9406:Kleisoura Pass 9403: 9398: 9393: 9387: 9385: 9378: 9368: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9360: 9359: 9357: 9356: 9351: 9345: 9343: 9330: 9329: 9327: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9310: 9308: 9292: 9288: 9287: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9258:Galeazzo Ciano 9255: 9249: 9247: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9190: 9188: 9172: 9168: 9167: 9165: 9164: 9163: 9162: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9111: 9109: 9102: 9088: 9087: 9075: 9074: 9067: 9066: 9059: 9052: 9044: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9031: 9030: 9029: 9024: 9016: 9015: 9014: 9012:Theriso revolt 9004: 9003: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8980:Ottoman period 8977: 8976: 8975: 8965: 8964: 8963: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8937: 8936: 8931: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8907: 8904: 8903: 8892: 8891: 8884: 8877: 8869: 8849: 8835: 8828: 8816: 8799: 8798: 8797: 8796: 8784: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8751:John Dillon's 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8709: 8708:External links 8706: 8704: 8703: 8693:on 15 May 2016 8676: 8666:on 25 May 2010 8654: 8653: 8652: 8647: 8646: 8640: 8634:. Spellmount. 8627: 8610: 8604: 8580: 8574: 8561: 8555: 8538: 8532: 8519: 8513: 8500: 8469: 8463: 8446: 8440: 8424: 8418: 8405: 8399: 8386: 8380: 8367: 8344: 8324: 8318: 8305: 8299: 8286: 8266: 8253: 8247: 8234: 8228: 8222:. UNSW Press. 8215: 8201: 8188: 8182: 8169: 8163: 8150: 8144: 8131: 8117: 8104: 8098: 8085: 8079: 8066: 8035: 8029: 8016: 8010: 7991: 7985: 7972: 7966: 7953: 7947: 7934: 7928: 7914: 7913: 7912: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7901: 7895: 7882: 7876: 7863: 7857: 7844: 7838: 7822: 7792: 7768:The Home Front 7759: 7753: 7740: 7723: 7717: 7704: 7687: 7649:Roskill, S. W. 7645: 7627: 7608: 7590: 7568: 7562: 7549: 7535: 7518: 7512: 7496: 7494:. BR 1732 (2). 7480: 7474: 7461: 7455: 7442: 7404: 7398: 7385: 7379: 7363: 7357: 7344: 7316: 7310: 7293: 7287: 7281:. UNSW Press. 7274: 7268: 7255: 7249: 7236: 7201: 7195: 7182: 7148: 7134: 7128: 7115: 7109: 7092: 7086: 7073: 7064: 7058: 7045: 7039: 7026: 7020: 7008:Beevor, Antony 7004: 6998: 6985: 6979: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6940: 6913: 6904: 6895: 6886: 6877: 6847: 6835: 6823: 6811: 6799: 6797:, p. 303. 6795:MacDonald 1995 6787: 6757: 6755:, p. 316. 6745: 6743:, p. 125. 6733: 6721: 6709: 6707:, p. 299. 6697: 6695:, p. 147. 6680: 6678:, p. 486. 6668: 6666:, p. 488. 6656: 6644: 6632: 6620: 6608: 6585: 6565: 6553: 6546: 6528: 6516: 6504: 6478: 6466: 6454: 6421: 6405: 6393: 6366: 6354: 6342: 6330: 6318: 6306: 6304:, p. 195. 6302:MacDonald 1995 6294: 6290:MacDonald 1995 6282: 6270: 6258: 6246: 6234: 6232:, p. 144. 6222: 6197: 6172: 6147: 6117: 6098: 6078: 6059: 6039: 6020: 6001: 5976: 5967: 5951: 5939: 5920: 5907: 5892: 5883: 5866: 5854: 5842: 5830: 5818: 5816:, p. 358. 5806: 5804:, p. 443. 5794: 5782: 5770: 5761: 5759:, p. 442. 5749: 5740: 5731: 5717: 5702: 5700:, p. 172. 5687: 5678: 5659: 5639: 5637:, pp. 357 5627: 5615: 5613:, pp. 119 5603: 5567: 5565:, p. 170. 5555: 5553:, p. 441. 5543: 5531: 5501: 5475: 5443: 5413: 5388: 5371: 5340: 5313: 5304: 5292: 5277: 5261: 5249: 5245:Kavanaugh 2010 5237: 5233:Kavanaugh 2010 5220: 5203: 5201:, p. 153. 5199:MacDonald 1995 5191: 5179: 5177:, p. 163. 5167: 5152: 5140: 5138:, p. 124. 5128: 5116: 5104: 5092: 5080: 5039: 5037:, p. 126. 5027: 5015: 5003: 4991: 4989:, pp. 1–2 4979: 4960: 4948: 4936: 4924: 4922:, p. 205. 4912: 4900: 4885: 4883:, p. 203, 4873: 4858: 4835:"Bogin, Hopit" 4825: 4818: 4800: 4777: 4757: 4742: 4712: 4693: 4652: 4622: 4610: 4581: 4560: 4546: 4537: 4505: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4436:, part of the 4404:Robert Laycock 4374: 4364: 4305: 4296: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4220: 4217: 4213:Fortress Crete 4208: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4080: 4073: 4068: 3972:Damage to the 3894:Cabinet Office 3879: 3855: 3818:Junkers Ju 52s 3793: 3790: 3716: 3713: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3477: 3474: 3455: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3429: 3426: 3369: 3366: 3362:Agios Nikolaos 3307: 3304: 3296:bayonet charge 3277:Robert Laycock 3239: 3157:dive bombers. 3057: 3054: 3050:Junkers Ju 87s 2808: 2805: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2744:Irvine Glennie 2716: 2713: 2709:William Cremor 2701:20th Battalion 2683: 2680: 2660: 2657: 2593: 2590: 2533:Main article: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2510: 2502: 2497: 2490: 2489: 2486: 2478: 2473: 2466: 2465: 2462: 2454: 2449: 2442: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2408:Hermann Göring 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2285: 2282: 2210: 2207: 2170:submachine gun 2133:Leichtgeschütz 2105: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2013: 2011: 2004: 1998: 1995: 1993:as a reserve. 1987:Alexander Löhr 1938:Alexander Löhr 1930: 1927: 1925:and Rethymno. 1883:, part of the 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1682: 1679: 1611:25,000 British 1533:infantry tanks 1498:25,000 British 1482:George Beamish 1471: 1468: 1463:Main article: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1375:oil fields in 1350:Main article: 1347: 1344: 1324:Enigma machine 1228: 1227: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1203: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1153:Kleisoura Pass 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1127:Greek mainland 1124: 1121: 1120: 1116:Greek campaign 1111: 1110: 1103: 1096: 1088: 1079: 1078: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1053: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1032: 1031: 1024: 1017: 1009: 1000: 999: 994: 991: 990: 988: 987: 982: 981: 980: 973:Allied convoys 968: 967: 955: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 923: 922: 919:Cape Bougaroun 916: 915: 914: 909: 904: 894: 889: 884: 881:Messina convoy 878: 870: 865: 858: 853: 845: 837: 826: 825: 819: 811: 805: 797: 792: 784: 775: 768: 760: 752: 744: 737: 729: 721: 709: 708: 703: 697: 691: 683: 675: 670: 662: 656: 650: 643: 638: 631: 624: 618: 606: 605: 599: 591: 585: 578: 570: 564: 556: 551: 545: 540: 534: 528: 521: 510: 507: 506: 495: 494: 487: 480: 472: 464: 463: 459: 458: 414: 412: 386:5,225 captured 369: 366: 365: 361: 360: 335: 302:United Kingdom 298: 297: 293: 292: 258: 245:Robert Laycock 234: 233: 229: 228: 199: 158:United Kingdom 145: 144: 140: 139: 136: 135: 133:Fortress Crete 127: 121: 120: 117: 113: 112: 73: 71: 67: 66: 63: 55: 54: 40: 39: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14948: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14843: 14841: 14825: 14821: 14818: 14814: 14811: 14810: 14805: 14798: 14797: 14794: 14781: 14777: 14774: 14770: 14767: 14763: 14762: 14760: 14756: 14751: 14747: 14746: 14744: 14743:Kuril Islands 14740: 14737: 14733: 14728: 14724: 14723: 14721: 14717: 14714: 14710: 14707: 14703: 14700: 14696: 14693: 14689: 14684: 14680: 14679: 14677: 14673: 14670: 14666: 14663: 14659: 14656: 14652: 14649: 14645: 14642: 14638: 14635: 14631: 14628: 14624: 14621: 14617: 14614: 14610: 14607: 14603: 14600: 14596: 14593: 14589: 14586: 14582: 14579: 14575: 14574: 14572: 14570: 14566: 14559: 14555: 14550: 14549: 14544: 14543: 14541: 14537: 14534: 14530: 14525: 14521: 14520: 14518: 14514: 14511: 14510:Syrmian Front 14507: 14504: 14500: 14497: 14493: 14490: 14486: 14483: 14482: 14477: 14474: 14473: 14468: 14465: 14461: 14458: 14457: 14456:Market Garden 14452: 14449: 14445: 14442: 14438: 14435: 14431: 14428: 14427: 14422: 14419: 14415: 14412: 14408: 14405: 14401: 14398: 14394: 14391: 14387: 14384: 14380: 14377: 14376: 14371: 14368: 14364: 14361: 14360: 14355: 14352: 14351: 14346: 14343: 14342: 14337: 14334: 14330: 14327: 14323: 14320: 14316: 14315:Monte Cassino 14312: 14309: 14308: 14303: 14302: 14300: 14298: 14294: 14287: 14283: 14278: 14274: 14271: 14267: 14266: 14264: 14260: 14257: 14253: 14250: 14246: 14243: 14239: 14236: 14232: 14227: 14223: 14222: 14220: 14216: 14213: 14209: 14206: 14205: 14200: 14197: 14193: 14190: 14186: 14183: 14179: 14176: 14172: 14169: 14165: 14162: 14158: 14155: 14151: 14148: 14144: 14143: 14141: 14139: 14135: 14128: 14124: 14121: 14120: 14115: 14112: 14108: 14105: 14101: 14098: 14097: 14092: 14089: 14085: 14082: 14078: 14075: 14071: 14068: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14053: 14050: 14046: 14045: 14043: 14039: 14036: 14032: 14029: 14025: 14022: 14018: 14015: 14011: 14008: 14004: 14001: 13997: 13994: 13990: 13987: 13983: 13980: 13976: 13973: 13969: 13968: 13966: 13964: 13960: 13953: 13949: 13946: 13942: 13939: 13935: 13932: 13928: 13925: 13921: 13918: 13914: 13911: 13907: 13904: 13900: 13897: 13893: 13890: 13886: 13883: 13879: 13876: 13872: 13869: 13865: 13862: 13858: 13855: 13851: 13848: 13844: 13841: 13837: 13834: 13830: 13827: 13823: 13819: 13818: 13813: 13809: 13804: 13800: 13799: 13797: 13793: 13790: 13786: 13783: 13779: 13776: 13772: 13769: 13765: 13760: 13756: 13755: 13753: 13749: 13746: 13742: 13739: 13735: 13732: 13728: 13727: 13725: 13723: 13719: 13712: 13711: 13706: 13703: 13699: 13696: 13692: 13689: 13685: 13682: 13681:Baltic states 13678: 13675: 13671: 13668: 13664: 13661: 13657: 13654: 13650: 13647: 13643: 13640: 13636: 13633: 13629: 13626: 13622: 13619: 13615: 13612: 13608: 13605: 13601: 13598: 13594: 13591: 13587: 13584: 13580: 13579: 13577: 13575: 13571: 13564: 13560: 13557: 13553: 13550: 13546: 13543: 13539: 13536: 13532: 13529: 13525: 13522: 13518: 13517: 13515: 13513: 13509: 13500: 13496: 13493: 13489: 13486: 13482: 13479: 13475: 13472: 13468: 13467: 13465: 13461: 13456: 13452: 13449: 13445: 13444: 13442: 13438: 13433: 13429: 13428: 13426: 13422: 13421: 13419: 13417: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13404: 13393: 13389: 13386: 13382: 13377: 13373: 13370: 13366: 13365: 13361: 13356: 13352: 13351: 13349: 13345: 13342: 13338: 13333: 13329: 13326: 13325:United States 13322: 13317: 13313: 13312: 13310: 13306: 13305: 13301: 13298: 13294: 13293: 13291: 13289: 13285: 13278: 13274: 13269: 13265: 13262: 13261:Quốc dân Đảng 13258: 13257: 13253: 13250: 13246: 13243: 13239: 13236: 13232: 13229: 13225: 13222: 13218: 13215: 13211: 13208: 13204: 13201: 13197: 13194: 13190: 13187: 13183: 13180: 13176: 13173: 13169: 13166: 13162: 13159: 13155: 13150: 13146: 13143: 13139: 13138: 13136: 13132: 13129: 13125: 13122: 13118: 13115: 13111: 13108: 13104: 13101: 13097: 13094: 13090: 13087: 13083: 13080: 13076: 13073: 13069: 13066: 13062: 13059: 13055: 13052: 13048: 13045: 13041: 13038: 13034: 13031: 13027: 13024: 13020: 13019: 13017: 13015: 13011: 13004: 13000: 12997: 12993: 12990: 12986: 12983: 12979: 12976: 12972: 12969: 12965: 12962: 12961:Liechtenstein 12958: 12955: 12951: 12948: 12944: 12941: 12937: 12934: 12930: 12929: 12927: 12925: 12921: 12914: 12910: 12907: 12903: 12900: 12896: 12892: 12888: 12885: 12881: 12878: 12874: 12871: 12867: 12862: 12858: 12857: 12854: 12850: 12847: 12843: 12840: 12836: 12833: 12829: 12826: 12822: 12819: 12815: 12811: 12807: 12804: 12800: 12797: 12793: 12789: 12785: 12782: 12778: 12777: 12775: 12773: 12769: 12762: 12758: 12753: 12749: 12748: 12746: 12745:United States 12742: 12737: 12733: 12732: 12730: 12726: 12723: 12719: 12716: 12712: 12709: 12705: 12702: 12698: 12695: 12691: 12687: 12683: 12679: 12676: 12672: 12669: 12665: 12662: 12658: 12655: 12651: 12648: 12644: 12641: 12637: 12634: 12630: 12627: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12611: 12608: 12604: 12601: 12597: 12594: 12590: 12587: 12583: 12579: 12575: 12571: 12567: 12563: 12560: 12556: 12553: 12549: 12546: 12542: 12539: 12535: 12532: 12528: 12525: 12521: 12517: 12513: 12509: 12506: 12502: 12499: 12495: 12492: 12488: 12485: 12481: 12480: 12478: 12476: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12463: 12450: 12446: 12443: 12439: 12436: 12435:Comfort women 12432: 12429: 12425: 12422: 12419: / 12418: 12414: 12411: 12408: / 12407: 12404: / 12403: 12399: 12396: 12395:Camp brothels 12392: 12389: 12385: 12384: 12380: 12377: 12373: 12368: 12364: 12361: 12357: 12356: 12354: 12350: 12345: 12341: 12338: 12334: 12331: 12327: 12326: 12324: 12320: 12317: 12313: 12308: 12304: 12299: 12295: 12292: 12288: 12287: 12285: 12284:The Holocaust 12281: 12278: 12274: 12271: 12270:forced labour 12267: 12266: 12264: 12260: 12255: 12251: 12248: 12244: 12241: 12237: 12236: 12234: 12230: 12229: 12227: 12225: 12221: 12214: 12210: 12207: 12203: 12200: 12196: 12191: 12187: 12184: 12180: 12177: 12173: 12170: 12166: 12165: 12163: 12159: 12156: 12155: 12150: 12147: 12146: 12141: 12138: 12134: 12131: 12127: 12124: 12123:Marshall Plan 12120: 12117: 12116: 12111: 12108: 12104: 12101: 12097: 12094: 12090: 12087: 12083: 12080: 12076: 12073: 12069: 12066: 12062: 12059: 12055: 12054: 12052: 12050: 12046: 12039: 12035: 12030: 12026: 12025: 12023: 12019: 12016: 12012: 12007: 12003: 12000: 11996: 11993: 11989: 11988: 11986: 11982: 11977: 11976:Eastern Front 11973: 11970: 11969:Western Front 11966: 11965: 11963: 11959: 11954: 11950: 11947: 11943: 11940: 11936: 11933: 11929: 11926: 11922: 11919: 11915: 11914: 11912: 11908: 11907: 11905: 11903: 11899: 11892: 11888: 11885: 11881: 11878: 11874: 11871: 11867: 11864: 11863:Puppet states 11860: 11857: 11853: 11850: 11846: 11841: 11837: 11834: 11830: 11829: 11827: 11823: 11820: 11816: 11813: 11809: 11806: 11805:Naval history 11802: 11799: 11795: 11792: 11788: 11785: 11781: 11776: 11772: 11771: 11769: 11765: 11762: 11758: 11753: 11752:United States 11749: 11746: 11742: 11739: 11735: 11734: 11732: 11728: 11725: 11721: 11718: 11714: 11711: 11707: 11704: 11700: 11697: 11693: 11690: 11686: 11681: 11677: 11676: 11674: 11670: 11669: 11667: 11665: 11661: 11658: 11654: 11647: 11643: 11640: 11636: 11631: 11627: 11624: 11620: 11617: 11613: 11612: 11608: 11603: 11599: 11598: 11596: 11592: 11589: 11585: 11584: 11581: 11577: 11570: 11565: 11563: 11558: 11556: 11551: 11550: 11547: 11527: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11515: 11514: 11513: 11512: 11508: 11506: 11505: 11501: 11499: 11498: 11494: 11492: 11491: 11487: 11483: 11480: 11479: 11478: 11477: 11473: 11469: 11466: 11465: 11464: 11463: 11459: 11457: 11456: 11452: 11451: 11449: 11445: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11410: 11408: 11404: 11398: 11395: 11394: 11392: 11388: 11384: 11380:Commemoration 11377: 11373: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11349:Angelos Evert 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11329:Ronald Scobie 11327: 11326: 11324: 11320: 11314: 11311: 11307: 11304: 11303: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11270: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11240: 11236: 11232: 11226: 11222: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11193:13th Squadron 11191: 11189: 11188: 11184: 11182: 11181: 11177: 11175: 11174: 11170: 11168: 11167: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11152: 11150: 11148: 11142: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11102: 11100: 11096: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11051: 11049: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11034: 11030: 11026: 11021: 11017: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10987: 10984: 10983: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10968: 10966: 10962: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10922: 10920: 10916: 10913: 10910: 10906: 10902: 10892: 10889: 10888: 10886: 10882: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10827: 10825: 10821: 10815: 10814: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10787:Prometheus II 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10771: 10770:5/42 Regiment 10768: 10767: 10766: 10763: 10759: 10756: 10755: 10754: 10751: 10750: 10748: 10746:Organizations 10744: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10674: 10672: 10668: 10665: 10661: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10627: 10625: 10621: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10541: 10539: 10535: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10500: 10497: 10493: 10490: 10489: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10469: 10467: 10465:Organizations 10463: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10418: 10416: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10384: 10380: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10353: 10351: 10347: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10330: 10329: 10326: 10322: 10321:Andon Kalchev 10319: 10318: 10317: 10314: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10296: 10295: 10292: 10291: 10289: 10287:Secessionists 10285: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10260: 10258: 10256:Organizations 10254: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10177: 10167: 10164: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10141: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10131: 10129: 10127: 10126:The Holocaust 10123: 10115: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10093: 10090: 10089: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10079: 10077: 10071: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9941: 9931: 9928: 9924: 9919: 9916: 9912: 9907: 9904: 9903: 9901: 9899: 9894: 9888: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9868: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9854: 9853: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9830: 9828: 9826: 9821: 9815: 9809: 9806: 9802: 9799: 9798: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9786: 9782: 9779: 9778: 9777: 9774: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9762: 9758: 9755: 9754: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9730: 9725: 9719: 9716: 9710: 9707: 9701: 9697: 9693: 9688: 9684: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9634: 9629: 9623: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9603: 9601: 9599: 9594: 9588: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9568: 9566: 9564: 9559: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9544: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9528:Sepp Dietrich 9526: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9516: 9511: 9505: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9493:Thomas Blamey 9491: 9489: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9481: 9476: 9470: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9445: 9443: 9441: 9436: 9430: 9427: 9423: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9388: 9386: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9369: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9342: 9337: 9331: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9311: 9309: 9307: 9302: 9296: 9293: 9289: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9273:Ugo Cavallero 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9250: 9248: 9246: 9241: 9235: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9215: 9214:Markos Drakos 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9187: 9182: 9176: 9173: 9169: 9161: 9158: 9157: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9125:Korytsa/Korcë 9123: 9121: 9120:Elaia–Kalamas 9118: 9116: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9065: 9060: 9058: 9053: 9051: 9046: 9045: 9042: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9019: 9018:World War II 9017: 9013: 9010: 9009: 9008: 9005: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8982: 8981: 8978: 8974: 8971: 8970: 8969: 8966: 8962: 8959: 8958: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8929:Cretan League 8927: 8926: 8925:Roman period 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8911:Minoan period 8909: 8908: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8890: 8885: 8883: 8878: 8876: 8871: 8870: 8867: 8863: 8857: 8853: 8838: 8795: 8791: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8779: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8754: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8718: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8689: 8682: 8677: 8665: 8661: 8656: 8655: 8650: 8649: 8643: 8637: 8633: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8611: 8607: 8601: 8597: 8592: 8591: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8571: 8567: 8562: 8558: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8539: 8535: 8529: 8525: 8520: 8516: 8510: 8506: 8501: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8476: 8470: 8466: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8447: 8443: 8437: 8433: 8431: 8425: 8421: 8415: 8411: 8406: 8402: 8396: 8392: 8387: 8383: 8377: 8373: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8354: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8315: 8311: 8306: 8302: 8296: 8292: 8287: 8283: 8277: 8269: 8263: 8259: 8254: 8250: 8244: 8240: 8235: 8231: 8225: 8221: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8198: 8194: 8189: 8185: 8179: 8175: 8170: 8166: 8160: 8156: 8151: 8147: 8141: 8137: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8114: 8110: 8105: 8101: 8095: 8091: 8086: 8082: 8076: 8072: 8067: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8042: 8036: 8032: 8026: 8022: 8017: 8013: 8007: 8003: 8001: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7982: 7978: 7973: 7969: 7963: 7959: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7940: 7935: 7931: 7925: 7921: 7916: 7915: 7910: 7909: 7898: 7892: 7888: 7883: 7879: 7873: 7869: 7864: 7860: 7854: 7850: 7845: 7841: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7798: 7793: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7760: 7756: 7750: 7746: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7724: 7720: 7714: 7710: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7688: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7659: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7634: 7630: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7615: 7609: 7597: 7593: 7587: 7583: 7582: 7577: 7576:Butler, J.R.M 7573: 7569: 7565: 7559: 7555: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7519: 7515: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7471: 7467: 7462: 7458: 7452: 7448: 7443: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7414: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7395: 7391: 7386: 7382: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7354: 7350: 7345: 7330: 7323: 7322: 7317: 7313: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7294: 7290: 7284: 7280: 7275: 7271: 7265: 7261: 7256: 7252: 7246: 7242: 7237: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7208: 7202: 7198: 7192: 7188: 7183: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7144: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7125: 7121: 7116: 7112: 7106: 7101: 7100: 7093: 7089: 7083: 7079: 7074: 7070: 7065: 7061: 7055: 7051: 7046: 7042: 7036: 7032: 7027: 7023: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6995: 6991: 6986: 6982: 6976: 6971: 6970: 6963: 6962: 6950:, p. 211 6949: 6944: 6928: 6924: 6917: 6908: 6899: 6890: 6881: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6851: 6845:, p. 94. 6844: 6839: 6833:, p. 107 6832: 6827: 6820: 6819:Cloutier 2013 6815: 6809:, p. 166 6808: 6803: 6796: 6791: 6775: 6771: 6770:www.patris.gr 6767: 6761: 6754: 6749: 6742: 6737: 6730: 6725: 6718: 6713: 6706: 6701: 6694: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6677: 6672: 6665: 6660: 6653: 6648: 6641: 6636: 6630:, p. 84. 6629: 6624: 6618:, p. 36. 6617: 6612: 6605: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6578: 6577: 6569: 6563:, Appendix C. 6562: 6557: 6549: 6543: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6520: 6513: 6508: 6492: 6488: 6482: 6475: 6470: 6463: 6458: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6428: 6426: 6418: 6414: 6409: 6402: 6401:Willmott 2008 6397: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6363: 6358: 6351: 6346: 6339: 6334: 6327: 6322: 6315: 6310: 6303: 6298: 6291: 6286: 6279: 6274: 6267: 6262: 6255: 6250: 6243: 6242:Chappell 1996 6238: 6231: 6226: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6161: 6157: 6151: 6135: 6131: 6129: 6121: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6091: 6090: 6082: 6066: 6062: 6056: 6052: 6051: 6043: 6027: 6023: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6005: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5971: 5964: 5958: 5956: 5948: 5943: 5936: 5935:Saunders 1959 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5917: 5911: 5904: 5899: 5897: 5887: 5880: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5863: 5858: 5851: 5846: 5839: 5834: 5827: 5822: 5815: 5810: 5803: 5798: 5791: 5786: 5779: 5774: 5765: 5758: 5753: 5744: 5735: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5715:, p. 167 5714: 5709: 5707: 5699: 5694: 5692: 5682: 5666: 5662: 5656: 5652: 5651: 5643: 5636: 5631: 5625:, p. 164 5624: 5619: 5612: 5607: 5591: 5587: 5586:Naftiki Ellas 5583: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5564: 5559: 5552: 5547: 5541:, p. 32. 5540: 5535: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5505: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5463: 5459: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5392: 5385: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5328: 5324: 5317: 5308: 5301: 5296: 5290:, p. 135 5289: 5284: 5282: 5275: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5258: 5253: 5246: 5241: 5234: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5218:, p. 24. 5217: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5200: 5195: 5189:, p. 25. 5188: 5183: 5176: 5171: 5164: 5159: 5157: 5147: 5145: 5137: 5132: 5126:, p. 13. 5125: 5120: 5113: 5108: 5099: 5097: 5089: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5043: 5036: 5031: 5024: 5023:Richards 1974 5019: 5012: 5011:Richards 1974 5007: 5000: 4995: 4988: 4983: 4976: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4958:, p. 95. 4957: 4952: 4946:, p. 21. 4945: 4940: 4934:, p. 898 4933: 4928: 4921: 4916: 4910:, p. 114 4909: 4904: 4897: 4892: 4890: 4882: 4877: 4870: 4865: 4863: 4846: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4829: 4821: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4797: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4770: 4769: 4761: 4755:, p. 91. 4754: 4749: 4747: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4710:, p. 403 4709: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4678: 4674: 4667: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4617: 4615: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4586: 4577: 4567: 4565: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4541: 4522: 4515: 4509: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4467: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4446:Charles Upham 4443: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4420:Max Schmeling 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4318: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4216: 4214: 4197: 4192: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4048: 4044: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3968: 3967:Junkers Ju 87 3964: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3909: 3907: 3901: 3897: 3895: 3891: 3878: 3874: 3872: 3871: 3865: 3854: 3850: 3844: 3839: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3806: 3798: 3789: 3786: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3773:F. H. Hinsley 3769: 3765: 3764:Antony Beevor 3761: 3757: 3755: 3737: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3680: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3634: 3624: 3614: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3509:, Crete, 1941 3508: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3466:Kastelli Hill 3462: 3451: 3442: 3434: 3425: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3407: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3394:Vitsilokoumos 3391: 3387: 3379: 3374: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3340:would be off 3337: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3317: 3312: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3245: 3238: 3236: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3067: 3062: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3030:Junkers Ju 88 3027: 3023: 3022: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2906:30 per cent, 2905: 2902:38 per cent, 2901: 2897: 2896: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2854: 2848: 2844: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2813: 2804: 2801: 2796: 2781: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2756: 2755: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2730: 2721: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2694: 2688: 2679: 2672: 2671:James Hargest 2667: 2666:Leslie Andrew 2656: 2654: 2653: 2648: 2647:Max Schmeling 2645: 2640: 2636: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2621: 2613: 2612:Junkers Ju 52 2608: 2603: 2599: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2549:Junkers Ju 52 2541: 2536: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496:(Group East) 2495: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472:(Group West) 2471: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2423: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2360: 2346: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2302:Anti-aircraft 2299: 2295: 2291: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2270:combined arms 2265: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2154: 2140: 2137:light gun (a 2136: 2134: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2095: 2092: 2084: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2042: – 2041: 2037: 2036:Find sources: 2030: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2014:This section 2012: 2008: 2003: 2002: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1950: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1926: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1895:delivered to 1889: 1888: 1882: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1832: 1826: 1821: 1811: 1807: 1800: 1788: 1786: 1771: 1769: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1744:Corinth Canal 1740: 1736:. In Greece, 1735: 1732:and mainland 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1687: 1678: 1676: 1675: 1670:overnight by 1669: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1604: 1599: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1574:9,000 troops: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1559:Major-general 1552: 1548: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1525:Fleet Air Arm 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509:3,500 trained 1501: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1470:Allied forces 1466: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1433:(RAF) in the 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1408:Sir John Dill 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1369:Mediterranean 1366: 1362: 1359: 1353: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1328:German troops 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1296:Allied forces 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1255:), codenamed 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1193:Corinth Canal 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1163:Lake Kastoria 1161: 1159: 1158:Siatista Pass 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1138:Pisoderi Pass 1136: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1117: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1040: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1011: 1010: 1007: 992: 986: 983: 979: 978:Malta convoys 976: 975: 974: 971: 970: 965: 962: 961: 960: 959: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 929: 928: 927: 920: 917: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 899: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 882: 879: 876: 875: 871: 869: 866: 864: 863: 859: 857: 854: 851: 850: 846: 843: 842: 838: 836: 833: 832: 831: 830: 823: 820: 817: 816: 812: 809: 806: 803: 802: 798: 796: 793: 790: 789: 785: 783: 782: 781: 776: 774: 773: 769: 766: 765: 761: 758: 757: 753: 750: 749: 745: 743: 742: 738: 735: 734: 730: 727: 726: 722: 719: 716: 715: 714: 713: 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 692: 689: 688: 684: 681: 680: 676: 674: 673:Grand Harbour 671: 668: 667: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 649: 648: 644: 642: 639: 637: 636: 632: 630: 629: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 612: 611: 610: 603: 600: 597: 596: 592: 589: 586: 584: 583: 579: 576: 575: 571: 568: 565: 562: 561: 557: 555: 552: 549: 546: 544: 543:Mers-el-Kébir 541: 538: 535: 532: 529: 527: 526: 522: 520: 519: 515: 514: 513: 508: 503: 493: 488: 486: 481: 479: 474: 473: 470: 460: 454: 446: 438: 428: 422:1,632 wounded 417: 413: 406: 398: 390: 382: 376:1,918 wounded 372: 368: 367: 362: 356: 339: 336: 331: 324: 317: 310: 303: 300: 299: 294: 291: 280: 269: 259: 257: 246: 236: 235: 230: 226: 212: 200: 198: 186: 173: 159: 147: 146: 141: 134: 128: 123: 122: 118: 115: 114: 109: 80: 76: 72: 69: 68: 64: 61: 60: 56: 52: 46: 41: 38: 34: 29: 24: 19: 14817:Bibliography 14800: 14613:Project Hula 14578:Vistula–Oder 14547: 14480: 14471: 14455: 14425: 14374: 14358: 14349: 14340: 14306: 14203: 14118: 14094: 14064: 13815: 13758: 13708: 13653:North Africa 13355:Soviet Union 13309:Soviet Union 13235:Soviet Union 13003:Vatican City 12913:Vichy France 12818:German Reich 12715:Soviet Union 12701:South Africa 12694:Sierra Leone 12647:Newfoundland 12466:Participants 12449:Marocchinate 12153: 12144: 12114: 11992:North Africa 11953:Indian Ocean 11812:Nazi plunder 11703:Cryptography 11576:World War II 11523: 11510: 11502: 11497:Mediterraneo 11495: 11488: 11474: 11460: 11453: 11313:White Terror 11186: 11179: 11172: 11165: 10840:Agia Kyriaki 10830:ESPO bombing 10812: 10584:Sarantaporos 10554:Mikro Chorio 10294:Roman Legion 10139:Thessaloniki 10087:Great Famine 10075:exploitation 9930:Asen Sirakov 9848:Carlo Geloso 9843:Piero Parini 9792:Bruno Bräuer 9757:Army Group E 9651:Luftflotte 4 9533:Kurt Student 9523:Wilhelm List 9415: 9396:Metaxas Line 9278:Carlo Geloso 9268:Ubaldo Soddu 9145:Klisura Pass 9021: 9007:Cretan State 8861: 8752: 8695:. 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Retrieved 6864:the original 6859: 6850: 6843:Whitley 1999 6838: 6831:English 1993 6826: 6821:, p. 71 6814: 6802: 6790: 6778:. Retrieved 6769: 6760: 6748: 6736: 6724: 6712: 6700: 6671: 6659: 6647: 6640:Hinsley 1994 6635: 6628:Hinsley 1994 6623: 6611: 6602: 6595:. Retrieved 6575: 6568: 6556: 6537: 6531: 6524:Hinsley 1994 6519: 6507: 6495:. Retrieved 6491:the original 6481: 6476:, p. 21 6469: 6464:, p. 57 6457: 6445:. Retrieved 6436: 6419:, pp. 63–84. 6416: 6412: 6408: 6396: 6384:. Retrieved 6380:the original 6369: 6357: 6345: 6333: 6321: 6309: 6297: 6285: 6273: 6261: 6254:Roskill 1957 6249: 6244:, p. 16 6237: 6225: 6213:. Retrieved 6209: 6200: 6188:. Retrieved 6184: 6175: 6163:. Retrieved 6159: 6150: 6138:. Retrieved 6134:the original 6127: 6120: 6108:. Retrieved 6088: 6081: 6069:. Retrieved 6049: 6042: 6030:. Retrieved 6010: 6004: 5989: 5970: 5962: 5942: 5937:, p. 55 5915: 5910: 5890:Schenk, p.25 5886: 5857: 5845: 5838:Roskill 1957 5833: 5821: 5809: 5802:Roskill 1957 5797: 5785: 5773: 5764: 5757:Roskill 1957 5752: 5743: 5734: 5681: 5669:. Retrieved 5649: 5642: 5630: 5618: 5606: 5594:. Retrieved 5585: 5558: 5551:Roskill 1957 5546: 5534: 5522:. Retrieved 5513: 5504: 5492:. Retrieved 5478: 5466:. Retrieved 5434:. Retrieved 5425: 5416: 5391: 5362:. Retrieved 5331:. Retrieved 5316: 5307: 5295: 5259:, p. 32 5252: 5247:, p. 39 5240: 5235:, p. 38 5194: 5182: 5175:Buckley 1952 5170: 5163:Hinsley 1994 5131: 5119: 5107: 5083: 5059:(1): 78–90. 5056: 5052: 5042: 5030: 5018: 5006: 5001:, p. 27 4994: 4982: 4956:Spencer 1962 4951: 4939: 4927: 4915: 4908:Murfett 2008 4903: 4898:, p. 11 4876: 4849:. Retrieved 4838: 4828: 4809: 4803: 4794: 4787:. Retrieved 4767: 4760: 4733:. Retrieved 4724: 4715: 4684:. Retrieved 4672: 4643:. Retrieved 4634: 4625: 4601:. Retrieved 4575: 4540: 4528:. 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Retrieved 4450:Geoffrey Cox 4431: 4428:Evelyn Waugh 4378: 4368: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4300: 4291: 4282: 4239: 4210: 4059: 4052: 4041: 4034: 4027: 4020: 4013: 4006: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3978: 3971: 3961: 3954: 3947: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3921: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3886: 3876: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3852: 3847: 3785:Fliegerkorps 3784: 3781: 3776: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3745:520 aircraft 3741:600 aircraft 3731: 3729: 3696:RAF Regiment 3685: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3667:Fliegerkorps 3666: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3622: 3571: 3564:Amari Valley 3540: 3512: 3457: 3448: 3439: 3422:Evelyn Waugh 3417:Gebirgsjäger 3416: 3410: 3403: 3382: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3321: 3281: 3266: 3257: 3251: 3242: 3234: 3232: 3222: 3212: 3208: 3205:Kriegsmarine 3204: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3169:shot down a 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3102: 3095: 3088: 3081: 3074: 3070: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3025: 3020: 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1768:Fliegerkorps 1767: 1764: 1702: 1690: 1673: 1661: 1655: 1648: 1631:6th Division 1600: 1556: 1541:Bofors 40 mm 1502: 1473: 1418: 1412: 1385: 1355: 1336:paratroopers 1332:Adolf Hitler 1319: 1313: 1280:World War II 1256: 1236: 1234: 1199: 1133:Metaxas Line 1072: 964:Ligurian Sea 957: 956: 925: 924: 873: 861: 848: 840: 828: 827: 814: 800: 787: 779: 777: 771: 763: 755: 747: 740: 732: 724: 711: 710: 686: 678: 665: 658: 646: 634: 627: 621:Convoy AN 14 608: 607: 594: 581: 573: 567:Cape Passero 559: 524: 517: 511: 452: 444: 436: 426: 420:1,032 killed 415: 404: 396: 388: 380: 370: 354: 348:180 fighters 344:280 bombers 337: 329: 322: 315: 308: 301: 268:Kurt Student 143:Belligerents 119:Axis victory 31:Part of the 18: 14548:Bodenplatte 14434:Gothic Line 13660:West Africa 13207:Philippines 13186:Netherlands 13051:Czech lands 12989:Switzerland 12933:Afghanistan 12884:Philippines 12752:Puerto Rico 12668:Philippines 12654:New Zealand 12640:Netherlands 12593:Free France 12344:Prosecution 12145:Osoaviakhim 12015:West Africa 11999:East Africa 11646:Conferences 11301:Dekemvriana 11267: [ 11242:Prelude to 11187:Papanikolis 11160:Sacred Band 11064:Wadi Akarit 11054:Mareth Line 10925:Eddie Myers 10574:Fardykambos 10406:Front (EAM) 10392:Free Greece 10338:Xhemil Dino 10112: [ 10025:Kallikratis 9921: [ 9909: [ 9906:Ivan Markov 9865: [ 9776:Hubert Lanz 9712:Leaders and 9411:Thermopylae 9135:Morava–Ivan 8995:1878 revolt 8985:1841 revolt 8946:Arab period 7408:Long, Gavin 7338:24 November 7230:24 November 6933:20 December 6807:Higham 2006 6705:Taylor 1986 6616:Antill 2005 6561:Beevor 1991 6362:Beevor 1991 6350:Beevor 1991 6338:Beevor 1991 6314:Beevor 1991 6278:Beevor 1991 5826:Beevor 1991 5778:Beevor 1991 5713:Beevor 1991 5671:15 November 5623:Beevor 1991 5611:O'Hara 2009 5436:24 November 5300:Keegan 2011 5288:Keegan 2011 5257:Antill 2005 5216:Antill 2005 5187:Antill 2005 5124:Antill 2005 4896:Beevor 1991 4869:Beevor 1991 4840:The Monthly 4686:19 November 4603:22 November 4498:22 November 4440:trilogy) • 4400:Clive Hulme 3589:Kallikratis 3461:Balkan Wars 3413:Rangi Royal 3179:Noël Coward 2889:Antikythera 2831:) into the 2470:Gruppe West 2431:Group name 2290:Lee–Enfield 2220:6.5 mm 2187:machine gun 2174:bolt-action 1940:(left) and 1912:GC & CS 1865:500 Ju 52s, 1863:XI and its 1777:90 Bf 109s, 1681:Axis forces 1595:Peloponnese 1539:and twenty 1488:bombers of 1222:42nd Street 1188:Thermopylae 1178:Tempe Gorge 856:Pantelleria 434:324 missing 432:488 wounded 392:Royal Navy: 316:New Zealand 279:Walter Koch 185:New Zealand 124:Territorial 103: / 14840:Categories 14648:West Hunan 14481:Pointblank 13817:Silver Fox 13803:Summer War 13556:Winter War 13535:Phoney War 13316:Azerbaijan 13277:Yugoslavia 13172:Luxembourg 13014:Resistance 12761:Yugoslavia 12626:Luxembourg 12428:Sook Ching 12224:War crimes 11826:Technology 11819:Opposition 11761:Lend-Lease 11738:Australian 11731:Home front 11689:Blitzkrieg 11639:Casualties 11630:Commanders 11602:Operations 11276:Red Terror 11069:Dodecanese 11059:El Alamein 10964:Operations 10884:Atrocities 10823:Operations 10623:Atrocities 10609:Agorelitsa 10537:Operations 10388:Resistance 10356:Paramythia 10349:Atrocities 10182:government 10144:Zvi Koretz 10064:Chortiatis 10029:Kali Sykia 9943:Atrocities 9879:XXVI Corps 9808:Max Merten 9150:Trebeshina 9027:Resistance 8968:Cretan War 8852:Audio help 8843:2017-12-20 8494:5 November 8138:. Osprey. 8060:5 November 7816:4 November 7786:4 November 7681:4 November 7658:War at Sea 7639:4 November 7525:Gloucester 7436:4 November 7176:4 November 6729:Davin 1953 6676:Davin 1953 6664:Davin 1953 6652:Davin 1953 5947:Davin 1953 5903:Ansel 1972 5879:Ansel 1972 5862:Davin 1953 5850:Davin 1953 5596:2 November 4987:Brown 2002 4462:References 4392:Roy Farran 4388:Roald Dahl 4384:David Coke 4207:Occupation 4019:HMAS 3979:Formidable 3915:Gloucester 3792:Casualties 3673:Barbarossa 3662:Barbarossa 3654:Barbarossa 3646:Barbarossa 3597:Malathyros 3593:Skourvoula 3585:Kali Sykia 3541:The first 3536:war crimes 3480:See also: 3378:Alexandria 3120:Gloucester 3014:Gloucester 3009:at 14:57. 3003:Gloucester 2995:Gloucester 2987:Gloucester 2982:Gloucester 2931:Gloucester 2915:Gloucester 2863:Sagittario 2858:Sagittario 2842:Sagittario 2833:Aegean Sea 2818:Sagittario 2690:Attacking 2586:Paleochora 2512:Heraklion 2494:Gruppe Ost 2437:Commander 2380:Barbarossa 2311:Matilda II 2155:, yet had 2051:newspapers 1974:monarchist 1970:republican 1892:250 Ju 52s 1780:90 Bf 110s 1649:Gloucester 1625:; and the 1607:14,000-man 1598:mainland. 1578:battalions 1529:blast pens 1444:Alexandria 1406:, General 1346:Background 1305:Royal Navy 1294:and other 1276:amphibious 1148:Ptolemaida 1056:Yugoslavia 897:Dodecanese 849:Campobasso 801:Portcullis 706:Alexandria 635:Abstention 554:Cape Spada 440:Luftwaffe: 430:321 killed 14713:Manchuria 14599:Indochina 14375:Bagration 13826:Lithuania 13471:Anschluss 13268:Viet Minh 13165:Lithuania 13107:Hong Kong 12877:Manchukuo 12832:Azad Hind 12491:Australia 12291:Aftermath 12154:Paperclip 12049:Aftermath 11849:Total war 11717:Diplomacy 11680:In Europe 11244:Civil War 11231:civil war 11089:Santorini 10860:Xirovouni 10813:others... 10640:Meligalas 10044:Kleisoura 10005:Mesovouno 9990:Domenikon 9980:Lingiades 9975:Kalavryta 9960:Alikianos 9950:Kondomari 9857:11th Army 9703:Occupying 9354:11th Army 8808:hour and 8484:173284126 8276:cite book 8127:457093199 8050:173284168 7832:. 2001 . 7776:226971019 7700:503725176 7671:881709135 7651:(1957) . 7492:224008525 6753:Long 1953 6717:Anon 1952 6474:Vick 1995 6462:Pack 1973 6140:6 January 5539:Pack 1973 5426:NZHistory 5384:Long 1953 5274:Vick 1995 5112:Long 1953 5088:Long 1953 5075:0975-6299 4999:Vick 1995 4944:Pack 1973 4920:Long 1953 4881:Long 1953 4753:Pack 1973 4454:Dan Davin 4355:Smeraldo, 4347:Malachite 4051:HMS 4047:Souda Bay 4040:HMS 4033:HMS 4026:HMS 4012:HMS 4005:HMS 3998:HMS 3991:HMS 3984:HMS 3977:HMS 3960:HMS 3953:HMS 3946:HMS 3938:Greyhound 3927:HMS 3920:HMS 3913:HMS 3906:partisans 3870:The Press 3603:Aftermath 3552:massacred 3470:massacres 3445:Surrender 3390:Beritania 3358:Ierapetra 3223:Kentauros 3214:Panzer II 3101:HMS 3094:HMS 3087:HMS 3080:HMS 3073:HMS 3066:Souda Bay 3056:23–27 May 3019:HMS 2971:HMS 2964:HMS 2959:Greyhound 2957:HMS 2950:HMS 2908:HMS 2893:HMS 2871:HMS 2851:HMS 2752:HMS 2652:Gefreiter 2582:Kolimbari 2434:Codename 2338:pillboxes 2262:Alikianos 2255:Brigadier 2178:Karabiner 2153:field gun 2123:Wehrmacht 1972:and anti- 1922:Souda Bay 1907:(2–31 May 1791:530 Ju 52 1672:HMS 1654:HMS 1647:HMS 1615:deserters 1590:Heraklion 1537:QF 3-inch 1427:Luftwaffe 1217:Heraklion 952:La Ciotat 947:Port Cros 937:Santorini 772:Agreement 718:2nd Sirte 700:1st Sirte 666:Substance 641:Souda Bay 437:Material: 416:Luftwaffe 389:Material: 323:Australia 197:Australia 91:24°3′40″E 88:35°30′0″N 14824:Category 14773:document 14683:document 14540:Ardennes 14524:Budapest 14472:Crossbow 14350:Overlord 14189:Smolensk 13407:Timeline 13242:Slovakia 13228:Thailand 13079:Ethiopia 13044:Bulgaria 12968:Portugal 12906:Thailand 12788:Bulgaria 12566:Eswatini 12559:Ethiopia 12512:Bulgaria 12337:Unit 731 12298:Response 12115:Keelhaul 12065:Cold War 12038:Americas 12029:timeline 12022:Atlantic 11902:Theaters 11180:Katsonis 11039:in exile 10333:Këshilla 10099:DEGRIGES 10073:Economic 9955:Kandanos 9898:Bulgaria 9714:commands 9349:9th Army 9160:Hill 731 8854: · 8790:Archived 8778:Archived 8717:Archived 8651:Websites 8623:11023583 8586:(1965). 8488:Archived 8350:(1950). 8340:21896524 8330:(1941). 8211:45409635 8054:Archived 7997:(1985). 7810:Archived 7806:43416304 7780:Archived 7675:Archived 7633:Archived 7596:Archived 7545:59524624 7502:(2009). 7430:Archived 7410:(1953). 7369:(2011). 7224:Archived 7170:Archived 7154:(1953). 7122:. 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