296:
4165:
4034:
4536:
3994:
5527:
5493:
4127:
3643:
3940:
5745:
5396:
5124:
4682:
4498:
4431:
4269:
5641:
5603:
5565:
4402:
4574:
4458:
5086:
5048:
5006:
4892:
4820:
3886:
3670:
3913:
3967:
4240:
5871:
4968:
4930:
4858:
5329:
5257:
5177:
4612:
5459:
5291:
3859:
3697:
5900:
5425:
5358:
4644:
5670:
5842:
5808:
4319:
3832:
3724:
4753:
4078:
5774:
5219:
4721:
4369:
4213:
4786:
3589:
3373:
3176:
3805:
3751:
5707:
269:
3319:
3616:
3562:
3346:
2987:
3778:
3535:
3211:
3508:
3238:
3095:
3068:
2960:
3265:
3481:
3400:
3014:
3122:
3292:
3427:
2933:
3454:
3149:
3041:
2840:
873:
431:, which was first used in about 1844, was designed to make indentations on a paper tape when electric currents were received. Morse's original telegraph receiver used a mechanical clockwork to move a paper tape. When an electrical current was received, an electromagnet engaged an armature that pushed a stylus onto the moving paper tape, making an indentation on the tape. When the current was interrupted, a spring retracted the stylus and that portion of the moving tape remained unmarked. Morse code was developed so that operators could translate the indentations marked on the paper tape into text messages.
1300:
1959:
1908:
1175:
29:
12985:
10926:
2033:
397:
534:
10936:
2757:
10915:
1007:
10946:
39:
1456:
2288:) (as does every three-element code). The bit encoding for the longer method mentioned earlier the same letter would encode as '1110'b, '1110'b, '1000'b = '1110 1110 1000'b = 'EE8'x, or one-and-a-half bytes (three nibbles). The space saving allows small devices, like portable memory keyers, to have more and longer International Morse code sequences in small, conventional device-driver
1415:
1764:
2257:, the two-bit encoding uses digital memory more compactly than the direct-conversion bit strings mentioned above. Including the letter-separating spaces, all International Morse letter codes pack into 12 bits or less (5 symbols), and most fit into 10 bits or less (4 symbols); most of the
1556:
makes it possible to use narrow receiver filters, which suppress or eliminate interference on nearby frequencies. The narrow signal bandwidth also takes advantage of the natural aural selectivity of the human brain, further enhancing weak signal readability. This efficiency makes CW extremely useful for
7268:
For people with severe disabilities, both one- and two-switch Morse can be difficult because both depend, to some extent, on timing. ... access products can also offer "three-switch Morse.". In three-switch Morse code, one switch signals dit, while another signals dah, just like two-switch Morse. But
1383:
In the aviation service, Morse is typically sent at a very slow speed of about 5 words per minute. In the U.S., pilots do not actually have to know Morse to identify the transmitter because the dot/dash sequence is written out next to the transmitter's symbol on aeronautical charts. Some modern
1218:
code text (plain language) test. It was also necessary to pass written tests on operating practice and electronics theory. A unique additional demand for the First Class was a requirement of a year of experience for operators of shipboard and coast stations using Morse. This allowed the holder to be
345:
were sent along wires to control an electromagnet in the receiving instrument. Many of the earliest telegraph systems used a single-needle system which gave a very simple and robust instrument. However, it was slow, as the receiving operator had to alternate between looking at the needle and writing
2604:
A difference between amateur radio licenses and commercial radiotelegraph licenses is that commercial operators must be able to receive code groups of random characters along with plain language text. For each class of license, the code group speed requirement is slower than the plain language text
1555:
Morse code is usually received as a high-pitched audio tone, so transmissions are easier to copy than voice through the noise on congested frequencies, and it can be used in very high noise / low signal environments. The fact that the transmitted power is concentrated into a very limited bandwidth
1119:
in a demonstration at a U.S. Army base. To accurately compare code copying speed records of different eras it is useful to keep in mind that different standard words (50 dit durations versus 60 dit durations) and different interword gaps (5 dit durations versus 7 dit durations)
1315:
aids. To allow pilots to ensure that the stations they intend to use are serviceable, the stations transmit a set of identification letters (usually a two-to-five-letter version of the station name) in Morse code. Station identification letters are shown on air navigation charts. For example, the
469:
In the original Morse telegraph system, the receiver's armature made a clicking noise as it moved in and out of position to mark the paper tape. Early telegraph operators soon learned that they could translate the clicks directly into dots and dashes, and write these down by hand, thus making the
2727:
Sometimes, especially while teaching Morse code, the timing rules above are changed so two different speeds are used: A character speed and a text speed. The character speed is how fast each individual letter is sent. The text speed is how fast the entire message is sent. For example, individual
2128:
or gaps, perhaps only for particular characters. This is called their "fist", and experienced operators can recognize specific individuals by it alone. A good operator who sends clearly and is easy to copy is said to have a "good fist". A "poor fist" is a characteristic of sloppy or hard to copy
1845:
Morse can be sent by persons with severe motion disabilities, as long as they have some minimal motor control. An original solution to the problem that caretakers have to learn to decode has been an electronic typewriter with the codes written on the keys. Codes were sung by users; see the voice
6976:
During early World War I (1914–1916), Germany briefly experimented with 'dotty' and 'dashy' Morse, in essence adding a dot or a dash at the end of each Morse symbol. Each one was quickly broken by Allied SIGINT, and standard Morse was resumed by Spring 1916. Only a small percentage of
1226:
Currently, only one class of license, the
Radiotelegraph Operator License, is issued. This is granted either when the tests are passed or as the Second and First are renewed and become this lifetime license. For new applicants, it requires passing a written examination on electronic theory and
423:
system. The simple "on or off" nature of its signals made it desirable to find a method of transmitting natural language using only electrical pulses and the silence between them. Around 1837, Morse therefore developed such a method, an early forerunner to the modern
International Morse code.
1281:(ITU). Morse and Vail's final code specification, however, was only really used only for land-line telegraphy in the United States and Canada, with the International code used everywhere else, including all ships at sea and sailing in North American waters. Morse's version became known as
1277:, providing the foundation for the modern form of the code. After some minor changes to the letters and a complete revision of the numerals, International Morse Code was standardized by the International Telegraphy Congress in 1865 in Paris, and later became the standard adopted by the
1459:
1063:
In addition to knowing, understanding, and being able to copy the standard written alpha-numeric and punctuation characters or symbols at high speeds, skilled high-speed operators must also be fully knowledgeable of all of the special unwritten Morse code symbols for the standard
1458:
1463:
1462:
1457:
804:
Beginning in the 1930s, both civilian and military pilots were required to be able to use Morse code, both for use with early communications systems and for identification of navigational beacons that transmitted continuous two- or three-letter identifiers in Morse code.
2581:
specifies that a "word" is 5 characters long. The
Commission specifies Morse code test elements at 16 code groups per minute, 20 words per minute, 20 code groups per minute, and 25 words per minute. The word per minute rate would be close to the
1464:
1038:. Consequently, words also have different lengths in terms of dot duration, even when they contain the same number of characters. For this reason, some standard word is adopted for measuring operators' transmission speeds: Two such standard words in common use are
2816:
Ludwig Koch, which uses the full target speed from the outset but begins with just two characters. Once strings containing those two characters can be copied with 90% accuracy, an additional character is added, and so on until the full character set is mastered.
1993:
2367:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789 ———M——— —————O————— ———R——— ——S—— E —————C————— —————O————— ———D——— E
477:
Later telegraphy training found that people become more proficient at receiving Morse code when it is taught "like a language", with each code perceived as a whole "word" instead of a sequence of separate dots and dashes, such as might be shown on a page.
4645:
354:. The needle clicked each time it moved to the right or left. By making the two clicks sound different (by installing one ivory and one metal stop), transmissions on the single needle device became audible as well as visible, which led in turn to the
7168:
These modern "iambic" keys are operated by one or two "paddles" pressed left and right, instead of pressing down a lever, as in the traditional telegraph keys, pictured at the start of this article. Operating paddle keys is similar to using the old
5642:
5604:
5566:
5330:
5258:
5178:
4969:
4931:
4859:
4166:
2368:▓▓▓˽▓▓▓˽˽˽▓▓▓˽▓▓▓˽▓▓▓˽˽˽▓˽▓▓▓˽▓˽˽˽▓˽▓˽▓˽˽˽▓˽˽˽˽˽˽˽▓▓▓˽▓˽▓▓▓˽▓˽˽˽▓▓▓˽▓▓▓˽▓▓▓˽˽˽▓▓▓˽▓˽▓˽˽˽▓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ | dah dit | | symbol space letter space word space
5087:
5049:
5007:
4537:
4128:
1461:
2124:, so there are variations introduced by the skill of the sender and receiver — more experienced operators can send and receive at faster speeds. In addition, individual operators differ slightly, for example, using slightly longer or shorter
5746:
5397:
5125:
2805:, W6TTB. However, initially exaggerated spaces between symbols and words are used, to give "thinking time" to make the sound "shape" of the letters and symbols easier to learn. The spacing can then be reduced with practice and familiarity.
2137:
Morse code is transmitted using just two states (on and off). Morse code may be represented as a binary code, and that is what telegraph operators do when transmitting messages. Working from the above ITU definition and further defining a
812:
In addition, rapidly moving field armies could not have fought effectively without radiotelegraphy; they moved more quickly than their communications services could put up new telegraph and telephone lines. This was seen especially in the
4683:
1388:
4035:
4403:
192:
Morse code can be memorized and sent in a form perceptible to the human senses, e.g. via sound waves or visible light, such that it can be directly interpreted by persons trained in the skill. Morse code is usually transmitted by
5843:
5809:
5528:
5494:
5460:
5292:
4893:
4821:
4575:
4459:
5921:
Most numbers have an unofficial short-form, given in the table below. They are only used when both the sender and the receiver understand that numbers, and not letters, are intended; for example, one often sees the most common
4754:
3968:
375:
developed an electrical telegraph that used electromagnets in its receivers. They obtained an
English patent in June 1837 and demonstrated it on the London and Birmingham Railway, making it the first commercial telegraph.
4499:
447:. The shorter marks were called "dots" and the longer ones "dashes", and the letters most commonly used were assigned the shortest sequences of dots and dashes. This code, first used in 1844, was what later became known as
243:. Because the Morse code elements are specified by proportion rather than specific time durations, the code is usually transmitted at the highest rate that the receiver is capable of decoding. Morse code transmission rate (
4432:
735:
communication before it was possible to transmit voice. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, most high-speed international communication used Morse code on telegraph lines, undersea cables, and radio circuits.
2820:
In North
America, many thousands of individuals have increased their code recognition speed (after initial memorization of the characters) by listening to the regularly scheduled code practice transmissions broadcast by
4270:
4214:
3995:
1992:
4613:
1390:
4787:
765:
equipped with radio were used for bombing and naval scouting, and ground-based radio direction finders were used for airship navigation. Allied airships and military aircraft also made some use of radiotelegraphy.
4320:
3914:
3887:
3860:
3833:
3806:
3779:
3752:
3725:
3698:
3671:
3644:
2312:
required a different form of Morse signalling. Instead of keying a voltage on and off for varying times, the dits and dahs were represented by two polarities of voltage impressed on the cable, for a uniform time.
4241:
4079:
3941:
5901:
5872:
5775:
5708:
5671:
5426:
5359:
5220:
4722:
4370:
434:
In his earliest design for a code, Morse had planned to transmit only numerals, and to use a codebook to look up each word according to the number which had been sent. However, the code was soon expanded by
2460:
duration is, however, not the common practice. Usually, speeds are stated in words per minute. That introduces ambiguity because words have different numbers of characters, and characters have different
743:
was dangerous and difficult to use, there had been some early attempts: In 1910, the U.S. Navy experimented with sending Morse from an airplane. However the first regular aviation radiotelegraphy was on
6469:
Company. While Morse code translation software prefers the
Heathkit version, on-air use is not yet universal as some amateur radio operators in North America and the Caribbean continue to use the older
1870:
and lost the ability to speak or write could communicate with his physician (a radio amateur) by blinking his eyes in Morse. Two examples of communication in intensive care units were also published in
7933:
Engineer-in-Chief's Office (1938) . Elementary
Principles of Telegraphy and Systems up to Morse Duplex (Report). Technical Pamphlets for Workmen. London, UK: His Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 6.
7208:, the length and timing of which are controlled by a sliding the pendulum weight toward the rear of the unit. When pressed to the left by the knuckle of the index finger, the paddle generates a single
2105:
wire, but later extended to an audio tone, a radio signal with short and long tones, or high and low tones, or as a mechanical, audible, or visual signal (e.g. a flashing light) using devices like an
6956:
to four-digit codes and send these digits out using standard Morse code. Korean Morse code uses the SKATS mapping, originally developed to allow Korean to be typed on western typewriters. SKATS maps
3617:
3590:
3563:
3536:
3509:
3482:
3455:
3428:
3401:
3374:
3347:
3320:
3293:
3266:
3239:
3212:
3177:
3150:
3123:
3096:
3069:
3042:
3015:
2988:
2961:
2934:
1926:
2577:
For commercial radiotelegraph licenses in the United States, the
Federal Communications Commission specifies tests for Morse code proficiency in words per minute and in code groups per minute. The
2601:
While the
Federal Communications Commission no longer requires Morse code for amateur radio licenses, the old requirements were similar to the requirements for commercial radiotelegraph licenses.
2480:
duration that would send a typical word the desired number of times in one minute. If, for example, the operator wanted a character speed of 13 words per minute, the operator would choose a
2217:-length pause that must follow after each automatically included for every 2 bit code. One possible coding is by number value for the length of signal tone sent one could use '01'b for a
1460:
388:(1837) used codes with varying word lengths for their telegraph systems. In 1841, Cooke and Wheatstone built a telegraph that printed the letters from a wheel of typefaces struck by a hammer.
2825:, the American Radio Relay League's headquarters station. As of 2015, the United States military taught Morse code as an 81-day self-paced course, having phased out more traditional classes.
1990:
2776:
codes are shown as black letters on dark grey, and are complete, including punctuation; a few non-ITU extensions are shown in grey letters on light grey, but many others are left out. ITU
2670:
2233:
pause between letters (in effect, an end-of-letter mark). That leaves the code '10'b available for some other purpose, such as an escape character, or to more compactly represent the
1257:
message encoding system. What is called Morse code today is actually somewhat different from what was originally developed by Vail and Morse. The Modern
International Morse code, or
7908:
1924:
1010:
A commercially manufactured iambic paddle used in conjunction with an electronic keyer to generate high-speed Morse code, the timing of which is controlled by the electronic keyer.
791:
were off the ground, Lindbergh was truly incommunicado and alone. Morse code in aviation began regular use in the mid-1920s. By 1928, when the first airplane flight was made by the
8468:
1683:
is "transmitting location" (spoken "my Q.T.H." is "my location"). The use of abbreviations for common terms permits conversation even when the operators speak different languages.
2605:
requirement. For example, for the Radiotelegraph Operator License, the examinee must pass a 20 word per minute plain text test and a 16 word per minute code group test.
6597:
On 24 May 2004 – the 160th anniversary of the first public Morse telegraph transmission – the Radiocommunication Bureau of the International Telecommunication Union (
1991:
986:
still grants commercial radiotelegraph operator licenses to applicants who pass its code and written tests. Licensees have reactivated the old California coastal Morse station
295:
1389:
1496:
level was required to receive the highest level of amateur license (Amateur Extra Class); effective April 15, 2000, in the FCC reduced the Extra Class requirement to 5
1444:
The original amateur radio operators used Morse code exclusively since voice-capable radio transmitters did not become commonly available until around 1920. Until 2003, the
149:
duration can vary for signal clarity and operator skill, but for any one message, once established it is the basic unit of time measurement in Morse code. The duration of a
9144:
1587:
The relatively limited speed at which Morse code can be sent led to the development of an extensive number of abbreviations to speed communication. These include prosigns,
12603:
7100:
1849:
Morse code can also be translated by computer and used in a speaking communication aid. In some cases, this means alternately blowing into and sucking on a plastic tube ("
1782: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
1080:
8856:
1452:
of 2003 made the Morse code requirement for amateur radio licensing optional. Many countries subsequently removed the Morse requirement from their license requirements.
6702:
Morse codes. If more codes are needed, one can either invent a new code or convert an otherwise unused code from either code set to the non-Latin letter. For example:
1925:
6620:
This sequence was reported to have been chosen to represent "A C", or a letter "a" inside a swirl represented by a letter "C". The new character facilitates sending
1403:
197:
of an information-carrying medium such as electric current, radio waves, visible light, or sound waves. The current or wave is present during the time period of the
2728:
characters may be sent at a 13 words-per-minute rate, but the intercharacter and interword gaps may be lengthened so the word rate is only 5 words per minute.
7015:
1838:
to communicate. For example, the Android operating system versions 5.0 and higher allow users to input text using Morse Code as an alternative to a keypad or
1745:
1239:
text tests. However, the code exams are currently waived for holders of Amateur Extra Class licenses who obtained their operating privileges under the old 20
1139:
Today among amateur operators there are several organizations that recognize high-speed code ability, one group consisting of those who can copy Morse at 60
6694:
The usual method has been to first transliterate the sounds represented by the International code and the four unique Gerke codes into the local alphabet, hence
6651:
alphabetic scripts has been to begin by simply using the International Morse codes used for letters whose sound matches the sound of the local alphabet. Because
2865:
In the United Kingdom, many people learned the Morse code by means of a series of words or phrases that have the same rhythm as a Morse character. For instance,
1103:. By this time, they are "hearing" phrases and sentences rather than words. The fastest speed ever sent by a straight key was achieved in 1942 by Harry Turner (
9532:
6770:
is used to map the Cyrillic characters to four-element codes. Many of the characters are encoded the same as their latin-alphabet look-alikes or sound-alikes (
6655:(the predecessor to International Morse) was in official use in central Europe, and included four characters not included in the International Morse standard (
900:
messages because the voice radio systems on ships then were quite limited in both their range and their security. Radiotelegraphy was also extensively used by
8276:
2515:
mimics a word rate that is typical of natural language words and reflects the benefits of Morse code's shorter code durations for common characters such as
11448:
10190:
8571:
9445:
11285:
8770:
2280:
empty dits for "end of letter") would binary-encode as '11'b, '11'b, '01'b, '00'b; when packed it is '1111 0100'b = 'F4'x, which stores into only one
13535:
13019:
8748:
723:
extended to full length. The original American code being compared dates to 1838; the later American code shown in the table was developed in 1844.
13965:
13955:
13530:
12394:
9275:
8493:
8169:
6005: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
3647: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
8306:
6927: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
6463: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
4169: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
4038: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
3998: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
3944: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
13945:
13935:
13525:
13520:
13515:
8541:
8497:
276:
Early in the nineteenth century, European experimenters made progress with electrical signaling systems, using a variety of techniques including
11393:
1822:
or Short Message Service). In addition, applications are now available for mobile phones that enable short messages to be input in Morse Code.
1505:
While voice and data transmissions are limited to specific amateur radio bands under U.S. rules, Morse code is permitted on all amateur bands:
930:
In the United States the final commercial Morse code transmission was on July 12, 1999, signing off with Samuel Morse's original 1844 message,
1194:
standard word were still being issued in the United States by the Federal Communications Commission. The First Class license required 20
15661:
13950:
11468:
10982:
439:
in 1840 to include letters and special characters, so it could be used more generally. Vail estimated the frequency of use of letters in the
7286:, the opening phrase of which was regularly played at the beginning of BBC broadcasts. The timing of the notes corresponds to the Morse for
7269:
a third switch is used to indicate that the letter is complete. This removes the necessity of timing to send Morse code. – D.K. Anson (2018)
7204:
The semiautomatic key paddle, when pressed to the right by the thumb, kicks a clockwork-like horizontal pendulum that generates a series of
1219:
chief operator on board a passenger ship. However, since 1999 the use of satellite and very high-frequency maritime communications systems (
10898:
10870:
10865:
9890:
8459:
7899:
7738:
1710:
that is supposed to have higher readability for both robot and human decoders. Some programs like WinMorse have implemented the standard.
13094:
9236:
2855:
2847:
623:
This finally led to the International Morse code in 1865. The International Morse code adopted most of Gerke's codepoints. The codes for
9084:
2113:, a common flashlight, or even a car horn. Some mine rescues have used pulling on a rope - a short pull for a dot and a long pull for a
1568:
for "reduce power"). There are several amateur clubs that require solid high speed copy, the highest of these has a standard of 60
1502:. Finally, effective on February 23, 2007, the FCC eliminated the Morse code proficiency requirements from all amateur radio licenses.
912:
601:
Gerke changed many of the codepoints, in the process doing away with the different length dashes and different inter-element spaces of
15693:
6717: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
6264: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
6035: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
5531: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
5497: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
3890: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
3674: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
8719:
8676:
8372:
6917:
script; although many of the codes are used for International Morse, the sounds they represent are mostly unrelated. The Japanese /
6615: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
6302: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
5875: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
4540: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
4435: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
4273: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
4244: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
3917: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
227:
To increase the efficiency of transmission, Morse code was originally designed so that the duration of each symbol is approximately
9406:
6995:
operators copied most of this Morse variant). Kahn's cited sources come from the popular press and wireless magazines of the time.
6525: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
4502: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
1380:
that the station is unreliable. In Canada, the identification is removed entirely to signify the navigation aid is not to be used.
6842:, etc.). The Bulgarian alphabet contains 30 characters, which exactly match all possible combinations of 1, 2, 3, and 4
2801:, and spaces within each symbol for that speed. The Farnsworth method is named for Donald R. "Russ" Farnsworth, also known by his
268:
12695:
12449:
9372:
9136:
7858:
9830:
2793:
are taught to send and receive letters and other symbols at their full target speed, that is with normal relative timing of the
12685:
10892:
2117:. Ground forces send messages to aircraft with panel signalling, where a horizontal panel is a dah and a vertical panel a dit.
1186:
Through May 2013, the First, Second, and Third Class (commercial) Radiotelegraph Licenses using code tests based upon the
14883:
9847:
9842:
8973:
8866:
16880:
16763:
13012:
12434:
11388:
10887:
10877:
10857:
10659:
9825:
9355:
8943:
8654:
7796:. Bureau of Naval Personnel, U.S. Navy. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1957. pp. 105–111. RM32-10228B.
7745:
7713:
7637:
7633:
2773:
1784:". This can be sent many ways: keying a radio on and off, flashing a mirror, toggling a flashlight, and similar methods. The
1445:
1278:
558:
15332:
12568:
9706:
8830:
6985:) traffic was in 'dotty' or 'dashy' Morse during the entire war. In popular culture, this is mostly remembered in the book
6420:
Prosigns for Morse code are special (usually) unwritten procedural signals or symbols that are used to indicate changes in
2261:
fit into 14 bits, with a few only needing 12 bits (5 symbols); and all digits require exactly 12 bits.
1529:. In some countries, certain portions of the amateur radio bands are reserved for transmission of Morse code signals only.
748:, which had space to accommodate the large, heavy radio equipment then in use. The same year, 1910, a radio on the airship
10024:
1603:
is broadcast to be interpreted as "seek you" (I'd like to converse with anyone who can hear my signal). The abbreviations
43:
14769:
13081:
10949:
10882:
10728:
9646:
9637:
9211:
7027:
1449:
13305:
5749: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
5400: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
5128: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
231:
of the character that it represents in text of the English language. Thus the most common letter in English, the letter
12962:
12473:
12276:
11020:
10654:
9810:
7706:
6729:
6695:
6638:
6234: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
6065: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
5904: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
5429: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
5362: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
4896: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
4824: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
4686: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
4131: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
3863: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
3701: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
1968:
221:
9247:
8603:
4578: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
4462: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
4406: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
3971: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
16531:
16517:
16487:
15626:
12518:
12134:
12129:
11632:
11463:
11010:
10975:
10748:
9327:
9302:
8891:
8368:
8140:
The Deutsch-Österreichischer Telegraphenverein officially adopted Gerke's redaction / revision of Morse code in 1851.
8092:
8063:
8028:
8000:
6624:
addresses by Morse code, and is notable since it is the first official addition to the Morse set of characters since
5674: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
2708:
1483:
983:
797:
from California to Australia, one of its four crewmen was a radio operator who communicated with ground stations via
582:
in 1848 that became known as the "Hamburg alphabet", its only real defect being the use of an excessively long code (
8625:
7151:
is typically used as the standard "word" for calculating the "word per minute" rate. Other standard "words" such as
4616: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
16749:
15466:
14863:
13005:
11552:
10533:
10081:
9883:
9524:
8808:
8268:
8244:
7236:
137:). There is no distinction between upper and lower case letters. Each Morse code symbol is formed by a sequence of
13310:
8519:
2731:
Using different character and text speeds is, in fact, a common practice, and is used in the Farnsworth method of
1054:. Operators skilled in Morse code can often understand ("copy") code in their heads at rates in excess of 40
15189:
14450:
12770:
12705:
12459:
12439:
10644:
8778:
2142:
as a dot time, a Morse code sequence may be crudely represented a combination of the following five bit-strings:
1476:
Until 1991, a demonstration of the ability to send and receive Morse code at a minimum of five words per minute (
2626:
1165:
may put a Morse interpreter's strip on their uniforms if they meet the standards for translating code at 5
16756:
15322:
14961:
12523:
11116:
10639:
9106:
8578:
8084:
2391:
for dots located at the beginning or internally within the character. Thus, the following Morse code sequence:
2309:
9437:
8328:
2539:
offers a word rate that is typical of 5 letter code groups (sequences of random letters). Using the word
911:
Morse code was used as an international standard for maritime distress until 1999 when it was replaced by the
15431:
14956:
14014:
12637:
12608:
12258:
10664:
9294:
8153:
1738:
to exchange messages in Morse code. Modern use continues, in part, as a way to communicate while maintaining
14293:
8782:
2574:
length, and the individual characteristics and preferences of the operators usually override the standards.
1253:
Morse codes of one version or another have been in use for more than 160 years — longer than any other
16875:
16742:
16721:
14009:
13784:
13300:
13076:
12700:
12588:
12548:
10968:
10939:
10700:
10597:
10140:
9935:
9907:
9167:
2839:
2570:
Because Morse code is usually sent by hand, it is unlikely that an operator could be that precise with the
1223:) has made them obsolete. (By that point meeting experience requirement for the First was very difficult.)
9670:
8744:
8216:
8138:(Report) (in German). Deutsch-Österreichischer Telegraphenverein (German-Austrian Telegraph Union). 1851.
7545: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
6744: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
6480: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
5645: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
5607: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
5569: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
3593: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
3377: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
3180: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
2780:
are circled in red with red text and are complete; unofficial prosigns are orange and are mostly complete.
2491:
length. It is common to assume that a word is 5 characters long. There are two common typical words:
16885:
16622:
16601:
15281:
15276:
14971:
14873:
13395:
13086:
12942:
12553:
12483:
12469:
12454:
12358:
12271:
12243:
12209:
10929:
10436:
9876:
9380:
9344:
Miscellaneous abbreviations and signals to be used for radiocommunications in the maritime mobile service
8425:
8402:
8055:
8024:
7964:
7232:
7181:; and with two-paddle electronic keys, squeezing the two paddles from both sides produces an alternating
6204: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
6095: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
5778: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
5463: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
5295: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
5223: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
5090: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
5052: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
5010: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
4725: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
4373: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
4323: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
4082: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
3836: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
3728: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
1575:
1537:
1448:
mandated Morse code proficiency as part of the amateur radio licensing procedure worldwide. However, the
1146:
20:
9263:
Some people find it easier to remember the and dashes by picturing them as forming the letters ...
8881:
8155:
History of Communications-Electronics in the United States: Early Navy efforts to develop aircraft radio
7014:
Decoding software for Morse code ranges from software-defined wide-band radio receivers, coupled to the
1548:
wide, although only for a slow data rate) than voice communication (roughly 2,400~2,800 Hz used by
872:
481:
With the advent of tones produced by radiotelegraph receivers, the operators began to vocalize a dot as
16689:
15286:
14853:
14266:
13327:
12916:
12861:
12782:
12563:
12219:
12214:
11567:
10788:
10710:
10649:
10356:
9501:
8298:
7283:
1857:
is that once learned, it does not require looking at a display. Also, it appears faster than scanning.
1549:
306:; the signal is "on" when the knob is pressed, and "off" when it is released, length and timing of the
14019:
13337:
12558:
8549:
7841:
7255:
signal itself is interrupted, not continuous, it does (ideally) maintain a single, constant frequency
1145:. Also, Certificates of Code Proficiency are issued by several amateur radio societies, including the
1075:
International contests in code copying are still occasionally held. In July 1939 at a contest in
931:
14939:
14661:
14214:
13801:
12623:
12578:
12414:
11963:
11667:
11612:
11577:
10560:
10521:
10366:
10266:
10195:
10128:
9955:
9744:
7050:
6425:
1727:
1719:
1317:
1076:
964:
792:
385:
8999:
Newell and, A.F.; Nabavi, C.D. (1969). "VOTEM: the voice operated typewriter employing Morse code".
16439:
16425:
15730:
14313:
14116:
13332:
12138:
11647:
11627:
11622:
11562:
11557:
11066:
10919:
10161:
10096:
10049:
10009:
9790:
9699:
7075:
3985:
2703:
1917:
1592:
364:
99:
16044:
13460:
12513:
7216:
require multiple presses. Left-handed operators may use a key built as a mirror image of this one.
326:
16728:
15756:
14713:
14390:
14369:
14249:
14229:
14061:
13732:
13636:
13113:
13071:
13028:
12988:
12972:
12899:
12894:
12856:
12827:
12792:
12224:
11958:
11657:
11542:
10758:
10743:
10587:
10538:
10461:
10361:
10039:
9925:
9920:
9785:
9633:
8221:
7673:
6922:
6577:
6546:
6421:
6415:
5696:
4768:
4736:
4697:
4659:
4627:
4589:
4551:
4354:
4304:
4202:
4113:
3200:
2777:
2258:
1839:
1808:
mobile phones offer an option to alert the user of an incoming text message with the Morse tone "
1789:
1262:
1069:
1065:
957:
579:
550:
134:
7690:
6605:" or "commat") character to the official Morse character set, using the sequence denoted by the
2902:
1212:
code group test (five letter blocks sent as simulation of receiving encrypted text) and 20
876:
A U.S. Navy Morse Code training class in 2015. The sailors will use their new skills to collect
16895:
15446:
14385:
14375:
14308:
13818:
13251:
12583:
12573:
12429:
12419:
11953:
11662:
11107:
11094:
11030:
10680:
10466:
10281:
10226:
10221:
10034:
9999:
9857:
8191:
7777:. Washington, DC: Department of the Army / U.S. Government Printing Office. 1968. pp. 6–7.
7085:
6949:
4058:
1854:
1752:
1723:
1438:
1343:
In some countries, during periods of maintenance, the facility may instead transmit the signal
444:
9126:
United States Code of Federal Regulations Title 47 §13.207(c), §13.209(d), §97.503
1726:
for aeronautical use broadcast identifying information in the form of Morse Code, though many
908:
that were sent out by those navies to scout for enemy warships, cargo ships, and troop ships.
16830:
16735:
16524:
16473:
15933:
15855:
15619:
15558:
15543:
15112:
14991:
14733:
14693:
14425:
14101:
13285:
13273:
13246:
13231:
12760:
12598:
12533:
12409:
11948:
11102:
10582:
10386:
10351:
10271:
10251:
10173:
10061:
9982:
8931:
8329:"Amendments to the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue (IAMSAR) Manual"
7240:
7060:
6458:
4713:
4675:
4605:
4567:
4529:
4491:
4350:
4300:
4198:
4158:
4109:
4071:
4027:
3323: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
2698:
2445:
is the length of 3 dits (with no gaps between), and spacings are specified in number of
1162:
740:
588: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
15538:
14743:
11978:
9915:
9588:
7808:
5846: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
5812: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
4972: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
4934: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
4862: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
3620: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
3566: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
3350: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
2991: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
1932:
The text "Welcome to Knowledge, the 💕 that anyone can edit." sent as Morse code at 13
1896:. In these two cases, interpreters were available to understand those series of eye-blinks.
1321:
16594:
16345:
16022:
15518:
15173:
15137:
14542:
14465:
14298:
14046:
14036:
13875:
13858:
13174:
12921:
12593:
12353:
11973:
10496:
10456:
10426:
10183:
10118:
9940:
9780:
9729:
8883:
Modern Morse code in rehabilitation and education: New applications in assistive technology
7468: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
7279:
7177:
until the paddle is released; pressing the paddle to the left produces a similar series of
7080:
6935: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
6175: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
6119: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
5711: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
5333: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
5261: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
5181: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
4790: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
4757: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
4393:
4337:
4217: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
3809: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
3755: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
2834:
2293:
2101:
Morse code can be transmitted in a number of ways: Originally as electrical pulses along a
1831:
877:
609:
584: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
420:
381:
377:
338:
292:
changes. These experimental designs were precursors to practical telegraphic applications.
89:
9571:
7173:
clockwork telegraph keys: Pressing the paddle to the right generates a series of repeated
896:
of the belligerents. Long-range ship-to-ship communication was by radio telegraphy, using
346:
down the message. In Morse code, a deflection of the needle to the left corresponded to a
8:
16890:
16870:
15421:
15317:
15039:
14562:
13268:
12876:
12503:
11988:
11873:
11863:
11858:
10506:
10446:
10205:
10167:
9965:
9950:
9820:
9692:
8708:
8683:
8360:
7882:
7788:
7437:
7110:
6554:
6483:
4231:
4052:
3931:
1698:(called "single paddle" and either "double-paddle" or "iambic" keys) is prevalent today.
1482:) was required to receive an amateur radio license for use in the United States from the
1291:, and is now almost never used, with the possible exception of historical re-enactments.
1283:
1120:
may have been used when determining such speed records. For example, speeds run with the
798:
787:
602:
542:
471:
453:
13584:
9414:
773:, and in the 1920s, there was no radio system used by such important flights as that of
16580:
16557:
16191:
16080:
16070:
15962:
15905:
15891:
15848:
15553:
15436:
15271:
15163:
15122:
15076:
15071:
14966:
14948:
14616:
14547:
14512:
14460:
14273:
14261:
13672:
13594:
13495:
13050:
12957:
12805:
12618:
12613:
12538:
11537:
11511:
11035:
10991:
10733:
10690:
10621:
10491:
10421:
10396:
10331:
10178:
9899:
9835:
9656:
9627:
8487:
8163:
7507:
Morse code standard, and is the only accented character included in the recommendation.
6953:
6767:
6699:
2881:
2738:
1325:
1299:
806:
405:
368:
277:
224:
have been developed for those languages, largely by transliteration of existing codes.
62:
58:
15813:
15471:
9384:
7965:
Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for the Year 1878
2449:
lengths. An unambiguous method of specifying the transmission speed is to specify the
2429:
of all of the letters and symbols need to be learned, for both sending and receiving.
2410:
Dah dah dah dah dah di dah dit di di dit dit,
489:, to reflect the sounds of Morse code they heard. To conform to normal sending speed,
16703:
16696:
16432:
16418:
16330:
16219:
16129:
16108:
16087:
16015:
15947:
15806:
15764:
15716:
15451:
15441:
15086:
15081:
14986:
14981:
14888:
14843:
14666:
14646:
14636:
14626:
14621:
14557:
14552:
14480:
14415:
14400:
14350:
14345:
14288:
14224:
14182:
14024:
13910:
13833:
13349:
13344:
13221:
12947:
12886:
12866:
12528:
12508:
12488:
12116:
11592:
11572:
11084:
10773:
10695:
10609:
10592:
10555:
10401:
10231:
10200:
10066:
9960:
9734:
9323:
9298:
9269:
9102:
9016:
8939:
8897:
8887:
8088:
8059:
7996:
7772:
7055:
6982:
6443:, but informal conventions for them exist. (The symbol was formally added in 2004.)
2750:
2194:
are always separated by one of the gaps, and that the gaps are always separated by a
1748:(ATIS) uses Morse code to identify uplink sources of analog satellite transmissions.
968:
774:
749:
357:
303:
10441:
9611:— 200 hours of at increasing speeds plus an ASCII-to-CW file generator program.
9012:
1690:(straight key) is still used by some amateurs, the use of mechanical semi-automatic
639:
were taken from a code system developed by Steinheil. A new codepoint was added for
16837:
16775:
16668:
16629:
16615:
16573:
16448:
16394:
16375:
16309:
16301:
16287:
16280:
16205:
16001:
15976:
15912:
15884:
15799:
15785:
15702:
15675:
15612:
15523:
15426:
15248:
15091:
14718:
14698:
14688:
14683:
14567:
14323:
14256:
14244:
14209:
14204:
14187:
14126:
14091:
14051:
13853:
13848:
13796:
13747:
13631:
13565:
13505:
13455:
13400:
13317:
13295:
13280:
13226:
13216:
13150:
12904:
12478:
12444:
12154:
11983:
10778:
10738:
10718:
10685:
10614:
10572:
10486:
10341:
10326:
10301:
10276:
10236:
10086:
9945:
9930:
9008:
6987:
6945:
6763:
4014:
2688:
1541:
1437:" or "CW". Other, faster keying methods are available in radio telegraphy, such as
1312:
1179:
1015:
972:
440:
342:
334:
322:
289:
285:
228:
65:
16675:
15870:
15496:
15147:
14517:
9169:
Arbeitspsychologische Untersuchung der Tätigkeit bei der Aufnahme von Morsezeichen
8647:
7824:
7621:
16661:
16353:
16294:
16240:
16233:
16212:
16198:
16182:
16160:
16115:
16008:
15983:
15955:
15940:
15863:
15841:
15834:
15792:
15752:
15723:
15411:
15381:
15204:
15127:
14893:
14823:
14728:
14676:
14656:
14592:
14582:
14572:
14537:
14502:
14497:
14492:
14405:
14360:
14355:
14239:
14234:
14081:
14071:
13925:
13890:
13885:
13865:
13759:
13717:
13657:
13540:
13510:
13420:
13380:
13322:
13256:
13236:
13184:
13167:
13155:
12952:
12871:
11602:
11597:
11587:
11532:
11217:
11207:
11202:
11197:
11192:
11187:
11182:
10406:
10261:
10029:
10004:
9992:
9739:
7227:
6965:
6580:
have nearly universally carried over this use as an abbreviation for "and" (e.g.
6493:
1881:
1878:
1730:
stations now also provide voice identification. Warships, including those of the
1506:
1434:
1274:
1174:
606:
130:
47:
14858:
14041:
2397:
M O R S E C O D E −− −−− ·−· ··· · (space) −·−· −−− −·· ·
1702:
is also frequently employed to produce and decode Morse code radio signals. The
1486:. Demonstration of this ability was still required for the privilege to use the
1421:
brand semiautomatic key (informally called a "bug" since it vaguely resembles a
1161:, and are available to anyone who can copy the transmitted text. Members of the
443:
by counting the movable type he found in the type-cases of a local newspaper in
169:
within an encoded character is followed by a period of signal absence, called a
16798:
16682:
16566:
16546:
16455:
16323:
16254:
16153:
16101:
16094:
15926:
15919:
15898:
15877:
15778:
15771:
15578:
15533:
15461:
15456:
15307:
15291:
15266:
15209:
15199:
15194:
15034:
14908:
14868:
14838:
14784:
14779:
14774:
14748:
14723:
14671:
14611:
14577:
14527:
14475:
14440:
14395:
14365:
14318:
14278:
14177:
14131:
14086:
14004:
13940:
13895:
13880:
13843:
13823:
13791:
13779:
13727:
13722:
13712:
13702:
13697:
13614:
13599:
13589:
13555:
13545:
13490:
13475:
13440:
13290:
13194:
13142:
13032:
12404:
12399:
12389:
12384:
12379:
12374:
12338:
12333:
12326:
12321:
12316:
12311:
12306:
12301:
12296:
12291:
12286:
12281:
12149:
12106:
12101:
12096:
12091:
12086:
12081:
12076:
12071:
12066:
12061:
12056:
12051:
12046:
12041:
12036:
11943:
11938:
11933:
11928:
11923:
11918:
11913:
11908:
11903:
11898:
11893:
11888:
11672:
11257:
11177:
11172:
11167:
11162:
11157:
11152:
11147:
11142:
11137:
11005:
10604:
10476:
10451:
10411:
10381:
10256:
10091:
10044:
10019:
9977:
8959:
7496:
7481:
Single-line decoding display may use printed "+" for message separator prosign.
7070:
6978:
6691:
script, but require codes for letters not accommodated by International Morse.
6648:
6284: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
4648: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
4449:
3539: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
3215: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
3099: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
2813:
2744:
2289:
2274: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
1518:
1514:
1510:
1030:). Characters have differing lengths because they contain differing numbers of
919:
ceased using Morse code on January 31, 1997, the final message transmitted was
372:
217:
68:
characters as standardized sequences of two different signal durations, called
15008:
11652:
9660:
9617:
9557:
9184:
7302: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
6186: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
6077: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
3512: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
3242: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
3072: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
2964: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
2237:
space between words (an end-of-word mark) instead of '00 00 00'b (only 6
809:
show the identifier of each navigational aid next to its location on the map.
687:. This left only four codepoints identical to the original Morse code, namely
510: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
16864:
16805:
16654:
16587:
16510:
16480:
16338:
16316:
16247:
16143:
16122:
15969:
15827:
15745:
15738:
15709:
15668:
15583:
15573:
15568:
15355:
15049:
14708:
14651:
14303:
14076:
13960:
13915:
13870:
13838:
13687:
13604:
13577:
13550:
13480:
13465:
13450:
13405:
13162:
12724:
12144:
12031:
12026:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12006:
11883:
11878:
11868:
11853:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11833:
11828:
11823:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11803:
11798:
11793:
11788:
11783:
11778:
11773:
11768:
11763:
11758:
11753:
11748:
11743:
11738:
11733:
11728:
11723:
11718:
11713:
11708:
11703:
11698:
11693:
11688:
11607:
11582:
11547:
11506:
11252:
10753:
10526:
10516:
10431:
10321:
10316:
10306:
10291:
10113:
9972:
9467:
8916:
8249:
7581:
7278:
A well-known Morse code rhythm from the Second World War period derives from
7192:
For left-handed operators, the actions of the two paddles are often reversed.
6602:
6504:
6152: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
5204:
4516:
3958:
3782: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
2903:
Letters, numbers, punctuation, prosigns for Morse code and non-Latin variants
2761:
2465:
lengths. It is not immediately clear how a specific word rate determines the
2349:−− −−− ·−· ··· · −·−· −−− −·· · M O R S E C O D E
2329:, in Morse code format, would normally be written something like this, where
2305:
2253:
and inter-letter pauses work out to be the same, for any letter containing a
2121:
2120:
Morse messages are generally transmitted by a hand-operated device such as a
1885:
1739:
1687:
1561:
1533:
1469:
1430:
1384:
navigation receivers automatically translate the code into displayed letters.
778:
330:
299:
194:
13624:
8901:
6450:
There is no standard representation for the exclamation mark , although the
1402:, on 248 kHz, located at 49.8992 North, 97.349197 West, near
1068:
and the meanings of these special procedural signals in standard Morse code
16261:
16226:
16167:
15654:
15416:
15312:
15225:
15117:
15018:
14828:
14641:
14606:
14587:
14522:
14410:
14172:
14096:
13905:
13900:
13811:
13806:
13742:
13682:
13662:
13619:
13609:
13560:
13445:
13425:
13415:
13263:
13241:
13199:
12997:
12744:
12739:
12734:
12729:
12464:
12204:
12199:
12194:
12189:
12184:
12179:
12174:
12169:
12164:
12159:
11642:
11637:
11617:
11501:
11493:
11126:
10631:
10471:
10416:
10346:
10311:
10246:
10145:
10135:
9987:
9684:
9240:
9070:
9053:
9036:
8595:
8511:
7695:(2nd ed.). Chemical Publishing Co. p. 72 – via Archive.org.
7256:
6961:
6719:, a language-specific code not used in either International or Gerke Morse.
5923:
5107:
2555:
length at 20 words per minute is 60 milliseconds. Using the word
2484:
rate that would send the typical word 13 times in exactly one minute.
2414: Dah di dah dit dah dah dah dah di dit dit.
2042:
1873:
1850:
1422:
885:
849:
845:
841:
837:
537:
Comparison of historical versions of Morse code with the current standard.
412:
315:
281:
85:
28:
14470:
9343:
9020:
8016:
1097:. Pierpont (2004) also notes that some operators may have passed 100
967:
has ceased all use of Morse code on the radio, and no longer monitors any
620:
were introduced. Gerke's code was adopted in Germany and Austria in 1851.
16844:
16608:
16539:
15820:
15511:
15371:
15132:
14976:
14833:
14738:
14507:
14435:
14420:
14328:
14121:
14031:
13930:
13920:
13774:
13737:
13692:
13677:
13652:
13572:
13500:
13485:
13189:
11059:
11042:
10831:
10481:
10391:
10376:
10336:
10296:
10155:
9754:
8633:
7967:(Report). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. 1879. pp. 358–360
7863:(7th ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: Editors and Engineers Ltd. p. 178
7045:
6625:
4478:
4145:
4096:
2859:
1755:
identify with Morse, even though they are used for voice communications.
1735:
995:
987:
916:
905:
857:
818:
770:
758:
436:
416:
8804:
8254:
7519:
was a popular, long-standing vendor of kits for amateur radio equipment.
2361:
representing "signal off", each for the time length of exactly one dit:
15501:
15476:
15044:
14487:
13977:
13972:
13828:
13769:
13410:
12909:
12817:
12670:
12348:
11443:
11413:
11408:
11403:
11398:
11363:
11247:
11242:
11232:
11227:
11025:
10836:
10543:
10241:
10150:
10106:
10076:
10054:
9852:
9749:
7105:
7090:
6938:
6930:
6918:
6910:
6652:
4422:
4287:
3878:
3851:
3824:
3797:
3770:
3743:
3716:
3689:
3662:
3635:
2110:
2106:
2021:
1947:
1835:
1578:
offers a code proficiency certification program that starts at 10
1254:
893:
814:
428:
12850:
10960:
8632:(Press release). The International Amateur Radio Union. Archived from
8158:. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Govt. Print. Off.
8109:
6559: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
2241:
lengths, since the 7th is automatically inserted as part of the prior
396:
216:
Since many natural languages use more than the 26 letters of the
16812:
16791:
16784:
15563:
15400:
15096:
15063:
14898:
14789:
14338:
14066:
13982:
13707:
12797:
12775:
12680:
12493:
11522:
11453:
11433:
11428:
11353:
11348:
10821:
10286:
10101:
9868:
9172:(Dissertation). Technische Hochschule Carolo-Wilhelmina. 10247-549-4.
8677:"Amendment of Part 97 of the Commission's Amateur Service Rules"
7678:. London, UK: E. & F.N. Spon. p. 71 – via Archive.org.
7433:
7170:
7065:
6687:) it has served as a beginning-point for other languages that use an
6644:
6534:
4778:
4260:
4186:
3904:
2802:
2712:
2102:
1731:
1487:
1418:
1377:
1369:
1329:
1273:
in Germany. Gerke changed nearly half of the alphabet and all of the
1104:
991:
897:
861:
821:
464:
409:
178:
118:
15506:
7829:. Signal Corps. U.S. Army. 1939. pp. 83, 101–108, 227. FM 24-5.
7584:
was a huge collection of abbreviations used on land line telegraphy.
6991:
by Kahn and in the national archives of the UK and Australia (whose
2739:
Alternative display of common characters in International Morse code
605:, leaving only two coding elements, the dot and the dash. Codes for
570:
The Morse code, as specified in the current international standard,
157:(although some telegraphers deliberately exaggerate the length of a
15528:
15491:
15486:
15366:
15327:
15168:
14927:
14812:
14703:
14445:
14333:
14283:
14154:
13667:
13470:
13430:
13211:
13204:
13055:
12967:
12822:
12787:
12765:
12675:
12498:
11438:
11423:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11358:
11317:
11312:
11307:
11302:
11297:
11292:
11089:
11079:
11075:
11049:
10816:
10806:
10723:
10548:
10371:
8861:
8648:"Italy joins no-code ranks as FCC revives Morse debate in the U.S."
7516:
7095:
6906:
6688:
6497:
6466:
2843:
2756:
2719:
transmitted 230 Morse code marks of mixed text in one minute.
1699:
1308:
1270:
901:
769:
However, there was little aeronautical radio in general use during
762:
533:
15548:
3269: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
2472:
Some method to standardize the transformation of a word rate to a
1813: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
864:
in France and Belgium (in 1944), and in southern Germany in 1945.
15635:
15142:
15013:
14903:
14878:
14764:
14601:
14455:
14430:
14199:
14106:
13754:
13368:
13179:
12837:
12633:
12543:
12424:
11998:
11368:
11343:
11333:
11071:
10811:
10796:
10014:
9034:
Ross, Dennis W. (March 1992). "Morse code: A place in the mind".
8133:
8131:
7040:
6216: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
6047: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
3485: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄
3404: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
3018: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
2716:
2092:
medium gap (between words): seven time units long (formerly five)
1788:
signal is not sent as three separate characters; rather, it is a
1373:
1266:
1006:
977:
941:
889:
867:
829:
745:
527:
461:, until the end of railroad telegraphy in the U.S. in the 1970s.
9602:
9493:
7659:
3126: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄
921:"Calling all. This is our last call before our eternal silence."
731:
In the 1890s, Morse code began to be used extensively for early
518:. Morse code was sometimes facetiously known as "iddy-umpty", a
16636:
14380:
14192:
14111:
14056:
13764:
13435:
12842:
12832:
12810:
12690:
12665:
12660:
12343:
12234:
12124:
11483:
11473:
11458:
11275:
10841:
10801:
10123:
9800:
9795:
9576:
7993:
Communications: An international history of the formative years
7948:. London, UK: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd. pp. 28–29.
6992:
6957:
4388:
2590:
standard, and the code groups per minute would be close to the
2285:
1867:
1588:
1565:
1414:
833:
825:
474:, the dots and dashes were sent as short and long tone pulses.
8433:
8261:
8128:
7932:
7212:, the length of which is controlled by the operator. Multiple
1694:(informally called "bugs"), and of fully automatic electronic
1675:) is used by an operator when referring to his or her spouse.
15003:
14998:
14848:
14631:
14532:
14219:
13130:
12937:
12655:
12650:
12645:
12262:
11968:
11478:
11418:
11280:
11054:
10826:
10763:
10071:
9373:"International Morse code gets a new ITU home, new character"
9347:
7625:
7504:
7404:
7400:
6621:
6598:
6437:
2221:
and the automatic single-dit pause after it, and '11'b for a
2205:
A more efficient binary encoding uses only two-bits for each
1805:
1695:
1691:
1643:
is used by an operator when referring to the other operator (
1557:
1545:
1220:
853:
782:
732:
578: M.1677-1, was derived from a much-improved proposal by
575:
38:
8709:"A standard for Morse timing using the Farnsworth technique"
8387:
6909:
scripts require more radical adaption. Japanese Morse code (
2567:
length at 20 words per minute is 50 milliseconds.
2421:
For use on radio, there is little point in learning to read
2353:
Next is the exact conventional timing for this phrase, with
1536:
radio signal, it requires less complex equipment than other
32:
Chart of the Morse code 26 letters and 10 numerals
15481:
15376:
12248:
11338:
10768:
8211:
8209:
6914:
2822:
2711:'s 6th World Championship in High Speed Telegraphy in
2476:
duration is useful. A simple way to do this is to choose a
2321:
Below is an illustration of timing conventions. The phrase
2281:
1703:
1560:, as well as for low-power transmissions (commonly called "
9297:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 269.
8682:. 1998 Biennial Regulatory Review. c. 2000. Archived from
8394:
7959:
7957:
7955:
7944:
Freebody, J.W. (1959). "Historical survey of telegraphy".
7130:
Until 1949, words were separated by a space equal to five
6896:
6886:
6748:
6724:
6709:
5892:
5863:
5829:
5795:
5766:
5728:
5691:
5662:
5624:
5586:
5548:
5514:
5480:
5446:
5417:
5379:
5350:
5312:
5278:
5240:
5198:
5145:
5069:
5027:
4989:
4951:
4913:
4879:
4841:
4807:
971:
for Morse code transmissions, including the international
493:
which are not the last element of a code became voiced as
12715:
9775:
9770:
8831:"The most interesting things you didn't know about Nokia"
8669:
6436:
The symbols , , and are not defined inside the official
5159:
2578:
2139:
1862:
1819:
1785:
1777:
1526:
1522:
1091:
set a still-standing record for Morse copying, 75.2
754:
was instrumental in coordinating the rescue of its crew.
133:, and a small set of punctuation and procedural signals (
9101:. Institution of Electrical Engineers IET. p. 150.
8857:"Nokia files patent for Morse Code-generating cellphone"
8206:
8183:
7995:. Institution of Electrical Engineers. pp. 79, 84.
7884:
Instructions for Learning International Morse Characters
7421:
The well-established standard abbreviation for "and" is
6397:
could possibly be misinterpreted as a mistaken cut
2854:
Visual mnemonic charts have been devised over the ages.
2772:
until the character representation is reached. Official
2608:
Based upon a 50 dit duration standard word such as
1853:" interface). An important advantage of Morse code over
1825:
1776:
An important application is signalling for help through
88:, one of the early developers of the system adopted for
9367:
9365:
9068:
Burch, Donna (July 1990). "Morse code from the heart".
9051:
Curt, Ronald J. (July 1990). "In the blink of an eye".
8564:
8321:
7952:
7857:
Smith, W.W.; Dawley, Ray L.; et al., eds. (1940).
7850:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7384:
7382:
7380:
7378:
7376:
7374:
7372:
7370:
7368:
7366:
7364:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7356:
7354:
7352:
7350:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7342:
7340:
7338:
7336:
7334:
6925:
for switching back-and-forth from International Morse:
990:
and regularly transmit from the site under either this
470:
paper tape unnecessary. When Morse code was adapted to
9129:
8966:
8737:
8640:
8453:
8451:
8217:"How the Zeppelin raiders are guided by radio signals"
7887:. War Department. 1943. pp. 52, 68–72. TM 11-459.
7800:
7332:
7330:
7328:
7326:
7324:
7322:
7320:
7318:
7316:
7314:
6632:
2051:
International Morse code is composed of five elements:
1763:
1758:
9655:(training film). Morse code radio operator training.
8823:
8417:
8355:
8353:
7846:(2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 6.
7767:
7765:
7763:
7417:
7415:
7413:
6754:
6746:, which has no corresponding letter in modern Greek;
6736:
3608:
3581:
3554:
3527:
3500:
3473:
3446:
3419:
3392:
3365:
3338:
3311:
3284:
3257:
3230:
3195:
3168:
3141:
3114:
3087:
3060:
3033:
3006:
2979:
2952:
2925:
2812:, invented in 1935 by the German engineer and former
2629:
2620:
duration or one unit can be computed by the formula:
2086:
within a character: one dot duration or one unit long
1899:
1706:
has a readability standard for robot encoders called
1429:
International Morse code today is most popular among
565:
549:: The modified and rationalized version used by
9362:
9212:"Fort Huachuca bids farewell to Morse code training"
8932:"Chapter 5. Input strategies: Morse strategies"
8701:
8237:
7781:
7658:Gotthard morse key used by shortwave radio amateur
6758:
have no historical, phonetic, or shape relationship.
6246: ▄▄▄ ▄
6017: ▄ ▄▄▄
3296: ▄▄▄ ▄
2937: ▄ ▄▄▄
2551:
units is 50 and a simple calculation shows that the
185:, and words are separated by a space equal to seven
8992:
8849:
8448:
8430:
W1TP Telegraph & Scientific Instruments Museums
8009:
7718:
the space between two words is equal to seven dots;
7456: ▄ ▄ ▄
7311:
6574: ▄ ▄ ▄
3431: ▄ ▄ ▄
2002:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
1860:In one case reported in the radio amateur magazine
1816: ▄ ▄ ▄
1810: ▄ ▄ ▄
1362: ▄ ▄ ▄
1340:is repeatedly transmitted on its radio frequency.
9122:
9120:
9118:
8588:
8350:
8108:
7901:A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837
7875:
7856:
7813:. London, UK: Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 40.
7774:TM 11-459. International Morse Code (Instructions)
7760:
7750:The space between two words is equal to five dots.
7460:is actually slightly shorter in duration than the
7410:
7399:The character or symbol encoding is not in either
6385:are still fairly short (same duration as cut
2664:
2089:short gap (between letters): three time units long
2039:This section includes inline links to audio files.
1265:in 1848 and initially used for telegraphy between
925:
884:Radiotelegraphy using Morse code was vital during
739:Although previous transmitters were bulky and the
465:Operator-led change from graphical to audible code
9229:
8504:
8291:
7926:
7817:
263:
16862:
12917:Unicode control, format and separator characters
9460:
8998:
8534:
7806:
6882:). Russian requires two more codes, for letters
6643:The typical tactic for creating Morse codes for
6381:, even when using other cut numbers, since five
6357:, since cut numbers come from reducing multiple
2453:duration as, for example, 50 milliseconds.
2387:for dots located at the end of a character, and
1801:, and is keyed without gaps between characters.
1433:operators, in the mode commonly referred to as "
9516:
9115:
8618:
7733:
7731:
7231:was chosen to distinguish the single-frequency
6361:in the standard Morse number codes to only one
726:
391:
9486:
9090:
8936:Assitive Technology for People with Disabilies
8101:
8072:
7616:
7614:
7612:
7610:
7608:
7606:
7604:
7602:
7600:
7200:
7198:
6500:currency codes are preferred for transmission.
1227:radiotelegraphy practices, as well as 16
888:, especially in carrying messages between the
868:Maritime flash telegraphy and radio telegraphy
400:Morse code receiver that records on paper tape
15620:
13013:
10976:
9884:
9700:
9311:
9137:"Fastest speed for a Morse code transmission"
9061:
8653:. Vol. 24, no. 31. 12 August 2005.
8512:"Extremely High Speed Club official web page"
7986:
7984:
7982:
7937:
6929:signals a switch from International Morse to
6902:which are each encoded with 5 elements.
6377:Some operators just send the normal code for
2899:which can be memorized as "Did she like it?"
1595:for typical message components. For example,
13027:
9714:
9429:
9336:
9282:
9274:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
9235:
9085:NATO phonetic alphabet, codes & signals.
9044:
9027:
8974:"Android accessibility help: Use Morse code"
8797:
8763:
8492:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8458:Pierpont, William G., N0HFF (13 May 2004) .
8168:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7833:
7728:
7699:
6964:and has no relationship to pronunciation in
2437:All Morse code elements depend on the dot /
2432:
1866:, an old shipboard radio operator who had a
998:stations are operated by Morse enthusiasts.
10899:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
9399:
8426:"The "Morse" code and the continental code"
8145:
8043:
7725:, Atlantic City, 1947; revised Paris, 1949.
7665:
7597:
7195:
6349:There are no distinct cut-number codes for
2379:Morse code is often spoken or written with
2041:If you have trouble playing the files, see
1746:Automatic Transmitter Identification System
1532:Because Morse code transmissions employ an
1248:
15627:
15613:
13020:
13006:
10983:
10969:
10935:
9891:
9877:
9707:
9693:
9522:
9354:(Report). ITU Recommendation. Geneva, CH:
8923:
8496:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
8176:
7979:
7891:
7755:International Telecommunication Convention
7723:International Telecommunication Convention
2749:Some methods of teaching Morse code use a
2665:{\displaystyle ~T={\frac {\,1,200\,}{W}}~}
1206:text code proficiency, the others 16
913:Global Maritime Distress and Safety System
258:
16:Transmission of language with brief pulses
9182:
9096:
8745:"Custom Farnsworth spacing configuration"
8078:
8054:. Radio amateur's library. Vol. 69.
7491:
7489:
7487:
6533:The suggested unofficial encoding of the
6431:
2652:
2642:
1490:. Until 2000, proficiency at the 20
960:still trains ten people a year in Morse.
9468:"Fractionated Morse, and other oddities"
9438:"The Invention of Wireless Cryptography"
9317:
8457:
7943:
7682:
7472:so there is no motivative to replace it.
6492:The ITU has never formally codified any
2838:
2755:
2374:
1877:. Another example occurred in 1966 when
1762:
1454:
1413:
1386:
1298:
1173:
1005:
871:
647:since Gerke did not distinguish between
532:
395:
294:
267:
37:
27:
10990:
9435:
9288:
8461:The Art & Skill of Radio Telegraphy
7839:
7671:
7622:International Morse Code Recommendation
6960:characters to arbitrary letters of the
6441:International Morse Code Recommendation
5987: ▄▄▄
3458: ▄▄▄
2808:Another popular teaching method is the
2764:tree: The graph branches left for each
2163: ▄▄▄
2073: ▄▄▄
2064:): "dit duration" is one time unit long
1365: ▄▄▄
1356: ▄▄▄
1001:
572:International Morse Code Recommendation
16863:
9898:
9619:International Morse code, hand sending
9504:from the original on 12 September 2017
9209:
8811:from the original on 24 September 2015
8299:"Morse code training in the Air Force"
8194:from the original on 11 September 2017
8151:
8049:
8031:from the original on 20 September 2017
7484:
6732:uses the International Morse code for
6503:The sign code was represented in the
3153: ▄ ▄
2880:which can be memorized by the phrase "
2182:medium gap (between words): '0000000'b
1149:. Their basic award starts at 10
229:inverse to the frequency of occurrence
42:This Morse key was originally used by
16764:American Printing House for the Blind
16540:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
16192:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
15608:
15398:
15353:
15246:
14925:
14810:
14152:
13366:
13128:
13111:
13001:
10964:
9872:
9688:
9356:International Telecommunication Union
9067:
8929:
8914:
8775:Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM)
8474:from the original on 26 February 2012
8361:"Radiotelegraph Operator License (T)"
7990:
7897:
7807:Preece, W.H.; Sivewright, J. (1891).
7746:International Telecommunication Union
7714:International Telecommunication Union
7634:International Telecommunication Union
7143:The time needed to transmit the word
6335:cut numbers, or are not numbers, are
2789:People learning Morse code using the
2732:
2487:The typical word thus determines the
1846:typewriter employing Morse or votem.
1826:Morse code as an assistive technology
1627:("ex-young lady" – wife) are common.
1446:International Telecommunication Union
1279:International Telecommunication Union
1155:with endorsements as high as 40
15247:
10945:
9525:"Morse decoder test – iPhone / iPad"
9448:from the original on 8 December 2014
9291:The Cambridge Companion to Beethoven
9165:
9050:
9033:
8962:. Ace Centre (UK ACC Charity). 2020.
8879:
8725:from the original on 25 January 2018
8657:from the original on 5 November 2011
8606:from the original on 2 December 2017
8577:. Canadian AIM. 2003. Archived from
8375:from the original on 13 January 2015
8279:from the original on 25 January 2018
8152:Howeth, Linwood S., Captain (1963).
7757:, Madrid, 1932; revised Cairo, 1938.
7688:
7640:from the original on 6 November 2012
7018:, which decodes signals and detects
7009:
6633:Diacritics and non-Latin extensions
2701:contests are held; according to the
2308:of 19th and early 20th century
1394:The sound of non-directional beacon
337:in 1824, there were developments in
177:duration. The letters of a word are
15634:
9494:"Welcome! - Reverse Beacon Network"
9253:from the original on 6 October 2015
8405:from the original on 9 October 2017
8395:"Maritime Radio Historical Society"
8269:"Maritime Radio Historical Society"
7744:(Report). ITU History. Geneva, CH:
7712:(Report). ITU History. Geneva, CH:
6971:
6465:) was proposed in the 1980s by the
2784:
2722:
2229:following pause, and '00'b for the
2179:short gap (between letters): '000'b
1834:, helping people with a variety of
1830:Morse code has been employed as an
1759:Applications for the general public
1450:World Radiocommunication Conference
566:Gerke's refinement of Morse's code
350:and a deflection to the right to a
239:, has the shortest code – a single
205:and absent during the time between
181:a space of duration equal to three
13:
15354:
12327:Norwegian and Danish (alternative)
9523:Ziegenhain, Gerolf (20 May 2013).
9383:. 10 December 2003. Archived from
8423:
8052:Morse Code: The essential language
6639:Morse code for non-Latin alphabets
6589:the weather here is cold and rainy
6537:sign listed above, often shown as
2132:
1957:
1906:
1900:Representation, timing, and speeds
1136:standard may differ by up to 20%.
586:and later the equal duration code
272:Single needle telegraph instrument
14:
16907:
9550:
9535:from the original on 27 July 2017
9442:The Appendix: Futures of the Past
9318:Studwell, William Emmett (1997).
8917:"Morse Codes for Computer Access"
8751:from the original on 4 March 2016
8522:from the original on 28 June 2017
8369:Federal Communications Commission
8253:. 23 January 1999. Archived from
7914:from the original on 15 July 2017
7571:used in some non-Latin alphabets.
6496:into Morse code: The unambiguous
4716: Message or page separator
2709:International Amateur Radio Union
2168:intra-character gap (between the
1484:Federal Communications Commission
1182:sends Morse code signals in 2005.
994:or as KSM. Similarly, a few U.S.
984:Federal Communications Commission
526:as "umpty", leading to the word "
341:in Europe and America. Pulses of
329:in 1820 and the invention of the
153:is three times the duration of a
12984:
12983:
10944:
10934:
10925:
10924:
10913:
10534:Free-space optical communication
9147:from the original on 3 July 2017
8548:. 3 January 2015. Archived from
8542:"Chapter 1. Air Navigation"
8309:from the original on 2 July 2017
7636:. October 2009. ITU-R M.1677-1.
7259:throughout any one transmission.
2031:
2020:Problems playing this file? See
1988:
1946:Problems playing this file? See
1922:
1918:A sample Morse code transmission
1888:captors, Morse-blinked the word
1558:DX (long distance) transmissions
1409:
1113:) (d. 1992) who reached 35
1014:Morse code speed is measured in
741:spark gap system of transmission
590:) for the frequently used vowel
15399:
12771:Digital encoding of APL symbols
12706:Comparison of Unicode encodings
11224:Proposed but not approved
9603:"Morse code MP3 practice files"
9210:Linton, Tanja (30 April 2015).
9203:
9176:
9159:
9078:
8952:
8908:
8873:
8865:. 12 March 2005. Archived from
8779:Federal Aviation Administration
7574:
7522:
7510:
7475:
7272:
7262:
7219:
7162:
7137:
2715:, Bulgaria, Andrei Bindasov of
2358:
2354:
2338:
2330:
2310:submarine communications cables
2096:
1884:, brought on television by his
926:Demise of commercial telegraphy
719:, and the latter two had their
314:are entirely controlled by the
13093:Languages by writing system /
9529:Gerolfziegenhain.wordpress.com
8225:. April 1918. pp. 632–634
8085:Radio Society of Great Britain
8081:Amateur Radio Operating Manual
7662:. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
7652:
7632:(Report). ITU Recommendation.
7124:
7030:, to smartphone applications.
6913:) has a separate encoding for
5916:
4633:General invitation to transmit
2683:duration in milliseconds, and
2357:representing "signal on", and
2186:The marks and gaps alternate:
2078:inter-element gap between the
1718:Radio navigation aids such as
264:Pre-Morse telegraphs and codes
161:for clearer signalling). Each
1:
16532:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
16488:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
14926:
14811:
14153:
9295:Cambridge Companions to Music
9191:. American Radio Relay League
9185:"W1AW Code Practice Schedule"
8079:Eckersley, R.J., ed. (1985).
7591:
6545:, is also the official Morse
2547:as a standard, the number of
2299:
1767:Representation of Morse code
1713:
1544:(typically only 100–150
16881:Latin-script representations
16743:National Braille Association
16722:Braille Institute of America
16440:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
13367:
10920:Telecommunication portal
10701:Telecommunications equipment
9436:Wythoff, Grant (July 2014).
9183:AmericanRadio, RelayLeague.
8837:. #FactsOnly. September 2013
8245:"An obituary for Morse code"
8184:"K2TQN vintage radio column"
7692:Radio Engineers' Pocket Book
7547:, is shared with unofficial
7117:
6515:", which became merged into
6484:American Morse landline code
5975: (long form)
5967: Intl. Morse
2828:
2563:with 60 dit units, the
2425:Morse as above; rather, the
1540:. Morse code also uses less
1470:40 meter ham radio band
1372:may be removed, which tells
1024:) or characters per minute (
727:Radiotelegraphy and aviation
663:. Changes were also made to
392:Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail
84:. Morse code is named after
7:
16623:Refreshable braille display
16602:Optical braille recognition
16199:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
15731:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
14874:New Epoch Notation Painting
12943:Character encodings in HTML
12277:National Replacement (NRCS)
12244:Japanese language in EBCDIC
10437:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
9444:. Vol. 2, no. 3.
9381:American Radio Relay League
8482:– via pcpractice.com.
8338:. 2011. Circ 1367, Amd
8056:American Radio Relay League
8025:American Radio Relay League
7898:Fahie, John Joseph (1884).
7235:from the sliding-frequency
7033:
6409:
1576:American Radio Relay League
1468:Morse code recorded on the
1294:
1147:American Radio Relay League
975:(MF) distress frequency of
904:, especially by long-range
321:Following the discovery of
21:Morse Code (disambiguation)
10:
16912:
16690:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
13129:
10141:Telecommunications history
9237:Baden-Powell, Robert, Lord
7432:adapted from the code for
7101:Theodore Roosevelt McElroy
6636:
6413:
5884:
5855:
5821:
5787:
5758:
5720:
5683:
5654:
5616:
5578:
5540:
5506:
5472:
5438:
5409:
5371:
5342:
5304:
5270:
5232:
5190:
5137:
5099:
5061:
5019:
4981:
4943:
4905:
4871:
4833:
4799:
4766:
4734:
4695:
4657:
4625:
4587:
4549:
4511:
4471:
4444:
4415:
4382:
4332:
4282:
4253:
4226:
4178:
4140:
4091:
4047:
4007:
3980:
3953:
3926:
3899:
3872:
3845:
3818:
3791:
3764:
3737:
3710:
3683:
3656:
3629:
3602:
3575:
3548:
3521:
3494:
3467:
3440:
3413:
3386:
3359:
3332:
3305:
3278:
3251:
3224:
3189:
3162:
3135:
3108:
3081:
3054:
3027:
3000:
2973:
2946:
2919:
2908:
2832:
2742:
2469:duration in milliseconds.
1667:(rather than the expected
1303:Cayo Largo Del Sur VOR-DME
522:lampooned as "iddy" and a
415:, and mechanical engineer
339:electromagnetic telegraphy
251:, commonly referred to as
18:
16822:
16773:
16713:
16646:
16556:
16502:
16465:
16426:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
16405:
16386:
16367:
16272:
16178:
16139:
16066:
15993:
15692:
15685:
15646:
15604:
15407:
15394:
15362:
15349:
15300:
15259:
15255:
15242:
15218:
15182:
15156:
15105:
15062:
15027:
14947:
14940:Chinese family of scripts
14938:
14934:
14921:
14819:
14806:
14757:
14165:
14161:
14148:
14010:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
13997:
13645:
13388:
13379:
13375:
13362:
13137:
13124:
13120:
13112:
13107:
13095:by first written accounts
13064:
13043:
13039:
12981:
12930:
12885:
12753:
12714:
12632:
12367:
12257:
12233:
12115:
11997:
11681:
11520:
11492:
11326:
11268:
11125:
10998:
10908:
10850:
10787:
10749:Public Switched Telephone
10709:
10673:
10630:
10571:
10561:telecommunication circuit
10522:Fiber-optic communication
10505:
10267:Francis Blake (telephone)
10214:
10062:Optical telecommunication
9906:
9809:
9763:
9745:Modulated continuous wave
9722:
9648:Technique of hand sending
9348:Radiocommunication Sector
9322:. Routledge. p. 62.
9320:The Americana Song Reader
9013:10.1088/0022-3735/2/8/314
8115:Oxford English Dictionary
8050:Carron, L. Peter (1986).
7843:Communication Engineering
7626:Radiocommunication Sector
7453: ▄
6571: ▄
6428:text formatting actions.
6270:
6130: ▄
5953: Intended
3045: ▄
2760:International Morse code
2707:in June 2005 at the
2433:Speed in words per minute
2316:
2225:and the automatic single-
2213:element, with the 1
2152: ▄
2062: ▄
1686:Although the traditional
1359: ▄
1077:Asheville, North Carolina
965:United States Coast Guard
785:in 1927. Once he and the
386:Carl August von Steinheil
16413:Chinese semi-syllabaries
15676:Unicode braille patterns
15662:International uniformity
14117:Thomas Natural Shorthand
12973:Variable-length encoding
12754:Miscellaneous code pages
11512:Extended Unix Code / EUC
11203:-15 (New Western Europe)
10999:Early telecommunications
10660:Orbital angular-momentum
10097:Satellite communications
9936:Communications satellite
9791:Morse code abbreviations
9716:International Morse code
9141:Guinnessworldrecords.com
9001:J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum
8938:. ABC-CLIO. p. 74.
8930:Anson, Denis K. (2018).
8880:King, Thomas W. (2000).
7975:– via Archive.org.
7499:character, the code for
7495:Although not strictly a
7076:Morse code abbreviations
6941:to International Morse.
6601:) formally added the ("
5965:Same as code in
2850:mnemonic chart from 1918
2704:Guinness Book of Records
2395:
2365:
2347:
2075:): three time units long
2006:in Morse code at 8
1593:Morse code abbreviations
1538:radio transmission modes
1326:Cayo Largo del Sur, Cuba
1249:International Morse code
96:International Morse code
16750:Blindness organizations
16729:Braille Without Borders
16518:Canadian currency marks
16140:Egyptian lineage family
15323:Southwest Paleohispanic
12900:C0 and C1 control codes
10539:Molecular communication
10362:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
10191:Undersea telegraph line
9926:Cable protection system
9786:Prosigns for Morse code
9562:Encyclopædia Britannica
9413:. Codes. Archived from
9289:Stanley, Glenn (2000).
9246:. Pearson. p. 61.
9097:Beauchamp, Ken (2001).
8222:Popular Science Monthly
6555:American Morse encoding
6422:communications protocol
6416:Prosigns for Morse code
1840:handwriting recognition
1753:amateur radio repeaters
1708:ARRL Farnsworth spacing
1404:Winnipeg's main airport
1263:Friedrich Clemens Gerke
1233:code-group and 20
1200:code group and 25
1070:communications protocol
1066:Prosigns for Morse code
958:United States Air Force
259:Development and history
16067:Russian lineage family
15467:Great Lakes Algonquian
14376:Greco-Iberian alphabet
14309:Gabelsberger shorthand
13252:Inscriptional Parthian
11148:-3 (Maltese/Esperanto)
11099:World System Teletext
10681:Communication protocol
10467:Charles Sumner Tainter
10282:Walter Houser Brattain
10227:Edwin Howard Armstrong
10035:Information revolution
9858:Chinese telegraph code
9659:. 1944. Archived from
9589:"Morse Code resources"
8626:"rel 2003-07-03 att-2"
7907:. E. & F.N. Spon.
7840:Everitt, W.L. (1937).
7672:Beechey, F.S. (1876).
7243:. Although the modern
7241:spark-gap transmitters
7086:NATO phonetic alphabet
7016:Reverse Beacon Network
6950:Chinese telegraph code
6921:code includes special
6700:Russian, and Ukrainian
6432:Symbol representations
6401:or cut decimal point.
6365:, but keeping all the
5955: digit
5158: Distinct from
4121:invitation to transmit
3205:invitation to transmit
2851:
2781:
2666:
2418:
2400:
2176:within a character): 0
1962:
1911:
1773:
1473:
1439:frequency-shift keying
1426:
1406:
1304:
1183:
1128:standard word and the
1011:
881:
562:
445:Morristown, New Jersey
401:
318:
273:
51:
33:
16831:Accessible publishing
16757:Schools for the blind
16736:Japan Braille Library
16525:Computer Braille Code
16179:Indian lineage family
15559:Old Persian cuneiform
14426:Carolingian minuscule
13232:Ancient North Arabian
12922:Whitespace characters
12599:Ventura International
10655:Polarization-division
10387:Narinder Singh Kapany
10352:Erna Schneider Hoover
10272:Jagadish Chandra Bose
10252:Alexander Graham Bell
9983:online video platform
9811:Other writing systems
9411:homepages.cwi.nl/~dik
9166:Koch, Ludwig (1936).
9099:History of Telegraphy
8886:. Allyn & Bacon.
8017:"Learning Morse code"
7748:. 1938 . p. 39.
7739:Telegraph Regulations
7716:. 1949 . p. 42.
7707:Telegraph Regulations
7407: M.1677-1 .
7061:High-speed telegraphy
6874:is used as Bulgarian
6858:is used as Bulgarian
6722:For the Greek letter
5958: 'Cut' number
4745:Also used for letter
4636:Also used for letter
2884:", and the Morse for
2842:
2759:
2699:High-speed telegraphy
2679:is the unit time, or
2667:
2406:
2403:is spoken (or sung):
2394:
2375:Spoken representation
2157:longer mark, dash or
1961:
1910:
1766:
1467:
1417:
1393:
1302:
1177:
1163:Boy Scouts of America
1079:in the United States
1009:
935:WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT
875:
536:
427:The Morse system for
399:
327:Hans Christian Ørsted
298:
280:and electricity from
271:
90:electrical telegraphy
41:
31:
16595:Mountbatten Brailler
15950:(largely reassigned)
15733:(largely reassigned)
15282:Southeastern Iberian
15277:Northeastern Iberian
13175:Egyptian hieroglyphs
12317:Norwegian and Danish
10497:Vladimir K. Zworykin
10457:Almon Brown Strowger
10427:Charles Grafton Page
10082:Prepaid mobile phone
10010:Electrical telegraph
9781:Morse code mnemonics
9730:Electrical telegraph
9723:Transmission methods
9671:"Codes of the World"
9387:on 30 September 2007
8819:– via QSL.net.
8636:on 6 September 2012.
8584:on 22 November 2013.
8305:. 10 December 2015.
7991:Burns, R.W. (2004).
7860:The "Radio" Handbook
7826:Signal Communication
7081:Morse code mnemonics
6715:in Spanish Morse is
5973:Normal code
4777:Proposed for use as
2858:included one in the
2835:Morse code mnemonics
2627:
2043:Knowledge Media help
1832:assistive technology
1002:Operator proficiency
953:("end of contact").
878:signals intelligence
553:on German railways.
421:electrical telegraph
404:The American artist
382:Wilhelm Eduard Weber
378:Carl Friedrich Gauss
98:encodes the 26
19:For other uses, see
16876:American inventions
16547:Nemeth braille code
16333:(reassigned vowels)
15858:(extended to 8-dot)
15432:Canadian Aboriginal
15318:Khitan small script
15040:Khitan large script
14230:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
12877:Unified Hangul Code
12549:PostScript Standard
12272:Multinational (MCS)
11143:-2 (Central Europe)
11138:-1 (Western Europe)
10992:Character encodings
10447:Johann Philipp Reis
10206:Wireless revolution
10168:The Telephone Cases
10025:Hydraulic telegraph
9821:American Morse code
8915:Lubin, Jim (2020).
8785:on 4 September 2009
8630:IARU web (iaru.org)
7689:Camm, F.J. (1941).
7237:damped wave signals
7111:Wireless telegraphy
6594:Keyboard "at" sign
6584:WX HR COLD ES RAINY
6553:. In addition, the
6507:as two characters "
6482:) copied over from
5949:
5924:R-S-T signal report
4703:New message follows
4112: Unofficial
2768:and right for each
2733:learning Morse code
2616:, the time for one
2264:For example, Morse
2146:short mark, dot or
2067:long mark, dash or
2056:short mark, dot or
1855:row column scanning
1284:American Morse code
807:Aeronautical charts
788:Spirit of St. Louis
543:American Morse code
497:. For example, the
472:radio communication
454:American Morse code
449:Morse landline code
100:basic Latin letters
16886:1848 introductions
16581:Braille translator
16558:Braille technology
16534:(science; GS8/GS6)
16503:Symbols in braille
16433:Taiwanese Mandarin
15948:Taiwanese Mandarin
15554:Nwagu Aneke script
15106:Other logosyllabic
15028:Chinese-influenced
14967:Oracle bone script
14949:Chinese characters
14884:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
14274:Eclectic shorthand
14262:Duployan shorthand
14215:Caucasian Albanian
14015:Canadian syllabics
13051:History of writing
12958:Hardware code page
12718:typesetting system
12554:PostScript Latin 1
12210:Cyrillic + Finnish
12117:Windows code pages
11999:IBM AIX code pages
11327:National standards
11258:Ukrainian Cyrillic
10645:Frequency-division
10622:Telephone exchange
10492:Charles Wheatstone
10422:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
10397:Innocenzo Manzetti
10332:Reginald Fessenden
10067:Optical telegraphy
9900:Telecommunications
9678:nonstopsystems.com
9564:. 16 October 2023.
9417:on 9 November 2010
8689:on 31 October 2005
8552:on 1 December 2014
8436:on 9 December 2011
7790:Radioman 3 & 2
7675:Electro-Telegraphy
7051:CW Operators' Club
7004:Fractionated Morse
6954:Chinese characters
6768:Russian Morse code
6557:for an ampersand (
5944:
2882:God Save the Queen
2862:handbook in 1918.
2852:
2782:
2662:
1963:
1912:
1774:
1619:(young lady), and
1474:
1427:
1407:
1332:", and Morse code
1328:is identified by "
1322:Vilo Acuña Airport
1305:
1245:test requirement.
1184:
1012:
882:
817:offensives of the
563:
402:
384:(1833) as well as
369:Charles Wheatstone
319:
278:static electricity
274:
247:) is specified in
59:telecommunications
52:
34:
16858:
16857:
16854:
16853:
16776:tactile alphabets
16704:William Bell Wait
16697:Sabriye Tenberken
16498:
16497:
16363:
16362:
16348:(Japanese vowels)
16146:-mediated scripts
16073:-mediated scripts
15600:
15599:
15596:
15595:
15592:
15591:
15452:Ditema tsa Dinoko
15390:
15389:
15345:
15344:
15341:
15340:
15238:
15237:
15234:
15233:
15058:
15057:
14917:
14916:
14802:
14801:
14798:
14797:
14144:
14143:
14140:
14139:
13993:
13992:
13358:
13357:
13345:Teeline Shorthand
13103:
13102:
12995:
12994:
12948:Charset detection
12887:Control character
12569:Sharp calculators
12440:Casio calculators
12368:Platform specific
12220:Cyrillic + German
12215:Cyrillic + French
11633:Maltese/Esperanto
11269:Bibliographic use
11153:-4 (North Europe)
11085:T.51/ISO/IEC 6937
11043:Baudot and Murray
10958:
10957:
10696:Store and forward
10691:Data transmission
10605:Network switching
10556:Transmission line
10402:Guglielmo Marconi
10367:Internet pioneers
10232:Mohamed M. Atalla
10201:Whistled language
9866:
9865:
9626:(training film).
9574:. Radio Amateur.
9498:Reversebeacon.net
9379:. Newington, CT:
8945:978-1-4408-3512-4
8257:on 30 March 2017.
8023:. Newington, CT:
7753:— Annexed to the
7721:— Annexed to the
7306:"'V' for Victory"
7304:), understood as
7233:transmission mode
7056:Guglielmo Marconi
7010:Decoding software
6983:Mediterranean Sea
6561:) was similar to
6405:
6404:
6308:
6307:
5914:
5913:
5834:Code shared with
5800:Code shared with
5733:Code shared with
5629:Code shared with
5591:Code shared with
5553:Code shared with
5519:Code shared with
5485:Code shared with
5451:Code shared with
5384:Code shared with
5317:Code shared with
5283:Code shared with
5245:Code shared with
5150:Code shared with
5112:Code shared with
5074:Code shared with
5032:Code shared with
4994:Code shared with
4956:Code shared with
4918:Code shared with
4884:Code shared with
4846:Code shared with
4812:Code shared with
4147:Close parenthesis
4016:Exclamation point
2846:movement founder
2791:Farnsworth method
2751:dichotomic search
2661:
2657:
2632:
1994:
1927:
1734:, have long used
1465:
1391:
1261:, was created by
969:radio frequencies
775:Charles Lindbergh
763:Zeppelin airships
249:groups per minute
16903:
16847:
16840:
16838:Braille literacy
16833:
16815:
16808:
16801:
16794:
16787:
16766:
16759:
16752:
16745:
16738:
16731:
16724:
16706:
16699:
16692:
16685:
16678:
16671:
16664:
16657:
16639:
16632:
16630:Slate and stylus
16625:
16618:
16616:Perkins Brailler
16611:
16604:
16597:
16590:
16583:
16576:
16574:Braille embosser
16569:
16549:
16542:
16535:
16527:
16520:
16513:
16491:
16483:
16476:
16458:
16451:
16442:
16435:
16428:
16421:
16414:
16398:
16395:American Braille
16379:
16376:Algerian Braille
16356:
16349:
16341:
16334:
16326:
16319:
16312:
16305:
16297:
16290:
16283:
16265:
16257:
16250:
16243:
16236:
16229:
16222:
16215:
16208:
16201:
16194:
16171:
16163:
16156:
16132:
16125:
16118:
16111:
16104:
16097:
16090:
16083:
16057:
16052:
16047:
16040:
16035:
16030:
16025:
16018:
16011:
16004:
15991:
15990:
15986:
15979:
15972:
15965:
15958:
15951:
15943:
15936:
15929:
15922:
15915:
15908:
15901:
15894:
15887:
15880:
15873:
15866:
15859:
15851:
15844:
15837:
15830:
15823:
15816:
15809:
15802:
15795:
15788:
15781:
15774:
15767:
15760:
15748:
15741:
15734:
15726:
15719:
15712:
15705:
15690:
15689:
15678:
15671:
15664:
15657:
15640:
15629:
15622:
15615:
15606:
15605:
15396:
15395:
15351:
15350:
15257:
15256:
15249:Semi-syllabaries
15244:
15243:
14945:
14944:
14936:
14935:
14923:
14922:
14808:
14807:
14163:
14162:
14150:
14149:
14052:Japanese Braille
13637:Zanabazar square
13506:Nepalese scripts
13396:Bengali–Assamese
13386:
13385:
13377:
13376:
13364:
13363:
13281:Pitman shorthand
13126:
13125:
13122:
13121:
13109:
13108:
13041:
13040:
13022:
13015:
13008:
12999:
12998:
12987:
12986:
12479:DG International
12354:Special Graphics
12155:Extended Latin-8
11553:Central European
11543:Barents Cyrillic
11248:Barents Cyrillic
11218:-12 (Devanagari)
11214:Abandoned parts
10985:
10978:
10971:
10962:
10961:
10948:
10947:
10938:
10937:
10928:
10927:
10918:
10917:
10916:
10789:Notable networks
10779:Wireless network
10719:Cellular network
10711:Types of network
10686:Computer network
10573:Network topology
10487:Thomas A. Watson
10342:Oliver Heaviside
10327:Philo Farnsworth
10302:Daniel Davis Jr.
10277:Charles Bourseul
10237:John Logie Baird
9946:Data compression
9941:Computer network
9893:
9886:
9879:
9870:
9869:
9709:
9702:
9695:
9686:
9685:
9681:
9675:
9664:
9631:
9610:
9596:
9582:
9565:
9545:
9544:
9542:
9540:
9520:
9514:
9513:
9511:
9509:
9490:
9484:
9483:
9481:
9479:
9464:
9458:
9457:
9455:
9453:
9433:
9427:
9426:
9424:
9422:
9403:
9397:
9396:
9394:
9392:
9369:
9360:
9359:
9340:
9334:
9333:
9315:
9309:
9308:
9286:
9280:
9279:
9273:
9265:
9260:
9258:
9252:
9245:
9233:
9227:
9226:
9224:
9222:
9207:
9201:
9200:
9198:
9196:
9180:
9174:
9173:
9163:
9157:
9156:
9154:
9152:
9133:
9127:
9124:
9113:
9112:
9094:
9088:
9082:
9076:
9075:
9065:
9059:
9058:
9048:
9042:
9041:
9031:
9025:
9024:
8996:
8990:
8989:
8987:
8985:
8970:
8964:
8963:
8956:
8950:
8949:
8927:
8921:
8920:
8912:
8906:
8905:
8877:
8871:
8870:
8869:on 25 June 2017.
8853:
8847:
8846:
8844:
8842:
8827:
8821:
8820:
8818:
8816:
8801:
8795:
8794:
8792:
8790:
8781:. Archived from
8771:"Chapter 1"
8767:
8761:
8760:
8758:
8756:
8747:. Winmorse.com.
8741:
8735:
8734:
8732:
8730:
8724:
8713:
8705:
8699:
8698:
8696:
8694:
8688:
8681:
8673:
8667:
8666:
8664:
8662:
8644:
8638:
8637:
8622:
8616:
8615:
8613:
8611:
8592:
8586:
8585:
8583:
8576:
8568:
8562:
8561:
8559:
8557:
8538:
8532:
8531:
8529:
8527:
8508:
8502:
8501:
8491:
8483:
8481:
8479:
8473:
8466:
8455:
8446:
8445:
8443:
8441:
8432:. Archived from
8421:
8415:
8414:
8412:
8410:
8391:
8385:
8384:
8382:
8380:
8357:
8348:
8347:
8345:
8343:
8333:
8325:
8319:
8318:
8316:
8314:
8295:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8284:
8265:
8259:
8258:
8241:
8235:
8234:
8232:
8230:
8213:
8204:
8203:
8201:
8199:
8180:
8174:
8173:
8167:
8159:
8149:
8143:
8142:
8135:
8126:
8125:
8123:
8121:
8112:
8105:
8099:
8098:
8076:
8070:
8069:
8047:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8036:
8013:
8007:
8006:
7988:
7977:
7976:
7974:
7972:
7961:
7950:
7949:
7941:
7935:
7934:
7930:
7924:
7923:
7921:
7919:
7913:
7906:
7895:
7889:
7888:
7879:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7868:
7854:
7848:
7847:
7837:
7831:
7830:
7821:
7815:
7814:
7804:
7798:
7797:
7795:
7785:
7779:
7778:
7769:
7758:
7752:
7743:
7735:
7726:
7720:
7711:
7703:
7697:
7696:
7686:
7680:
7679:
7669:
7663:
7656:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7645:
7618:
7585:
7578:
7572:
7569:
7568:
7561:
7560:
7553:
7552:
7546:
7542:
7541:
7540:
7534:
7533:
7532:
7526:
7520:
7514:
7508:
7493:
7482:
7479:
7473:
7471:
7469:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7449:
7447:
7446:
7440:. The code for
7431:
7428:
7427:
7419:
7408:
7403: M.1172 or
7396:
7309:
7303:
7299:
7292:
7291:
7276:
7270:
7266:
7260:
7254:
7253:
7248:
7247:
7239:from now-banned
7223:
7217:
7202:
7193:
7186:
7166:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7149:
7148:
7141:
7135:
7128:
7024:
7023:
7000:Fractional Morse
6988:The Codebreakers
6972:Unusual variants
6936:
6928:
6900:
6899:
6890:
6889:
6880:
6879:
6872:
6871:
6864:
6863:
6856:
6855:
6840:
6839:
6832:
6831:
6824:
6823:
6816:
6815:
6808:
6807:
6800:
6799:
6792:
6791:
6784:
6783:
6776:
6775:
6757:
6751:
6745:
6740:
6739:
6730:Greek Morse code
6727:
6718:
6713:
6712:
6685:
6684:
6677:
6676:
6669:
6668:
6661:
6660:
6616:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6586:
6585:
6575:
6572:
6567:
6566:
6560:
6544:
6543:
6542:
6526:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6513:
6512:
6494:currency symbols
6489:Currency symbols
6481:
6477:
6476:
6475:
6464:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6447:Exclamation mark
6393:), and a single
6340:
6322:
6314:
6313:
6304:
6303:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6285:
6279:
6266:
6265:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6247:
6236:
6235:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6217:
6206:
6205:
6198:
6196:
6195:
6187:
6176:
6164:
6153:
6142:
6140:
6139:
6131:
6120:
6108:
6097:
6096:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6078:
6067:
6066:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6048:
6037:
6036:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6018:
6007:
6006:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5988:
5976:
5968:
5950:
5947:
5943:
5933:
5932:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5784:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5042:
5041:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4098:Open parenthesis
4088:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4004:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2907:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2889:
2879:
2871:
2870:
2785:Learning methods
2723:Farnsworth speed
2693:
2692:
2687:is the speed in
2686:
2678:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2640:
2630:
2614:
2613:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2587:
2561:
2560:
2545:
2544:
2537:
2536:
2529:
2528:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2496:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2360:
2356:
2340:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2259:procedural signs
2249:). Although the
2164:
2153:
2074:
2063:
2035:
2034:
2011:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1995:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1974:
1960:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1928:
1909:
1894:
1893:
1886:North Vietnamese
1818:" (representing
1817:
1814:
1811:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1783:
1771:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1656:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1600:
1583:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1481:
1480:
1466:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1338:
1337:
1313:radio navigation
1259:continental code
1244:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1170:
1169:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1081:Ted R. McElroy (
1059:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1043:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1016:words per minute
981:
973:medium frequency
956:As of 2015, the
952:
951:
949:
937:
936:
759:World War I
717:
716:
709:
708:
701:
700:
693:
692:
685:
684:
677:
676:
669:
668:
661:
660:
653:
652:
645:
644:
637:
636:
629:
628:
618:
617:
596:
595:
589:
585:
517:
511:
507:
505:
504:
485:, and a dash as
441:English language
343:electric current
335:William Sturgeon
323:electromagnetism
253:words per minute
237:
236:
127:
126:
115:
114:
107:
106:
44:Gotthard railway
16911:
16910:
16906:
16905:
16904:
16902:
16901:
16900:
16861:
16860:
16859:
16850:
16843:
16836:
16829:
16818:
16811:
16804:
16797:
16790:
16783:
16769:
16762:
16755:
16748:
16741:
16734:
16727:
16720:
16709:
16702:
16695:
16688:
16681:
16674:
16667:
16662:Charles Barbier
16660:
16653:
16642:
16635:
16628:
16621:
16614:
16607:
16600:
16593:
16586:
16579:
16572:
16565:
16552:
16545:
16538:
16530:
16523:
16516:
16509:
16494:
16486:
16479:
16472:
16461:
16454:
16447:
16438:
16431:
16424:
16417:
16412:
16401:
16393:
16387:Frequency-based
16382:
16374:
16359:
16352:
16344:
16337:
16329:
16322:
16315:
16308:
16300:
16293:
16286:
16279:
16268:
16260:
16253:
16246:
16239:
16232:
16225:
16218:
16211:
16204:
16197:
16190:
16183:Bharati Braille
16180:
16174:
16166:
16159:
16152:
16141:
16135:
16128:
16121:
16114:
16107:
16100:
16093:
16086:
16079:
16068:
16062:
16055:
16050:
16043:
16038:
16033:
16028:
16021:
16014:
16007:
16000:
15989:
15982:
15975:
15968:
15961:
15954:
15946:
15939:
15932:
15925:
15918:
15911:
15904:
15897:
15890:
15883:
15876:
15869:
15862:
15854:
15847:
15840:
15833:
15826:
15819:
15812:
15805:
15798:
15791:
15784:
15777:
15770:
15763:
15757:Unified English
15751:
15744:
15737:
15729:
15722:
15715:
15708:
15701:
15686:Braille scripts
15681:
15674:
15667:
15660:
15653:
15642:
15638:
15633:
15588:
15403:
15386:
15382:Stokoe notation
15358:
15337:
15296:
15251:
15230:
15214:
15178:
15157:Logoconsonantal
15152:
15101:
15054:
15023:
14930:
14913:
14894:Siglas poveiras
14815:
14794:
14753:
14657:Younger Futhark
14361:Gregg shorthand
14157:
14136:
13989:
13641:
13371:
13354:
13133:
13116:
13099:
13072:Writing systems
13060:
13035:
13033:writing systems
13026:
12996:
12991:
12977:
12953:Han unification
12926:
12881:
12749:
12710:
12628:
12450:Compucolor 8001
12363:
12359:Technical (TCS)
12282:French Canadian
12253:
12229:
12225:Polytonic Greek
12111:
11993:
11677:
11663:Turkic Cyrillic
11578:Font X (Kermit)
11573:Farsi (Persian)
11525:
11516:
11488:
11322:
11264:
11134:Approved parts
11121:
10994:
10989:
10959:
10954:
10914:
10912:
10904:
10846:
10783:
10705:
10669:
10626:
10575:
10567:
10508:
10501:
10407:Robert Metcalfe
10262:Tim Berners-Lee
10210:
10030:Information Age
9902:
9897:
9867:
9862:
9831:Cyrillic script
9812:
9805:
9764:Notable signals
9759:
9740:Continuous wave
9718:
9713:
9673:
9669:
9663:on 7 July 2012.
9645:
9638:Wayback Machine
9616:
9601:
9587:
9570:
9556:
9553:
9548:
9538:
9536:
9521:
9517:
9507:
9505:
9492:
9491:
9487:
9477:
9475:
9466:
9465:
9461:
9451:
9449:
9434:
9430:
9420:
9418:
9405:
9404:
9400:
9390:
9388:
9371:
9370:
9363:
9358:. ITU-R M.1172.
9342:
9341:
9337:
9330:
9316:
9312:
9305:
9287:
9283:
9267:
9266:
9256:
9254:
9250:
9243:
9234:
9230:
9220:
9218:
9208:
9204:
9194:
9192:
9181:
9177:
9164:
9160:
9150:
9148:
9135:
9134:
9130:
9125:
9116:
9109:
9095:
9091:
9083:
9079:
9066:
9062:
9049:
9045:
9032:
9028:
8997:
8993:
8983:
8981:
8972:
8971:
8967:
8958:
8957:
8953:
8946:
8928:
8924:
8913:
8909:
8894:
8878:
8874:
8855:
8854:
8850:
8840:
8838:
8829:
8828:
8824:
8814:
8812:
8803:
8802:
8798:
8788:
8786:
8769:
8768:
8764:
8754:
8752:
8743:
8742:
8738:
8728:
8726:
8722:
8711:
8707:
8706:
8702:
8692:
8690:
8686:
8679:
8675:
8674:
8670:
8660:
8658:
8651:The ARRL Letter
8646:
8645:
8641:
8624:
8623:
8619:
8609:
8607:
8596:"WG - Winnipeg"
8594:
8593:
8589:
8581:
8574:
8570:
8569:
8565:
8555:
8553:
8540:
8539:
8535:
8525:
8523:
8510:
8509:
8505:
8485:
8484:
8477:
8475:
8471:
8464:
8456:
8449:
8439:
8437:
8422:
8418:
8408:
8406:
8399:radiomarine.org
8393:
8392:
8388:
8378:
8376:
8359:
8358:
8351:
8341:
8339:
8331:
8327:
8326:
8322:
8312:
8310:
8297:
8296:
8292:
8282:
8280:
8273:radiomarine.org
8267:
8266:
8262:
8243:
8242:
8238:
8228:
8226:
8215:
8214:
8207:
8197:
8195:
8182:
8181:
8177:
8161:
8160:
8150:
8146:
8137:
8136:
8129:
8119:
8117:
8107:
8106:
8102:
8095:
8077:
8073:
8066:
8048:
8044:
8034:
8032:
8015:
8014:
8010:
8003:
7989:
7980:
7970:
7968:
7963:
7962:
7953:
7942:
7938:
7931:
7927:
7917:
7915:
7911:
7904:
7896:
7892:
7881:
7880:
7876:
7866:
7864:
7855:
7851:
7838:
7834:
7823:
7822:
7818:
7805:
7801:
7793:
7787:
7786:
7782:
7771:
7770:
7761:
7741:
7737:
7736:
7729:
7709:
7705:
7704:
7700:
7687:
7683:
7670:
7666:
7657:
7653:
7643:
7641:
7620:
7619:
7598:
7594:
7589:
7588:
7579:
7575:
7566:
7565:
7558:
7557:
7550:
7549:
7544:
7538:
7537:
7536:
7530:
7529:
7528:
7527:
7523:
7515:
7511:
7503:is part of the
7494:
7485:
7480:
7476:
7467:
7465:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7420:
7411:
7398:
7397:
7312:
7301:
7295:
7289:
7288:
7277:
7273:
7267:
7263:
7251:
7250:
7245:
7244:
7228:continuous wave
7224:
7220:
7203:
7196:
7184:dit dah dit dah
7182:
7167:
7163:
7154:
7153:
7146:
7145:
7142:
7138:
7129:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7036:
7021:
7020:
7012:
6998:Other forms of
6977:Western Front (
6974:
6952:is used to map
6937:to return from
6934:
6926:
6895:
6894:
6885:
6884:
6877:
6876:
6869:
6868:
6861:
6860:
6853:
6852:
6837:
6836:
6829:
6828:
6821:
6820:
6813:
6812:
6805:
6804:
6797:
6796:
6789:
6788:
6781:
6780:
6773:
6772:
6766:and Bulgarian,
6753:
6747:
6743:
6735:
6734:
6723:
6716:
6708:
6707:
6682:
6681:
6674:
6673:
6666:
6665:
6658:
6657:
6641:
6635:
6614:
6608:
6607:
6606:
6583:
6582:
6573:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6558:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6524:
6518:
6517:
6516:
6510:
6509:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6462:
6453:
6452:
6451:
6434:
6418:
6412:
6336:
6331:Codes that are
6323:
6320:
6301:
6300:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6283:
6275:
6263:
6262:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6245:
6233:
6232:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6215:
6203:
6202:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6185:
6174:
6162:
6151:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6129:
6118:
6106:
6094:
6093:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6076:
6064:
6063:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6046:
6034:
6033:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6016:
6004:
6003:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5986:
5974:
5972:
5966:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5948:
5945:
5930:
5929:
5919:
5903:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5887:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5858:
5845:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5833:
5824:
5811:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5799:
5790:
5777:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5761:
5748:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5732:
5723:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5695:
5686:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5657:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5628:
5619:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5590:
5581:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5552:
5543:
5530:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5518:
5509:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5484:
5475:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5450:
5441:
5428:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5412:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5383:
5374:
5361:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5345:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5316:
5307:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5282:
5273:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5244:
5235:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5205:D with stroke (
5202:
5193:
5180:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5149:
5140:
5127:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5111:
5102:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5073:
5064:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5039:
5038:
5031:
5022:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5004:
4993:
4984:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4955:
4946:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4917:
4908:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4883:
4874:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4845:
4836:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4811:
4802:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4776:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4744:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4665:Starting signal
4647:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4635:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4474:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4418:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4256:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4181:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4010:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3199:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3012:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2905:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2837:
2831:
2787:
2747:
2741:
2725:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2676:
2641:
2639:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2611:
2610:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2584:
2558:
2557:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2533:
2526:
2525:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2501:
2494:
2493:
2456:Specifying the
2435:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2351:
2350:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2302:
2290:microprocessors
2273:
2267:
2266:
2162:
2151:
2135:
2133:Digital storage
2099:
2072:
2061:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1913:
1907:
1902:
1891:
1890:
1882:Jeremiah Denton
1879:prisoner of war
1828:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1781:
1769:
1761:
1716:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1653:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1597:
1591:, and a set of
1580:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1488:shortwave bands
1478:
1477:
1455:
1435:continuous wave
1412:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1297:
1251:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1167:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1083:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1040:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1004:
976:
947:
945:
944:
934:
933:
928:
870:
836:(in 1940), the
799:radio telegraph
729:
714:
713:
706:
705:
698:
697:
690:
689:
682:
681:
674:
673:
666:
665:
658:
657:
650:
649:
642:
641:
634:
633:
626:
625:
615:
614:
593:
592:
587:
583:
580:Friedrich Gerke
568:
557:: Current
551:Friedrich Gerke
513:
512:) is voiced as
509:
502:
501:
498:
467:
408:, the American
394:
290:electromagnetic
286:electrochemical
266:
261:
234:
233:
222:Morse alphabets
173:, equal to the
131:Arabic numerals
124:
123:
112:
111:
104:
103:
48:shortwave radio
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
16909:
16899:
16898:
16893:
16888:
16883:
16878:
16873:
16856:
16855:
16852:
16851:
16849:
16848:
16841:
16834:
16826:
16824:
16823:Related topics
16820:
16819:
16817:
16816:
16809:
16802:
16799:New York Point
16795:
16788:
16780:
16778:
16771:
16770:
16768:
16767:
16760:
16753:
16746:
16739:
16732:
16725:
16717:
16715:
16711:
16710:
16708:
16707:
16700:
16693:
16686:
16683:Harris Mowbray
16679:
16672:
16665:
16658:
16650:
16648:
16644:
16643:
16641:
16640:
16633:
16626:
16619:
16612:
16605:
16598:
16591:
16584:
16577:
16570:
16567:Braille e-book
16562:
16560:
16554:
16553:
16551:
16550:
16543:
16536:
16528:
16521:
16514:
16506:
16504:
16500:
16499:
16496:
16495:
16493:
16492:
16484:
16477:
16469:
16467:
16463:
16462:
16460:
16459:
16452:
16445:
16444:
16443:
16436:
16429:
16422:
16409:
16407:
16403:
16402:
16400:
16399:
16390:
16388:
16384:
16383:
16381:
16380:
16371:
16369:
16365:
16364:
16361:
16360:
16358:
16357:
16350:
16342:
16335:
16327:
16320:
16313:
16306:
16298:
16291:
16284:
16276:
16274:
16270:
16269:
16267:
16266:
16258:
16251:
16244:
16237:
16230:
16223:
16216:
16209:
16202:
16195:
16187:
16185:
16176:
16175:
16173:
16172:
16164:
16157:
16149:
16147:
16137:
16136:
16134:
16133:
16126:
16119:
16112:
16105:
16098:
16091:
16084:
16076:
16074:
16064:
16063:
16061:
16060:
16059:
16058:
16053:
16048:
16041:
16036:
16031:
16019:
16012:
16005:
15997:
15995:
15988:
15987:
15980:
15973:
15966:
15959:
15952:
15944:
15937:
15930:
15923:
15916:
15909:
15902:
15895:
15888:
15881:
15874:
15867:
15860:
15852:
15845:
15838:
15831:
15824:
15817:
15810:
15803:
15796:
15789:
15782:
15775:
15768:
15761:
15749:
15742:
15735:
15727:
15720:
15713:
15706:
15698:
15696:
15694:French-ordered
15687:
15683:
15682:
15680:
15679:
15672:
15665:
15658:
15650:
15648:
15644:
15643:
15632:
15631:
15624:
15617:
15609:
15602:
15601:
15598:
15597:
15594:
15593:
15590:
15589:
15587:
15586:
15581:
15576:
15571:
15566:
15561:
15556:
15551:
15546:
15541:
15536:
15534:Linear Elamite
15531:
15526:
15521:
15516:
15515:
15514:
15509:
15504:
15499:
15494:
15489:
15479:
15474:
15469:
15464:
15459:
15454:
15449:
15444:
15439:
15434:
15429:
15424:
15419:
15414:
15408:
15405:
15404:
15392:
15391:
15388:
15387:
15385:
15384:
15379:
15374:
15369:
15363:
15360:
15359:
15356:Sign languages
15347:
15346:
15343:
15342:
15339:
15338:
15336:
15335:
15333:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
15330:
15325:
15320:
15315:
15310:
15308:Espanca script
15304:
15302:
15298:
15297:
15295:
15294:
15289:
15284:
15279:
15274:
15269:
15267:Linear Elamite
15263:
15261:
15253:
15252:
15240:
15239:
15236:
15235:
15232:
15231:
15229:
15228:
15222:
15220:
15216:
15215:
15213:
15212:
15207:
15202:
15197:
15192:
15186:
15184:
15180:
15179:
15177:
15176:
15171:
15166:
15160:
15158:
15154:
15153:
15151:
15150:
15148:Yi (Classical)
15145:
15140:
15135:
15130:
15125:
15120:
15115:
15109:
15107:
15103:
15102:
15100:
15099:
15094:
15089:
15084:
15079:
15074:
15068:
15066:
15060:
15059:
15056:
15055:
15053:
15052:
15047:
15042:
15037:
15031:
15029:
15025:
15024:
15022:
15021:
15016:
15011:
15006:
15001:
14996:
14995:
14994:
14989:
14984:
14974:
14972:Bronze scripts
14969:
14964:
14959:
14953:
14951:
14942:
14932:
14931:
14919:
14918:
14915:
14914:
14912:
14911:
14906:
14901:
14896:
14891:
14886:
14881:
14876:
14871:
14866:
14861:
14856:
14851:
14846:
14841:
14836:
14831:
14826:
14820:
14817:
14816:
14804:
14803:
14800:
14799:
14796:
14795:
14793:
14792:
14787:
14785:Flag semaphore
14782:
14780:New York Point
14777:
14775:Telegraph code
14772:
14770:Maritime flags
14767:
14761:
14759:
14755:
14754:
14752:
14751:
14746:
14741:
14736:
14731:
14726:
14724:Visible Speech
14721:
14716:
14711:
14706:
14701:
14696:
14694:Sorang Sompeng
14691:
14686:
14681:
14680:
14679:
14674:
14669:
14664:
14659:
14654:
14649:
14644:
14639:
14629:
14624:
14619:
14614:
14609:
14604:
14599:
14598:
14597:
14596:
14595:
14590:
14585:
14580:
14578:Galik alphabet
14575:
14560:
14555:
14550:
14545:
14540:
14535:
14530:
14525:
14520:
14515:
14510:
14505:
14500:
14495:
14490:
14485:
14484:
14483:
14478:
14476:Tironian notes
14473:
14468:
14463:
14458:
14453:
14448:
14443:
14438:
14433:
14428:
14423:
14418:
14408:
14403:
14398:
14393:
14388:
14383:
14378:
14373:
14363:
14358:
14353:
14348:
14343:
14342:
14341:
14336:
14331:
14321:
14319:Garay alphabet
14316:
14311:
14306:
14301:
14296:
14291:
14286:
14281:
14276:
14271:
14270:
14269:
14259:
14254:
14253:
14252:
14247:
14237:
14232:
14227:
14222:
14217:
14212:
14207:
14202:
14197:
14196:
14195:
14185:
14180:
14175:
14169:
14167:
14159:
14158:
14146:
14145:
14142:
14141:
14138:
14137:
14135:
14134:
14129:
14124:
14119:
14114:
14109:
14104:
14102:Sorang Sompeng
14099:
14094:
14089:
14084:
14079:
14074:
14069:
14064:
14059:
14054:
14049:
14044:
14039:
14034:
14029:
14028:
14027:
14025:Déné syllabics
14022:
14012:
14007:
14001:
13999:
13995:
13994:
13991:
13990:
13988:
13987:
13986:
13985:
13980:
13970:
13969:
13968:
13963:
13958:
13953:
13948:
13943:
13938:
13928:
13923:
13918:
13913:
13908:
13903:
13898:
13893:
13888:
13883:
13878:
13873:
13868:
13863:
13862:
13861:
13851:
13846:
13841:
13836:
13831:
13826:
13821:
13816:
13815:
13814:
13809:
13799:
13794:
13789:
13788:
13787:
13777:
13772:
13767:
13762:
13757:
13752:
13751:
13750:
13740:
13735:
13730:
13725:
13720:
13715:
13710:
13705:
13700:
13695:
13690:
13685:
13680:
13675:
13670:
13665:
13660:
13655:
13649:
13647:
13643:
13642:
13640:
13639:
13634:
13629:
13628:
13627:
13622:
13612:
13607:
13602:
13597:
13592:
13587:
13582:
13581:
13580:
13570:
13569:
13568:
13563:
13558:
13553:
13548:
13543:
13538:
13533:
13528:
13523:
13518:
13513:
13503:
13498:
13493:
13488:
13483:
13478:
13473:
13468:
13463:
13458:
13453:
13448:
13443:
13438:
13433:
13428:
13423:
13418:
13413:
13408:
13403:
13398:
13392:
13390:
13383:
13373:
13372:
13360:
13359:
13356:
13355:
13353:
13352:
13347:
13342:
13341:
13340:
13335:
13330:
13320:
13315:
13314:
13313:
13308:
13298:
13293:
13288:
13286:Proto-Sinaitic
13283:
13278:
13277:
13276:
13266:
13261:
13260:
13259:
13254:
13249:
13244:
13234:
13229:
13224:
13219:
13214:
13209:
13208:
13207:
13202:
13197:
13192:
13182:
13177:
13172:
13171:
13170:
13160:
13159:
13158:
13147:
13146:
13138:
13135:
13134:
13118:
13117:
13105:
13104:
13101:
13100:
13098:
13097:
13091:
13090:
13089:
13084:
13079:
13068:
13066:
13062:
13061:
13059:
13058:
13053:
13047:
13045:
13037:
13036:
13025:
13024:
13017:
13010:
13002:
12993:
12992:
12989:Character sets
12982:
12979:
12978:
12976:
12975:
12970:
12965:
12960:
12955:
12950:
12945:
12940:
12934:
12932:
12931:Related topics
12928:
12927:
12925:
12924:
12919:
12914:
12913:
12912:
12907:
12897:
12895:Morse prosigns
12891:
12889:
12883:
12882:
12880:
12879:
12874:
12869:
12864:
12859:
12854:
12847:
12846:
12845:
12840:
12835:
12825:
12820:
12815:
12814:
12813:
12808:
12800:
12795:
12790:
12785:
12780:
12779:
12778:
12768:
12763:
12757:
12755:
12751:
12750:
12748:
12747:
12742:
12737:
12732:
12727:
12721:
12719:
12712:
12711:
12709:
12708:
12703:
12698:
12693:
12688:
12683:
12678:
12673:
12668:
12663:
12658:
12653:
12648:
12642:
12640:
12630:
12629:
12627:
12626:
12621:
12616:
12611:
12606:
12601:
12596:
12591:
12589:TI calculators
12586:
12581:
12576:
12571:
12566:
12561:
12556:
12551:
12546:
12541:
12536:
12531:
12526:
12521:
12516:
12511:
12506:
12501:
12496:
12491:
12486:
12481:
12476:
12467:
12462:
12457:
12452:
12447:
12442:
12437:
12432:
12427:
12422:
12417:
12412:
12407:
12402:
12397:
12392:
12387:
12382:
12377:
12371:
12369:
12365:
12364:
12362:
12361:
12356:
12351:
12346:
12341:
12336:
12331:
12330:
12329:
12324:
12319:
12314:
12309:
12304:
12299:
12297:United Kingdom
12294:
12289:
12284:
12274:
12268:
12266:
12255:
12254:
12252:
12251:
12246:
12240:
12238:
12231:
12230:
12228:
12227:
12222:
12217:
12212:
12207:
12202:
12197:
12192:
12187:
12182:
12177:
12172:
12167:
12162:
12157:
12152:
12147:
12142:
12132:
12127:
12121:
12119:
12113:
12112:
12110:
12109:
12104:
12099:
12094:
12089:
12084:
12079:
12074:
12069:
12064:
12059:
12054:
12049:
12044:
12039:
12034:
12029:
12024:
12019:
12014:
12009:
12003:
12001:
11995:
11994:
11992:
11991:
11986:
11981:
11976:
11971:
11966:
11961:
11956:
11951:
11946:
11941:
11936:
11931:
11926:
11921:
11916:
11911:
11906:
11901:
11896:
11891:
11886:
11881:
11876:
11871:
11866:
11861:
11856:
11851:
11846:
11841:
11836:
11831:
11826:
11821:
11816:
11811:
11806:
11801:
11796:
11791:
11786:
11781:
11776:
11771:
11766:
11761:
11756:
11751:
11746:
11741:
11736:
11731:
11726:
11721:
11716:
11711:
11706:
11701:
11696:
11691:
11685:
11683:
11682:DOS code pages
11679:
11678:
11676:
11675:
11670:
11665:
11660:
11655:
11650:
11645:
11640:
11635:
11630:
11628:Latin (Kermit)
11625:
11620:
11615:
11610:
11605:
11600:
11595:
11590:
11585:
11580:
11575:
11570:
11565:
11560:
11555:
11550:
11545:
11540:
11535:
11529:
11527:
11518:
11517:
11515:
11514:
11509:
11504:
11498:
11496:
11490:
11489:
11487:
11486:
11481:
11476:
11471:
11466:
11461:
11456:
11451:
11446:
11441:
11436:
11431:
11426:
11421:
11416:
11411:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11361:
11356:
11351:
11346:
11341:
11336:
11330:
11328:
11324:
11323:
11321:
11320:
11315:
11310:
11305:
11300:
11295:
11290:
11289:
11288:
11283:
11272:
11270:
11266:
11265:
11263:
11262:
11261:
11260:
11255:
11250:
11245:
11237:
11236:
11235:
11230:
11228:KOI-8 Cyrillic
11222:
11221:
11220:
11212:
11211:
11210:
11208:-16 (Romanian)
11205:
11200:
11195:
11190:
11185:
11180:
11175:
11170:
11165:
11160:
11155:
11150:
11145:
11140:
11131:
11129:
11123:
11122:
11120:
11119:
11114:
11113:
11112:
11111:
11110:
11105:
11097:
11092:
11087:
11069:
11064:
11063:
11062:
11052:
11047:
11046:
11045:
11040:
11039:
11038:
11033:
11028:
11023:
11013:
11006:Telegraph code
11002:
11000:
10996:
10995:
10988:
10987:
10980:
10973:
10965:
10956:
10955:
10953:
10952:
10942:
10932:
10922:
10909:
10906:
10905:
10903:
10902:
10895:
10890:
10885:
10880:
10875:
10874:
10873:
10868:
10860:
10854:
10852:
10848:
10847:
10845:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10829:
10824:
10819:
10814:
10809:
10804:
10799:
10793:
10791:
10785:
10784:
10782:
10781:
10776:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10751:
10746:
10741:
10736:
10731:
10726:
10721:
10715:
10713:
10707:
10706:
10704:
10703:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10683:
10677:
10675:
10671:
10670:
10668:
10667:
10662:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10642:
10640:Space-division
10636:
10634:
10628:
10627:
10625:
10624:
10619:
10618:
10617:
10612:
10602:
10601:
10600:
10590:
10585:
10579:
10577:
10569:
10568:
10566:
10565:
10564:
10563:
10553:
10552:
10551:
10541:
10536:
10531:
10530:
10529:
10519:
10513:
10511:
10503:
10502:
10500:
10499:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10477:Camille Tissot
10474:
10469:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10452:Claude Shannon
10449:
10444:
10442:Tivadar Puskás
10439:
10434:
10429:
10424:
10419:
10414:
10412:Antonio Meucci
10409:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10389:
10384:
10382:Charles K. Kao
10379:
10374:
10369:
10364:
10359:
10357:Harold Hopkins
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10304:
10299:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10257:Emile Berliner
10254:
10249:
10244:
10239:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10218:
10216:
10212:
10211:
10209:
10208:
10203:
10198:
10196:Videotelephony
10193:
10188:
10187:
10186:
10181:
10171:
10164:
10159:
10153:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10133:
10132:
10131:
10126:
10121:
10111:
10110:
10109:
10099:
10094:
10092:Radiotelephone
10089:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10069:
10064:
10059:
10058:
10057:
10047:
10042:
10037:
10032:
10027:
10022:
10017:
10012:
10007:
10002:
9997:
9996:
9995:
9990:
9985:
9980:
9978:Internet video
9970:
9969:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9912:
9910:
9904:
9903:
9896:
9895:
9888:
9881:
9873:
9864:
9863:
9861:
9860:
9855:
9850:
9845:
9840:
9839:
9838:
9828:
9826:Greek alphabet
9823:
9817:
9815:
9807:
9806:
9804:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9767:
9765:
9761:
9760:
9758:
9757:
9752:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9726:
9724:
9720:
9719:
9712:
9711:
9704:
9697:
9689:
9683:
9682:
9666:
9665:
9642:
9641:
9613:
9612:
9598:
9597:
9584:
9583:
9567:
9566:
9552:
9551:External links
9549:
9547:
9546:
9515:
9485:
9459:
9428:
9398:
9361:
9335:
9328:
9310:
9303:
9281:
9241:"Girl Guiding"
9228:
9202:
9175:
9158:
9128:
9114:
9107:
9089:
9077:
9060:
9043:
9026:
9007:(8): 655–657.
8991:
8978:Google support
8965:
8951:
8944:
8922:
8907:
8892:
8872:
8848:
8822:
8796:
8762:
8736:
8700:
8668:
8639:
8617:
8587:
8572:"COM 3.2"
8563:
8533:
8503:
8447:
8416:
8386:
8349:
8320:
8290:
8260:
8236:
8205:
8175:
8144:
8127:
8100:
8093:
8071:
8064:
8042:
8008:
8001:
7978:
7951:
7936:
7925:
7890:
7874:
7849:
7832:
7816:
7799:
7780:
7759:
7727:
7698:
7681:
7664:
7651:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7573:
7521:
7509:
7497:Latin alphabet
7483:
7474:
7438:Railroad Morse
7409:
7310:
7284:Fifth Symphony
7271:
7261:
7218:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7161:
7159:are also used.
7136:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7071:Instructograph
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7011:
7008:
7006:have emerged.
6979:North Atlantic
6973:
6970:
6760:
6759:
6720:
6637:Main article:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6618:
6595:
6592:
6531:
6528:
6501:
6490:
6487:
6448:
6433:
6430:
6414:Main article:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6375:
6371:
6370:
6347:
6343:
6342:
6341:in the table.
6329:
6325:
6324:
6318:
6310:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6297:
6286:
6280:
6272:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6259:
6248:
6242:
6238:
6237:
6229:
6218:
6212:
6208:
6207:
6199:
6188:
6182:
6178:
6177:
6171:
6165:
6159:
6155:
6154:
6148:
6132:
6126:
6122:
6121:
6115:
6109:
6103:
6099:
6098:
6090:
6079:
6073:
6069:
6068:
6060:
6049:
6043:
6039:
6038:
6030:
6019:
6013:
6009:
6008:
6000:
5989:
5983:
5979:
5978:
5970:
5961:
5956:
5918:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5896:
5889:
5883:
5882:
5867:
5860:
5854:
5853:
5838:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5804:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5770:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5741:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5703:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5666:
5659:
5653:
5652:
5637:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5599:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5561:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5523:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5489:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5455:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5421:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5392:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5354:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5325:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5287:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5253:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5215:
5203:Distinct from
5195:
5189:
5188:
5173:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5120:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5082:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5044:
5024:
5018:
5017:
5002:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4964:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4926:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4888:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4854:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4816:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4782:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4749:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4717:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4678:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4640:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4608:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4570:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4532:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4494:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4454:
4451:Quotation mark
4447:
4443:
4442:
4427:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4398:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4365:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4315:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4265:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4236:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4209:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4161:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4123:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4074:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4030:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3990:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3963:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3936:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3909:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3882:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3855:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3828:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3801:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3774:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3747:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3720:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3693:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3666:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3639:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3612:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3585:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3558:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3531:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3504:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3477:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3450:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3423:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3396:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3369:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3342:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3315:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3288:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3261:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3234:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3207:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3172:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3145:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3118:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3091:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3064:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3037:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3010:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2983:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2956:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2929:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2904:
2901:
2876:dah dah di dah
2848:Baden-Powell's
2833:Main article:
2830:
2827:
2786:
2783:
2745:Huffman coding
2740:
2737:
2724:
2721:
2673:
2672:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2434:
2431:
2396:
2376:
2373:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2348:
2318:
2315:
2306:time constants
2304:The very long
2301:
2298:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2166:
2155:
2134:
2131:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2076:
2065:
2037:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2017:
1998:
1987:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1943:
1931:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1827:
1824:
1760:
1757:
1715:
1712:
1472:(31 sec).
1411:
1408:
1370:identification
1296:
1293:
1250:
1247:
1003:
1000:
927:
924:
869:
866:
794:Southern Cross
728:
725:
603:American Morse
567:
564:
466:
463:
459:Railroad Morse
393:
390:
265:
262:
260:
257:
218:Latin alphabet
121:Latin letter (
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16908:
16897:
16896:Amateur radio
16894:
16892:
16889:
16887:
16884:
16882:
16879:
16877:
16874:
16872:
16869:
16868:
16866:
16846:
16842:
16839:
16835:
16832:
16828:
16827:
16825:
16821:
16814:
16810:
16807:
16806:Night writing
16803:
16800:
16796:
16793:
16789:
16786:
16782:
16781:
16779:
16777:
16772:
16765:
16761:
16758:
16754:
16751:
16747:
16744:
16740:
16737:
16733:
16730:
16726:
16723:
16719:
16718:
16716:
16714:Organisations
16712:
16705:
16701:
16698:
16694:
16691:
16687:
16684:
16680:
16677:
16676:Valentin Haüy
16673:
16670:
16666:
16663:
16659:
16656:
16655:Louis Braille
16652:
16651:
16649:
16645:
16638:
16634:
16631:
16627:
16624:
16620:
16617:
16613:
16610:
16606:
16603:
16599:
16596:
16592:
16589:
16588:Braille watch
16585:
16582:
16578:
16575:
16571:
16568:
16564:
16563:
16561:
16559:
16555:
16548:
16544:
16541:
16537:
16533:
16529:
16526:
16522:
16519:
16515:
16512:
16511:Braille music
16508:
16507:
16505:
16501:
16489:
16485:
16482:
16478:
16475:
16474:Luxembourgish
16471:
16470:
16468:
16464:
16457:
16453:
16450:
16446:
16441:
16437:
16434:
16430:
16427:
16423:
16420:
16416:
16415:
16411:
16410:
16408:
16404:
16396:
16392:
16391:
16389:
16385:
16377:
16373:
16372:
16370:
16366:
16355:
16351:
16347:
16343:
16340:
16336:
16332:
16328:
16325:
16321:
16318:
16314:
16311:
16307:
16303:
16299:
16296:
16292:
16289:
16285:
16282:
16278:
16277:
16275:
16273:Other scripts
16271:
16263:
16259:
16256:
16252:
16249:
16245:
16242:
16238:
16235:
16231:
16228:
16224:
16221:
16217:
16214:
16210:
16207:
16203:
16200:
16196:
16193:
16189:
16188:
16186:
16184:
16177:
16169:
16165:
16162:
16158:
16155:
16151:
16150:
16148:
16145:
16138:
16131:
16127:
16124:
16120:
16117:
16113:
16110:
16106:
16103:
16099:
16096:
16092:
16089:
16085:
16082:
16078:
16077:
16075:
16072:
16065:
16054:
16049:
16046:
16045:Northern Sámi
16042:
16037:
16032:
16027:
16026:
16024:
16020:
16017:
16013:
16010:
16006:
16003:
15999:
15998:
15996:
15994:Nordic family
15992:
15985:
15981:
15978:
15974:
15971:
15967:
15964:
15960:
15957:
15953:
15949:
15945:
15942:
15938:
15935:
15934:South African
15931:
15928:
15924:
15921:
15917:
15914:
15910:
15907:
15903:
15900:
15896:
15893:
15889:
15886:
15882:
15879:
15875:
15872:
15868:
15865:
15861:
15857:
15856:Luxembourgish
15853:
15850:
15846:
15843:
15839:
15836:
15832:
15829:
15825:
15822:
15818:
15815:
15811:
15808:
15804:
15801:
15797:
15794:
15790:
15787:
15783:
15780:
15776:
15773:
15769:
15766:
15762:
15758:
15754:
15750:
15747:
15743:
15740:
15736:
15732:
15728:
15725:
15721:
15718:
15714:
15711:
15707:
15704:
15700:
15699:
15697:
15695:
15691:
15688:
15684:
15677:
15673:
15670:
15669:ASCII braille
15666:
15663:
15659:
15656:
15652:
15651:
15649:
15645:
15637:
15630:
15625:
15623:
15618:
15616:
15611:
15610:
15607:
15603:
15585:
15582:
15580:
15577:
15575:
15572:
15570:
15567:
15565:
15562:
15560:
15557:
15555:
15552:
15550:
15547:
15545:
15542:
15540:
15537:
15535:
15532:
15530:
15527:
15525:
15522:
15520:
15517:
15513:
15510:
15508:
15505:
15503:
15500:
15498:
15495:
15493:
15490:
15488:
15485:
15484:
15483:
15480:
15478:
15475:
15473:
15470:
15468:
15465:
15463:
15460:
15458:
15455:
15453:
15450:
15448:
15445:
15443:
15440:
15438:
15435:
15433:
15430:
15428:
15425:
15423:
15420:
15418:
15415:
15413:
15410:
15409:
15406:
15402:
15397:
15393:
15383:
15380:
15378:
15375:
15373:
15370:
15368:
15365:
15364:
15361:
15357:
15352:
15348:
15334:
15331:
15329:
15326:
15324:
15321:
15319:
15316:
15314:
15311:
15309:
15306:
15305:
15303:
15299:
15293:
15290:
15288:
15285:
15283:
15280:
15278:
15275:
15273:
15270:
15268:
15265:
15264:
15262:
15258:
15254:
15250:
15245:
15241:
15227:
15224:
15223:
15221:
15217:
15211:
15208:
15206:
15203:
15201:
15200:Attic (Greek)
15198:
15196:
15193:
15191:
15188:
15187:
15185:
15181:
15175:
15172:
15170:
15167:
15165:
15162:
15161:
15159:
15155:
15149:
15146:
15144:
15141:
15139:
15138:Proto-Elamite
15136:
15134:
15131:
15129:
15126:
15124:
15121:
15119:
15116:
15114:
15111:
15110:
15108:
15104:
15098:
15095:
15093:
15090:
15088:
15085:
15083:
15080:
15078:
15075:
15073:
15070:
15069:
15067:
15065:
15061:
15051:
15048:
15046:
15043:
15041:
15038:
15036:
15033:
15032:
15030:
15026:
15020:
15017:
15015:
15012:
15010:
15007:
15005:
15002:
15000:
14997:
14993:
14990:
14988:
14985:
14983:
14980:
14979:
14978:
14975:
14973:
14970:
14968:
14965:
14963:
14960:
14958:
14955:
14954:
14952:
14950:
14946:
14943:
14941:
14937:
14933:
14929:
14924:
14920:
14910:
14907:
14905:
14902:
14900:
14897:
14895:
14892:
14890:
14887:
14885:
14882:
14880:
14877:
14875:
14872:
14870:
14867:
14865:
14862:
14860:
14857:
14855:
14852:
14850:
14847:
14845:
14842:
14840:
14837:
14835:
14832:
14830:
14827:
14825:
14822:
14821:
14818:
14814:
14809:
14805:
14791:
14788:
14786:
14783:
14781:
14778:
14776:
14773:
14771:
14768:
14766:
14763:
14762:
14760:
14756:
14750:
14747:
14745:
14742:
14740:
14737:
14735:
14732:
14730:
14727:
14725:
14722:
14720:
14717:
14715:
14712:
14710:
14707:
14705:
14702:
14700:
14697:
14695:
14692:
14690:
14687:
14685:
14682:
14678:
14675:
14673:
14670:
14668:
14665:
14663:
14660:
14658:
14655:
14653:
14652:Elder Futhark
14650:
14648:
14645:
14643:
14640:
14638:
14635:
14634:
14633:
14630:
14628:
14625:
14623:
14620:
14618:
14615:
14613:
14610:
14608:
14605:
14603:
14600:
14594:
14591:
14589:
14586:
14584:
14581:
14579:
14576:
14574:
14571:
14570:
14569:
14566:
14565:
14564:
14561:
14559:
14556:
14554:
14551:
14549:
14546:
14544:
14543:Old Hungarian
14541:
14539:
14536:
14534:
14531:
14529:
14526:
14524:
14521:
14519:
14516:
14514:
14511:
14509:
14506:
14504:
14501:
14499:
14496:
14494:
14491:
14489:
14486:
14482:
14479:
14477:
14474:
14472:
14469:
14467:
14464:
14462:
14459:
14457:
14454:
14452:
14449:
14447:
14444:
14442:
14439:
14437:
14434:
14432:
14429:
14427:
14424:
14422:
14419:
14417:
14414:
14413:
14412:
14409:
14407:
14404:
14402:
14399:
14397:
14394:
14392:
14389:
14387:
14384:
14382:
14379:
14377:
14374:
14371:
14367:
14364:
14362:
14359:
14357:
14354:
14352:
14349:
14347:
14344:
14340:
14337:
14335:
14332:
14330:
14327:
14326:
14325:
14322:
14320:
14317:
14315:
14312:
14310:
14307:
14305:
14302:
14300:
14297:
14295:
14292:
14290:
14287:
14285:
14282:
14280:
14277:
14275:
14272:
14268:
14265:
14264:
14263:
14260:
14258:
14255:
14251:
14248:
14246:
14243:
14242:
14241:
14238:
14236:
14233:
14231:
14228:
14226:
14223:
14221:
14218:
14216:
14213:
14211:
14208:
14206:
14203:
14201:
14198:
14194:
14191:
14190:
14189:
14186:
14184:
14181:
14179:
14176:
14174:
14171:
14170:
14168:
14164:
14160:
14156:
14151:
14147:
14133:
14130:
14128:
14125:
14123:
14120:
14118:
14115:
14113:
14110:
14108:
14105:
14103:
14100:
14098:
14095:
14093:
14090:
14088:
14085:
14083:
14080:
14078:
14077:Masaram Gondi
14075:
14073:
14070:
14068:
14065:
14063:
14060:
14058:
14055:
14053:
14050:
14048:
14047:Gunjala Gondi
14045:
14043:
14040:
14038:
14035:
14033:
14030:
14026:
14023:
14021:
14018:
14017:
14016:
14013:
14011:
14008:
14006:
14003:
14002:
14000:
13996:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13975:
13974:
13971:
13967:
13964:
13962:
13959:
13957:
13954:
13952:
13949:
13947:
13944:
13942:
13939:
13937:
13934:
13933:
13932:
13929:
13927:
13924:
13922:
13919:
13917:
13914:
13912:
13909:
13907:
13904:
13902:
13899:
13897:
13894:
13892:
13889:
13887:
13884:
13882:
13879:
13877:
13874:
13872:
13869:
13867:
13864:
13860:
13859:Old Sundanese
13857:
13856:
13855:
13852:
13850:
13847:
13845:
13842:
13840:
13837:
13835:
13832:
13830:
13827:
13825:
13822:
13820:
13817:
13813:
13810:
13808:
13805:
13804:
13803:
13802:Old Maldivian
13800:
13798:
13795:
13793:
13790:
13786:
13785:Bilang-bilang
13783:
13782:
13781:
13778:
13776:
13773:
13771:
13768:
13766:
13763:
13761:
13758:
13756:
13753:
13749:
13746:
13745:
13744:
13741:
13739:
13736:
13734:
13731:
13729:
13726:
13724:
13721:
13719:
13716:
13714:
13711:
13709:
13706:
13704:
13701:
13699:
13696:
13694:
13691:
13689:
13686:
13684:
13681:
13679:
13676:
13674:
13671:
13669:
13666:
13664:
13661:
13659:
13656:
13654:
13651:
13650:
13648:
13644:
13638:
13635:
13633:
13630:
13626:
13623:
13621:
13618:
13617:
13616:
13613:
13611:
13608:
13606:
13605:Sylheti Nagri
13603:
13601:
13598:
13596:
13593:
13591:
13588:
13586:
13583:
13579:
13576:
13575:
13574:
13571:
13567:
13564:
13562:
13559:
13557:
13554:
13552:
13549:
13547:
13544:
13542:
13539:
13537:
13534:
13532:
13529:
13527:
13524:
13522:
13519:
13517:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13508:
13507:
13504:
13502:
13499:
13497:
13494:
13492:
13489:
13487:
13484:
13482:
13479:
13477:
13474:
13472:
13469:
13467:
13464:
13462:
13459:
13457:
13454:
13452:
13449:
13447:
13444:
13442:
13439:
13437:
13434:
13432:
13429:
13427:
13424:
13422:
13419:
13417:
13414:
13412:
13409:
13407:
13406:Brahmi script
13404:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13394:
13393:
13391:
13387:
13384:
13382:
13378:
13374:
13370:
13365:
13361:
13351:
13348:
13346:
13343:
13339:
13336:
13334:
13331:
13329:
13326:
13325:
13324:
13321:
13319:
13316:
13312:
13309:
13307:
13304:
13303:
13302:
13301:South Arabian
13299:
13297:
13294:
13292:
13289:
13287:
13284:
13282:
13279:
13275:
13272:
13271:
13270:
13267:
13265:
13262:
13258:
13255:
13253:
13250:
13248:
13247:Inscriptional
13245:
13243:
13240:
13239:
13238:
13235:
13233:
13230:
13228:
13225:
13223:
13220:
13218:
13215:
13213:
13210:
13206:
13203:
13201:
13198:
13196:
13193:
13191:
13188:
13187:
13186:
13183:
13181:
13178:
13176:
13173:
13169:
13166:
13165:
13164:
13161:
13157:
13154:
13153:
13152:
13149:
13148:
13145:
13144:
13140:
13139:
13136:
13132:
13127:
13123:
13119:
13115:
13110:
13106:
13096:
13092:
13088:
13085:
13083:
13080:
13078:
13075:
13074:
13073:
13070:
13069:
13067:
13063:
13057:
13054:
13052:
13049:
13048:
13046:
13042:
13038:
13034:
13030:
13023:
13018:
13016:
13011:
13009:
13004:
13003:
13000:
12990:
12980:
12974:
12971:
12969:
12966:
12964:
12961:
12959:
12956:
12954:
12951:
12949:
12946:
12944:
12941:
12939:
12936:
12935:
12933:
12929:
12923:
12920:
12918:
12915:
12911:
12908:
12906:
12903:
12902:
12901:
12898:
12896:
12893:
12892:
12890:
12888:
12884:
12878:
12875:
12873:
12870:
12868:
12865:
12863:
12860:
12858:
12855:
12853:
12852:
12848:
12844:
12841:
12839:
12836:
12834:
12831:
12830:
12829:
12826:
12824:
12821:
12819:
12816:
12812:
12809:
12807:
12804:
12803:
12801:
12799:
12796:
12794:
12791:
12789:
12786:
12784:
12781:
12777:
12774:
12773:
12772:
12769:
12767:
12764:
12762:
12759:
12758:
12756:
12752:
12746:
12743:
12741:
12738:
12736:
12733:
12731:
12728:
12726:
12723:
12722:
12720:
12717:
12713:
12707:
12704:
12702:
12699:
12697:
12694:
12692:
12689:
12687:
12684:
12682:
12679:
12677:
12674:
12672:
12669:
12667:
12664:
12662:
12659:
12657:
12654:
12652:
12649:
12647:
12644:
12643:
12641:
12639:
12638:ISO/IEC 10646
12635:
12631:
12625:
12622:
12620:
12617:
12615:
12612:
12610:
12607:
12605:
12602:
12600:
12597:
12595:
12592:
12590:
12587:
12585:
12582:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12572:
12570:
12567:
12565:
12562:
12560:
12557:
12555:
12552:
12550:
12547:
12545:
12542:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12530:
12527:
12525:
12522:
12520:
12517:
12515:
12512:
12510:
12507:
12505:
12502:
12500:
12497:
12495:
12492:
12490:
12487:
12485:
12482:
12480:
12477:
12475:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12461:
12458:
12456:
12455:Compucolor II
12453:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12441:
12438:
12436:
12433:
12431:
12428:
12426:
12423:
12421:
12418:
12416:
12413:
12411:
12410:Acorn RISC OS
12408:
12406:
12403:
12401:
12398:
12396:
12393:
12391:
12388:
12386:
12383:
12381:
12378:
12376:
12373:
12372:
12370:
12366:
12360:
12357:
12355:
12352:
12350:
12347:
12345:
12342:
12340:
12339:8-bit Turkish
12337:
12335:
12332:
12328:
12325:
12323:
12320:
12318:
12315:
12313:
12310:
12308:
12305:
12303:
12300:
12298:
12295:
12293:
12290:
12288:
12285:
12283:
12280:
12279:
12278:
12275:
12273:
12270:
12269:
12267:
12264:
12260:
12256:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12241:
12239:
12236:
12232:
12226:
12223:
12221:
12218:
12216:
12213:
12211:
12208:
12206:
12203:
12201:
12198:
12196:
12193:
12191:
12188:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12178:
12176:
12173:
12171:
12168:
12166:
12163:
12161:
12158:
12156:
12153:
12151:
12148:
12146:
12143:
12140:
12136:
12133:
12131:
12128:
12126:
12123:
12122:
12120:
12118:
12114:
12108:
12105:
12103:
12100:
12098:
12095:
12093:
12090:
12088:
12085:
12083:
12080:
12078:
12075:
12073:
12070:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12058:
12055:
12053:
12050:
12048:
12045:
12043:
12040:
12038:
12035:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12025:
12023:
12020:
12018:
12015:
12013:
12010:
12008:
12005:
12004:
12002:
12000:
11996:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11960:
11957:
11955:
11952:
11950:
11947:
11945:
11942:
11940:
11937:
11935:
11932:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11922:
11920:
11917:
11915:
11912:
11910:
11907:
11905:
11902:
11900:
11897:
11895:
11892:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11882:
11880:
11877:
11875:
11872:
11870:
11867:
11865:
11862:
11860:
11857:
11855:
11852:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11760:
11757:
11755:
11752:
11750:
11747:
11745:
11742:
11740:
11737:
11735:
11732:
11730:
11727:
11725:
11722:
11720:
11717:
11715:
11712:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11687:
11686:
11684:
11680:
11674:
11671:
11669:
11666:
11664:
11661:
11659:
11656:
11654:
11651:
11649:
11646:
11644:
11641:
11639:
11636:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
11619:
11616:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11601:
11599:
11596:
11594:
11591:
11589:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11571:
11569:
11566:
11564:
11561:
11559:
11556:
11554:
11551:
11549:
11546:
11544:
11541:
11539:
11536:
11534:
11531:
11530:
11528:
11524:
11519:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11507:ISO/IEC 10367
11505:
11503:
11500:
11499:
11497:
11495:
11491:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11440:
11437:
11435:
11432:
11430:
11427:
11425:
11422:
11420:
11417:
11415:
11412:
11410:
11407:
11405:
11402:
11400:
11397:
11395:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11331:
11329:
11325:
11319:
11316:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11291:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11278:
11277:
11274:
11273:
11271:
11267:
11259:
11256:
11254:
11251:
11249:
11246:
11244:
11241:
11240:
11238:
11234:
11231:
11229:
11226:
11225:
11223:
11219:
11216:
11215:
11213:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11158:-5 (Cyrillic)
11156:
11154:
11151:
11149:
11146:
11144:
11141:
11139:
11136:
11135:
11133:
11132:
11130:
11128:
11124:
11118:
11115:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11101:
11100:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11082:
11081:
11077:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11065:
11061:
11058:
11057:
11056:
11053:
11051:
11048:
11044:
11041:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11018:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11008:
11007:
11004:
11003:
11001:
10997:
10993:
10986:
10981:
10979:
10974:
10972:
10967:
10966:
10963:
10951:
10943:
10941:
10933:
10931:
10923:
10921:
10911:
10910:
10907:
10900:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10881:
10879:
10876:
10872:
10869:
10867:
10864:
10863:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10855:
10853:
10849:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10803:
10800:
10798:
10795:
10794:
10792:
10790:
10786:
10780:
10777:
10775:
10772:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10716:
10714:
10712:
10708:
10702:
10699:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10687:
10684:
10682:
10679:
10678:
10676:
10672:
10666:
10665:Code-division
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10650:Time-division
10648:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10637:
10635:
10633:
10629:
10623:
10620:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10607:
10606:
10603:
10599:
10596:
10595:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10584:
10581:
10580:
10578:
10576:and switching
10574:
10570:
10562:
10559:
10558:
10557:
10554:
10550:
10547:
10546:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10532:
10528:
10527:optical fiber
10525:
10524:
10523:
10520:
10518:
10517:Coaxial cable
10515:
10514:
10512:
10510:
10504:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10432:Radia Perlman
10430:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10418:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10322:Lee de Forest
10320:
10318:
10317:Thomas Edison
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10307:Donald Davies
10305:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10292:Claude Chappe
10290:
10288:
10285:
10283:
10280:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10238:
10235:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10219:
10217:
10213:
10207:
10204:
10202:
10199:
10197:
10194:
10192:
10189:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10176:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10169:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10136:Smoke signals
10134:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10116:
10115:
10114:Semiconductor
10112:
10108:
10105:
10104:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10090:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10068:
10065:
10063:
10060:
10056:
10053:
10052:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10033:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9981:
9979:
9976:
9975:
9974:
9973:Digital media
9971:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9948:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9913:
9911:
9909:
9905:
9901:
9894:
9889:
9887:
9882:
9880:
9875:
9874:
9871:
9859:
9856:
9854:
9851:
9849:
9848:Arabic script
9846:
9844:
9843:Hebrew script
9841:
9837:
9834:
9833:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9818:
9816:
9814:
9813:in Morse code
9808:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9768:
9766:
9762:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9735:On–off keying
9733:
9731:
9728:
9727:
9725:
9721:
9717:
9710:
9705:
9703:
9698:
9696:
9691:
9690:
9687:
9679:
9672:
9668:
9667:
9662:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9649:
9644:
9643:
9639:
9635:
9629:
9625:
9621:
9620:
9615:
9614:
9608:
9604:
9600:
9599:
9594:
9590:
9586:
9585:
9581:. Recreation.
9580:
9578:
9573:
9569:
9568:
9563:
9559:
9555:
9554:
9534:
9530:
9526:
9519:
9503:
9499:
9495:
9489:
9473:
9472:Quadibloc.com
9469:
9463:
9447:
9443:
9439:
9432:
9416:
9412:
9408:
9402:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9377:ARRL.org/news
9374:
9368:
9366:
9357:
9353:
9349:
9345:
9339:
9331:
9329:0-7890-0150-0
9325:
9321:
9314:
9306:
9304:0-521-58934-7
9300:
9296:
9292:
9285:
9277:
9271:
9264:
9249:
9242:
9238:
9232:
9217:
9213:
9206:
9190:
9186:
9179:
9171:
9170:
9162:
9146:
9142:
9138:
9132:
9123:
9121:
9119:
9110:
9104:
9100:
9093:
9087:Poster, 2018.
9086:
9081:
9074:. p. 45.
9073:
9072:
9064:
9057:. p. 44.
9056:
9055:
9047:
9040:. p. 51.
9039:
9038:
9030:
9022:
9018:
9014:
9010:
9006:
9002:
8995:
8979:
8975:
8969:
8961:
8955:
8947:
8941:
8937:
8933:
8926:
8918:
8911:
8903:
8899:
8895:
8893:9780205287512
8889:
8885:
8884:
8876:
8868:
8864:
8863:
8858:
8852:
8836:
8832:
8826:
8810:
8806:
8800:
8784:
8780:
8776:
8772:
8766:
8750:
8746:
8740:
8721:
8717:
8710:
8704:
8685:
8678:
8672:
8656:
8652:
8649:
8643:
8635:
8631:
8627:
8621:
8605:
8601:
8597:
8591:
8580:
8573:
8567:
8551:
8547:
8543:
8537:
8521:
8517:
8513:
8507:
8499:
8495:
8489:
8470:
8463:
8462:
8454:
8452:
8435:
8431:
8427:
8424:Perera, Tom.
8420:
8404:
8400:
8396:
8390:
8374:
8370:
8366:
8362:
8356:
8354:
8337:
8330:
8324:
8308:
8304:
8300:
8294:
8278:
8274:
8270:
8264:
8256:
8252:
8251:
8250:The Economist
8246:
8240:
8224:
8223:
8218:
8212:
8210:
8193:
8189:
8185:
8179:
8171:
8165:
8157:
8156:
8148:
8141:
8134:
8132:
8116:
8111:
8104:
8096:
8094:0-900612-69-X
8090:
8086:
8082:
8075:
8067:
8065:0-87259-035-6
8061:
8057:
8053:
8046:
8030:
8026:
8022:
8018:
8012:
8004:
8002:0-86341-327-7
7998:
7994:
7987:
7985:
7983:
7966:
7960:
7958:
7956:
7947:
7940:
7929:
7910:
7903:
7902:
7894:
7886:
7885:
7878:
7862:
7861:
7853:
7845:
7844:
7836:
7828:
7827:
7820:
7812:
7811:
7803:
7792:
7791:
7784:
7776:
7775:
7768:
7766:
7764:
7756:
7751:
7747:
7740:
7734:
7732:
7724:
7719:
7715:
7708:
7702:
7694:
7693:
7685:
7677:
7676:
7668:
7661:
7655:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7617:
7615:
7613:
7611:
7609:
7607:
7605:
7603:
7601:
7596:
7583:
7582:Phillips Code
7577:
7570:
7562:
7554:
7525:
7518:
7513:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7492:
7490:
7488:
7478:
7463:
7448:
7439:
7435:
7429:
7418:
7416:
7414:
7406:
7402:
7395:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7381:
7379:
7377:
7375:
7373:
7371:
7369:
7367:
7365:
7363:
7361:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7351:
7349:
7347:
7345:
7343:
7341:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7333:
7331:
7329:
7327:
7325:
7323:
7321:
7319:
7317:
7315:
7307:
7298:
7293:
7285:
7281:
7275:
7265:
7258:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7229:
7222:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7201:
7199:
7189:
7188:
7185:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7165:
7158:
7150:
7140:
7133:
7127:
7123:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7038:
7031:
7029:
7025:
7017:
7007:
7005:
7001:
6996:
6994:
6990:
6989:
6984:
6980:
6969:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6942:
6940:
6932:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6891:
6888:
6881:
6873:
6865:
6857:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6833:
6825:
6817:
6809:
6801:
6793:
6785:
6777:
6769:
6765:
6756:
6750:
6741:
6738:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6714:
6711:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6697:
6696:Greek, Hebrew
6692:
6690:
6686:
6678:
6670:
6662:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6640:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6604:
6603:commercial at
6600:
6596:
6593:
6590:
6587:
6579:
6568:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6536:
6532:
6529:
6514:
6506:
6505:Phillips Code
6502:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6488:
6485:
6468:
6460:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6417:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6389:and cut
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6330:
6327:
6326:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6298:
6295:
6287:
6281:
6278:
6274:
6273:
6269:
6260:
6257:
6249:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6230:
6227:
6219:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6200:
6197:
6189:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6149:
6146:
6141:
6133:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6091:
6088:
6080:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6061:
6058:
6050:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6031:
6028:
6020:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6001:
5998:
5990:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5971:
5962:
5960: code
5957:
5952:
5951:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5925:
5907:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5885:
5878:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5861:
5856:
5849:
5839:
5837:
5832:
5831:
5827:
5822:
5815:
5805:
5803:
5798:
5797:
5793:
5788:
5781:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5759:
5752:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5731:
5730:
5726:
5721:
5714:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5677:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5660:
5655:
5648:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5627:
5626:
5622:
5617:
5610:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5579:
5572:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5541:
5534:
5524:
5522:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5507:
5500:
5490:
5488:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5473:
5466:
5456:
5454:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5439:
5432:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5410:
5403:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5382:
5381:
5377:
5372:
5365:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5343:
5336:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5305:
5298:
5288:
5286:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5271:
5264:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5226:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5191:
5184:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5157:
5153:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5138:
5131:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5093:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5062:
5055:
5045:
5043:
5035:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5013:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4982:
4975:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4944:
4937:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4906:
4899:
4889:
4887:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4872:
4865:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4827:
4817:
4815:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4800:
4793:
4783:
4780:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4760:
4750:
4748:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4728:
4718:
4715:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4689:
4679:
4677:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4651:
4641:
4639:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4619:
4609:
4607:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4581:
4571:
4569:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4543:
4533:
4531:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4505:
4495:
4493:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4465:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4438:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4409:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4376:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4326:
4316:
4314:
4313:new paragraph
4310:
4306:
4302:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4276:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4247:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4220:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4172:
4162:
4160:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4134:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4041:
4031:
4029:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4008:
4001:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3974:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3960:Question mark
3957:
3954:
3947:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3920:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3893:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3866:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3839:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3812:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3758:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3731:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3704:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3650:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3623:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3596:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3569:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3515:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3488:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3461:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3434:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3407:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3380:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3299:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3272:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3245:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3218:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3183:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3102:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3021:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2967:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2940:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2900:
2896:
2895:di di dah dit
2891:
2883:
2877:
2872:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2762:binary search
2758:
2754:
2752:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2729:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2682:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2636:
2633:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2589:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2498:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2416:
2404:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2362:
2346:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2122:telegraph key
2118:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2025:
2023:
2005:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1951:
1949:
1919:
1897:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1740:radio silence
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1688:telegraph key
1684:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1577:
1567:
1563:
1562:QRP operation
1559:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1489:
1485:
1471:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1431:amateur radio
1424:
1420:
1416:
1410:Amateur radio
1405:
1401:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1311:, pilots use
1310:
1301:
1292:
1290:
1289:railroad code
1286:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1224:
1222:
1193:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1148:
1137:
1135:
1127:
1112:
1111:
1090:
1088:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1017:
1008:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
982:However, the
979:
974:
970:
966:
961:
959:
954:
950:
943:
939:
938:
923:
922:
918:
914:
909:
907:
906:patrol planes
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
879:
874:
865:
863:
860:; and by the
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
820:
816:
810:
808:
802:
800:
796:
795:
790:
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
767:
764:
760:
755:
753:
752:
747:
742:
737:
734:
724:
722:
718:
710:
702:
694:
686:
678:
670:
662:
654:
646:
638:
630:
621:
619:
611:
608:
604:
599:
597:
581:
577:
573:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
541:: Later
540:
535:
531:
529:
525:
521:
516:
515:di dah di dit
506:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
475:
473:
462:
460:
456:
455:
450:
446:
442:
438:
432:
430:
425:
422:
419:developed an
418:
414:
411:
407:
398:
389:
387:
383:
379:
374:
370:
366:
365:William Cooke
362:
360:
359:
356:Double Plate
353:
349:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:electromagnet
328:
324:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:Telegraph key
297:
293:
291:
287:
283:
282:Voltaic piles
279:
270:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
230:
225:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:on-off keying
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
120:
116:
108:
101:
97:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
61:method which
60:
56:
49:
46:, later by a
45:
40:
36:
30:
26:
22:
16346:Thai and Lao
16023:Scandinavian
15655:1829 braille
15647:Braille cell
15447:Cypro-Minoan
15313:Pahawh Hmong
15226:Sitelen Pona
15190:Hindu-Arabic
14523:Mundari Bani
14097:Pahawh Hmong
13906:Tamil-Brahmi
13812:Eveyla Akuru
13807:Dhives Akuru
13274:Paleo-Hebrew
13141:
13077:undeciphered
12905:ISO/IEC 6429
12862:Stanford/ITS
12849:
12783:ARIB STD-B24
12564:Sega SC-3000
12465:DEC RADIX 50
11502:ISO/IEC 8859
11494:ISO/IEC 2022
11239:Adaptations
11198:-14 (Celtic)
11193:-13 (Baltic)
11183:-10 (Nordic)
11178:-9 (Turkish)
11127:ISO/IEC 8859
11015:
10632:Multiplexing
10507:Transmission
10472:Nikola Tesla
10462:Henry Sutton
10417:Samuel Morse
10347:Robert Hooke
10312:Amos Dolbear
10247:John Bardeen
10166:
10146:Telautograph
10050:Mobile phone
10005:Edholm's law
9988:social media
9921:Broadcasting
9715:
9677:
9661:the original
9652:
9647:
9634:Ghostarchive
9632:Archived at
9623:
9618:
9606:
9592:
9575:
9572:"Morse code"
9561:
9558:"Morse code"
9539:17 September
9537:. Retrieved
9528:
9518:
9506:. Retrieved
9497:
9488:
9476:. Retrieved
9471:
9462:
9450:. Retrieved
9441:
9431:
9419:. Retrieved
9415:the original
9410:
9401:
9389:. Retrieved
9385:the original
9376:
9351:
9338:
9319:
9313:
9290:
9284:
9262:
9255:. Retrieved
9231:
9219:. Retrieved
9215:
9205:
9193:. Retrieved
9188:
9178:
9168:
9161:
9149:. Retrieved
9140:
9131:
9098:
9092:
9080:
9071:QST magazine
9069:
9063:
9054:QST magazine
9052:
9046:
9037:QST magazine
9035:
9029:
9004:
9000:
8994:
8982:. Retrieved
8977:
8968:
8960:"Morse Code"
8954:
8935:
8925:
8910:
8882:
8875:
8867:the original
8860:
8851:
8839:. Retrieved
8834:
8825:
8813:. Retrieved
8799:
8787:. Retrieved
8783:the original
8774:
8765:
8753:. Retrieved
8739:
8727:. Retrieved
8715:
8703:
8691:. Retrieved
8684:the original
8671:
8659:. Retrieved
8650:
8642:
8634:the original
8629:
8620:
8608:. Retrieved
8600:Pilotnav.com
8599:
8590:
8579:the original
8566:
8554:. Retrieved
8550:the original
8545:
8536:
8524:. Retrieved
8516:Morsecode.nl
8515:
8506:
8476:. Retrieved
8460:
8438:. Retrieved
8434:the original
8429:
8419:
8407:. Retrieved
8398:
8389:
8377:. Retrieved
8364:
8340:. Retrieved
8335:
8323:
8311:. Retrieved
8302:
8293:
8281:. Retrieved
8272:
8263:
8255:the original
8248:
8239:
8227:. Retrieved
8220:
8196:. Retrieved
8187:
8178:
8154:
8147:
8139:
8118:. Retrieved
8114:
8110:"Iddy-umpty"
8103:
8080:
8074:
8051:
8045:
8033:. Retrieved
8020:
8011:
7992:
7969:. Retrieved
7945:
7939:
7928:
7916:. Retrieved
7900:
7893:
7883:
7877:
7865:. Retrieved
7859:
7852:
7842:
7835:
7825:
7819:
7809:
7802:
7789:
7783:
7773:
7754:
7749:
7722:
7717:
7701:
7691:
7684:
7674:
7667:
7654:
7642:. Retrieved
7629:
7576:
7564:
7556:
7548:
7524:
7512:
7500:
7477:
7461:
7442:
7423:
7305:
7297:di di di dah
7296:
7287:
7274:
7264:
7257:carrier wave
7226:
7221:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7183:
7178:
7174:
7164:
7152:
7144:
7139:
7131:
7126:
7026:messages on
7019:
7013:
7003:
6999:
6997:
6986:
6975:
6962:Latin script
6943:
6904:
6893:
6883:
6875:
6867:
6859:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6835:
6827:
6819:
6811:
6803:
6795:
6787:
6779:
6771:
6761:
6733:
6706:
6693:
6680:
6672:
6664:
6656:
6642:
6588:
6581:
6562:
6550:
6508:
6440:
6435:
6419:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6337:
6332:
6321:Table notes
6289:
6276:
6251:
6221:
6191:
6168:
6144:
6135:
6112:
6082:
6052:
6022:
5992:
5946:Cut numbers
5936:
5927:
5926:rendered as
5920:
5891:
5862:
5835:
5828:
5801:
5794:
5765:
5738:
5734:
5727:
5700:
5690:
5661:
5634:
5630:
5623:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5558:
5554:
5547:
5520:
5513:
5486:
5479:
5452:
5445:
5416:
5389:
5385:
5378:
5349:
5322:
5318:
5311:
5284:
5277:
5250:
5246:
5239:
5210:
5206:
5197:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5155:
5151:
5144:
5117:
5113:
5106:
5079:
5075:
5068:
5037:
5033:
5026:
4999:
4995:
4988:
4961:
4957:
4950:
4923:
4919:
4912:
4885:
4878:
4851:
4847:
4840:
4813:
4806:
4773:
4746:
4741:
4702:
4664:
4637:
4632:
4594:
4556:
4517:
4479:
4473:Nonstandard
4450:
4423:
4394:
4387:
4362:
4358:
4338:
4312:
4308:
4288:
4261:
4232:
4206:
4185:
4146:
4118:
4117:
4097:
4060:Fraction bar
4059:
4053:
4015:
4009:Nonstandard
3986:
3959:
3932:
3905:
3877:
3850:
3823:
3796:
3769:
3742:
3715:
3688:
3661:
3634:
3607:
3580:
3553:
3526:
3499:
3472:
3445:
3418:
3391:
3364:
3337:
3310:
3283:
3256:
3229:
3204:
3203:for general
3194:
3167:
3140:
3113:
3086:
3059:
3032:
3005:
2978:
2951:
2924:
2894:
2885:
2875:
2873:in Morse is
2866:
2864:
2856:Baden-Powell
2853:
2819:
2814:stormtrooper
2809:
2807:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2769:
2765:
2748:
2730:
2726:
2702:
2697:
2680:
2674:
2617:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2591:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2388:
2384:
2383:for dashes,
2380:
2378:
2352:
2342:
2334:
2322:
2320:
2303:
2277:
2265:
2263:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2173:
2169:
2158:
2147:
2136:
2129:Morse code.
2125:
2119:
2114:
2100:
2097:Transmission
2083:
2079:
2068:
2057:
2050:
2049:
2038:
2019:
1999:
1978:
1970:
1945:
1889:
1874:QST magazine
1872:
1861:
1859:
1851:sip-and-puff
1848:
1844:
1836:disabilities
1829:
1803:
1794:
1775:
1768:
1750:
1744:
1736:signal lamps
1717:
1707:
1685:
1676:
1668:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1620:
1612:
1604:
1596:
1586:
1564:", from the
1554:
1534:on-off keyed
1531:
1504:
1475:
1443:
1428:
1423:stick insect
1395:
1382:
1345:
1342:
1333:
1306:
1288:
1282:
1258:
1252:
1225:
1187:
1185:
1178:A U.S. Navy
1138:
1129:
1121:
1105:
1082:
1074:
1062:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1013:
962:
955:
946:
932:
929:
920:
910:
886:World War II
883:
850:North Africa
846:British Army
842:North Africa
838:Soviet Union
811:
803:
793:
786:
768:
756:
750:
738:
730:
720:
712:
704:
696:
688:
680:
672:
664:
656:
648:
640:
632:
624:
622:
613:
600:
591:
571:
569:
554:
546:
538:
523:
519:
514:
500:
494:
490:
486:
482:
480:
476:
468:
458:
452:
448:
433:
426:
413:Joseph Henry
406:Samuel Morse
403:
363:
355:
351:
347:
320:
316:telegraphist
311:
307:
275:
252:
248:
244:
240:
232:
226:
215:
210:
206:
202:
198:
191:
186:
182:
179:separated by
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
122:
110:
102:
95:
94:
86:Samuel Morse
81:
77:
73:
69:
54:
53:
35:
25:
16845:RoboBraille
16669:Róża Czacka
16609:Perforation
16406:Independent
16304:(Bhutanese)
16039:Greenlandic
15710:Azerbaijani
15512:Jindai moji
15401:Syllabaries
15372:SignWriting
15272:Celtiberian
15174:Hieroglyphs
14977:Seal script
14962:Traditional
14834:Blissymbols
14739:Warang Citi
14714:Tolong Siki
14667:Marcomannic
14647:Dalecarlian
14637:Anglo-Saxon
14617:Pau Cin Hau
14508:Medefaidrin
14461:Merovingian
14421:Blackletter
14329:Asomtavruli
14122:Warang Citi
13931:Ulu scripts
13876:New Tai Lue
13819:Mon–Burmese
13673:Bhattiprolu
13501:Nandinagari
13328:ʾEsṭrangēlā
13087:constructed
12624:ZX Spectrum
12579:Sinclair QL
12415:Amstrad CPC
12334:8-bit Greek
12261:terminals (
11974:Iran System
11526:("scripts")
11173:-8 (Hebrew)
11163:-6 (Arabic)
11060:ISO/IEC 646
10832:NPL network
10544:Radio waves
10482:Alfred Vail
10392:Hedy Lamarr
10377:Dawon Kahng
10337:Elisha Gray
10297:Yogen Dalal
10222:Nasir Ahmed
10156:Teleprinter
10020:Heliographs
9755:Signal lamp
9607:starling.us
9478:21 November
9391:27 February
9257:6 September
8984:21 December
8807:. QTH.Com.
8789:10 December
8755:21 November
8440:23 December
7918:21 November
7644:23 December
7046:Alfred Vail
6626:World War I
6426:white space
6338:shaded grey
5935:instead of
5917:Cut numbers
4557:End of work
4513:Punctuation
4480:Dollar sign
4475:punctuation
4446:Punctuation
4419:punctuation
4417:Nonstandard
4384:Punctuation
4359:new message
4334:Punctuation
4309:new section
4289:Double dash
4284:Punctuation
4257:punctuation
4255:Nonstandard
4228:Punctuation
4182:punctuation
4180:Nonstandard
4142:Punctuation
4093:Punctuation
4049:Punctuation
4011:punctuation
3982:Punctuation
3955:Punctuation
3928:Punctuation
3901:Punctuation
2860:Girl Guides
2810:Koch method
2341:represents
2333:represents
1969:Morse code
1611:(old man),
996:museum ship
917:French Navy
915:. When the
894:naval bases
858:Netherlands
819:Nazi German
771:World War I
612:vowels and
545:from 1844.
437:Alfred Vail
417:Alfred Vail
16891:Scoutcraft
16871:Morse code
16865:Categories
16397:(obsolete)
16378:(obsolete)
16170:(Pakistan)
16081:Belarusian
15963:Vietnamese
15906:Portuguese
15892:Philippine
15849:Lithuanian
15502:Hentaigana
15497:Man'yōgana
14957:Simplified
14844:Ersu Shaba
14758:Non-linear
14563:Old Uyghur
14553:Old Permic
14548:Old Italic
14481:Visigothic
14416:Beneventan
14351:Glagolitic
14314:Gadabuursi
13978:Kolezhuthu
13973:Vatteluttu
13911:Tanchangya
13834:Saurashtra
13411:Devanagari
13269:Phoenician
13222:Manichaean
12910:JIS X 0211
12818:ISO-IR-169
12671:UTF-EBCDIC
12237:code pages
11964:CSX+ Indic
11568:Devanagari
11523:Code pages
11444:LST 1590-4
11414:JIS X 0213
11409:JIS X 0212
11404:JIS X 0208
11399:JIS X 0201
11364:GOST 10859
11286:CCCII/EACC
11188:-11 (Thai)
11168:-7 (Greek)
11103:background
11026:Wabun/Kana
10878:Antarctica
10837:Toasternet
10759:Television
10242:Paul Baran
10174:Television
10158:(teletype)
10151:Telegraphy
10129:transistor
10107:Phryctoria
10077:Photophone
10055:Smartphone
10045:Mass media
9853:Wabun code
9750:Heliograph
9593:DXZone.com
9508:1 December
9452:28 January
9151:1 December
9108:0852967926
8815:21 January
8805:"Prosigns"
8729:1 December
8693:4 December
8610:1 December
8556:21 January
8526:1 December
8409:1 December
8379:21 January
8342:1 December
8313:1 December
8303:Swling.com
8283:1 December
8198:1 December
8120:22 October
8035:1 December
7946:Telegraphy
7810:Telegraphy
7592:References
7187:sequence.
7106:Wabun code
7091:Radio code
6911:Wabun code
6907:alphabetic
6866:, Russian
6689:alphabetic
6653:Gerke code
6645:diacritics
6530:Ampersand
6424:status or
5977:*
5969:*
5888:extensions
5859:extensions
5825:extensions
5791:extensions
5762:extensions
5724:extensions
5687:extensions
5658:extensions
5620:extensions
5582:extensions
5544:extensions
5510:extensions
5476:extensions
5442:extensions
5413:extensions
5375:extensions
5346:extensions
5308:extensions
5274:extensions
5236:extensions
5194:extensions
5141:extensions
5103:extensions
5065:extensions
5023:extensions
4985:extensions
4947:extensions
4909:extensions
4875:extensions
4837:extensions
4803:extensions
4424:Underscore
4395:Minus sign
3987:Apostrophe
2743:See also:
2598:standard.
2441:length. A
2325:MORSE CODE
2300:Cable code
2111:heliograph
2107:Aldis lamp
2022:media help
1948:media help
1714:Other uses
1651:age), and
1645:regardless
1378:navigators
1368:), or the
1255:electrical
940:, and the
856:, and the
815:blitzkrieg
429:telegraphy
284:producing
55:Morse code
16813:Vibratese
16792:Moon type
16785:Decapoint
16466:Eight-dot
16419:Cantonese
16368:Reordered
16331:Inuktitut
16220:Malayalam
16130:Ukrainian
16109:Mongolian
16088:Bulgarian
16051:Norwegian
16016:Icelandic
15807:Hungarian
15765:Esperanto
15717:Cantonese
15301:Redundant
15113:Anatolian
15064:Cuneiform
14992:bird-worm
14928:Logograms
14899:Testerian
14813:Ideograms
14790:Moon type
14677:Staveless
14568:Mongolian
14513:Molodtsov
14471:Sütterlin
14339:Mkhedruli
14205:Bassa Vah
14155:Alphabets
14127:Mwangwego
14092:Mwangwego
14067:Kharosthi
14020:Blackfoot
13983:Malayanma
13854:Sundanese
13849:Sukhothai
13797:Malayalam
13748:Khom Thai
13708:Goykanadi
13632:Tocharian
13585:ʼPhags-pa
13456:Khudabadi
13401:Bhaiksuki
13296:Samaritan
13227:Nabataean
13082:inventors
12963:MICR code
12798:IEC-P27-1
12776:ISO-IR-68
12681:DIN 91379
12559:SAM Coupé
12494:GSM 03.38
12484:Galaksija
11979:Kamenický
11959:CSX Indic
11668:Ukrainian
11454:Shift JIS
11434:KS X 1002
11429:KS X 1001
11354:DIN 66003
11349:CNS 11643
11117:Transcode
11095:ITU T.101
11021:Non-Latin
10862:Americas
10851:Locations
10822:Internet2
10583:Bandwidth
10287:Vint Cerf
10184:streaming
10162:Telephone
10102:Semaphore
9993:streaming
9657:U.S. Navy
9628:U.S. Army
8488:cite book
8188:K2tqn.com
8164:cite book
7434:ampersand
7280:Beethoven
7225:The name
7171:Vibroplex
7118:Footnotes
7066:Hog-Morse
7028:ham bands
6850:(Russian
6613:digraph:
6535:ampersand
6478:digraph (
5886:non-Latin
5857:non-Latin
5823:non-Latin
5789:non-Latin
5760:non-Latin
5722:non-Latin
5685:non-Latin
5656:non-Latin
5618:non-Latin
5580:non-Latin
5542:non-Latin
5508:non-Latin
5474:non-Latin
5440:non-Latin
5411:non-Latin
5373:non-Latin
5344:non-Latin
5306:non-Latin
5272:non-Latin
5234:non-Latin
5192:non-Latin
5139:non-Latin
5101:non-Latin
5063:non-Latin
5021:non-Latin
4983:non-Latin
4945:non-Latin
4907:non-Latin
4873:non-Latin
4835:non-Latin
4801:non-Latin
4779:ampersand
4339:Plus sign
4262:Semicolon
4187:Ampersand
4119:exclusive
2913:Character
2829:Mnemonics
2803:call sign
2713:Primorsko
2276:+ 2
2165:): '111'b
2103:telegraph
1732:U.S. Navy
1647:of their
1550:SSB voice
1542:bandwidth
1419:Vibroplex
1320:based at
1180:signalman
992:call sign
902:warplanes
898:encrypted
862:U.S. Army
844:; by the
840:, and in
822:Wehrmacht
561:standard.
410:physicist
16449:Japanese
16310:Georgian
16302:Dzongkha
16288:Armenian
16206:Gujarati
16071:Cyrillic
16002:Estonian
15977:Yugoslav
15913:Romanian
15885:Nigerian
15800:Hawaiian
15786:Ghanaian
15703:Albanian
15564:Sumerian
15529:Linear B
15492:Katakana
15487:Hiragana
15437:Cherokee
15367:ASLwrite
15328:Bopomofo
15183:Numerals
15169:Hieratic
15128:Isthmian
15097:Sumerian
15077:Assyrian
15072:Akkadian
14729:Vithkuqi
14704:Tifinagh
14672:Medieval
14627:Pisidian
14622:Phrygian
14593:Vagindra
14538:Ol Chiki
14446:Interlac
14401:Kayah Li
14391:Jenticha
14346:Veso Bey
14334:Nuskhuri
14324:Georgian
14294:Formosan
14289:Etruscan
14284:Enochian
14240:Cyrillic
14225:Coelbren
14183:Armenian
14082:Meroitic
14072:Mandombe
14062:Jenticha
13926:Tigalari
13891:Tai Viet
13886:Tai Tham
13866:Tagbanwa
13718:Javanese
13668:Baybayin
13658:Balinese
13646:Southern
13541:Pracalit
13536:Pachumol
13511:Bhujimol
13471:Mahajani
13431:Gurmukhi
13421:Gujarati
13389:Northern
13369:Abugidas
13350:Ugaritic
13338:Maḏnḥāyā
13212:Tifinagh
13205:Solitreo
13143:Numerals
13056:Grapheme
13044:Overview
12968:Mojibake
12823:ISO 2033
12788:Fieldata
12766:ASMO 449
12676:GB 18030
12636: /
12584:Teletext
12574:Sharp MZ
12504:HP FOCAL
12499:HP Roman
12430:Atari ST
12420:Apple II
11954:CS Indic
11648:Romanian
11623:Keyboard
11603:Gurmukhi
11598:Gujarati
11588:Georgian
11563:Cyrillic
11558:Croatian
11533:Armenian
11439:LST 1564
11424:KPS 9566
11384:GB 18030
11379:GB 12052
11374:GB 12345
11359:ELOT 927
11293:ISO 5426
11253:Estonian
11090:ITU T.61
11080:Teletext
11076:Videotex
11050:Fieldata
11036:Cyrillic
10930:Category
10817:Internet
10807:CYCLADES
10724:Ethernet
10674:Concepts
10598:terminal
10549:wireless
10372:Bob Kahn
10215:Pioneers
10040:Internet
9931:Cable TV
9636:and the
9533:Archived
9502:Archived
9474:. Crypto
9446:Archived
9270:cite web
9248:Archived
9239:(1938).
9145:Archived
8902:41070880
8862:Engadget
8809:Archived
8749:Archived
8720:Archived
8716:ARRL.org
8655:Archived
8604:Archived
8520:Archived
8469:Archived
8403:Archived
8373:Archived
8336:USCG.mil
8307:Archived
8277:Archived
8192:Archived
8190:(blog).
8029:Archived
8021:Arrl.org
7971:17 March
7909:Archived
7638:Archived
7517:Heathkit
7464:prosign
7096:Tap code
7034:See also
6923:prosigns
6647:and non-
6498:ISO 4217
6467:Heathkit
6410:Prosigns
6299:
6282:
6261:
6244:
6231:
6214:
6201:
6184:
6173:
6167:
6161:
6150:
6147:
6128:
6117:
6111:
6105:
6092:
6075:
6062:
6045:
6032:
6015:
6002:
5985:
5963:
5701:verified
4769:Prosigns
4742:Verified
4737:Prosigns
4698:Prosigns
4660:Prosigns
4628:Prosigns
4590:Prosigns
4552:Prosigns
4363:new page
4353:
4303:
4201:
2910:Category
2778:prosigns
2412:
1700:Software
1309:aviation
1295:Aviation
1275:numerals
1271:Cuxhaven
892:and the
890:warships
779:New York
746:airships
610:umlauted
361:System.
135:prosigns
119:accented
16354:Tibetan
16295:Burmese
16281:Amharic
16264:(India)
16241:Sinhala
16234:Punjabi
16213:Kannada
16161:Persian
16116:Russian
16056:Swedish
16034:Finnish
16009:Faroese
15984:Zambian
15956:Turkish
15941:Spanish
15864:Maltese
15842:Latvian
15835:Italian
15814:Iñupiaq
15793:Guarani
15753:English
15724:Catalan
15641:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
15636:Braille
15519:Kikakui
15457:Eskayan
15442:Cypriot
15292:Dunging
15164:Demotic
15143:Tenevil
15087:Hittite
15082:Elamite
15035:Jurchen
15014:Sawndip
15009:Chữ Nôm
14909:Zapotec
14904:Yerkish
14879:Nsibidi
14864:Miꞌkmaw
14854:Isotype
14824:Adinkra
14765:Braille
14749:Zaghawa
14719:Vellara
14699:Sunuwar
14689:Sidetic
14684:Shavian
14612:Osmanya
14602:Ol Onal
14456:Kurrent
14441:Insular
14431:Fraktur
14406:Klingon
14396:Kaddare
14370:Archaic
14279:Elbasan
14267:Chinook
14257:Deseret
14245:Bosnian
14200:Avoiuli
14188:Avestan
14178:Ariyaka
14107:Tengwar
14005:Bharati
13966:Serawai
13956:Pasemah
13941:Lampung
13896:Lai Tay
13881:Tai Noi
13844:Sinhala
13824:Pallava
13792:Makasar
13780:Lontara
13755:Kulitan
13728:Kannada
13723:Kadamba
13713:Hanunoo
13703:Grantha
13698:Fakkham
13615:Tibetan
13600:Soyombo
13595:Siddhaṃ
13590:Sharada
13566:Litumol
13556:Tirhuta
13546:Ranjana
13531:Kvemmol
13491:Multani
13476:Marchen
13441:Kalinga
13381:Brahmic
13318:Sogdian
13257:Psalter
13237:Pahlavi
13217:Mandaic
13195:Cursive
13180:Elymaic
13151:Aramaic
12857:SEASCII
12851:Mojikyō
12838:KOI8-RU
12761:ABICOMP
12634:Unicode
12544:PETSCII
12534:NEC APC
12470:DEC MCS
12425:ATASCII
12322:Swedish
12307:Finnish
12292:Spanish
11984:Mazovia
11949:ABICOMP
11658:Turkish
11613:Iceland
11521:Mac OS
11464:TIS-620
11369:GB 2312
11344:BraSCII
11334:ArmSCII
11072:Teletex
11031:Chinese
10950:Commons
10940:Outline
10893:Oceania
10812:FidoNet
10797:ARPANET
10610:circuit
10179:digital
9908:History
9836:Russian
9653:YouTube
9630:. 1966.
9624:YouTube
9407:"Morse"
9352:ITU.int
9216:US Army
9021:5807885
8835:Complex
8777:. U.S.
8661:2 April
8546:faa.gov
8478:14 June
8365:fcc.gov
8229:4 March
7867:18 July
7630:itu.int
7041:ACP 131
6946:Chinese
6764:Russian
6617: .
6547:prosign
6459:digraph
6374:
6369:as-is.
6346:
6328:
6317:
5697:Prosign
4714:digraph
4676:digraph
4606:digraph
4568:digraph
4530:digraph
4518:At sign
4492:digraph
4355:Prosign
4351:digraph
4305:Prosign
4301:digraph
4203:Prosign
4199:digraph
4159:digraph
4114:prosign
4110:digraph
4072:digraph
4028:digraph
3874:Numbers
3847:Numbers
3820:Numbers
3793:Numbers
3766:Numbers
3739:Numbers
3712:Numbers
3685:Numbers
3658:Numbers
3631:Numbers
3604:Letters
3577:Letters
3550:Letters
3523:Letters
3496:Letters
3469:Letters
3442:Letters
3415:Letters
3388:Letters
3361:Letters
3334:Letters
3307:Letters
3280:Letters
3253:Letters
3226:Letters
3201:Prosign
3191:Letters
3164:Letters
3137:Letters
3110:Letters
3083:Letters
3056:Letters
3029:Letters
3002:Letters
2975:Letters
2948:Letters
2921:Letters
2753:table.
2717:Belarus
2675:where:
2423:written
2296:chips.
2286:nibbles
2154:): '1'b
1892:TORTURE
1790:prosign
1589:Q codes
1515:MF high
1441:(FSK).
1318:VOR-DME
1267:Hamburg
978:500 kHz
942:prosign
830:Belgium
757:During
751:America
528:umpteen
499:letter
373:Britain
358:Sounder
304:sounder
129:), the
63:encodes
50:amateur
16774:Other
16647:People
16637:Braigo
16456:Korean
16324:Hebrew
16255:Telugu
16154:Arabic
16144:Arabic
16102:Kyrgyz
16095:Kazakh
16029:Danish
15927:Slovak
15920:Samoan
15899:Polish
15878:Navajo
15779:German
15772:French
15639:
15584:Yugtun
15574:Woleai
15524:Kpelle
15507:Sōgana
15427:Byblos
15205:Muisca
15123:Cretan
15092:Luwian
15050:Tangut
14869:Mixtec
14839:Dongba
14744:Yezidi
14734:Wancho
14709:Todhri
14662:Gothic
14642:Cipher
14583:Manchu
14573:Evenki
14558:Orkhon
14503:Manchu
14498:Lydian
14493:Lycian
14436:Gaelic
14386:Hanifi
14381:Hangul
14356:Gothic
14304:Fraser
14299:Fox II
14235:Coptic
14210:Carian
14193:Pazend
14166:Linear
14112:Thaana
14057:Sarati
13998:Others
13961:Rejang
13946:Lembak
13936:Incung
13916:Telugu
13871:Tai Le
13765:Langdi
13688:Chakma
13578:Karani
13551:Tamyig
13526:Kummol
13521:Himmol
13516:Golmol
13496:Nagari
13481:Meitei
13466:Lepcha
13451:Khojki
13436:Kaithi
13323:Syriac
13311:Musnad
13190:Ashuri
13185:Hebrew
13168:Elifba
13163:Arabic
13156:Hatran
13131:Abjads
12867:Symbol
12843:KOI8-U
12833:KOI8-R
12701:TACE16
12691:CESU-8
12686:BOCU-1
12666:UTF-32
12661:UTF-16
12604:WISCII
12594:TRS-80
12514:SQUOZE
12509:HP RPL
12349:Hebrew
12344:SI 960
12312:French
12235:EBCDIC
12125:CER-GS
11608:Hebrew
11583:Gaelic
11548:Celtic
11538:Arabic
11484:YUSCII
11474:VISCII
11459:SI 960
11449:PASCII
11298:5426-2
11276:MARC-8
11011:Needle
10888:Europe
10858:Africa
10842:Usenet
10802:BITNET
10739:Mobile
10615:packet
10124:MOSFET
10119:device
9916:Beacon
9801:Z code
9796:Q code
9577:Curlie
9421:19 May
9326:
9301:
9221:29 May
9195:3 June
9105:
9019:
8980:. 2018
8942:
8900:
8890:
8841:13 May
8091:
8062:
7999:
7660:HB9BFM
7563:, and
6993:SIGINT
6966:Korean
6958:hangul
6933:, and
6679:, and
6622:e‑mail
6576:) and
5108:CH, ch
4781:
4389:Hyphen
3906:Period
2660:
2631:
2427:sounds
2317:Timing
1868:stroke
1696:keyers
1692:keyers
1649:actual
1574:. The
1566:Q-code
1525:, and
1511:MF low
1374:pilots
834:France
826:Poland
679:, and
607:German
547:Center
145:. The
117:, one
74:dashes
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